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[ "Superman is known worldwide, both within Supeman's comic world (i.e. The DC Universe), as well as in our own, real world as a symbol of \"truth, justice, and the American Way.\"", "After the television show, \"truth, justice and the American way\" became synonymous with the Superman saga; indeed, every Superman since has had to grapple with the phrase's legacy. The 1966 Saturday morning cartoon, \"The New Adventures of Superman,\" tried a strategy of substitution: children were told Superman's fight was for \"truth, justice and freedom.\"", "After the television show, \"truth, justice and the American way\" became synonymous with the Superman saga; indeed, every Superman since has had to grapple with the phrase's legacy. The 1966 Saturday morning cartoon, \"The New Adventures of Superman,\" tried a strategy of substitution: Children were told Superman's fight was for \"truth, justice and freedom.\"", "In the first screen incarnation of Superman, the Max Fleischer cartoons that ran from 1941 to 1943, each episode's preamble informs us not only of the origin and powers of this relatively new creation (Krypton, speeding bullet, etc.), but also the kinds of things he fights for. It's a shorter list than you think. Before World War II, Superman fought \"a never-ending battle for truth and justice.\" Back then, that was enough.", "From the very beginning it was clear that Superman would represent a value-neutral proponent of American justice. In the first Superman comic book (National Periodical Comics, 1971), he takes on a variety of criminals, among them a street thug, a female offender, and an organized crime gangster. He even saves an innocent person from execution. There would also be numerous times that Superman would put a stop to vigilantism even though the victim was a known criminal. When confronting a lynch mob about to attack a criminal, Superman simply proclaims \"this prisoner�s fate will be decided in a court of justice\" (National Periodical Comics, 1971, p. 23) and in another instance \"even this rat deserves a fair trial\" (National Periodical Comics, 1971, p. 345) and puts a stop to the violence.", "Written by Grant Morrison and drawn by Rags Morales, Superman is introduced five years in the past before founding the Justice League. Superman is shown wearing a blue t-shirt with his family crest on it with blue jeans, boots, and his Grandfathers cape, which was given to him by his father before the death of Krypton. Superman is shown as a vigilante outlaw as he tries to fight injustice in Metropolis. Following his confrontation with tycoon Glen Glenmorgan, Superman is pursued by Police and then followed by the military, who had actually under the influence of Lex Luthor sabotaged an entire neighborhood of Metropolis to be a death trap. Superman is captured by the military, lead by General Lane, is tortured, and then questioned by Luthor as to who he really is.", "This article examines the representation of crime and justice in the worlds and lives of two of the most popular and pervasive comic book superheroes: Batman and Superman. The messages conveyed in the stories of these two superheroes are identified and discussed in relation to three different contexts: (1) the structure of the society in which the superhero resides, (2) the crime and criminals they come up against, and (3) the crime-fighting superheroes themselves. The perspectives of crime and justice conveyed by the predominant images and messages are then examined in accordance with Sutherland�s tripartite framework of criminological inquiry: The representation of law, the breaking of law, and the reaction to the breaking of law are considered. Finally, the hegemonic messages implicit in the comic book superhero mythos are discussed.", "In Metropolis , Superman (as Clark Kent) works as a reporter at the Planet, \"a great metropolitan newspaper\" which allows him to keep track of ongoing events where he might be of help. Largely working on his own, his identity is easily kept secret. He sees his job as a journalist as an extension of his Superman responsibilities, bringing truth to the forefront and fighting for the little man. [1] Fellow reporter Lois Lane became the object of Clark's/Superman's romantic affection. Lois' affection for Superman and her rejection of Clark's clumsy advances have been a recurring theme in Superman comics, television, and movies.", "To aid him in his task of defending Earth and combatting injustice throughout the universe, Superman has equipped his Fortress with a unique array of superscientific apparatus.", "In his superhero career, Superman is a close ally to the Batman, the Caped Crusader of Gotham City. Superman's home base is Metropolis, but travels around the world and into the depths of outer space to protect others and to stop various supervillains. Superman is a member of the Justice League, and is often considered to be one of the planet's primary protectors.", "Superman brings the wounded Superboy to the Fortress of Solitude in order to help him recover from his injuries. With the help of Cyborg and Dr. Veritas, Superman devises a way to cure Superboy. Detaching his Kryptonian armor, Superman places it on Superboy. Both realize that the armor is the only thing keeping Superboy alive, as H’el caused serious damage to Superboy’s cellular structure. Suddenly, H’El appears and kicks Superman and Superboy out of the Fortress. After being expelled from the Fortress, Superman tells Superboy that they will need help in recovering it. They travel to a special prison designed to hold only one person: Lex Luthor. There, Superman questions Luthor about H'El's plans. Superman believes that H'El wants to go back in time to prevent Krypton's destruction, and Luthor says that it can be done, but to do so, H'El will create an explosion that will destroy the entire solar system. To stop H'El, Superman calls the Justice League and prepares to attack the Fortress.", "Clark Kent soon moved to the city of Metropolis and, as Superman, went after the causes of social injustice such as slum lords, wife beaters, corrupt politicians, and law officials, using his powers to defeat and intimidate them to stop their criminal activities. Because of Superman's own vigilantism, he was not initially viewed as a hero by the whole of the public, particularly in the eyes of the law. As Clark was making his name as Superman, he was hired by the newspaper The Daily Star as a writer after a story he wrote on Superman's first acts of crime-fighting. Soon, Superman turned his attention to organized crime and other criminals, which soon made him a public hero and an ally to the law. He also began working with Lois Lane, who was a co-worker of Kent's whom he was interested in, though she was only interested in Superman. The two would become professional rivals, though also very close friends, though Clark kept his secret identity from her. However, Lois would often become suspect that the two might be the same, due to Clark's ability to get to stories before her, though Clark was always able to provide a strong alibi, usually by using his powers and guile.", "At first they intend to place to him in an orphanage, but relent at the last moment and decide to raise him as their own, naming him “Clark” and treating him as their son. As he matures, great powers began to manifest and before his parents’ deaths, they dub him Superman and urge him to use his powers for the forces of justice. His parents pass on and he moves to Metropolis to begin his career at the Daily Star (later known as the Daily Planet ) so that he could hear about trouble as it’s happening. Superman’s time as a hero had him getting directly involved in World War II , carrying Stalin and Hitler to the League of Nations in Geneva to face a trial for their human rights violations.", "Superman, aka \"Man of Steel\", is a fictional character and superhero who first appeared in Action Comics #1 in 1938, and for several decades has been one of the most popular and well-known comic book icons of all-time.", "Superman is a fictional character and superhero, also known as Clark Kent and Kal-El. Created by Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel , he first appeared in Action Comics #1 in 1938 and rapidly became a popular and well-known comic book icon.", "* Kal-El/Clark Kent/Superman: Superman is now an agent of the U.S. government and his secret identity as the former Daily Planet reporter Clark Kent is publicly known. In his inner thoughts he despises being a government tool, but he believes it is the only way he can save lives in this day and age, therefore serving as the story's final antagonist. In the final climax, Superman battles Batman in a final attempt to rid the government of his opposition, but is weakened by a Kryptonite arrow fired by Queen, allowing an armored Batman to stand up to him. ", "Superman is a character of DC Comics , a comic book superhero widely considered to be one of the most famous and popular such characters and an American cultural icon. Created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian-born artist Joe Shuster in 1932 while both were living in Cleveland, Ohio, and sold to Detective Comics , Inc. in 1938, the character first appeared in Action Comics #1 (June 1938) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, television programs, films, newspaper strips, and video games.", "With a premise that taps into adolescent fantasy, Superman is born Kal-El on the alien planet Krypton , before being rocketed to Earth as an infant by his scientist father moments before the planet's destruction. Adopted and raised by a Kansas farmer and his wife, the child is raised as Clark Kent , and imbued with a strong moral compass. Upon reaching maturity the character develops superhuman abilities, resolving to use these for the benefit of humanity. With the success of his adventures, Superman helped to create the superhero genre and establish its primacy within the American comic book .", "Superman is laid to rest in a secure casket after a funeral ceremony attended by almost every hero in the DC Universe, but his legacy wouldn't die. Four entities arise, all claiming the legacy of the Last Kryptonian: the youthful Superboy, the vicious Eradicator , the mysterious Cyborg and the determined Steel . It quickly comes to light, however, that Superman isn’t truly dead and returns at a fraction of his power, but still determined to battle evil. After the Cyborg shows his true nature as a genocidal maniac, the Eradicator joins with Superman, thus returning his powers and allowing him to triumph.", "Superman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, high school students living in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1933. They sold Superman to Detective Comics, the future DC Comics, in 1938. Superman debuted in Action Comics #1 (cover-dated June 1938) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, newspaper strips, television programs, films, and video games. With this success, Superman helped to create the superhero archetype and establish its primacy within the American comic book.", "Superman is flying back to New Krypton, carrying the body of Ral-Dar, who lost his life while on Earth, at the hands of General Lane and his subordinates (as shown in Superman #691). Superman is heading back to New Krypton quickly, due to an urgent request from Alura. On New Krypton, Commander Gor is calling for war with the planet Earth. He argues that the weapon that was fired at Zod was apparently from Earth. Gor's words cause spirited discussion on the Kryptonian ruling council. Several members refute Gor's angry rhetoric, and point out that the shooter was Kryptonian, not Terran. Superman arrives, and lands in the middle of this discussion. Superman of course argues passionately for peace. He warns that such a war could lead to genocide, either for New Krypton or Earth. He also points out that even if some on Earth have been acting against New Krypton, it is unfair to punish all for the actions of a few. The Council continues to argue the pros and cons. Concern is expressed that there are spies and saboteurs undercover on New Krypton. There is some squabbling between the different guilds represented on the Council.", "Meanwhile Clark Kent and Superman continued to make names for themselves. Superman battled villains including the body hoping U.L.T.R.A Humanite, the inventor Thaddeus Killgrave and Luthor's numerous attacks. He became allies with with Metropolis's other defenders, people like the Thorn, the Guardian and the Cadmus Project, and the police officers of the Special Crimes Units. But always at the back of his mind was the question of his own origin. All he knew was that the Kents had found his capsule after it crash landing on their land (he even searched UFO reports for sightings that night). It was others that first discovered his identity as the sole survivor of Krypton. Some like Green Lantern (Hal Jordan) decided to keep quite out of respect, but others like Professor Emmett Vale sought to use the information against him.", "Superman holds an ex-convict at mid-air, forcing him to stop stalking a waitress. Later, Batman meets Superman and the two talk in a rooftop. Batman believes Superman is endangering innocent lives in his journey. The two go separate ways. Later, Superman flies to Cincinnati to investiage a piece of debris from New Krypton that fell nearby, thanks to information received from Lois. Superman talks to a police officer about the debris, but he is attacked by Willy Trask, a town drunk that obtained superpowers. After a short fight, Superman subdues him, and Trask's powers disappear. However, the city has been left devastated during their fight. Although Superman rebuilds it, this leads the public to make negative comments against him. [263]", "The general public is concerned over having Superman on their planet and letting the \"Dark Knight\" - Batman - pursue the streets of Gotham. While this is happening, a power-phobic Batman tries to attack Superman.,Meanwhile Superman tries to settle on a decision, and Lex Luthor, the criminal mastermind and millionaire, tries to use his own advantages to fight the \"Man of Steel\". Written by Mine Turtle", "Superman is nearly killed by Gaki , now Byakko a vengeful wraith-like being who stabs Superman in the chest. Barely conscious, he escapes and encounters Girl 13 , who takes him to Lana Lang 's new apartment in Metropolis. Girl 13 is under the impression Lana is Superman's girlfriend. They are quickly joined by Natasha Irons , controlling a giant robotic body (a la the \"new\" Steel, although it can change sizes), and Cir-El. Byakko and her gang of ninjas attack the group, but Girl 13 and Natasha are able to briefly hold them at bay. Byakko wants revenge against Superman for the death of her husband, Gunshin , who was murdered by Kojiro . The girls get Superman to the Fortress of Solitude, but Byakko follows them there. She maintains the upper hand until she stumbles across a room in the Fortress where thousands of letters sent to Superman are kept--many loving him, many hating him. She leaves voluntarily. Superman is completely healed and thanks the girls for their help. [215]", "During World War II, with the top-secret Manhattan Project in full swing, any mention of nuclear weapons in the popular press drew the government’s ire. DC found this out when it developed a comic book in which Superman’s archenemy, Lex Luthor, launches an attack with what he calls an “atomic bomb.” Though Luthor’s “atomic bomb” in no way resembled an actual atomic bomb, the U.S. War Department demanded that publication be delayed. The War Department likewise censored another comic book, written after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in which Superman films an atom bomb test for the Army, along with a Superman newspaper strip featuring a cyclotron particle accelerator, also known as an “atom smasher.”", "Superman encounters a rocket ship in the field near his parents' house. The rocket contains a message from Jor-El -- one that presents a totally different history of Krypton (one much closer to the Silver Age version), with Jor-El explaining that he made up the harsh, brutal history because he wanted his son to fully embrace his new world. Superman has trouble reconciling this with everything he knows of Krypton, but Dr. Hamilton tells him that it may be possible to travel through the Phantom Zone back in time to Krypton and find out. Lois decides to accompany Superman on this adventure. Meanwhile, President Luthor names most of his new team: Lois's father, Sam Lane , is appointed Secretary of Defense; Black Lightning is named Secretary of Education; Cat Grant is appointed Press Secretary; and Amanda Waller is appointed Secretary of Meta-Human affairs. [198]", "Superman sets about confirming to the world that he is indeed back, stopping an alien Auctioneer from abducting Earth's super powered heroes and villains.", "However this allows for no peace when Superman is forced to do battle with \"The First Superman\". This is shown to be the new-52 version of Captain Comet , who is also known as the Blake Farm Ghost. Going by Adam, he explains that he's there to stop the end of Earth, his home-world, by taking another \"neo sapien\" with him, Susie Lane, Lois Lane's niece. Adam tries to force Susie to come along with him to his spaceship, coaxing her with his stories of outer-space. However, when an alien attacks Metropolis during this time and hurts Lois Susie begs Adam to help her, which he does not. Superman then battles Adam, trying to help both Susie and Lois at the same time. He is able to defeat Adam in time and then brings Lois to the hospital where he himself operates after learning as much as he can about her condition at the library.", "Clark is given an assignment to go to San Monte, a war-torn South American republic. First, he goes to Washington, D.C., where he spies a slick lobbyist, Alex Greer, trying to convince Senator Barrows to involve the US in a war with Europe. Superman grabs Greer, and demands to know who he's working for. Greer refuses to talk, so Superman jumps up to the top of the Capitol building, and threatens to smash Greer to the ground.", "At the end of the story mode of Injustice: Gods Among Us Injustice!Superman is brought to the normal DC universe where they lock him up in a cell illuminated with lamps that simulate a red sun, nullifying his powers.", "The Last Son of Krypton was a visored, energy-powered alien who dealt with criminals lethally. The Last Son of Krypton appeared in Action Comics starting with #687. He claims to have the memories of the original Superman, but his emotional distance makes Lois uncertain. He later became the Eradicator." ]

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[ "1861 – In order to help pay for the Civil War war effort, the United States government levies the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800; and it was rescinded in 1872).", "The US federal government imposed the first personal income tax, on August 5, 1861, to help pay for its war effort in the American Civil War - (3% of all incomes over US $800) ($21,070 in 2016 dollars).[verification needed] This tax was repealed and replaced by another income tax in 1862.[verification needed] It was only in 1894 that the first peacetime income tax was passed through the Wilson-Gorman tariff. The rate was 2% on income over $4000 ($109,400 in 2016 dollars), which meant fewer than 10% of households would pay any. The purpose of the income tax was to make up for revenue that would be lost by tariff reductions.", "1861 – American Civil War: in order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government levies the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800; rescinded in 1872).", "The US federal government imposed the first personal income tax, on August 5, 1861, to help pay for its war effort in the American Civil War - (3% of all incomes over US$800) (equivalent to $ in ). This tax was repealed and replaced by another income tax in 1862. It was only in 1894 that the first peacetime income tax was passed through the Wilson-Gorman tariff. The rate was 2% on income over $4000 (equivalent to $ in ), which meant fewer than 10% of households would pay any. The purpose of the income tax was to make up for revenue that would be lost by tariff reductions. ", "On this day in 1861, Lincoln imposes the first federal income tax by signing the Revenue Act. Strapped for cash with which to pursue the Civil War, Lincoln and Congress agreed to impose a 3 percent tax on annual incomes over $800.", "The financial needs of the government during the Civil War led to a variety of taxes, including the first income tax, which was enacted in August, 1861, and called for a 3% tax on incomes over $800. By 1865 the income tax produced 20% of federal receipts, but currency was still short, so the government adopted a “softer” money policy. The treasury issued $500 million in paper money not backed by gold or silver—“greenbacks.” As the fortunes of war ebbed and flowed, so did the value of the greenbacks, which occasionally sunk to as low as 35 cents on the dollar.", "The first Federal income tax was levied to help pay for the Union war effort. In the summer of 1861, Salmon P. Chase reported to the Congress that he would need $320 million over the next fiscal year to finance the war. He thought he could put his hands on $300 million by borrowing part of it and raising the rest through existing taxes and sale of public lands. He left it up to Congress to come up with a way to raise the remaining $20 million. ", "Other important legislation involved two measures to raise revenues for the Federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a new Federal income tax. In 1861, Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill Tariff, the first having become law under James Buchanan. Also in 1861, Lincoln signed the Revenue Act of 1861, creating the first U.S. income tax. This created a flat tax of 3 percent on incomes above $800 ($ in current dollar terms), which was later changed by the Revenue Act of 1862 to a progressive rate structure. ", "Resistance to taxes was a theme of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). In keeping with that spirit, taxes in the United States were relatively low until the twentieth century and are still among the lowest of all developed countries. In 1900 U.S. federal taxes amounted to just 3.1 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ), while state and local taxes comprised another 4 to 5 percent. The U.S. income tax was introduced in 1913, after the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which set aside the constitutional provision that all direct taxes must be levied across states in proportion to their population.", "In the United States, the history of taxes goes far back in time. During the Civil War, there was a tax on income for a short perio", "1862: First federal USA tax on tobacco; instituted to help pay for the Civil War, yields about three million dollars.(TSW)", "Other important legislation involved two measures to raise revenues for the Federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a Federal income tax (which was new). In 1861, Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill Tariff (the first had become law under James Buchanan). In 1861, Lincoln signed the Revenue Act of 1861[197] creating the first U.S. income tax. This created a flat tax of 3% on incomes above $800 ($19,307 in current dollars), which was later changed by the Revenue Act of 1862[198] to a progressive rate structure.[199]", "The history of income taxation in the United States began in the 19th century with the imposition of income taxes to fund war efforts. However, the constitutionality of income taxation was widely held in doubt until 1913 with the ratification of the 16th Amendment .", "When the Union debt reached $500 million in 1862, Congress next passed the nation's first graduated income tax. Those with an annual income between $600 and $10,000 were taxed at the rate of 3 percent while those earning over $10,000 paid 5 percent. Thus, individuals with more ability to pay were taxed at a higher rate. This graduated tax structure is often called a \"progressive\" tax.", "To pay for the wars, Britain placed heavy taxes upon the colonists.  The Stamp Act of 1765 led to the phrase �no taxation without representation.�  British soldiers stationed in Boston killed several colonists while fighting a mob.  This became known as the Boston Massacre.  The Boston Tea Party in 1773 brought more punishment upon the colonists, but this only unified them.  On April 18, 1775, Paul Revere rode across Massachusetts to warn that the British were coming.  The next day, colonists fought the opening battle of the Revolutionary War at Lexington.", "In March 1943, income taxes were a major issue for the common man. The United States had been at war about fifteen months and government spending soared. The previous year, as other taxes rose, only one in seven taxpayers had managed to save enough from their wages to pay the federal government. Congress had just recently required employers to withhold an employee's estimated taxes; and from 1942 to 1943, collected federal taxes rose from $3.2 billion to $6.5 billion and by 1944, to $20 billion.", "Apart from tariffs, the largest revenue by far came from new excise taxes—a sort of value added tax—that was imposed on every sort of manufactured item. Second came much higher tariffs, through several Morrill tariff laws. Third came the nation's first income tax; only the wealthy paid and it was repealed at war's end.", "In 1894, Democrats in Congress passed the Wilson-Gorman tariff, which imposed the first peacetime income tax. The rate was 2% on income over $4000, which meant fewer than 10% of households would pay any. The purpose of the income tax was to make up for revenue that would be lost by tariff reductions. ", "Stamp Act intorduced, direct tax on American colonies to be paid to Britain to cover the cost of war in America.", "\"The conflict forced the further development of the income-tax principle. Aiming, as it did, at the one great untaxed source of revenue, the income-tax law had been enacted in the nick of time to meet the demands of the war. And the conflict also assisted the putting into effect of the Federal Reserve System, likewise in the nick of time.\" 70", "     During the Civil War, the US Congress passes the Enrollment Act that would lead to the first wartime draft of US citizens in American history. The act calls for registration of all males between the ages of twenty and forty-five years, including aliens with the intention of becoming citizens, by 01 April 1863. Exemptions from the draft could be bought for $300 or by finding a substitute draftee. The carrying out of the draft leads to riots in New York City and elsewhere, as opponents criticize the fact that exemptions are effectively granted only to the wealthiest US citizens, saying that this was a rich man's war and a poor man's fight.", "President Abraham Lincoln signed the conscription act compelling U.S. citizens to report for duty in the Civil War or pay $300.00. 86,724 men paid the exemption cost to avoid service. The inequality of this arrangement led to the Draft Riots in New York.", "Maryland's urban and rural communities had different experiences during the Great Depression. The \"Bonus Army\" marched through the state in 1932 on its way to Washington, D.C. Maryland instituted its first ever income tax in 1937 to generate revenue for schools and welfare. ", "What else do we know about the income tax?&nbsp We were taught in school that the Constitution as originally written did not include permission for the federal government to levy direct taxes on individual citizens.&nbsp To correct this deficiency the sixteenth amendment was proposed and ratified on February 25, 1913, giving Congress the power to tax incomes \"from whatever source derived.\"&nbsp Many people believe that this was the first income tax that Americans had to pay.&nbsp However, the first income tax was actually levied almost fifty-one years earlier by an act of Congress on July 1, 1862 (12 Stat. 432).&nbsp The records of that first income tax are a valuable source for family and local history.", "1894 – Congress passed the first graduated income tax law, which was declared unconstitutional the next year. It imposed a 2% tax on incomes over $4000.", "Since the war had begun in North America and had been fought largely to protect the North American colonies, the British government assumed that the colonies should assume most of the burden of paying for the expenses of the war and the increased military resources it required. King George III therefore imposed a series of taxes on the colonists, including a Stamp Act and a tea tax. By 1770, American resentment was so fierce that all the taxes had been repealed except one, the tea tax. The American tea trade was, legally, a monopoly of the British East India Company, but, in protest of the tea tax, the American colonists were smuggling in virtually all of their tea from Dutch sources.", "* War tax stamp — A variation on the postal tax stamp to defray the cost of war.", "\"Taxation without representation!\" was the battle cry in America’s 13 Colonies, which were forced to pay taxes to England's King George III despite having no representation in the British Parliament. As dissatisfaction grew, British troops were sent in to quell the early movement toward rebellion. Repeated attempts by the Colonists to resolve the crisis without military conflict proved fruitless.", "Congress used four main methods to cover the cost of the war, which cost about 66 million dollars in specie (gold and silver). Congress made two issues of paper money, in 1775–1780, and in 1780–81. The first issue amounted to 242 million dollars. This paper money would supposedly be redeemed for state taxes, but the holders were eventually paid off in 1791 at the rate of one cent on the dollar. By 1780, the paper money was \"not worth a Continental\", as people said. ", "Before 1776, the American Colonies were subject to taxation by the United Kingdom, and also imposed local taxes. Property taxes were imposed in the Colonies as early as 1634. In 1673, the UK Parliament imposed a tax on exports from the American Colonies, and with it created the first tax administration in what would become the United States. Other tariffs and taxes were imposed by Parliament. Most of the colonies and many localities adopted property taxes.", "The war expenses of the individual states added up to $114 million compared to $37 million by the central government. In 1790, at the recommendation of first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, Congress combined the remaining state debts with the foreign and domestic debts into one national debt totaling $80 million. Everyone received face value for wartime certificates, so that the national honor would be sustained and the national credit established. ", "In the mid-1700s, the British Empire needed money to pay off its debt. Parliament tried to raise the funds by taxing Americans. Since the right to pay taxes was pretty much the only liberty the colonists enjoyed as British subjects, they organized to protest the unfair picking of their pockets." ]

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[ "Shatner recorded a wake-up call that was played for the crew of STS-133 in the Space Shuttle Discovery on March 7, 2011, its final day docked to the International Space Station. Backed by the musical theme from Star Trek, it featured a voice-over based on his spoken introduction from the series' opening credits: \"Space, the final frontier. These have been the voyages of the Space Shuttle Discovery. Her 30-year mission: To seek out new science. To build new outposts. To bring nations together on the final frontier. To boldly go, and do, what no spacecraft has done before.\"", "\"Space: the final frontier. These are the voyages of the Starship Enterprise. Its five-year mission: to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before,\" William Shatner avowed in voiceover at the start of each episode.", "The infinitive-splitting opening narration for each episode of Star Trek: The Original Series (with the exception of the pilot episodes) was famously recited by William Shatner, but the actual origins of the line are uncertain at best. Some reports suggest that it was inspired by a 1958 White House press booklet promoting the space program, though some have speculated that it came from a statement made by explorer James Cook following an expedition to Newfoundland. Writer Samuel Peeples, who authored the pilot episode “Where No Man Has Gone Before,” is often credited with the decision to make the phrase such a significant part of the series. The line was eventually repeated—with a few minor tweaks—in each iteration of the series and films.", "In the 2260s, William Shatner as Kirk, a confident and courageous human born in Iowa, took the helm of the USS Enterprise to lead the motley crew of humans and aliens. As Starfleet's youngest captain, Kirk commanded the starship for three television seasons as the airwaves transported the crew through time and space in 79 50-minute weekly episodes from September 1966 to June 1969.  ", "Star Trek: The Original Series or \"TOS\"Originally titled Star Trek, it has in recent years become known as Star Trek: The Original Series or as \"Classic Star Trek\"—retronyms that distinguish it from its sequels and the franchise as a whole. debuted in the United States on NBC on September 8, 1966. The show tells the tale of the crew of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission \"to boldly go where no man has gone before.\" The original 1966–1969 television series featured William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Spock, DeForest Kelley as Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy, James Doohan as Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, Nichelle Nichols as Uhura, George Takei as Hikaru Sulu, and Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov. During the series' original run, it earned several nominations for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and won twice: for the two-parter \"The Menagerie\" and the Harlan Ellison-written episode \"The City on the Edge of Forever\".", "The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is the central starship in the fictional Star Trek universe, depicted in 6 network television series, 13 feature films, and countless books and fan-created media. The original Star Trek series features a voice-over by Enterprise captain, James T. Kirk (William Shatner), which describes the mission of Enterprise as \"to explore strange new worlds; to seek out new life and new civilizations; to boldly go where no man has gone before\". The ship's design \"formed the basis for one of sci-fi's most iconic images\". A refit version of NCC-1701 appears in the first three Star Trek films. The 2009 Star Trek film, which takes place in an alternate timeline, features a re-conceptualization of the original Enterprise. The original (though refitted) starship was destroyed in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock.", "In Airplane II: The Sequel Shatner plays the moon base commander trying to help Ted Striker land the shuttle. When he looks into a periscope, the camera cuts to what he sees - the Enterprise. After reacting with surprise, he looks again and we're back to the normal space scene.", "Spock : [closing monologue] Space: the final frontier. These are the continuing voyages of the starship Enterprise. Her ongoing mission: to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life forms and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before.", "The crew of the Starship Enterprise no longer soars through the galaxy under the command of Captain James T. Kirk, but they continue to inhabit the airwaves on a number of pop and rock recordings. The Vulcan Mr. Spock, aka Leonard Nimoy, Lieutenant Uhura, aka Nichelle Nichols, and several others from the series' next generation of actors have released albums, and Kirk -- actually his alter ego, William Shatner -- is still commander of the pack. His spoken word recordings of \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\" and \"Mr. Tambourine Man\" from The Transformed Man album in 1968 may be considered classic camp, but Shatner's delivery of those and other numbers long remained in the public's consciousness. They helped make him a singing celebrity spokesman in TV commercials three decades later, thanks to the fact that an advertising man in New York had held onto his copy of The Transformed Man all those years.", "Spock Prime : [closing monologue] Space: the final frontier. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise. Her ongoing mission: to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life-forms and new civilizations; to boldly go where no one has gone before.", "Spock Prime : [closing monologue] Space: the final frontier. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise. Her ongoing mission: to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life-forms and new civilizations; to boldly go where no one has gone before.", "The series involves a starship named Enterprise and is set in the nearby regions of the Milky Way galaxy. The first episode takes place in the year 2364, 100 years after the start of the five-year mission described in the original series, which began in 2264. It features a new cast and a new starship Enterprise, the sixth to bear the name within the franchise's storyline. An introductory statement, performed by Patrick Stewart and featured at the beginning of each episode's title sequence, stated the starship's purpose in language similar to the opening statement of the original series, but was updated to reflect an ongoing mission, and to be gender-neutral:", "Oceans in Space is a journey of exploration that seeks out places where conditions are favorable for life to exist. This original and thought-provoking presentation highlights the search for extrasolar planets and an understanding of the conditions necessary to form and sustain life. Inspired in part by the goals of NASA’s Origins Program - an effort to answer the enduring questions that spur space exploration - this program introduces audiences to the diversity of life on our home planet even as humans embark on the search for life in the Universe. Narrated by Avery Brooks (Captain Benjamin Sisko of “Star Trek: Deep Space Nine”).", "\"Jim Kirk was many things, but he was never a Boy Scout,\" was one apt description for the captain of the Starship Enterprise, who boldly led his crew to the cosmos and beyond. Filling William Shatner's chair is Chris Pine, who played a Lord in \"The Princess Diaries 2.\"", "While temporarily under the command of Commander Pavel Chekov , the Enterprise-A and the USS Ranger become ensnared in the throat of the Janus Prime Vortex , a subspace whirlpool which exists in both Federation and Tholian spaces simultaneously. Undergoing a warp core breach, the Enterprise issues a distress call that is answered by Captain Sulu and the USS Excelsior , but during the rescue, Sulu's starship gets transposed into the Mirror Universe . ( TOS video game : Shattered Universe )", "At the center of the massive ship, V'Ger is revealed to be Voyager 6, a 20th-century Earth space probe believed lost. The damaged probe was found by an alien race of living machines that interpreted its programming as instructions to learn all that can be learned, and return that information to its creator. The machines upgraded the probe to fulfill its mission, and on its journey the probe gathered so much knowledge that it achieved consciousness. Spock realizes that V'Ger lacks the ability to give itself a focus other than its original mission; having learned what it could on its journey home, it finds its existence empty and without purpose. Before transmitting all its information, V'Ger insists that the Creator come in person to finish the sequence. Realizing that the machine wants to merge with its creator, Decker offers himself to V'Ger; he merges with the Ilia probe and V'Ger, creating a new form of life that disappears into another dimension. With Earth saved, Kirk directs Enterprise out to space for future missions.", "The show begins after the brutal Cardassian occupation of the planet Bajor. The liberated Bajoran people ask the United Federation of Planets to help run a Cardassian built space station, Deep Space Nine, near Bajor. After the Federation takes control of the station, the protagonists of the show discover a uniquely stable wormhole that provides immediate access to the distant Gamma Quadrant making Bajor and the station one of the most strategically important locations in the galaxy. The show chronicles the events of the station's crew, led by Commander (later Captain) Benjamin Sisko, played by Avery Brooks, and Major (later Colonel) Kira Nerys, played by Nana Visitor. Recurring plot elements include the repercussions of the Cardassian occupation of Bajor, Sisko's spiritual role for the Bajorans as the Emissary of the Prophets, and in later seasons a war with the Dominion.", "Shatner was cast as Captain James T. Kirk for the second pilot of Star Trek, titled \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\". He was then contracted to play Kirk for the Star Trek series and held the role from 1966 to 1969. During its original run on NBC, the series pulled in only modest ratings and was cancelled after three seasons. In his role as Kirk, Shatner famously kissed actress Nichelle Nichols (Lt. Uhura) in the November 22, 1968, Star Trek episode, \"Plato's Stepchildren\". The episode is popularly cited as the first example of a kiss between a white man and a black woman on scripted television in the United States. In 1973, he returned to the role of Captain Kirk, albeit only in voice, in the animated Star Trek series.", "The adventures of the USS Enterprise, representing the United Federation of Planets on a five-year mission in outer space to explore new worlds, seek new life and new civilizations, and to boldly go where no one has gone before. The Enterprise is commanded by handsome and brash Captain James T. Kirk. His First Officer and best friend is Mr. Spock from the planet Vulcan, and Kirk's Medical Officer is Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy. With a crew of approximately 430, the Enterprise battles aliens, megalomanical computers, time paradoxes, psychotic murderers, and even Khan! Written by Marty McKee <mmckee@wkio.com>", "William Shatner discusses \"The City on the Edge of Forever\" alongside archival, never-before-released footage from the classic Star Trek episode.", "Space opera is adventure science fiction set mainly or entirely in outer space or on multiple (sometimes distant) planets. The conflict is heroic, and typically on a large scale. It is also used nostalgically, and modern space opera may be an attempt to recapture the sense of wonder of the golden age of science fiction. The pioneer of this subgenre is generally recognized to be Edward E. (Doc) Smith, with his Skylark and Lensman series. George Lucas's Star Wars series is among the most popular and famous franchises in cinematic space opera. It covers epic battles between good and evil throughout an entire galaxy. Alastair Reynolds's Revelation Space series, Peter F. Hamilton's Void, Night's Dawn, Pandora's Star series, Stephen Hunt's Sliding Void series, Vernor Vinge's A Fire Upon the Deep, A Deepness in the Sky are newer examples of this genre.", "A Starfleet Admiral and former commanding officer of the Enterprise. Kirk and Khan never confront each other face-to-face during the film. All of their interactions are over a viewscreen or through communicators and their scenes were filmed four months apart, although a draft script had Khan defeating Kirk in a swordfight. Meyer described Shatner as an actor who was naturally protective of his character and himself, and who performed better over multiple takes.", "James T. Kirk : Well, I hate to break this to you, but Starfleet operates in space.", "The crew of the United space ship Enterprise under the command of Captain Christopher Pike is flying through space en route to the Vega Colony when they intercept a distress signal originating from the Talos Star Group . The crew theorizes that the signal might have something to do with the survey ship, the SS Columbia , which disappeared eighteen years ago. Pike orders them to maintain course to the Vega Colony and retires to his cabin.", "Rod Serling: The time is the space age. The place is a barren landscape of a rock-walled canyon that lies millions of miles from the planet Earth. The cast of characters, you've met them: William Fletcher, commander of the spaceship, his co-pilot Peter Craig. The other characters who inhabit this place, you may never see, but they're there, as these two gentlemen will soon find out because they're about to partake in a little exploration into that gray, shaded area in space and time that's known as the Twilight Zone.", "Introduction spoken during the opening credits of each episode, derived from the introduction to the original Star Trek series. Both versions are by Gene Roddenberry ; the original referred to a \"five year mission\" rather than a \"continuing mission\", and said \"no man\" rather than \"no one\".", "With Khan defeated, David Marcus finally makes peace with his father. Kirk and the U.S.S. Enterprise then go to Ceti Alpha V to pick up the abandoned Reliant crew, and the ship heads for Earth. Kirk, though saddened at the loss of his friend, is hopeful for the future, because as Spock once said, \"there are always possibilities.\"", "This introductory text was spoken at the beginning of many Star Trek television episodes and films, from 1966 onward:", "Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG) focuses on the 24th century adventures of Captain Jean-Luc Picard aboard the U.S.S. Enterprise (NCC-1701-D).  This incarnation of the famous starship is much larger than the one captained by James T. Kirk a century earlier, and, accordingly, it carries a larger crew complement: 1,012 men, women…and, surprisingly, children.  This era’s Starfleet Command believes that men and women are more likely to sign up for long-term exploratory missions if they think of their ship as home.  Thus, Picard’s crew enjoys many of the comforts they’d have otherwise left behind, including a wide variety of recreational opportunities, “replicated” food dishes to suit every palate, and quarters large enough to share with spouses and offspring.  There are schools for the children and a bar (stocked with synthetic alcohol, or synthehol) where the adults can unwind.  However, the ongoing mission—no longer limited to a mere five years—remains virtually the same as it was during Kirk’s time: to seek out new life and new civilizations, and to boldly go where no one has gone before.", "From alien worlds to an even more alien environment: 20th century San Francisco, the setting for the Enterprise crew's time-travel adventure, \"Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home.\"", "From the original “Star Trek” series, this is the final line from the opening words as I thought I heard them as a kid:", "What was it? Sci-fi series following the space adventures of James T Kirk and the crew of the Enterprise." ]

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[ "Taps and dies are cutting tools used to create screw threads, which is called threading. A tap is used to cut the female portion of the mating pair (e.g., a nut). A die is used to cut the male portion of the mating pair (e.g., a screw).", "Taps and dies are cutting tools used to create screw threads, which is called threading. A tap is used to cut the female portion of the mating pair (e.g., a nut). A die is used to cut the male portion of the mating pair more..", "Taps and dies are cutting tools used to create screw threads in solid substances including, but not limited to, metal, wood, and plastic. A tap is used to cut the female portion of the mating pair (e.g. a nut). A die is used to cut the male portion of the mating pair (e.g. a nut).", "Also known as a female thread, an internal thread is a thread on the inside of a hollow cylinder or bore. An example is the thread inside a nut.", "Bolt and Nut Machines. Machines designed to forge and thread bolts and nuts are known as bolt cutter, bolt forging or bolt header, bolt pointer, nut taper, etc.", "Die-Cutting Male and female dies are used to cut out paper or board in desired shapes.", "There are many ways to generate a screw thread, including the traditional subtractive types (e.g., various kinds of cutting [single-pointing, taps and dies, die heads, milling]; molding; casting [die casting, sand casting]; forming and rolling; grinding; and occasionally lapping to follow the other processes); newer additive techniques; and combinations thereof.", "Die - The term die is most commonly used in tooling, i.e. press tools \"punch and die\" but there are many other types of die, e.g. thread cutting dies, forming dies, forging dies, die-casting dies, etc. The term when applied to steel often refers to drawing dies through which hot rolled wire and bar are drawn to produce the finish and dimensional accuracy that is required for bright steel.", "nut --- A (typically) square or hexagonal piece of metal with a hole threaded through it to accept a bolt . When the two are screwed together tightly, compressive force increases the friction at the threads such that the two do not normally come apart. Since vibration can sometimes loosen a nut, a split ring lock washer can be used under the head of the bolt to maintain the compressive pressure in the threads to prevent that from happening. There are actually quite a variety of fasteners that are called nuts other than just the common square and hex types. A couple of them are shown in the composit image below. The item that is what is most normally meant by the term \"nut\" is formally called a machine nut . See also bolts vs screws . Below is a composite pic showing many of the types of nuts, followed by a list of the most common types used in woodworking or related metal working, linked to more extensive definitions and pics.", "nut - a small (usually square or hexagonal) metal block with internal screw thread to be fitted onto a bolt", "sex bolt --- A term that refers to a nut/bolt pair where the bolt can be pretty much ANY type of bolt but the nut is abnormal in that rather than being a relatively flat section of metal with internal threads and no head, it is a headed tube with internal threads. The underside of the female nut's head is often serrated to provide gripping force and there is usually no drive slot on the head of the nut. Sometimes the head of the nut is knurled . Sex bolts are frequently used in security application (see security bolt ) since with an undrivable nut head and a security head on the bolt, it is very difficult to remove the whole assembly once it is in place. Although it is true that most any type of bolt can be used with the nut from a sex bolt pair, the \"true\" version most often has a cylindrical unthreaded section at the top of the shank, just under the head, that has the same outer diameter as the nut. The bolts in these bolt-nut pairs are often connector bolts . Examples:", "lag screw --- A screw with a hexagonal head so that it can be turned with a wrench instead of a screwdriver , thus allowing more torque . Typically used for heavy-duty joints such as screwing a couple of two-by-fours together or screwing a load-bearing metal plate onto timber , but also used with a lag screw shield to screw things into masonry . Due to the need for strength these are pretty much always made of steel. They come in a wide variety of diameters and lengths. They are also called, technically incorrectly, and less commonly, \"lag bolts\" because of the straight shank and the head that is more commonly seen on a bolt than a screw; they have wood-screw type threads and are not designed to screw into a nut . See bolt vs screw . Example:", "Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus,   subclasses 48 + for machines for assembling nuts or bolts by a screwing operation.", "Ball screws, whose male-female pairs involve bearing balls in between, show that other variations of form are possible. Roller screws use conventional thread forms but introduce an interesting twist on the theme.", "Although there is no reason to consider this definition obsolete, because it is far from clear that \"a bolt by definition takes a nut\" . Using a coach \"bolt\" as an example (and it has been a 'bolt' for a very long time). It was not originally intended to receive a nut, but did have a shank. Its purpose was not to pass through the entire substrate but only one piece of it, while the threaded portion bit into the other in order to draw, and clamp the materials together. The 'carriage' bolt was derived from this and was employed more to speed up manufacturing than achieve a different function. The carriage bolt passes through both pieces of materials and employs a nut to provide the clamping force. Both are still, however, bolts.", "A screw will usually have a head on one end that contains a specially formed shape that allows it to be turned, or driven, with a tool. Common tools for driving screws include screwdrivers and wrenches. The head is usually larger than the body of the screw, which keeps the screw from being driven deeper than the length of the screw and to provide a bearing surface. There are exceptions; for instance, carriage bolts have a domed head that is not designed to be driven; set screws often have a head smaller than the outer diameter of the screw; J-bolts have a J-shaped head which is not designed to be driven, but rather is usually sunk into concrete allowing it to be used as an anchor bolt. The cylindrical portion of the screw from the underside of the head to the tip is known as the shank; it may be fully threaded or partially threaded. The distance between each thread is called the \"pitch\".", "A nut driver looks sort of like a screwdriver, but has a socket wrench on the end. They’re typically used when less torque is needed when tightening or loosening a nut or bolt.", "The tools that are used, dies and punches, come in many different shapes and sizes, as well as materials. Examples of these shapes are flat and v-shaped which are used for open-die forging, and single or multiple-impression dies used for closed die-forging. The designs for the dies have many aspects to them that must be considered. They all must be properly aligned, they must be designed so the metal and the flash will flow properly and fill all the grooves, and special considerations must be made for supporting webs and ribs and the parting line location. The materials must also be selected carefully. Some factors that go into the material selection are cost, their ability to harden, their ability to withstand high pressures, hot abrasion, heat cracking, and other such things. The most common materials used for the tools are carbon steel and, in some cases, nickel based alloys.", "The line screw drive is a Japanese system with male, female and female tamper-resistant screw configurations. The fasteners are commonly called line head screws. They are also known as game bit screws, due to their use on some video game consoles. They are found on IBM computers and Nintendo systems. The female sizes are designated ALR2, ALR3, ALR4, ALR5, ALR6; the male sizes are designated with an \"H\" instead of an \"R\"; and the tamper-resistant female have a \"T\" at the end of the designation (e.g. ALR3T).", "Of course, it is always possible that this day celebrates the \"Nut\" that screws onto a bolt for", "The process of pulling metal wire, rods, or bars through a die with the effect of altering the size, finish and mechanical properties. In the USA, it is a term used for tempering.", "[0017]FIG. 6 depicts an assembled side view of one embodiment of the intonated nut with locking mechanism. ", "9. (Mechanical Engineering) (of a screw, thread, etc) to cut into or grip (an object, material, etc)", "British a spanner (=metal tool for making things tighter or looser) with a head that can be moved to work on nuts and bolts of different sizes", "Modern computer numerical control (CNC) lathes and (CNC) machining centres can do secondary operations like milling by using driven tools. When driven tools are used the work piece stops rotating and the driven tool executes the machining operation with a rotating cutting tool. The CNC machines use x, y, and z coordinates in order to control the turning tools and produce the product. Most modern day CNC lathes are able to produce most turned objects in 3D.", "The pieces produced are usually complex 3D objects that are converted into x, y, and z coordinates that are then fed into the CNC machine and allow it to complete the tasks required. The milling machine can produce most parts in 3D, but some require the objects to be rotated around the x, y, or z coordinate axis (depending on the need). Tolerances are usually in the thousandths of an inch (Unit known as Thou), depending on the specific machine.", "A lathe from 1911, a machine tool able to shape parts (usually metal) for other machines", "Cone or Mandrel; Used to set and correct rings after they have been formed, and they come in various sizes.", "Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus,   for the process of or apparatus for making a fastener as provided for in that class.", "Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus,   for making an article of Class 470 which comprise a one-piece blank made by removing material.", "A process for manufacturing heads in which the item is stamped under extreme pressure, resulting in a work-hardened rigid part. See Anneal.", "Upsetting Mill: a machine that raises the rim on both sides of a blank or planchet." ]

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[ "First cold produced from select olives, Rachael Ray’s EVOO is the natural juice squeezed from olives one day after the harvest. No heat or chemicals are used in extracting Extra Virgin Olive Oil. “Extra” is the highest grade for the best, unrefined and unprocessed oil of the fruit. To be graded as Extra Virgin, the oil must exhibit superior taste, aroma and color. And to meet the most exacting labeling standards, it must also have less than 1% free oleic acid. Thus, the “Extra” in Extra Virgin Olive Oil means “premium,” or simply, “the best.”", "Ray's ditzy demeanor also makes her easy to dismiss. She giggles off-cue and constantly praises her own cooking. \"Smells awesome already!\" she says, making her Snapper in a Snap. \"I am so psyched about that.\" She employs kitschy abbreviations—EVOO means \"extra virgin olive oil\"—and gives her menus corny nicknames like You-Won't-Be-Single-for-Long Vodka Cream Pasta . The acknowledgments in her $40 a Day cookbook read like a high-school yearbook: \"Don …You are the tallest man we've ever had on crew, and yet you pack the smallest bag—ever! Cool.\" And it didn't boost her credibility when she posed for pinup shots in FHM . (One featured Ray licking chocolate off a spoon.) When the magazine hit newsstands, she said, \"I think it is kinda cool for someone who is goofy, and a cook, just a normal person to be thought of in that way.\"", "On her television programs, she has used catchphrases such as \"E-V-O-O\" (extra-virgin olive oil), \"yum-o,\" \"G.B.\" (garbage bowl), \"Oh my gravy!\", \"entréetizer\" (entrée-sized appetizer), \"stoup\" (cross between a soup and stew), and \"choup\" (thicker than a soup but thinner than a chowder). In 2007, The Oxford American College Dictionary announced the addition of the term EVOO, short for extra-virgin olive oil, which Ray had helped to popularize, and credited her with coining the phrase. ", "Whether cooking for a festive dinner party or enjoying a simple sammie by yourself, add a little pizzazz to your favorite dishes with a little drizzle of EVOO. And leave it to Rachael to design the perfect Rachael Ray Serveware Stoneware EVOO Bottle to stylishly dispense her go-to flavor enhancer.", "You see, because olive oil is primarily a monounsaturated fat, (simply stated: it has one double bond in its fatty acid structure). Think of oxidation in your body like rust on your car. Oxidation can create “free radicals,” which can often cause damage that can raise our risk for heart attack, stroke, cancer and other problems. Ironic isn’t it? EVOO is heart healthy yet the very act of heating it too much can cause heart disease.  Now don’t get me wrong, please understand EVOO can be healthy, but only when consumed properly. So, how do you use it in a way that promotes health instead of destroying your health?", "I have to agree .  . . Though I go through EVOO by the gallon when it comes to cooking our favorite dishes on low heat or in a salad dressing,  my recipes are tried and true and not only would I never risk altering the flavor, I don't want to lose money as EVOO costs quite a deal more than my tried and trusted Crisco Veggie. Unless they're  dealing with an allergy or medical condition, when people are buying a cake, they're not looking for healthy.  They're looking for something yummy and sweet, or a once-in-awhile treat.  I say save ypur $$$ and stick with the original recipe.", "����� �Diane von Furstenberg (original name: Diane Simone Michelle Halfin) founded a \"fragrance and fashion empire.\" Stanley Kohlenberg, head of Revlon's domestic Group III, was \"recognized as one of the premiere marketing men in the fragrance industry.\" [GAINES/CHURCH, p. 182] Samuel Rubin founded the Faberge perfume company. Max Factor built a cosmetics empire, including waterproof mascara and long-lasting lipstick.� Helena Rubenstein sold \"beauty and royalty.\"� \"The names [of Jewish entrepreneurs] Helena Rubenstein and Estee Lauder [born Josephine Esther Menzer] became virtual synonyms for cosmetics in the twentieth century.\" [HYMAN, p. 27] Adrien Arpel opened 500 skin care salons across America. \"A legend in the cosmetics industry.... although Arpel is not a formally observant woman, she is very conscious of her Jewish identity.\" [HYMAN, p. 67-68] Vidal Sassoon built an business empire based on hair care. (Sassoon, funder of a research unit on anti-Semitism at an Israeli university, was the recipient of the first American Jewish Congress \"Beauty Hall of Fame\" award). Non-Jew Grace Mirabella, for 17 years the editor of Vogue magazine, notes that \"all the models, actresses, and photographers of London\" hung out a Sassoon's hair studios. [MOIRABELLA, G., 1995, p. 127]", "Co-owner, \"Living Proof\", a hair products company. Her longtime hairstylist, Chris McMillan , who created \"The Rachel\" 1990s hairstyle, has joined the company.", "This one manages to do something that very few celeb scents have done so far. Smell inovative, new and expensive. It has an exclusive touch. It could be Ellie Saab or Rodriquez for her. It actually smells pink...not sugary girly pink. But elegante womanly champaigne pink. Had it come clad in a Dolce bottle (or whatever house is your wet dream) people would have coughed up the cash. Good thing is you dont have to cought so hard. Cos this is SJP.", "Longoria released the fragrance \"EVA by Eva Longoria\", a \"clean citrus-floral eau de parfum\", in April 2010. In the spring of 2011 she launches her signature fragrance, Eva by Eva Longoria, in major department stores.", "She mixed spermaceti (a wax found in the head of sperm whales), rosewater and almond oil and coated her face with the substance daily. She was also fond of creating a DIY night mask using raw veal and crushed strawberries.  ", "NVEY ECO NVEY ECO is an Australian firm that, luckily for the Spanish, also has a branch in Barcelona. It is the chic newcomer to the biological makeup market, although scientists were researching possible new products six years prior to the launch. NVEY ECO aims to explode the myth that ecological products don’t perform as well as more commercial ones, with a line of long-lasting, high-performance items made from top quality biological ingredients and pigments to ensure a professional look and feel. We are fans of their biological blusher, which gives a lovely, even finish and a youthful glow. We find it amazing that its ingredient list contains only the purest nature has to offer, including corn, chamomile and jojoba oil. It is also enriched with the potent antioxidant vitamins A, C and E.", "This is what SJP accomplishes with \"Lovely.\" It's divine, exquisite, and beautiful without being overpowering. It's warm, inviting, and delicious without being gummy, overly fruity, candy-ish, or like baked goods. It feels like pure satin on my skin, and this is easily one of the best celebrity fragrances I've ever encountered.", "Fendi is a Italian fashion house founded by Adele Casagrande in 1918. A marriage to Edoardo Fendi led to a name change and the establishment of the company known today as Fendi, in 1925 with a focus on   leather and furs from a boutique in Rome.", "Noah’s Naturals anti-ageing beauty elixir Los Angeles based Noah’s Naturals has introduced a powdered dietary supplement called ‘Anti-ageing beauty elixir’. With the slogan ‘Drink yourself gorgeous’, the product’s target audience and mission is clear. The berry pomegranate flavoured drink mix is step four in the company’s anti-ageing skin care system, designed to ‘treat your skin on the inside and outside’.", "ORGANIC VITAMIN E (TOCOPHEROL ACETATE) – Gluten free and derived from organic cotton seed oil and organic olives, our vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that helps preserve formulas and nourish the skin.", "In 2015, Paltrow announced her roles as shareholder and creative director for San Rafael-based Juice Beauty, founded in 2005 by fitness and wellness executive Karen Behnke. The company now has more than $25million in annual revenue. Juice Beauty, which likewise invested in Goop, offers more than 200 skin care and makeup products formulated with at least 70% — and up to 98% — USDA-certified organic ingredients. A blend of organic botanicals with citrus juice serves as the foundation of the line's formulations, replacing the high water content or petroleum byproducts in most conventional brands.", "There are six things to do. With advice from Orietta Gianjorio, a UC Davis Olive Oil Taste Panel member who grew up in Rome and is familiar with these terms we've inherited from Europe, here are some clues about how to read a label. In general, look for the term extra virgin. But don't take it for granted.", "Palma Rosa Oil Also called East Indian Geranium Oil. An essential oil with a rose – geranium-like scent steam-distilled from the leaves of a variety of Rosha (Rusa) Grass (Cymbopogon martinii) called Motia, which grows in drier areas of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Indonesia. It is used in quality perfumes (e.g. ‘Vanderbilt’ and ‘Vol de Nuit’) and soaps and as a source of geraniol, its principal constituent. Distillation of this oil, formerly known as Turkish Geranium Oil’, commenced in the 18th century.", "Katie founded bnourished in 2011 in fulfillment of a vision to transform lives one mindful bite at a time. She’s a certified holistic health coach, raw food chef and instructor, trained at the Institute of Integrative Nutrition and the Natural Gourmet Institute; both in New York City. A member of the American Association of Drugless Practitioners and a certified Bach Flower Remedy practitioner, she brings real, life-tested solutions to clients ready to claim their birthright of exceptional health through whole food, mindfulness, movement and deliberate time management.", "2004 James Beard Award Winner for International; 2004 IACP Award Nominee for International Category; From one of the world's best-loved authorities on food from India and the world comes an evocative and irresistible survey of the world's greatest dishes. Starting with classic curries of her native India, Madhur traces the outside influences that have left their mark on Indian food and goes on to show how the Indian diaspora has mingled the flavors of India with the cuisines of Africa, the West Indies, Asia, Europe, and South America. She concludes with a look at Indian cuisine as it is practised everywhere, from the Pacific Rim to her own kitchen in the United States.", "Swapping Soho for Sussex agrees with Florence Knight. Her easy alfresco food can make it feel like summer anywhere Photographs ANDREW MONTGOMERY Styling SARAH KEADY Food styling ALICE HART", "Mascarpone is a triple-creme cheese. It's made from the milk of cows that have been fed special grasses filled with herbs and flowers. This special diet creates a unique taste that has been described as \"fresh and delicious.\" Ladyfingers -- known in Italy as \"savoiardi\" -- are sweet, little, fairly dry, finger-shaped sponge cakes.", "On the January 4, 2010 episode, Good Eats revealed Alton Brown's changed eating habits that led to his losing 50 pounds in 9 months. Brown emphasized that he was not on a diet; in spite of this claim, however, Brown went on to describe a regimen that prescribes certain healthful foods with specific degrees of regularity (daily, once every two days, etc.) while proscribing unhealthy foods. He did, however, make clear that this was not a diet in the modern American sense of the word, but in the original Greek meaning. Prescribed foods included breakfast every day (usually a fruit smoothie), oily fish, whole grains, etc. The episode comically claimed the entire story was in Brown's new book, Buff Like Me.", "There is a story during the late 17th and early 18th century, that an Italian woman created a white powder for the face, which was called Aqua Toffana, or sold as “Manna di San Nicola.” Unfortunately, the makeup was made of arsenic…but on purpose. You see this makeup was sold under the guise of a cosmetic when in fact it was made and sold to women who wished their husbands dead. Over 600 hundred men died, most likely from kissing the faces of their wives. Toffana was executed after the Roman authorities forced their way into the church where she’d sought sanctuary from the charges held against her.", "Fact: Madonna 's best pal, actress Debi Mazar , has a secret olive empire - she and her husband Gabriele Corcos are writing a cookbook and planning a skincare line inspired by olives they grow at their home in Florence, Italy.", "Last April I posted a tutorial on How To Make Your Own Petroleum-FREE Jelly . I’ve also purchased a petroleum jelly alternative made of soybean oil, beeswax, rosemary oil, and vitamin E for this post I did on how to  Make Your Own Tinted Lip Balm .", "Every era gets the domestic goddesses it deserves, and the strongest contenders for up-and-coming D.G.s of the food-Instagram era are the Oscar-winning actress Gwyneth Paltrow and the model/funny Twitter person Chrissy Teigen. Both have new cookbooks for 2016: Paltrow’s latest is called It’s All Easy , and Teigen’s first is Cravings .", "Approaching food as a medicinal rather than simply gustatory resource, John La Puma and Rebecca Powell Marx provide a compendium of ingredients and recipes for readers in search of a more health-conscious culinary experience. Breaking down the macro and micronutrients that make food nutritionally valuable and their functionality to the body, the authors provide practical recipes as sort of counteractive prescriptions for the complacent modern eater. The recipes, with offerings ranging from “Curried Turkey Tenderloin with Penne and Roasted Asparagus” to “Garlicky Potato Salad with Spinach and Lemon,” are intended to counteract the chemical and pesticide-rich diet of preprocessed and refined foods. With diet plans and mini-tutorials on organic and processed foods, the book is a valuable resource in the crusade against thoughtless eating.", "Vitamin E is mainly found in vegetable oils such as olive oil and sunflower oil. The best one to use is probably olive oil because it can help to protect", "What we mainly learn about on the Food Network in prime time is culinary fashion, which is no small thing: if Julia took the fear out of cooking, these shows take the fear — the social anxiety — out of ordering in restaurants. (Hey, now I know what a shiso leaf is and what “crudo” means!) Then, at the judges’ table, we learn how to taste and how to talk about food. For viewers, these shows have become less about the production of high-end food than about its consumption — including its conspicuous consumption. (I think I’ll start with the sawfish crudo wrapped in shiso leaves. . . .)", "Primo is interesting for the progressive principles that inform its tasty dishes. One of the restaurants in the area's emerging \"zero miles\" scene, Primo sources its organic produce as locally as possible, and also offers vegan and wheat-free options. Chef Ross (Rossella Mantero) is imaginative in the kitchen, with surprising versions of conventional pasta, fish and meat choices, such as spelt fettucini with a pistachio pesto." ]

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[ "Baked Alaska ( recipe ) is a dish made of ice cream placed in a pie dish lined with slices of sponge cake and topped with meringue. The entire dessert is then placed in an extremely hot oven, long enough to firm the meringue.", "•Another is Baked Alaska, a dessert made of ice cream straight from the freezer placed in a pie dish lined with slices of sponge cake and topped with meringue. The entire dessert if then placed in an extremely hot oven just long enough to firm the meringue. The meringue is an effective insulator, and in the short cooking time needed, it prevents the heat getting through to the ice cream.", "The dish is made of ice cream placed in a pie dish lined with slices of sponge cake or Christmas pudding and topped with meringue. The entire dessert is then placed in an extremely hot oven for a brief time, long enough to firm the meringue. The meringue is an effective insulator, and the short cooking time prevents the heat from getting through to the ice cream.", "Baked Alaska: A dessert consisting of ice cream on a sponge cake base, covered with meringue and browned in the oven.", "The later version consisting of ice cream on sponge cake covered with meringue and browned quickly in a hot oven, is claimed as being created by many people, and popularized by many others. American physicist Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) claimed to have created it in 1804, after investigating the heat resistance of beaten egg whites. This was called omelette surprise or omelette á la norvégienne.", "• Richard Nixon: Baked Alaska (a sponge cake topped by a thick slab of ice cream and blanketed by meringue. It is then baked for about 5 minutes or until the top is golden brown).", "This iconic dessert is composed of sponge cake topped with ice cream and blanketed in Italian meringue. Just before serving, the meringue is toasted with a torch or baked in the oven. The toastier the meringue gets on the outside, the gooier it becomes on the inside, resulting in a marshmallow-like consistency. The meringue insulates the ice cream, preventing it from melting too quickly. ", "Baked Alaska, frozen cream encased in meringue and served hot, descends from Renaissance era Trifles , fanciful presentations of cream and sponge biscuits. Frozen versions were perfected in 18th-19th century Europe. Desserts approximating \"Baked Alaska\" surface in the 19th century. The earliest iterations were fried or baked iced cream encased in pastry . Baked Alaska (aka Omelete Norvegienne, Omelete en Surprise), surfaced in the late 19th century. It was an \"improved\" version of popular fried cream, fried ice cream, and fried ice. Why call it an omelette? Possibly because the ice cream was encased in eggs (meringue)--or--some French dessert omelettes were \"finished\" in a hot oven.", "            In the 17th century, deserts had become more elaborate and were decorated with flowers.  They included marzipan, nougat, pyramids of fruit, dry and liquid preserves, biscuits (cookies), creams \\, sugar sweets (candies), sweet almonds sugar and orange-flower water, green walnuts, pistachios and marrons glaces.  At the end of the century, ice creams made their appearance, and at the same time patisserie became extremely diversified with different basic mixtures, such as puff pastry, sponge, choux pastry and meringue.", "DAME BLANCHE  Any of various desserts in which white pale colours predominate.  The name applies particulary to vanilla ice cream used as a bombe filling or served with whipped cream and a chocolate sauce to provide contrast; fruit in syrup or alcohol may be added.  Other kinds of dame blanche include a sponge cake filled with cream and crystallized (candled) fruits and completely covered with Italian meringue, a lemon ile flottante and an almond ice cream.", "A pavlova is a meringue cake which has a crisp outer shell, and a soft marshmallow-y filling; a delectable, sweet, melt-in-your-mouth treat which is traditionally smothered in whipped cream and fresh summer fruit. Supposedly, the fragile pavlova was inspired by light-as-air Anna Pavlova, with its meringue casing designed to emulate the soft folds of her white ballet skirt.", "BAKED ALASKA--Cover a mold of vanilla ice cream with a meringue made from whites of six eggs and six tablespoonfuls of powdered sugar, put in plates, stand on a board, and put in a hot oven for a moment. Serve immediately.", "Make meringue of eggs and sugar as in Meringue I., cover a board with white paper, lay on sponge cake, turn ice cream on cake (which should extend one-half inch beyond cream), cover with meringue, and spread smoothly.  Place on oven grate and brown quickly in hot oven.  The board, paper, cake, and meringue are poor conductors of heat, and prevent the cream from melting.  Slip from paper on ice cream platter.", "Vacherin: ice cream served in a meringue shell; also, creamy, pungent cheese from Switzerland or Eastern France", "Baked Alaska Because of its cold ice cream interior & hot meringue covering, it was once called \"Alaska-Florida\"", "A true Baked Alaska starts with the meringue.  A meringue is a “patisserie” made from egg whites and sugar.  Patisserie is the French word for various preparations made of pastry and generally baked in the oven.", "Baked Alaska Apple Pie – Do everything as directed in Meringue aux Pommes, but instead of filling the apple centers with marmalade, fill them with vanilla ice cream, and spoon ice cream in the spaces around the apples. Top with the meringue, bake and serve.", "There are many variations (see below), but in general a pan or dish is lined with sponge cake or lady fingers that have been soaked in a liqueur called \"alchermes.\" Alternating layers of sponge cake, \"Crema pasticcera\" (pastry cream) and chocolate-flavoured pastry cream are then made inside the lining, and the dessert is chilled and served cold.", "A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough casing that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweet or savoury ingredients.", "This towering \"cake\" is constructed from layers of baked meringue piled high with fillings such as buttercream, whipped cream, or fruit. To form the \"cake,\" French meringue is enhanced with ground nuts, piped into rounds, and then baked in a low-temperature oven. ", "�An Italian meringue is made by heating a mixture of sugar, water, and a touch of cream of tartar to a temperature of 242�F. This mixture is then cooled to 220�F and poured in a slow, steady stream into egg whites while beating continuously. Italian meringues are most commonly used in making buttercream frosting. The cooking of the egg whites with the very hot sugar mixture make this meringue the most stable. However, cooking the whites also results in a taffy-like texture that is not as light and airy as the texture of a common or Swiss meringue, making it less desirable on its own.", "5.Cook in oven at 180 degrees Celsius (375 degrees F) for 1 hour or until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out dry. Let cool before serving. Cut in small pieces. Serve with hot custard or Ice Cream, as per preference.", "Boston Cream Pie: A sponge cake or other yellow cake filled with pastry cream and topped with chocolate fondant or confectioners' sugar.", "Boston Cream Pie: A sponge cake or other yellow cake filled with pastry cream and topped with chocolate fondant or confectioners’ sugar.", "Early versions of this dessert consisted of ice cream encased in a piping hot pastry crust. A guest of Thomas Jefferson at a White House dinner in 1802 described the dessert as \"Ice-cream very good, crust wholly dried, crumbled into  thin flakes.\"", "On the other hand, this is Trader Joe’s very first foray into making cheesecake bites, and as an experimental product, I love it! It’s a cold, hard fact that cheesecake is the best damn desert a person can hope for – and it’s an equally cold, hard fact that if you eat more than a slice and a half of cheesecake in one sitting your heart will clog up and explode. These cheesecake bites allow you to indulge in a bite-sized square (or three) of cheesecake, satisfying that craving without blowing out all your fitness goals.", "cheese in between them; cheesy, starchy decadence. For a sweet finish, you may go with Chocolate Pudding with Cinnamon Icecream. The pudding itself? Imagine a dark, slightly bitter cake that is baked on the outside but soft and gooey on the inside, oozing molten chocolate. It is served warm with cold cinnamon flavoured ice-cream for a combination of sweet chocolate, and earthy, spicy cinnamon that is complementary in taste but contrasts delightfully in temperature.", "   In English, this means \"with ice cream\" - apparently someone decided that having ice cream on pie was the fashionable way to eat it.", "Banoffee pie: n A charming dessert pie made of bananas, cream, toffee, condensed milk, sugar, butter, methamphetamine and Soylent Green.", "\"just desserts\" instead of \"just deserts\"; the term \"desert(s)\" in this meaning ( Etymology 1 here", "   \"Dessert\" is an unrelated word, from French des (un-) + sert (served).  (The verb \"desservir\" means \"to clear the table.\")  \"Desert\" meaning \"a deserted place\" (with the accent on the first syllable) is unrelated to both. ", "One of the best desserts. Described by Morgan as tasting like pear-flavoured vanilla ice-cream, it has a rich, almost cloying sweetness that is very popular" ]

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[ "The NATO phonetic alphabet is a common name for the international radiotelephony spelling alphabet which assigns code words to the letters of the English alphabet so that critical combinations of letters (and numbers) can be pronounced and understood by those who transmit and receive voice messages by radio or telephone regardless of their native language, especially when the safety of navigation or persons is essential. It is used by many national and international organizations, including the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). It is a subset of the much older International Code of Signals (INTERCO), which originally included visual signals by flags or flashing light, sound signals by whistle, siren, foghorn, or bell, as well as one, two, or three letter codes for many phrases. The same alphabetic code words are used by all agencies, but each agency chooses one of two different sets of numeric code words. NATO uses the normal English numeric words (Zero, One), except for 3, 5, and 9, which are pronounced \"tree\", \"fife\", and \"niner\", whereas the IMO uses compound numeric words (Nadazero, Unaone).", "(US) NATO phonetic alphabet for the letter 'U'. Stands for \"Unidentified\". Can be an unidentified object, person, vehicle, etc. Example: \"We have a Uniform dead ahead, someone move in and check it.\"", "Answer: Juliet, all of the listed things describe a part of the NATO phonetic alphabet: Foxtrot, golf, hotel, India, and finally Juliet.", "An alluvial deposit, usually triangular in shape, at the mouth of a river, stream, or tidal inlet.", "Plumbing Fixture: A receptacle or device from which water is dispensed and/or drained, such as a bath, toilet, or faucet.", "Liman (Russian and Ukrainian: лима́н) (from Greek λιμένας \"bay\" or \"port\") A type of lake or lagoon formed at the mouth of a river, blocked by a bar of sediments, especially referring to such features along the Danube River and the Black Sea.", "River lengths or river-length data are affected not only by some of the natural and artificial causes noted in the preceding paragraph, but also by the precision of various techniques of measurement, by the scale of available maps or aerial photographs, and by somewhat arbitrary decisions. For example, the length may be considered to be the distance from the mouth to the most distant headwater source (irrespective of stream name) or from the mouth to the headwaters of the stream commonly identified as the source stream. The names of some rivers, such as the Mississippi River and the Rio Grande, are unchanged from source to mouth. In contrast, the name of the source of the Mobile River—Tickanetley Creek—changes five times before becoming Mobile River 45 miles north of Mobile Bay.", "a natural wide flow of fresh water across the land into the sea, a lake, or another river | ([abbreviation] \"R\") used usually before, sometimes after, ...", "From Middle English, from Old English ēa (“running water, water, stream, river”), from Proto-Germanic *ahwō (“waters, river”), from Proto-Indo-European *akʷā- (“water, flowing water”). Cognate with North Frisian ia (“river”), Eastern Frisian äi (“river”), Dutch aa (“water, stream”), German Ache (“water, stream, river, flood”), Swedish å (“stream, creek”), Icelandic á (“stream, river”), Latin aqua (“water”).", "Water usable, with or without improvements, as routes for commerce in the customary means of travel on water.", "One way to identify the valves is to have a tag on each valve indicating its function, that is, which fixtures or group of fixtures it controls. Valve- identifying tags may be obtained from plumbing dealers. Many plumbers are glad to offer a valve tagging service to their customers or prospective customers.", "Numerous artificial channels, called canals, have been constructed to connect two bodies of water over land, such as the Suez Canal. Although rivers and canals often provide passage between two large lakes or a lake and a sea, and these seem to suit the formal definition of strait, they are not usually referred to as such. The term strait is typically reserved for much larger, wider features of the marine environment. There are exceptions, with straits being called canals, Pearse Canal, for example.", "The tidal rivers (Wando, Cooper, Stono, and Ashley) are evidence of a submergent or drowned coastline. There is a submerged river delta off the mouth of the harbor, and the Cooper River is deep, affording a good location for a port.", "Remnants of pipes in some languages are the names of the experts involved in the execution, reparation, maintenance, and installation of water supply systems, which have been formed from the Latin word 'lead', English word 'plumber', French word, 'plombiere'.", "But Rickett & Smith (The Place-Names of Roman Britain) reported that it is more probably based upon Indo-European ta- with a meaning “to flow”. This view was first postulated by Nacolaisen in 1957. There are a large number of river names commencing with this element, which can be divided into three groups:", ", from the sea, is the head of navigation for river steamers; oceangoing vessels may navigate the river to Hankow, a distance of almost 1000 km (almost 600 mi) from the sea. For about inland from its mouth, the river is virtually at sea level.", "The term is also used to describe the meeting of tidal or other non-riverine bodies of water, such as two canals or a canal and a lake.Engineers in New Orleans refer to the confluence of the 17th Street Canal and Lake Pontchartrain. See: A one-mile (1.6 km) portion of the Industrial Canal in New Orleans accommodates the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal; therefore those three waterways are confluent there.", "Etymology is very tricky. Although Michael and Anthony worked together to write this article, they did not agree upon all proposed etymologies. Example: river Stour. As it is pronounced 'stower' Michael prefers the explanation 'stowing river', river which 'stows', pushes up the water. The Stour is a tidal river. The word could refer to the tides.", "(often tautologically the English term \"river\" is adsded to the name). The Zulu word amanzi (water) also forms part of some river names.", "The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. The source of the river is located in British Columbia, Canada. The next portion lies in, and gives its name to Canada's Yukon Territory. Then, more than the lower half of the river lies in the U.S. state of Alaska. The river is 3,185 km (1,980 mi) long and empties into the Bering Sea at the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. The average flow is 6,430 m�/s (227,000 ft�/s). The total drainage area is 832,700 km� (321,500 mi�) of which 323,800 km� (126,300 mi�) is in Canada. By comparison, the total area is more than 25% larger than Texas or Alberta.", "Foss means ditch-like river and may have the root of its name in the Latin fossa.", "The name Isca Dumnoniorum is a Latinization of a native Brittonic name describing flowing water, in reference to the River Exe. More exactly, the name seems to have originally meant \"full of fish\" (cf. Welsh pysg, \"fish\"), although it came to be a simple synonym for water (cf. Scottish whiskey). This is also reflected in the modern Welsh name for Exeter: Caerwysg meaning \"fortified settlement on the river Uisc\". The same name was used for the River Usk (modern ) in southern Wales, causing the settlement there (modern Caerleon) to be distinguished as Isca Augusta, while the Devonian Isca was called Isca Dumnoniorum: Usk of the Dumnonians.", "A narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water is called a strait.", "The United States has an extensive inland waterway system, much of which has been improved for navigation and flood control and developed to produce hydroelectricity and irrigation water by such agencies as the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Tennessee Valley Authority . Some of the world's larger dams, man-made lakes, and hydroelectric power plants are on U.S. rivers. The Mississippi-Missouri river system (c.3,890 mi/6,300 km long), is the longest in the United States and the second longest in the world. With its hundreds of tributaries, chief among which are the Red River , the Ohio , and the Arkansas , the Mississippi basin drains more than half of the nation. The Yukon, Columbia, Colorado, and Rio Grande also have huge drainage basins. Other notable river systems include the Connecticut , Hudson , Delaware , Susquehanna , Potomac , James , Alabama , Trinity , San Joaquin , and Sacramento .", "Being 3,650 kilometers long, the Ob River is the seventh longest of the gigantic rivers flowing across the planet. It is a Russian river which originates from the Belukha Mountains where rivers Katun and Biya meet. From there, it runs towards the Gulf of Ob where it joins the Arctic Ocean. The river discharges an average of 12,475 cubic meters of water per second. The Ob River is an important source of drinking water and irrigation. It also serves the purpose of fishing and hydroelectric power generation.", "Tap and faucet are synonymous here. For example, one wouldn't say faucet water, but tap water.", "Commerce along the East Coast uses the water transportation routes of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, which maintains a channel for barges and other light vessels from Boston, Massachusetts, to Key West, Florida. The waterway also utilizes rivers, bays, coastal sounds, and canals to provide a navigable route with a minimum depth of 4 m (12 ft) throughout most of its length.", "Named for the Yukon River, the name of which is derived from the Gwich'in word for “great river.”", "The Nations present name originated from “Gabao”, Portuguese for “cloak” which is roughly the shape of the estuary of the Komo River", "The Kiel Canal in northern Germany , is one of the world's busiest artificial waterways. International sea traffic uses it to connect between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea , thus saving hundreds of miles of additional travel time around Denmark , and the related high costs of transportation.", "Compare Chinese hydromymous adjectival phrase, 'nakh water' with Nivkh(Gilyak) nakh, Chechen nokhchii. Here, Cuna language of Panama and Navajo:", "The Kiel Canal in northern Germany is one of the world's busiest artificial waterways. International sea traffic uses it to connect between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, thus saving hundreds of miles of additional travel time around Denmark, and the related high costs of transportation." ]

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[ "Whirlpool's annual sales are more than $14 billion and Maytag's are almost $5 billion. Both companies sell appliances under a variety of brand names. Whirlpool sells products under the Whirlpool, KitchenAid, Estate, Roper, and Inglis brands. Maytag's brands include Maytag, Amana, Admiral, Performa, Jenn-Air, and Magic Chef. Maytag and Whirlpool, along with GE, Electrolux, LG, and Bosch, also make appliances for Sears sold under the Kenmore brand name. Both Whirlpool and Maytag manufacture products for sale in North America in various locations throughout the U.S. and Mexico. Some of these companies also source high-efficiency laundry products from overseas.", "Sears markets high-efficiency air conditioners, heat pumps and mini-split systems under the brand names of Kenmore, Kenmore Elite, Carrier and Mitsubishi Electric. Sears also sells  Whirlpool  room air conditioners. The most popular types of cooling and heating systems include central air conditioners, individual window and wall units, heat pumps, mini-split systems, furnaces, hot water and hydronic heating systems, and heat pumps. Today, the Kenmore brand name is licensed by Sears to other manufacturers. Kenmore air conditioners have been made by various manufacturers including Whirlpool, Electrolux, Keeprite, LG and Friedrich.", "Although Richard Sears founded the company in 1886, the name Kenmore (possibly from Kenmore Avenue in Chicago) did not appear until 1927 as a brand name for laundry appliances. In 1977, the Kenmore name replaced Coldspot as Sears' brand name on air conditioners. Kenmore HVAC products have been made by a number of other manufacturers, including  Whirlpool ,  Electrolux ,  Keeprite ,  LG  and  Friedrich .Today, Kenmore appliances are sold exclusively through Sears, Sears on-line and retail outlets.", "Sears, Roebuck and Co. (Sears) sells residential and commercial appliances for air conditioning and heating. Sears is a publicly owned company, trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol SHLD. Headquartered on a 200-acre campus in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, Sears had revenue of approximately $31 billion in 2014.", "People went to Sears to buy Kenmore appliances, Craftsman tools, DieHard batteries, Weatherbeater paint, and Roadhandler tires. Once there, they bought other stuff, like Levi’s jeans or Sony TVs. But it was those brands, sold only at Sears, that made the difference.", "Over the years, many popular Sears brands have come and gone, leaving behind them proud legacies of many satisfied customers and significant cultural impact. Brands such as J.C. Higgins sporting goods, David Bradley farm implements, Harmony House furniture, Coldspot appliances, Silvertone guitars and many others have all carved their niches in history. Other brands have survived the test of time at Sears. In 2002, both Kenmore and Craftsman celebrated their 75th anniversaries, and DieHard celebrated its 35th anniversary�and all did so with a series of new products plus reputations that outpace all of their competitors'.", "Really, the only retail niche where Sears can still compete is hardlines, where the company's Kenmore appliances and Craftsman tools still hold some appeal for consumers seeking a nice balance between price and quality. But even here, the clock is ticking.", "Whirlpool, headquartered in Benton Harbor, Michigan, has brand names recognized by anyone who ever separated dark colors from light. Whirlpool is the number one U.S. home appliance maker and second worldwide, after Sweden's AB Electrolux. In addition to Whirlpool branded products the company sells products it makes under brand names including KitchenAid, Bauknecht, Roper, and Magic Chef. Approximately 14 percent of Whirlpool's 2006 sales came from its Kenmore products, produced under contract for retailer Sears Roebuck and Company. With the purchase in 2006 of Maytag, the company had secured this leading position for the foreseeable future.", "\"Sears is suffering from a lot of problems,\" said Nick McCoy, senior consultant for home goods at TNS Retail Forward in Columbus, Ohio. \"They need to find a way to bring consumers back to Sears. There's a sector of consumers who still believe Kenmore is the best appliance brand and Craftsman is the best tool brand. But those consumers are getting older and Sears hasn't done anything to revitalize those brands.\"", "The Nineteen Hundred Corporation introduces the first top-loading automatic washer, which Sears markets under the Kenmore label. Billed as a \"suds saver,\" the round appliance sells for $239.95.", "*Sears is a chain of department stores that are usually located in shopping malls, however, some freestanding stores exist; they carry clothing, jewelry, home appliances, household hardware, lawn and garden supplies, lawn mowers, paint, sporting goods, automobile repair, office supplies, electronics and school supplies. Sears stores are usually multi-level. There are 793 full-size Sears stores in the United States. There are also 301 Sears locations in Canada and 66 in Mexico. ", "A Kenmore 158 is a sewing machine model manufactured by Sears under its Kenmore brand name. The 158 debuted in the 1960s and has undergone various updates over the years. As of 2014, Model 158 is no longer sold by Sears, nor are any Kenmore sewing machines offered by Sears in the United States. Sears Canada does sell other models of Kenmore sewing machines.", "Throughout its history, Sears has committed itself to quality private-label brands. For Sears, its brands are more than just the names of product lines. They are symbols of the company. Sears stakes its reputation on the strength of its brands. Products must meet the most rigorous standards of quality and safety before they earn the right to bear such names as DieHard , Kenmore , and Craftsman .", "Tuesday's recall includes 12-cup Kenmore and Kenmore Elite Coffee makers sold through Sears, Sears Hardware and Kmart stores as well as online from August 2007 through April.", "Kenmore sells forced air furnaces, boilers, heat pumps, and water heaters. The company also offers a large range of room air conditioners ranging from 6,000 BTU to more than 25,000 BTU. Kenmore has a large range of gas and electric water heaters, including electric hybrid models. Sears PartsDirect offers numerous components for discontinued and existing HVAC products.", "* Sears Outlet is an outlet version of Sears department stores located in various retail locations across the United States. The stores carry new, one-of-a-kind, out of carton, discontinued, used, scratched and dented merchandise at 20–60% off regular retail price. While a wide variety of products are available, appliances make up a large majority of available merchandise. Sears Outlet stores were once known as Sears Surplus. Many former Kmarts have been converted to serve as Sears Outlets, though these often take up less than half the floorspace. Sears Outlet was part of a spin-off with Sears Hometown Stores and Sears Appliance and Hardware Stores to become Sears Hometown and Outlet Stores in September 2012. Sears Canada's 11 Outlet stores was not spun off and remain with the corporate owned stores in Canada (as of 2016 only 5 remain as six locations have closed).", "Some quintessential American names like GE, Walmart, Oracle and Caterpillar have been adding more jobs abroad while shedding them in the U.S., according this report in today’s Wall Street Journal . But Consumer Reports has found at least a few U.S. and foreign manufacturers that are still building fridges, stoves, and other home appliances right here.", "March 10, 1936 - Sears, Roebuck and Company registered \"Kenmore\" trademark first used in March 1934 (electric and non-power sewing machines).", "BATH LIFT, raise & lower person bathing, battery operated, $250. 622-7638 MOTHERS DAY Gifts, tea pots, tea pot frames, (all sizes) cookie jars, S&P shakers; too numerous to mention, Jewelry & much more @ Josie’s store 1600 E. 2nd T-S, 10-5. 50 PIECE Franciscan dishes. 622-9079 Leave message. Top Quality reconditioned appliances on sale. Many like new less than half the price! Washers, dryers $75 & up. Refrigerators, stoves from $100. Excellent selection, Camper’s Appliances, 300 E. McGaffey 623-0397. Everything guaranteed! MAYTAG ELECTRIC dryer, $125; Singer automatic sewing machine, $50. 622-6254", "Lowe's also keeps major appliance brands in stock, providing you with Whirlpool, Samsung, LG, Keurig, Frigidaire, GE, Electrolux, and Maytag models. Customers also enjoy free next-day delivery services on all major appliance purchases, such as refrigerators and electric ranges, and get their old models hauled away for free.", "Slow cooker competitors to Rival’s Crock-Pot® brand are made by companies like Hamilton Beach, Sunbeam, Proctor Silex, West Bend, and Cuisinart — just to name a few. To keep things legal, these companies have to call their stuff “Slow Cookers”. But really, from a food preparation point of view, there is no difference between cooking with a “Crock-Pot®” and other brands.", "While many appliances have existed for centuries, the self-contained electric or gas powered appliances are a uniquely American innovation that emerged in the twentieth century. The development of these appliances is tied the disappearance of full-time domestic servants and the desire to reduce the time consuming activities in pursuit of more recreational time. In the early 1900s, electric and gas appliances included washing machines, water heaters, refrigerators and sewing machines. The invention of Earl Richardson's small electric clothes iron in 1903 gave a small initial boost to the home appliance industry. In the Post–World War II economic expansion, the domestic use of dishwashers, and clothes dryers were part of a shift for convenience. Increasing discretionary income was reflected by a rise in miscellaneous home appliances. ", "The category of domestic appliances (refrigerators, ovens, washing machines, dishwashers etc.) that forms an important sub-sector of the market for steel flat products.", "Small appliances are typically small household electrical machines, easily carried and installed. Some are classified with white goods, and relate to heating and cooling such as: fans and window mounted air conditioners, and heaters such as space heaters, ceramic heaters, gas heaters, kerosene heaters, and fan heaters. Yet another category is used in the kitchen, including: juicers, electric mixers, meat grinders, coffee grinders, deep fryers, herb grinders, food processors, electric kettles, waffle irons, coffee makers, blenders and dough blenders, rice cookers toasters and exhaust hoods.", "From its beginnings, GE emphasized research to create many products and product improvements. The company has been awarded more patents than almost any other company in the United States. GE began creating consumer products in the early 20th century, beginning with a line of toasters. After GE merged with other companies, more and more consumer appliances such as irons and refrigerators began to be sold under the GE or Hotpoint brand names.", "Vacuum cleaners are actually the thin end of the wedge. The European Union has a list of 30 other household appliances — ranging from hairdryers to toasters to lawn mowers — currently up for “discussion,” with that list to be culled down to 20 next year for probable wattage restrictions.", "The first thing to note is the refrigerator -- it is BRAND NEW. This is part of a line of refrigerators, stoves and dishwashers in the 1950s style with 2009 energy efficiency. You can check them out at: bigchillfridge.com.", "All Sears' brands past and present have interesting stories behind their products, their staff, the origins of their names, and more.", "BUY IT… if you’re undecided on an American-style or larder model. The Quadrio has independently opening doors and drawers but without the bulk of bigger designs and uses less than half the power of a standard model.", "No, it wasn’t the catalog. That was the correct answer several generations ago. In modern times, Sears was one of the few retailers, if not the only retailer, that built real brands.", "Home appliances are electrical/mechanical machines which accomplish some household functions, such as cooking or cleaning. Home appliances can be classified into:", "A small electric machine, which when fitted with different blades, quickly performs routine kitchen tasks like chopping, shredding, and pureeing." ]

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[ "The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, or simply the American League (AL), is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States and Canada. It developed from the Western League, a minor league based in the Great Lakes states, which eventually aspired to major league status. It is sometimes called the Junior Circuit because it claimed Major League status for the 1901 season, 25 years after the formation of the National League (the \"Senior Circuit\").", "Junior Circuit The American League, so-called because it is the younger of the two major leagues.", "It is made up of two conferences that, for whatever reason, call themselves \"leagues\" (although they used to be independent legal and economic entities once): the National League (sometimes called the \"Senior Circuit\", since it is the older of the two) and the American League (the \"Junior Circuit\"). Since 2013, both leagues have 15 teams, each in an \"east\", \"central\", or \"west\" division. Also, since 1973, the AL has used designated hitters who stand in for the pitcher, but the NL still insists on having its pitchers bat. This has led to something of a Broken Base (no pun intended) as to which league is better or whether the DH is good or bad for the game. [1]", "To date, the American League has won 63 World Series titles and the National League, 48.  The New York Yankees have appeared in (40) and won (27) the most World Series of any team.  A distant second is the St. Louis Cardinals who have won 11 World Series Championships.", "Baseball has a unique nomenclature, with \"Major League Baseball\" the name of the overall grouping of 30 teams in two \"major leagues,\" the American League and the older National League. These are titled leagues rather than conferences for several reasons. The National League predates the American by 25 years and was considered a \"major\" league in comparison to its early competitors, and in a sense it simply extended this recognition to the AL, the only league of similar financial clout. In addition, the leagues played no interlocking schedule of any kind until 1995, and then added only a small amount of interleague play, with the main AL-NL competition occurring between their champions in the World Series. Thus the two leagues played mostly separate competitions within the larger framework of MLB. Finally, until 2000, they were actually separate legal entities, unlike the conferences of other leagues. Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan has a similar history, with the Central League and Pacific League not originally founded together.", "Baseball and a variant, softball, are popular participatory sports in the U.S. The highest level of baseball in the U.S. is Major League Baseball. The World Series of Major League Baseball is the culmination of the sport's postseason each October. It is played between the winner of each of the two leagues, the American League and the National League, and the winner is determined through a best-of-seven playoff.", "#Since the two leagues expanded beyond eight teams apiece in 1961, only two of the original 16 teams have not won a World Series against the larger field of competitors: the American League Cleveland Indians, who have not won a Series since 1948 (defeating the Boston Braves), and the National League Chicago Cubs, who last won a Series in 1908 (defeating the Detroit Tigers).", "After two years of bitter competition and player raiding (in 1902, the AL and NL champions even went so far as to challenge each other to a tournament in football after the end of the baseball season), the National and American Leagues made peace and, as part of the accord, several pairs of teams squared off for interleague exhibition games after the 1903 season. These series were arranged by the participating clubs, as the 1880s World's Series matches had been. One of them matched the two pennant winners, Pittsburg Pirates of the NL and Boston Americans (later known as the Red Sox) of the AL; that one is known as the 1903 World Series. It had been arranged well in advance by the two owners, as both teams were league leaders by large margins. Boston upset Pittsburg by five games to three, winning with pitching depth behind Cy Young and Bill Dinneen and with the support of the band of Royal Rooters. The Series brought much civic pride to Boston and proved the new American League could beat the Nationals.", "* In baseball, the National League and American League within Major League Baseball each have 15 teams.", "Gran Ligas (Spanish) the two main leagues of professional baseball clubs in the U.S., the National League and the American League: also the Major Leagues. (The Old Man and the Sea)", "A modicum of peace was eventually established, leading to the National Agreement of 1903. The pact formalized relations both between the two major leagues and between them and the National Association of Professional Base Ball Leagues, representing most of the country's minor professional leagues. The World Series, pitting the two major league champions against each other, was inaugurated that fall, albeit without express major league sanction: The Boston Americans of the American League defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League. The next year, the series was not held, as the National League champion New York Giants, under manager John McGraw, refused to recognize the major league status of the American League and its champion. In 1905, the Giants were National League champions again and team management relented, leading to the establishment of the World Series as the major leagues' annual championship event. ", "The National League at first refused to recognize the new league, but reality set in as talent and money was split between the two leagues, diluting the league and decreasing financial success. After two years of bitter contention, a new version of the National Agreement was signed in 1903. This meant formal acceptance of each league by the other as an equal partner in major-league baseball, mutual respect of player contracts, and an agreement to play a postseason championship—the World Series.", "1904: After crushing the rest of the league with a franchise-best 106 victories to capture the National League title, the Giants decline to participate in the newly created World Series because manager John McGraw and owner John Brush consider the American League a minor league. After crushing the rest of the league with a franchise-best 106 victories to capture the National League title, the Giants decline to participate in the newly created World Series because manager John McGraw and owner John Brush consider the American League a minor league. In truth McGraw and Brush had issues with American League President Ban Johnson when both were involved with American League franchises.", "Although the \"Fall Classic\" as we know it didn't begin until 1903, Major League Baseball had several versions of a post-season championship series before that. In 1884, the Providence Grays of the National League outplayed the New York Metropolitan Club of the American Association in a three game series for what was originally called \"The Championship of the United States.\" Several newspapers penned the Grays as \"World Champions\" and the new title stuck. Over the next six years, different variations took place between the National League and American Association pennant-winners, ranging in length from six to fifteen games. The American Association folded unexpectedly after the 1891 season forcing a suspension of the series. The following year, the National League absorbed four of the American Association's former franchises and expanded to twelve teams in an effort to promote the growth of baseball and maintain the public's interest. They played a split season in which the first-half winner played the second-half winner for the league championship. Many fans did not support the new system and the split season was promptly dropped in 1893.", "In 1901, the Western League broke the National Agreement and became the new major league American League. The very first season in the American League ended with a White Stockings championship. However, that would be the end of the season as the World Series did not begin until 1903. The franchise, now known as the Chicago White Sox, made its first World Series appearance in 1906, beating the crosstown Cubs in six games. ", "The 2002 contest in Milwaukee controversially ended in an 11-inning tie. Since 2003, the league which wins the All-Star game gets home-field advantage in the World Series: the league champion hosts the first two games at its own ballpark as well as the last two (if necessary). The National League did not win an All-Star game and thus gain home-field advantage until 2010; it was able to overcome this disadvantage and win in three of the seven World Series from 2003 to 2009. ", "National League After only five years in existence, the National Association was struggling, and in the winter of 1876 , William A. Hulbert, the owner of the Chicago White Stockings, poached five of the best players in the league from two of the other teams, and formed the National League, along with teams from Boston, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Hartford, New York, Philadelphia and Louisville. Owners ruled the league with an iron fist; players who complained about salaries were fired, and often blacklisted. One of the first documented cases of gambling in baseball occurred only a year later, when, in 1877, four members of the Louisville Grays were found to have thrown games on purpose, paid by gamblers to do so. The players said it was because their owners had not paid them.", "he National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, known simply as the National League (NL), is the older of two leagues constituting Major League Baseball, and the world’s oldest extant professional team sports league. Founded on February 2, 1876, to replace the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, it is sometimes called the Senior Circuit. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to meet in the World Series and, after the 1904 champions failed to do likewise, the two leagues have arranged to meet in that annual culmination of the American baseball season, failing to do so only in the strike-shortened", "The Negro National League was founded in by Rube Foster, independent of Organized Baseball's National Commission (1903–1920). The NNL survived through 1931, primarily in the midwest, accompanied by the major Eastern Colored League for several seasons to 1928. \"National\" and \"American\" Negro leagues were established in 1933 and 1937 which persisted until integration. The Negro Southern League operated consecutively from 1920, usually at a lower level. None of them, nor any integrated teams, were members of Organized Baseball, the system led by Commissioner Landis from 1921. Rather, until professional baseball in the United States was played in two racially segregated league systems, one on each side of the so-called color line. Much of that time there were two high-level \"Negro major leagues\" with a championship playoff or all-star game, as between the white major leagues.", "In 1871 the first professional baseball league was created. By the beginning of the 20th century, most large cities in the eastern United States had a professional baseball team. The teams were divided into two leagues, the National and American teams. During the regular season, a team played only against other teams within its league. The most victorious team in each league was said to have won the \"pennant;\" the two pennant winners met after the end of the regular season in the World Series. The winner of at least four games (out of a possible seven) was the champion for that year. This arrangement still holds today, although the leagues are now subdivided and pennants are decided in post-season playoff series between the winners of each division. ", "From 1903 to 1953, the two major leagues consisted of two eight-team leagues. The 16 teams were located in ten cities, all in the northeastern and midwestern United States: New York City had three teams and Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and St. Louis each had two teams. St. Louis was the southernmost and westernmost city with a major league team. The longest possible road trip, from Boston to St. Louis, took about 24 hours by railroad. In 1953, the NL's Boston Braves became the Milwaukee Braves. In 1954, the St. Louis Browns became the Baltimore Orioles. In 1955, the Philadelphia Athletics became the Kansas City Athletics.", "As would be expected, baseball is one of the more important amateur sports in the United States. The first national amateur baseball program was the American Legion Junior League, founded in 1926 and later called the American Legion Baseball League, with an upper age limit of 19 years for players. The American Amateur Baseball Congress (founded 1935) conducts programs for youths age 8 to 19 and adults in seven divisions. By the late 1990s Little League (founded 1939), originally for boys 8 to 12 years old, had about 2,500,000 players in its baseball program and 400,000 in its softball program in 102 countries. Little League has added leagues for children as young as age 5 ( Tee Ball, in which the ball is batted from a stationary pedestal) and for youths as old as age 18 (Big League). In 1974 girls were admitted into Little League play; boys and girls play together in the baseball program, but the softball program is divided by gender. Other programs for young players include the Babe Ruth League (1952) and PONY (Protect Our Nation’s Youth) Baseball, Inc. (1951).", "Also known as the national pastime of the United States, Baseball is the most popular sport in the country. Speaking broadly there are two levels of competitions – the minor league baseball and the major league baseball or MLB. These league competitions are not only watched in the US but also around the world over.", "The 19th-century competitions are, however, not officially recognized as part of World Series history by Major League Baseball, as it considers 19th-century baseball to be a prologue to the modern baseball era. Until about 1960, some sources treated the 19th-century Series on an equal basis with the post-19th-century series. After about 1930, however, many authorities list the start of the World Series in 1903 and discuss the earlier contests separately. ", "In 1903, the Boston Americans and Pittsburgh Pirates competed against each other in the first official World Series of Major League Baseball at Exposition Park in Pittsburgh. In the best-of-nine series, Boston won five games to three.", "Cleveland enjoyed ultimate success and failure in the N.L. from 1891 through 1899. Led by Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, the Cleveland Spiders began play at a new ballpark, League Park, located at the corner of East 66th Street and Lexington Avenue, on May 1, 1891. Cleveland never led the N.L. in wins, but earned three trips to the N.L. equivalent of today's World Series (1892, 1895, and 1896). Cleveland lost a post-season championship series to Boston in 1892, defeated Baltimore to win the Temple Cup championship series in 1895, and lost a Temple Cup rematch with Baltimore the following year. The Spiders began a tradition of championship professional baseball that would be joined by the Indians in 1920 and 1948 and the Cleveland Buckeyes of the Negro Leagues in 1945.", "The Union Association survived for only one season (1884), as did the Players' League (1890), an attempt to return to the National Association structure of a league controlled by the players themselves. Both leagues are considered major leagues by many baseball researchers because of the perceived high caliber of play and the number of star players featured. However, some researchers have disputed the major league status of the Union Association, pointing out that franchises came and went and contending that the St. Louis club, which was deliberately \"stacked\" by the league's president (who owned that club), was the only club that was anywhere close to major league caliber.", "Americans began playing baseball on informal teams, using local rules, in the early 1800s. By the 1860s, the sport, unrivaled in popularity, was being described as America's \"national pastime.\"", "Baseball on both the professional and amateur levels is popular in North America , Central America, parts of South America , parts of the Caribbean, and East Asia. The modern version of the game developed in North America beginning in the eighteenth century. The consensus of historians is that it evolved from bat-and-ball games, such as rounders, brought to the continent by British and Irish immigrants. By the late nineteenth century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States . The game is sometimes referred to as hardball to differentiate it from similar sports such as softball.", "�Shotgun�: baseball: NY Giants, Baltimore Orioles, Washington Senators, Minnesota Twins, NY Yankees [World Series: 1961], Boston Red Sox; manager: California Angeles, Minnesota Twins", "An extensive minor league baseball system covers most mid-sized cities in the United States. Minor league baseball teams are organized in a six-tier hierarchy, in which the highest teams (AAA) are in major cities that do not have a major league team but often have a major team in another sport, and each level occupies progressively smaller cities. The lowest levels of professional baseball serve primarily as development systems for the sport's most inexperienced prospects, with the absolute bottom, the rookie leagues, occupying the major league squads' spring training complexes and making no effort to earn money on their own. Some limited independent professional baseball exists, the most prominent being the Atlantic League, which occupies mostly suburban locales that are not eligible for high level minor league teams of their own. Outside the minor leagues are collegiate summer baseball leagues, which occupy towns even smaller than those at the lower end of minor league baseball and typically cannot support professional sports. Summer baseball is an amateur exercise and uses players that choose not to play for payment in order to remain eligible to play college baseball for their respective universities in the spring. At the absolute lowest end of the organized baseball system is senior amateur baseball (also known as Town Team Baseball), which typically plays its games only on weekends and uses rosters composed of local residents.", "Nippon Professional Baseball consists of two leagues, the Central League and the Pacific League. There are also two secondary-level professional minor leagues, the Eastern League and the Western League, that play shorter schedules." ]

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[ "The Oklahoma City bombing was a domestic terrorist bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City, in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, on April 19, 1995. Carried out by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, the bombing destroyed one-third of the building, killed 168 people, and injured more than 680 others. The blast destroyed or damaged 324 other buildings within a 16-block radius, shattered glass in 258 nearby buildings, and destroyed or burned 86 cars, causing an estimated $652 million worth of damage. Extensive rescue efforts were undertaken by local, state, federal, and worldwide agencies in the wake of the bombing, and substantial donations were received from across the country. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) activated eleven of its Urban Search and Rescue Task Forces, consisting of 665 rescue workers who assisted in rescue and recovery operations. ", "1995 Terry Nichols and Timothy McVeigh detonated a bomb at the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma city, killing 168 people.", "On April 19, 1995, a truck-bomb explosion outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, left 168 people dead and hundreds more injured. The blast was set off by anti-government militant Timothy McVeigh, who in 2001 was executed for his crimes. His co-conspirator Terry Nichols received life in prison. Until September 11, 2001, the Oklahoma City bombing was the worst terrorist attack to take place on U.S. soil.", "The Oklahoma City bombing was a terrorist attack on April 19, 1995 aimed at the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building , a U.S. government office complex in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma . The attack claimed 168 lives and left over 800 injured. Until the September 11, 2001 attacks , it was the deadliest act of terrorism on U.S. soil, and remains the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in American history. [64] Within days after the bombing, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols were both in custody for their roles in the bombing. Investigators determined that McVeigh and Nichols were sympathizers of an anti-government militia movement and that their motive was to avenge the government's handling of the Waco siege and Ruby Ridge incidents. [10]", "1995 - Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols were indicted (11 counts each) for bombing the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. The April 19, 1995 blast killed 168 people . The first three counts of the indictment were for conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction to kill people and destroy federal property. The eight remaining counts were for killing federal law enforcement agents.", "9Oklahoma City bombing (1995) Homegrown terrorism struck the heartland. The truck bomb that destroyed the Murrah Federal Building was the work of Army veterans Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, who sympathized with the violently antifederal militia movement. The blast killed 168 people and injured nearly 700.", "The April 19, 1995, bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, brought the threat of right-wing terrorism to the forefront of American law enforcement attention. The Oklahoma City bombing, which killed 168 people and injured 642 others, was an extreme manifestation of a grass-roots antigovernment movement that became prominent during the 1990s. Several factors fueled the growth of this movement, including the passage of gun control legislation, fears of increased United Nations involvement in domestic affairs, and several confrontations between members of right-wing groups and law enforcement officers at Waco, Texas, and Ruby Ridge, Idaho. These confrontations inspired Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols to carry out the Oklahoma City bombing, which coincided with the second anniversary of the destruction of the Branch Davidian compound near Waco. The FBI aggressively pursued the prosecutions of McVeigh and Nichols, and the two were eventually convicted for their roles in the bombing. McVeigh was executed on June 11, 2001, marking the first federal execution in 38 years.", "*On 19 April 1995, Timothy McVeigh detonated a Ryder box truck filled with an explosive mixture of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and fuel oil (ANFO) in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City during the Oklahoma City bombing, killing 168 people, including 19 children who were in the daycare.", "Exactly 19 years ago...A white Christian terrorist named Timothy McVeigh bombed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City killing 168 people...", "OKC Bombshell Implicates Feds In Murrah Blast .  Only moments after an enormous blast blew away most of the facade and a full quarter of the eastern end of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City in 1995, the FBI and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF) began to release evidence implicating two men, and two men only, who they claimed were solely responsible.  The evidence later showed that Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols had confessed to the impossible.  At first, several independent investigators came forward to complain that there was an obvious cover-up.  Now they call it the \"ongoing cover-up of the cover-up.\"  And now, even the new OKC museum contradicts the official theory of what happened on April 19.  Officials in charge at the time still refuse to discuss anything other than the manufactured spin: [...]", "In June 1997 the murder and conspiracy trial of Timothy J. McVeigh ended in the death sentence. The 29-year-old former Army sergeant was convicted of bombing the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995. The blast, which claimed 168 lives, was the worst terrorist act ever committed on U.S. soil. McVeigh pleaded not guilty, but the elaborate case mounted by federal prosecutors led to a swift jury verdict of guilty on all 11 counts.", "1995 - The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, OK, was destroyed by a bomb. It was the worst bombing on U.S. territory. 168 people were killed including 19 children, and 500 were injured. Timothy McVeigh was found guilty of the bombing on June 2, 1997.", "Residents of Oklahoma City suffered substantial losses on April 19, 1995 when Timothy McVeigh detonated a bomb in front of the Murrah building. The building was destroyed (the remnants of which had to be imploded in a controlled demolition later that year), more than 100 nearby buildings suffered severe damage, and 168 people were killed. The site has been commemorated as the Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum. Since its opening in 2000, over three million people have visited. Every year on April 19, survivors, families and friends return to the memorial to read the names of each person lost.", "1995 - Bombing / Murrah Federal Building - April 19, 1995: \"A bomb rips through the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building at 9:02 a.m. McVeigh is arrested 90 minutes later on a firearms charge after a routine traffic stop near Billings, Oklahoma. At least 168 people died as a result.\"", "1995 – The nine-story hulk of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City was demolished. That day, James Nichols, whose brother and a friend were charged in the Oklahoma bombing, was released from federal custody.", "The Oklahoma City National Memorial in the northern part of Oklahoma City's downtown was created as the inscription on its eastern gate of the Memorial reads, \"to honor the victims, survivors, rescuers, and all who were changed forever on April 19, 1995\"; the memorial was built on the land formerly occupied by the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building complex prior to its 1995 bombing. The outdoor Symbolic Memorial can be visited 24 hours a day for free, and the adjacent Memorial Museum, located in the former Journal Record building damaged by the bombing, can be entered for a small fee. The site is also home to the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, a non-partisan, nonprofit think tank devoted to the prevention of terrorism.", "Those responsible for what became known as the Oklahoma City Bombing were home-grown terrorists, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols . This deadly bombing was the worst terrorist attack on U.S. soil until the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center attack.", "McVeigh, a resident of Kingman, Arizona, considered targets in Missouri, Arizona, Texas, and Arkansas. McVeigh stated in his authorized biography that he wanted to minimize non-governmental casualties, so he ruled out a 40-story government building in Little Rock, Arkansas, because of the presence of a florist's shop on the ground floor. In December 1994, McVeigh and Fortier visited Oklahoma City to inspect McVeigh's target: the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. The Murrah building had been previously targeted in October 1983 by white supremacist group The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord, including founder James Ellison and Richard Snell. The group had plotted to park \"a van or trailer in front of the Federal Building and blow it up with rockets detonated by a timer.\" After Snell's appeal for murdering two people in unrelated cases was denied, he was executed the same day as the Murrah bombing. ", "The bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City took place on 19 April 1995 and Timothy McVeigh was later convicted for the act. Conspiracy theories played a role in both the cause and the interpretation of the bombing. On the one hand, McVeigh had been active on the fringes of the militia movement and held conspiratorial views about the role of the government. On the other, a range of conspiracy theories have emerged, from the suggestion that the bombing was the work of the government seeking to justify a crackdown on militias and citizens’ rights in the guise of antiterrorism legislation, to the possibility that McVeigh was part of a larger conspiracy.", "* The Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, the bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, killed 168. Bombing suspect Timothy McVeigh claimed he bombed the building in retaliation for the 1993 Waco massacre.", "Terrorism: A car bomb destroys the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, killing 168 people, including 19 children, in the worst terrorist attack in U.S. history.", "The Mount Carmel raid and the 1992 Ruby Ridge incident were cited by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols as motivations for the Oklahoma City bombing. The terrorist act, on April 19, 1995, was timed to coincide with the second anniversary of the Waco siege.", "April 19, Oklahoma City: car bomb exploded outside federal office building, collapsing wall and floors. 168 people were killed, including 19 children and 1 person who died in rescue effort. Over 220 buildings sustained damage. Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols later convicted in the antigovernment plot to avenge the Branch Davidian standoff in Waco, Tex., exactly 2 years earlier. (See Miscellaneous Disasters .)", "The 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City killed 168 people.", "1995: Timothy McVeigh & Terry Nichols were charged with 11 counts in the Oklahoma City Bombing", "1998: Terry Nichols sentenced to life in prison without parole for 1995 bombing of federal building in OKC", "The potted flower crowd conveniently forgets the greatest act of terror perpetrated on Amerikan soil prior to 9-11, however. On closer examination, the amnesia and subsequent muted response may be easy to explain. Timothy McVeigh's brutal car bombing in Oklahoma City in 1995 killed 168 people and wounded 600 others. Though there were frantic attempts by many white Anglo-Saxons to pin the blame on Iraqis seeking revenge for Desert Storm in 1991, eventually the FBI \"found their man\" in the conveniently solitary frame of the ex-Gulf War veteran McVeigh, whose rationale for the mass murderings was supposedly his seeking revenge for the FBI's mass killings in Waco in 1993.", "On the morning of April 19, 1995 Timothy McVeigh killed 168 people during the Oklahoma City Bombing . Find out more about that tragedy here.", "1995: Oklahoma City Bombing : Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols are indicted for the bombing. Michael Fortier pleads guilty in a â¦", "1995 � Oklahoma City bombing: Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols are indicted for the bombing. Michael Fortier pleads guilty in a plea-bargain for his testimony. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing", "A Morass of Unanswered Questions .  [Scroll down]  The problem is that the official account of what happened in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995, has more holes than Swiss cheese.  Every independent investigation I am aware of has concluded that others besides Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols were involved, though they diverge on the details.  Some pick up on obscure remarks in McVeigh's recent letter to Fox News as pointing to a connection between the bombing and the leading terrorist Osama bin Laden, suggesting that Terry Nichols met with bin Laden's agents in the Phillipines two months earlier to help plan the bombing.  Jayna Davis, an NBC reporter in Oklahoma City, claimed to have turned up evidence that McVeigh was involved with Iraqi immigrants.", "McVeigh has said he bombed the Murrah building in retaliation for the FBI's raid on a Branch Davidian religious facility April 19, 1993, in Waco, Texas, which led to a fire that killed 80 men, women and children." ]

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[ "The Simpsons is an American animated television sitcom starring the animated Simpson family, which was created by Matt Groening. He conceived of the characters in the lobby of James L. Brooks's office and named them after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name. The family debuted as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show called The Simpsons, which debuted on December 17, 1989. The show was an early hit for Fox, becoming the first Fox series to land in the top 30 ratings in a season (1990).", "The Simpsons shorts are an American animated TV series of 48 one-minute shorts that ran on the variety television program The Tracey Ullman Show for three seasons, before the characters spun off into The Simpsons, their own half-hour prime time show. It features Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The series was created by Matt Groening, who designed the Simpson family and wrote many of the shorts. The shorts first aired on April 19, 1987 starting with \"Good Night\". The final short to air was \"TV Simpsons\", originally airing on May 14, 1989. The Simpsons later debuted on December 17, 1989, as an independent series with the Christmas special \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\". ", "  The Simpsons began as a series of \"bumpers\" or animated shorts for The Tracey Ullman Show  on April 19, 1987, and premiered as a full animated series on December 17, 1989, on FOX. The first episode was \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" (pictured). Regular broadcasts began on Sunday night beginning January 14, 1990.", "The Simpsons is the creation of Matt Groening, a comic strip writer/artist who until the debut of the program was mostly known for his syndicated newspaper strip \"Life in Hell.\" Attracting the attention of influential writer-producer and Gracie Films executive James L. Brooks, Groening developed the cartoon family as a series of short vignettes featured on the FOX variety program The Tracey Ullman Show beginning in 1987. A Christmas special followed in December 1989, and then The Simpsons became a regular series.", "Bart made his debut with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987 in The Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into The Simpsons, a half-hour series airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company. Bart and the Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show. ", "In 1987, The Simpsons shorts debuted on Fox's The Tracey Ullman Show. The first full-length episode, \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", debuted on December 17, 1989. ", "The five family members were given simple designs so that their facial emotions could easily be changed with almost no effort and so that they would be recognizable in silhouette. Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned-up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial short episodes. The Simpson family made their debut on April 19, 1987 in The Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into The Simpsons, a half-hour series airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company. The Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show. ", "On April 19, 1987 the first Simpsons short appeared on the Tracey Ullman show, followed by three more seasons, with the first full half-hour series of episodes appearing on December 17, 1989. So far the show is still on the air after 508 episodes and is regarded as the longest running (and debatably the most popular) animation series of all time. In a final twist, in 1992 Tracey Ullman filed a lawsuit against Fox claiming that her show was the source of the series’ massive success. The claim for a portion of the shows profits was rejected and thrown out by the courts.", "Summary: Originally created by cartoonist Matt Groening, \"Our Favorite Family,\" has graced the small screen in one form or another for over 20 years. The Simpson family first appeared on television as the subjects of interstitial \"shorts\" on The Tracey Ullman Show in April of 1987. The SimpsonsOriginally created by cartoonist Matt Groening, \"Our Favorite Family,\" has graced the small screen in one form or another for over 20 years. The Simpson family first appeared on television as the subjects of interstitial \"shorts\" on The Tracey Ullman Show in April of 1987. The Simpsons remained a staple on The Tracey Ullman Show for three seasons until they premiered in their own half-hour series, on December 17, 1989. With the help of Jim Brooks and Sam Simon, Matt Groening's cartoon family turned into an instant success.", "Actually, the origins of The Simpsons stretch back much earlier than the series’ debut. Cartoonist Matt Groening, whose Life in Hell comic strip had been around since 1977, introduced the Simpson family to television audiences in 1987. Groening had been hired to create animated shorts for Fox’s The Tracey Ullman Show, which would serve as transitions between Ullman’s live-action comedy segments.", "The Simpsons family debuted in short animated cartoons on The Tracey Ullman Show before being spun off into their own half-hour series. These shorts, also called \"bumpers\", aired before and after commercial breaks during the first three seasons of the show.", "Another problem lay in the fact that many of the newly developed series on Fox were unsuccessful, which kept the network from building a popular lineup to draw in a larger audience. In its original airing debut, Married ... with Children was part of a Sunday lineup that competed with the popular Murder, She Wrote and Sunday-night movie on CBS. Fellow freshman series included The Garry Shandling Show, Duet, and The Tracey Ullman Show, which were canceled in 1988, 1989, and 1990 respectively. The success of The Simpsons, which debuted on The Tracey Ullman Show in 1987, helped draw some viewers over to Fox, allowing Married ... with Children to sneak into the top 50 of television shows for seasons 3 through 8 doing its best overall rating at number 8 for its third and tenth season. Although these ratings were somewhat small in comparison with the other three networks, they were good enough for Fox to keep renewing the show.", "It was in December 17 1989 when the world was introduced to the family known as Simpson. They are thought to reside in a town called Springfield in an unknown state within USA. They can be seen several times a week on almost any channel at almost any time. The series is presented as an animated sit-com that is a spin-off from The Tracey Ullman Show where they first appeared in April 19 1987.", "From the beginning, Fox portrayed itself as a somewhat edgy, irreverent, youth-oriented network compared to its rivals. Its first prime time shows, which debuted on Sunday nights beginning April 5 , 1987 , were a comedy about a dysfunctional family ( {{{2}}} ) and a variety series ( The Tracey Ullman Show ). The former would become a major hit for the network, airing for 11 seasons, while the latter would spawn the longest-running sitcom and animated series in U.S. history: The Simpsons , spun off in 1989. Another early success was 21 Jump Street , an hour-long police drama. The original Sunday lineup [2] also included the sitcoms Duet and Mr. President . [3]", "As Fox gradually headed towards carrying a full week's worth of programming in prime time – through the addition of programming on Thursday and Friday nights at the start of the 1990–91 season – the network's added offerings included the scheduling of The Simpsons opposite veteran NBC sitcom The Cosby Show as part of Fox's initial Thursday night lineup that fall (along with future hit Beverly Hills, 90210, which would become the network's longest-running drama, airing for ten seasons) after only a half-season of success on Sunday nights. The show performed well in its new Thursday slot, spending four seasons there and helping to launch Martin, another Fox comedy that became a hit when it debuted in September 1992. The Simpsons returned to Sunday nights in the fall of 1994, and has remained there ever since.", "The Simpsons is a popular US animated television series on the Fox Network (December 17, 1989 - present) created by Matt Groening . It portrays the life of the Simpson family in the town of Springfield.", "A variety/sketch show brought to you by a British comedian Tracey Ullman. The show was one of the first programs on the then-new FOX Network in the U.S. in the mid 1980s. Tracey's show was a sketch comedy show including lots of singing and dancing. \"The Simpsons\" appeared as short, animated sketches, interspersed between the main, live-action sketches.", "The Simpsons is an American animated television sitcom created by Matt Groening and produced by the Fox Broadcasting Company . The main characters are a satire of a working class family , consisting of lazy family father, Homer , hard working stay-at-home mother, Marge and their three children, troublemaker, Bart , charismatic Lisa , and pacifier-sucking Maggie . The series lampoons many aspects of American culture, history, politics, and society.", "The Simpsons is an American animated television sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a satirical parody of a middle class American lifestyle epitomized by its eponymous family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The show is set in the fictional city of Springfield, and lampoons American culture, society, television and many aspects of the human condition.", "When Homer, Bart, Marge, Lisa and Maggie first appeared on our screens in 1987, in a series of 30-second animated cartoon shorts, no-one could predict the cultural phenomenon The Simpsons would become.", "The reactions to the Simpsons bits on \"Ullman\" were so favorable that Fox picked up the idea as a series of its own, and \"The Simpsons\" debuted in midseason, January of 1990.", "The Simpsons is an animated sitcom that first aired on December 17, 1989 and continues to air to this day, making it the longest running non-news U.S. primetime series ever. The series revolves around the core Simpson family and the expansive supporting cast which surrounds them in the fictional city of Springfield .", "1989 – The Simpsons, currently the longest running American prime time entertainment series, made its debut on the Fox television network with the episode \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\".", "In the first season of Ullman's variety show, a more crudely drawn version of the Simpsons appeared as bumper segments alongside a quickly forgotten animated short which was left in the proverbial dust after The Simpsons began to gain popularity. In the beginning, these shorts were written entirely by Groening with the aid of several animators from Klasky-Csupo . The shorts would continue to be broadcast until the end of the third season when FOX allowed Groening and Brooks to develop the shorts into a full series.", "In 1989, the shorts were spun off into a half-hour show on the Fox network called The Simpsons. Bart quickly became the show's breakout personality and one of the most celebrated characters on television�his popularity in 1990 and 1991 was known as \"Bartmania\". Bart was described as \"television's brightest new star\" by Mike Boone of The Gazette and was named 1990's \"entertainer of the year\" by Entertainment Weekly. Despite Bart's fame, however, Cartwright remained relatively unknown. During the first season of The Simpsons, Fox ordered Cartwright not to give interviews, because they did not want to publicize the fact that Bart was voiced by a woman. Cartwright's normal speaking voice is said to have \"no obvious traces of Bart\", and she believes her role is \"the best acting job in the world\", since she is rarely recognized in public. When she is recognized and asked to perform Bart's voice in front of children, Cartwright refuses because it \"freaks out\". Bart's catchphrase \"Eat My Shorts\" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, referring to an incident from her high school days. Once while performing, members of the Fairmont High School marching band switched their chant from the usual \"Fairmont West! Fairmont West!\" to the irreverent \"Eat my shorts!\" Cartwright felt it appropriate for Bart, and improvised the line; it became a popular catchphrase on the show.", "1987: The FOX network begins prime time programming with \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" and \"Married⦠with Children.\"", "In 1989, the shorts were spun off into a half-hour show on the Fox network called The Simpsons. Bart quickly became the show's breakout personality and one of the most celebrated characters on television—his popularity in 1990 and 1991 was known as \"Bartmania\". Bart was described as \"television's brightest new star\" by Mike Boone of The Gazette and was named 1990's \"entertainer of the year\" by Entertainment Weekly. Despite Bart's fame, however, Cartwright remained relatively unknown. During the first season of The Simpsons, Fox ordered Cartwright not to give interviews, because they did not want to publicize the fact that Bart was voiced by a woman. Cartwright's normal speaking voice is said to have \"no obvious traces of Bart\", and she believes her role is \"the best acting job in the world\", since she is rarely recognized in public. When she is recognized and asked to perform Bart's voice in front of children, Cartwright refuses because it \"freaks [them] out\". Bart's catchphrase \"Eat My Shorts\" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, referring to an incident from her high school days. Once while performing, members of the Fairmont West High School marching band switched their chant from the usual \"Fairmont West! Fairmont West!\" to the irreverent \"Eat my shorts!\" Cartwright felt it appropriate for Bart, and improvised the line; it became a popular catchphrase on the show.", "This is an animated sitcom that started out as part of “The Tracey Ullman Show” in 1987. It stayed within that show for three seasons before Fox developed it into a 30-minute show in 1989. It was a hit, as it became the network’s first show to land in the top 30 for an entire season. The show was conceived by Matt Groening and is a satire and parody of middle-class America. It is set in the fictional town of Springfield and lampoons different aspects of the human condition, specifically those pertaining to American culture, television and society.", "The Simpsons' opening sequence is one of the show's most memorable hallmarks. The standard opening has gone through three iterations (a replacement of some shots at the start of the second season, and a brand new sequence when the show switched to high-definition in 2009). Each has the same basic sequence of events: The camera zooms through cumulus clouds, through the show's title towards the town of Springfield. The camera then follows the members of the family on their way home. Upon entering their house, the Simpsons settle down on their couch to watch television. The original opening was created by David Silverman, and was the first task he did when production began on the show. The series' distinctive theme song was composed by musician Danny Elfman in 1989, after Groening approached him requesting a retro style piece. This piece has been noted by Elfman as the most popular of his career. ", "February 9th, 1997 - Fox cartoon series \"Simpsons\" airs 167th episode the longest-running animated series in cartoon history", "Created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company it started airing on December 17, 1989 on Fox and it still stands as one of the top TV shows for over 20 years, 21 seasons and over 460 episodes of 22-24 minutes each and many more to come.", "\"If cartoons were meant for adults, they'd put them on in prime time.\" -- Lisa Simpson" ]

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[ "15 Feb – The battleship USS Maine exploded and sank mysteriously in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, triggering the Spanish American War (1898).", "The Spanish–American War was a conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War.", "The Spanish–American War () was a conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana harbor leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War. ", "On the night of February 15, 1898, a fire in a coal bunker of the battleship Maine ignited a reserve gunpowder magazine, blowing the ship in half and killing 266 crew members. \"Remember the Maine!\" became a rallying cry for Americans who wanted to go to war against Spain over the island of Cuba. President William McKinley tried to find a diplomatic solution to resolve the conflict but ultimately Spain declared war against the United States, beginning the Spanish-American War.", "1898: The US sent their battleship Maine to Havana on a goodwill mission, but in the harbour she struck a mine and sank; it was enough to spark off the Spanish-American War.", "When the USS Maine exploded in Havana, Cuba, on February 15th, 1898, it served as the spark that ignited the Spanish-American War.  As the American population was stirred into a frenzy by the popular press, Span knew that it had to protect its possessions in the Caribbean from American aggression.  For while Spain was an empire in decline � now merely a shadow of her former glory � the United States was a nation on the rise.  The battleship Maine was an early step in the building of a powerful American Navy that would establish the United States as a world power.  American shipbuilders, inexperienced at building modern naval vessels, had many problems in completing the Maine , and her construction took ten years to complete.  When the Maine was launched, she was already obsolete and was designated a �Second-Class Battleship.�  Of limited military value, she was the perfect ship to make a �courtesy call� to Cuba, and assert American power.", "The Spanish ruled Cuba from Columbus’ arrival in 1492 until the end of the Spanish-American War in 1898. Internal fighting had become so pronounced prior to the war, that Americans living in Cuba requested protection, prompting the United States to send the battleship U.S.S. Maine. An explosion of unknown origin sank the ship in Havana’s harbor on Feb. 15, 1898, with a loss of 266 lives.", "In 1898, the United States assisted in war to protect its citizens and businesses in Cuba. This war was known as the Spanish-American War. The United States declared war on Spain after the U.S. warship, the Maine, exploded and sank on February 15, 1898 while visiting Havana, Cuba. No one really knows what caused the warship to explode, but the United States blamed Spain. Thousands of United States troops fought in Cuba. The cities of Tampa, Jacksonville, Fernandina, Lakeland, Pensacola, Key West, and Miami were used as military bases for the American troops.", "To investigate the sinking of Maine, the Navy quickly formed a board of inquiry.  Due to the state of the vessel's remains and a lack of expertise, their work was not as thorough as later investigations. On March 28, this board announced that the ship had been sunk by a naval mine.  These findings unleashed a tumult of public outrage across the United States and drove calls for war. While not the cause of the Spanish-American War , shouts of Remember the Maine! aided in hastening the approaching diplomatic impasse over Cuba. On April 11, President William McKinley asked Congress for permission to take action in Cuba and ten days later directed that a naval blockade of the island be established. This last step led to Spain declaring war on April 23, with the United States following suit on the 25th.", "US/Spanish War Declared, Spain declares war on the United States on April 23rd, 1898 after rejecting America's ultimatum to withdraw from Cuba.", "Spanish-American War: The USS Maine blows up in Havana harbor, touching off the Spanish-American War, which begins on April 21 when the U.S. declares war on Spain; Spain declares war on the U.S. on April 24.", "On April 21, 1898, the United States declared war against Spain. The causes of the conflict were many, but the immediate ones were America's support of Cuba's ongoing struggle against Spanish rule and the mysterious explosion of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor. It would be the first overseas war fought by the United States, involving campaigns in both Cuba and the Philippine Islands.", "On April 25, 1898 the war that had been looking for an excuse to happen, finally became official.  The U.S. Congress passed a resolution declaring the United States to be at war with Spain.  The Naval blockade of Cuba already underway, Congress made the declaration of war effective as of April 21, thereby legitimizing military actions undertaken in the previous four days.", "In April, the U.S. Congress prepared for war, adopting joint congressional resolutions demanding a Spanish withdrawal from Cuba and authorizing President William McKinley to use force. On April 23, President McKinley asked for 125,000 volunteers to fight against Spain. The next day, Spain issued a declaration of war. The United States declared war on April 25. On May 1, the U.S. Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey destroyed the Spanish Pacific fleet at Manila Bay in the first battle of the Spanish-American War. Dewey's decisive victory cleared the way for the U.S. occupation of Manila in August and the eventual transfer of the Philippines from Spanish to American control.", "On April 25, 1898 the United States declared war on Spain following the sinking of the Battleship Maine in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. As a result Spain lost its control over the remains of its overseas empire -- Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines Islands, Guam, and other islands.", "The Spanish–American War lasted only ten weeks and was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific theaters. American naval power proved decisive, allowing U.S. expeditionary forces to disembark in Spanish controlled Cuba which was already under constant pressure from frequent insurgent attacks. It is the only American war that was prompted by the fate of a single ship, the USS Maine, then berthed in a Cuban harbor, which exploded while its crew lay asleep.", "As conditions in Cuba became even more unstable, the United States faced the choice of remaining neutral or intervening in the Cuban revolution, and throughout the late 1890s, opinion in Congress moved steadily toward the latter option. The sinking of the battleship USS Maine in 1898 in Havana Harbor and an intercepted letter from the Spanish minister in Washington calling President McKinley “weak” moved public opinion even further toward military action. Persistent harm to American property in Cuba, disruption of U.S. trade in the region, the escalating humanitarian crisis, and failed diplomatic negotiations with Spain eventually convinced many Americans that intervention in Cuba was no longer avoidable. [14]", "On February 15, 1898, a mysterious explosion sank the battleship USS Maine in Havana Harbor, triggering a war between the United States and Spain.", "American preparation was quick, and on April 22, 1898, the U. S. Navy blockaded SANTIAGO HARBOR and, on April 24, declared war on Spain. Congress also activated TEN REGIMENTS OF ALL BLACK TROOPS: the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 3rd Alabama, 3rd North Carolina, 23rd, 24th, and 25th. ONLY the 9th, 10th, 24th, and 25th saw combat in this short-lived war. Several key battles included LAS GUAIMAS, EL CANEY, the Battles of SAN JUAN HILL, SANTIAGO, and KETTLE HILL.", "It was foreign affairs that would determine McKinley’s presidential legacy, beginning with an ongoing conflict in Cuba, where Spanish forces were attempting to repress a revolutionary movement. Though the American press and public were outraged by the bloodshed, McKinley hoped to avoid intervention, and pressed Spain to make concessions. After the sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana’s harbor in February 1898 was linked (erroneously, as was later discovered) to an external explosion presumed to be a Spanish mine, McKinley asked Congress for the authority to intervene in the conflict; a formal declaration of war came on April 25. From early May to mid-August, U.S. forces defeated Spain near Santiago harbor in Cuba, occupied Puerto Rico and seized Manila in the Philippines.", "1898--the U.S. battleship Maine mysteriously blew up in Havana Harbor, killing more than 260 crew members and bringing the US closer to war with Spain.", "The Maine had come to Cuba to protect American citizens while Cuban revolutionaries were fighting to win independence from Spain. The United States supported their cause, and after the Maine exploded, demanded that Spain give Cuba freedom. Instead, Spain declared war, and America quickly followed suit, moving Commodore George Dewey into position in the Phillipines and Commodore Winfield Scott Schley into Santiago Bay.", "On April 11, President McKinley asked Congress for permission to use military force in Cuba and on April 25th, Congress declared war on Spain. By the end of April, the U.S.. North Atlantic Squadron had fully blockaded Cuba.", "During the negotiations, two events spurred the United States to declare war. A U.S. ship, the USS Maine sank off the coast of Cuba on February 15, 1898. A Navy inquiry board incorrectly declared that a mine fatally wounded the", "The USS MAINE arrived in Cuba's Havana harbor on January 24, 1898. Because of propaganda from the U.S. newspapers and the Cuban Insurgents, the situation in Cuba was not fully understood in Washington DC. The U.S. Consul in Havana, Fitzhugh Lee , was also somewhat out of touch with the country in which he was living. In response to a small protest by Spanish officers, not affecting the United States, Washington sent the USS MAINE, under the command of Capt. Charles Sigsbee , to Cuba on a \"friendly\" visit. At about 9:30 PM on February 15, the MAINE was shattered by two separate explosions and rapidly sank. Two hundred and fifty-two men were killed. Ammunition continued to explode for hours after the blast.", "The  MAINE  had been commissioned on September 17, 1895.  With her four 10-inch guns and rated speed of 17 knots, she was considered a second-class battleship, but, definitely, heavier than any cruiser.  Sigsbee and the  MAINE  kept their rendezvous with destiny when they sailed into Havana Harbor on January 25, 1898.  Although the visit was “Friendly”, the purpose was to pressure Spain to moderate its suppression in  Cuba .  All new that the presence of the  MAINE  could lead to an incident, but from whom, no one knew.", "Less than a month after the arrival of the battleship, the city of Havana was awakened by a blast that sank the Maine, killing more than 250 crewmen. The cause of the disaster was not uncovered. The Americans blamed underwater mines, while Spanish investigators insisted it was an internal explosion. The American people were outraged.", "McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana to ensure the safety of American citizens and interests, and to underscore the urgent need for reform. Naval forces were moved in position to attack simultaneously on several fronts if the war was not avoided. As Maine left Florida, a large part of the North Atlantic Squadron was moved to Key West and the Gulf of Mexico. Others were also moved just off the shore of Lisbon, and still others were moved to Hong Kong..", "Leaving New York on November 5, Maine moved north to Newport, RI to fit out before proceeding on to Portland, ME for a goodwill visit.  Commencing trials on the November 29, the ship topped out at 16.45 knots and failed to achieve its contract speed of 17 knots.  Assigned to the North Atlantic Squadron, Maine operated along the East Coast through June 1896 before embarking on a two-month training cruise to Key West.  Returning to the North Atlantic, it remained there for most of 1897.  During this time, command passed to Captain Charles D. Sigsbee.  As tensions with Spain over their actions in Cuba heightened, Maine received orders on January 24, 1898 to steam for Havana to protect American interests and citizens in the city.  Arriving a day later, it anchored in the center of the harbor and was given the usual courtesies by the Spanish authorities.", "At 9:40pm on February 15, 1898, the battleship U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, killing 268 men and shocking the American populace. Of the two-thirds of the crew who perished, only 200 bodies were recovered and 76 identified.", "U.S.S. Maine entering Havana harbor January 25, 1898, about 3 weeks before the explosion and sinking.", "Twelve years later, in 1910, a second inquiry into the fate of the MAINE was begun.   At this time, many Americans wanted the remains of the men which had been left on board the Maine removed from the wreck and brought back to the United States for burial.  Others wanted a second, more thorough investigation of the disaster.  In addition, the Cubans wanted the wreck removed from Havana harbor, where it was a hazard to shipping.   In response,  Congress authorized the raising of the MAINE and appropriated funds for the project." ]

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[ "There are currently three living retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States: John Paul Stevens, Sandra Day O'Connor, and David Souter. As retired justices, they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court, but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal courts, usually the United States Courts of Appeals. Such assignments are formally made by the Chief Justice, on request of the Chief Judge of the lower court and with the consent of the retired Justice. In recent years, Justice O'Connor has sat with several Courts of Appeals around the country, and Justice Souter has frequently sat on the First Circuit, the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court.", "After the appointment of David Souter and the ensuing disappointment of conservatives, White House chief of staff John H. Sununu promised that the president would fill the next Supreme Court vacancy with a \"true conservative\" and Sununu predicted a \"knock-down, drag-out, bloody-knuckles, grass-roots fight\" over confirmation. [32] [33] On July 1, 1991 President Bush nominated Clarence Thomas to replace Thurgood Marshall, who had recently announced his retirement. [34] Marshall had been the only African-American justice on the Court. Legal author Jeffrey Toobin says Bush and others saw Thomas as \"pretty much\" the only qualified black candidate who would be a reliable conservative vote. [35]", "Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren Burger announces his retirement; Regan elevates Justice William Rehnquist to the position of chief justice and nominates Anthony Scalia as an associate justice. June 17, 1986", "In a recent opinion piece on CNN.com , Robert Schapiro, professor of law, recounted the distinguished career of retiring Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens. According to Schapiro, Stevens probably will be best remembered for his insightful opinions about cases of great national significance, but he “should also be remembered for his equally compelling commitment to justice in scores of other decisions that received little public notice.”", "November 8 - Justice William O. Douglas resigns from the Supreme Court on the advice of his doctors. He said he was leaving the bench because the crippling stroke he suffered last Dec. 31 had made it impossible ‘to shoulder my full share of the burden.” He had been on the court for 36 years - longer than any other…", "Because justices have indefinite tenure, timing of vacancies can be unpredictable. Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession, as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. and William Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II, who retired within a week of each other. Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations, such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer's nomination in 1994 to succeed Harry Blackmun and the nomination of John Roberts in 2005 to fill the seat of Sandra Day O'Connor (though Roberts' nomination was withdrawn and resubmitted for the role of Chief Justice after Rehnquist died).", "The justices of the U.S. Supreme Court sit for their official photograph on October 8, 2010, at the Supreme Court. Front row, from left: Clarence Thomas, Antonin Scalia, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Anthony M. Kennedy and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Back row, from left: Sonia Sotomayor, Stephen Breyer, Samuel Alito Jr. and Elena Kagan. Scalia was found dead on February 13 at a Texas ranch he was visiting.", "Sonia Maria Sotomayor (,; born June 25, 1954) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving since August 2009. She has the distinction of being its first justice of Hispanic heritage, the first Latina, its third female justice, and its twelfth Roman Catholic justice. Sotomayor, along with John Roberts and Elena Kagan, is one of the youngest justices on the Supreme Court.", "Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg (born March 15, 1933) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Ginsburg was appointed by President Bill Clinton and took the oath of office on August 10, 1993. She is the second female justice (after Sandra Day O'Connor) and one of three female justices currently serving on the Supreme Court (along with Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan).", "When Earl Warren announced his retirement in 1968, Johnson nominated Fortas to succeed him as Chief Justice of the United States , and nominated Homer Thornberry to succeed Fortas as Associate Justice. However, Fortas was filibustered by senators and neither nominee was voted upon by the full Senate.", "Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. Sonia Sotomayor, nominated by Obama on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter, was confirmed on August 6, 2009, becoming the first Hispanic Supreme Court Justice. Elena Kagan, nominated by Obama on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three, for the first time in American history. ", "In 1975, Ford appointed John Paul Stevens as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to replace retiring Justice William O. Douglas . Stevens had been a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit , appointed by President Nixon. [43] During his tenure as House Republican leader, Ford had led efforts to have Douglas impeached. After being confirmed, Stevens eventually disappointed some conservatives by siding with the Court's liberal wing regarding the outcome of many key issues. [44] Nevertheless, President Gerald Ford recently paid tribute to John Paul Stevens. \"He has served his nation well,\" Ford said of Stevens, \"with dignity, intellect and without partisan political concerns.\" [3]", "Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Thomas succeeded Thurgood Marshall and is the second African American to serve on the court.", "In 1986, President Ronald Reagan announced the retirement of Chief Justice Warren Burger, who was succeeded by William Rehnquist. Singer Kate Smith died in Raleigh, North Carolina, at age 79.", "O'Connor, 75, announced her retirement July 1 and will formally step down when her successor is sworn in. Nominated by President Reagan, she was the first woman appointed to the court and took her seat on September 25, 1981.", "Opinions: Chief Justice Warren Burger delivered the opinion of the Court, in which justices Potter Stewart, Harry Blackmun, William Rehnquist, and John Paul Stevens joined. William Brennan filed a dissenting opinion, in which Byron White, Thurgood Marshall, and Lewis Powell joined.", "June 25 : Warren E. Burger, chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1969-86), dies in Washington, DC, at the age of 87.", "Earl Warren (1891–1974) chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969, during which time the Court ruled on many social issues, including civil rights.", "Answer: The US Constitution states that once confirmed by the Senate, a justice serves for life. However, they may retire if they wish. They can also be impeached and removed from the court if they do not maintain “good behavior.” Only one Supreme Court Justice has been impeached: Samuel Chase in 1805. However, Chase was later acquitted by the Senate.", "President Johnson nominated Marshall to the Supreme Court of the United States on June 13, 1967. The Senate confirmed the appointment on August 30, 1967 and he was sworn in on October 2, 1967, making Justice Marshall the first African-American justice to sit on the Court. Marshall served 23 years on the Supreme Court, retiring on June 27, 1991, at the age of 82.", "June 23 - Warren E. Burger is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States by retiring chief Earl Warren.", "With the exception of the desegregation decisions, few decisions were unanimous. The eminent scholar Justice John Marshall Harlan II took Frankfurter's place as the Court's self-constraint spokesman, often joined by Potter Stewart and Byron R. White. But with the appointment of Thurgood Marshall, the first black justice, and Abe Fortas (replacing Goldberg), Warren could count on six votes in most cases.", "Marshall served on the Supreme Court until 1991. He died in 1993, at the age of 84. President Bill Clinton attended Marshall's memorial service at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., which was televised nationwide. Chief Justice William Rehnquist said in his eulogy:", "When he retired due to failing health in 1991, Marshall was succeeded by Justice Clarence Thomas, the nation’s second African American Supreme Court justice. Marshall died at the age of 84 on 24 January 1993.", "Marshall served on the nation's highest court for 24 years. He died at the age of 84 due to heart failure. Justice Marshall and Justice Clarence Thomas are the only two African-Americans who have served on the nation's highest court.", "At the unveiling of the late Georgia Supreme Court Chief Justice Thomas Marshall’s (LL.B. ’48) portrait are his widow Angie Fitts Marshall, grandson Spence Pryor (J.D. ’99) and the late Griffin Bell,  former U.S. Attorney General and U.S. Court of Appeals Judge.", "Prior to O'Connor's appointment to the Court, she was an elected official and judge in Arizona serving as the first female Majority Leader in the United States as the Republican leader in the Arizona Senate. On July 1, 2005, she announced her intention to retire effective upon the confirmation of a successor. Samuel Alito was nominated to take her seat in October 2005, and joined the Court on January 31, 2006.", "In 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed Marshall to the U.S. Court of Appeals, but his nomination was opposed by many Southern senators, and he was not confirmed until the next year. In June 1967, President Johnson nominated him to the Supreme Court, and in late August he was confirmed. During his 24 years on the high court, Associate Justice Marshall consistently challenged discrimination based on race or sex, opposed the death penalty, and supported the rights of criminal defendants. He also defended affirmative action and women’s right to abortion. As appointments by a largely Republican White House changed the politics of the Court, Marshall found his liberal opinions increasingly in the minority. He retired in 1991, and two years later passed away.", "Using biographies, judicial papers, and interviews, a law professor provides a historical treatment of U.S. Supreme Court justices' deaths, resignations, and retirements. Explains that judges, who have lifetime tenure, sometimes hold their posts longer than physically or mentally capable. Argues pros and cons of mandating retirement age for jurists. 1999.", "U.S. District Judge Florence-Marie Cooper, a former legal secretary who rose to the federal judiciary and held accountable some of the nation's most powerful officials and institutions, died early Friday after suffering a stroke. She was 69. Cooper's most notable rulings included the dismissal of espionage charges against Chinese-born spy suspect Katrina Leung and the sanctioning of Los Angeles city authorities in the wrongful death case of rapper Christopher Wallace, better known as Notorious B.I.G.", "John Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was an American statesman and jurist who greatly influenced American constitutional law. Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, serving from February 4, 1801 until his death. He had previously served as a member of the United States House of Representatives and as Secretary of State, to John Adams.", "A conference of the two chambers of the General Assembly appointed the five members of the Supreme Court of Justice. The justices had to be between forty and seventy years of age, native-born citizens in full possession of their civil rights, or legal citizens with ten years' exercise of their rights and twenty-five years of residence in the country. They also had to have been a lawyer for ten years or to have been a judge or member of the Public Ministry for eight years. (The Public Ministry consisted of the public attorneys, headed by the \"attorney general of the court and attorney of the country,\" who acted independently before the Supreme Court of Justice.) Members served for ten years and could be reelected after a break of five years. At the appointment of the president, two military justices served on the Supreme Court of Justice on an ad hoc basis and participated only in cases involving the military." ]

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[ "The League of Nations (LON) was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919-1920, and the precursor to the United Nations.", "United Nations (UN), international organization established on October 24, 1945. The United Nations (UN) was the second multipurpose international organization established in the 20th century that was worldwide in scope and membership. Its predecessor, the League of Nations , was created by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and disbanded in 1946. Headquartered in New York City, the UN also has regional offices in Geneva , Vienna , and Nairobi . Its official languages are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. For a list of UN member countries and secretaries-general, see below .", "The League of Nations was an international organization that existed between 1920 and 1946. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the League of Nations vowed to promote international cooperation and preserve global peace. The League achieved some success, but it ultimately was unable to prevent the even deadlier World War II . The League of Nations was the predecessor to today's more effective United Nations .", "The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization established 24 October 1945, to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was created following the Second World War to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is situated in Manhattan, New York City, and enjoys extraterritoriality.", "Following the November 9, 1918, armistice that ended the war, President Wilson led the U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Conference. Wilson was the only representative of the Great Powers—which included Great Britain, France, and Italy—who truly wanted an international organization. His power and influence were instrumental in establishing the League of Nations.", "The International Labour Organization was created in 1919 by Part XIII of the Versailles Peace Treaty ending World War I. It grew out of nineteenth-century labor and social movements which culminated in widespread demands for social justice and higher living standards for the world's working people. In 1946, after the demise of the League of Nations, the ILO became the first specialized agency associated with the United Nations. The original membership of forty-five countries in 1919 has grown to 121 in 1971.", "The situation of the United States during World War I brought respectability for the first time to the proposition that, given its changed world position, the United States might best protect its interests by more active cooperation with other nations, even through commitments and alliances not in keeping with the traditional policy. Wilson's espousal of such ideas led him to propose a League of Nations, which required full-fledged American participation in a system of collective security. Others with similar views joined together in June 1915 to found the League to Enforce Peace, an American counterpart to the Netherlands-based Organisation Centrale pour une Paix Durable. Among the leaders of the new organization were former president William Howard Taft, President A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, and Hamilton Holt, the influential editor of the Independent.", "The INQUIRY and its members wrote most of Woodrow Wilson's 14 points. Many of the members of the INQUIRY and the US State department delegates at the Paris Peace Conference belonged to the American branch of the Rhodes' secret society. At the Paris Peace conference they would trade-off most of the 14 points to establish the League of Nations. After the conference they would attend the meeting at the Hotel Majestic and become the founding fathers of the Council on Foreign Relations. Woodrow Wilson caught on to the betrayal and was so upset that he suffered a stroke and refused to speak to Edward Mandel House ever again. The American people didn't want to belong to an organization that could force them to go to war and would be turned into an international police force. America would never join the League of Nations.", "In 1946, the League of Nations was officially dissolved with the establishment of the United Nations. The United Nations was modeled after the former but with increased international support and extensive machinery to help the new body avoid repeating the League’s failures.", "an international organization to promote world peace and cooperation that was created by the Treaty of Versailles (1919): dissolved April 1946.", "After the Great War, Wilson worked with mixed success to assure statehood for formerly oppressed nations and an equitable peace. On January 8, 1918 , Wilson made his famous \" Fourteen Points \" address, introducing the idea of a League of Nations , an organization that would strive to help preserve territorial integrity and political independence among large and small nations alike. ", "Franklin D. Roosevelt gave the name �the United Nations� to the twenty-six nations that pledged in 1942 to fight together to defeat the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) during World War II . Planning for a permanent international organization to keep the peace began later and a preliminary plan was drawn up by the Great Powers (the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and China) in Washington, D.C., at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference from August through October, 1944. Fifty nations negotiated and signed the United Nations Charter at a conference held in San Francisco from April 25 through June 26, 1945, and it went into effect on October 24, 1945, after a sufficient number of nations had ratified it. October 24 continues to be celebrated as �United Nations Day.� Although FDR did not live to see the birth of the UN (he died on April 12, 1945), he was its principal architect. President Harry Truman appointed Eleanor Roosevelt to the first American delegation to the UN. She became chairman of the UN Human Rights Commission and guided the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its adoption by the UN General Assembly. She regarded this work as her greatest achievement.", "(UN), international organization established immediately after World War II. It replaced the League of Nations League of Nations,", "a collective security organization founded in 1919 after World War I. The league ended in 1946 and was replaced by the United Nations", "Several U.S. Senators began a bipartisan movement to commit the Senate to participation in a post-war international organization. These internationalists were determined to avoid the problems President Woodrow Wilson encountered at the end of World War I by actively engaging the U.S. in the United Nations Organization.", "Following in the wake of the failed League of Nations (1919–1946), which the United States never joined, the United Nations was established in 1945 to maintain international peace and promote cooperation in solving international economic, social and humanitarian problems. ", "The League of Nations (abbreviated as LN in English, La Société des Nations abbreviated as SDN or SdN in French) was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. Other issues in this and related treaties included labour conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, human and drug trafficking, the arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe. At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members.", "The Dumbarton Oaks proposals, with modifications from the Yalta Conference, formed the basis of negotiations at the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO), which convened in San Francisco on April 25, 1945, and produced the final Charter of the United Nations. The San Francisco conference was attended by representatives of 50 countries from all geographic areas of the world: 9 from Europe, 21 from the Americas, 7 from the Middle East, 2 from East Asia, and 3 from Africa, as well as 1 each from the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (in addition to the Soviet Union itself) and 5 from British Commonwealth countries. Poland, which was not present at the conference, was permitted to become an original member of the UN. Security Council veto power (among the permanent members) was affirmed, though any member of the General Assembly was able to raise issues for discussion. Other political issues resolved by compromise were the role of the organization in the promotion of economic and social welfare; the status of colonial areas and the distribution of trusteeships; the status of regional and defense arrangements; and Great Power dominance versus the equality of states. The UN Charter was unanimously adopted and signed on June 26 and promulgated on October 24, 1945.", "1945: The United Nations Organization (UNO) was planned at a meeting of 46 nations at the Paris Opera.", "As a Wilsonian internationalist, Truman strongly supported the creation of the United Nations, and included former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt on the delegation to the U.N.'s first General Assembly in order to meet the public desire for peace after the carnage of the Second World War. Faced with Communist abandonment of commitments to democracy made at the Potsdam Conference, and with Communist advances in Greece and Turkey that suggested a hunger for global domination, Truman and his foreign policy advisors concluded that the interests of the Soviet Union were quickly becoming incompatible with the interests of the United States. The Truman administration articulated an increasingly hard line against the Soviets.", "As a Wilsonian internationalist, Truman strongly supported the creation of the United Nations, and included former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt on the delegation to the U.N.'s first General Assembly in order to meet the public desire for peace after the carnage of World War II. Faced with communist abandonment of commitments to democracy made at the Potsdam Conference, and with communist advances in Greece (leading to the Greek Civil War) and in Turkey that suggested a hunger for global domination, Truman and his foreign policy advisors concluded that the interests of the Soviet Union were quickly becoming incompatible with those of the United States. The Truman administration articulated an increasingly hard line against the Soviets.", "          Following the resolution of most outstanding issues, the San Francisco Conference closed on June 26, 1945.  In a show of support, Truman attended the final session for the signing of the United Nations Charter, and congratulated the delegates for creating a �solid structure upon which we can build a better world.�  However, Truman still needed to secure Senate ratification of the Charter.  Both he and Stettinius urged the Senate to give its advice and consent to ratification; Truman said, �I want to see the United States do it first.�  In a testament to the sustained wartime efforts to build support for the United Nations, the Charter was approved in the Senate on July 28, 1945, by a vote of 89 to 2, with 5 abstentions.  (The U.S. ratification followed that of Nicaragua and El Salvador.)  The United Nations officially came into existence on October 24, 1945, after the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, China, and France, as well as a majority of the other signatories, had ratified the United Nations Charter.", "In January 1918, Woodrow Wilson unveiled his Fourteen Points to the U.S. Congress. The speech was a natural extension of the proposals he had offered in his \"Peace without Victory\" address and his request for a declaration of war. Presuming an Allied victory, the President proposed freedom of the seas and of trade, arms reductions, and fair settlement of colonial claims and possessions. He insisted that \"open covenants of peace, openly arrived at,\" must be the benchmark of postwar negotiations. He suggested that a repentant and reformed Germany would not be oppressed, but rather welcomed into the international community. That community, Wilson concluded, would be bound together in a league of nations devoted to collective security and spreading democracy.", "After his death, Mr Hammarskjold was described by US President John F Kennedy as the \"greatest statesman of our century\". He was a man with a vision of the UN as a \"dynamic instrument\" organising the world community, a protector of small nations, independent of the major powers, acting only in the interests of peace.", "The view of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations concerning intergovernmental organizations is implicit in its Resolution 288 (X) of 27 February 1950: \"Any international organization which is not established by intergovernmental agreement shall be considered as a non-governmental organization for the purpose of these arrangements.\" The resolution was concerned with the implementation of Article 71 of the United Nations Charter on consultative status of non-governmental organizations, and it was amplified by Resolution 1296 (XLIV) of 25 June 1968: \"...including organizations which accept members designated by government authorities, provided that such membership does not interfere with the free expression of views of the organizations.\"", "A young American diplomat was the leading force in the designing of the United Nations. He was secretary of the Dumbarten Oaks Conversations from August to October of 1944 where most of the preliminary planning for the U.N. was done. He was Roosevelt's right-hand man in February of 1945 at Yalta where the postwar boundaries of Europe were drawn (Roosevelt was a dying man at the time. His death came only ten weeks later). At Yalta it was agreed that the Soviet Union would have three votes (one each for Russia, Ukraine, and Byelorussia) in the U.N. General Assembly, even though the United States had only one. At Yalta much of Europe was placed under the iron heel of communist rule. At Yalta, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin appointed this young diplomatic shining star to be the first Secretary-general of the U.N. for the founding conference held in San Francisco,April/June of 1945.", "An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; suggested in Wilson's Fourteen Points.", "An international organization founded after the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Their goals included disarmament; preventing war through collective security; settling disputes between countries through negotiation diplomacy; and improving global welfare.", "Following the tragedy of World War I, Wilson decided to lead the US peace delegation personally. He traveled to Paris in 1919 to press his idealistic vision of a world united against war.", "International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.", "Federal agency created on April 8, 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson. It was composed of twelve representatives from business and labor, and co-chaired by Former President William Howard Taft", "After the high command demanded that the government initiate armistice negotiations, the ministry loyal to William II resigned. A government under the Chancellor Prince Max of Baden replaced it on October 4. In one of its first acts, the new government appealed directly to U.S. president Woodrow Wilson for an armistice based on the principles he had enunciated in a speech to Congress on January 8, 1918. In the speech, Wilson had specified American peace conditions known as the Fourteen Points , which constituted a relatively moderate basis for an end to the war. He had outlined his peace program as an alternative to the proposals of the new Bolshevik regime in Russia for a peace without annexations or indemnities and to the harsh war aims of America's European allies." ]

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[ "Gilligan's Island [7] Gilligan's Island centered around a group of people who where stranded on an uncharted deserted island somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. They all were on a boat tour, which found itself in the middle of a storm leading them to crash on an island! Those stranded include, Gilligan, the Skipper, a millionaire (Thurston Howell III) and his wife (Lovey Howell), a movie star (Ginger Grant), a professor (known as \"The Professor\"), and Mary Ann. Gilligan was the first mate on the boat, the SS Minnow. Most episodes dealt with the castaways trying to get off the island, but their attempts seemed to always be foiled by Gilligan.", "GILLIGAN'S ISLAND (see also http://www.gilligansisle.com/ ) was the classic American TV sitcom that has become a landmark of popular culture. Gilligan, played by Bob Denver was first mate of the S.S. Minnow, which was to take five passengers (plus Gilligan and the Skipper) on an ill-fated \"three hour tour\". Mary Ann [Summers] ( Dawn Wells ) was the sweet young thing from the Midwest, while Ginger [Grant] ( Tina Louise ) the hot movie starlet. \"Who do you prefer, Ginger or Mary Ann?\" became a popular \"game\" among many American men who grew up watching the series. The series spawned three TV-movie sequels in the late 70s and early 80s.", "Claim:   The full name of the title character in the television series Gilligan's Island was 'Willy Gilligan.'", "\"Three members of the original cast of the 1960s sitcom 'Gilligan's Island -- Bob Denver (Gilligan), Dawn Wells (Mary Ann) and Russell Johnson (the professor) -- are reuniting for a TV movie, Surviving Gilligan's Island: The Incredibly True Story of the Longest Three-Hour Tour in History. CBS describes the movie as a 're-creation of pivotal events that took place during production of the series'.\"", "The death of Russell Johnson on Thursday, who played the Professor on \"Gilligan's Island,\" got us thinking about the beloved sitcom so many of us grew up with. Gilligan star Bob Denver died in 2005. Alan Hale Jr., who played the Skipper, died in 1990. And Jim Backus, who played Thurston Howell, died in 1989. The only two remaining cast members who are still alive are Dawn Wells and Tina Louse, who played Mary Ann and Ginger, respectively.", "  Now, let�s look a bit more in depth at the 2 shows. 1st up is Gilligan�s Island. Alot of what follows in the next section was gleaned from Sherwood Schwartz�s 1988 book Inside Gilligan�s Island, as well as the websites of Bob Denver (Gilligan)  http://bobdenver.com/ , & Dawn Wells (Mary Ann) http://www.dawn-wells.com/ .", "* Fictional character Mary Ann Summers (played by Dawn Wells) in the television series Gilligan's Island is from Winfield.", "He had an extensive career and worked steadily in Hollywood over five decades, often portraying characters with an \"upper-crust\", New England-like air, such as Thurston Howell, III, in Gilligan's Island. He appeared in A Dangerous Profession (1949) (as well as narrating), Deadline – U.S.A. (1951), with Humphrey Bogart, Pat and Mike (1952), with Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn, Rebel Without a Cause (1955), The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1957), and It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963). He also made appearances on The Beverly Hillbillies (1962).", "Redheaded actress Tina Louise played the character role of Ginger Grant on the television series Gilligan's Island (1964), was loosely based on her personality, but a different hair color.", "The second theme involves visitors to the \"uncharted\" island. One challenge to a viewer's suspension of disbelief is the frequency with which the castaways are visited by people who do nothing to assist them. Some have hidden motives for not assisting the castaways. Others are simply unable to help, incompetent, or are foiled in their efforts to help the castaways by Gilligan's bumbling. Bob Denver, Jim Backus, and Tina Louise each had feature episodes in which look-alikes come to the island (who were, of course, played by themselves in dual roles). The island itself is also home to an unusual assortment of animal life, some native, some visiting.", "actor: Gilligan�s Island, The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, Back to the Beach, Wackiest Wagon Train in the West; died Sep 2, 2005", "Dawn Wells (born 1938) is an American actress and comedienne, most famous for her role as Mary Ann Summers in the popular sitcom Gilligan's Island . Along with Terri Garr , Wells was considered for the part of Roberta Lincoln in \" Assignment: Earth \" (and the proposed spin-off series of the same title). Despite Wells being much more well-known than Garr at the time, Gene Roddenberry eventually chose Garr because she looked \"weird\" and fit the part better. ( These Are the Voyages: TOS Season Two )", "Gilligan's Island American TV sitcom based on the crew and passengers of the charter boat S.S. Minnow who are shipwrecked on an uninhabited island where they attempt to survive. Original Series ran from 1964 till 1967.", "The skipper's real name on Gilligan's Island is Jonas Grumby. It was mentioned once in the first episode on their radio's newscast about the wreck.", "The Professor on \"Gilligan's Island\" was named Roy Hinkley. The Skipper was named Jonas Grumby. Both names were used only once in the entire ", "Russell Johnson, center, stands with Alan Hale Jr., left, and Bob Denver in an episode of \"Gilligan's Island\" in 1966. Johnson, who played \"the professor\" Roy Hinkley in the hit television show, passed away January 16 at his home in Washington state, according to his agent, Mike Eisenstadt. Johnson was 89.", "Gilligan's Planet was an animated science-fiction version produced by Filmation and starring the voices of the Gilligan's Island cast, save for Tina Louise (Dawn Wells voiced both Mary Ann and Ginger). In a follow-up to The New Adventures of Gilligan, the castaways escape from the island by building a spaceship, and get shipwrecked on a distant planet. Only 12 episodes aired on CBS between September 18, 1982, and September 3, 1983. In the episode \"Let Sleeping Minnows Lie\", they travel to an island, get shipwrecked there, and Gilligan observes, \"First we were stranded on an island, then we were stranded on a planet, and now we're stranded on an island on a planet.\"", "* In the third season of Gilligan's Island, the episode \"All About Eva\" concerns a character coming on the island and taking over Ginger's persona, with both roles played by actress Tina Louise.", "The Complete Third Season includes all 30 season-three episodes and uses words from the theme song on the back: \"Just sit right back... for the final season!\" Special features include a season introduction with Russell Johnson and Sherwood Schwartz, commentary on the season's fourth episode, \"The Producer\", guest-starring Phil Silvers, and a 15-minute documentary entitled Gilligan's Island: A Pop Culture Phenomenon.", "So that's the story of the seven Castaways. They've been marooned on that island for over 40 years, and Gilligan's naivety, the Skipper's short temper, Mr. Howell's greed, Mrs. Howell's stuffiness, Ginger's sex appeal, the Professor's smarts and Mary Ann's glimpse into Americana never get old. It's always a riot to see their antics again and again...here on Gilligan's isle!", "Gilligan's Island is a sitcom that aired on CBS from 1964 to 1967 about seven castaways that were stranded on a deserted island.", "Dawn Wells, left as Mary Ann in 'Gilligan's Island' and right in 2008, is one of two living cast members of the hit '60s show.", "In the Gilligan's Island episode, \"Castaway Pictures Presents,\" the opening of the film the castaways make to try to get rescued shows Gilligan in island garb hitting a gong that says \"Castaway Pictures Presents\". While the gong noise occurs, Gilligan shakes and vibrates instead of the gong.", "* Erika Tiffany-Smith (played by Zsa Zsa Gabor) - Appeared in the season two episode \"Erika Tiffany-Smith to the Rescue\". Erika is a rich socialite and is a rival to Mrs. Howell. However, Mr. Howell takes a liking to Erika when she lets word out that she wants to buy the island; and, as usual, Mr. Howell takes all money offers. Erika falls in love with the Professor, ignores Mary Ann's sweetness and the Skipper's advances of romance, and treats Gilligan (like everyone else) as a butler. Ginger adores Erika because of her owning several movie studios; however, Ginger doesn't appear on screen with Erika at all. Erika leaves claiming to return and rescue the castaways and buy the island. Like other visitors, she never returns. She's heard on the radio at the end of the episode saying she doesn't know the coordinates of the island.", "The main characters comprised Father Ted Crilly ( Dermot Morgan ) and his fellow priests Father Dougal McGuire ( Ardal O'Hanlon ) and Father Jack Hackett ( Frank Kelly ), all exiled on Craggy Island living together with the fourth main character, housekeeper Mrs. Doyle ( Pauline McLynn ). All four actors appeared from the first to the last episodes, from \" Good Luck, Father Ted \" to \" Going to America \". The character of Mrs Doyle appeared only very briefly in \" Flight into Terror \" but because she didn't want to be left out, Pauline McLynn was cast as one of two troublesome nuns on the aircraft.", "A video game based on the series called The Adventures of Gilligan's Island was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in July 1990. The game features the likenesses of all the original castaways except for Ginger, who is completely absent from the game.", "After becoming shipwrecked on an island, seven castaways must learn to survive away from civilisation. Their daily conflicts and attempts to return home provided fans of Gilligan's Island with many laughs. The series ran from 1964-1967. ", "CAREER IN THE '60s: Not until that fateful trip on the S.S. Minnow did she become a star. Dawn, however, was the very personification of a na�ve Kansas cutie, something akin to Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz but without the dog. At 26 years old, Dawn Wells was the youngest of the castaways. Mary Ann was rarely at the center of the show's plots; in fact, she and the Professor weren't even mentioned in the original version of the theme song. What's more, in the pilot episode filmed in late '63, the Mary Ann character didn't even exist, instead the character was a secretary named Bunny, played by blonde Nancy McCarthy. CBS execs saw the pilot and asked to have the Bunny character changed, so creator Sherwood Schwartz rewrote the Bunny character as an innocent farm girl named Mary Ann. Dozens of actresses auditioned for the role, including Raquel Welch at the last minute. Said Dawn in an interview shown on the E! channel:", "Season 3, Episode 14, \"The Lita Foldaire Story\": Dianne Brewster (Wilhemina \"Steamboat Willy\" Vanderveer on The Islanders and Helen Kimble on The Fugitive) plays murdered wife Lita Foldaire. Kent Smith (starred in Cat People, The Curse of the Cat People, and The Fountainhead and who played Dr. Robert Morton on Peyton Place and Edgar Scoville on The Invaders) plays her husband Jess. Richard Crane (Rocky Jones on Rocky Jones, Space Ranger, Dick Preston on Commando Cody, Sky Marshal of the Universe, and Lt. Gene Plehn on Surfside 6) plays her brother-in-law Clay. Paul Birch (starred in Not of This Earth, Queen of Outer Space, and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance and who played Erle Stanley Gardner on The Court of Last Resort, Mike Malone on Cannonball, and Capt. Carpenter on The Fugitive) plays her father Dan Clayton. Jay Novello (Juan Greco on Zorro and Mayor Mario Lugatto on McHale's Navy) plays portrait painter Carlotti. Lurene Tuttle (Doris Dunston on Father of the Bride and Hannah Yarby on Julia) plays the minister's wife Mrs. Willoughby.", "The last episode of the show, \"Gilligan the Goddess\", aired on April 17, 1967, and ended just like the rest, with the castaways still stranded on the island. It was not known at the time that it would be the series finale, as a fourth season was expected but then cancelled.", "In this June 15, 1978 file photo, actor Ricardo Montalban of the television series \"Fantasy Island\" is shown in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Nick Ut, file) (/ AP)", "The Road To Bali would prove to be the swansong of Lamour's film career. Afterwards, she began a new life as a nightclub entertainer and a stage actress. In the 1960s, she returned to the screen for secondary roles in three films, including John Ford's Donovan's Reef (1963) with John Wayne and Lee Marvin, and became more active in live theater, headlining a road company of Hello Dolly! for over a year near the end of the decade." ]

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[ "The Century 21 Exposition (also known as the Seattle World's Fair) was a world's fair held April 21, 1962, to October 21, 1962, in Seattle, Washington. [http://lib.washington.edu/specialcoll/findaids/docs/photosgraphics/SeattleCenterGroundsPHColl403.xml Guide to the Seattle Center Grounds Photograph Collection: April, 1963], University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Accessed online October 18, 2007.", "The 1962 Seattle World’s Fair, otherwise known as Century 21, gave visitors a glimpse of the future and left Seattle with a lasting legacy. The exposition gave Seattle world-wide recognition, effectively “putting it on the map.” Years of planning went into the fair through the hard work of visionaries, go-getters, civic boosters, and dreamers. Many of the concepts and icons of Century 21 remain ingrained in Seattle culture, even as the “real” 21st Century begins.", "Also known as the Century 21 Exposition, the Seattle World’s Fair gave visitors a glimpse into the future and gave Seattle world-wide recognition.", "This is the sort of stuff that was touted as being in our future at the Seattle World's Fair in 1962, the \"Century 21\" Exposition.", "When Boeing introduced the 707 jet airliner in the late 1950s, it ushered in the jet age and a new economic boom for the city. In 1962, Seattle sponsored the futuristic Century 21 Exposition, leaving a permanent legacy in the world-famous Space Needle and the Seattle Center campus, featuring performance, sports, and entertainment halls, as well as the Pacific Science Center.", "TODAY IN HISTORY (AP) — Today is Sunday, Oct. 21, the 295th day of 2012. There are 71 days left in the year. Today’s Highlight: On Oct. 21, 1962, the Seattle World’s Fair closed after six months and nearly 10 million visitors. (President John F. Kennedy, scheduled to attend the closing ceremony, canceled because of what was described as a “head cold” the actual reason turned out to be the Cuban Missile Crisis.)", "The next day, on April 21, 1962, the fair opened. Thirty-eight years ahead of schedule, Seattle entered the 21st Century.", "Suddenly science was a hot topic, and the commission picked up on this. On March 15, 1958, Eddie Carlson, Fair publicist Jim Faber, and Century 21 general manager Ewen “Ding” Dingwall (1913-1996) met in Washington, D.C., with many of the nation’s top scientists. All agreed that the Seattle exhibits should show “true” science, and should be portrayed appealingly to eggheads and lay visitors alike. Some in attendance at the meeting felt that the 1958 Brussels World’s Fair portrayed science as too complicated for the average visitor, and that Century 21 should avoid this.", "1962 The first commercial touch-tone phones were a big hit in their preview at Seattle World's Fair.", "↑ Gherman Titov, comments made at World Fair, Seattle, Washington, 6 May 1962, reported in The Seattle Daily Times, 7 May 1962, p. 2.", "Seattle’s Space Needle was built for the 1962 World’s Fair. It features an observation deck at 520 feet and a rotating restaurant (at 500 feet) that offers diners 360-degree views of the city.", "April 22 - The 1964 New York World's Fair opens to celebrate 300th anniversary of New Amsterdam being taken over by British forces under the Duke of York (later King James II) and being renamed New York in 1664. The fair runs until Oct. 18, 1964 and reopens April 21 , 1965 , finally closing October 17 , 1965 . (Not sanctioned, due to being within 10 years of the Seattle fair in 1962 , some countries declined, but many countries had pavillions with exotic crafts, art & food.)", "During the festival, the building hosted several exhibits. Nearly half of its surface area was occupied by the state's own circular exhibit \"Century 21—The Threshold and the Threat\", also known as the \"World of Tomorrow\" exhibit, billed as a \"21-minute tour of the future\". The building also housed exhibits by France, Pan American World Airways (Pan Am), General Motors (GM), the American Library Association (ALA), and RCA, as well as a Washington state tourist center.Official Guide Book, pp. 26–34.", "A Chicago World's Fair along the Lake Michigan shoreline between 12th and 39th Streets to celebrate the city's centennial. The theme was innovation and technology, and featured was the 'innovation' of a Sky Ride on which persons could ride the entire length of the exhibition. Also introduced were Cadillac limousines and \"Homes of Tomorrow\". An exhibition of American art included work by Robert Riggs, Gaston Lachaise, Lee Lawrie, Augustus Tack, and Henry Tanner. Sources: wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_of_Progress; AskART biographies", "They were wrong. Even before the 1929 stock market crash, several of Chicago's leading corporate capitalists were launching plans for a world's fair to commemorate the anniversary of the founding of Chicago and the fortieth anniversary of the 1893 fair. When the depression hit, they redoubled their efforts and, in 1933–1934, held the Century of Progress Exposition. Chief among its modernistic buildings was the Hall of Science, which distilled the exposition's central theme: \"Science Finds; Industry Applies; Man Conforms.\" At least one performer at the fair refused to conform, however. Sally Rand amazed countless numbers of fairgoers with her notorious fan dance and gave the fair abundant publicity with her multiple arrests. Indeed, so successful was the 1933 fair in rekindling popular faith in the American economic and political systems that President Franklin Roosevelt personally urged exposition authorities to reopen it in 1934. By the time it closed, the Century of Progress Exposition", "* Flushing Meadows Park, Queens, New York City: Site of both the 1939 New York World's Fair and the 1964 New York World's Fair", "In 1933, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was fatally wounded in Miami, Florida during a failed assassination attempt on President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress International Exposition Worlds Fair. The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding.", "The World's Columbian Exposition (the official shortened name for the World's Fair: Columbian Exposition, also known as The Chicago World's Fair and Chicago Columbian Exposition) was a world's fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492. The iconic centerpiece of the Fair, the large water pool, represented the long voyage Columbus took to the New World. Chicago bested New York City; Washington, D.C.; and St. Louis for the honor of hosting the fair. The Exposition was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on architecture, sanitation, the arts, Chicago's self-image, and American industrial optimism.", "The Century of Progress World's Fair was held at Chicago in 1933. Oil strikes in Marion County and Crawford County lead to a boom in 1937, and, by 1939, Illinois ranked fourth in U.S. oil production. Illinois manufactured 6.1 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking seventh among the 48 states. Chicago became an ocean port with the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in 1959. The seaway and the Illinois Waterway connected Chicago to both the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean. In 1960, Ray Kroc opened the first McDonald's franchise in Des Plaines (which still exists as a museum, with a working McDonald's across the street).", "PAUL ALBERT THIRY: Principal architect for Century 21, the 1962 World's Fair. Thiry is credited with introducing European Modernism to the Pacific Northwest. Some of his other works can be found in St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church on Boyer Avenue and at the Museum of History & Industry (MOHAI).", "Gallery: FILE -- Life-size replicas of prehistoric beasts float down the Hudson River on a barge from Hudson, N.Y., to their home in the Sinclair Oil \"Dinoland\" exhibition at the World's Fair, Oct. 15, 1963. A half century ago, Robert Moses turned over planning and development of the 1964 fair's entire 80-acre transportation area to the bistate agency, then known as the Port of New York Authority.", "*1939-1940 - New York City, United States - 1939 New York World's Fair (exhibits included The World of Tomorrow, Futurama, Trylon and Perisphere)", "   Here�s something we�ve never had before. A Negro World�s Fair. It�s going to be held in Chicago in 1963.", "A century after the Cotton Centennial Exhibition, New Orleans hosted another World's Fair, the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition.", "The 1939 New York Worlds Fair included an exhibit called the World Trade Center that was dedicated to the concept of “world peace through trade.” Seven years later, one of the exhibit’s organizers, Winthrop W. Aldrich, headed a new state agency whose proposed goal was a permanent trade exposition based in New York. Market research indicated that the city would benefit more by modernizing its ports, however, and the plan was soon scrapped.", "* The United States has had several citizen efforts directed at bringing a World's Fair to the country, even though it is not a member of the Bureau of International Expositions. These efforts included the following cities:", "Now we’re celebrating the 50th anniversary of something that is usually short-lived. World’s fairs are here today, gone tomorrow. They are fantasy towns that inform and entertain, then disappear. One of the seminal works on fairs is a book titled Ephemeral Vistas by Paul Greenhalgh. So why is our city still so captivated by our fair, half a century on? The coming celebration, called The Next 50 ( thenextfifty.org ), will last until October and feature books, documentaries, forward-looking symposia, exhibits and all kinds of public events. But is the occasion worthy? Did it really make a difference? Was the future all it was cracked up to be?", "On May 8, 1945, a massive crowd celebrated Victory in Europe Day in Times Square; and on August 15, 1945, the largest crowd in the history of Times Square gathered to celebrate Victory over Japan Day. The victory itself was announced by a headline on the \"zipper\" news ticker at One Times Square, which read \"*** OFFICIAL TRUMAN ANNOUNCES JAPANESE SURRENDER ***\"; the six asterisks representing the branches of the U.S. Armed Forces. ", "That guidebook turned out to be a preview of the future. Exhibits like Ford's \"Road of Tomorrow,\" General Motors' \"Futurama,\" and the multisponsored \"Town of Tomorrow\" were more than fanciful prototypes; many of their imagined advances made their way into everyday life within a couple of decades. The fair's centerpiece was \"Democracity,\" and it heralded wartime dreams and postwar realities: superhighways, ranch-style houses, rec rooms, workshops for \"do-it-yourselfers,\" and booming suburbs (known as \"satellites\" in the Democracity display) replete with prefab houses, two-car garages, and stereophonic sound. Something called \"television\" was actually demonstrated at the RCA exhibit.", "The next hurdles were location and financing. Since the Space Needle was to be privately financed, it had to be situated on land which could be acquired for public use but built within the fairgrounds. Early investigations indicated such a plot of land did not exist. However, just before the search was abandoned, a suitable 120-foot-by-120-foot piece of land was found and sold to investors for $75,000 in 1961, just 13 months before the World’s Fair opening.", "What was America like at the turn-of-the-century? Perhaps it was something like this recreation of everyone's hometown. The sights and sounds of fun nostalgia are everywhere. EVERYWHERE. There's a friendly greeting at the old City Hall. The measured pace of the horse-drawn streetcar as it trots up and down the street. And then there's the hiss of live steam as a vintage locomotive pulls into Main Street Station. Dozens of happy guests walk up and down the street, chatting happily (Or not-so-happily) amongst themselves as they pop in-and-out of the various shops and restaurants nestled along the sides of the pavement. Main Street is the essence of hometown America at the dawn of the twentieth-century. The scent of freshly baked cakes and candies and the twinkling pin lights outlining the gingerbread trim of the colorful buildings evoke a small-town atmosphere. Rows of speciality shops carry a colorful variety of old-time merchandise. At night, the thoroughfare glows in the flickering light of gaslit streetlamps and seemingly thousands of miniature electric lightbulbs strung amongst the sides of the buildings. Main Street, U.S.A., is engaging proof that the best of yesterday can still be found today.", "1955 AD - Ultra high frequency discovered. West Germany joins NATO. Disneyland opened. U.S. stockpile of atomic bombs reaches 4,000. The U.S.S.R is estimated to have 1,000. " ]

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[ "The Simpsons is an American animated television sitcom starring the animated Simpson family, which was created by Matt Groening. He conceived of the characters in the lobby of James L. Brooks's office and named them after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name. The family debuted as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show called The Simpsons, which debuted on December 17, 1989. The show was an early hit for Fox, becoming the first Fox series to land in the top 30 ratings in a season (1990).", "The Simpsons shorts are an American animated TV series of 48 one-minute shorts that ran on the variety television program The Tracey Ullman Show for three seasons, before the characters spun off into The Simpsons, their own half-hour prime time show. It features Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The series was created by Matt Groening, who designed the Simpson family and wrote many of the shorts. The shorts first aired on April 19, 1987 starting with \"Good Night\". The final short to air was \"TV Simpsons\", originally airing on May 14, 1989. The Simpsons later debuted on December 17, 1989, as an independent series with the Christmas special \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\". ", "The five family members were given simple designs so that their facial emotions could easily be changed with almost no effort and so that they would be recognizable in silhouette. Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned-up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial short episodes. The Simpson family made their debut on April 19, 1987 in The Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into The Simpsons, a half-hour series airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company. The Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show.", "The Simpson family first appeared in animated form as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show, with the first short, \"Good Night,\" airing on April 19, 1987. The family was crudely drawn, because Groening only handed over sketches to the animators, believing that they would clean them up, but instead they just traced over his drawings.", "Summary: Originally created by cartoonist Matt Groening, \"Our Favorite Family,\" has graced the small screen in one form or another for over 20 years. The Simpson family first appeared on television as the subjects of interstitial \"shorts\" on The Tracey Ullman Show in April of 1987. The SimpsonsOriginally created by cartoonist Matt Groening, \"Our Favorite Family,\" has graced the small screen in one form or another for over 20 years. The Simpson family first appeared on television as the subjects of interstitial \"shorts\" on The Tracey Ullman Show in April of 1987. The Simpsons remained a staple on The Tracey Ullman Show for three seasons until they premiered in their own half-hour series, on December 17, 1989. With the help of Jim Brooks and Sam Simon, Matt Groening's cartoon family turned into an instant success.", "The Simpson family first appeared in animated form as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show , with the first short \"Good Night\" airing on April 19, 1987. Matt Groening admits the reason that they were so crudely drawn in the beginning was because he could not draw well and the animators did nothing more than just trace over his drawings. The shorts were never aired by the BBC in the UK, though some of them, including \"Good Night\", were included in a Simpsons anniversary episode. The Simpsons was converted, by a team of production companies that included what is now the Klasky-Csupo animation house, into a series for the Fox Network in 1989 and has run as a weekly show on that network ever since. The first full length episode shown was \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", however the intended first episode was \"Some Enchanted Evening\", but when \"Some Enchanted Evening\" was completed it was rejected due to poor animation, so Fox aired \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" first.", "The Simpson family first appeared in animated form as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show , with the first short \"Good Night\" airing on April 19 , 1987 . Matt Groening admits the reason that they were so crudely drawn in the beginning was because he could not draw well and the animators did nothing more than just trace over his drawings. The shorts were aired by the BBC in the UK the first time the shows were broadcast, but not subsequently, though some of them, including \"Good Night\", were included in a Simpsons anniversary episode. The Simpsons was converted, by a team of production companies that included what is now the Klasky Csupo animation house, into a series for the Fox Network in 1989 and has run as a weekly show on that network ever since. The first full length episode shown was \" Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire \", however the intended first episode was \" Some Enchanted Evening \", but when \"Some Enchanted Evening\" was completed it was rejected due to poor animation, so Fox aired \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" first.", "* April 19 – The Simpsons cartoon first appears as a series of shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show.", "The Simpsons first appeared to the world on April 19, 1987 on The Tracey Ullman Show . Matt Groening submitted crudely drawn sketches of the family to the animators, assuming they would clean them up in production. However, the animators just re-traced over his drawings; that is why The Simpsons appear crudely drawn in the shorts. In 1989, a team of production companies adapted The Simpsons into a half-hour primetime series, for the FOX Broadcasting Company. FOX was initially nervous to air The Simpsons; as there hasn't been a cartoon in primetime since The Flintstones , and that they were unsure if they could keep the audience's attention for the duration of the episode. They proposed doing three seven-minute shorts and four specials until the audience adjusted, but the producers gambled for thirteen half-hour episodes for the series. The Simpsons was originally to premiere in the fall of 1989; with \" Some Enchanted Evening ,\" but when the episode came back from animation in Korea, it had major, major problems with it. James L. Brooks was extremely dissatisfied with the product and called for many parts of the episode to be redone. The producers then decided to just go ahead and air \" Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire ,\" on December 17, 1989 as a Christmas Special.", "The first short, Good Night , was aired on April 19, 1987. Later, the shorts were given their own segment on the show before the cartoon was developed into a 30 minute TV animated spin-off in 1989.", "The Tracey Ullman Show is known for producing a series of shorts featuring the Simpson family, which was adapted into the TV series The Simpsons, which is also produced by Gracie Films and 20th Century Fox Television (now 20th Television).", "The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with the producer James L. Brooks. Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family, substituting Bart for his own name. The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and was an early hit for Fox, becoming the network's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989--1990).", "The Tracey Ullman Show was a weekly American television variety show, hosted by British comedian and one-time pop singer Tracey Ullman . It debuted on April 5, 1987 as the FOX network's second primetime series and ran until May 26, 1990. The show featured sketch comedy along with many musical numbers, featuring Emmy Award-winning choreography by Paula Abdul.", "The Simpsons family debuted in short animated cartoons on The Tracey Ullman Show before being spun off into their own half-hour series. These shorts, also called \"bumpers\", aired before and after commercial breaks during the first three seasons of the show.", "This successful series began in 1987 as short episodes screened on the Tracey Ulman Show. It was developed into longer weekly episodes and has become the longest-running cartoon series ever.", "The first appearances of Marge and Lisa Simpson in \" Good Night \", a short from The Tracey Ullman Show .", "This is an animated sitcom that started out as part of “The Tracey Ullman Show” in 1987. It stayed within that show for three seasons before Fox developed it into a 30-minute show in 1989. It was a hit, as it became the network’s first show to land in the top 30 for an entire season. The show was conceived by Matt Groening and is a satire and parody of middle-class America. It is set in the fictional town of Springfield and lampoons different aspects of the human condition, specifically those pertaining to American culture, television and society.", "The Simpson family debuted in short animated cartoons on The Tracey Ullman Show for three seasons before being spun off into their own half-hour series. These shorts, also called \"bumpers\", aired before and after commercial breaks during the first and second seasons of the show. They eventually had their own full segments in between the live action segments during season three. They did not appear in the fourth and final season, as they had their own half-hour TV series by then.", "Michael Mendel, associate producer, The Tracey Ullman Show (1987–89), The Simpsons (1989–92): Matt would just show up with a two-page script and go, \"Here it is. This is the cartoon we're doing this week.\" It was sort of guerrilla-style animation. We would hang out on the stage of Tracey Ullman, and in between block and rehearsal, we would grab [the actors] and record their lines. It was me and Matt and the animators and a couple directors—a really small group of people working on this little one-minute cartoon every week.", "At this point, US television beckoned, and renowned television producer James L. Brooks came calling. The two had discussed working together previously, but it was not until 1987 that they created The Tracey Ullman Show . Ullman played a variety of characters, completely unrecognisable with the help of makeup, prosthetics and padding. The show was the first commercial hit for then unknown Fox channel. Paula Abdul served as the show's choreographer . The then-unknown Abdul even used her early music recordings for the series' strenuous dance numbers.", "That the Simpsons on The Simpson Shorts that are The Tracey Ullman Show are one in the fact the same.", "In the first season of Ullman's variety show, a more crudely drawn version of the Simpsons appeared as bumper segments alongside a quickly forgotten animated short which was left in the proverbial dust after The Simpsons began to gain popularity. In the beginning, these shorts were written entirely by Groening with the aid of several animators from Klasky-Csupo . The shorts would continue to be broadcast until the end of the third season when FOX allowed Groening and Brooks to develop the shorts into a full series.", "In 1989, a team of production companies adapted The Simpsons into a half-hour series for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The team included the Klasky Csupo animation house. Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show's content. Groening said his goal in creating the show was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called \"the mainstream trash\" that they were watching. The half-hour series premiered on December 17, 1989, with \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\". \"Some Enchanted Evening\" was the first full-length episode produced, but it did not broadcast until May 1990, as the last episode of the first season, because of animation problems. In 1992, Tracey Ullman filed a lawsuit against Fox, claiming that her show was the source of the series' success. The suit said she should receive a share of the profits of The Simpsons —a claim rejected by the courts. ", "In the Tracey Ullman Show shorts, Lisa was more of a \"female Bart\" and was as equally mischievous as her brother. [41] As the series progressed, Lisa began to develop into a more intelligent and more emotional character with \" Krusty Gets Busted \" being one of the first episodes where her true intelligence is fully shown. [42] Many episodes focusing on Lisa have an emotional nature, the first one being \" Moaning Lisa \". The idea for the episode was pitched by James L. Brooks , who had wanted to do an emotional episode where Lisa is sad because the show had done a lot of \"jokey episodes\". [43]", "Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, and Yeardley Smith all began voicing their characters on The Tracey Ullman Show. Nancy Cartwright was the only one of the group who had been trained to be a voice actor while Castellaneta had done some voice over work in Chicago. Castellaneta and Kavner had been part of the regular cast of The Tracey Ullman Show and voices were needed for the shorts, so the producers decided to ask them to voice Homer and Marge rather than hire more actors. The producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. Yeardley Smith had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart, but casting director Bonita Pietila believed her voice was too high. Smith later recalled, \"I always sounded too much like a girl. I read two lines as Bart and they said, 'Thanks for coming!'\" Smith was given the role of Lisa instead. On March 13, 1987, Nancy Cartwright went in to audition for the role of Lisa. After arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the \"middle child\" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart who she found more fascinating because he was described as \"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever.\" Matt Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot.", "\"Hollywood Mom\" short film that originally aired on Saturday Night Live, May 16 1987; this repeat aired on NBC, March 9/10, 2002", "Ullman performed an array of characters. Most only appeared once, as the sketches concentrated on plot, with characters created to best tell that particular storyline. A handful of characters did however return for subsequent sketches. These include:", "\"Best of\" anthology from the 1989 Season. Sketches include: Ft. Army Base, Mel Gibson Monolog, Toonces the Driving Cat, Geritech Commercial, Attitudes: Driftwood Sculpture, Big Red Commercial, Weekend Update (George Michael) and Dukakis After Dark.", "Daisy - Head Mayzie: a 1995 animated television special by Christopher O'Hare for Hanna-Barbera Productions (posthumous)", "On CBS, with Sterling Products as sponsor, the serial aired four times a week from February 4, 1935 to July 11, 1935, moving to Mutual from September 30, 1935 to March 24, 1937 with Bill McClintock doing the sound effects. NBC's weekday afternoon run from January 3, 1938 to April 28, 1939 had sound effects by Keene Crockett and was sponsored by Quaker Oats, which brought Dick Tracy into primetime (Saturdays at 7 pm and, briefly, Mondays at 8 pm) with 30-minute episodes from April 29, 1939 to September 30, 1939. The series returned to 15-minute episodes on the ABC Blue Network from March 15, 1943 to July 16, 1948, sponsored by Tootsie Roll, which used the music theme of \"Toot Toot, Tootsie\" for its 30-minute Saturday ABC series from October 6, 1945 to June 1, 1946. Sound effects on ABC were supplied by Walt McDonough and Al Finelli.", "On CBS, with Sterling Products as sponsor, the serial aired four times a week from February 4, 1935 to July 11, 1935, moving to Mutual from September 30, 1935 to March 24, 1937 with Bill McClintock doing the sound effects. NBC's weekday afternoon run from January 3, 1938 to April 28, 1939 had sound effects by Keene Crockett and was sponsored by Quaker Oats, which brought Dick Tracy into primetime (Saturdays at 7 pm and, briefly, Mondays at 8 pm) with 30-minute episodes from April 29, 1939 to September 30, 1939. The series returned to 15-minute episodes on the ABC Blue Network from March 15, 1943 to July 16, 1948, sponsored by Tootsie Roll, which used the music theme of \"Toot Toot, Tootsie\" for its 30-minute Saturday ABC series from October 6, 1945 to June 1, 1946. Sound effects on ABC were supplied by Walt McDonough and Al Finelli.", "On CBS, with Sterling Products as sponsor, the serial aired four times a week from February 4, 1935 to July 11, 1935, moving to Mutual from September 30, 1935 to March 24, 1937 with Bill McClintock doing the sound effects. NBC's weekday afternoon run from January 3, 1938 to April 28, 1939 had sound effects by Keene Crockett and was sponsored by Quaker Oats, which brought Dick Tracy into primetime (Saturdays at 7 pm and, briefly, Mondays at 8 pm) with 30-minute episodes from April 29, 1939 to September 30, 1939. The series returned to 15-minute episodes on the ABC Blue Network from March 15, 1943 to July 16, 1948, sponsored by Tootsie Roll , which used the music theme of \"Toot Toot, Tootsie\" for its 30-minute Saturday ABC series from October 6, 1945 to June 1, 1946. Sound effects on ABC were supplied by Walt McDonough and Al Finelli." ]

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[ "Gaylord Anton Nelson (June 4, 1916 - July 3, 2005) was an American politician from Wisconsin who served as a United States Senator and governor. A Democrat, he was the founder of Earth Day, which launched a new wave of environmental activism.", "In 1969 at a UNESCO Conference in San Francisco, peace activist John McConnell proposed a day to honor the Earth and the concept of peace, to first be celebrated on March 21, 1970, the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere. This day of nature's equipoise was later sanctioned in a Proclamation written by McConnell and signed by Secretary General U Thant at the United Nations. A month later a separate Earth Day was founded by United States Senator Gaylord Nelson as an environmental teach-in first held on April 22, 1970. Nelson was later awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom Award in recognition of his work.[3] While this April 22 Earth Day was focused on the United States, an organization launched by Denis Hayes, who was the original national coordinator in 1970, took it international in 1990 and organized events in 141 nations.[4][5] Numerous communities celebrate Earth Week, an entire week of activities focused on environmental issues.", "Wisconsin Senator Gaylord Nelson is widely credited with suggesting the first Earth Day on April 22. It was a movement whose time had come, and Nelson wasn’t alone in 1970 in suggesting a grassroots demonstration aimed at protecting the environment. San Francisco activist John McConnell also asked Americans to join in a demonstration in 1970, and McConnell chose the spring equinox (March 21, 1970) as his date. Today, you can find Earth Day events on both the spring equinox and April 22.", "The Earth Day most often celebrated in the United States—and in many other countries around the world—first took place on April 22, 1970. It was a nationwide teach-in about the environment, dreamed up by U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson . A Democrat from Wisconsin, Senator Nelson had been instrumental earlier in introducing conservation in John F. Kennedy's presidency. Gaylord Nelson's Earth Day was modeled on the anti-war teach-in demonstrations that Vietnam war protesters had used successfully to educate people about their issues.", "The April 22 Earth Day, founded by Senator Gaylord Nelson, was first organized in 1970 to promote ecology and respect for life on the planet as well as to encourage awareness of the growing problems of air, water and soil pollution.", "In 1948, Nelson was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate. He remained a member until 1958. That year, Nelson was elected governor of Wisconsin, and he served two two-year terms before successfully running for Senate in 1962. He served three consecutive terms as a senator from 1963 to 1981. In 1963 he convinced President John F. Kennedy to take a national speaking tour to discuss conservation issues. Senator Nelson founded Earth Day, which began as a teach-in about environmental issues on April 22, 1970. ", "In 1969 at a UNESCO Conference in San Francisco, peace activist John McConnell proposed a day to honor the Earth and the concept of peace, to first be celebrated on March 21, 1970, the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere. This day of nature's equipoise was later sanctioned in a proclamation written by McConnell and signed by Secretary General U Thant at the United Nations. A month later a separate Earth Day was founded by United States Senator Gaylord Nelson as an environmental teach-in first held on April 22, 1970. Nelson was later awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom award in recognition of his work. While this April 22 Earth Day was focused on the United States, an organization launched by Denis Hayes, who was the original national coordinator in 1970, took it international in 1990 and organized events in 141 nations. Numerous communities celebrate Earth Week, an entire week of activities focused on the environmental issues that the world faces.", "April 22, 1970: Earth Day is first celebrated. There are two spring dates set aside to honor our planet. The UN sponsors a date at the vernal equinox, a tradition founded by John McConnell. A second date, founded by US Senator Gaylord Nelson, is celebrated worldwide on April 22. Each year, people from around the world stop and look around, noticing the fragile system we call home. They give voice to environmental issues with outreach programs to include schools, churches, and all concerned inhabitants of Mother Earth.", "In the United States, Earth Day is celebrated by most people on April 22, but there is another celebration that predates that one by approximately a month and is celebrated internationally.", "The idea for a national day to focus on the environment came to Earth Day founder Gaylord Nelson, then a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin, after witnessing the ravages of the 1969 massive oil spill in Santa Barbara, California. Inspired by the student anti-war movement, he realized that if he could infuse that energy with an emerging public consciousness about air and water pollution, it would force environmental protection onto the national political agenda. Senator Nelson announced the idea for a “national teach-in on the environment” to the national media; persuaded Pete McCloskey, a conservation-minded Republican Congressman, to serve as his co-chair; and recruited Denis Hayes from Harvard as national coordinator. Hayes built a national staff of 85 to promote events across the land. April 22, falling between Spring Break and Final Exams, was selected as the date.", "In 1968, Morton Hilbert and the U.S. Public Health Service organized the Human Ecology Symposium, an environmental conference for students to hear from scientists about the effects of environmental degradation on human health.[32] This was the beginning of Earth Day. For the next two years, Hilbert and students worked to plan the first Earth Day.[33] In April 1970—along with a federal proclamation from U.S. Sen. Gaylord Nelson—the first Earth Day was held.[34]", "John McConnell first introduced the idea of a global holiday called Earth Day at a UNESCO Conference on the Environment in 1969 , the same year that he designed the Earth flag . The first Earth Day proclamation was issued by San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto on March 21 , 1970 . U Thant supported John McConnell’s global initiative to celebrate this annual spring equinox event. Secretary General Waldheim observed Earth Day with similar ceremonies in 1972. The United Nations Earth Day ceremony continued each year on the day of the March equinox (20th or 21st), with the ringing of the U.N. Peace Bell at the very moment of the equinox.", "The constellation (Zodiac sign) visible at dawn on the day of the Spring Equinox has been regarded as of special significance (currently changing from Pisces to Aquarius due to the 26,000 year precession of the Earth — the advent of \"the Age of Aquarius\"). The chief holiday for the ancient Hebrews was celebrated at the first full moon after the Spring Equinox. Although this holiday was originally a celebration of Spring, it was later celebrated in remembrance of the Exodus from Egypt and was called Passover. The holiday entered Christian celebration by the fact that Christ was reputedly arrested and crucified at Passover. Because Christians insisted that Easter should be celebrated on a Sunday, the Council of Nicea decreed that Easter be the first Sunday after the fourteenth day of a lunar month ( Paschal Full Moon , which is approximately the first full moon) following the date of the Spring Equinox (which is often incorrectly assumed to be March 21st). Easter can occur on any date from March 22nd to April 25th. In the first centuries of Christianity Easter was by far the most significant Christian holiday (holy day) and Christmas was not a holiday at all.", "2 Earth Day 1990 3 Earth Day 2000 4 Subsequent Earth Day events 5 The Earth Day name 6 Earth Day Canada 7 History of the Equinox Earth Day (March 20) 8 April 22 observances 8.1 Growing eco-activism before Earth Day 1970 8.2 Significance of April 22", "The equinoctial Earth Day is celebrated on the March equinox (around March 20) to mark the precise moment of astronomical spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and of astronomical autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. An equinox in astronomy is that point in time (not a whole day) when the Sun is directly above the Earth's equator, occurring around March 20 and September 23 each year. In most cultures, the equinoxes and solstices are considered to start or separate the seasons.", "Although popularly described as \" the first day of spring \" in the Northern Hemisphere, the annual event is actually much more important than that. More than any other event, it marks the beginning of the astronomical year.", "Equinox=The date when the sun is directly overhead at noon on the equator, occurring on or around both March 21 and September 22, the former is the vernal ( spring) equinox and the latter the autumnal (fall) equinox in the Northern Hemisphere and the reverse on the Southern Hemisphere.", "Equinox=The date when the sun is directly overhead at noon on the equator, occurring on or around both March 21 and September 22, the former is the vernal (spring) equinox and the latter the autumnal (fall) equinox in the Northern Hemisphere and the reverse on the Southern Hemisphere.", "Earth Day draws on astronomical phenomena in a new way – which is also the most ancient way – by using the vernal Equinox, the time when the Sun crosses the equator making the length of night and day equal in all parts of the Earth. To this point in the annual calendar, EARTH DAY attaches no local or divisive set of symbols, no statement of the truth or superiority of one way of life over another. But the selection of the March Equinox makes planetary observance of a shared event possible, and a flag which shows the Earth, as seen from space, appropriate.\"[26]", "An equinox occurs twice a year (around 20 March and 22 September), when the tilt of the Earth's axis is inclined neither away from nor towards the Sun, the centre of the Sun being in the same plane as the Earth's equator. The term equinox can also be used in a broader sense, meaning the date when such a passage happens. The name \"equinox\" is derived from the Latin aqua’s (equal) and nox (night), because around the equinox, the night and day have approximately equal length.", "Equinox is the time of year when day and night are approximately 12 hours each, everywhere on Earth. It happens twice a year, on March 20th or 21st and September 22nd or 23rd.", "Jan. 18: Martin Luther King Day. Commemorates the birth of Martin Luther King Jr. who was born on January 15, 1929. One of the world’s best known advocates of nonviolent social change, Dr. King was the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in December of 1964. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968, and remains a symbol of the struggle for civil rights.", "Starting in 1987 Hawaii's Senator Daniel Inouye, a World War II veteran, introduced a measure to return Memorial Day to its traditional date. Inouye continued introducing the resolution until his death in 2012.[39 Traditional observance", "          The San Francisco Conference, formally known as the United Nations Conference on International Organization, opened on April 25, 1945, with delegations from fifty countries present.  The U.S. delegation to San Francisco included Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., former Secretary of State Cordell Hull, and Senators Tom Connally (D-Texas) and Arthur Vandenberg (R-Michigan), as well as other Congressional and public representatives.  Among the most controversial issues at the San Francisco Conference was the seating of certain countries, in particular, Argentina, the Ukrainian and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republics, and Poland.  The vote to seat Argentina was particularly contentious because the Soviet Union strongly opposed Argentine membership arguing that Argentina had supported the Axis during the war.  However, the other Latin American states refused to support the Ukrainian and Byelorussian candidacies if Argentina were blocked.  The United States supported Argentina�s membership, but also defended the Ukrainian and Byelorussian seats in order to maintain the Soviet Union�s participation in the United Nations.  The makeup of the Polish government was a continuing source of tension between the wartime allies, and thus a Polish delegation was not seated until after the conference.", "the equinox that occurs on september 22 or 23 in the northern hemisphere and on march 21 or 22 in the southern hemisphere", "25 May 1961 President John F. Kennedy unveiled the commitment to execute Project Apollo on this date in a speech on \"Urgent National Needs,\" billed as a second State of the Union message. He told Congress that the U.S. faced extraordinary challenges and needed to respond extraordinarily. In announcing the lunar landing commitment he said: \"I believe this Nation should commitment itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.\"", "The New York march was originally scheduled to take place October 14 as well. The date was changed in July when it became known that both U.S. president Bill Clinton and a representative of the Cuban government would address the United Nations General Assembly October 22 in New York City at the opening of the UN's 50th anniversary commemoration. Holding the march the day before Clinton's speech will help focus the fire of the protest on Washington's policies, organizers decided.", "Specifically, the Northern Hemisphere marks the autumnal equinox on Friday, September 22, 2017, at exactly 4:02 P.M. EDT.  ", "May Day is a time to celebrate the onset of May, the month that sees the Earth reaching", "April 8, 1968 – Four days after Dr. King is assassinated, Congressman John Conyers (D-MI) introduces first legislation providing for a Martin Luther King, Jr. Federal Holiday.", "Rockefeller was a member of the U.S. delegation at the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco in 1945; this gathering marked the UN's founding. At the Conference there was considerable opposition to the idea of permitting, within the UN charter, the formation of regional pacts such as the Act of Chapultepec. Rockefeller, who believed that the inclusion was essential, especially to U.S. policy in Latin America, successfully urged the need for regional pacts within the framework of the UN. Rockefeller was also instrumental in persuading the UN to establish its headquarters in New York City. ", "In 1945, Dulles participated in the San Francisco Conference as an adviser to Arthur H. Vandenberg and helped draft the preamble to the United Nations Charter. He attended the United Nations General Assembly as a United States delegate in 1946, 1947 and 1950." ]

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[ "Wrigley Field is the second-oldest ballpark in the Major Leagues behind Boston's Fenway Park . While many teams have these high-tech new stadiums, Wrigley Field has an aura and mystic about it that no stadium can match. The trademark ivy leaves on the outfield walls or the traditional Wrigley Field sign that hangs in the front of the stadium. Wrigley is also one of the last stadiums to have a manual scoreboard. There is a lot of tradition and pride with Cubs fans too. Legendary Cubs announcer Harey Caray started the tradition of singing \"Take me out to the Ball Game,\" during the seventh inning stretch. And fans still throw back any home run the opposing team hits, back onto the field. The atmosphere at Wrigley is an experience like no other. They consistently rank in the top five in attendance and sell outs.", "One of the most storied franchises in Major League Baseball, the Chicago Cubs have been a staple of the Near North Side since they were originally founded in 1870. The Cubs play at historic Wrigley Field , their permanent home since 1916 and the second-oldest ballpark in the Majors behind Fenway Park.", "Nicknamed the Friendly Confines, Wrigley Field is baseball’s second oldest ballpark, where fans come to see the ivy covered outfield walls, the classic hand-operated scoreboard, the marquee outside the homeplate entrance and the Cubs play ball!. Stepping into Wrigley Field today is like stepping back in time. Fans come out to Wrigley Field whether the Cubs are winning or losing. The history of Wrigley Field dates to before the start of World War I when Charles Weeghman bought the Chicago Whales of the Federal League. Weeghman constructed his team a new ballpark in the largely undeveloped north side area of Chicago along Addison and Clark Streets which is now fully developed with businesses, residential areas and local Chicago hotels. Zachary Taylor Davis was hired to develop plans for the ballpark that was initially known as North Side Park until Weeghman named it after himself. Construction of the 14,000 seat ballpark began on March 14, 1914. The ballpark had only a one deck of grandstand in a V-shape, with wooden bleachers in the outfield. The $250,000 ballpark was completed by April 23, 1914 when the Whales played their first game at the ballpark. Original dimensions at Weeghman Field were 310 ft. (left), 440 (center), and 356 (right). It was the first ballpark to have permanent concession stands. Weeghman Field was home to the Chicago Whales for two years before the Federal League went bankrupt.", "*Two Major League Baseball teams are located in the state. The Chicago Cubs of the National League play in the second-oldest major league stadium (Wrigley Field) and are widely known for having the longest championship drought in all of major American sport: not winning the World Series since 1908. The Chicago White Sox of the American League won the World Series in 2005, their first since 1917. They play on the city's south side at U.S. Cellular Field.", "The life and times of Wrigley Field – Chicago baseball park Wrigley Field celebrates its 100th birthday on April 23 in 2014. CNN iReport asked Chicagoans, baseball fans and travelers to share their memories and photos of the major league's second oldest ballpark behind Boston's Fenway Park.", "Wrigley Field is a baseball stadium in Chicago, Illinois, United States that has served as the home ballpark of the Chicago Cubs since 1916. It was built in 1914 as Weeghman Park for the Chicago Federal League baseball team, the Chicago Whales. It was called Cubs Park between 1920 and 1926 before being renamed for then Cubs team owner and chewing gum magnate, William Wrigley Jr.. Between 1921 and 1970 it was also the home of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League.", "Fenway Park is one of the most iconic venues in baseball. The park opened in 1912, making it the oldest baseball park still in use. The park has notoriously unconventional dimensions in the outfield, with a multitude of wall heights and odd angles. The most famous landmark in the stadium is the left field wall, known as the “Green Monster”.", "With the growth of professional leagues, and consequent growth in the quantity of games, each game became less of an event, and fan convenience became more important. Many professional ballparks were built either near the city center, or in working-class neighborhoods, based on expected economic level of the average fan. Consequently, the classic ballparks typically had little space for automobiles, as it was expected that most fans would take mass transit to the games, a situation that still prevails at Boston's Fenway Park and Chicago's Wrigley Field, for example. Some early ballparks, such as Brooklyn's Eastern Park, were abandoned because the trolley lines did not go out far enough and the team was not performing well enough for people to tolerate the inconvenience.", "Between the Lines: 2014 marks the opening of the brand new Cubs Park in Mesa. The Cubs have been in Mesa since 1952 and moved from Hohokam Stadium. The long suffering Cubs fans are still waiting for a World Series victory, or at the very least to field a respectable team. As a tradition, during the Seventh inning stretch of a Cub spring training game, a fan is selected to stand on the dugout and lead the crowd in singing “Take Me Out to the Ballgame.”", "Fenway Park is a baseball park near Kenmore Square in Boston, Massachusetts. Located at 4 Yawkey Way, it has served as the home ballpark of the Boston Red Sox baseball team since it opened in 1912 and is the oldest Major League Baseball stadium in use. Because of the ballpark's age and constrained location in the dense Fenway–Kenmore neighborhood, the park has had many renovations and additions over the years not initially envisioned, resulting in unique, quirky features, including \"The Triangle\", \"Pesky's Pole\", and most notably the famous Green Monster in left field. Fenway Park has a low seating capacity, the fourth lowest in seating capacity and second lowest in total of all Major League Baseball stadiums; it is one of the seven Major League ballparks that cannot accommodate at least 40,000 spectators. It has hosted 11 World Series, beginning with the 1912 World Series and most recently the 2013 World Series. In addition to Major League Baseball, Fenway Park has been the site of many other sporting and cultural events, including professional football games for the Boston Redskins and the Boston Patriots, concerts, soccer and hockey games, political and religious campaigns. April 20, 2012, marked Fenway Park's centennial. On March 7, 2012, the park was added to the National Register of Historic Places.", "In 1930, outfielder Hack Wilson puts together one of the greatest hitting seasons in baseball history, pounding 56 homers and driving in 191 runs-a mark has never been bettered in Major League Baseball. On June 27, the largest crowd ever to see a game at Wrigley Field - 51,556 - is on hand as the Cubs play the Brooklyn Dodgers. But paid attendance is only 19,748, due to the Ladies Day promotion.", "After the 1909 season, the Sox moved 5 blocks to the north to play in the new Comiskey Park, while the 39th Street grounds became the home of the Chicago American Giants. Billed as the Baseball Palace of the World, it originally held 28,000 seats and eventually grew to hold over 50,000. It became known for its many odd features, such as the outdoor shower and the exploding scoreboard. When it closed after the 1990 season, it was the oldest ballpark still in Major League Baseball.", " On May 11, 2000, Glenallen Hill, facing Brewers starter Steve Woodard, became the first, and thus far only player, to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story residential building across Waveland Ave, beyond Wrigley Field's left field wall. The shot was estimated at well over 500 ft, but the Cubs fell to Milwaukee 12–8. No batted ball has ever hit the center field scoreboard, although the original \"Slammin' Sammy\", golfer Sam Snead, hit it with a golf ball in an exhibition in the 1950s. In 1948, Bill Nicholson barely missed the scoreboard when he launched a home run ball onto Sheffield Avenue and in 1959, Roberto Clemente came even closer with a home run ball hit onto Waveland Avenue. In 2001, a Sammy Sosa shot landed across Waveland and bounced a block down Kenmore Avenue. Dave Kingman hit a shot in 1979 that hit the third porch roof on the east side of Kenmore, estimated at 555 ft, and is regarded as the longest home run in Wrigley Field history. On May 26, 2015, the Cubs rookie third baseman, Kris Bryant, hit a homerun that traveled an estimated 477 ft off the park's new videoboard in left field. Later the same year, he hit a homer that traveled 495 ft that also ricocheted off of the videoboard On October 13, 2015, Kyle Schwarber's 438-foot home run landed on the equally new right field videoboard. It has been encased in plastic and remains atop the scoreboard. ", "Spring training by major league teams in sites other than their regular season game sites first became popular in the 1890s and by 1910 was in wide use. Hot Springs, Arkansas has been called the original \"birthplace\" of Spring Training baseball. The location of Hot Springs and the concept of getting the players ready for the upcoming season was the brainchild of Chicago White Stockings (today's Chicago Cubs) team President Albert Spalding and Cap Anson. In 1886, the White Stockings traveled to Hot Springs to prepare for the upcoming season. Practicing at the Hot Springs Baseball Grounds, the White Stockings had a successful season and other teams took notice and began holding spring training in Hot Springs. The Cleveland Spiders, Detroit Tigers, Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds, Brooklyn Dodgers and Boston Red Sox followed the White Stockings to Hot Springs. Whittington Park/Ban Johnson Park (1894), Majestic Park (1909) and Fogel Field (1912) were all built in Hot Springs to host Major League teams. ", "The stadium was the first new major sporting facility built in Chicago since Chicago Stadium in 1929. It was also the last one built before the wave of new \"retro-classic\" ballparks in the 1990s and 2000s. However, a few design features from the old park were retained. The front facade of the park features arched windows. Most notable is the \"exploding scoreboard\" which pays homage to the original installed by Bill Veeck at the old park in 1960. The original field dimensions and seating configuration were very similar to those of Royals Stadium (now Kauffman Stadium) in Kansas City—which had been the last baseball-only park built in the majors, in 1973.", "1982 - The longest baseball game played at Wrigley Field in Chicago, IL, went 21 innings before the Los Angeles Dodgers defeated the Cubs 2-1.", "With the beginnings of professional baseball, the ballfield became part of a complex including fixed spectator seating areas, and an enclosure to restrict access to paying customers, as with a fairgrounds. The name \"Grounds\" began to be attached to ballparks, starting with the Union Grounds in 1862.[ citation needed ] The suffixes \"Field\" and \"Park\" were still used, but many professional ballparks were \"Grounds\". The last surviving major league \"Grounds\" was the Polo Grounds in New York City, which was razed in 1964.", "One of the American League's eight charter franchises, the Chicago team was established as a major league baseball club in . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings, but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox. The team played home games at South Side Park before, in , moving to Comiskey Park for the next eight decades.", "With the beginnings of professional baseball, the ballfield became part of a complex including fixed spectator seating areas, and an enclosure to restrict access to paying customers, as with a fairgrounds. The name \"Grounds\" began to be attached to ballparks, starting with the Union Grounds in 1862. The suffixes \"Field\" and \"Park\" were still used, but many professional ballparks were \"Grounds\". The last surviving major league \"Grounds\" was the Polo Grounds in New York City, which was razed in 1964.", "The Ballpark Synagogue is a 1901 synagogue building on the grounds of the ballpark, which serves as the team's Fan store. It is the Nation's only Ballpark Synagogue and it is available for weddings and other events. The stadium is also used for multiple community events. In 2015, the South Bend Cubs broke their previous ticket sales record, with a total of 347,678 tickets sold. ", "Teams of this era played in two principal ballparks, Washington Park and Eastern Park . They first earned the nickname “Trolley Dodgers,” later shortened to Dodgers, while at Eastern Park during the 1890s because of the difficulty fans had in reaching the ballpark due to the number of trolley lines in the area. The club also engaged in a series of mergers during this period, acquiring the New York Metropolitans in 1888 for territorial protection and star contracts, merging with the Brooklyn Wonders in 1891 as part of the Players League settlement, and merging with the Baltimore Orioles (NL) in 1900 as part of the National League 's consolidation of clubs.", "While Cleveland Stadium is the ancestor to the multi-purpose ballpark, the ancestor of the modern ballpark is Milwaukee County Stadium. It was the first to feature a symmetrical, round outfield fence. It also featured the rounded V-shaped grandstand and colorful seats that are common among all modern parks. Coincidentally, it also would have been one of the earlier examples of a converted park as well. It was supposed to replace a minor league facility, and serve as home of the minor league team until a major league franchise could be lured to the city. However, the Braves came to Milwaukee earlier than expected, and the minor league team never played in the stadium.", "While Cleveland Stadium is the ancestor to the multi-purpose ballpark, the ancestor of the modern ballpark is Milwaukee County Stadium . It was the first to feature a symmetrical, round outfield fence. It also featured the rounded V-shaped grandstand and colorful seats that are common among all modern parks. Coincidentally, it also would have been one of the earlier examples of a converted park as well. It was supposed to replace a minor league facility, and serve as home of the minor league team until a major league franchise could be lured to the city. However, the Braves came to Milwaukee earlier than expected, and the minor league team never played in the stadium.", "Guaranteed Rate Field ( Chicago White Sox ) – The old Comiskey Park was well known for what was called the \"Exploding Scoreboard\". This scoreboard was reincarnated in the new park. Holding a huge video screen, the scoreboard features sound effects and fireworks that go off after wins and home runs and is topped by iconic spinning pinwheels.", "*Green seats, modeled after those in the original Comiskey Park, replaced the old blue seats in the Club level and some scattered areas around home plate. The bleachers in left-center field were painted green.", "In 1960 the Giants moved to Candlestick Park (sometimes known simply as \"The Stick\"), a stadium built on a point in San Francisco's southeast corner overlooking San Francisco Bay. The new stadium quickly gained a reputation for being one of the most inhospitable in baseball, with swirling winds, cold temperatures and impenetrable evening fogs making for a torturous experience; the radiant heating system installed never worked. Candlestick Park's reputation was sealed in the 9th inning of the 1961 All-Star Game , when after a day of perfect conditions, the winds rose. A strong gust caused Giants relief pitcher Stu Miller to slip off the pitching rubber during his delivery, resulting in a balk (and a baseball legend that Miller was \"blown off the mound\").", "The first National League game at the ballpark was played April 20, 1916, when the Cubs beat the Cincinnati Reds 7-6 in 11 innings ... a bear cub was in attendance at the game.", "Turner Field is a baseball park located in Atlanta, Georgia. Since 1997, it has served as the home ballpark to the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball (MLB). Originally built as Centennial Olympic Stadium in 1996 to serve as the centerpiece of the 1996 Summer Olympics, the stadium was converted into a baseball park to serve as the new home of the team. The Braves moved less than one block from Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium, which served as their home ballpark from 1966 to 1996 (30 years).", "Comiskey Park was a ballpark in Chicago, Illinois, the home of the Chicago White Sox from 1910 through 1990. Built by owner Charles Comiskey and designed by Zachary Taylor Davis, it hosted four World Series and more than 6,000 Major League Baseball games. The field was also the site of the 1937 heavyweight title match in which Joe Louis defeated then champion James J. Braddock in eight rounds.", "The St. Paul Saints first played their games at Lexington Park. When they moved to Chicago's Armour Square neighborhood, they began play at the South Side Park. Previously a cricket ground, the park was located on the north side of 39th Street (now called Pershing Road) between South Wentworth and South Princeton Avenues. Its massive dimensions yielded few home runs, which was to the advantage of the White Sox' Hitless Wonders teams of the early 20th century. ", "1932 - Pitcher John Quinn, 47, is oldest player to have an extra-base hit (a double) & bat in a run, as the Dodgers beat the Cubs 9-2", "Ebbets Field opened in 1913 and was the home of the Brooklyn Dodgers.  Located in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn, the stadium took up one city block and was the site of an incredible amount of historic events." ]

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[ "The Phantom is a fictional, costumed crime-fighter who operates from the fictional country of Bangalla. The character was created by Lee Falk for the adventure comic strip The Phantom, which debuted in newspapers on February 17, 1936. The Phantom was later depicted in many forms of media, including television shows, movies, and video games.", "The Phantom is a long-running American adventure comic strip, first published by Mandrake the Magician creator Lee Falk in February 1936, now primarily published internationally by Frew Publications. The main character, the Phantom, is a fictional costumed crime-fighter who operates from the fictional African country of Bangalla. The character has been adapted for television, film and video games.", "Bangalla, also known as Bengali or Bangolia or Bengalla (in the 1996 movie adaptation), is a fictional African country that features in the Lee Falk created comic series The Phantom. Bangalla is the home of the Phantom, who resides in the Deep Woods of the jungle in the fabled Skull Cave. In the 1996 film, Bengalla is located in Asia instead of Africa. In the 2009 The Phantom (miniseries) Bangalla is a fictional small island nation located in the Malay Archipelago.", "Leon \"Lee\" Falk is the creator of two of the most successful and longest-running action-adventure strips in the history of comic art: Mandrake the Magician and The Phantom.", "Mandrake the Magician, created by Lee Falk (1911–1999) and illustrated by Phil Davis (1906–1964), had magical powers and a cape, predating Superman. Here the three main characters, Mandrake, his sidekick African prince Lothar, and long-term fiancée Narda, conclude their adventure in the story “Sky Raid,” which had begun in December 1960. Falk and Davis were young men when they began their long-lasting partnership on Mandrake the Magician. Primarily a writer, Falk also created another well-known comic strip, The Phantom, shortly afterwards. In addition to writing two comic strips, Falk worked actively in the theater, producing and writing plays.", "Mandrake the Magician is a syndicated newspaper comic strip, created by Lee Falk ( The Phantom ), which began June 11, 1934. Phil Davis soon took over as the strip's illustrator, while Falk continued to script. The strip was distributed by King Features Syndicate . Davis worked on the strip until his death in 1964, when Falk recruited current artist Fred Fredericks. With Falk's death in 1999, Fredericks became both writer and artist.", "This comic is the first American publishing of The Phantom, who is now a worldwide hero. The Phantom made his debut on February 17th, 1936 and he was the first costumed hero. He was created by Lee Falk, who still today is working on his stories. The Phantom was the kind of hero that despite his normal \"human\" capabilities, fought crime with bravery and death defying stunts. Many future heroes would follow his lead. For more information about this breakthrough hero read", "Lee Falk continued work on The Phantom until his death in 1999. Today the comic strip is produced by writer Tony DePaul and artists Paul Ryan (Monday-Saturday) and Terry Beatty (Sunday). Previous artists on the newspaper strip include Ray Moore, Wilson McCoy, Bill Lignante, Sy Barry, George Olesen, Keith Williams, Fred Fredericks, Graham Nolan and Eduardo Barreto.", "Fascinated by myths and legends (such as King Arthur and El Cid) and the modern fictional characters Zorro, Tarzan and The Jungle Book Mowgli, Falk envisioned the character as wealthy playboy Jimmy Wells by day and the crime-fighting Phantom by night. During his first story, \"The Singh Brotherhood\", before disclosing that Wells was the Phantom Falk changed the setting to a jungle and made the Phantom an apparently immortal, mythic figure. Thinking that there were already too many characters called \"the Phantom\" (including The Phantom Detective and The Phantom of the Opera), Falk considered calling his hero \"The Gray Ghost\" (later the name of a Batman character, mentioned in the first episode of Phantom 2040). However, he could not find a name he liked better and decided to stay with the Phantom. ", "One of the first African crimefighting heroes ever to appear in comics, Lothar made his first appearance alongside Mandrake in 1934 in the inaugural daily strip. In the beginning, Lothar spoke poor English and wore a fez , short pants, and a leopard skin. When artist Fred Fredericks took over in 1965, Lothar spoke correct English and his clothing changed, although he often wore shirts with leopard-skin patterns. [5]", "One of the first African crimefighting heroes ever to appear in comics, Lothar made his first appearance alongside Mandrake in 1934 in the inaugural daily strip. In the beginning, Lothar spoke poor English and wore a fez , short pants, and a leopard skin. In a 1935 work by King Features Syndicate, Lothar is referred to as Mandrake's \"giant black slave.\" When artist Fred Fredericks took over in 1965, Lothar spoke correct English and his clothing changed, although he often wore shirts with leopard-skin patterns. [8]", "Story Arc : Despite its highly episodic nature, the first two seasons chronicle the fall of traditional crime and the rise of supervillains in Gotham City. When the series begins the Joker and the Penguin are the only active supervillains (almost every other supervillain we see it's Start of Darkness , and Ra's Al Ghul only comes to Gotham to meet the Batman). Corrupt Corporate Executive Roland Dagget and traditional gangsters Rupert Thorne and Arnold Stromwell run the city. Over the course of the series Dagget gradually loses his fortune as legal fees and criminal charges catch up to him, and Thorne and Stromwell have their operations systematically taken apart as new, colorful villains appear in the scene. This comes to a head for Dagget in \"Batgirl Returns\" where he's finally arrested, \"It's Never Too Late\" sees Stromwell have a change of heart and turn himself in, and Thorne himself gets arrested in \"Shadow of the Bat\" after another of his criminal operations is busted and it's revealed that Two-Face has been taking control of Gotham mobs behind the scenes. By the time of The New Batman Adventures, almost all criminal activities are provided by costumed and themed supervillains.", "This article is about a comic strip. For the animated television series, see The Boondocks (TV series) .", "Besides Uncle Duke, Thompson served as the inspiration for two other comic strip characters. Underground comix creator turned animation/cartooning historian Scott Shaw! used an anthropomorphic dog named \"Pointer X. Toxin\" in a number of his works. Matt Howarth has created a number of comic books in his \"Bugtown\" universe with a Thompson-inspired character named \"Monseiuer Boche\", as well as a musician named \"Savage Henry\", the name of a drug dealer (or \"scag baron\") mentioned in Fear and Loathing In Las Vegas.", "Darkie’s Mob ISBN 9781848564428 Authors: John Wagner, Mike Western November 2010, 160pp, 296x220 mm, HB £14.99 Black and white comic strip", "Despite Meiser's very great contribution, one of the key elements that made the strip so memorable was the artwork of Frank Giacoia. Giacoia produced artwork for comics for over forty years. He worked for a variety of publishers including PRIZE, GLEASON, ZIFF-DAVIS, WESTERN, TOWER, SEABOARD, and HILLMAN. However, his most extensive credits were for DC and MARVEL where his versatility was in evidence on books ranging from superheroes to westerns to teen humor and more. (While at Marvel, Giacoia often had to use the pseudonym \"Frank Ray\" so that he could still produce work for DC at the same time.)", "Based on the Western character created by legendary short story writer O. Henry in his 1907 short story \"The Caballero's Way,\" The Cisco Kid starred in a comic strip that ran for fifteen years. Volume One reprints this classic American comic strip by Rod Reed and Jose Luis Salinas from its beginning on January 15, 1951 to January 31, 1953 with an introduction by Sergio Aragonés, rarely seen Salinas artwork, biographical information, and more! Volume Two reprints dailies from February 2, 1953 to March 19, 1955 with an introduction by Don McGregor.", "Pogo is the title and central character of a long-running daily American comic strip, created by cartoonist Walt Kelly (1913–1973) and distributed by the Post-Hall Syndicate. Set in the Okefenokee Swamp of the southeastern United States, the strip often engaged in social and political satire through the adventures of its anthropomorphic funny animal characters.", "In another cartoon of the same period (Fig 163), PW Botha is shown ramming the elongated muzzle of a handgun up the nose of a black man, while another black man lies across the table with a knife in his back. Botha’s words are: ‘Luister kaffir, I only talk with moderate black leaders.’ Bauer unmasks the Machiavellian brutality of the regime, while at the same time subjecting the black characters to the same savage caricature as is meted out to the white characters. In a 1987 cartoon about sanctions (Fig 164), Kenneth Kaunda and Robert Mugabe are shown holding hands and standing on a soapbox, the word ‘rhubarb’ coming out of their mouths and piling up around them, suggesting that", "comic strip character created by Reg Smythe , seen in The Daily Mirror and The Sunday Mirror newspapers since August 5 , 1957 . The strip is syndicated internationally by Creators Syndicate . Originally a single-panel cartoon, Smythe later expanded it to four panels. The character is also licensed as the mascot for a line of snack foods , and a defunct chain of miniature golf courses in Brevard County, Florida", "A master of the comic crime novel, Hiaasen patrols Florida's Everglades. His villains are big business, petty crims and That Mouse. Skink, a feral former Florida governor who lives off roadkill, often features. SL", "On this day in 1941 King Features Syndicate launched Rocky Mason, Government Marshal. The only straight adventure comic by cartoonist Jimmy Swinnerton, one of the early greats of newspaper comics, began 69 years ago today.", "A large-format illustrated book, covering 'The lives and times of the world's 25 best-known fictional crime fighters'. Each section offers an overview of a character or characters, as well as a brief in-universe biography:", "Jackanapes is a gorilla in a clown costume that wields a machete and submachine gun. He appears as an enemy of Damian Wayne in the future.", "R.K. Maroon (Alan Tilvern) is the owner of Maroon Cartoons. He paid Eddie $100 to photograph Jessica and Marvin Acme, which eventually led to Acme's murder. Maroon later admitted that he was trying to blackmail Acme into selling Toontown to Cloverleaf Industries so that he could sell his studio as well, since Cloverleaf wanted to buy both properties at once. Before he could reveal who was behind the plot, he was shot and killed by Judge Doom.", "FIG 130 MZWAKHE NHLABATSI, COVER ILLUSTRATION FOR DOWN SECOND AVENUE, COMIC book based on THE BOOK BY ES’KIA MPHAHLELE, 1988.", "Flobee's Mission Planet - \" Tak, the Hideous New Girl \" episode of Invader Zim cartoon series.", "*South African political cartoonist Zapiro published a 2006 book collection of his strips entitled Da Zuma Code, which parodies the former deputy president Jacob Zuma.", "Dennis O'Neil was the primary writer of the book. His role was later taken over by writers Elliot S. Maggin and E. Nelson Bridwell. C. C. Beck drew stories for the first 10 issues of the book before quitting due to creative differences. Bob Oksner and Fawcett alumnus Kurt Schaffenberger were among the later artists of the title.", "Notwithstanding his unsuccessful attempt to harness the creative energies of Percy Sedumedi, Neil Napper continued in his mission to publish comic books for black readers. In partnership with Peter Esterhuysen, a thoughtful and gifted young writer, he established the Storyteller Group, which was to become a prolific publisher of educational comic books during its brief heyday in the early 1990s. Napper and Esterhuysen were a formidable team – Napper simultaneously passionate and businesslike, Esterhuysen long-haired, intellectual and self-effacing with eloquent fingers that wafted the air as he talked. They brought something entirely new to South African comics publishing: a vision of comics not just as a vehicle for entertainment, political mobilisation or life-skills education, but as a form of ‘popular visual literature’. Together with a number of excellent illustrators, notably Carlos Carvalho, Vusi Malindi and Alastair Findlay, they launched a pioneering plan to kick-start a ‘reading culture’, sorely lacking in the black townships as a result of the appalling legacy of Bantu education. They aimed to do this by providing free comic books to disadvantaged communities.", "Renaldo illustrated a book of poetry by Moreton B. Price titled Drifter's Dreams. His illustrations are ink sketches of idyllic scenes, primarily seascapes and landscapes. He also painted in oils. Two of his large paintings of members of the Maasai tribe whom he met in Kenya while filming Trader Horn were prominently displayed in his Santa Barbara home in 1971.", "Several bird characters have been depicted in the strip. Some are named and others are not:" ]

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[ "08.05.2010. Volcanic ash has returned to torment air travellers in the north of Portugal and Spain. Several hundred flights were cancelled on Saturday as winds once again blew thick clouds of ash into European airspace. In Portugal, flights from Porto, Lisbon and Faro were affected, while Barcelona was among 19 Spanish airports to close. Several flights from Marseille airport were also cancelled, and difficulties in France and Italy could intensify in the coming days. The travel chaos in continental Europe is nothing though compared to the difficulties of those who live close the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland. Many have been forced to flee their homes because of the blanket of ash that has descended upon them.", "Ash from Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull volcano drifts towards Europe, causing air traffic to close over Northern Norway.", "April 14, Iceland:An explosion in the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland—which had erupted in late March and produced minimal seismic activity—resulted in a volcanic ash plume in the atmosphere over northern and central Europe. Air travel in the region was halted for several days, causing the cancellation of several thousand flights and disrupting the travel plans of millions of people. (Apr. 21): After millions of travelers have been stranded for days in Europe and North America, airports around the world begin operation again.", "Icelandic radio said part of the ring road that goes around the small north Atlantic island had been swept away. To the east of the volcano, thousands of hectares of land are covered by a thick layer of ash. The cloud of ash from the eruption has hit air travel all over northern Europe, with flights grounded or diverted due to the risk of engine damage from sucking in particles of ash from the volcanic cloud. The volcano under the Ejfjallajokull glacier, Iceland's fifth largest glacier, has erupted five times since Iceland was settled in the ninth century. Iceland sits on a volcanic hotspot in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and has relatively frequent eruptions, although most occur in sparsely populated areas and pose little danger to people or property. Before March, the last eruption took place in 2004.", "16.04.2010. Icelandic volcano still spewing huge ash plume. Reuters reports: An Icelandic volcano is still spewing ash into the air in a massive plume that has disrupted air traffic across Europe and shows little sign of letting up, officials said on Friday. One expert said the eruption at the volcano, about 120 km (75 miles) southeast of capital Reykjavik, could abate in the coming days, but a spokesman of the central administration said ash would keep drifting into the skies of Europe. The thick, dark brown ash cloud that shot several kilometers (miles) into the air and has drifted away from the north Atlantic island has shut down air traffic across northern Europe and restrictions remained in place in many areas. Norway and Sweden said they would resume limited flights in their northern areas, but Poland and the Czech Republic joined the list of countries with closed airports.", "Grimsvotn's eruption, which was accompanied by small earthquakes, comes just one year after the Eyjafjallajokull volcano erupted , sending a cloud of ash over Europe that impeded air travel. According to the AP, a no-fly zone has been put into effect 120 nautical miles surrounding the location of this event.", "18.05.2010. The wind direction allows Keflavík International Airport to be open today � international flights at Icelandair and Iceland Express are mostly on schedule � although the volcanic ash from Eyjafjallajökull will disrupt domestic flights in Iceland. The volcanic ash from Eyjafjallajökull will probably make disruptions of European air traffic more or less during the rest of the spring and in the summer time, but in general, unless special cases, it will not be reported more about it and this volcano on this file until the eruption is over, as enough is reported already of the consequences for the Icelandic economic-political system, the main item of this file.", "In a photo taken on May 24, plumes of ash and steam billow out from the crater of the Grimsvotn volcano. Air traffic disruption triggered by the eruption of Iceland's volcano was reduced to parts of Norway and Sweden Thursday, as the last spits of hot vapour seeped out of the crater. Thousands of passengers had their travel plans ripped up after Saturday's eruption, with hundreds of flights over Scotland and Germany among the worst affected this week, although far short of the scale of disruption caused by another eruption on Iceland just over one year ago. (Bjorn Oddsson / AFP - Getty Images) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "17.04.2010. Ash may hover for days over uncertain Europe. The Icelandic volcano that has kept much of Europe land-bound is far from finished spitting out its grit, and offered up new mini-eruptions Saturday that raise concerns about longer-term damage to world air travel and trade. Facing days to come under the volcano's unpredictable, ashy plume, Europeans are looking at temporary airport layoffs and getting creative with flight patterns to try to weather this extraordinary event. Modern Europe has never seen such a travel disruption. Air space across a swath from Britain to Ukraine was closed and set to stay that way until Sunday or Monday in some countries, affecting airports from New Zealand to San Francisco.", "A plane flies past a smoke plume resulting from the eruption of the Grimsvotn volcano, under the Vatnajokull glacier in southeast Iceland, May 21, 2011. Airlines began canceling flights to Britain because of the ash cloud from the volcano reaching its airspace, although experts expected no repeat of travel chaos from the eruption of Eyjafjallajokull a year ago. (Olafur Sigurjonsson/Reuters)", "Ash from an erupting Icelandic volcano could reach northern Scotland by Tuesday and parts of Britain, France and Spain by Thursday or Friday if the eruption continues at the same rate, airlines were warned on Sunday.", "Ash thrown into the air by eruptions can present a hazard to aircraft, especially jet aircraft where the particles can be melted by the high operating temperature; the melted particles then adhere to the turbine blades and alter their shape, disrupting the operation of the turbine. Dangerous encounters in 1982 after the eruption of Galunggung in Indonesia, and 1989 after the eruption of Mount Redoubt in Alaska raised awareness of this phenomenon. Nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers were established by the International Civil Aviation Organization to monitor ash clouds and advise pilots accordingly. The 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull caused major disruptions to air travel in Europe.", "No immediate danger from ash cloud [...] Ash from another Icelandic volcano led to huge disruption in Europe last year. During last April's sixday shutdown only a handful of flights took off or landed in the UK. Thousands of", "The last time an Icelandic volcano with an unpronounceable name spewed forth a thick cloud of ash, it led to crippingly expensive airport shutdowns, weeks of delays across Europe , and left tens of thousands of travellers stranded.", "Airlines have been alerted that an Icelandic volcano may be on the brink of an eruption that could affect air travel. Meteorologists have warned that “ongoing magma movement” could also potentially lead to flooding or gas emissions at the Bardarbunga volcano.The risk level to air travel has been raised to orange; the second highest level.In 2010, the Eyjafjallajokull volcano eruption caused significant disruption to European air travel, as well as causing a nightmare for news re", "The Eyjafjallajokull volcano, one of the island’s largest, erupted in April 2010 and sent numerous bursts of ash into the atmosphere for weeks. The authorities in dozens of European countries moved quickly to ground airplanes in order to prevent damage to jet engines by the ash.", "Scientists say that because the volcano is situated below a glacial ice cap, magma is being cooled quickly, causing explosions and plumes of grit that can be catastrophic to plane engines, depending on prevailing winds. \"Normally, a volcano spews out ash to begin with and then it changes into lava, but here it continues to spew out ash, because of the glacier,\" said Reynir Bodvarsson, director of Swedish National Seismic Network. \"It is very special.\" Bodvarsson said the relative weakness of the eruption in Iceland also means the ash remains relatively close to the earth. In 1989, a KLM Boeing 747 that flew through a volcanic ash cloud above Alaska temporarily lost all four motors. The motors restarted at a lower altitude and the plane eventually landed safely.", "May 24th.  The ash plume reaches three to five kilometres elevation today.  The progress of the eruption is as predicted to the extent, that it subsides gradually.  The tephra emission of the eruptive fissure is estimatated 100 m3/sec compared to 2000-3000 m3/sec yesterday.  Ash has fallen in most parts of the country without affecting domestic flights, which were only cancelled during the second day of the eruption.  International flights were cancelled to and from England, Denmark and Norway.  More people seem to disagree with the conclusions of London VAAC , and use their own judgement.  Ryan Air cancelled flights to and between Ireland and Scotland after declaring unchanged flight schedules today.  The Norwegians decided to ignore the VAAC warnings and continued their scheduled flights.", "Passengers wait in the main terminal at Edinburgh Airport, in Scotland on May 24. Ash from an Icelandic volcano forced the cancellation of dozens of flights to and from Scotland on Tuesday but Ireland's Ryanair said it would protest against \"unnecessary\" restrictions. (David Moir / Reuters) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "The 2010 eruption caught out the aviation industry because next to no research had been done on what constituted a safe amount of ash for jet engines to ingest. In the past, eruptions had usually occurred in remote areas where ash clouds could easily be avoided, but as the Eyjafjallajokull ash cloud settled over western Europe, and with the official safe level for ash set at zero for jet engines, more flights were cancelled than at any time since the Second World War.", "Eruptive plumes were dense, oftentimes continuous, and extended E over Argentina and then the Atlantic Ocean (table 1). Ashfall reached up to about 15 cm thick in Argentina and adjacent parts of Chile (figures 4-6). Numerous flights were cancelled as far away as Australia and New Zealand, and many airports were forced to close temporarily (see section below).", "Iceland volcano 2011: Incredible pictures of volcanic ash released as dozens of flights are axed | Daily Mail Online", "The first order effect will be to disrupt aviation again. But this time if the eruption persists then the cloud will spread much further eastward and southward eventually reaching China and the US, disrupting air travel throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere.", "A plume of volcanic ash was at times ejected several kilometres into the atmosphere by this eruption, potentially causing a hazard for aeroplanes. UK airspace was closed from 15–20 April, causing significant disruption, and was reopened following new guidelines about ash densities that could be tolerated by aircraft.", "The eruption's ash cloud was carried by a jet stream towards mainland Europe causing 313 airports to close and 100,000 flights to be cancelled, leaving 7 million people stranded. The disruption is estimated to have cost the airline industry £1.4 billion ($2.2 billion).", "The fallout from the eruption saw air traffic effectively grounded over Europe, which in turn had a knock-on effect on international flights. ", "What happens now depends on three things. How long the volcano continues to erupt (this could be days or just hours); how the airlines decide to interpret the ash guidelines issued by the Civil Aviation Authority – which is unknown – and, lastly, the weather.", "Millions of passengers have had plans foiled or delayed. Activity in the volcano at the heart of this increased early Saturday, and showed no sign of abating. \"There doesn't seem to be an end in sight,\" Icelandic geologist Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson told The Associated Press on Saturday. \"The activity has been quite vigorous overnight, causing the eruption column to grow.\" Scientists say that because the volcano is situated below a glacial ice cap, the magma is being cooled quickly, causing explosions and plumes of grit that can be catastrophic to plane engines, depending on prevailing winds.", "The eruption caused the closure of the nearest airport on the Italian mainland and left several villages covered in a thick layer of ash.", "What does art history have to tell us about the cloud of volcanic ash that obscured the sky bringing European air space to a weeklong standstill? ", "Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. One such hazard is that volcanic ash can be a threat to aircraft, in particular those with jet engines where ash particles can be melted by the high operating temperature; the melted particles then adhere to the turbine blades and alter their shape, disrupting the operation of the turbine. Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere). Historically, so-called volcanic winters have caused catastrophic famines.", "The ash cloud reaches its maximum height of 30km (19mi) and then collapses, sending a pyroclastic surge of hot gas and rock down the volcano’s northwest slope toward Herculaneum. Moving up to 700km/h (435mph) and with temperatures up to 400°C (752°F), the surge instantly kills everyone it touches." ]

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[ "Ornithology is the study of birds. All birds have feather and bills and most fly. Their closest living relatives are crocodiles and alligators.", "Ornithology is the scientific field dedicated to the study of birds. Any bird - whether it is a tiny hummingbird or an extra large emu - falls under the realm of ornithology.", "Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds. The word \"ornithology\" derives from the ancient Greek ὄρνις ornis (\"bird\") and λόγος logos (\"rationale\" or \"explanation\"). Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines, due partly to the high visibility and the aesthetic appeal of birds. Most marked among these is the extent of studies undertaken by amateurs working within the parameters of strict scientific methodology.", "And any type of research relating to birds, like a study of their habitat or migration patterns, is considered a part of the field of ornithology.", "While Philadelphians maintained scientific interest in birds between the eighteenth and twenty-first centuries, the region became an important scholarly center for ornithology by the early nineteenth century. Primarily known for taxonomy (the science of classifying organisms), ornithological study transformed in the 1860s after the scientific community discovered a conclusive evolutionary link between birds and dinosaurs. ⇒ Read More", "Oology is a branch of ornithology studying bird eggs, nests and breeding behaviour. The word is derived from the Greek \"oion\", meaning egg. Oology can also refer to the hobby of collecting wild birds' eggs, sometimes called egg collecting, birdnesting or egging, which is now illegal in many jurisdictions.", "The emergence of ornithology as a scientific discipline began in the 18th century when Mark Catesby published his two-volume Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, a landmark work which included 220 hand-painted engravings and was the basis for many of the species Carl Linnaeus described in the 1758 Systema Naturae. Linnaeus' work revolutionised bird taxonomy by assigning every species a binomial name, categorising them into different genera.", "Although the pastime of oology is no longer viable, there are countless opportunities for the 21st century bird hobbyist and enthusiast to study birds and in turn help scientists. Cornell’s Ornithology Department offers a variety of bird citizen science programs and the National Audubon Society has nature centers, local chapters, and citizen science projects  waiting for you to discover.", "Many species of birds have been driven to extinction by human activities. Being conspicuous elements of the ecosystem, they have been considered as indicators of ecological health. They have also helped in gathering support for habitat conservation. Bird conservation requires specialized knowledge in aspects of biology, ecology and may require the use of very location specific approaches. Ornithologists contribute to conservation biology by studying the ecology of birds in the wild and identifying the key threats and ways of enhancing the survival of species. Critically endangered species such as the California condor have had to be captured and bred in captivity. Such ex-situ conservation measures may be followed by re-introduction of the species into the wild.", "Several early German and French scholars compiled old works and conducted new research on birds. These included Guillaume Rondelet who described his observations in the Mediterranean and Pierre Belon who described the fish and birds that he had seen in France and the Levant. Belon's Book of Birds (1555) is a folio volume with descriptions of some two hundred species. His comparison of the skeleton of humans and birds is considered as a landmark in comparative anatomy. Volcher Coiter (1534–1576), a Dutch anatomist made detailed studies of the internal structures of birds and produced a classification of birds, De Differentiis Avium (around 1572), that was based on structure and habits. Konrad Gesner wrote the Vogelbuch and Icones avium omnium around 1557. Like Gesner, Ulisse Aldrovandi, an encyclopedic naturalist began a 14-volume natural history with three volumes on birds, entitled ornithologiae hoc est de avibus historiae libri XII which was published from 1599 to 1603. Aldrovandi showed great interest in plants and animals and his work included 3000 drawings of fruits, flowers, plants and animals, published in 363 volumes. His Ornithology alone covers 2000 pages and included such aspects as the chicken and poultry techniques. He used a number of traits including behaviour, particularly bathing and dusting, to classify bird groups. ", "The definition of oologist in the dictionary is someone who studies or is an expert in the branch of ornithology concerned with the study of birds' eggs.", "Oology can have two meanings. It is used to either refer to the study of bird eggs, or it can be used to describe the collecting of bird eggs. Even though the name is the same, the impact on bird life and ecosystems is vastly different. Studying bird eggs allows scientists and conservationists to understand the breeding habits of various birds and their nests. Collecting bird eggs almost led to the extinction of many bird species, as it had become a popular hobby that is now illegal in most countries.", "In memory of ornithologist James Audubon (1785-1851), the National Audubon Society is founded in the United States to study bird species.", "Ornithomancy or Orniscopy : Divination method and study of omens associated with birds, particularly birds in flight", "It is also not unusual for multiple branches of ornithology to overlap over the course of a single research project and for ornithologists to collaborate.", "[bird migrations, avian, zoology, ornithology, bird watching, Aristotle, Redstarts, Garden Warblers, Crans, Robins, Greece, marshlands, Pliny the Elder, transmutation, Olaus Magnus, Stork, Homer's Iliad]", "oology - the branch of zoology that studies eggs (especially birds' eggs and their size, shape, coloration, and number)", "Collection refers to the more traditional biological approach to the study of birds, through the collection of both live and deceased specimens. The specimens are analyzed in terms of their body systems, anatomy, physiology, and even their DNA.", "Written by ornithologist James Bond and first published in 1936 by the Academy of Natural Sciences as part of the International Series. It has been reprinted several times since then, including a September 1, 1999 edition from Houghton Mifflin and a March 4, 2002 edition from Collins. ", "A passerine is a bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds , the passerines form one of the most diverse terrestrial vertebrate orders: with over 5,000 identified species , [1] it has roughly twice as many species as the largest of the mammal orders, the Rodentia . It contains over 110 families, the second most of any order of vertebrates (after the Perciformes ).", "Mohsanin, S. and Khan (2009). Study on status, seasonal occurrences and breeding of the birds conducted in Jahangirnagar University campus.", "Because of the starling's abundance and association with humans, many aspects of its natural history are known in detail, from studies both in its native range and in areas to which it was introduced. It has also served as a model for studying basic avian biology. Recent research has done much to illuminate the mechanics of flight and control of the endocrine system (e.g. see Nicholls et al. 1988; Dial et al. 1991). A good overview of much of this information is included in Feare (1984).", "Sibley, C. G., and Ahlquist, J. E. (1991) Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale University Press.", "Begum, S. 1992. Breeding activities of nine bird species at Jahangirnagar University Campus. M.Sc. dissertation (unpublished), Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University.", "The Corvidae family contains the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies, choughs and nutcrackers. They are considered the most intelligent of the birds. They are medium to large in size, with strong feet and bills, and a single moult each year (most passerines moult twice). Most species have bristle-like feathers covering their nostrils. They are omnivores having a varied diet. Corvids are found worldwide except for the tip of South America and the polar ice caps. [abstracted from Wikipedia]", "*Systematics: \"The study of the identification, taxonomy and nomenclature of organisms, including the classification of living things with regard to their natural relationships and the study of variation and the evolution of taxa\".", "One of the pairs of Crimson-breasted Shrikes that were part of the study. Image: Irene van den Heuvel", "A passerine is any bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species. A notable feature of passerines compared to other orders of Aves is the arrangement of their toes, three pointing forward and one back, which facilitates perching. Sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds, the passerines form one of the most diverse terrestrial vertebrate orders, with over 5,000 identified species. It has roughly twice as many species as the largest of the mammal orders, the Rodentia. It contains more than 110 families, the second-most of any order of tetrapods (after Squamata, the scaled reptiles).", "Also known as perching birds, the order PASSERIFORMES (pronounced pas-ser-i-FOR-meez) is composed of one hundred and eighteen families of birds, among which are included the insectivorous warblers and the seed-eating finches.", "Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey. There are about thirty species worldwide, nine in Britain.", "In the late 1800s, Herman von Meyer discovered the winged, chicken-like Archaeopteryx. The strange likeness of this dinosaur to birds got scientists thinking that perhaps there was a connection between modern birds and extinct dinosaurs. Research done in the mid and late 1900s by John H. Ostrom firmly established the connection between modern birds and dinosaurs. It is now widely accepted that birds are the descendants of certain dinosaurs.", "any member of the suborder Passeri (or Oscines), of the order Passeriformes, including about 4,000 species—nearly half the world’s birds—in 35 to 55 families." ]

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[ "American rapper and home improvement television personality, Robert Matthew Van Winkle, best known by his stage name Vanilla Ice has an estimated net worth of $18 million. With his hit single “Ice Ice Baby” and its accompanying album, To the Extreme, Vanilla Ice became the second white rapper to top the charts. “Ice Ice Baby” became a number one hit late in 1990, thanks to the pulsating bass riff from David Bowie and Queen’s “Under Pressure.” To the Extreme also went to the top of the charts, spending 16 weeks at number one and selling over seven million copies. Ice began filming a feature film, Cool as Ice, in the spring of 1990, but by the time the film came out in the fall, his star had fallen dramatically. In 2009, Van Winkle began hosting The Vanilla Ice Project on DIY Network. His latest album WTF – Widsom, Tenacity & Focus is set to be released sometime in 2011. Vanilla Ice was born Robert Matthew Van Winkle was born in Dallas, Texas.", "Robert Matthew Van Winkle, known professionally as Vanilla Ice, is an American rapper, actor, and television host. Born in South Dallas, and raised in Texas and South Florida, Ice released his debut album, Hooked, in 1989 on Ichiban Records, before signing a contract with SBK Records, a record label of the EMI Group which released a reformatted version of the album under the title To the Extreme. Ice's 1990 single \"Ice Ice Baby\" was the first hip hop single to top the Billboard charts.", "Robert Matthew Van Winkle (born October 31, 1967), known by his stage name, Vanilla Ice, is an American rapper, actor and television host. Born in South Dallas, and raised in Texas and South Florida, Ice released his debut album, Hooked, in 1989 on Ichiban Records, before signing a contract with SBK Records, a record label of the EMI Group which released a reformatted version of the album under the title To the Extreme. Ice's 1990 single \"Ice Ice Baby\" was the first hip hop single to top the Billboard charts.", "Rapper, singer, songwriter, athlete, and actor. Born Robert Van Winkle on October 31, 1967 (some sources say 1968), in Miami, Florida. During his meteoric rise to fame in the early 1990s, Vanilla Ice became the first white rapper to top the pop singles chart with his hit, \"Ice Ice Baby.\" He quickly fell from favor, however, and has spent years reinventing himself and his sound.", "MC Hammer hit mainstream success with the multi platinum album Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em. The record reached #1 and the first single, \"U Can't Touch This\" charted on the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100. MC Hammer became one of the most successful rappers of the early nineties and one of the first household names in the genre. The album raised rap music to a new level of popularity. It was the first hip-hop album certified diamond by the RIAA for sales of over ten million. It remains one of the genre's all-time best-selling albums. To date, the album has sold as many as 18 million units. Released in 1990, \"Ice Ice Baby\" by Vanilla Ice was the first hip hop single to top the Billboard charts in the U.S. It also reached number one in the UK, Australia among others and has been credited for helping diversify hip hop by introducing it to a mainstream audience. In 1992, Dr. Dre released The Chronic. As well as helping to establish West Coast gangsta rap as more commercially viable than East Coast hip hop, this album founded a style called G Funk, which soon came to dominate West Coast hip hop. The style was further developed and popularized by Snoop Dogg's 1993 album Doggystyle.", "Robert Van Winkle, better known as rapper Vanilla Ice, demonstrates his expertise in real estate and home renovation by renovating a house along with a team of handymen.", "\"Ice Ice Baby\" was initially released as the B-side to Vanilla Ice's cover of \"Play That Funky Music\", but the single was not initially successful. When disc jockey David Morales played \"Ice Ice Baby\" instead, it began to gain success. \"Ice Ice Baby\" was the first hip hop single to top the Billboard charts. Outside the United States, the song topped the charts in Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, thus helping the song diversify hip hop by introducing it to a mainstream audience. The song came fifth in VH1 and Blenders 2004 list of the \"50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs Ever.\" ", "When Ice was given a baseball bat, he ended up destroying not only the film but the show's entire set as well. In 2001, DJ ReAnimator remixed \"Ice Ice Baby\" with Vanilla Ice re-doing his vocals for the track. Ice Ice Baby 2001 was released as a single and music video for the European market spawning a wave of new overseas interest in Vanilla Ice.<br /><br /> Having attracted a following outside of his former mainstream audience, Ice began recording independently, despite still being signed at Universal. During a recording session, Ice met the all-female American hard rock band from Southern California, Betty Blowtorch. The late Bianca Halstead bonded with Ice and asked if he wanted to contribute a rap interlude to their track Size Queen. On Ice's collaboration with the band, lead vocalist and bassist Halstead was quoted saying \"I asked him if he could rap over track and he said he can rap over anything. And he could!\" Per his stepfather's request, Ice started working with his former manager Tommy Quon again, while hoping to re-create some of the magic that they worked hard on in the early 90's, Ice denied any interest in trying to become big again and that his only passion was music, not fame. Read Less", "Vanilla Ice (real name Robert Matthew Van Winkle) and his wife Laura are parents of two girls - Dusti Rain, born in 1998, and KeeLee Breeze, born in 2000.", "More recently, Vanilla Ice has been revisiting some great songs of the past, including his own \"Ice Ice Baby.\" His latest record, 2008's Ice Is Back: Hip Hop Classics, features cover songs by such artists as Bob Marley, Public Enemy, and Cypress Hill. In 2009, Vanilla Ice gave a concert with fellow 90s rap-pop star M. C. Hammer in Salt Lake City, Utah, and the two plan to appear together again.", "To the Extreme became the fastest selling hip hop album of all time, spending sixteen weeks at #1 on the Billboard 200 and selling eleven million copies. SBK Record executive Monte Lipman stated that he received calls from radio stations reporting over 200 phone calls requesting Ice Ice Baby. SBK wanted Ice on the road as soon as possible. MC Hammer, an old acquaintance from his club days, had Ice on as an opening act on his tour. Reviews of To the Extreme were mixed. Entertainment Weekly reviewer Mim Udovitch gave the album a B, citing \"Ice Ice Baby\", \"Play That Funky Music\", \"Dancin'\" and \"It's a Party\" as the album's highlights. Robert Christgau gave the album a C− rating, writing that Ice's \"suave sexism, fashionably male supremacist rather than dangerously obscene, is no worse than his suave beats\". Criticizing the technique and style of Vanilla Ice, Allrovi reviewer Steve Huey wrote:", "- Vanilla Ice (1999) ... (performer: \"Ice Ice Baby\", \"Too Cold\", \"S.N.A.F.U.\", \"Hooked\", \"Ice Is Workin' It\", \"Play That Funky Music\", \"Stop That Train\", \"Fame\", \"Ninja Rap\", \"Cool as Ice (Everybody Get Loose)\", \"The Wrath\", \"Zig Zag Stories\", \"A.D.D.\", \"Fuck Me\") / (writer: \"Ice Ice Baby\", \"Ice Is Workin' It\", \"Play That Funky Music\", \"Stop That Train\", \"Fame\", \"The Wrath\" - as Robert Van Winkle) / (writer: \"Too Cold\", \"S.N.A.F.U.\", \"Hooked\", \"Ninja Rap\", \"Cool as Ice (Everybody Get Loose)\", \"Zig Zag Stories\", \"A.D.D.\", \"Fuck Me\")", "- True Crime (1993) ... (performer: \"Ice, Ice, Baby\") / (writer: \"Ice, Ice, Baby\" - as Robert Van Winkle)", "Along with Beastie Boys, 3rd Bass, and House of Pain, Ice was one of the earliest white rappers to attain major success. Chuck D has credited Ice as a regional breakthrough, stating \"He broke through in the mid-South, in a Southern area in Texas, in something that was kind of indigenous to that hip-hop culture down there. He just doesn’t get credit for it.\" In 1991, 3rd Bass released a single called \"Pop Goes the Weasel\", and in the lyrics comparing Ice unfavorably to Elvis Presley. The song's music video featured Henry Rollins as Ice, who is depicted as being assaulted by 3rd Bass. Ice responded to \"Pop Goes the Weasel\" with his 1992 song \"The Wrath\". Del tha Funkee Homosapien referred to Ice in the lyrics of \"Pissin' on Your Steps\", which appeared on his 1991 debut album I Wish My Brother George Was Here. Similar to 'Pop Goes the Weasel', the song negatively makes a connection between Ice and Elvis, while saying Ice alongside MC Hammer are mocking hip hop by being commercial. Vanilla Ice answered back to most of his critics in the song Hit 'em Hard. ", "By the early 1990s, MTV was playing a combination of pop-friendly hard rock acts, chart-topping metal and hard rock acts such as Metallica, Nirvana and Guns N' Roses, pop singers such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, 2 Unlimited, and New Kids on the Block, and R&B groups such as New Edition, En Vogue, Bell Biv Devoe, SWV, Tony Toni Tone, TLC and Boyz II Men, while introducing hit rappers Vanilla Ice and MC Hammer. MTV progressively increased its airing of hip hop acts, such as LL Cool J, Queen Latifah, Salt-n-Pepa, Naughty By Nature, Onyx, MC Lyte, and Sir-Mix-A-Lot, and by 1993, the channel added West Coast rappers previously associated with gangsta rap, with a less pop-friendly sound, such as Tupac Shakur, Ice Cube, Warren G, Ice-T, Dr. Dre, Tone Loc, and Snoop Doggy Dogg.", "Tupac Amaru Shakur (June 16, 1971–September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names, Makaveli and 2Pac, was an American hip-hop artist, poet and actor. He is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the best-selling rap/hip-hop artist ever, having sold over 75 million albums worldwide, including 44.5 million sales in the United States alone. He has had 17 top ten singles in the United States.", "Through his friend Warren G, Snoop met famed rapper Dr. Dre, which led to Snoop's start in the music business. His first album,Doggystyle (1993), climbed its way to the No. 1 spot on Billboard's hip-hop and Top 200 charts, based in part on the success of the singles \"What's My Name\" and \"Gin and Juice.\" His next album, Tha Doggfather (1996), also reached the top of the charts. He scored the top slot on the hip-hop charts with his next two albums: Da Game Is To Be Sold, Not To Be Told (1998) and No Limit Top Dogg (1999). Snoop became known for his laid-back rapping style and his name has become synonymous with gangster rap of the 1990s. He originally called himself \"Snoop Doggy Dogg,\" but later shortened it to Snoop Dogg.", "James Todd Smith (born January 14, 1968), better known by his stage name LL Cool J (short for Ladies Love Cool James), is an American rapper and actor from Queens, New York. He is known for such hip hop hits as \"I Can't Live Without My Radio\", \"I'm Bad\", \"The Boomin' System\", \"Rock The Bells\" and \"Mama Said Knock You Out\", as well as romantic ballads such as \"Doin' It\", \"I Need Love\", \"Around the Way Girl\" and \"Hey Lover\". ", "In 1985, he was focusing all of his energy on motocross, winning three championships. After breaking his ankle during a race, Ice was not interested in racing professionally for some time, using his spare time to perfect his dance moves and creating his own while his ankle was healing. Ice used his beatboxing and breakdancing skills as a street performer with his friends at local malls during this time. One evening he visited City Lights, a South Dallas night club, where he was dared to go on stage by his friend Squirrel during an Open Mic. He won the crowd over and was asked by City Lights manager John Bush if he wanted to perform regularly, which he accepted. Ice would be joined on stage with his disc jockey D-Shay and Zero as well as Earthquake, the local disc jockey at City Lights. The Vanilla Ice Posse or The V.I.P. would also perform with Ice on stage. As a performer for City Lights, Ice opened up for N.W.A, Public Enemy, The D.O.C., Tone Lōc, 2 Live Crew, Paula Abdul, Sinbad and MC Hammer. ", "He tried to revamp his image with 1994's Mind Blowin, taking on a funk-influenced rap style. Fans and critics were not impressed, and the album failed to make the music charts. In July 1994, after receiving a flurry of negative reviews, he tried to commit suicide by taking a drug overdose. He was shaken by this near-death experience, and stepped away from his Vanilla Ice persona for a time. Returning to extreme sports, the rapper started jet skiing competitively using his real name. In 1996, he even opened a sporting goods store called \"2 The Xtreme\" in Miami Beach.", "Shawn Corey Carter, known by his stage name Jay Z, is an American rapper, entrepreneur and investor. He is best known for his album Reasonable Doubt.", "In 1991, he embarked on a serious acting career, portraying police detective Scotty Appleton in Mario Van Peebles' action thriller New Jack City, gang leader Odessa (alongside Denzel Washington and John Lithgow) in Ricochet (1991), gang leader King James in Trespass (1992), followed by a notable lead role performance in Surviving the Game (1994), in addition to many supporting roles, such as J-Bone in Johnny Mnemonic (1995), and the marsupial mutant T-Saint in Tank Girl (1995). He was also interviewed in the Brent Owens documentary Pimps Up, Ho's Down, in which he claims to have had an extensive pimping background before getting into rap. He is quoted as saying \"once you max something out, it ain't no fun no more. I couldn't really get no farther.\" He goes on to explain his pimping experience gave him the ability to get into new businesses. \"I can't act, I really can't act, I ain't no rapper, it's all game. I'm just working these niggas.\" Later he raps at the Players Ball.", "Born in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, New York, Christopher Wallace began rapping with local groups while still a teenager, taking the name Biggie Smalls in reference to his imposing height and girth. An able but indifferent student, he dropped out of high school at age seventeen, and his subsequent career as a crack dealer resulted in a nine-month stint in a North Carolina jail. A demo tape he made shortly after his release got him a brief write-up in the respected hip-hop magazine The Source. The article attracted the attention of Uptown Records producer Sean \"Puffy\" Combs, who immediately signed Biggie. When Combs left Uptown a short time later to form his own label, Bad Boy, he took Biggie with him. In 1993 the Notorious B.I.G., as he was now known, made his debut as a guest rapper on remixes of the Mary J. Blige singles \"Real Love\" and \"What's the 411?\" He soon followed these with his first solo track, \"Party and Bull****,\" which was heard on the soundtrack of the movie Who's the Man and generated much anticipation for his debut album.", "Lil Wayne California Love (feat. Tyga) Lil Wayne is a hip hop artist from New Orleans who got signed when he was only 9 years old. He is one of the best-selling artists of all time and in 2012 he surpassed Elvis Presley as the male artist with the most songs that have charted on the Billboard Hot 100 (including songs on which he was a featured artist.)", "Flo Rida signed with Hot Boyz, in 2000 and with Poe Boy, in 2004 and began affiliating himself for Cash Money with other Southern hip hop artists, such as Rick Ross, Trina, T-Pain, and Trick Daddy. A promotional single entitled \"Birthday\", featuring Rick Ross, was his first significant release. He made his debut guest appearance with the song \"Bitch I'm From Dade County\" on DJ Khaled's album We the Best (2007), which also features Trick Daddy, Trina, Rick Ross, Brisco, C-Ride, and Dre. ", "T-Wayne scored a viral hit with \"Nasty Freestyle\", peaking at #9 with practically no radio airplay. The song featured the Texas hip-hop artist freestyling over the beat of \"Nasty\" by Bandit Gang Marco. However, it only became a hit due to Memetic Mutation -- the line \"first let me hop out the motherfucking porsche\" spread acrosd the internet. Since it only became a hit because of meme and not him, he quickly faded back into obscurity.", "Junior M.A.F.I.A., an 8 member hip-hop group associated with The Notorious B.I.G. scored a pair of hits in the '90s before breaking up; their #5 \"Player's Anthem\" and their #17 \"Get Money\". Afterwards, member Lil Kim went solo and had much more success.", "In the meantime, Jeremy was featured in music videos like “Cowboy” by Kid Rock, “No Tengo Dinero” by Los Umbrellos, “The Boys Are Back In Town” by Everclear, and others. In 1996, he recorded a rap single with DJ Polo called “Freak of the Week.” The single peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard Hot Rap Tracks chart and remained on the chart for twenty seven weeks. Later, Jeremy also contributed his vocals to the Hate Fuck Trio's album “Good Songs To Fuck To.”", "Tramar Lacel Dillard, better known by his stage name Flo Rida is an American hip hop recording artist from Carol City, Florida. V 2 Comments", "in 1996 - Makaveli (aka 2Pac) was at No.1 on the US album chart with �The Don Killuminati - The 7 Day Theory�.", "Image caption The rapper and producer scored a huge hit with I'll Be Missing You in 1997", "In 1999, Ol' Dirty Bastard wrote and recorded his second studio album, Nigga Please, between jail sentences. The album received notable commercial success, although it failed to parallel the critical praise of his debut. This release included the single \"Got Your Money\", which garnered worldwide chart success. The song was produced by The Neptunes and featured chorus vocals by R&B singer Kelis." ]

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[ "\"Peter Piper\" is a well-known Mother Goose nursery rhyme and tongue twister. \"Peter Piper\" was first published in 1813 as part of the book \"Peter Piper's Practical Principles of Plain and Perfect Pronunciation\" by John Harris. The entire tongue twister is \"Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers; a peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?\"", "Learn some new rhyming words with this fun and educational video.Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, then how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?", "Peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. If Peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, Whereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the peck of pickled peppers that Peter Piper picked?", "There are several theories about the meaning of this truly historic Nursery Rhyme, but let's begin with the one that seems to be the most convincing at first glance. Following this theory, someone bought oranges and lemons near the church of St Clements, but was not able to pay for them. He was brought to court (Old Bailey) and asked when he was going to pay, but being poor (Shoreditch), he said he would when he grew rich. Someone (Stepney) asked when that is going to be, and someone else (Bow) answered that he didn’t know, probably believeing it never would happen. Unable to pay, he got cut his head off. As you can already see from this information, time has indeed changed. Once, it would seem, you could get your head cut off for some pennies, today the city of London can burn billions of pounds and the people responsible are rewarded - nobody thinks about sending them to court. There has been much progress during the last centuries!", "Left column: / Pairs or Pears / Pancake Day / Pat-a-Cake / Pease Porridge /Peter, Peter Pumpkin Eater/Peter Piper / A Pig / Pins / The Piper and His Cow / Pippen Hill / Play Days /", "According to the Nursery Rhyme, what did Little Jack Horner pull out of a pie.  Although Little Jill Horner gave me a laugh, I knew that he stuck his thumb and pulled out a plum and said, \"What a good boy am I.\"  Brian thought differently and was thinking of a different nursery rhyme and said that he pulled out a blackbird and after some thought locked it in as his final answer.", "The 'real' Peter Rabbit was a Belgian buck rabbit called Peter Piper that was, as wrote Potter later, 'bought at a very tender age, in the Uxbridge Road, Shepherd's Bush, for the exorbitant sum of 4/6'. He was to prove a sound investment. This 'affectionate companion' lent his first name to one of the world's best-loved fictional characters and earned Beatrix Potter enduring international acclaim for the series of 'little books' that bear his name.", "\"Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son\" is a popular English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19621.", "Sharing nursery songs and rhymes like Tom, Tom the Piper's Son with kids is actually more important than many people realise.", "Sing a Song of Sixpence is an English nursery rhyme dating back to at least the eighteenth century. References to the title can be traced back even further, including William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. Some scholars contend it stems from a 16th practice of amusing dinner guests with live birds placed in pies, while others cite the wedding of Marie de Medici and Henry IV of France as inspiration.", "Beatrix Potter gathered material for a book of rhymes over many years. In 1917, when her publisher was in financial difficulties and needed her help, she suggested that Appley Dapply’s Nursery Rhymes could be brought out quickly, using her existing collection of rhymes and drawings. The fact that the illustrations were painted at different times explains why the style occasionally varies. Appley Dapply’s Nursery Rhymes is number 22 in Beatrix Potter’s series of 23 little books, the titles of which are as follows: 1 The Tale of Peter Rabbit 2 The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin 3 The Tailor of Gloucester 4 The Tale of Benjamin Bunny 5 The Tale of Two Bad Mice 6 The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle 7 The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher 8 The Tale of Tom Kitten 9 The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck 10 The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies 11 The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse 12 The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes 13 The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse 14 The Tale of Mr. Tod 15 The Tale of Pigling Bland 16 The Tale of Samuel Whiskers 17 The Tale of The Pie and the Patty-Pan 18 The Tale of Ginger and Pickles 19 The Tale of Little Pig Robinson 20 The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit 21 The Story of Miss Moppet 22 Appley Dapply’s Nursery Rhymes 23 Cecily Parsley’s Nursery Rhymes", "Seven stories are built around words from well known children's nursery rhymes: And Then There Were None (from \"Ten Little Indians\"), One, Two, Buckle My Shoe (from \"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe\"), Five Little Pigs (from \"This Little Piggy\"), Crooked House (from \"There Was a Crooked Man\"), A Pocket Full of Rye (from \"Sing a Song of Sixpence\"), Hickory Dickory Dock (from \"Hickory Dickory Dock\"), and Three Blind Mice (from \"Three Blind Mice\"). Similarly, the novel Mrs McGinty's Dead is named after a children's game that is explained in the course of the novel.", "NURSERY RHYMES.Some little mice sat in a barn to spin,Pussy came by and popped her head in; ,Shall I come in and cut your threads off ?Oh no! kind sir, you would snap ourheads off.Snail, snail, come out of your hole, There was a rat, for want of stairs,Or else I will beat you as black as a coal. Went down a rope to say his prayers.I had a little pony,His name was Dapple-gray,I lent him to a lady,. To ride a mile away;S... ..She whipped him, she slashed him,She rode him through the mire;I would not lend my pony nowFor all the lady's hire.Little cock robin peep'd out of his cabin.To see the cold winter come in,\" Tit for tat, what matter for that,\"He'll hide his head under his wing IThere was an owl lived in an oak, A gunner chanced to conme that way,Wisky, wasky, weedle; Wisky, wasky, weedle ;And every word he ever spoke Says he, \" I'll shoot you, silly bird.\"Was fiddle, faddle, feedle. Fiddle, faddle, feedle.Hey! diddle, diddle,The cat and the fiddle,The cow jumped over the moon;The little dog laugh'dTo see the sport,While the dish ran away withthe spoon.", "Beatrix Potter gathered material for a book of nursery rhymes for many years before Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes was eventually published in 1917. Charming characters like Old Mr. Pricklepin, Diggory Diggory Delvet and, of course, Appley Dapply are brought to life with funny rhymes and beautiful watercolour illustrations. This beautiful gold centenary edition celebrates 100 years since this delightful book was first published. Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes is number 22 in Beatrix Potter's series of 23 little books, the titles of which are as follows: 1 The Tale of Peter Rabbit 2 The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin 3 The Tailor of Gloucester 4 The Tale of Benjamin Bunny 5 The Tale of Two Bad Mice 6 The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle 7 The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher 8 The Tale of Tom Kitten 9 The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck 10 The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies 11 The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse 12 The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes 13 The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse 14 The Tale of Mr. Tod 15 The Tale of Pigling Bland 16 The Tale of Samuel Whiskers 17 The Tale of The Pie and the Patty-Pan 18 The Tale of Ginger and Pickles 19 The Tale of Little Pig Robinson 20 The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit 21 The Story of Miss Moppet 22 Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes 23 Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes Read Less", "\"Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater\" is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 13497.", "Enjoy our fun-filled rhyme - \"tom the piper's son song\" : http://youtu.be/6W0DVY9QRXw . Small kids can learn a lot from watching nursery rhymes animations with educational video and music. It helps them learn through watching cartoon animals and interesting characters.", "Toy-town News or Nursery Times – a newspaper based on the mythology of children's stories. For example, the royal butler Paul Burrell was satirised as the \"Knave of Hearts\" who was \"lent\" tarts \"for safe keeping\" , rather than stealing them as in the rhyme. Nigel Dempster is referred to as \"Humpty Dumpster\".", "The words of the Nursery Rhyme and children's song, 'Aiken Drum ' have been suggested by Helena.  This tune first appeared as a nursery rhyme in Percy Society's Early English Poetry, Ballads, and Popular Literature of the Middle Ages (1841).", "Next I took out my Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes by Iona and Peter Opie to see if they refer to “rowley powley”. That’s usually the first book I’ll refer to when there’s a question about a nursery rhyme. Here’s what it had to say:", "Tom Tom The Piper's Son Karaoke | Nursery Rhyme [Karaoke 4K] - Duration: 2:20. Nursery Rhymes TV 813 views", "Tom The Piper's Son - Children Songs & Nursery Rhymes In English With Lyrics - YouTube", "In 1902 South Kensington, Middlesex-born Helen Beatrix Potter (1866-1943) pub. The Tale of Peter Rabbit , a bestseller (45M copies); loses his jacket and shoes to Farmer McGregor while his siblings Flopsy, Mopsy, and Cottontail stay safely at home; he escapes and returns home to his mother, who puts him to bed and gives him camomile tea; The Tale of Benjamin Buddy sees Peter retrieve his lost duds.", "1774 Mary Cooper published the first book of English nursery rhymes. Called Tommy Thumb's Song Book it included Baa Baa Black Sheep, (which was already 500 years old). The black sheep's 'three bags full' is thought to refer to a tax imposed on the wool trade in 1275.", "Few people realise the importance and influence of Scotland on Beatrix Potter’s life. As a child Beatrix and her family enjoyed long summer holidays in the Birnam area of Perthshire. Staying in the countryside, away from the more formal life they led in London, Beatrix and her young brother, Bertram, were able to study the local wildlife. It was from Eastwood, Dunkeld, in 1893 that Beatrix wrote the now famous picture letter to Noel Moore which was later to become The Tale of Peter Rabbit. The following day she wrote a letter to Noel’s brother, Eric, about a frog called Jeremy Fisher. People she had met there on holiday inspired the loveable characters of Mrs. Tiggy-winkle and", "Tom, Tom, the piper's son || English rhymes for kidz || Pre-school rhymes for kidz || - Duration: 0:39. sky9 kidz 508 views", "\"Peter Peter is actually an American verse, and was unknown in England til fairly recent times. They had no pumpkins, which are a native American plant. The verse was actually written for children, no hidden meanings or naughty bits.\"", "The Pied Piper of Hamelin is a legend about the abduction of many children from the town of Hamelin (Hameln), Germany . Famous versions of the legend are given by the Brothers Grimm and, in English, by Robert Browning .", "How and when do YOU use the nursery rhyme Pop Goes The Weasel? Please tell us about it :)", "In the popular nursery rhyme, how much was owed to the bells of St Martin’s ?", "Do you like this change? Tell us other nursery rhymes which ought to be changed to incorporate values, in the comment box below:", "Back in 1921, a small stuffed bear bought from Harrods department store was given to Christopher Robin (more often called Billy), from his mother, Daphne. This bear was called Edward at first, and sometimes Big Bear, or Teddy Bear. The story of how Christopher's toy became knows as Winnie-the-Pooh has two parts—Winnie and Pooh.", "These are the words of the little- known P.L. Travers, the Australian creator of the quintessentially English nanny Mary Poppins. Perhaps the feather was inspiration for the song in the movie Feed the Birds." ]

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[ "Tempus fugit is a Latin phrase, usually translated into English as \"time flies\". The expression comes from line 284 of book 3 of Virgil's Georgics,Vergilius Maro, Publius. Georgicon, III. c. 29 . Hosted at Wikisource. where it appears as fugit inreparabile tempus: \"it escapes, irretrievable time\". The phrase is used in both its Latin and English forms as a proverb that \"time's a-wasting\". Tempus fugit, however, is typically employed as an admonition against sloth and procrastination (cf. carpe diem) rather than a motto in favor of licentiousness (cf. \"gather ye rosebuds while ye may\"); the English form is often merely descriptive: \"time flies like the wind\", \"time flies when you're having fun\".", "Translation: \"Time flees.\" (i.e., \"time flies\"). Originally as Sed fugit interea, fugit irreparabile tempus - translation: \"Meanwhile the irreplaceable time flees\" ( Virgil )", "Sundial - an ancient clock that measures time by the position of the sun. The most commonly seen designs, such as the 'ordinary' or standard garden sundial, cast a shadow on a flat surface marked with the hours of the day. As the position of the sun changes, the time indicated by the shadow changes.", "engraving found on sundials and other timepieces, referring to the hours of one's life [I only keep track of the good hours].", "The 12-hour clock is a timekeeping convention in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods called ante meridiem (a.m., from Latin, literally \"before midday\") and post meridiem (p.m., \"after midday\"). Each period consists of 12 hours numbered 12 (acting as a zero), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. The a.m. period runs from midnight to noon, while the p.m. period runs from noon to midnight. The most common convention is to assign 12 a.m. to midnight (at the beginning of the day) and 12 p.m. to noon, defining both half days to have a closed (inclusive) beginning and open (exclusive) end. 12 noon and 12 midnight can more clearly express these times (except that for midnight one may need to also specify whether it is the midnight at the beginning or the end of the day in question).", "The word is formed by the combination of the Greek word hora (hour) and -logy (knowledge). The word came into English around 1810. Though it is not exactly known when the word came to be used in other languages it is possible to infer that the Romans were the first ones to use this term. The ancient Roman water clock was known as Horologium. Many Latin speaking cultures freely adapted this word to describe their time keeping devises.", "Some people remember which way to move their clocks by using the phrase, \"spring forward, fall back.\"", "\"Many clocks are simply free-running and gradually drift away from the correct time of day. Others are reset regularly to a reliable source of time.\"", "Some sundials indicate both the time and the date by the shadow of a particular point on the gnomon. That point is called the nodus. The nodus may be the tip of a gnomon with an arbitrary (usually horizontal or vertical) orientation[4].", "The Roman language (Latin) also uses a subtraction principle so that whereas 20 is viginti 19 is \"1 from 20\" or undeviginti. We have it in English when we say the time is \"10 to 7\" which is not the same as \"7 10\". The first means 10 minutes before ( or subtracted from) 7 0'clock, whereas the second means 10 minutes added to (or after) 7 o'clock. This is also reflected in Roman numerals. This abbreviation makes the order of letters important. So if a smaller value came before the next larger one, it was subtracted and if it came after, it was added.", "In some U.S. colonial-era houses, a noon-mark can often be found carved into a floor or windowsill. Such marks indicate local noon, and provide a simple and accurate time reference for households that do not possess accurate clocks. In modern times, in some Asian countries, post offices set their clocks from a precision noon-mark. These in turn provide the times for the rest of the society. The typical noon-mark sundial was a lens set above an analemmatic plate. The plate has an engraved figure-eight shape, which corresponds to plotting the equation of time (described above) versus the solar declination. When the edge of the sun's image touches the part of the shape for the current month, this indicates that it is 12:00 noon.", "Many clocks provide a choice of ASCII strings, containing the time, which can be sent over a hardware serial port such as RS-422 or EIA-232. Generally, one of the characters in this string is transmitted ‘on time,’ more or less. One example of this sort of time code is IRIG Code J.", "The English word clock probably comes from the Middle Dutch word klocke which, in turn, derives from the medieval Latin word clocca, which ultimately derives from Celtic and is cognate with French, Latin, and German words that mean bell. The passage of the hours at sea were marked by bells, and denoted the time (see ship's bell). The hours were marked by bells in abbeys as well as at sea.", "This offset is expressed as either UTC- or UTC+ and the number of hours and minutes.", "On analog Chess Clocks, there's usually a little red Flag. When the Flag falls, it indicates the precise moment when a player's time has expired.", "Sundial, the earliest type of timekeeping device, which indicates the time of day by the position of the shadow of some object exposed to the sun’s rays. As the day progresses, the sun moves across the sky, causing the shadow of the object to move and indicating the passage of time.", "[1350–1400; Middle English clok(ke) < Middle Dutch clocke bell, clock; akin to Old English clucge, Old High German glocka, Old Irish clocc bell; compare cloak ]", "  For timekeeping the Romans used sundials, which aren't much good when it's cloudly. So in 159BC the Censor P. Scipio Nasica installed a public Clepsydra or water clock in the Basilica. This clock kept track of the hours both during the day and at night. It doesn't sound like a big deal to us but they now have an official time 24/7 year-round.", "\"Warming the Bell\" or \"Flogging the Glass\" Old Naval synonyms for being early for an appointment or doing anything earlier than had been arranged. The phrases originate from the days when watches at sea were measured by a half-hour sand-glass; each time the glass was turned the bell was struck denoting the time. In those more leisurely days, measurement of time to the nearest half-hour was sufficiently accurate for much of life's affairs, in fact \"near enough for a sailing ship\".", "sundial - timepiece that indicates the daylight hours by the shadow that the gnomon casts on a calibrated dial", "...A ‘clock’ is an instrument used to specify, record, and manage time. The word ‘clock’ comes from the French word “cloche” meaning bell, came into use when timekeepers were kept in bell towers in the Middle Ages. Historians do not who or when mankind “invented” a time-keeping device or a “clock”. Probably thousands of years ago when someone stuck a stick in the ground and saw a shadow of the sun move across the ground, known as the sundial. (Cummings,...", "This is a display of local time along with the display of time from another time zone. This is done by using an additional hand or a sundial.", "Expeditus' typical depiction in artwork is as a young Roman centurion. The soldier is squashing a crow beneath his right foot and bearing a clock in early images. Later depictions have Expeditus holding a cross, inscribed with the Latin word hodie (\"today\"). A banderole with the word cras (\"tomorrow\" in Latin) emerges from the crow's mouth. Although the English language tends to mimic a crow's cry as \"caw caw,\" Italian renders it as \"cra cra.\", and the ancient Romans rendered it as \"cras cras\".", "If the gnomon points to the celestial pole instead of being vertical, the shadow moves uniformly with the hour angle of the sun, as in the equatorial dial shown in the picture, which is at Cranmer Park in Denver, Colorado. In the winter, the lower face of the dial must be used instead. The dial shows apparent solar time, of course, and must be adjusted by the equation of time and for the longitude to show standard time.", "clock precision → äußerste Genauigkeit ; with clock regularity → mit der Regelmäßigkeit eines Uhrwerks ; he arrives every day at 9.30 with clock regularity → er kommt jeden Tag pünktlich auf die Minute um 9.30 Uhr", "You are right, it very probably derives from perfinitio . And I agree that perfinitio very probably derives from per + finitio . But I'm surprised by the definition provided here. Finitio may already indicate the termination, and per- still insists on the complete termination. This seems to be the meaning of perfinition: it seems to be a legal term, and is seems that perfinition de temps means when the time is 100% elapsed. But I don't know Middle French. Lmaltier ( talk ) 21:34, 2 July 2014 (UTC)", "A confusing array of names is given to clocks. We have described the most common varieties.", "Medieval Latin epocha ; from Classical Greek epoch?, a check, cessation ; from epechein, to hold in, check ; from epi-, upon + echein, to hold: see scheme", "(German m.) or Ruhezeichen, the fermata sign, a musical symbol placed over a note or rest to be extended beyond its normal duration", "Decus Et Tutamen \"An ornament and a safeguard\" Inscription on one pound coins. Originally on 17th century coins, it refers to the inscribed edge as a protection against the clipping of precious metal. The phrase originally comes from Virgil's Aeneid.", "Unix kernels have provided NTP with a system call to use in adjusting clock frequency since 4.3BSD; it is adjtime(3). This call is not formally standardized. There is a native Linux variant, adjtimex(2). These are both intended solely for NTP’s use, and that is all we will have to say about them in this document.", "Praesent faucibus diam at enim ullamcorper aliquet. Cras vel diam nunc tiam tincidunt eros rutrum tortor elementum dignissim. Proin vestibulum, urna vel eleif am nunc tiam tincid end" ]

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[ "April 19, 1961-Failed Bay of Pigs disastrous invasion of Cuba- freedom fighters betrayed by being promised air support, which was not provided", "This paper presents a review of the invasion of Cuba in April 1961, by a group of Cuban exiles. This invasion became known as the Bay of Pigs invasion because the landing took place near the Bahia de Cochinos on the Southwestern coast of Cuba. The invasion force was financed and trained by the CIA with the knowledge and approval of the Executive branch of the United States government.", "In 1961 the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) orchestrated a failed attempt by Cuban emigres to invade Cuba and topple Castro. That mission ended in a debacle at the Bay of Pigs .", "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasión de Playa Girón or Invasión de Bahía de Cochinos or Batalla de Girón), was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military, trained and funded by the United States government's Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Prime Minister Fidel Castro.", "In hopes of overthrowing the leftist Castro regime, Kennedy and his young cabinet drew the Bay of Pigs operation. U.S. trained Cuban insurgents would invade Cuba and instigate the Cuban people in hopes of achieving their goal. On April 17, 1961, Kennedy gave orders allowing the previously planned invasion of Cuba to proceed. With support from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), in what is known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1,500 U.S.-trained Cuban exiles, called \"Brigade 2506\", returned to the island in the hope of deposing Fidel Castro . However, the CIA proceeded to allow the troops to go even though Kennedy did not authorize air support. By April 19, Castro's government had captured or killed most of the invading exiles and Kennedy was forced to negotiate for the release of the 1,189 survivors. After 20 months, Cuba released the captured exiles in exchange for $53 million worth of food and medicine. The incident was a major embarrassment for Kennedy, but he took full personal responsibility for the debacle. Furthermore, the incidient made Castro wary of the U.S. and untrusting, leading him to believe that another invasion such as that one would occur.", "1961 – Cuba: The Bay of Pigs Invasion , known in Hispanic America as Invasión de Bahía de Cochinos (or Invasión de Playa Girón or Batalla de Girón), was an unsuccessful military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961.", "Though many of his military advisors indicated that an amphibious assault on Cuba by a group of lightly armed exiles had little chance for success, Kennedy gave the go-ahead for the attack. On April 17, 1961, around 1,200 exiles, armed with American weapons and using American landing craft, waded ashore at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba. The hope was that the exile force would serve as a rallying point for the Cuban citizenry, who would rise up and overthrow Castro’s government. The plan immediately fell apart–the landing force met with unexpectedly rapid counterattacks from Castro’s military, the tiny Cuban air force sank most of the exiles’ supply ships, the United States refrained from providing necessary air support, and the expected uprising never happened. Over 100 of the attackers were killed, and more than 1,100 were captured.", "In January 1961, just prior to leaving office, Eisenhower formally severed relations with the Cuban government. In April 1961, the administration of newly elected American President John F. Kennedy mounted an unsuccessful CIA-organized ship-borne invasion of the island at Playa Girón and Playa Larga in Las Villas Province —a failure that publicly humiliated the United States. [166] Castro responded by publicly embracing Marxism–Leninism , and the Soviet Union pledged to provide further support. [166]", "Better known as the Bay of Pigs invasion, although conceived by the Eisenhower administration, it came to define the early days of the J.F.K. presidency. The plans involved an invasion of southern Cuba by CIA trained Cuban rebels, with the help of American air support. The planners had imagined that the invasion would spark a popular uprising against Castro, which never happened, due to underestimated support for him. A promised American air strike also never occurred. This is the CIA’s first major public setback, causing President Kennedy to fire CIA Director of the time, Allen Dulles. Interestingly, Operation Pluto was also the name used for a WWII attempt to build a major oil pipeline in the sea between France and England.", "A beach in Cuba, which became famous as the main location for the failed 1961 invasion by CIA-backed Cuban exiles.", "Kennedy also backed a U.S.-aided invasion of Cuba by rebels, but when the Bay of Pigs Invasion occurred, on April 17, 1961, it was a disaster, as Kennedy did not bring in the air support, and the revolt failed.", "Bay of Pigs— The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempt by a CIA -trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba, with support from US government armed forces, to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro.", "Grayston \"Gray\" Lynch . Lynch and William \"Rip\" Robertson led the CIA-trained Cuban exile brigade at the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961. Lynch had been a career Army infantry officer prior to joining the Agency. He and Robertson were the only Americans who actually went ashore with their charges; both were ordered off the beach and watched in desperation as the Kennedy administration refused to provide air cover for the Cuban brigade ashore. Lynch's memoirs provide one of the few true ground-truth account of the Bay of Pigs operation.", "Over 1,400 paramilitaries, divided into five infantry battalions and one paratrooper battalion, assembled in Guatemala before setting out for Cuba by boat on 13 April 1961. Two days later on 15 April, eight CIA-supplied B-26 bombers attacked Cuban airfields and then returned to the US. On the night of 16 April, the main invasion landed at a beach named Playa Girón in the Bay of Pigs. It initially overwhelmed a local revolutionary militia. The Cuban Army’s counter-offensive was led by José Ramón Fernández, before Castro decided to take personal control of the operation. On 20 April, the invaders finally surrendered, with the majority of troops being publicly interrogated and put into Cuban prisons.", "On April 16-17, 1961, the CIA attempted to invade Cuba using U.S.-trained and equipped Cubans. Operation Zapata turned into a huge failure. A group of Cuban Exiles were trained by the CIA to carry out assassinations and terrorism within Cuba to overthrow the government, and to reclaim island and the mafia gold holdings.", "1961: the Bay of Pigs: a force of Cuban exiles trained and equipped by the U.S. invaded Cuba in a failed attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro. - Free Online Library", "- A lagoon harbor in Cuba where in April of 1961 a unsuccessful CIA coupe was staged against Castro", "The Bay of Pigs invasion begins when a CIA-financed and -trained group of Cuban refugees lands in Cuba and attempts to topple the communist government of Fidel Castro. The attack was an utter failure.", "The CIA moved the invasion to the Bay of Pigs, or Bahia de Chochinos, also on the island's southern coast, because the nearby town of Giron had an airfield that could be used by B-26s. The site was surrounded by swamps, meaning the invaders would have no mountain escape route. \"The Cubans that invaded at the Bay of Pigs were trained in the mountains in Guatemala,\" Shannon says. \"They weren't trained for an operation into a swampland.\"", "The failed invasion strengthened the position of Castro's leadership as well as his ties with the Soviet Union. This led eventually to the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The invasion was a major failure for US foreign policy; Kennedy ordered a number of internal investigations across Latin America. Cuban forces under Castro's leadership clashed directly with US forces during the Invasion of Grenada over 20 years later.", "In April of 1961 the United States government sponsored an attempt by Cuban exiles to assault Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro and the communist government he led. The exiles were well armed and trained in Central America by the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). The attack failed because of the selection of a poor landing site, inability to disable the Cuban Air Force and overestimation of the Cuban people’s willingness to support a strike against Castro.", "The sea-borne invasion force landed on April 17, and fighting lasted until April 19, 1961. CIA Paramilitary Operations Officers Grayston Lynch and William \"Rip\" Robertson led the first assault on the beaches , and supervised the amphibious landings. [45] Four American aircrew instructors from Alabama Air National Guard were killed while flying attack sorties. [45] Various sources estimate Cuban Army casualties (killed or injured) to be in the thousands (between 2,000 and 5,000). [46] This invasion followed the successful overthrow by the CIA of the Mosaddeq government in Iran in 1953 [47] and Arbenz government in Guatemala in 1954, [48] but was a failure both militarily and politically. [49] Deteriorating Cuban-American relations were made worse by the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis .", "4/18/1961: Cover (page 1 section letter A) from The Miami Herald issue published Tuesday, April 18, 1961 in Miami Florida. Features INVADERS SLUG INTO INTERIOR Other headlines: CASUALTIES HEAVY AS BATTLE RAGES THROUGHOUT CUBA by DOM BONAFEDE, Herald Staff Writer with associated Herald Map of Cuba by Chief Artist FRANK GREGG \"Arrows Show Where Invaders Stabbed Into Castro-Dominated Cuba ...their first objective is to cut the island-long highway, Carreterra Central\"; REBEL PLAN: CUT CUBA IN HALF by JAMES BUCHANAN, Herald Staff Writer; GUNBOAT LOADED AT MIAMI PIER by JAMES BUCHANAN, Herald Staff Writer with associated photograph \"Workers Prepare Gunboat for Invasion of Cuba ...ship was once a U.S. Navy subchaser\" Herald Staff Photo by DAN McCOY; WHICH SIDE DO YOU BELIEVE?; 'HIRELINGS' FROM U.S. BLAMED, by The New York Times Service; LIZ, LANCASTER WIN TOP OSCARS, by AP with associated photographs of LANCASTER and LIZ; STAGE SET TO ASK EICHMANN'S DEATH, by AP with associated photo of HAUSNER; FINCH, CAROLE GET LIFE TERMS.", "On April 15, B-26 bombers from Nicaragua began the attack on Cuba. While they succeeded in destroying some of Castro's air force, their attack warned the Cuban leader of further assaults. When the invasion began on April 17, Castro quickly ordered his military forces to the area, trapping the exiles on the beach. By the next day, it was clear that the operation had failed. The planners had claimed that the invasion would spark an uprising in Cuba. However, the uprising failed to materialize. Kennedy, hoping to maintain American invisibility, refused to allow additional air strikes to salvage the disaster. In the end, some 115 men died, and the Cuban forces captured almost 1,200 exiles. Criticism of the administration soon poured in from all political perspectives; President Kennedy had failed in the first major test of his administration.", "President John F. Kennedy’s failed plan to invade Cuba and topple revolutionary leader Fidel Castro with an army of CIA-trained Cuban exiles in 1961. Although Kennedy had originally intended to use the U.S. Air Force to help the exiled Cubans retake the island, he unexpectedly withdrew support shortly before the operation started. As a result, the invasion failed utterly, actually consolidated Castro’s power, and pushed Cuba into signing a treaty with the Soviet Union.", "The invasion occurred on April 17, 1961. It did not go well. Although the Cuban air force was damaged by early air strikes, there were still planes left to attack the invaders. Once the invasion started, it took too long for the troops and ammunition to get off the ships. Before the ammunition could be unloaded, Cuban planes sunk the invader's ships.", "In late 1960 and early 1961, teams of paramilitary agents were landed in many places on the Cuban coast. Most of the teams established radio communication with the CIA, but some were captured immediately and never heard from again. The surviving teams reported that there were large numbers of men in all provinces of Cuba who were willing to fight against Castro if they were armed. The CIA tried to supply arms and ammunition to some of the teams by nocturnal parachute drops, but without success. The Cuban pilots were not experienced enough for these difficult missions, and our request for permission to use American contract pilots was denied, again so that the U.S. would not appear to be too deeply involved. The only sizable delivery of arms through the efforts of the agent teams was made by sea to a 400-man guerrilla unit operating in the Escambray mountains of central Cuba. About 1,000 guerrillas operated in this area in separate groups for many months.", "Failed 1961 invasion of Cuba by the United States-supported anti-Castro refugees designed to topple Castro from power; prestige of the United States, and of the newly elected president, John Kennedy, was damaged by this failed coup attempt.", "A 1961 US supported invasion by Cuban exiles intent on overthrowing the communist government of Fidel Castro. Kennedy would not provide air cover and so it was a total failure.", "These developments proved a source of grave concern to the United States given Cuba’s geographical proximity to the United States and brought Cuba into play as a new and significant factor in the Cold War. In March 1960, President Dwight D. Eisenhower directed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to develop a plan for the invasion of Cuba and overthrow of the Castro regime. The CIA organized an operation in which it trained and funded a force of exiled counter-revolutionary Cubans serving as the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front, known as Brigade 2506.", "The results were disastrous for the United States. The government looked weak and the CIA inept. It also seemed to strengthen Castro's government within Cuba and caused him to look to the Soviet Union as a military ally.", "Kirkpatrick concluded that the CIA failed to provide for adequate security measures in the training and preparation of the mission. News of the impending invasion leaked to the media and also reached Castro, who made preparations for the attack. The audit also found that the CIA conducted little reliable intelligence gathering regarding the situation in Cuba and failed to realize that no wide-scale organized resistance to the Castro regime existed to assist the invaders. Despite this lack of information the agency assured Kennedy that an invasion would be met with strong support from the Cuban people. That support never materialized." ]

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[ "Round Turn and Two Half Hitches. This is a great, highly useful, and reliable knot. It is a constrictor knot meaning the tighter you pull on the line the tighter the knot gets. Also, it is one of the very few knots that can be tied or untied with tension in the line. Doesn't jam. Doesn't slip. Click image for larger version.", "The clove hitch is a type of knot. Along with the bowline and the sheet bend, it is often considered one of the most important knots and is commonly referred to as a Double Hitch. A clove hitch is two successive half-hitches around an object. It is most effectively used as a crossing knot. It can be used as a binding knot, but is not particularly secure in that role. A clove hitch made around the rope's own standing part is known as either two half-hitches or buntline hitch, depending on whether the turns of the clove hitch progress away from or towards the hitched object.", "The most common knots and their variants I use number around ten. They are the square knot (for tying pretty much anything general), the two half hitches/taut-line (for mooring things to pegs, tie-downs and guy lines, etc. the Taut-line has less give under tension) The clove/rolling hitch (for tying rope to large poles and rails, etc.) The thief's knot (for when I know people that will **** with my gear can't tie knots and I wanna know who to punch in the face), sheet bend/double sheet bend (for tying unequal diameter ropes together), the figure eight and all it's variants (follow through, loop, triple through or loop on a bight, etc. for heavier duty loads that I don't mind taking time to untie), timber hitch (for dragging really anything)  the truckers hitch/packer's web (for getting all that bulky stuff to stay put) various splices for rope repair and utility in Hawser-Laid (3 strand 'twisted') or Shroud (4 strands, twisted) rope, and a last special kind of traction hold known as a whoopie sling or sheath-core locking stop.", "In hazardous environments such as mountains, knots are very important. In the event of someone falling into a ravine or a similar terrain feature, with the correct equipment and knowledge of knots a rappel system can be set up to lower a rescuer down to a casualty and set up a hauling system to allow a third individual to pull both the rescuer and the casualty out of the ravine. Further application of knots includes developing a high line, which is similar to a zip line, and which can be used to move supplies, injured people, or the untrained across rivers, crevices, or ravines. Note the systems mentioned typically require carabineers and the use of multiple appropriate knots. These knots include the bowline, double figure eight, munter hitch, munter mule, prusik, autoblock, and clove hitch. Thus any individual who goes into a mountainous environment should have basic knowledge of knots and knot systems to increase safety and the ability to undertake activities such as rappelling.", "The bowline, or more commonly one of its variations such as the double bowline , is sometimes used by climbers to tie the end of the rope to a climbing harness, or the like. The advantage of the bowline in this application is that the knot is easy to untie even after it has been loaded. The disadvantage is that, while it is a very strong knot under load, it has a tendency to loosen up and become untied when it is unloaded and shaken around over a period of time, as might happen during a climb. Several other knots are more commonly used in modern climbing technique.", "The terms Overhand Knot, Half Hitch, and Half Knot are often confused and frequently used as though they are interchangeable. Similarly with the Slip Knot and Noose. Their importance and their differences are explained for these five knots and cross-links are provided with each animation to facilitate quick comparison.", "The bowline knot is another very valuable knot in the climber's arsenal. This is a must know how to tie knot for every climber and mountaineer. It is one of the most secure knots if tied correctly, and is used often for tying directly to the climber's safety harness. You will find many other uses for this knot also. An old saying for tying this knot goes something like this: \"Through the hole around the pole and back down the hole\" Below is a six part series on the \"Bowline Knot\"", "a knot consisting of two hitches at the ends of a bight made in a rope to shorten it temporarily", "The figure-eight loop is used like an overhand loop knot. This type of knot can be used in prusik climbing when used in conjunction with a climbing harness, a climbing rope, and locking carabiner designed for climbing, to ascend or descend with minimal equipment and effort.", "Name: Some contributor's protest that the name \"Hitch\" is wrongly applied because there is no final Half Hitch. However, Cleat Hitch describes the purpose well – the rope is hitched to a cleat – and there are other \"Hitches\" that are sometimes used without a final Half Hitch, e.g., Tensionless and Lighterman's (Tugboat) .", "Knots are essential in many industrial, occupational, recreational, and domestic settings. Even simple activities such as running a load from the hardware store to home can result in disaster if a clumsy twist in a cord passes for a knot. Truckers needing to tie down a load may use a trucker's hitch , gaining mechanical advantage. Knots can save the spelunker from foolishly becoming buried under millions of tons of rock. Whatever the activity, such as sailing on the water or climbing on a cliff-side rock, learning well-tested knots prior to some hazardous activity introduces a critical measure of safety. In addition to safety, appropriate knots can prevent the necessity of cutting lines.", "One instance where a half hitch stands on its own without additional embellishment is when added to a timber hitch to help stabilize a load in the direction of pull. A timber hitch is tied on the far end of the load to bind it securely and a half hitch made at the forward end to serve as a guide for the rope. In this instance, the half hitch combined with a timber hitch is known as a killick hitch or kelleg hitch. ", "That's about all the knots I actually use day-to-day. I've sometimes used a Carrick bend for joining steel rope, or a timber hitch for hauling timber, but most other knots I'd have to look up.", "A knot consisting of two overhand knots used to join two lines of similar size. Also called a reef knot.", "#6 Some climbers will use a little more rope so they can take the loose end tie an extra knot on the main line to make the overall knot a bit more secure (above knot it reversed from the photo to the left).", "* At each U-bend, grasp the U-bend in one hand, thus holding two of the rope sections. With the other hand form a small loop in the remaining section and draw it over the U-bend so that the loop forms a half hitch and stays there if the free end of the rope is pulled taut.", "Used to secure a rope to a pole, or to start or finish a lashing. Pass the running end of the rope over the pole twice. Then pass the running end over the standing part of rope, and tuck it back up and under itself, forming a half hitch. Repeat this for a second half hitch.", "If you are looking for a dynamic rope for climbing, you’ll have three choices: single, half, and twin ropes.", "For tying a rope to a pole, the buntline hitch . A slipped variant is useful for quick release. If both ends of the line will be loaded, then the clove hitch will suffice.", "Non-locking carabiners (or snap-links) have a sprung swinging gate that accepts a rope, webbing sling, or other hardware. Rock climbers frequently connect two non-locking carabiners with a short length of nylon web to create a quickdraw.", "Uses This hitch is a must know for all climbers It can be used to descend with to belay a", "In order to fasten ropes, a large number of knots are used. Some rope material, like cotton, is stronger when", "Half Blood Knot - This is a high strength multi purpose knot. It's main use is to attach swivels, hooks and lures to the main line. Assist the formation by pulling down on the roll towards the base.", "NOTE: For clarity, the Timber Hitch in the picture only shows the end of the rope making a single wrap around itself. It's much more secure to make at least three wraps around, as indicated by the arrow in the picture.", "* Top roping: Ascending a rock climbing route protected by a rope anchored at the top and protected by a belayer below", "Narrower webbing is frequently looped through chockstones which are typically metal in shapes such as hexagonal, square, tubular, T, etc., and which are jammed into cracks as safety anchors. In other cases, webbing is looped over rock outcroppings. Unlike tubular rope, webbing is less likely to inch its way off the rock. Note that webbing construction is either utterly flat or flat-tubular; the latter tends to handle better but knots are more likely to jam.", "* It provides two loops, one at each end of the knot which can be used to pass another rope through", "(1) A knot used to secure a line to another object such as a ring or cylindrical object or to another line;", "(1) A knot used to secure a line to another object such as a ring or cylindrical object or to another line;", "hitches that holds securely on a rope that is already under load Can be tied using a loop this", "Knots can be the best way to attach a rope to another object although the compromise is that the", "NOTE: For clarity, picture 2 only shows the end of the rope making a single wrap around itself. It's much more secure to make at least three wraps around, as indicated by the arrow in the picture." ]

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[ "Princess Jasmine [1] [2] is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 31st animated feature film Aladdin (1992). Voiced by American actress Linda Larkin – with a singing voice provided by Filipina singer Lea Salonga – Jasmine is the spirited Princess of Agrabah, who has grown weary of her life of palace confinement. Despite an age-old law stipulating that the princess must marry a prince in time for her upcoming birthday, Jasmine is instead determined to marry someone she loves for who he is as opposed to what he owns. Created by directors Ron Clements and John Musker with screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio , Jasmine is based on Badroulbadour , a princess who appears in the One Thousand and One Nights folktale \" Aladdin and the Magical Lamp \".", "Salonga is then replaced by actress Liz Callaway in the sequels. Jasmine is the sixth official Disney Princess,and the first to be of Arabian heritage. In the first film, Jasmine, the beautiful princess of Agrabah, is being forced to marry a prince by her father, the Sultan. Jasmine, however, has grown tired of her controlled palace life, and dreams of abandoning it in preference for a life of adventure in which she is free to marry whomever she chooses. Jasmine is based on Princess Badroulbadour from the tale of \"Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp\" from The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights). The character has received generally mixed to positive reception, many praising her personality, but some criticizing her story and calling her \"predictable\". She is an official Disney Princess with an Arabic appearance.", "Princess Jasmine is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 31st animated feature film Aladdin (1992). Voiced by American actress Linda Larkin – with a singing voice provided by Filipina singer Lea Salonga on her behalf – Jasmine is the spirited Princess of Agrabah who has grown weary of being confined to palace life and regulations. Despite an age-old law that requires the princess to marry a prince in time for her next birthday, Jasmine wishes to marry someone she loves for who he is as opposed to what he owns.", "Disney Princess is a media franchise owned by The Walt Disney Company, originally created by Disney Consumer Products chairman Andy Mooney in the late 1990s and officially launched in 2000. The original eight princesses consisted of Snow White , Cinderella , Aurora , Ariel , Belle , Jasmine , Pocahontas , and Mulan. The franchise spotlights a line-up of fictional female heroines who have appeared in Disney animated feature films. The franchise currently includes eleven female protagonists from ten different Walt Disney Animation Studios films and one Pixar film, each of whom is either royal by birth, royal by marriage, or considered a \"princess\" due to her significant portrayal of heroism.", "Jasmine appears in Kingdom Hearts as a supporting character in Agrabah, based on the Aladdin films. She is one of the Princesses of Heart kidnapped by Maleficent. She appears again in Kingdom Hearts II, and explains the strange behavior of Aladdin to Sora, Duck and Goofy. The cause of Aladdin's behavior is his loneliness after Genie went to see the other worlds. When Genie comes back all is well again. Linda Larkin reprises her role in the English version. Aside from the Kingdom Hearts series, Jasmine makes appearances in the video game adaptations of the 1992 film. ", "Jasmine first appears in Aladdin (1992), as the only daughter of the wealthy Sultan of Agrabah. Unhappy with having choices made for her, runs away from home. Escaping into town, she encounters Aladdin who helps her when she is almost punished for stealing. Aladdin is arrested by guards led by Razoul. Jasmine reveals herself to them and demands that they let Aladdin go, but Razoul apologizes and explains that he is doing so on Jafar's orders. Jasmine confronts Jafar and demands that they release Aladdin, but Jafar tells her that Aladdin has already been executed; Jasmine is left distraught and blames herself.", "The final appearance of Jasmine consequently inspired the studio to redesign Aladdin accordingly because Katzenberg felt that the main character, who was originally depicted as a younger, \"scrawny\" underdog , [3] did not resemble a suitable leading man for Jasmine, [33] which they feared would result in unconvincing chemistry between the couple. [39] Thus, they ultimately decided to base Aladdin on actor Tom Cruise instead. [33] Henn's favorite sequence to animate was the scene in which Jasmine discovers Aladdin's true identity and gives him \"a look\". [9] The filmmakers decided to dress Jasmine in blue to symbolically represent water, which is \"the most precious substance one can find in a desert\". [6] The animators sat the character next to a fountain when she is first introduced in the film to further emphasize this motif and comparison. [6] With her appearance finalized, Jasmine became Disney's first non-white princess as opposed to being of European heritage. [12] [34]", "Jasmine is the soon-to-be sixteen year old daughter of the wealthy Sultan of Agrabah. Unwilling to marry any of the snobbish and self-centered princes her father suggests, she runs away from home, but having never been outside the palace before, she inadvertently gets into trouble when she gives an apple to a young boy without paying for it. Before the merchant can punish her by amputating her hand, a street urchin named Aladdin quickly steps in and saves her by claiming that Jasmine is his sister. Aladdin is later arrested by guards led by Razoul after the two share a bonding moment at Aladdin's place. Jasmine reveals herself to them and demands that they let Aladdin go, but Razoul apologizes and explains that he is doing so on Jafar 's orders. Jasmine confronts Jafar and demands that they release Aladdin, but Jafar tells her that Aladdin has already been executed; Jasmine is left distraught and blames herself.", "Disney Princess - Disney Princess is a Walt Disney Company franchise, based on fictional characters who have been featured as part of the Disney character line-up. The main six are: Snow White, Cinderella, Aurora, Ariel, Belle, and Jasmine, all of whom have royal title by marriage or birth. Another leading contender for the Christmas 'crown'.", "Although most Disney movies circle around the Disney princesses, Jasmine is considered the deuteragonist of the film, with Aladdin being the main protagonist.", "Cinderella and Pocahontas are the only Disney Princesses that didn't have their antagonists killed in their movies. Although Jafar does not die at the end of the first Aladdin, he does at the end of The Return of Jafar.", "The successful casting of American actor and comedian Robin Williams as the Genie inspired the studio to recruit other similarly talented voice actors who were capable of matching his pace. The filmmakers had originally envisioned the princess' voice as similar to that of American actress Lauren Bacall. Jasmine is voiced by American actress Linda Larkin; the role was only one of several auditions Larkin had scheduled for the week in which she auditioned for Aladdin, and originally underestimated the scope of the project, joking, \"I thought it was going to be something like Duck Tales (sic)\". Initially presented with only a few pages of the screenplay, Larkin was particularly drawn to Jasmine's \"spirit of activism”, in addition to the ways in which the character was both similar to and different from previous Disney heroines. ", "Created by directors Ron Clements and John Musker, Jasmine was based on the princess from the \"Aladdin\" folktales. Jasmine was originally conceived as a spoiled, materialistic princess, but the writers eventually developed her into a stronger character after the elimination of Aladdin's mother. Six months into working on the film, Larkin was nearly fired from the project because Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg felt that her voice was not suitable for a princess, but Clements and Musker defended Larkin and managed to convince him otherwise. Salonga was hired as Jasmine's singing voice based on her performance in the musical Miss Saigon. Animated by Mark Henn, Jasmine's appearance was inspired by both Henn's sister and American actress Jennifer Connelly.", "The casting of American actor and comedian Robin Williams as the Genie inspired the studio to recruit similarly talented voice actors capable of matching his pace. [16] The filmmakers had originally envisioned Jasmine's voice as similar to that of actress Lauren Bacall . [17] Jasmine's speaking voice is provided by American actress Linda Larkin . [18] The role was only one of several auditions Larkin had scheduled during the same week in which she auditioned for Aladdin, and she originally underestimated the scope of the project, joking, \"I thought it was going to be something like Duck Tales ( sic )\". [17] Initially presented with only a few pages of the screenplay, [17] Larkin found that she was particularly drawn to Jasmine's \"spirit of activism \", in addition to the ways in which character was both similar to and different from previous Disney heroines. [19] Princesses Snow White , Cinderella and Aurora had been childhood favorites of the actress. [18] [20] Larkin's first audition was held in a Burbank, California recording studio, in which she performed solely for the film's casting director. [19] The side used for Larkin's first audition was the scene in which Jasmine meets Aladdin in the marketplace – their first encounter. [9] Jasmine's line \"It's all so magical\" helped convince Larkin that she was \"meant\" to voice the character. [18] Although Larkin's voice was significantly different from what the filmmakers had originally envisioned for the character, her interpretation gradually changed their minds. [17]", "Finally, in the second direct-to-video/DVD movie, Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996) she and Aladdin are finally about to wed, when their wedding is interrupted by the Forty Thieves. After learning what they were after, Aladdin finds out from the Oracle that his father Cassim is still alive. Jasmine convinces him to seek out for his father, and that their wedding can be delayed a little bit longer. While he is away, Jasmine grows worried, and Genie cheers her up by dressing her in bridal outfits.", "Aladdin is a 1992 American animated adventure film, the thirty-first animated feature in the Disney Animated Canon , and the fourth entry of the Disney Renaissance , made and produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation , and released on November 25 , 1992, presented by Walt Disney Pictures and distributed by  Buena Vista Pictures Distribution . It relates a version of the story of Aladdin and the magic lamp from The Book of One Thousand and One Nights. As is usual with Disney film adaptations, many aspects of the story were changed for the movie, such as name changes and a more child-friendly plot. It was released at the peak stretch of the Disney renaissance era beginning with The Little Mermaid . It was the most successful film of 1992, with over $217 million (over $400 million adjusted) in domestic revenues and over $504 million worldwide.", "Aladdin : loosely based on one of the 2001 Arabian Night's Tales, the pantomime Aladdin lives in China with his mother the Widow Twankey (the pantomime's Dame.) The villain is his uncle, the wicked Abanazer, and the Fairy is replaced in this case by the Genie (or even two genies - the Genie of the Ring and the Genie of the Lamp) and the Broker's Men character is represented by Aladdin's sidekick Wishee-Washee. The name of the Princess varies from production to production (traditionally Badroubaldor but not so often nowadays) and after a series of misadventures with the magic, genie-containg lamp, Aladdin eventually rescues and marries his princess, is promoted to Rich Prince with the help of the genie, and they live happily ever after.", "The game follows the plot of the movie. Jasmine appears in cut scenes and must be rescued from Jafar in the final level. At the end of the game, she and Aladdin fly by on the magic carpet. They kiss as the credits scroll.", "Rapunzel is the tenth Disney Princess. First appearing in Disney's 50th animated feature film Tangled (2010), Rapunzel is based on the heroine of the German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm. Created by screenwriter Dan Fogelman, Rapunzel was originally animated by Glen Keane, and is voiced by recording artist and actress Mandy Moore. The character was \"coronated\" and inducted into the Disney Princess franchise on October 2, 2011 at Kensington Palace in London, England.", "Other characters include the Principal Girl, traditionally called Princess Balroubadour but more recently, after the Disney Film, Princess Jasmine.", "Aladdin (US, animated, 1992), with Voices of Scott Weinger, Robin Williams, Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman. Directed by John Musker. ", "10. Snow White is the first Disney Princess currently not to have a sequel for her film.  The second being Tiana.", "Maleficent ( or) is the main antagonist of Walt Disney's 1959 film Sleeping Beauty. She is characterized as the \"Mistress of All Evil\" who, after not being invited to a christening, curses the infant Princess Aurora to \"prick her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel and die\" before the sun sets on Aurora's sixteenth birthday. She was voiced by Eleanor Audley, who earlier voiced Lady Tremaine, Cinderella's evil stepmother, in Cinderella (1950). Maleficent was created by Marc Davis and is based on the evil fairy godmother from the original fairy tale of the same name by Charles Perrault and The Brothers Grimm.", "Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The 30th film in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series and the third in the Disney Renaissance period, it is based on the French fairy tale of the same name by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, who was also credited in the English version as well as in the French version, and ideas from the 1946 French film directed by Jean Cocteau. Beauty and the Beast focuses on the relationship between the Beast (Robby Benson), a prince who is magically transformed into a monster as punishment for his arrogance, and Belle (Paige O'Hara), a beautiful young woman whom he imprisons in his castle. To become a prince again, Beast must win her love in return otherwise he remains a monster forever. The film also features the voices of Richard White, Jerry Orbach, David Ogden Stiers, and Angela Lansbury. ", "3 In Aladdin and the King of Thieves, Genie makes reference to a boatload of Disney characters, including Chief Powhatan’s famous daughter, as seen in this clip at about the 1:07 mark.", "Jafar is a fictional character, voiced by Jonathan Freeman , in the Disney film Aladdin and its sequel , The Return of Jafar . He is an evil sorcerer and the former Grand Vizier of the Sultan of Agrabah.", "A Diamond Edition of Aladdin was eventually released in the United States on October 13, 2015.", "On a related note, she is also the first Disney Princess to have a name independent of that of the movie she appeared in.", "The Princess and the Frog is a traditionally hand-animated film. The film features a hard-working young woman making her way in the world. This character, Tiana, is the first African-American Disney princess.", "Now Davis is relishing every second of her role as a mommy. Daughter Alizeh is obsessed with princesses, to the chagrin of her mother, who would rather her little girl show an interest in females who strive to do more than win the heart of Prince Charming. Still, Alizeh is already putting her own twist on the fairy tales. \"She likes to tell stories about Snow White going into the forest, where she meets an evil witch. But then Snow White takes out a magic wand and turns the evil witch into a nice witch. It's a good thought,\" Davis says with a laugh. \"She never wants to play princesses who are just lying there asleep or under some spell. They're always very active princesses who battle dragons or evil witches.\"", "On July 15, 2015, the studio started developing a live-action comedy adventure prequel called Genies that is being written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift, while Tripp Vinson is on board to produce via his Vinson Films banner. The film is planned to lead for a live-action Aladdin movie. On November 8, Disney revealed it had originally planned to use Robin Williams' unused lines from the 1991–92 recording sessions for the film, but his will prohibited the studio from using his likeness for twenty-five years after his death.", "In the 2015 live-action Cinderella film, the Fairy Godmother is played by Helena Bonham Carter . The character has a slightly larger role in this film than in the animated movie, where she is disguised as an old beggar who watches over Cinderella before revealing herself as the magical being she truly is. She is also the narrator of the film." ]

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[ "Hardtack (or hard tack) is a simple type of cracker or biscuit, made from flour, water, and sometimes salt. Inexpensive and long-lasting, it was and is used for sustenance in the absence of perishable foods, commonly during long sea voyages and military campaigns.[1] The name derives from the British sailor slang for food, \"tack\". It is known by other names such as pilot bread (as rations for ship's pilots[2]), ship's biscuit, shipbiscuit, sea biscuit, sea bread (as rations for sailors) or pejoratively \"dog biscuits,\" \"tooth dullers,\" \"sheet iron,\" \"worm castles\" or \"molar breakers\".[3] Australian military personnel know them as ANZAC wafers.", "Hardtack (or hard tack) is a simple type of biscuit or cracker, made from flour, water, and sometimes salt. Inexpensive and long-lasting, it was and is used for sustenance in the absence of perishable foods, commonly during long sea voyages, land migrations, and military campaigns. The name derives from the British sailor slang for food, \"tack\". It is known by other names such as brewis (possibly a cognate with \"brose\"), cabin bread, pilot bread, sea biscuit, sea bread (as rations for sailors), ship's biscuit, or ship biscuit, or pejoratively as \"dog biscuits\", \"molar breakers\", \"sheet iron\", \"tooth dullers\", or \"worm castles\". Australian and New Zealand military personnel knew them with some sarcasm as ANZAC wafers (not to be confused with Anzac biscuit).", "Hardtack was a part of the staple diet of English and American sailors for many centuries.  Christopher Columbus took unleavened bread with him on his journeys.  Sailors referred to it as sea biscuit, sea bread, ship biscuit, Midshipman’s nuts, and pilot bread. During the early settlement of North America, the exploration of the continent, the American Revolution, and on through the American Civil War, armies were kept alive with hardtack.", "Hard bread, much dried, consisting of flour, water or milk, salt, which does not deteriorate when stored for long periods and therefore is suitable for use on board ship for up to a year after it was baked. Also called hard tack.", "hardtack: hard square cracker made of flour, water and salt; one of the major staples for both Northern and Southern soldiers", "Hardtack biscuits have long been part of warfare as a staple diet for troops, the history of them dates back to Egyptian times, to Richard 1 Crusades and recently the two World Wars.", "Hard biscuits soften as they age. To solve this problem, early bakers attempted to create the hardest biscuit possible. Because it is so hard and dry, if properly stored and transported, navies' hardtack will survive rough handling and high temperature. Baked hard, it can be kept without spoiling for years as long as it is kept dry. For long voyages, hardtack was baked four times, rather than the more common two. To soften hardtack for eating, it was often dunked in brine, coffee, or some other liquid or cooked into a skillet meal.", "A childhood ration of seafaring tales many of which described long voyages endured on a diet of hardtack-left me with ambivalent feelings about the long-time staple food. It was a pleasant surprise, then, to discover an old Swedish recipe that's both fast and easy . . . and produces delicious hardtack as well. What's more, one batch will make eight 12-inch-diameter discs which are great served \"hot from the pan\" with butter and make very convenient snacks to enjoy while camping or backpacking, too.", "It comes from 'lobscouse' which was a dish eaten in those parts, made with hard tack and bully beef. It was a traditional seaman's dish which may be of Viking origin. Labscaus is still a great speciality in Hamburg. It is made with corned beef, onions, beetroot and mashed potatoes and flavoured with a pinch of cumin and served with a fried egg on top. A version of this dish is also made in Denmark where herring is added. Delicious.", "Between 1677 and 1733, the fish was replaced by oatmeal (Macdonald 9). In Nelson’s navy, British sailors received just a pound of bread (weevil-enriched hard biscuit) daily.  Twice a week they were fed a pound of salt beef, twice again a pound of salt pork, four days a week a half-pint of pease, and three times a week, a pint of oatmeal, two of butter, and four of cheese.  However, these were nominal weights, because in purser weights, each pound of most items was required to weigh only fourteen ounces, butter only twelve, and cheese only nine (Pope 151-5).  The calorific value is estimated as 4888 but substitutions could change this (Macdonald 177).", "A single buffalo provided a lot of meat, with bulls averaging about 700 kilograms. Eaten fresh, the meat was roasted on a spit or boiled in a skin bag with hot stones, a process that produced a rich, nutritious soup. Just as common was the dried buffalo meat known as jerky, which could be stored for a long time in rawhide bags. Women also prepared high-protein pemmican—dried meat pounded into a powder, which was then mixed with hot, melted buffalo fat and berries. A hunter could easily carry this valuable food stuff in a small leather bag. Pemmican later became a staple in the diet of fur traders and voyageurs.", "Before frozen foods and the importation of foods from the Southern hemisphere became readily available in northern and central Europe , sauerkraut provided a vital source of the aforementioned nutrients during the winter. Captain James Cook always took a store of sauerkraut on his sea voyages, since experience had taught him that it was an effective preventative of scurvy . [3] [4] German sailors continued this practice even after the British Royal Navy had switched to limes, earning the British sailor the nickname \" Limey \" while his German counterpart became known as a \" Kraut .\" [5]", "Turpentine was a common medicine among seamen during the Age of Discovery , and one of several products carried aboard Ferdinand Magellan 's fleet in his first circumnavigation of the globe. [8]", "jerky – Also called jerked meat, jerky is meat (usually beef) that is cut into long, thin strips and dried, traditionally by the sun. Jerky was a popular staple with early trappers, just as it is with today’s backpackers because it keeps almost indefinitely and is light and easy to transport. It’s quite tough and salty but is very flavorful and high in protein.", "Did You Know? - Before frozen foods and the importation of foods from the Southern Hemisphere became readily available in northern and central Europe, sauerkraut provided a source of nutrients during the winter. Captain James Cook always took a store of sauerkraut on his sea voyages, since experience had taught him it prevented scurvy. German sailors continued this practice even after the British Royal Navy had switched to limes, earning the British sailor the nickname \"Limey\" while his German counterpart became known as a \"Kraut\"", "17th Century A gruel or porridge made of oatmeal or any available grain as minimal basic sustenance for sailing ship crew. Seasoned with salt, sugar, and butter. Lascar seamen may have (when almost starving ?) gratefully called it \"Bar:goo\" meaning \"faeces of the sacred cow\" in Hindi.", "The diet of sailors during the age of sail was obviously the main factor in the plight of scurvy. As Vitamin C can not be produced internally by humans, it must be ingested through the diet. Therefore, a close examination of the diet of sailors is needed to show why scurvy took such a stranglehold on the navies of Europe.", "In particular, the crew of the Endeavor were to be guinea pigs in the Navy's fight against \"the scourge of the sea\"--scurvy. The human body can store only about 6 week's worth of vitamin C, and when it runs out seamen experience lassitude, rotted gums, hemorrhaging. Some 18th century ships lost half their crew to scurvy. Cook carried a variety of experimental foods onboard, feeding his crew such things as sauerkraut and malt wort. Anyone who refused the fare would be whipped. Indeed, Cook flogged one in five of his crew, about average in those days, according to Horwitz.", "Herring has been a staple food source since 3000 B.C. There are numerous ways the fish is served and many regional recipes: eaten raw, fermented, pickled , or cured by other techniques. The fish was sometimes known as \"two-eyed steak\".", "Herring has been a known staple food source since 3000 B.C. There are numerous ways the fish is served and many regional recipes: eaten raw, fermented, pickled , or cured by other techniques. The fish was sometimes known as \"two-eyed steak\".", "\"Voyages of purchase or reprisals (trading), which are now grown a common traffic, swallow up and consume more sailors and mariners than they breed,\" wrote Thomas Nashe, in Nashe's Lenten Stuffe (1599). \"And lightly not a slop of a rope-hauler they send forth to the Queen's ships but he is first broken to the sea in the herring-man's skiff or cockboat, where having learned to brook all waters and drink as he can out of a tarry can, and eat poor John (dried, salted fish) out of sooty platters, when he may get it, without butter or mustard, there is no hold with him (no stopping), but once heartened thus, he will needs be a man of war, a tobacco-taker, and wear a silver whistle.\"", "Sailors soon discovered that the fruit was great protection against scurvy - a nasty disease that affected sailors in particular. The disease was a result of a diet that lacked vitamin C. Pineapples helped because they are extremely high in this vitamin.", "“No other cases occurred during the voyage, but the wort was served out at sea as a regular article of diet.”", "In medieval times, seafood was less prestigious than other animal meats, and often seen as merely an alternative to meat on fast days. Still, seafood was the mainstay of many coastal populations. Kippers made from herring caught in the North Sea could be found in markets as far away as Constantinople. While large quantities of fish were eaten fresh, a large proportion was salted, dried, and, to a lesser extent, smoked. Stockfish, cod that was split down the middle, fixed to a pole and dried, was very common, though preparation could be time-consuming, and meant beating the dried fish with a mallet before soaking it in water. A wide range of mollusks including oysters, mussels and scallops were eaten by coastal and river-dwelling populations, and freshwater crayfish were seen as a desirable alternative to meat during fish days. Compared to meat, fish was much more expensive for inland populations, especially in Central Europe, and therefore not an option for most. ", "Interestingly, the word does not refer to the olives that are its most prominent ingredient; it comes from the Provencal word for caper, tapeno (or tapero ). \"These, preserved in vinegar, are crushed in a mortar, along with bay laurel, thyme, garlic, anchovies and black olives, then bound with olive oil and spiced with a little bit of rum,\" says my French cookbook, \" L'Histoire et Recettes de la Provence et du Comte de Nice \" (\"History and Recipes of Provence and the Region of Nice\") in its discussion of tapenade.", "\"Those Irish who went into the British Navy or merchant marines, they would've eaten a lot of tinned beef,\" said Carlin. \"Salt beef could be bottled or canned in the 19th century, and so that made it very suitable for long voyages, army use and so on. In the past, they also consumed a lot of salt beef, but it was packed in barrels and it wasn't as good of a preservation method.\"", "Square wooden trencher plates were used on-board ships as they didn't slide around as easily as circular plates, for sailors & press-ganged men they would have looked forward to a good square meal between their watches.", "Life on a warship, particularly the large ships of the line, was crowded and hard. Discipline was enforced with extreme violence, small infractions punished with public lashings. The food, far from good, deteriorated as ships spent time at sea. Drinking water was in constant short supply and usually brackish. Shortage of citrus fruit and fresh vegetables meant that scurvy easily and quickly set in. The great weight of guns and equipment and the necessity to climb rigging in adverse weather conditions frequently caused serious injury.", "Life on a warship, particularly the large ships of the line, was crowded and hard. Discipline was enforced with extreme violence, small infractions punished with public lashings. The food, far from good, deteriorated as ships spent time at sea. Drinking water was in constant short supply and usually brackish. Shortage of citrus fruit and fresh vegetables meant that scurvy easily and quickly set in. The great weight of guns and equipment and the necessity to climb rigging in adverse weather conditions frequently caused serious injury.", "When I was looking up the history of sauerkraut, we found that it was put on ships to help prevent scurvy too.", "During a trip to Asia in the early 1800s, a German merchant – it is said – noticed that the nomadic Tartars softened their meat by keeping it under their saddles. The motion of the horse pounded the meat to bits. The Tartars would then scrape it together and season it for eating. The idea of pounded beef found its way back to the merchant’s home town of Hamburg where cooks broiled the meat and referred to it as it as Hamburg meat.", "In order to keep the anchor chain of a ship in good condition, the chain would be laid out up and down the deck (flaked) in order to locate and replace any worn or weak links. The term is still in use, as the captain will often instruct the crew to flake out the anchor line in preparation for anchoring. The anchor line is looped on deck in such a way that it does not become fouled (tangled) when the anchor is dropped. So if someone calls you a flake, you are either a weak link or about to disappear." ]

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[ "The Boston Marathon is an annual marathon hosted by the city of Boston , Massachusetts , on Patriots' Day , the third Monday of April. Begun in 1897 and inspired by the success of the first modern-day marathon competition in the 1896 Summer Olympics , [1] the Boston Marathon is the world's oldest annual marathon and ranks as one of the world's most well-known road racing events. It is one of five World Marathon Majors .", "The Boston Marathon is an annual marathon hosted by the U.S. city of Boston, Massachusetts, on Patriots’ Day, the third Monday of April. Begun in 1897 and inspired by the success of the first modern-day marathon competition in the 1896 Summer Olympics, the Boston Marathon is the world’s oldest annual marathon and ranks as one of the world’s best-known road racing events. It is one of five World Marathon Majors. Today, the Boston Athletic Association (B.A.A.) manages this event. Amateur and professional runners from all over the world compete in the Boston Marathon each year, braving the hilly New England terrain and varying weather to take part in the race. Though starting with 18 participants in 1897, the event now attracts an average of about 20,000 registered participants each year, with 26,895 people entering in 2011.", "The Boston Marathon is an annual marathon hosted by several cities in greater Boston in eastern Massachusetts, United States. It is always held on Patriots' Day, the third Monday of April. Begun in 1897, inspired by the success of the first modern-day marathon competition in the 1896 Summer Olympics, the Boston Marathon is the world's oldest annual marathon and ranks as one of the world's best-known road racing events. It is one of six World Marathon Majors, and is one of four major events held in the United States through the years of both World Wars (Kentucky Derby, Rose Parade, and Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show are the others). Since 1897, the Boston Athletic Association (B.A.A.) has managed this event. Amateur and professional runners from all over the world compete in the Boston Marathon each year, braving the hilly Massachusetts terrain and varying weather to take part in the race. The event attracts 500,000 spectators each year, making it New England's most widely viewed sporting event. Though starting with 18 participants in 1897, the event now attracts an average of about 30,000 registered participants each year, with 30,251 people entering in 2015. The Centennial Boston Marathon in 1996 established a record as the world's largest marathon with 38,708 entrants, 36,748 starters, and 35,868 finishers The 2016 event will be the 120th running of this annual competition!", "Boston marathon 2016 held in Massachusetts state in America. It is always held on Patriots' Day, the third Monday of April. Begun in 1897, inspired by the success of the first modern-day marathon competition in the 1896 Summer Olympics, the Boston Marathon is the world's oldest annual marathon and ranks as one of the world's best-known road racing events. Events start from Hopkinton city & finish line is in Boston. Which is 26.2 mile. This video captured from 6 mile away from start line at Framingham city. If you like this video, please don't forget to subscribe this channel.", "After the Olympic Games championship, one of the most coveted honours in marathon running is victory in the Boston Marathon , held annually since 1897. It draws athletes from all parts of the world and in 1972 became the first major marathon to officially allow women to compete. Other premiere marathons are held in London, Chicago , Berlin, New York City , Tokyo, and Amsterdam. Marathons are not held on the track but on roads, and, despite the fact that courses are not of equal difficulty, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) does list world records for the marathon and also for the half-marathon. World-record times in the marathon steadily declined over the course of the 20th century from slightly under three hours to slightly more than two hours.", "The sport of road running finds its roots in the activities of footmen: male servants who ran alongside the carriages of aristocrats around the 18th century, and who also ran errands over distances for their masters. Foot racing competitions evolved from wagers between aristocrats, who pitted their footman against that of another aristocrat in order to determine a winner. The sport became professionalised as footmen were hired specifically on their athletic ability and began to devote their lives to training for the gambling events. The amateur sports movement in the late 19th century marginalised competitions based on the professional, gambling model. The 1896 Summer Olympics saw the birth of the modern marathon and the event led to the growth of road running competitions through annual public events such as the Boston Marathon (first held in 1897) and the Lake Biwa Marathon and Fukuoka Marathons, which were established in the 1940s. The 1970s running boom in the United States made road running a common pastime and also increased its popularity at the elite level. ", "The Boston Marathon has been run since 1897 and many athletes from all over the Earth/world/Mars now participate in marathons. Host cities have special roads/races/routes marked off in their streets for the race. The winners in some marathons receive small/generous/tiny prizes from corporate sponsors. However, most runners participate because they enjoy the activity/challenge/demands of running long distances.", "Since 1897, the Boston Athletic Association (B.A.A.) has managed this event. Amateur and professional runners from all over the world compete in the Boston Marathon each year, braving the hilly New England terrain and varying weather to take part in the race.", "In 1996 the Boston Athletic Association (B.A.A.) opened the floodgates for the 100th annual edition of America’s oldest and premier marathon. The number of time-qualifying entrants soared as anyone who was anyone as a runner focused on Boston, determined to be part of history. Additionally, some projec- tions estimated bandits to number an additional 10,000 to 15,000. Just because these poor souls, the bandits, missed the 38,000-strong official field should not hinder them from entering the gates of Hopkinton! The exact number will never be known, though the B.A.A. doesn’t acknowledge them. But consider the fact that official and unofficial runners at Boston’s 100th might well constitute the largest marathon in the history of the world, then and now.", "Road running competitions are running events (predominantly long distance) which are mainly conducted on courses of paved or tarmac roads, although major events often finish on the track of a main stadium. In addition to being a common recreational sport, the elite level of the sport – particularly marathon races – are one of the most popular aspects of athletics. Road racing events can be of virtually any distance, but the most common and well known are the marathon, half marathon, 10 km and 5 km. The marathon is the only road running event featured at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics and the Summer Olympics, although there is also an annual IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. The marathon is also the only road running event featured at the IPC Athletics World Championships and the Summer Paralympics. The World Marathon Majors series includes the five most prestigious marathon competitions at the elite level – the Berlin, Boston, Chicago, London, and New York City marathons.", "The 24 Hours of Le Mans is the world's oldest sports car race in endurance racing, held annually since 1923 near the town of Le Mans, France. Commonly known as the Grand Prix of Endurance, it is organised by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) and runs on a circuit containing closed public roads that are meant not only to test a car and driver's ability to be quick, but also to last over a 24 hour period.", "New York stages the world’s largest marathon, which began in 1970 with just 127 runners. For the 2010 event there were 100,000 applicants, and applications for 2011 opened the day after the race. English Olympian and businessman Chris Brasher was inspired by the New York Marathon as “a vision of the human race happy and united, willing their fellow human beings to a pointless but wonderful victory over mental doubts and bodily frailty”. He went on to establish the London Marathon in 1981, and saw the event as a “suburban Everest”. Five marathons now dominate the competitive calendar. Thousands run these races for a cause, or in memory of a close relative. London participants raised £47 million for charity in 2009; New York, $24 million. Millions of people turn out on the streets of these cities, to cheer on people like themselves who are aspiring to do what for so long was seen as undoable.", "Cross-country races seldom exceed 14.5 km (9 mi). The marathon, in contrast, is an exacting race over a course of 26 mi 385 yd. In the U.S., marathons became very popular in the late 1970s. The Boston Marathon, which is traditionally run on Patriot's Day, has been sponsored since 1895 by the Boston Athletic Association. Other annual marathons include those run through the streets and parks of New York City and races sponsored by USA Track & Field. The event is also contested at the Olympic Games.< Go To Top >", "The marathon is a long-distance running event with an official distance of 42.195 kilometres, usually run as a road race. The event was instituted in commemoration of the fabled run of the Greek soldier Pheidippides, a messenger from the Battle of Marathon to Athens, who reported the victory. The marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events in 1896, though the distance did not become standardized until 1921. More than 500 marathons are held throughout the world each year, with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes as larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants. This channel was generated automatically by YouTube's video discovery system.", "In countries where there was no shortage of demanding roads across remote terrain, other events sprang up. In South America, the biggest of these took the form of long distance city to city races, each of around 5,000 to 6,000 miles (8,000–9,500 km), divided into daily legs. The first was the Gran Premio del Norte of 1940, run from Buenos Aires to Lima and back; it was won by Juan Manuel Fangio in a much modified Chevrolet coupé. This event was repeated in 1947, and in 1948 an even more ambitious one was held, the Gran Premio de la América del Sur from Buenos Aires to Caracas, Venezuela—Fangio had an accident in which his co-driver was killed. Then in 1950 came the fast and dangerous Carrera Panamericana, a 1911 mi road race in stages across Mexico to celebrate the opening of the asphalt highway between the Guatemala and United States borders, which ran until 1954. All these events fell victim to the cost – financial, social and environmental – of putting them on in an increasingly complex and developed world, although smaller road races continued long after, and a few still do in countries like Bolivia.", "The Berlin Marathon is a major running and sporting event held annually in Berlin, Germany. The official marathon distance of 42.195 kilometers (26 miles 385 yards) is set up as a city-wide road race where professional athletes and amateur sportsmen jointly participate. First initiated in 1974 the event traditionally takes place on the last weekend in September.", "When the modern Olympics began in 1896, the initiators and organizers were looking for a great popularizing event, recalling the ancient glory of Greece. The idea of a marathon race came from Michel Bréal, who wanted the event to feature in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens. This idea was heavily supported by Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympics, as well as by the Greeks. The Greeks staged a selection race for the Olympic marathon on 10 March 1896 (Julian) that was won by Charilaos Vasilakos in 3 hours and 18 minutes (with the future winner of the introductory Olympic Games marathon, Spyridon \"Spyros\" Louis, coming in fifth). The winner of the first Olympic marathon, on 10 April 1896 (a male-only race), was Spyridon Louis, a Greek water-carrier, in 2 hours 58 minutes and 50 seconds. The marathon of the 2004 Summer Olympics was run on the traditional route from Marathon to Athens, ending at Panathinaiko Stadium, the venue for the 1896 Summer Olympics. That men's marathon was won by Italian Stefano Baldini in 2 hours 10 minutes and 55 seconds, a record time for this route until the non-Olympics Athens Classic Marathon of 2014, when Felix Kandie lowered the course record to 2 hours 10 minutes and 37 seconds.", "12 Mar 2017 [TBC] Bath Half Marathon Sun 11:00 Great Pulteney Street. One of the longest established and most popular city road events in the UK, raising over �1.2 million for charity. The Runners Village is at the Bath Recreation Ground, open to both runners and spectators. Heart FM Roadshow, food and drink, first aid and toilets. Video Bath Half Marathon", "The race was founded by the former Olympic champion and journalist Chris Brasher and athlete John Disley. It is organised by Hugh Brasher (son of Chris) as Race Director and Nick Bitel as Chief Executive. Set over a largely flat course around the River Thames, the race begins at three separate points around Blackheath and finishes in The Mall alongside St. James's Park. Since the first marathon, the course has undergone very few route changes. In 1982, the finishing post was moved from Constitution Hill to Westminster Bridge due to construction works. It remained there for twelve years before moving to its present location at The Mall.", "MarathonsThe marathon is a long-distance running event with an official distance of 42.195 kilometres 26 miles and 385 yards, that is usually run as a road race.", "Racewalking finds its roots in the sport of pedestrianism which emerged in the late 18th century in England. Spectators would gamble on the outcome of the walking competitions. The sport took on an endurance aspect and competitions were held over long distances or walkers would have to achieve a certain distance within a specified time frame, such as Centurion contests of walking 100 mi within 24 hours. During this period, racewalking was frequently held on athletics tracks for ease of measurement, and the 1908 Summer Olympics in London saw the introduction of the 3500-metre and 10-mile walks. Racewalking was briefly dropped from the Olympic programme in 1928, but the men's 50 kilometres race walk has been held at every Olympic Games but one since 1932. The men's 20 kilometres race walk was added to the Olympic athletics schedule in 1956 and the women's event was first held in 1992. The most common events in modern competition are over 10 km, 20 km and 50 km on roads, although women's 3 km and men's 5 km are held on indoor tracks.", "The London to Brighton Veteran Car Run is the longest-running motoring event in the world. The first run was in 1896, and it has taken place most years since its initial revival in 1927. To qualify, the cars must have been built before 1905. It is also the world's largest gathering of veteran cars – 443 started in 2005, 484 in 2009, compared to 37 starters in 1927, 51 starters in 1930 and 131 in 1938. ", "The marathon is a long-distance running event with an official distance of 42.195 kilometres (26 miles and 385 yards), that is usually run as a road race. ...", "The Port Chester Marathon, which began in Manhattan and ended in Westchester County, was a major stop on the running circuit from 1925 to 1941. Held in October, the course ran from Columbus Circle over to 59th Street and Fifth Avenue, north on Fifth Avenue to 138th Street where participants crossed the Harlem River over the Madison Avenue Bridge, continued up the Grand Concourse to Fordham Road, and continued east on the Pelham Parkway to the Boston Post Road into Westchester County. In 1925, Albert Michelsen set a world record that held for ten years running from New York to Port Chester in just under two and–a–half hours. Subsequent races began at Morningside Avenue and 124th Street and ran through Woodlawn in The Bronx. In 1933, one of the runners was hit by an automobile (but still finished).", "The Cheltenham Gold Cup is a historic race, having taken place since 1819. However, originally the event was contested over 3 miles on Cleeve Hill, before later switching to its present venue.", "The word marathon (1896) alludes to Marathon, a plain in Greece about 25 miles west of Athens, where an army of 10,000 Athenians defeated 100,000 Persians, at the Battle of Marathon (Funk, 1998: 316). After the battle an unknown courageous runner left the battlegrounds and brought the news of the thrilling victory to the city of Athens that lay some 26 miles away. In 1896 when the Olympic Games were revived for the first time, a long-distance race was planned to cover the same ground in order to commemorate the distance the runner had travelled to bring the news of the victory (632).", "Two ultra long distance challenges took place at this time. The Peking-Paris of 1907 was not officially a competition, but a \"raid\", the French term for an expedition or collective endeavour whose promoters, the newspaper \"Le Matin\", rather optimistically expected participants to help each other; it was 'won' by Prince Scipione Borghese, Luigi Barzini, and Ettore Guizzardi in an Itala. The New York–Paris of the following year, which went via Japan and Siberia, was won by George Schuster and others in a Thomas Flyer. Each event attracted only a handful of adventurous souls, but in both cases the successful drivers exhibited characteristics modern rally drivers would recognise: meticulous preparation, mechanical skill, resourcefulness, perseverance and a certain single-minded ruthlessness. The New York–Seattle race of 1909, if shorter, was no easier. Rather gentler (and more akin to modern rallying) was the Glidden Tour, run by the American Automobile Association between 1902 and 1913, which had timed legs between control points and a marking system to determine the winners. ", "The usual distance for races was 4 miles, though matches over 6 and even 8 miles were not uncommon. (fn. 46) At the closing stages of the race the spectators, gathered on horseback near the Running Gap, rode in behind the runners to see the finish, at which the winner was greeted with drums and trumpets. (fn. 47) The original Long Course was 8 miles long, running from near the Fleam Dyke, through the Devil's Ditch at the gap made for the ancient Street Way, to the edge of the town, where by 1678 a stand, later called the King's Stand, had been built. On the first half, there stood at every mile starting posts with rubbing-houses, one commemorated in the name of Six Mile Bottom. The last 4 miles, north of the road to Cambridge, became the Beacon Course, normally used for matches. (fn. 48) About 1665 the Round Course, 3 miles 6 furlongs long, of rhomboidal shape, was laid out for the newly founded Town Plate, to bring the starts and finishes of the heats conveniently close together. (fn. 49) Later the Duke (of York)'s Course, running across from the Round Course start into the Beacon Course, provided another four-mile course for matches, starting nearer the town. (fn. 50) The courses were already marked out in the 1660s with white flagged posts. (fn. 51)", "The starting point of the race was moved twice during the 19th century. The first move, suggested by Lord George Bentinck, was in 1848, and the second was in 1872. It was discovered in 1991 that the exact length of the race was one mile, four furlongs and 10 yards.", "The starting point of the race was moved twice during the 19th century. The first move, suggested by Lord George Bentinck, was in 1848, and the second was in 1872. It was discovered in 1991 that the exact length of the race was one mile, four furlongs and 10 yards.", "Milan–San Remo, also called \"The Spring classic\" or \"La Classicissima\", is an annual cycling race between Milan and Sanremo, in Northwest Italy. With a distance of 298 km (~185.2 miles) it is the longest professional one-day race in modern cycling. It is the first major classic race of the season, usually held on the third Saturday of March. The first edition was held in 1907.", "With just about every major city in the United States hosting a marathon, this era could be classified as the second great marathon boom. Did you know the first one took place 100 years ago?" ]

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[ "The Pale Horse is a work of detective fiction by Agatha Christie and first published in the UK by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1961 and in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company the following year. The UK edition retailed at fifteen shillings (15/- 75p) and the US edition at $3.75. The novel features her novelist detective Ariadne Oliver as a minor character, and reflects in tone the supernatural novels of Dennis Wheatley who was then at the height of his popularity. The Pale Horse is mentioned in Revelation 6:8, where it is ridden by Death.", "Death on the Nile is a work of detective fiction by Agatha Christie and first published in the UK by the Collins Crime Club on November 1, 1937 and... Read more", "Many of the most popular books of the Golden Age were written by Agatha Christie, who produced long series of books featuring her detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, amongst others, and usually including a complex puzzle for the reader to try to unravel. Christie's novels include, Murder on the Orient Express (1934), Death on the Nile (1937), and And Then There Were None (1939). Also popular were the stories featuring Dorothy L. Sayers's Lord Peter Wimsey and S. S. Van Dine's Philo Vance.", "Edgar Allan Poe (born Edgar Poe, January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction.  He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.", "Alexandre Dumas (,, born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie; 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as Alexandre Dumas, père, was a French writer. His works have been translated into nearly 100 languages, and he is one of the most widely read French authors. Many of his historical novels of high adventure were originally published as serials, including The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After, and The Vicomte de Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. His novels have been adapted since the early twentieth century for nearly 200 films. Dumas' last novel, The Knight of Sainte-Hermine, unfinished at his death, was completed by a scholar and published in 2005, becoming a bestseller. It was published in English in 2008 as The Last Cavalier.", "James Bond : Death is forever by John Gardner. Classic Library : Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle.", "Many of the settings for Christie's books were directly inspired by the many archaeological field seasons spent in the Middle East on the sites managed by her husband Max. The extent of her time spent at the many locations featured in her books is apparent from the extreme detail in which she describes them. One such site featured in her work is the temple site of Abu Simbel , depicted in Death on the Nile . Also there is the great detail in which she describes life at the dig site in Murder in Mesopotamia . Among the characters in her books, Christie has often given prominence to the archaeologists and experts in Middle Eastern cultures and artifacts. Most notable are the characters of Dr. Eric Leidner in Murder in Mesopotamia and Signor Richetti in Death on the Nile, while many minor characters were archaeologists in They Came to Baghdad.", "NOTE // ABSTRACT --- 24 cm. Introduction / John Richard Stephens -- Malevolence of ancient Egyptian spirits / Arthur Weigall -- Lost in a pyramid, or, The mummy's curse / Louisa May Alcott -- Raiding mummies' tombs / various Egyptologists -- Ring of Thoth / Sir Arthur Conan Doyle -- Vengeance of Nitocris / Tennessee Williams -- Under the pyramids / H.P. Lovecraft -- Opening King Tutenkhamen's tomb / Howard Carter with A.C. Mace -- Adventure of the Egyptian tomb / Agatha Christie -- Demon-possessed princess / an ancient Egyptian priest -- Majestic sphinx / Mark Twain -- Smith and the pharaohs / Sir H. Rider Haggard -- Some words with a mummy / Edgar Allan Poe -- Colonel Stonesteel's genuine homemade truly Egyptian mummy / Ray Bradbury -- Dead kings (excerpt) / Rudyard Kipling -- Lot no. 249 / Sir Arthur Conan Doyle -- Locked tomb mystery / Elizabeth Peters -- The death-ring of Sneferu / Sax Rohmer -- The mummy, or, Ramses the damned (excerpt) / Anne Rice -- The jewel of seven stars (abridged) / Bram Stoker. \"This 2006 edition published by Barnes & Noble, Inc., by arrangement with Fern Canyon Press.\" edited by John Richard Stephens. //", "Henry Graham Greene, OM, CH (2 October 1904 – 3 April 1991) was an English novelist and author regarded as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. Combining literary acclaim with widespread popularity, Greene had acquired a reputation early in his own lifetime as a great writer, both of serious Catholic novels and of thrillers (or \"entertainments \" as he termed them); however, even though shortlisted in 1967, he was never awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Through 67 years of writings which included over 25 novels, he explored the ambivalent moral and political issues of the modern world through a Catholic perspective.", "The Da Vinci Code is a 2003 mystery-detective fiction novel written by American author Dan Brown. It follows symbologist Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveu as they investigate a murder in Paris’s Louvre Museum and discover a battle between the Priory of Sion and Opus Dei over the possibility of Jesus Christ of Nazareth having been married to Mary Magdalene. The title of the novel refers to, among other things, the fact that the murder victim is found in the Denon Wing of the Louvre, naked and posed like Leonardo da Vinci’s famous drawing, the Vitruvian Man, with a cryptic message written beside his body and a pentacle drawn on his stomach in his own blood.", "Ayatollah Khomeini’s death sentence on Rushdie, delivered on Valentine’s Day 1989, destroyed any chance for dialogue. The author was now in fear for his life. Assassins stabbed his Japanese translator Hitoshi Igarashi and shot the Belgian imam Abdallah al-Ahdal who had condemned Khomeini’s fatwa. The author disappeared, assuming a false identity constructed from the names of two great authors: Joseph Conrad and Anton Chekhov. His new memoir, Joseph Anton, published this month, will reflect on his time in hiding.", "22 November – C. S. Lewis, the author most famous for the Narnia books (1950–1955), dies at the age of 65 in Oxford. However, media coverage of his death (as also that of Aldous Huxley in the U.S. on the same day) is overshadowed by the assassination of American President John F. Kennnedy, news of which reaches the U.K. just after 18:30 UTC.", "Literature. Nobel Prize-winning author Naguib Mahfouz (b. 1911) is the best known of the many novelists, poets, and short-story writers whose works have been widely read and translated. Folk tales and folk epics survive but are not robust.", "Gyles Brandreth, Oscar Wilde and a Death of No Importance (titled Oscar Wilde and the Candlelight Murders in the U.K.) (2008), a mystery in which the famous London playwright and witty man-about-town discovers the body of a murdered boy and sets out to find the killer with the help of his friend Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes; #1 in the Oscar Wilde mystery series.", "Acclaimed U.S. Author of such classic fiction as “The Old Man and the Sea,” “A farewell to Arms,” and “Death In the Afternoon.”", "The death most directly related to Rushdie was the lethal attack on the campus of Tsukuba University in 1991 against Hitoshi Igarashi, a Japanese professor of literature well-connected in pre-revolutionary Iran as well as translator of The Satanic Verses.5 To the indignation of the Japanese public, Japanese Muslims applauded the murder and declared that \"even if the murder was not committed by a Muslim, God made sure that Igarashi got what he deserved.\"6 Knife attacks on two other Rushdie translators, Ettore Capriolo for the Italian edition and William Nygaard for the Norwegian one, seriously wounded them. Nygaard declared at the 1994 Book Fair in Frankfurt that the only correct reply to the terrorists was to stand firm for freedom, and that his way to do this was to translate and publish yet another blasphemer's book, Taslima Nasrin's Shame.7", "Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer. His most famous works are \"Treasure Island\", \"Kidnapped\", and \"The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde\".", "Anthony Sattin, Winter on the Nile (2010), a novel about 29-year-old Florence Nightingale's 1849 trip to Egypt, which portrays her meeting the young future author Gustave Flaubert and finding the courage to decide on a career in nursing.", "He soon completed an Arabic translation of James Baikies's Ancient Egypt, which was published in 1932; and, by the time he graduated, he could read Zola and Balzac in the original — though he particularly enjoyed Tolstoy, which he read in French. He never managed to finish a novel by Dickens.", "Two writers loom large over the modern literature of Alexandria: the Alexandria-born Greek poet C.P. Cavafy and the Indian-born Briton Lawrence Durrell, author of The Alexandria Quartet. Cavafy incorporated Greek history, mythology, and his homosexuality into his poetry. Durrell used the cosmopolitan city as a landscape to explore human desires. Of Arabic novels set in Alexandria, Naguib Mahfouz's Miramar is the best known. In the 2000s, writers such as Jon Courtenay Grimwood, Ki Longfellow, and Keith Miller have used Alexandria as a setting for speculative fiction.", "For all that, it is hardly his best-known novel. It was his fourth, The Satanic Verses, that made him the world's most celebrated, if beleaguered, novelist. The novel was deemed to be so hostile to Islam that it provoked Iran's supreme ruler Ayatollah Khomeini to issue a fatwa in 1988 calling for Rushdie to be killed. There was a failed attempt on his life, and others linked to the book were attacked, among them his Japanese translator, who was stabbed to death by, Rushdie believes, Iranian terrorists who entered Japan from China.", "54. born March 31, 1926, Leigh upon Sea, Essex, Eng. British novelist. His richly allusive and descriptive works combine psychological probings; chiefly of sex and love; with an interest in the social and philosophical context of human behaviour. His first novel, The Collector (1963; film, 1965), about a shy man who kidnaps a girl in a hapless search for love, was followed by The Magus (1966; film, 1968) and The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969; film, 1981), his most famous work, set in Victorian England. Later works include The Ebony Tower (1974; film made for television, 1984) and Daniel Martin (1977).", "Prolific English mystery writer, best known for the master criminal Dr. Fu Manchu and his opponents Denis Nayland Smith, Dr. Petrie, named after the Egyptologist Flinders Petrie, and the beautiful Kâramanéh, the source of Petrie's daydrems, whose \"eyes held a challenge wholly Oriental in its appeal.\" In spite of Rohmer's popularity, his family lived long times in poverty because of the bad deals he made with the publishers.", "Keneally was known as \"Mick\" until 1964 but began using the name Thomas when he started publishing, after advice from his publisher to use what was really his first name. He is most famous for his Schindler's Ark (1982) (later republished as Schindler's List), which won the Booker Prize and is the basis of the film Schindler's List (1993). Many of his novels are reworkings of historical material, although modern in their psychology and style.", "Mahomed’s place in history was largely forgotten until the poet and scholar Alamgir Hashmi drew attention to this author from the 1970s. Alamgir learned of the book while browsing through catalogues of the British Library. It was then republished by the University of California Press in 1997 with a detailed study of Sake Dean Mahomet.", "In a 1982 review of the book for The Observer, literary critic Anthony Burgess wrote: \"It is typical of my unregenerable soul that I can only see this as a marvellous theme for a novel.\" Indeed, the theme was later used by Margaret Starbird in her 1993 novel The Woman with the Alabaster Jar, and by Dan Brown in his 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code. ", "John Dickson Carr, Deadly Hall (1971), about a novelist who returns to his boyhood home, New Orleans, in 1927 to investigate a murder connected with a friend's inheritance.", "In Morning and Evening Talk, his last novel, he sets the bar high, refusing all the classical unities. Instead of rooting his story in one place, he flits between Cairo and the countryside. Instead of following a chronology, he races back and forth along a 200-year timeline. And instead of one story, he offers us 67. Each takes the form of an informal obituary – a life as it might be described by a wise neighbour. Together they describe the fortunes of three families joined by friendship, feuds and marriage. But the pieces of the jigsaw never make a picture. They swim in and out of each other’s lives so fast and so often that any mental map we might have half-constructed soon dissolves. The only organising principle is the Arabic alphabet. Each chapter carries the name of a character and they appear in alphabetical order.", "Keeping with the theme of brass, the final intriguing story in the Arabian Nights with science fiction elements is The City of Brass. Two characters, Musa and Abd al-Samad, go in search of the city, where King Solomon allegedly trapped jinni (genies) in brass bottles. While travelling across the desert, they encounter a giant brass figure who points in the right direction of the city after a button is pressed. On the way there, they then encounter a strange figure- a trapped entity- imprisoned within a pillar half-buried in the sand. This being speaks to them and also confirms they are heading in the right direction of the city. When they and their retinue arrive at the City of Brass, they find peculiar relics and odd devices, remnants of some ancient science. I was also reminded of the Shelley poem \"Ozymandias\" after reading this particular story, with the echoes of a once-great civilisation. There are preserved corpses in the chambers of the city, including one of a beautiful woman with her eyeballs removed and the sockets filled with quicksilver to give the impression her eyes are moving, and that she is still alive. There are non-speaking brass figures which again appear to be depictions of clockwork automata or robots. These kill Musa and Abd al-Samad's companion Talib when he wants to steal treasure from the city.", "He was known for haunting poems such as “The Raven” and dread-inducing short stories like “The Tell-Tale Heart,” ”The Fall of the House of Usher” and “The Pit and the Pendulum.” He is also credited with writing the first modern detective story, “The Murders in the Rue Morgue.”", "In 1893, his historical novel, âThe Refugees' was published. The following year, he published the novelette, âThe Parasiteâ and âThe Memoirs of Sherlock Holmesâ. In the latter book 'Sherlock Holmes' dies.", "40. This man set many of his short stories, including \"Barn Burning\" and \"Dry September,\" in the fictional Yoknapatawpha [yahk-nap-uh-TAW-fuh] County, Mississippi. In one story, Southern spinster Emily Grierson poisons her fiancé and keeps his body in her bedroom. Name the author of \"A Rose for Emily.\"" ]

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[ "A. A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness about othrs such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following.", "A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:", "A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:", "Some psychiatrists maintain that the DSM-IV classification is inadequate and should be expanded to include three additional categories: passive-aggressive personality disorder, characterized by a need to control or punish others through frustrating them or sabotaging plans; cyclothymic personality disorder, characterized by intense mood swings alternating between high spirits and moroseness or gloom; and depressive personality disorder, characterized by a negative and pessimistic approach to life.", "Personality disorders are a group of mental disturbances defined by the fourth edition, text revision (2000) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) as \"enduring pattern[s] of inner experience and behavior\" that are sufficiently rigid and deep-seated to bring a person into repeated conflicts with his or her social and occupational environment. DSM-IV specifies that these dysfunctional patterns must be regarded as nonconforming or deviant by the person's culture, and cause significant emotional pain and/or difficulties in relationships and occupational performance. In addition, the patient usually sees the disorder as being consistent with his or her self-image (ego-syntonic) and may blame others for his or her social, educational, or work-related problems.", "* Antisocial personality disorder: a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, lack of empathy, bloated self-image, manipulative and impulsive behavior.", "In point of fact, the first two editions of DSM gave mental health professionals precious little guidance about how diagnoses were actually to be made -- which is one reason why diagnosis proved to be so unreliable (e.g., Spitzer & Fleiss, 1974; Zubin, 1967). Correcting this omission was one of the genuine contributions of what has come to be known as the neo-Kraepelinian movement in psychiatric diagnosis (Blashfield, 1985; Klerman, 1977), as exemplified by the work of the \"St. Louis Group\" centered at Washington University School of Medicine (Feighner, Robins, Guze, Woodruff, Winokur, & Munoz, 1972; Woodruff, Goodwin, & Guze, 1974), and the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) promoted by a group at the New York State Psychiatric Institute (Spitzer, Endicott, & Robins, 1975). The third and fourth editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-III, DSM-III-R, and DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1980, 1987, 1994), were largely the product of these groups' efforts.", "Diagnosis by symptoms was codified in the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS; Endicott & Spitzer, 1978), geared to the RDC, and in analogous instruments geared to the DSM: the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID; Spitzer, Williams, Gibbon, & First, 1990) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 1997). The neo-Kraepelinian approach exemplified by DSM-IV and SCID-I has arguably made diagnosis more reliable, if not more valid. For example, clinicians can show a high rate of agreement in diagnosing Multiple Personality Disorder (in DSM-III; in DSM-IV, renamed Dissociative Identity Disorder) but it is difficult to believe that the \"epidemic\" of this diagnosis observed in the 1980s and 1990s represented a genuine increase in properly classified cases (Kihlstrom, 1999).", "A widespread critique of the DSM definition is that not enough weight is given to the consequences of having the delusion for the well-being of the person reporting it. Some recent definitions of delusion make more explicit reference to “disrupted functioning”(e.g., McKay et al. 2005a, p. 315). Freeman (2008, pp. 24–26) highlights the multi-dimensional nature of delusions and lists among the main characteristics of delusions not just that delusions are unfounded, firmly held, and resistant to change, but also that they are preoccupying and distressing, and that they interfere with the social dimension of a person’s life.", "����������� Another problem is related to the basic form of these disorders. They are assumed to be abnormal extensions of normal behavior. Thus, it is normal to be socially reticent or introverted, but it is schizoid and abnormal to find relations with other people unnecessary at all. The disorders exist on a continuum, a matter of degree of severity, but in the DSM-IV they are treated as though they are categorical entities. One either has a personality disorder or one does not.", "Cunning, envious, and conceited character. One is evil-minded and uses unimportant details in order to harm people. But such gross malevolence is easily foiled and as a result, one harms oneself only. Slanders targeting relatives and friends bring about long-lasting estrangements.", "a new general definition of personality disorder based on severe or extreme deficits in core components of personality functioning and elevated pathological traits", "When an individual falsifies illness in another (eg, a child, an adult, or a pet), the diagnosis is factitious disorder imposed on another. This diagnosis is applied to the perpetrator, not the victim; the victim may be given an abuse diagnosis (eg, child physical abuse). The specific DSM-5 criteria for factitious disorder imposed on another are as follows [ 2 ] :", "Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is considered to be a chronic illness in which an individual's manner of thinking, perceiving situations, and empathizing with others is deemed morally wrong in his or her society.", "If this Mount is more than developed, then that person is found to be fickle-minded, suspicious or mad. He suffers from headache all the time.", "actions. This controversial personality disorder is described as involving a pattern of abuse in which a perpetrator physically falsifies illnesses in someone under their care, in order to attract attention.", "C/b delusional conviction that other persons in environment are not their real selves but are their own doubles.", "Since the arrival of antiobsesional drugs in the scene, several authors have described cases of obsessional jealousy showing good response to SSRI and clomipramine, a synopsis of which is presented in Table 6 [11-17]. These patients commonly presented with thoughts of possible infidelity of partner, recognized as unwanted and doubtful, resulting in anxiety on separation. Most patients harangued, asked for reassurance of spouse and spied on them. Ego dystonicity varied in patients, and Lane justified egosyntonic thoughts by the fact that OCD patients view their preoccupation as realistic when compulsions are prevented [11]. Taking this variability into consideration, Stein and Hollander (1994) put forth the notion of a spectrum from obsessional to delusional [13]. Parker and Barrett noticed absence of ego-dystony, resistance and guilt and called jealousy a variant of OCD [15]. Gangdev disputed the term ‘variant of OCD’, advocating the abandonment of the imprecise term morbid jealousy in favor of delusion or obsession [16]. The review by Kingham and Gordon (2004) emphasizing on form of psychopathology (obsession, overvalued idea or delusion) rather than content (jealousy) was thus timely to bring clarity to the concept [18].", "* Avoidant personality disorder: social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation and avoidance of social interaction.", "A delusion develops in an individual in the context of a close relationship with another person(s) who has an already-established delusion.", "ego: In psychoanalytic theory, one of the three major divisions in the model of the psychic apparatus, the others being the id and the superego. The ego represents the sum of certain mental mechanisms, such as perception and memory, and specific defense mechanisms. It serves to mediate between the demands of primitive instinctual drives (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions (the superego), and of reality. The compromises between these forces achieved by the ego tend to resolve intrapsychic conflict and serve an adaptive and executive function. Psychiatric usage of the term should not be confused with common usage, which connotes self-love or selfishness.", "\" ... what's happening is that we're building up the condition ... and what may have been a predisposition for violence becomes a disposition. And as the condition develops and its purposes or its characteristics become more well defined, it begins to demand more time of the individual ... There's a certain amount of tension, uh, struggle, between the normal personality and this, this, uh, psychopathological, uh, entity ... The tension between normal individual, uh, normal consciousness of this individual and those demands being submitted to him via this competing ... this condition inside him seems to be competing for more attention ... And it's not an independent thing. One doesn't switch on and the other doesn't switch off. They're more or less active at the same time. Sometimes one is more active ... \"", "Neuropsychological accounts of delusions offer very satisfactory accounts of some delusions, as one can often identify with some precision the damaged region of the brain and the causal link between the damage and the formation of the delusion. Neuropsychological accounts of other delusions—once regarded as ‘functional’—are also being developed and explored. For some delusions, hybrid accounts have been proposed, where a combination of different factors (including motivation) significantly contribute to the formation of the delusion (e.g. McKay et al. 2007). One such case seems to be the Reverse Othello Syndrome, the delusion that a spouse or romantic partner is still faithful when this is no longer the case. The belief can be regarded as a defense against the suffering that the acknowledgement of the infidelity of one’s partner would cause (see example in Butler 2000 as cited and discussed by McKay et al. 2005a, p. 313).", "It is important for the examiner to appreciate that there is a continuum from delusional disorder, to paranoid personality disorder, to paranoid schizophrenia. Furthermore, in the course of protracted litigation, a patient may move along the track from the milder to a more severe disorder on this continuum.", "Judgement may be markedly impaired in the conduct of affairs. The patient shows little concern about his personal future, and fails to plan ahead or carry through ideas. Inability to forejudge the consequences of actions can lead to foolish or irresponsible behaviour. Social and ethical controls may be weakened and have issue in antisocial conduct.", "The neurotic individual may be described with great usefulness as a grown-up person who retains his childhood attitudes toward the ' world. That is to say, a neurotic adult may be said to behave as if he were actually afraid of a spanking, or of his mother's disapproval, or of being abandoned by his parents, or having his food taken away from him. It is as if his childish attitudes of fear and threat reaction to a dangerous world had gone underground, and untouched by the growing up and learning processes, were now ready to be called out by any stimulus that would make a child feel endangered and threatened.", "A much more troubling group is those who lie a lot — and knowingly — for personal gain. These people may have a diagnosis called antisocial personality disorder, also known as being a sociopath, and often get into scrapes with the law.", "and probably suffering from paranoid schizophrenia and believed himself to be a victim of demonic possession.", "Depending on whether the delusion seems to be reported on the basis of some reasons, and defended with arguments, delusions can be described as primary or secondary. The traditional way of distinguishing primary from secondary delusions relied on the notion that primary delusions ‘arise out of nowhere’ (Jaspers 1963). This traditional characterization of the distinction has been found problematic, because it is difficult to establish whether there are antecedents of the delusion in a person’s line of reasoning, and for other methodological and clinical reasons (e.g., Miller and Karoni 1996, p. 489). New readings of the distinction have been provided in the recent philosophical literature on delusions, where the need arises for distinguishing between people who can endorse the content of their delusions with reasons, and people who cannot (e.g. Bortolotti and Broome 2008 talk about authored and un-authored delusions; and Aimola Davies and Davies 2009 distinguish between pathologies of belief and pathological beliefs on similar lines).", "The story may have derived from the ancient Greek superstition that it was unlucky or even fatal to see one's own reflection. In psychiatry and especially psychoanalysis, the term narcissism denotes an excessive degree of self-esteem or self-involvement, a condition that is usually a form of emotional immaturity.", "Although non-specific concepts of madness have been around for several thousand years, the psychiatrist and philosopher Karl Jaspers was the first to define the three main criteria for a belief to be considered delusional in his 1913 book General Psychopathology. These criteria are:", "Those who know what it means will be interested to learn that O.J. was on a high dose of Prozac at the time of the murders and had been acting consistent with an SSRI disassociation." ]

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[ "The assassination of United States President Abraham Lincoln took place on Good Friday , [1] April 14, 1865, as the American Civil War was drawing to a close. The assassination occurred five days after the commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia , General Robert E. Lee , surrendered to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and the Union Army of the Potomac . Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated, [2] though an unsuccessful attempt had been made on Andrew Jackson 30 years before in 1835. The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth, as part of a larger conspiracy in a bid to revive the Confederate cause.", "The first president to be assassinated was Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865. Believing that he could avenge the loss of the South in the U.S. Civil War, the actor John Wilkes Booth entered the President's box at the Ford Theater in Washington, D.C., where Lincoln had gone with friends and family to see a play. Booth fired a bullet into the back of the President's head and then leaped from the stage shouting, \"sic semper tyrannis!\" and \"The South is avenged!\" Despite fracturing his shinbone, he successfully escaped. Twelve days later, Booth was trapped in a Virginia barn and killed when he refused to surrender. The coconspirators in the murder were hanged.", "A well-known actor John Wilkes Booth assassinated president Abraham Lincoln on April 15, 1865. He was the first American president to be assassinated. James A. Garfield, William McKinley and John F. Kennedy were assassinated after him. Abraham Lincoln was shot while watching the play Our American Cousin. He was with his wife Mary Todd Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. The died the next morning. His tomb is located at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield.", "In 1865, Abraham Lincoln became the first president to be assassinated when he was shot by a Confederate sympathizer while attending a play at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C. In 1881, James Garfield was shot by a disgruntled federal employee and lived 80 days before succumbing to his wounds. William McKinley was killed by an anarchist in 1901. Several other presidents have survived or narrowly avoided assassination attempts. Ronald Reagan was shot in the chest in 1981, but survived. Gerald Ford escaped two assassination attempts. An attempt on Andrew Jackson’s life in 1835 was foiled when both of the gunman’s two pistols failed to discharge properly.", "Other assassination days also are embedded in our collective memory. Those days were also shockers, bombshells, and pure disasters. Through our history books and American folklore, we recall the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln in the Ford Theater on April 15th, 1865. Honest Abe, the rail splitter and Great Emancipator of blacks, was shot in the back of the head while in his box in the balcony by John Wilkes Booth. Booth jumped to the stage and shouted in Latin “Sic semper tyrannis” which means, “Thus always to tyrants.” President Lincoln, perhaps the greatest of all presidents of the United States, was the first president to be assassinated.", "Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14 1865 and is considered the be the first US president to be assassinated, but...", "On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth became the first person to assassinate an American president when he shot and killed Abraham Lincoln in his box at Ford’s Theater in Washington. Using a .44 caliber derringer pistol—a small, easily concealed handgun—Booth fired a single shot (timed so that that the audience’s laughter would mask the report) into Lincoln’s brain at point-blank range before jumping to the stage and escaping into the night. After a two-week manhunt, Federal troops cornered Booth in a barn in Maryland, where a Union soldier shot him in the neck. Booth died two hours later.", "The assassination of Abraham Lincoln took place on Good Friday, on April 14, 1865, as the American Civil War was drawing to a close. The assassination occurred five days after the commanding General of the Army of Northern Virginia, Robert E. Lee, surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant and the Army of the Potomac. Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated, though an unsuccessful attempt had been made on Andrew Jackson 30 years before in 1835. ", "Abraham Lincoln was the first U.S. president to fall to an assassin, murdered by Confederate supporter John Wilkes Booth at the end of the Civil War in 1865. The next was James A. Garfield in 1881, who died weeks after suffering a gunshot wound from Charles Guiteau, a disgruntled supporter of his own party. President William McKinley was mortally wounded at the Pan-American Exposition of 1901, shot by aspiring revolutionary Leon Czolgosz. The fourth presidential assassination, was that of John F. Kennedy in 1963. Kennedy was shot in the head by former Marine Lee Harvey Oswald, but Oswald himself was murdered before ever confessing or explaining his motive.", "US presidents who have been assassinated: Abraham Lincoln in 1865, James A. Garfield in 1881, William H. McKinley in 1901, and John F. Kennedy in ", "The first attempt to assassinate a sitting president of the United States occurred on January 30, 1835, when Richard Lawrence, an English immigrant, tried to kill President Andrew Jackson on a street in Washington, D.C. Lawrence believed that he was heir to the throne of England and that Jackson stood in his way. He approached the president with a derringer and pulled the trigger at point-blank range. When nothing happened, Lawrence reached in his pocket and pulled out another derringer, which also misfired. Lawrence was tried, judged insane, and sentenced to a mental institution for the rest of his life.", "The president, mortally wounded, was carried to a lodging house opposite Ford’s Theater. About 7:22 a.m. the next morning, Lincoln, age 56, died–the first U.S. president to be assassinated. Booth, pursued by the army and other secret forces, was finally cornered in a barn near Bowling Green, Virginia, and died from a possibly self-inflicted bullet wound as the barn was burned to the ground. Of the eight other people eventually charged with the conspiracy, four were hanged and four were jailed. Lincoln, the 16th U.S. president, was buried on May 4, 1865, in Springfield, Illinois.", "When Lincoln died the next morning, he became the first president to be assassinated.  He would not, unhappily, be the last. Three more presidents would be assassinated - and yet another eleven the objects of assassination attempts.", "Abraham Lincoln--The 16th President, was assassinated in1865. Lincoln was the first of four presidents to be assassinated.", "16. Abraham Lincoln: No formal education. On April 12, 1861 Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina setting off the Civil War. Lincoln quickly mobilized the Union by executive order. January 1, 1863 he formally issued the Emancipation Proclamation. On November 19, of that same year he delivered the Gettysburg Address. On April 9, 1865 Generals Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant signed term of Confederate surrender at Appomattox, Virginia. Five days later, on April 14, 1865 Lincoln went to Ford's Theater to watch \"Our American Cousin\" and was shot by actor John Wilkes Booth. He died the next morning at Petersen's Boarding House. Lincoln was the first president to die by assassination. At 6 feet 4 inches he was the tallest president. Lincoln's wife, Mary Todd, had a brother, half-brothers and brothers-in-law who fought in the Confederate Army. Lincoln was the only president to receive a patent, for a device for lifting boats over shoals. He was the first president to wear a beard. His son Robert Todd Lincoln, was in Washington, D.C. when Lincoln was killed, was also on the scene when President Garfield was shot in 1881, and President McKinley was assassinated in 1901. A poll of historians named Lincoln the nation's greatest president. Washington was second.", "Two American presidents had been assassinated in the 19th century—Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and James A. Garfield in 1881. John Wilkes Booth, Lincoln's assassin, had been embittered by the Confederate defeat in the American Civil War; Charles Guiteau, the assassin of Garfield, was an eccentric (possibly insane) man motivated by personal political and religious views who had unsuccessfully sought office in Garfield's administration. Although two presidents had been struck down by assassins, McKinley did not like security personnel to come between him and the people. When in his hometown, Canton, Ohio, he often walked to church or the business district without protection, and in Washington went on drives with his wife without any guard in the carriage.", "January 30, 1835 - President Andrew Jackson survived the first assassination attempt on a U.S. President. While leaving the House of Representatives Chamber, an insane would-be assassin fired two pistol shots at him, however both pistols misfired and the president was unharmed.", "Andrew Jackson was the first president on whom an assassination attempt was made. A man named Richard Lawrence approached Jackson with two pistols both of which, for some reason, misfired. With the possibility of an assassination taken off the table, Jackson proceeded to beat Lawrence near death with his cane until Jackson's aides pulled him off the assassin.", "It is one of the great crime stories of all time. On April 14, 1865, in full view of a theatre audience packed to the walls and celebrating the impending end of a brutal war, the President of the United States was assassinated. The murderer was not only seen by all, he was instantly recognizable to most. And he got away.", "In 1902, in response to the assassination of President William McKinley on September 6, 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became the first president to be under constant Secret Service protection.", "On January 30, 1835, what is believed to be the first attempt to kill a sitting President of the United States occurred just outside the United States Capitol. When Jackson was leaving through the East Portico after the funeral of South Carolina Representative Warren R. Davis, Richard Lawrence, an unemployed house painter from England, aimed a pistol at Jackson, which misfired. Lawrence pulled out a second pistol, which also misfired. Historians believe the humid weather contributed to the double misfiring. Lawrence was restrained, and legend says that Jackson attacked Lawrence with his cane. Others present, including David Crockett, restrained and disarmed Lawrence.", "1901 - U.S. President William McKinley was shot and mortally wounded (he died eight days later) by Leon Czolgosz. Czolgosz, an American anarchist, was executed the following October.", "Assassination. Reelected in 1900 with the popular Theodore Roosevelt of New York as his vice president, McKinley was shot by an assassin while visiting the Pan-American Exhibition in Buffalo, New York, on 6 September 1901, almost exactly six months after his second inauguration. He died on 14 September and was succeeded by Vice President Roosevelt.", "* On February 15, 1933, in Miami, Florida, Giuseppe Zangara fired five shots at Roosevelt. The assassination attempt occurred less than three weeks before Roosevelt's swearing-in for his first term in office. Although Zangara did not wound the President-elect, he did kill Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak and wounded five other people. Zangara was found guilty of murder and was executed on March 20, 1933. The writer John William Tuohy has suggested that Cermak, a strong foe of Al Capone's Chicago mob, was the intended target, not Roosevelt, but the consensus of historians disagrees. ", "James A. Garfield became the 20th president in 1881 as a Republican.  He had narrowly defeated Ulysses S. Grant in the Republican convention.  He was the only preacher to ever become president.  He was perhaps the most detail-oriented of all presidents.  In July, 1881, he was shot by an assassin, Charles G. Guiteau, although he lingered for two months before he died, after serving only six months in office.  He was the second president to be assassinated in 16 years.", "James A. Garfield was shot once in the arm and once in the back on July 1, 1881, in a Baltimore and Potomac train station on his way to deliver a speech in Massachusetts. Charles Guiteau, the assassin, had supported the president's candidacy and erroneously believed that he had earned a political appointment in Garfield's administration. When he was rejected, the killer blamed the president. Garfield survived for seventy-nine days before succumbing to his wound. Guiteau was hanged on June 30, 1882, at the District of Columbia jail.", "Meanwhile, in September 1901, an anarchist shot President McKinley, and Vice President Theodore Roosevelt assumed the presidency. The United States now entered the 20th century and an era of reform.", "Garfield survived the gunshot wound but it was later infected. He suffered from heart attack, passing away on September 19, 1881. He became the second president of the United States to be assassinated.", "He took on the the dubious honor of becoming the first serving president to survive an assassination attempt.", "This man was the 2nd U.S. president to be assassinated. He has the second shortest tenure as president.", "This former U.S. president was the first vice-president to succeed to the U.S. presidency upon the assassination of a president.", "Garfield’s assassin was an attorney and political office-seeker named Charles Guiteau. He was a relative stranger to the president and his administration in an era when federal positions were doled out on a “who you know” basis. When his requests for an appointment were ignored, a furious Guiteau stalked the president, vowing revenge." ]

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[ "In 1954 Walt Disney produced a miniseries about the American folk hero and frontiersman, Davy Crockett. We all had to tune into this show about the adventures of Davy Crockett played by Fess Parker. I memorized the song from the miniseries which went as follows: \"Born on a mountain top in Tennessee, greenest state in the land of the free. Raised in the woods till he knew every tree. Killed him a bear when he was only three. Davy, Davy Crockett. King of the wild frontier.\" Davy Crockett lived during the early 19th century and was well-known for his coonskin cap.", "Davy Crockett was not born on a mountaintop in Tennessee, as the song says. He was born on the banks of Limestone Creek near Greeneville, where a replica of the Crockett's log cabin stands today.", "1955 - \"The Ballad of Davy Crockett\", by Bill Hayes, reached the number one spot on the pop music charts and stayed for five weeks beginning this day. The smash hit song sold more than 7,000,000 records on more than 20 different labels. Everyone seemed to be singing the song that saluted the frontier hero who was “Born on a mountain top in Tennessee...” Coonskin caps were seen everywhere as the Crockett craze spread like a frontier fire.", "Frontier hero Davy Crockett was born in 1786 along the banks of the Nolichucky River in Greene County, near present-day Limestone in East Tennessee. The Crockett family name was originally Monsieur de la Croquetagne; the family had immigrated to the new world from France in the 17th century. According to his autobiography, Crockett’s childhood was filled with hardship. Crockett was an avid and skilled hunter at a young age. He ran away from home at the age of thirteen and did not return home for almost three years, traveling across Tennessee and honing his skills as a hunter.   ", "David (Davy) Crockett, frontiersman, congressman, and defender of the Alamo, son of John and Rebecca (Hawkins) Crockett, was born in Greene County, East Tennessee, on August 17, 1786. In 1798, two years after the Crocketts opened a tavern on the road from Knoxville to Abingdon, Virginia, John Crockett hired his son out to Jacob Siler to help drive a herd of cattle to Rockbridge County, Virginia. Siler tried to detain David by force after the job was completed, but the boy escaped at night by walking seven miles in two hours through knee-deep snow. He eventually made his way home in late 1798 or early 1799. Soon afterward he started school, but preferred playing hooky and ran away to escape his father's punishment. This \"strategic withdrawal,\" as Crockett called it, lasted 2½ years while he worked as a wagoner and day-laborer and at odd jobs to support himself. When he returned home in 1802 he had grown so much that his family did not recognize him at first. When they did, he found that all was forgiven. Crockett reciprocated their generosity by working for about a year to discharge his father's debts, which totaled seventy-six dollars, and subsequently returned to school for six months.", "In 1834, A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett, of the State of Tennessee was published, followed by a series of popular pamphlets known as Crockett Almanacs. David Crockett, United States Representative from Tennessee, already a folk hero in his home state, became one of the most famous men in the nation. More than a century later, in 1955, \"The Ballad of Davy Crockett\" was the No. 1 song in the nation for weeks, and sales of Davy Crockett items grossed $100 million. Coonskin caps were worn not only by young boys, but also by adults like presidential candidate Estes Kefauver, who sported one at numerous public appearances.", "Davy Crockett was an American hero on the frontier and a force to be reckoned with in Congress as a representative for Tennessee. He later died in the Battle of the Alamo.", "David Crockett, frontiersman, congressman, and defender of the Alamo, son of John and Rebecca (Hawkins) Crockett, was born in Greene County, East Tennessee, on August 17, 1786. In 1798, two years after the Crocketts opened a tavern on the road from Knoxville to Abingdon, Virginia, John Crockett hired his son out to Jacob Siler to help drive a herd of cattle to Rockbridge County, Virginia. Siler tried to detain David by force after the job was completed, but the boy escaped at night by walking seven miles in two hours through knee-deep snow. He eventually made his way home in late 1798 or early 1799. Soon afterward he started school, but preferred playing hooky and ran away to escape his father's punishment. This \"strategic withdrawal,\" as Crockett called it, lasted 21/2 years while he worked as a wagoner and day-laborer and at odd jobs to support himself. When he returned home in 1802 he had grown so much that his family did not recognize him at first. When they did, he found that all was forgiven. Crockett reciprocated their generosity by working for about a year to discharge his father's debts, which totaled seventy-six dollars, and subsequently returned to school for six months.", "James Wakefield Burke, David Crockett (Austin: Eakin Press, 1984). Richard Boyd Hauck, Crockett: A Bio-Bibliography (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 1982). Dan Kilgore, How Did Davy Die? (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1978). Michael A. Lofaro, ed., Davy Crockett (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985). James A. Shackford, David Crockett: The Man and the Legend (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1956).", "The historic David Crockett was born in 1786 to a pioneer family living on the Nolichucky River in east Tennessee . The family followed the patterns of western settlement, moving three times by the time David was twelve. Later, as a young man with a family of his own, Crockett continued this westward movement until he settled in extreme northwest Tennessee. In 1813, following a massacre by Creek warriors of the occupants of Fort Mims in southwest Alabama , Crockett enlisted in the Tennessee militia. He participated in a massacre of Indians at Tallussahatchee in northern Alabama, but returned home when his enlistment was up; he was not present at the decisive Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 27, 1814) when the Creeks were defeated. During his second enlistment, begun September 18, 1814, he joined Andrew Jackson’s forces at Pensacola; but, discharged again, he returned home, missing the Battle of New Orleans .", "When he returned home from the Creek War, Crockett found his wife near death, and soon she left him alone with two children. Davy then met and married a widow with two children. Desiring less crowded surroundings in which to live, as by this time, many settlers were moving to his part of Tennessee, Davy and his wife and four children moved about eighty miles west, to what is today Giles County, Tennessee.", "Born on August 17, 1786, backwoods statesman Davy Crockett has been obscured by myth for nearly 200 years. Even during the man’s lifetime, fanciful stories about his adventures were transforming him into a buck-skinned superhero. And after his death, the tales kept getting taller. In honor of Crockett’s birthday, let’s separate fact from fiction.", "In an attempt to find a more suitable location, the Crockett family moved frequently, until they settled on the Holston River, and opened a tavern.  Davy helped operate the tavern, even at the young age of eight when records confirm his presence there. The Crockett Tavern was an overnight stop for travelers going from Virginia to the West. Seeing new people frequently at the tavern, and after listening to stories they told, Davy was infatuated with the outside world ‑ a world he had not yet seen.", "\"Between 1775 and 1836, firearms changed only in style, but not in technology,\" Mike concluded. \"Davy Crockett was 50 years old when he arrived in Texas in January, 1836, and would have been comfortable with the type of rifles he'd used all his life on me Tennessee frontier, Percussion caps, in existence for about 10 years, would be too new to be really trusted and available on the frontier. Davy knew how to keep a flintlock firing. I hypothesized he preferred curly maple-stocked, swamped barrel, brass fitted rifles--just the sort he'd used all his life. For the movie company's desire for authenticity, I proposed full stocked Kentucky flintlock rifles, as crafted between 1795 and 1817.\"", "actor: Daniel Boone, Davy Crockett, Westward, Ho the Wagons!; singer: The Ballad of Davy Crockett, Wringle Wrangle", "From the song, Battle of Davy Crockett, theme song for the Disney series. For the complete lyrics to this 1950s song, click here .", "Crockett, Davy American frontiersman and politician who became a legendary figure. His father, having little means, hired him out to more prosperous backwoods farmers, and Davy’s schooling amounted to 100 days of tutoring with a neighbour. Successive moves west to...", "Copyright� John T. Marck. All Rights Reserved. This article and their accompanying pictures, photographs, and line art, may not be resold, reprinted, or redistributed for compensation of any kind without prior written permission from the author. Grateful appreciation to Ms. Nina Dent for her help with information on Davy Crockett's marriages.", "So the chanced of him “killing a bear when he was only three” was maybe a myth? What do you think? Davy Crockett was the man with three ears: a right ear, a left ear and a wild frontier, or did I just read that somewhere?", "Nevada (Spanish for \"snow covered\") is a state in the Western, Mountain West, and Southwestern regions of the United States of America. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 35th most populous, and the 9th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Nearly three-quarters of Nevada's people live in Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area where three of the state's four largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada's capital is Carson City. Nevada is officially known as the \"Silver State\" due to the importance of silver to its history and economy. It is also known as the \"Battle Born State\", because it achieved statehood during the Civil War (the words \"Battle Born\" also appear on the state flag); as the \"Sage-brush State\", for the native plant of the same name; and as the \"Sage-hen State\". Nevada borders Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast and Utah to the east.", "Colorado is the highest state and has more mountains reaching 14,000 feet than any other state. \"Grand Mesa\", the world's largest flat-top plateau is also found in Colorado. Her mountain scenery is some of the most beautiful and dramatic in the United States and Colorado is a center for vacationers taking advantage of the pleasant summer climate and the ample supplies of powdered snow in the winter.", "Colorado featured in the popular folk song recorded by John Denver in 1972. 'Rocky Mountain High' was inspired by the singer's move to Aspen. In 2007, it was adopted as one of the state's official songs.", "Capital city: Nashville Year of induction: 1796 Order of induction: 16th Nickname: The Volunteer State State bird: Mockingbird State flower: Iris Main industries: Mining, electrical power, music, car manufacturing, farming and tourism Did you know? Great Smoky Mountains National Park is the most visited national park in the USA.", "The Smoky Hill practically bisects all that portion of Kansas west of Fort Riley and, with the exception of the Arkansas river, has a greater mileage within the state than any other stream. The river is formed by two branches which rise in eastern Colorado. One, the north branch, has its source in Kit Carson county, and the other, the southern branch, starts in Cheyenne county. The North fork enters Kansas in Sherman county, makes a turn towards the southeast and joins the other branch in Logan county. The South fork enters Kansas in Wallace county, and flows practically east across almost three-fourths of the state. It traverses the counties of Wallace, Logan, Gove, Trego, Ellis, Russell, Ellsworth, McPherson, Saline, Dickinson and a portion of Geary, and unites with the Republican on the Fort Riley military reservation to form the Kansas river. The stream is about 530 miles long and has a drainage area of 57,727 square miles.[13]", "About his song, Hard Travelin, Woody Guthrie wrote: I was born in western Oklahoma and drug up in the Texas Panhandle. That's where the wheat grows, where the oil flows, where the dust flows and the farmer owes - where you hunt for wood and dig for water - where you can look farther and see less - where there's more weather and less climate, more crops and less groceries than any other dadburned place in the universe.", "References are given to Granny growing up in the Smoky Mountains of Tennessee. From episode 9: \"When I was a girl back in Tennessee, I set so many boys' hearts on fire that they took to calling that neck of the woods 'The Smoky Mountains'.\" In season 9, episode 23, she says she is from Limestone, Tennessee. Likewise in a Flatt and Scruggs guest episode, her favorite song is \"My Little Girl of Tennessee\".", "*The song \"Honeysuckle Blue\" by Drivin' 'N' Cryin' contains the line, \"Have you ever seen the Blue Ridge Mountains, boy?\"", "12. I am home to The Great Smoky Mountains National Park. I am famous for country music. I would tell you my state capital but that would give me away. Which state am I?", "There are references to Granny growing up in the Smoky Mountains of Tennessee. From episode 9: \"When I was a girl back in Tennessee, I set so many boys' hearts on fire that they took to calling that neck of the woods The Smoky Mountains.\"", "Mount Sunflower is the highest point in the state. The state is home to many peaks and summits, including Rock Hill, Red Hills, Jenkins Hill, Smoky Hills, and Blue Hills.", "The Rio Grande River cuts through the Rocky Mountains which occupy the central portion of the state. East of the Rio Grande River, is the Sangre de Cristo Mountain range where the highest peak, Wheeler Peak is located.", "Flatt And Scruggs - Go Home - 1961 [3:34] - The Foggy Mountain Boys was an American bluegrass" ]

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[ "Arthur Agatston (born 1947) is an American cardiologist best known as the developer of the South Beach Diet, but also the author of many published scholarly papers in the field of noninvasive cardiac diagnostics. His scientific research led to the Agatston Method and the Agatston Score for measuring coronary artery calcium.", "Developed by cardiologist Dr. Arthur Agatston, the South Beach Diet is self-described as \"neither low-fat nor low-carb,\" but rather a method that teaches followers to rely on the \"right\" carbs and the \"right\" fats. Like the Atkins Diet, this plan is divided into phases: Phase One lasts 14 days, and is the strictest. Normal-sized portions of lean protein are allowed, as are vegetables, nuts, cheese and eggs. The goal of this phase is to eat three meals a day so that followers aren't left feeling hungry, and to eliminate cravings for starches and sweets. Phase Two lasts until dieters reach their weight-loss goal, and reintroduces some foods that were banned in Phase One, such as whole-grain breads and dairy foods. Phase Three is all about maintenance, and is less a phase than a \"way of life.\"", "South Beach Diet Miami cardiologist Arthur Agatston created the South Beach diet, and his book has spent many weeks on the New York Times bestseller list. The diet consists of three phases. The first phase is severe deprivation of caloriesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;no bread, potatoes, rice, fruits, sweets, or alcohol for two weeks. In phase 2, one or two favorite foods can be reintroduced. Phase 3 is the maintenance phase.", "As was noted earlier, the principles of South Beach diet are not new. In fact, the origins come from a cardiologist by the name of Arthur Agatston, MD. He created the diet plan in order to help his patients improve their cholesterol and insulin levels. He actually created a book detailing the plan called The South Beach Diet: The Delicious, Doctor-Designed, Foolproof Plan for Fast and Healthy Weight Loss. It is important to note that this diet does require a high degree of discipline and motivation in order to stay on track. The original book was clear on the necessity of motivation and developing healthy eating habits.", "Many modern diets rely on the glycemic index, including the South Beach Diet, Transitions by Market America and NutriSystem Nourish Diet. However, others have pointed out that foods generally considered to be unhealthy can have a low glycemic index, for instance, chocolate cake (GI 38), ice cream (37), or pure fructose (19), whereas foods like potatoes and rice have GIs around 100 but are commonly eaten in some countries with low rates of diabetes.John A. McDougall, [http://www.drmcdougall.com/misc/2006nl/july/pdf060700gi.pdf \"The McDougall Newsletter\", June 2006]. ", "Whereas a diet high in saturated fatty acids increases the risk of heart disease, a diet high in unsaturated fatty acids is thought to reduce the risk. This is especially true for the omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids found in cold-water fish such as salmon. These fatty acids have their first double carbon bond at the third hydrocarbon from the methyl group (referred to as the omega end of the molecule).", "The American Heart Association recommends trying to get 1 gram of omega-3 fatty acids every day for optimal heart health and a single tablespoon of caviar contains more than 1g! Omega-3 fatty acids are highly unsaturated fatty acids. They are linked to helping reducing blood clotting in the arteries and protecting the arteries from hardening due to build up. This can lead to a reduction in your risk of heart attacks, strokes and blocked blood vessels. They may also lower levels of triglycerides and blood pressure.", "Potatoes are often broadly classified as high on the glycemic index (GI) and so are often excluded from the diets of individuals trying to follow a low-GI diet . In fact, the GI of potatoes can vary considerably depending on type (such as red, russet, white, or Prince Edward), origin (where it was grown), preparation methods (i.e., cooking method, whether it is eaten hot or cold, whether it is mashed or cubed or consumed whole, etc.), and with what it is consumed (i.e., the addition of various high-fat or high-protein toppings). [46]", "A diet high in fruits and vegetables decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and death. Evidence suggests that the Mediterranean diet may improve cardiovascular outcomes. There is also evidence that a Mediterranean diet may be more effective than a low-fat diet in bringing about long-term changes to cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., lower cholesterol level and blood pressure). The DASH diet (high in nuts, fish, fruits and vegetables, and low in sweets, red meat and fat) has been shown to reduce blood pressure, lower total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and improve metabolic syndrome; but the long-term benefits outside the context of a clinical trial have been questioned. A high fiber diet appears to lower the risk. ", "The ADA recommends that people with diabetes consume a healthy, low-fat diet, rich in grains, fruits, and vegetables. A healthy diet typically includes 10 to 20% of daily calories from protein, such as poultry, fish, dairy, and vegetable sources. People with diabetes who also have kidney disease should work with their health care providers to limit protein intake to 10% of daily calories. A low-fat diet typically includes 30% or less of daily calories from fat, less than 10% from saturated fats and up to 10% from polyunsaturated fats (such as fats from fish).", "Switching from saturated fatty acids to carbohydrates with high glycemic index values shows a statistically-significant increase in the risk of myocardial infarction. Other studies have shown that the risk of developing coronary heart disease is decreased by adopting a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids but low in sugar, whereas a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet brings no reduction. This suggests that consuming a diet with a high glycemic load typical of the \"junk food\" diet is strongly associated with an increased risk of developing coronary heart disease. ", "Western diets contain very little Omega 3 fatty acid. Hydrogenation, the process used to give foods a long shelf life, removes them. But certain people may break down Omega 3 fatty acids faster than others. Some of the children who showed greatest improvement in the Durham trial might fall into this category.", "some new recommendations to its original guidelines. The 2001 guidelines recommend more fiber and less sugar in the daily diet and reduced the amount of suggested salt, about 30 percent from the original guidelines. Rather than just suggesting that unsaturated fats should be eaten, the 2001 list makes specific recommendations for the intake of monounsaturated fat. The guidelines place more emphasis on increasing exercise and reducing weight as being important for heart health. Perhaps most important, the AHA acknowledges that genes play a role in heart disease. People with family histories of heart disease should be even more vigilant about their diet and lifestyle.", "(NaturalNews) More vindication for a natural Mediterranean-style diet, including plenty of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and nuts, was revealed in an advanced study published by the prestigious journal Atherosclerosis. Early results from a Spanish study with more than 7500 participants demonstrates that high quantities of dietary EVOO and a variety of different species of nuts is more effective in managing and preventing a heart event than traditional drug therapy.", "Lorenz-Meyer H, Bauer P, Nicolay C, Schulz B, Purrmann J, Fleig WE, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and low carbohydrate diet for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. A randomized controlled multicenter trial. Study Group Members (German Crohn's Disease Study Group). Scan J Gastroenterol. 1996;31(8):778-785.", "Glycemic Index: The glycemic index (GI) was developed in the early 1980’s as way of classifying foods with carbohydrates. It is a measure of the rise in blood glucose after eating an individual food containing a specific amount of carbohydrate when compared to consuming the same amount of glucose or white bread. For more than 20 years, studies have been conducted to assess whether the GI is a helpful tool for planning diets for weight loss, diabetes prevention or the management of blood glucose for people with diabetes. The usefulness of the GI remains controversial globally. In the US, professional groups such as the American Diabetes Association, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, and the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans have not recommended the use of the GI as a diet planning tool for people with diabetes, the general population or people trying to lose weight. In fact even those who support the use of the GI as a useful tool say that foods should not be judge by their GI alone. Other factors such as nutrientdensity and fat content need to be considered. population.", "Reduced belly fat – A study by the American Diabetes Association linked diets with monounsaturated fat with better belly fat loss than high carbohydrate diets.", "Foods with carbohydrates that break down quickly during digestion and release glucose rapidly into the bloodstream tend to have a high GI; foods with carbohydrates that break down more slowly, releasing glucose more gradually into the bloodstream, tend to have a low GI. The concept was developed by Dr. David J. Jenkins and colleagues in 1980–1981 at the University of Toronto in their research to find out which foods were best for people with diabetes.", "In 1981, David Jenkins, a professor of nutrition at the University of Toronto, led a team that tested various foods to determine which were best for diabetics. They developed a \"glycemic index\" that ranked foods from 0 to 100, depending on how rapidly the body turned them into glucose. This work overturned some established bromides, such as the distinction between \"simple\" and \"complex\" carbohydrates: a baked russet potato, for example, traditionally defined as a complex carbohydrate, has a glycemic rating of 85 (ffl12; studies vary) whereas a 12-ounce can of Coca-Cola appears on some glycemic indices at 63.", "Robert Coleman Atkins (October 17, 1930 – April 17, 2003) was an American physician and cardiologist, best known for the \"Atkins Nutritional Approach\", or \"Atkins Diet\", a popular but controversial way of eating that requires close control of carbohydrate consumption, emphasizing protein and fat as the primary sources of dietary calories in addition to a controlled number of carbohydrates from vegetables. Although the success of Atkins' diet plan, weightloss books, and lifestyle company, Atkins Nutritionals, led Time to name the doctor one of the ten most influential people in 2002, his critics in the medical and fitness communities continue to criticize Atkins' approach to weight loss.", "The glycemic index is a chart that rates how fast a food raises your blood sugar. A study examined the diets of  4,099 people between the ages of 55 and 80 as to how their intake of high glycemic foods affected their risk of developing ARMD.", "A diet plan that compensates for insulin administration and supplies healthy foods is extremely important. Pancreas transplantation may eventually be considered for patients who cannot control glucose levels without frequent episodes of severe hypoglycemia.", "Briviba, K., Schnabele, K., Rechkemmer, G., and Bub, A. Supplementation of a diet low in carotenoids with tomato or carrot juice does not affect lipid peroxidation in plasma and feces of healthy men. J Nutr 2004;134:1081-1083. View abstract .", "A new study suggests an extreme eight-week diet can reverse Type 2 diabetes in people newly diagnosed with the disease. Researchers at Britain's Newcastle University found the 600 calories-a-day diet reduced fat levels in the pancreas and liver, which helped insulin production return to normal. Seven out of 11 people who went on the diet, eating only liquid diet drinks and non-starchy vegetables, were free of diabetes three months later. But experts say more research is needed to see whether the reversal is permanent. Lead study author Roy Taylor says, \"This diet was only used to test the hypothesis that if people lose substantial weight they will lose their diabetes. Although this study involved people diagnosed with diabetes within the last four years, there is potential for people with longer-standing diabetes to turn things around too.\"", "There is no single diabetes diet . Patients should meet with a professional dietitian to plan an individualized diet within the general guidelines that takes into consideration their own health needs.", "Without adequate nutrition the human body does not function optimally, and severe nutritional inadequacy can lead to disease and even death. The typical American diet is lacking in many ways, from not containing the proper amounts of essential nutrients, to being too speedily consumed, to being only meagerly satisfying. Dietitians are nutrition professionals who integrate their knowledge of nutritional science into helping people achieve a healthy diet and develop good dietary habits. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) is the largest organization of nutrition professionals worldwide and dietitians registered with the AND are committed to helping Americans eat well and live healthier lives. To learn more from the AND’s nutritional advice, visit http://www.eatright.org/default.aspx .", "Ask for expert advice. You doctor can help you come up with a plan for healthy eating and exercise.", "9. A method for the treatment of obesity, type II diabetes, arthritis or metabolic syndrome in a patient in need thereof, which comprises administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of", "Experts from major U.S. health and professional organizations recommend that children ages two and older eat diets containing no more than _____% of total calories from fat.", "B. M. Popkin, A. M. Siega-Riz, and P. S. Haines, “A comparison of dietary trends among racial and socioeconomic groups in the United States,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 335, no. 10, pp. 716–720, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus", "Treatment with high-dose pantethine — a pantothenic acid derivative — has been shown to lower serum cholesterol and lipid concentrations. Although pantethine therapy appears to be well tolerated, medical supervision is indispensable. (More information)", "Dr. Sal Lacagnina discusses how a healthy diet, based on real food, and changes in lifestyle can help you extend your life." ]

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[ "1939 DC Comics publishes its 2nd superhero in Detective Comics #27; he is Batman, 1 of the most topical comic book superheroes of all time", "Detective Comics is the title used for two American comic book series published by DC Comics. The first, published from 1937 to 2011, is best known for introducing the superhero Batman in Detective Comics #27 (cover dated May 1939). A second series of the same title was launched in the fall of 2011. The original series is the source of its publishing company's name, and — along with Action Comics, the series that launched with the debut of Superman — one of the medium's signature series. The original series published 881 issues between 1937 and 2011 and was the longest continuously published comic book in the United States. ", "Batman is a fictional character created by the artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger. A comic book superhero, Batman first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939), and since then has appeared primarily in publications by DC Comics. Originally referred to as \"The Bat-Man\" and still referred to at times as \"The Batman\", he is additionally known as \"The Caped Crusader\",[2] \"The Dark Knight\",[2] and the \"World's Greatest Detective,\"[2] among other titles.", "Batman is a fictional character created by the artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger. A comic book superhero, Batman first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939), and since then has appeared primarily in publications by DC Comics. Originally referred to as The Bat-Man and still referred to at times as The Batman, he is additionally known as The Caped Crusader,The Dark Knight,and the World's Greatest Detective, among other titles.", "Detective Comics #27 hit the stands in In May, 1939. In it we saw the first appearance of Batman. While Superman was pure and clean, Batman was grim and gritty. In this comic, the villain fell into a vat of acid, which killed him. Not showing any remorse for causing the death, Batman observed \"A fitting end for his kind.\" Batman was created by Bob Kane and has always remained in print. During a time when superhero comics were not so popular, Batman survived by focusing on his detective abilities, making his comic stories more of a mystery series than a superhero book. The reason Batman is so popular is because he is a compromise between the two types of heroes. He didn't have superpowers, but he did have an intellect, a costume, and neat gadgets that would put him on par with the superheroes. Batman has been put on the big and small screen several times in T.V series, movies, and cartoons.", "Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939). Originally named \"the Bat-Man\", the character is also referred to by such epithets as \"the Caped Crusader\", \"the Dark Knight\", and \"the World's Greatest Detective\".", "Kane drew a couple of adventure features written by Bill Finger, such as 'Rusty and his Pals' in Adventure Comics and 'Clip Carson' in Action Comics. The collaboration with Finger eventually led to the creation of 'Batman' in 1939. The character first appeared in Detective Comics #27 and shortly after the publication of the issue, Kane hired artist Jerry Robinson to assist him on the feature. Kane and his team also created all kinds of colorful and bizarre criminals such as 'The Joker', 'Catwoman', 'Two Face', 'The Penguin' and 'The Riddler'.", "The first Batman story, \"The Case of the Chemical Syndicate,\" was published in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939). Finger said, \"Batman was originally written in the style of the pulps,\" [18] and this influence was evident with Batman showing little remorse over killing or maiming criminals. Batman proved a hit character, and he received his own solo title in 1940, while continuing to star in Detective Comics. By that time, National was the top-selling and most influential publisher in the industry; Batman and the company's other major hero, Superman, were the cornerstones of the company's success. [19] The two characters were featured side-by-side as the stars of World's Finest Comics , which was originally titled World's Best Comics when it debuted in fall 1940. Creators including Jerry Robinson and Dick Sprang also worked on the strips during this period.", "Detective Comics #27 (May 1939) featured the first appearance of Batman. That superhero would eventually become the star of the title, the cover logo of which is often written as \"Detective Comics featuring Batman\". Because of its significance, issue #27 is widely considered one of the most valuable comic books in existence, with one copy selling for $1,075,000 in a February 2010 auction. ", "The first Batman story, \"The Case of the Chemical Syndicate\", was published in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939). Finger said, \"Batman was originally written in the style of the pulps\", and this influence was evident with Batman showing little remorse over killing or maiming criminals. Batman proved a hit character, and he received his own solo title in 1940, while continuing to star in Detective Comics. By that time, National was the top-selling and most influential publisher in the industry; Batman and the company's other major hero, Superman, were the cornerstones of the company's success. The two characters were featured side-by-side as the stars of World's Finest Comics, which was originally titled World's Best Comics when it debuted in fall 1940. Creators including Jerry Robinson and Dick Sprang also worked on the strips during this period.", "*Near the end of the decade, two of the world's most iconic superheroes and recognizable fictional characters were introduced in comic books; Superman first appeared in 1938, and Batman in 1939.", "DC Comics , which published under the names National and All-American at the time, received an overwhelming response to Superman and, in the years that followed, introduced Batman , Wonder Woman , Green Lantern , The Flash , Hawkman , Aquaman and Green Arrow . The first team of superheroes was DC's Justice Society of America , featuring most of the aforementioned characters. Although DC dominated the superhero market at this time, companies large and small created hundreds of superheroes. The Human Torch and Sub-Mariner from Marvel Comics (then called Timely Comics ) and Plastic Man and Phantom Lady from Quality Comics were also hits. Will Eisner 's The Spirit , featured in a comic strip , would become a considerable artistic inspiration to later comic book creators. The era's most popular superhero, however, was Fawcett Comics ' Captain Marvel , whose exploits regularly outsold those of Superman during the 1940s. During World War II , superheroes grew in popularity, surviving paper rationing and the loss of many writers and illustrators to service in the armed forces. The need for simple tales of good triumphing over evil may explain the wartime popularity of superheroes. Publishers responded with stories in which superheroes battled the Axis Powers and the patriotically themed superheroes, most notably Marvel's Captain America as well as DC's Wonder Woman .", "DC Comics , which published under the names National and All-American at the time, received an overwhelming response to Superman and, in the years that followed, introduced Batman , Wonder Woman , Green Lantern , The Flash , Hawkman , Aquaman and Green Arrow . The first team of superheroes was DC's Justice Society of America , featuring most of the aforementioned characters. Although DC dominated the superhero market at this time, companies large and small created hundreds of superheroes. The Human Torch and Sub-Mariner from Marvel Comics (then called Timely Comics ) and Plastic Man and Phantom Lady from Quality Comics were also hits. Will Eisner 's The Spirit , featured in a comic strip , would become a considerable artistic inspiration to later comic book creators. The era's most popular superhero, however, was Fawcett Comics ' Captain Marvel , whose exploits regularly outsold those of Superman during the 1940s. During World War II , superheroes grew in popularity, surviving paper rationing and the loss of many writers and illustrators to service in the armed forces. The need for simple tales of good triumphing over evil may explain the wartime popularity of superheroes. Publishers responded with stories in which superheroes battled the Axis Powers and the patriotically themed superheroes, most notably Marvel's Captain America .", "Korté, a 20-year DC Comics veteran, explains the sequence of events that lead to the creation and development of Batman. \"After Superman debuted in 1938 and became an instant hit, DC editor Vince Sullivan asked Bob Kane to come up with a superhero, which he did with Batman,\" he adds. \"During that process, he went to a friend, Bill Finger, who gave him some tips on costume adjustments. For example, Bob initially drew bat wings on Batman. Bill suggested a scalloped cape. After Batman became a hit in May, 1939, Bob brought in more people throughout the year.\"", "Cover of the original Detective Comics #27. The May 1939 issue actually hit newsstands March 30 and featured the first adventure of The Bat-Man, as he was then known.", "In early 1939, the success of Superman in Action Comics prompted editors at the comic book division of National Publications (the future DC Comics) to request more superheroes for its titles. In response, Bob Kane created \"the Bat-Man.\" Collaborator Bill Finger recalled;", "DC Comics is the largest and most diverse English language publisher of comic books in the world. Founded in 1934 as National Allied Publications, the company that would one day become DC Comics virtually created the comic book, publishing the first comic of all original material. Then, in the spring of 1938, the first super hero story appeared in ACTION COMICS #1, introducing SUPERMAN. Other soon-to-be icons would follow, including BATMAN, WONDER WOMAN, GREEN LANTERN, THE FLASH and many others. Today, DC Comics publishes more than 80 titles a month and close to 1000 issues a year. DC has several imprints spanning the gamut of graphic storytelling: The DC Universe is the home of DC's peerless roster of super heroes; Vertigo caters to a more mature, literary readership; WildStorm offers a bold alternative take on heroic and adventure comics; CMX brings some of Japan's best-loved manga to American audiences; and Zuda Comics is DC's innovative web imprint. DC is also the home of MAD Magazine, the best-known humor magazine in America. DC Comics is a division of Time Warner, the largest entertainment company in the world.", "On the 30th March 1939, Batman made his first appearance when Detective Comics #27 went on sale. This particular comic is now widely considered to be one of the most valuable comics in the world,.... . .", "Batman's origin is first revealed in a two-page story in issue #33 (November 1939). Batman became the main cover feature of the title beginning with issue #35 (January 1940). Issue #38 (April 1940) introduced Batman's sidekick Robin, billed as \"The Sensational Character Find of 1940\" on the cover and the first of several characters that would make up the \"Batman Family\". Robin's appearance and the subsequent increase in sales of the book soon led to the trend of superheroes and young sidekicks that characterize the era fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books. Several of Batman's best known villains debuted in the pages of Detective Comics during this era including the Penguin in issue #58, Two-Face in issue #66, and the Riddler in issue #140.", "^ Wallace \"1930s\" in Dolan, p. 24: \"DC's second superstar debuted in the lead story of this issue, written by Bill Finger and drawn by Bob Kane, though the character was missing many of the elements that would make him a legend.\"", "Action Comics is an American comic book series that introduced Superman, one of the first major superhero characters as the term is popularly defined. The publisher was originally known as Detective Comics, Inc., and later as National Comics and as National Periodical Publications, before taking on its current name of DC Comics. Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the longest-running comic books with consecutively numbered issues; a second volume of Action Comics, beginning again with issue #1, was launched in 2011 and is currently in publication as of 2016.", "Since the 1940s, when Superman, Batman, and many of the company's other heroes began appearing in stories together, DC's characters inhabited a shared continuity that, decades later, was dubbed the DC Universe . With the story \" Flash of Two Worlds \", in Flash #123 (September 1961), editor Schwartz (with writer Gardner Fox and artists Carmine Infantino and Joe Giella ) introduced a concept that allowed slotting the 1930s and 1940s Golden Age heroes into this continuity via the explanation that they lived on an otherdimensional \"Earth 2\", as opposed to the modern heroes' Earth 1 — in the process creating the foundation for what would later be called the DC Multiverse .", "Robin is the name of several fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was originally created by Bob Kane, Bill Finger, and Jerry Robinson, to serve as a junior counterpart to superhero Batman. The team of Batman and Robin is commonly referred to as the Dynamic Duo or the Caped Crusaders. The character's first incarnation, Dick Grayson, debuted in Detective Comics #38 (April 1940). Conceived as a vehicle to attract young readership, Robin garnered overwhelmingly positive critical reception, doubling the sales of the Batman related comic books. The early adventures of Robin included Star Spangled Comics #65–130 (1947–1952), which was the character's first solo feature. Robin made regular appearances in Batman related comic books and other DC Comics publications from 1940 through the early 1980s until the character set aside the Robin identity and became the independent superhero Nightwing.", "Action Comics is an American comic book series that introduced Superman, the first major superhero character as the term is popularly defined. The publisher was originally known as Detective Comics, Inc., and later as National Comics and as National Periodical Publications, before taking on its current name of DC Comics, a subsidiary of Time Warner.", "In early 1938, the success of Superman in Action Comics prompted editors at the comic book division of National Publications (the future DC Comics) to request more superheroes for its titles. In response, Bob Kane created \"the Bat-Man.\" Collaborator Bill Finger recalled Kane", "Other twentieth-century heroes have a nose for news. DC Comics' first Green Lantern, who appeared in 1940, started his noncostumed career as construction engineer Alan Scott before becoming a radio announcer for WYZX and eventually president of Gotham Broadcasting. DC's Green Arrow, who debuted the following year, was known for the events of alter ego playboy Oliver Queen, who eventually became a reporter when his millions ran out.", "Two-Face (Harvey Dent) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly as an adversary of the superhero Batman. The character was created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane and first appeared in Detective Comics #66 (Aug. 1942). As one of Batman's most enduring enemies, Two-Face belongs to the collective of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery.", "Initially, MLJ started out publishing humor and adventure strips in anthology comic books as was the standard, but quickly added superheroes in their first title's second issue, Blue Ribbon Comics #2, with Bob Phantom. In January 1940, Pep Comics debuted featuring the Shield, America's first patriotic comic book hero, by writer and managing editor Harry Shorten and artist Irv Novick. MLJ's Golden Age heroes also included the Black Hood, who also appeared in pulp magazines [http://www.internationalhero.co.uk/b/blakhod1.htm The Black Hood]. International Catalogue of Superheroes and a radio show; and The Wizard, who shared a title with the Shield. ", "In 1941, Wonder Woman first appeared in All Star Comics #8. She started out as the Justice League Society secretary, but she would later become the first big name super heroine to go toe to toe with Superman and Batman. Not only could she battle them on equal terms, her book would last as long as theirs. During a time when superheroes were not so popular, Wonder Woman comics, like Superman and Batman, remained strong.", "MLJ's first comic book, published in November of 1939, was Blue Ribbon Comics with the first half full color and the last half in red and white tints. In January of 1940, Pep Comics debuted with the Shield, the first USA patriotic comic book hero, created by writer and managing editor Harry Shorten and designed by artist Irv Novick. Top Notch Comics was launched in December of 1941. Until March of 1944, the cover feature of Pep was the Shield when Archie took over the cover. The Shield was a forerunner for Joe Simon's and Jack Kirby's Captain America, being published 14 months earlier.", "In the post-Flashpoint earth-2 a new Dick Grayson debuted, becoming the third Batman. He was pivotal for Convergence.", "It's one thing to read about crime in the newspaper but it's quite another to experience it first hand. Such was the case with Charles Bullock, a young African American lawyer recently added to the roster of Gotham City's Cranston, Grayson and Wayne in 1981 (WONDER WOMAN # 281-284, by Paul Levitz, Joe Staton and Steve Mitchell). When a super-villain named Karnage attacked the law offices in search of senior partner Arthur Cranston, Bullock rushed forward to oppose the intruder only to be swatted away like a fly (# 286-287, by Levitz, Staton and Bruce Patterson)." ]

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[ "Faberge eggs were made from 1885 through 1917 by the St. Petersburg jewelry outfit, House of Faberge. Most of the Faberge eggs were miniatures that became popular Easter gifts and worn in groups or singularly around the neck. The House of Faberge were most famous for designing exquisite, jewel-wrapped Faberge eggs for several Russian Tsars including Alexander III as a gift to his wife for their 20th wedding anniversary. Each of the Faberge eggs created had a surprise inside, whether a golden egg yolk or intricately carved and jeweled objects such a miniature ships, teapots, babies in bassinets, and much more. Today it is believed that less than sixty of these original creations exist.", "A Fabergé egg ( Russian : Яйца Фаберже; Yaĭtsa Faberzhe) is any one of the thousands of jeweled eggs made by the House of Fabergé from 1885 to 1917. Most were miniature eggs that were popular gifts at Easter . [1] They were worn on a neck chain either singly or in groups.", "The House of Fabergé has a reputation for turning the everyday into the extraordinary. Perhaps best known for Imperial Easter Eggs created for the Russian Royal family, the House of Fabergé also fashioned jewelry and luxurious gifts for many ruling families of Europe, as well as other wealthy patrons. Marvel at exquisite objects produced by the Fabergé workshop at its peak, including personal gifts to the Tsar and Tsarina, an extravagant tiara, the magnificent “Fire Screen” picture frame, and the famed “Nobel Ice Egg,” one of the few “Imperial-styled” eggs in private hands. From elegantly simple to breathtakingly ornate, the jewelry, clocks, picture frames, boxes and eggs in this collection have been thoughtfully selected to exemplify extraordinary materials and workmanship.", "A Fabergé egg is one of a limited number of jeweled eggs created by Peter Carl Fabergé and his company between 1885 and 1917. The most famous are those made for the Russian Tsars Alexander III and Nicholas II as Easter gifts for their wives and mothers, often called the 'Imperial' Fabergé eggs. The House of Fabergé made about 50 eggs, of which 43 have survived. Two more were planned for Easter 1918, but were not delivered, due to the Russian Revolution.", "Faberge created a series of elaborate and magnificent jeweled eggs, using a team of craftsmen for each, for the Russian Imperial family between 1885 through 1916. The Imperial Easter Eggs are the most awe-inspiring and celebrated of any piece from the design firm. The intricate details of finely created eggs and the surprise inside each revealed saw them compared to the Russian Matryoshka dolls nesting one inside the other from smallest to largest. Each egg took more than a year to finish. Design ideas were plucked from everyday life among the Tsars; events happening within the Russian Court, family relationships, and more. Each year, the Easter eggs’ theme changed but the element of interior surprise linked them all. The Imperial Eggs had the most delicate and impressive surprises, some taking 15 months and more to finalize with men working 15-hour days.", "The House of Faberg was a jewelry firm founded in 1842 in St. Petersburg Imperial Russia by Gustav Faberge. His son, Peter Carl Faberge became head of the jewely firm until it was nationalized by the Bolsheviks in 1918. The House of Faberge is famous for designing elaborate jewel encrusted Faberge Eggs for the Russian Tzars and other jewelry pieces of high quality and intricate details.", "The Imperial Eggs were of great importance and given on Russian Orthodox Easter, a religious holiday as significant as the west’s Christmas. Beginning in St Petersburg society, it was customary to take colored eggs to church , have them blessed, and then gift them to friends and family for Easter.  The elite gifted jeweled eggs; Russian Tsar Alexander III consulted with Faberge on this premise, which led to the very first Imperial Easter Egg for his wife Empress Maria Fedorova, named the Hen Egg. It had an enamel shell that was opaque and opened to show a golden yolk. The yolk also opened, revealing a golden hen that opened as well. Inside the hen was a tiny replica of the Imperial Crown made of diamonds from which hung an even tinier ruby pendant. Artistic freedom was given to Peter Carl Faberge, head of the House of Faberge, in designing more Imperial Easter Eggs; from then on they became extremely elaborate. The surprise inside was the only requirement. Designs were made strictly by Faberge himself and produced by a team of three or four craftsmen. He also created several large eggs for private, elite clients including the Rothchilds, the Dutchess of Marlborough, and the Nobels.", "'Lily of the Valley' were the favourite flowers of Empress Alexandra Fedorovna and it is not surprising that they feature in Fabergé’s repertoire from jewellery to Imperial Easter Eggs. This piece, which was made in the early years of the 20th century, is crafted from rock crystal, gold, nephrite, pearls and rose diamonds. It was originally purchased by Queen Alexandra.", "The story started when Tsar Alexander the third was certain to give a jeweled Easter egg to his other half the Empress Marie Fedorovna, probably to rejoice the 20th birthday of their engagement, in 1885. It is alleged that the Tsar, who had from the beginning become conversant with Faberge’s brilliant work was moved by an 18th era egg preserved by the Empress’s aunt. The item was said to have transfixed the imagination the young Maria throughout her childhood in Denmark. Tsar Alexander was actually involved in the design and accomplishment of the egg, creating suggestions to Faberge as the task went along. Easter was the utmost important event of the year in the Russian Orthodox Church, comparable to Christmas in the West.", "Faberge - Russian goldsmith noted for creating a series of jeweled and enameled Easter eggs for European royalty (1846-1920)", "You see, if we go back in time to Russia between 1885 to 1917, we’d find a company making eggs created by Peter Carl Fabergé.  It is said only about 65 were made and that about 57 survive to this day.  The most famous of his eggs were made for Russian Tsars Alexander III and Nicholas II as Easter gifts for their wives and mothers.  These are known ad the ‘Imperial’ Fabergé eggs.  Since then, the Fabergé company has sold the trademark and while eggs similar to this are made (as well as jewelry), they’re just imitators.", "Painstakingly created, luxurious Easter eggs are a true testament to Peter Carl Faberge's absolute passion for creating breathtaking, handmade works of art. The priceless gifts are symbols of endless dedication and exquisite craftsmanship, which the Carl Faberge Company proudly represents. Mr. Faberge achieved an immortal reputation after crafting such unique masterpieces. Enjoy the beauty and elegance of these gems, made in imitation of the precious Easter treasures owned by Tsars, Grand Dukes, and Royal Princesses.", "Known as the Hen Egg, it is crafted from gold, its opaque white enamelled ‘shell’ opening to reveal its first surprise, a matt yellow gold yolk. This in turn opens to reveal a multi-coloured, superbly chased gold hen that also opens. Originally, this contained a minute diamond replica of the Imperial Crown from which a small ruby pendant egg was suspended. Unfortunately these last two surprises have been lost.  Tsar Alexander was apparently involved in the design and execution of this first egg, making suggestions to Fabergé as the project went along.  This was the first of what was to become known as the Imperial Easter Egg collection.", "1887 Blue Serpent Clock - The Blue Serpent Clock Egg is a Tsar Imperial Fabergé egg, one of a series of fifty-two jeweled eggs made under the supervision of Peter Carl Fabergé for the Russian Imperial family. This is the first of the Imperial Fabergé eggs to feature a clock, and is a design that Fabergé copied for his Duchess of Marlborough Egg in 1902. It was crafted and delivered in 1887 to the then Tsar of Russia, Alexander III. It is currently owned by Prince Albert II, and is held in Monaco. This egg, along with the First Hen Egg, is the only known surviving Imperial egg from the 1880s.[1]", "The Fabergé Pearl Egg is the first egg created in the ‘‘Imperial Class’’ since 1917. Pearls have been coveted and treasured for millennia, linked inextricably with royalty, style and status. As a result, natural oriental pearls have become highly sought-after wonders of nature given their beauty and lustre. Fabergé has celebrated these “jewels of the sea” in the exquisite Fabergé Pearl Egg.", "It was Peter Carl Faberge’s workshop that made this egg, the first of over 50 that were to follow. Faberge and his jewelry workshop had made their impression in Russia, and the goldsmith’s and businessman’s skill and creativity enabled him to create the eggs that continue to enchant us today. While gold and enamel pendants in the shape of eggs that are mass-produced are sometimes called Faberge eggs, the first were completely unique art objects made by master craftsmen.", "The Rosebud egg is a jewelled enameled Easter egg made by Michael Perchin under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé in 1895. The egg opens like a bonbonnière to reveal a yellow-enamelled rosebud, in which the two surprises were originally contained. The surprises are missing, but they were a golden crown, with diamonds and rubies, and cabochon ruby pendant.", "The varying and intricate features that Fabergé eggs had crafted into them are the reason that they were so appealing to many people.  Also the combination of small size with elaborate decoration was a part of the appeal.  Considering the time that these eggs were being made, from the late 1800s to early 1900s, Fabergé used advanced technologies, still unknown, that were ahead of his time.  Smaller eggs worn as necklaces had many details as well but it was the larger eggs that were made specifically for the Tsars that made the Fabergé name famous.", "The Armory is home to the famous Russian Diamond Fund, a unique collection of gems, jewelry and natural nuggets instituted by Peter the Great in 1719 with contributions from subsequent Tsars up until the Bolshevik Revolution. It also hosts the Imperial Crown of Russia first used in the coronation of Catherine II in 1762 and of all subsequent Tsars until Nicholas II, the last Tsar. The Armoury also contains countless treasures of all sorts – Ivan the Terrible's ivory throne, Monomarkh's cap, a collection of Imperial coaches, the Orloff Diamond, and much more – but what attracted my attention the most was a unique collection of ten imperial Fabergé eggs. This is the largest such collection in the world. The eggs, produced between 1885 and 1917, are the work of Peter Carl Fabergé who created them as Easter presents for the wives and the mothers of Tsars Alexander III and Nicholas II.", "The series of over-the-top eggs shaped by Faberge for the Imperial Russian family, in the middle of 1885 and 1916, against an amazing historical background, is considered as the artist-goldsmith’s ultimate and most long-term achievement. Faberge used a new technique and came up with a color palette of 140 colors while layers of enamel firedafter each application. This beautiful technique gave his eggs a beautiful shine. The precious metals used were gold, silver, copper. They were used in varying proportions with adornments of precious gems like diamond, rubies, emeralds and sapphires.", "The first Fabergé egg was crafted for Tsar Alexander III, who had decided to give his wife, the Empress Maria Fedorovna, an Easter Egg in 1885, possibly to celebrate the 20th anniversary of their betrothal. It is believed[by whom?] that the Tsar’s inspiration for the piece was an egg owned by the Empress’s aunt, Princess Vilhelmine Marie of Denmark, which had captivated Maria’s imagination in her childhood. Known as the Hen Egg, the first Fabergé egg is crafted from gold. Its opaque white enameled \"shell\" opens to reveal its first surprise, a matte yellow-gold yolk. This in turn opens to reveal a multicolored gold hen that also opens. The hen contained a minute diamond replica of the imperial crown from which a small ruby pendant was suspended, but these last two elements have been lost.", "Marcus & Co.: American jeweler best known for its Art Nouveau jewelry and silver, founded in 1892 by Herman Marcus and his son William. Inspired by French designer René Lalique, the firm exhibited beautiful orchid-motif brooches, featuring plique-à-jour enameling, at Paris’s International Exhibition, 1900. Marcus & Co. grew in popularity throughout the 20th century, until in 1962 it merged with Black, Starr, & Frost.", "This new jewelry style was eagerly acquired by wealthy American patrons made economically flush by the Industrial Revolution of the previous century. By 1925, Cartier’s sixteen-year-old presence in New York City, with their workshop as its foundation, found itself incorporating the Art Deco style. Patrons commissioned craftsmen to create pieces in a step-by-step process in which clients’ personal tastes were realized. At their November 4 Fine Jewelry and Watches sale, Freeman’s are pleased to offer an impressive platinum, diamond, emerald, and onyx bracelet created in 1925 by Cartier, New York. This stunning piece is accompanied by Cartier’s official authentication papers, a service that they no longer provide. From a family in the greater Philadelphia area, and mistaken as costume jewelry for a time, this bracelet has had many lives. Today, it may be difficult to comprehend the impact that bold Art Deco design and style had on the culture of the 1920s ‘Jazz Age.’ What is not difficult is for one to appreciate, enjoy, and delight in the beauty and sophisticated design of that era, contained in one exquisite jeweled bracelet.", "The famous Mosaic Imperial Easter Egg is made from tiny cut emeralds, rubies and diamonds with  portraits of the five children of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra.", "One of the four eggs on display is the Tsarevitch imperial Easter egg, made in 1912 by master goldsmith Henrik Wigström.", "Eli Whitney Debevoise, a descendant of the inventor of the cotton gin, member of The Pilgrims, became father in law to Pilgrim Society member Harold Harris Healy Jr., who was made partner in charge of the Paris office in 1966.  Healy was assistant to the Attorney General, 1957-1958.  In 1972 he became an advisor to the Ditchley Foundation, a front for British royalty run by The Pilgrims of Great Britain.  In 1977 Healy got on the executive council of the American Society for International Law.  Healy has served as a trustee of Vassar College, and became president of the International Union of Advocates (Paris) in 1979.  Debevoise served as a director of the Bank of New York for many years, which as we saw last month is the primary bank for Tiffany & Company, Silver Users Association members.  A gemologist I encountered at a metals dealer�s business mentioned to me that it�s well known in the trade that Tiffany and other seriously overpriced jewelers submit diamonds to various organizations several times, then sell the stones by whichever lab grading report (certificate) shows it to be the higher quality!  It must have been convenient for Tiffany & Company that the Federal Reserve branch banks were collecting the silver coins as they came in, to be set aside for melting by the silver users; and even more so, since Pilgrim Society member Philip Dunham Reed chaired the New York Fed bank, 1960-1965, and was also a Tiffany & Company director! ", "1886 Hen with Sapphire Pendant - The Hen with Sapphire Pendant Egg or Egg with Hen in Basket is a Tsar Imperial Fabergé egg, one in a series of fifty-two jeweled eggs made under the supervision of Peter Carl Fabergé for the Russian Imperial family. It was created in 1886 for Alexander III of Russia, who presented it to his wife, the Empress Maria Feodorovna. It is one of eight eggs that are currently lost.", "In 1872 Peter Carl Fabergé took over the company from his father. At the same time he began to restore historical gold and silver artefacts in the Hermitage, and to assist in the new installation of the Imperial Treasury. This careful study of historical jewellery and goldsmith work may be the reason why the family firm evolved from a jeweller to a company celebrated for their objets de fantaisie – objets d’art without any practical use – that are in many ways similar to Kunstkammer objects. In 1900, these objects cut from precious or semi-precious stones – from baroque bouquets of flowers to animal figurines inspired by Japanese netsuke – induced the jury of the Paris World Fair to proclaim that these works touch “the frontier of perfection – where jewellery turns into art”.", "The gold Easter egg is covered with royal blue champlevé enamel divided into twelve panels by bands of rose cut diamonds. The blue panels have all over scroll work in red gold and the ciphers of Emperor Alexander III (AIII) and his wife, Empress Maria Fedorovna (MF) set in diamonds, each six times, the former around the lower part of the egg, the Empress's ciphers around the cover. A large rose cut diamond is set within rose-cut diamond border at each end. The interior is lined with ivory satin. The surprise is missing.", "In 1908 Edward VII commissioned Carl Fabergé to make this trinket for his wife, Queen Alexandra. It's made from chalcedony (a type of quartz), gold, enamel and rubies.", "Bookmark, before 1899. Bowenite, ruby, pearls, diamonds, gold, and silver. Workshop of Peter Carl Faberge. Russian. St. Petersbury, 1846-1920. The Plestscheeff Collection.", "Category: GOLDWORK Object name:EggMade from: Gold -- champlevé enamel -- diamonds -- satin Made in: RUSSIA: Saint Petersburg Date made:1896Size: H. 3 1/8 in., W. 2 3/16 in." ]

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[ "Mjölnir (literally, \"that which smashes\") is the hammer wielded by Thor , the Norse god of thunder. [1]", "In Norse mythology, Thor, the god of thunder and lightning, wields a hammer named Mjölnir. Many artifacts of decorative hammers have been found, leading modern practitioners of this religion to often wear reproductions as a sign of their faith.", "In Norse mythology , Thor , the god of thunder and lightning, wields a hammer named Mjölnir . Many artifacts of decorative hammers have been found, leading modern practitioners of this religion to often wear reproductions as a sign of their faith.", "Mjolnir: The legendary hammer of Thor! Crafted by black elves at the request of Loki in exchange for his life, Mjolnir is one of the fiercest weapons in the Nine Worlds, capable of leveling mountains with a single blow. When thrown, the hammer always strikes its mark, and always returns to Thor’s hands. In fact, Mjolnir is so heavy that Thor himself can’t even lift it. He needs special iron gloves to contain the hammer’s heat, and a magical belt, Megingjörð , to double his strength before he can use it. Not exactly something you’d pick up at the Home Depot, though it makes an excellent pick-up line (Baby, wanna try and lift my hammer?)", "Mjollnir (\"that smashes\") is the hammer that belongs to the mighty god Thor . Mjollnir was made for him by the dwarves Brok and Eitri , who made many magical objects for the gods. Every time Thor threw the hammer lightning flashed, after which it returned to his right hand, on which he wore an iron glove. Mjollnir was greatly feared by the frost giants, the enemies of the gods, for Thor had killed a large number of them, including the giant Hrungnir .", "A seated bronze statue of Thor (about 6.4 cm) known as the Eyarland statue from about AD 1000 was recovered at a farm near Akureyri, Iceland and is a featured display at the National Museum of Iceland. Thor is holding Mjöllnir, sculpted in the typically Icelandic cross-like shape. It has been suggested that the statue is related to a scene from Þrymskviða where Thor recovers his hammer while seated by grasping it with both hands during the wedding ceremony.", "The warhammer Mjolnir: Thor wields Mjolnir, a hammer forged from Uru metal, whose chief properties are durability, the ability to maintain enchantment, and absorb energies. Mjolnir resembles more of a short handle mallet than a traditional warhammer. Mjolnir itself is already extremely durable like the Earth metal Adamantium or the Olympian metal Adamantine, and combined with the various enchantments placed upon it by Odin, is for all intents and purposes, indestructible. It has survived heat as extreme as the heart of the Sun, blasts powerful enough to destroy planets, and it has contained energy sufficient enough to destroy an entire Galaxy.", "Despite the error, the Norse gods consider Eitri to have forged the greater treasures, and in retaliation Loki loses the bet and the Sons of Ivaldi sew Loki's lips shut. The ruler of the Norse gods, Odin, uses the hammer—called Mjolnir (\"Grinder\") by Eitri—and eventually passes it to his son Thor, who must first prove he is worthy to wield the weapon. ", "Mjolnir ( ) is a fictional weapon appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is depicted as the favored weapon of the superhero Thor. Mjolnir, which first appears in Journey into Mystery #83 (August 1962), was created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artists Jack Kirby and Joe Sinnott.", "Mjollnir - (\"Smasher\" or \"Crusher\") Thor's hammer, forged by the Dwarf Brokk, hits everything that Thor aims at and always comes back to his hand. Thor can reduce its size to hang it around his neck. Thor's Hammer is one of the most popular pieces of jewelry of the Viking era.", "Thor is a god of thunder, son of Odin and a member of the Aesir sub-group of the Norse gods. Thor's wife is Sif. He smashed giants' heads with his mighty throwing hammer, Mjolnir. Thor is often compared with the Greek thunder god Zeus . The English fifth day of the week is named Thursday after Thor (Thor's Day).", "Thor is considered to be the foremost of the Gods. He is the strongest of all gods and men. He rules at Thrudvangar (Plains of Strength) and his hall is Bilskirnir. Thor’s chariot is drawn by two male goats, Tanngniost (Tooth Gnasher) and Tanngrisnir (Snarl Tooth). Thor possesses three choice tools: Mjollnir the hammer which never misses its mark; Megingjard (the Belt of Strength) and the gloves of iron. Thor acquires his invincible hammer, Mjollnir via a bet with Loki. Although Mjollnir is established as a great working, Loki loses the bet with the result of having his lips sewn together by the dwarfs. Thor’s prowess in battle is renowned and he takes great pleasure in the slaying of giants, although twice humorously cut down to size. Once when he is unable to open a sleeping giants food bag and resorts to trying to kill the giant for his humiliation. However the giant’s skills and cleverness win over Thor’s strength, even reducing him to fear at one point when he finds he is trapped in the giant’s glove. Thor also is put in the humiliating position of masquerading as a bride in order to trick the giant Thrym who has been promised Freyja as his wife and has stolen Thor’s hammer Mjollnir. With Loki’s help (involuntarily as usual) he is able to defeat the giant and regain Mjollner. Thor will die at Ragnarok when he and the Midgard Serpent will kill each other.", "In the poem Þrymskviða, Thor wakes and finds that his powerful hammer, Mjöllnir, is missing. Thor turns to Loki first, and tells him that nobody knows that the hammer has been stolen. The two then go to the court of the goddess Freyja, and Thor asks her if he may borrow her feather cloak so that he may attempt to find Mjöllnir. Freyja agrees, saying she'd lend it even if it were made of silver and gold, and Loki flies off, the feather cloak whistling.", "The Megingjarpar was also known as the \"Girdle of Might\", which made Thor even stronger than he was. Thor also possessed a pair of magic iron gloves, which allowed him to wield the Mjollnir. These magical items were given to him by the friendly giantess, Grid.", "Mjolnir was forged for Thor Odinson’s grandfather by the dwarves, who used the core of a star and Uru metal to form the iconic hammer and imbue it with its immense strength and magic. It is nearly invulnerable and is capable of great destruction.", "Thor Odinson, the Thunderer. Marvel's most famous God, based on the Norse Mythology and wielder of the mighty Mjolnir.", "Thor had a famous weapon, his hammer, named Mjolnir, and a belt of strength, named Megingjardir. He had a goat-driven chariot that created the noise of the thunder, according to Davidson, when rolling across the sky. The lightning bolts were caused by the hurling of Mjolnir. Thunderbolts are called Thorsviggar, according to Montelius.", "Thor had a belt which doubled his strength when he put it on and iron guantlets which allowed him to grasp any weapon. Mjollnir is his hammer. It always hits its target and returns to Thor's hand after its use. Many wear small hammer's for protection.", "Thor was always depicted as a massive and strong, bearded man with his mighty war-hammer Mjollnir that he can used to create thunderbolts. The Mjollnir was powerful weapon, which was used by throwing the hammer at his enemy, the hammer would always return magically to his hands, probably because he worn magical iron gloves, known as the Járngreipr. The twin dwarfs, Brokk and Eiti , created the Mjollnir.", "Thor: the mighty red-bearded son of Allfather Odin; the Norse Herakles. Armed with his war hammer Mjollnir and Megingjard the Belt of Strength, he tends to flatten whatever grows inflated beyond natural limits, particularly greedy giants. His chariot is pulled by the goats Tanggniost (\"Tooth-Grinder\") and Tanngrisnir (\"Snarl Tooth\"). His hall is named Bilskinir (\"bill-skier-near\"), \"Lightning,\" and is located in Thrudheim (\"Place of Might\"). Thor safeguards important demarcations (e.g., the boundaries of Asgard) while breaking open those that unduly block or limit. He recalls the Anglo-Saxon Thunor, the Celtic Tanaros, the Hindu Indra, and the German god Donar.", "Mjolnir was typically depicted as a large, square-headed gray lump hammer. It has a short, round handle wrapped in brown leather, culminating in a looped lanyard. The object is based on Mjölnir, the weapon of the mythical Norse god, although in a 2002 documentary with Kevin Smith, Lee claims his brother Larry \"made it up.\" The hammer's name translates as \"The Crusher\" or \"The Grinder.\"", "02.02.12 - Mighty Thor remains one of the most renowned of all the Norse gods. A powerful and brooding figure, it is said that using his hammer, Thor could carve valleys out of mountains and that his enemies would quake in terror at the thunderous sound the weapon created. Son of Odin, the ruler of Asgard, Thor was avidly worshipped by Viking warriors as the defender of mankind and gods alike.", "In Norse mythology, Thor (/θɔːr/; from Old Norse Þórr) is a hammer-wielding god associated with thunder, lightning, storms, oak trees, strength, the protection of mankind, and also hallowing, healing and fertility. The cognate deity in wider Germanic mythology and paganism was known in Old English as Þunor and in Old High German as Donar (runic þonar ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱ), stemming from a Common Germanic *Þunraz (meaning \"thunder\").", "Thor (Old Norse: Þōrr, Þunarr; Icelandic: Þór Old English: Þunor, Þūr; Old Saxon: Þunær; Frisian: Tonger, Old Dutch: Donar; Old High German: Donar; Proto-Germanic: *Thunaraz) is the red-haired and bearded god of thunder in Germanic mythology and Germanic paganism, and its subsets: Norse paganism, Anglo-Saxon paganism and Continental Germanic paganism.", "Thor, in Norse mythology, the god of thunder, eldest son of Odin, ruler of the gods, and Jord, the earth goddess. Thor was the strongest of the Aesir, the chief gods, whom he helped protect from their enemies, the giants. He had a magic hammer, which he threw with the aid of iron gloves and which always returned to him. Thunder was supposed to be the sound of the rolling of his chariot. Thursday is named for Thor.", "The double-headed hammer was the chief emblem of the Norse god Thor. The hammer is also one of the chief emblems of a smith, which may indicate that the first bearer of the arms was also a smith.", "DUSTIN \"Thor's stone\" from Old Norse Dorsteinn. Thor was the Norse god of strength and thunder.", "“He [Thor] would be able to strike as firmly as he wanted, whatever his aim, and the hammer would never fail, and if he threw it at something, it would never miss and never fly so far from his hand that it would not find its way back, and when he wanted, it would be so small that it could be carried inside his tunic.“ [1]", "Hrungnir: a mountain-sized giant who lost a horse race to Odin and got drunk in Valhalla afterward. He was armed with a magical whetstone that splintered into chunks that buried themselves all over the world for later use by those who seek sharp blades (or sharp minds). Thor cured him of taking Freya for a serving wench by smashing his head.", "Master Tactician: For over thousands and thousands of years he has lead Asgard into battle against overwhelming forces with great leadership and employed strategies and tactics from every culture on Earth as well as all the Nine Worlds of Asgard, including forgotten ones.", "Master Tactician: For over thousands of years, he has lead Asgard into battle against overwhelming forces with great leadership and employing strategies and tactics from possibly every culture on Earth as well as all the Nine Worlds of Asgard, including forgotten ones.", "Master Tactician: For over countless millenia, he has lead Asgard into battle against overwhelming forces with great leadership and employing strategies and tactics from possibly every culture on Earth as well as all the Nine Worlds of Asgard, including forgotten ones." ]

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[ "  Manchego is a cheese made in the La Mancha region of Spain from the milk of sheep of the Manchega breed.   Official Manchego cheese is to be aged for between 60 days and two years. Manchego has a firm and compact   consistency and a buttery texture, and often contains small, unevenly-distributed air pockets. The colour of the   cheese varies from white to ivory-yellow, and the inedible rind from yellow to brownish beige. The cheese has a   distinctive flavour, well developed but not too strong, creamy with a slight piquancy, and leaves an aftertaste that   is characteristic of sheep’s milk.", "Monterey Jack is an American semi-hard cheese made using cow's milk. It is commonly sold by itself, or mixed with Colby to make a marbled cheese known as Colby-Jack (or Co-Jack). Cheddar-Jack varieties are also available.", "Manchego (officially ,) is a cheese made in the La Mancha region of Spain from the milk of sheep of the breed. Official cheese is to be aged for between 60 days and two years.", "This popular Spanish cheese is from the La Mancha region and is made from the milk of the Manchego breed of sheep. It is a full fat cheese with a firm white, creamy flesh, and a yellow rind. It has a nutty, briny flavour. Manchego is made from pasteurised milk and is available at the service counter of Waitrose.", "The Manchego is produced in the La Mancha region of Spain, which is also home to Don Quixote. It is made from unpasteurised sheep's milk. It is one of the popular cheeses from Spain, made from sheep's milk. It also comes under the PDO guidelines.", "Dating back to shortly after the Norman Conquest this cheese was brought to Wensleydale by the Cistercian monks of Jervauix Abbey from the Roquefort region of France, the famous blue cheese making region. All Wensleydale cheese was blue until the mid 19th century. Blue Wensleydale is made to an original recipe that makes a unique creamy mellow blue cheese that has a genuine smoothness in texture and taste. Blue Wensleydale is made from pasteurised milk, is suitable for vegetarians and is available prepacked as part of the Select range of cheeses at Waitrose.", "Monterey Jack only takes half of its name from a place. Franciscan friars around Monterey, CA, crafted a mild white cheese throughout the 19th century, but the semi-hard treat didn’t begin spreading until Scottish immigrant David Jack started marketing his own version of the cheese.", "Dry Monterey Jack made by Charlie Malkassian of Vella Cheese Company (Sonoma, CA) – Hard cheese made from raw cow’s milk. It is aged for at least 18 months, during which time it develops a sweet, nutty flavor with sharp finish. The trademark coating is a mixture of cocoa, black pepper and vegetable oil. Pairs well with California Pinot Noir, Syrah or Zinfandel.", "A local landowner, a man named David Jacks (1822 - 1909, born in Crieff, Scotland, arrived in Monterey 1849), had lots of cows but hadn't had much luck in selling just milk. He apparently picked up the idea of the cheese and began making it himself in the 1880s. With his greater resources, he was able to ship it out of the county to places such as San Francisco. He stamped the cheese crates \"Jack's Monterey Cheese\". He was a man who would have had no problem stealing an idea and giving no credit for it; at one point, he apparently loaned money to the town of Monterey and tried to foreclose on them and seize the town.", "Another version called Pepper jack mixes hot peppers with Monterey Jack for flavor. Pepper jack is often used as an alternative cheese in dishes such as quesadillas, but can be eaten with bread or crackers as a snack.", "This is another true American Original based on a drier version of Monterey Jack Cheese. 'Dry Jack Cheese:' Utilizes a longer cook and stir time to dry it out, then is pressed in a cloth using no molds, and finally a very spicy surface rub for aging with cocoa, pepper, coffee, and oil. This makes for a really spectacular presentation and one yummy cheese! It should be a fabulous project for everyone during the upcoming winter months.", "How does a cheese get a great surname like Jack? Leave it to a Scotsman. Named after David Jacks who first produced it in the 1890s, Wisconsin Monterey Jack is available in a wide variety of flavors, including dill, garlic, hot pepper, pesto, wild morel, leek, lemon, and peppercorn, to name a few.", "First produced in Colby, Wisconsin, this is a semi-hard, mild, washed curd cheese that is not cheddared and is normally dyed orange. It is most often made in long cylinders (thus the name \"longhorn\") and sold in half round blocks. It is often combined with the similarly made Monterey Jack cheese to produce a marbled product called \"Colby Jack\".", "Dry Monterey Jack is aged a minimum of 6 months, sometimes 9 months to a few years, giving it more flavour and making it hard enough to be grated. During aging, the rind is often smeared with oil to keep it soft, and rubbed with crushed pepper.", "If you haven’t tried this yet then you have missed out on one of life’s gastronomic pleasures. It truly is heaven on a small plate! A glass of Manzanilla sherry with some salty and nutty Manchego cheese is very popular with the Spanish locals. It doesn’t come much simpler and it takes some serious beating. All these wonderful flavors and we haven’t even started cooking yet!", "Jack Daniel's is a brand of Tennessee whiskey and the top selling American whiskey in the world. It is produced in Lynchburg, Tennessee, by the Jack Daniel Distillery, which has been owned by the Brown-Forman Corporation since 1956. Despite being the location of a major operational distillery, Jack Daniel's home county of Moore is a dry county, so the product is not available for consumption at stores or restaurants within the county. ", "Among the main types of sherry is Manzanilla, made from grapes growing in vineyards that front the Gulf of Cadiz and, according to some purists, not really a sherry at all. It’s slightly bitter and shows brilliant colour, ranging from pale green to deep gold. It is the driest and from here, sherries progress towards sweetness and fullness. Fino is pale, dry and fragrant with a delicate but distinctive aroma. It is ideal with seafood. In fact, one of life’s great gustatory treats is well-iced fino and prawns just waiting to be shelled. An old favourite recipe in my kitchen is a dish of sherried oysters in hot chili sauce. Try it in place of vermouth in a martini, with one of those new ‘boutique’ gins that are coming out of the U.K.", "Aged Monterey Jack: is aged for 6 months or more, often by others than the original producer.", "Sherry (, or) is a fortified wine made from white grapes that are grown near the town of Jerez de la Frontera in Andalusia, Spain. Sherry is produced in a variety of styles made primarily from the Palomino grape, ranging from light versions similar to white table wines, such as Manzanilla and Fino, to darker and heavier versions that have been allowed to oxidise as they age in barrel, such as Amontillado and Oloroso. Sweet dessert wines are also made from Pedro Ximenez or Moscatel grapes, and are sometimes blended with Palomino-based Sherries.", "American native grapevines also make up the entire the subgenera Muscadinia, with only two species: rotundifolia, most prevalent throughout the Southeast, and Munsoniana, confined to Florida. These are commonly known as \"slip-skin\" varieties, for their readily-detachable skins cover juicy, somewhat tough central pulps with firmly embedded pips (seeds). As with the other native American grapes, their vines are also slow-growing and weak. Muscadinia varieties have acquired natural immunity to Pierce's disease .", "vinifera cross. Wines made from labrusca grapes have a characteristic taste, which in deference to its common name, tasters call \"foxy\".", "Palomino, named after Fernan Yanez Palomonio, one of King Alfonso X`s knights, is the primary grape variety for Sherry styles ( Fino , Manzanilla , Amontillado , Oloroso , Palo Cortado ) production.", "-Rioja Baja (deep coloured and very alcoholic, but lack acidity, aroma, finesse and are best used for blending);", "After taking over the distillery, in 1884 Daniel purchased the hollow and land where the distillery is now located. By the 1880s, Jack Daniel's was one of 15 distilleries operating in Moore County, and the second-most productive behind Tom Eaton's Distillery.Carroll Van West, Megan Dobbs, and Brian Eades, [http://digital.mtsu.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15838coll4/id/2273/rec/94 National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form for Lynchburg Historic District], Southern Places Database (MTSU Center for Historic Preservation), 1995. He began using square-shaped bottles in 1897, with the square shape of the bottle intended to convey a sense of fairness and integrity.", "* Amador has a reputation for big, full-bodied Zinfandel. These extra-ripe wines have been called jammy, briary, and brambly, having aromas of sweet berries.", "In Spain, the Palomino grape is split into the sub-varieties Palomino Fino, Palomino Basto, and Palomino de Jerez, of which Palomino Fino is by far the most important, being the principal grape used in the manufacture of sherry.", "Manzanilla - a particularly light Fino sherry made specifically in the region of Manzanilla Sanlúcar de Barrameda", "CARNEROS ALAMBIC (1250 Cuttings Wharf Road, Napa, 707-253-9055). This company was among the first alembic brandy producers in California. It started out in 1982 as RMS, French Cognac maker Rémy Martin's venture into California brandy (in a short-lived partnership with top-notch California sparkling wine maker Schramsberg). While honoring and observing tradition, it breaks the rules in an attempt to create a California brandy worthy of the Cognac heritage: like some of the other California distillers, it uses pinot noir, a red grape, for the extra fruit flavors it imparts. One of its specialties is a 100 percent folle blanche brandy, which uses the grape that once dominated Cognac.", "Cassinelli Winery & Vineyards , Church Hill, MD.  This winery plans to market a Moonshine corn whiskey.  It appears from the label that this may be a sourced product. They are also planning to release a Bad Alfred's Rye, distilled in-house.", "Another dry, fino-style sherry with a light, delicate, and distinctive sea-like taste, Manzanilla sherry is aged in the seaside town of Sanlúcar de Barrameda. Manzanilla is excellent served chilled with tapas.", "Try Valdespino’s Palo Cortado Viejo for something delicious and complex, or Hidalgo’s Wellington 20-year for a showpiece.", "The first bottles of Charles Shaw wines were sold in Trader Joe's stores. A fast customer favorite and winner of medals in many competitions, it earned the endearing moniker, \"Two Buck Chuck.\"" ]

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[ "When creating shortcut keys, CTRL+ letter combinations and function keys (F1 though F12) are usually the best choices. For example, the keyboard alternatives for the Cut, Copy, and Paste commands are CTRL+X, CTRL+C, and CTRL+P, respectively.", "Ctrl-C was one of a handful of keyboard sequences chosen by the program designers at Xerox PARC to control text editing, with Ctrl-Z (Undo), Ctrl-X (Cut), Ctrl-V (Paste), and Ctrl-P (Print). The first four letters are all located together at the left end of the bottom row of the standard QWERTY keyboard, and P towards the upper right. The equivalent key combination on Macintosh computers is Command-C.", "Use keyboard shortcuts found in pretty much all GUI apps, e.g. Undo (Ctrl-Z), Redo (Shift-Ctrl-Z), Select All (Ctrl-A), Cut (Ctrl-X), Copy (Ctrl-C), Paste (Ctrl-V), Expand selection (Shift-Arrow), Skip word (Ctrl-Arrow), Delete selection (Del) etc", "“. The Ctrl key is sometimes indicated by a caret character (^). Thus Ctrl-C is sometimes written as ^C. At times, usually on Unix platforms, the case of the second character is significant – if the character would normally require pressing the Shift key to type, then the Shift key is part of the shortcut e.g. ‘^C’ vs. ‘^c’ or ‘^@’ vs. ‘^2’.", "Clipboard - A portion of memory where the Mac temporarily stores information. Called a Copy Buffer in many PC applications because it is used to hold information which is to be moved, as in word processing where text is \"cut\" and then \"pasted\".", "As many keyboards and computer terminals once directly generated ASCII code, the choice of control-C overlapped with the ASCII end-of-text character. This character has a numerical value of three, as \"C\" is the third letter of the alphabet. It was chosen to cause an interrupt as it is otherwise unlikely to be part of a program's interactive interface. Many other control codes, such as control-D for the end-of-transmission character, do not generate signals and are occasionally used to control a program.", "In graphical user interface environments that use the control key to control the active program, control-C is often used to copy highlighted text to the clipboard. In many command-line interface environments, control-C is used to abort the current task and regain user control. It is a special sequence which causes the operating system to send a signal to the active program. Usually the signal causes it to end, but the program may \"catch\" it and do something else, typically returning control to the user.", "Every program has Copy and Paste icons, and if you right-click on files and folders in Windows, you'll see Copy and Paste as options. For those who do a lot of copying and pasting, however, the keyboard shortcuts are a big time-saver.", "Undo your mistake Made a mistake? Did you accidentally delete something or did a document you were working on suddenly go blank? Don’t panic! That’s what the undo shortcut is for. Hit these keys and see the magic.", "The Insert key is mainly used to switch between overtype mode, in which the cursor overwrites any text that is present on and after its current location, and insert mode, where the cursor inserts a character at its current position, forcing all characters past it one position further. The Delete key discards the character ahead of the cursor's position, moving all following characters one position \"back\" towards the freed place. On many notebook computer keyboards the key labeled Delete (sometimes Delete and Backspace are printed on the same key) serves the same purpose as a Backspace key. The Backspace key deletes the preceding character.", "Step 10: You’ll be told to use the ‘Control’ (Ctrl) and ‘Alternate’ (Alt) keys for some operations. When you do so, keep holding down one or the other key or both keys while you press any other keys.", "On a Linux system supporting the Compose Key, an interrobang can be produced by pressing the compose key followed by the exclamation point and the question mark; reversing the order creates the inverted interrobang. On Mac OS X, it is found on the Character Palette, obtained by pressing the key combination .", "The key is supported by the X Window System (used by most Unix-like operating systems, including most Linux distributions). Some keyboards have a key labelled “Compose”, but any key can be configured to serve this function. For example, the otherwise redundant right-hand key may, when available, be used for this purpose.", "à-è-ù: Press Ctrl and type \"`\" key (left-hand side, top of the keyboard). Release both keys and type \"e\", \"a\", or \"u\".", "Helpful Hint: You can type a single close quote by holding down the Ctrl (control) key and hitting the ' (apostrophe) key twice.", "The Control Key in Windows is mostly used for keyboard shortcuts. For example, Copy is 【", "Following the IBM Common User Access guidelines, the key gradually became universally associated with Help in most early Windows programs. To this day, Microsoft Office programs running in Windows list as the key for Help in the Help menu. Internet Explorer in Windows does not list this keystroke in the help menu, but still responds with a help window. is commonly used to activate a search function in applications, often cycling through results on successive presses of the key. + is often used to search backwards. Some applications such as Visual Studio support + as a means of searching for the currently highlighted text elsewhere in a document. is also commonly used as a reload key in many web browsers and other applications, while activates the full screen/kiosk mode on most browsers. Under the Windows environment, + is commonly used to quit an application; + will often close a portion of the application, such as a document or tab. generally activates the menu bar, while + activates a context menu. is used in Windows Explorer, Visual Studio and other programs to rename files or other items.", "Mouse over a word and hit Cmd-Ctrl-D (Or on a trackpad use 3 fingers to tap on a word)", "-- they accidentally typed a \"q\" instead of a tab key (they are, after all, next to each other on a keyboard) when they were typing the e-mail in a word document.", "Control + F2: You don’t need a mouse to access those menu bars at the top of nearly every application. Press Control + F2 to go directly to the Apple Menu. Use the Right and Left Arrow keys to move between the menus, then press Enter to make a selection. Notice that many of the menus offer additional keyboard shortcuts, such as Command + O to open an application or a file, Command + S to save a file and Command + P to print it.", "If you're using a keyboard made for Windows PCs, use the Alt key instead of Option, and the Windows logo key instead of Command. Some Mac keyboards and shortcuts use special keys in the top row, which include icons for volume, display brightness, and other functions. Press the icon key to perform that function, or combine it with the Fn key to use it as an F1, F2, F3, or other standard function key. ", "* Control-Alt-Delete, often abbreviated as Ctrl-Alt-Del, is a computer keyboard command on PC compatible systems that can be used to reboot a computer, and summon the task manager or operating system. It is invoked by pressing the Delete key while holding the Control and Alt keys: Ctrl+Alt+Delete. Thus, it forces a soft reboot, brings up the task manager (on Windows and BeOS) or a jump to ROM monitor. Control-Alt-Delete was invented in 1981 by David Bradley while working at IBM.[383]", "The Control key under Mac is rarely used. When used, it is as a modifier in combination with other modifier keys. For example, 【", "Try typing your name, including capitals (UPPER-CASE) and spaces. The ‘space bar’ (which you press briefly to make a space) is the wide key at the bottom of the keyboard.", "* Control-Alt-Delete, often abbreviated as Ctrl-Alt-Del, is a computer keyboard command on PC compatible systems that can be used to reboot a computer, and summon the task manager or operating system. It is invoked by pressing the Delete key while holding the Control and Alt keys: Ctrl+Alt+Delete. Thus, it forces a soft reboot, brings up the task manager (on Windows and BeOS) or a jump to ROM monitor. Control-Alt-Delete was invented in 1981 by David Bradley while working at IBM. ", "What do you do when you want to print something on your computer or close out of an application? How about when you need to copy and paste? If you use your cursor and the drop-down menu at the top of your screen, then I’ve got good news for you: There’s an easier way.", "It’s no surprise why Windows and Mac OS have many keyboard shortcuts. Since both your hands are already on the keyboard, why spend time using a mouse to navigate? You don’t have to remember every shortcut, just the more common ones.", "The Wolfram Language interprets the Esc key as a series of three vertical dots. Here, the alias for alpha is entered without the second Esc key being pressed:", "Just as in a word processor, these editing commands are accessible via keyboard shortcuts as well as from an edit menu. It's good practice to do as much as possible using shortcuts rather than by choosing menu items with the mouse, and it's pretty much essential for basic editing functions such as these if you hope to achieve any fluency (and avoid repetitive strain injury).", "Control-C is a common computer command. It is generated by pressing the key while holding down the key on most computer keyboards.", "You can use the Backspace key to delete. Each time you press the Backspace key, Microsoft Word deletes the character that precedes the insertion point. The  insertion point is the point at which your mouse pointer is located. You can also delete text by using the Delete key. First, you select the text you want to delete; then you press the Delete key.", "An alternative approach to this problem is not to provide a continuing DELETE mode, but instead require double keying to accomplish deletions. In a DELETE mode, a user might press a DELETE key followed by unlimited repetitions of a WORD key (or keys specifying other units of text). With double keying, the user would have to press DELETE before each selection of a text unit to be deleted." ]

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[ "The 15 films from 1942-1976 gathered here — Saboteur (1942), Shadow of a Doubt (1943), Rope (1948), Rear Window (1954), The Trouble with Harry (1955), The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956), Vertigo (1958), North by Northwest (1959), Psycho (1960), The Birds (1963), Marnie (1964), Torn Curtain (1966), Topaz (1969), Frenzy (1972), and Family Plot (1976) — show the huge range of Alfred Hitchcock’s macabre talents and interests, with the master taking on suspense, thriller, action, comedy, psychological drama, psychological investigation, sci-fi, and horror, all laced with dark humor and romance.", "Frenzy is a 1972 British thriller-psychological horror film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The second to last feature film of his extensive career, it is often considered by critics and scholars to be his last great film before his death. The screenplay by Anthony Shaffer was based on the novel Goodbye Piccadilly, Farewell Leicester Square by Arthur La Bern. The film stars Jon Finch, Alec McCowen, and Barry Foster and features Billie Whitelaw, Anna Massey, Barbara Leigh-Hunt, Bernard Cribbins and Vivien Merchant. The original music score was composed by Ron Goodwin.", "Marnie is a 1964 American psychological thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The screenplay by Jay Presson Allen was based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Winston Graham. The film stars Tippi Hedren and Sean Connery.", "The latter two films were particularly notable for their unconventional soundtracks, both orchestrated by Bernard Herrmann : the screeching strings played in the murder scene in Psycho [10] exceeded the limits of the time, and The Birds [91] dispensed completely with conventional instruments, instead using an electronically-produced soundtrack and an unaccompanied song by school children (just prior to the infamous attack at the historic Bodega Bay School). Also notable was that Santa Cruz was mentioned again as the place where the bird-phenomenon was said to have first occurred. [14] These films are considered his last great films, after which it is said his career started to lose pace[citation needed] (although some critics such as Robin Wood and Donald Spoto contend that Marnie , [98] from 1964, is first-class Hitchcock, and some have argued that Frenzy [42] is unfairly overlooked).", "Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE, (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an English film director and producer, at times referred to as \"The Master of Suspense\". He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres. He had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as England's best director. Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939 and became a US citizen in 1955. ", "In October 1983, Rear Window and Vertigo were the first two films re-released by Hitchcock's estate after his death. These two films and three others -- The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956), The Trouble With Harry (1955), and Rope (1948) -- had been kept out of distribution by Hitchcock since 1968. Some cleaning and restoration was performed on each film when new 35mm prints were struck.", "When Grace Kelly refused to come out of retirement to take the part, Hedren starred in Marnie (1964) as a compulsive liar suffering from kleptomania . Her handsome employer ( Sean Connery ) is attracted to her and wants to help her discover the roots of her emotional difficulties—including fear of sex, thunderstorms, and the colour red—and so marries her, little realizing just how severely she has been traumatized. Marnie proved to be a divisive film, with some seeing it as an astonishing distillation of Hitchcock’s obsessions but others regarding it as a mere fetishistic catalogue of those obsessions that is unsupported by an interesting story.", "Frenzy was the third film Hitchcock made in Britain after he moved to Hollywood in 1939. The other two were Under Capricorn in 1949 and Stage Fright in 1950 (although there were some interior and exterior scenes filmed in London for the 1956 remake of The Man Who Knew Too Much). The last film he made in Britain before his move to America was Jamaica Inn (1939). The film was screened at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival, but was not entered into the main competition. ", "of thrillers in England, including the first British talkie Blackmail (1929) and the perennially popular The Thirty Nine Steps (1935) and The Lady Vanishes (1938).  He came to to Hollywood in 1939 and his first American film Rebecca won the Oscar for Best Picture.  His first decade in America was a period of technical experiment and refinement of techniques.  He worked with some of Hollywood's biggest stars and attracted serious critical acclaim as well as a huge popular following with films like Notorious (1946), Rear Window (1954), Psycho (1960), and The Birds (1963).  This book shows both sides of Hitchcock - the entertainer and the artist.  His films reveal a master storyteller, a technical wizard and a joker of genius.  Hitchcock reconciled complexity with commercialism, giving his films a universal and enduring appeal.  Illustrated with over 250 black-and-white and color photographs The Films of Alfred Hitchcock is a fascinating insight into both the 'Master of suspense' and his films.  Table size. � 1986 Brompton Books.192 pages.", "Psycho (1960) was Hitchcock's most terrifying and controversial film, and made an entire generation of moviegoers nervous about taking a shower. The Birds (1963), Marnie (1964), and Family Plot (1976) were Hitchcock's final and less brilliant films. Hitchcock also expanded his directing career into American television, with a series that featured mini-thrillers (1955-1965). Because of failing health, he retired from directing after Family Plot. He was knighted in 1979 and died soon afterward in Los Angeles on April 29, 1980.", "* Uxoricide is a central plot point in Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window. Hitchcock revisited the theme in Dial M for Murder, which in turn was remade in 1998 as A Perfect Murder. ", "            In many ways, Marnie is the antithesis of Hitchcock's obsession with control and the loss thereof.  For a perfectionist who valued order above all else, the production of Marnie was fraught with personal failures for its director, who lost not only public acceptance, but also control over the final product.  The author addresses Hitchcock's fears in light of several contributing issues, and comes away with a work ideal for film scholars and students, film buffs, and any fan of the man himself.\"", "Many of Hitchcock's films have one-word titles: Blackmail (1929), Rebecca (1940), Suspicion (1941), Saboteur (1942), Lifeboat (1944), Spellbound (1945), Notorious (1946), Rope (1948), Vertigo (1958), Psycho (1960), Marnie (1964), Topaz (1969) and Frenzy (1972). He favored one-word titles because he felt that it was uncluttered, clean and easily remembered by the audience.", "Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an Anglo-American director and producer. He pioneered many techniques in the suspense and psychological thriller genres. After a successful career in his native United Kingdom in both silent films and early talkies, Hitchcock moved to Hollywood. In 1956 he became an American citizen while remaining a British subject.", "Stanley Kubrick (/ˈkuːbrɪk/; July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, and editor who did most of his work as an expatriate in the United Kingdom. He is regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of all time. His films, typically adaptations of novels or short stories, are noted for their \"dazzling\" and unique cinematography, attention to details to achieve realism and an inspired use of music scores. Kubrick's films covered a variety of genres, including war, crime, romantic and black comedies, horror, epic and science fiction. Kubrick was also noted for being a perfectionist, using painstaking care with scene staging and working closely with his actors.", "In 2008, four of Hitchcock's films were named among the ten best mystery films of all time in the AFI's 10 Top 10. Those films are Vertigo (at No. 1); Rear Window (No. 3); North by Northwest (No. 7); and Dial M for Murder (No. 9).", "Stanley Kubrick (July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an American film director, writer, producer, and photographer who lived in England during most of the last four decades of his career. Kubrick was noted for the scrupulous care with which he chose his subjects, his slow method of working, the variety of genres he worked in, his technical perfectionism, his reluctance to talk about his films, and his reclusiveness regarding his personal life. He maintained almost complete artistic control, making movies according to his own whims and time constraints, but with the rare advantage of big- studio   financial support  for all his endeavors.", "Alfred Hitchcock was a film director (b. 1899 d. 1980) whose most famous work include Vertigo, The Birds, Psycho, etc, etc.", "David Keith Lynch (born January 20, 1946) is an American director, screenwriter, visual artist, musician, actor, and author. Known for his surrealist films, he has developed a unique cinematic style. The surreal and, in many cases, violent elements contained within his films have been known to \"disturb, offend or mystify\" audiences. ", "Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, commonly known as Dr. Strangelove, is a 1964 black comedy film which satirizes the nuclear scare . It was directed, produced, and co-written by Stanley Kubrick , starring Peter Sellers and George C. Scott , and featuring Sterling Hayden , Keenan Wynn , and Slim Pickens . The film is loosely based on Peter George 's Cold War thriller novel Red Alert , also known as Two Hours to Doom.", "It was a new era in cinema with blockbusters like Jaws and Star Wars pushing smaller scale human dramas to the sidelines. Disappointed with the roles he was being offered, and weary of “anybody who thinks I’m the carrier of his dreams,” Poitier stayed behind the camera for most of the next decade. In 1980, he directed Stir Crazy, a box-office smash with Gene Wilder and Richard Pryor. His first autobiography, This Life, was a bestseller the same year. When Wilder asked him to direct 1982's less successful Hanky Panky with Gilda Radner, Poitier cast his old friend Richard Widmark as a villain.", "presidential campaign bus with Ronald Reagan, visits Alfred Hitchcock during the making of the Master of Suspense's last film, Family Plot, meets George Stevens at the Brown Derby, and conducts the last interview with the director of Shane and Giant.  Other interview subjects captured for posterity include rough-and-ready pioneer directors William Wellman and Raoul Walsh, likable actor Joel McCrea, actress - and the only female director of her era - Ida Lupino, French legend Ren� Clair, and lowly-contract-writer-turned-studio-mogul Dore Schary.  Film Crazy is a must for film students, scholars, and professionals.", "Psycho is a 1960 American psychological horror thriller directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, and written by Joseph Stefano, starring Anthony Perkins, Janet Leigh, John Gavin, Vera Miles and Martin Balsam, and was based on the 1959 novel of the same name by Robert Bloch. The film centers on the encounter between a secretary, Marion Crane (Leigh), who ends up at a secluded motel after stealing money from her employer, and the motel's disturbed owner-manager, Norman Bates (Perkins), and its aftermath. ", "Frantic (1988) was a Hitchcockian suspense-thriller starring Harrison Ford and the actress/model Emmanuelle Seigner, who later became Polanski's wife. The film follows an ordinary tourist in Paris whose wife is kidnapped. He attempts, hopelessly, to go through the Byzantine bureaucratic channels to deal with her disappearance, but finally takes matters into his own hands.", "The greatest, most influential Hitchcock horror/thriller ever made and the progenitor of the modern Hollywood horror film, based on Robert Bloch's novel. A classic, low budget, manipulative, black and white tale that includes the most celebrated shower sequence ever made. Worried about marital prospects after a lunch tryst with her divorced lover (John Gavin), blonde real estate office secretary Marion Crane (Janet Leigh) embezzles $40,000 and flees, stopping at the secluded off-road Bates Motel, managed by a nervous, amateur taxidermist son named Norman (Anthony Perkins). The psychotic, disturbed \"mother's boy\" is dominated by his jealous 'mother', rumored to be in the Gothic house on the hillside behind the dilapidated, remote motel. The story includes the untimely, violent murder of the main protagonist early in the film, a cross-dressing transvestite murderer, insanity, a stuffed corpse, and Oedipal Freudian motivations.", "On this day in 1981, Reds, a movie about an American Communist and the Russian Revolution written by, directed and starring Warren Beatty–an actor who became a prominent Hollywood leading man in the 1960s with such movies as Bonnie and Clyde–premieres in U.S. theaters. Reds, based on a true story, received 12 Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Actor (Beatty) and Best Actress and Best Supporting Actor for Beatty’s co-stars Diane Keaton and Jack Nicholson. Beatty took home an Oscar for Best Director, his inaugural win in that category. He had received his first Best Director Oscar nomination several years earlier for his directorial debut, 1978’s Heaven Can Wait.", "Hitchcock developed these themes in his formative, British-based years during the '30s. By the 1940s and 1950s, he was working in America. It was there that his movies became even richer and more complex, dealing with issues of love and trust (Notorious, 1946), homosexual longing (Strangers on a Train, 1951), transference of guilt (The Wrong Man, 1957), and obsessive, destructive passion (Vertigo, 1958).", ", 1909–84, American film director, b. La Crosse, Wis. Among his Hollywood works, many of which dealt with social issues, are The Boy With Green Hair (1948) and M (1951).", "(1930-1980) American actor. Best known movie roles in \"The Blob\" (1958), \"The Magnificent Seven\" (1960), \"The Great Escape\" (1963), \"Papillon\" (1973) and \"The Towering Inferno\" (1974).", "director: Bad Day at Black Rock, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, The Magnificent Seven, The Great Escape, Ice Station Zebra, The Eagle Has Landed; died Aug 18, 1992", "When I was asked to direct One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), my friends warned me not to go anywhere near it. The story is so American, they argued, that I, an immigrant fresh off the boat, could not do it justice. They were surprised when I explained why I wanted to make the film. To me it was not just literature but real life, the life I lived in Czechoslovakia from my birth in 1932 until 1968. The Communist Party was my Nurse Ratched, telling me what I could and could not do; what I was or was not allowed to say; where I was and was not allowed to go; even who I was and was not.", "One of the most eclectic writer-directors ever. He excelled in film noir ( Double Indemnity (1944)), drama ( The Lost Weekend (1945)), comedy ( Some Like It Hot (1959)) and war ( Stalag 17 (1953))." ]

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[ "Known as \"The Volunteer State\", Tennesee entered the union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. The capital is Nashville and the largest city is Memphis. On this board I hope you find resources and inspiration for your Tennessee research!", "Called the \"Volunteer State,\" Tennessee became the 16th state of the Union in 1796. It was the first territory admitted as a state under the federal Constitution. Before statehood, it was known as the Territory South of the River Ohio. The name Tennessee is derived from the name of a Cherokee village, Tanasi. Today, the capital, Nashville, is known as a center for country music. Memphis, the largest city in the state, is the place where Elvis Presley first began his legendary musical career. The state flower is the iris.", "Tennessee became a state on June 1, 1796. It was the 16th state to join the union. Was Southwest Territory before statehood.", "1796: Tennessee, formerly part of North Carolina, is the 16th state admitted to the Union . On June 8, 1861, it joined the Confederacy and became a major battleground for the Civil War, re-entering the Union after war's end. Electors chose John Adams to be the second president of the United States.", "Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796 as the 16th state. It was the first state created from territory under the jurisdiction of the United States federal government. Apart from the former Thirteen Colonies only Vermont and Kentucky predate Tennessee's statehood, and neither was ever a federal territory. The state boundaries, according to the Constitution of the State of Tennessee, Article I, Section 31, stated that the beginning point for identifying the boundary was the extreme height of the Stone Mountain, at the place where the line of Virginia intersects it, and basically ran the extreme heights of mountain chains through the Appalachian Mountains separating North Carolina from Tennessee past the Indian towns of Cowee and Old Chota, thence along the main ridge of the said mountain (Unicoi Mountain) to the southern boundary of the state; all the territory, lands and waters lying west of said line are included in the boundaries and limits of the newly formed state of Tennessee. Part of the provision also stated that the limits and jurisdiction of the state would include future land acquisition, referencing possible land trade with other states, or the acquisition of territory from west of the Mississippi River.", "Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796 as the 16th state. It was the first state created from territory under the jurisdiction of the United States federal government. Apart from the former Thirteen Colonies only Vermont and Kentucky predate Tennessee's statehood, and neither was ever a federal territory. The state boundaries, according to the Constitution of the State of Tennessee, Article I, Section 31, stated that the beginning point for identifying the boundary was the extreme height of the Stone Mountain, at the place where the line of Virginia intersects it, and basically ran the extreme heights of mountain chains through the Appalachian Mountains separating North Carolina from Tennessee past the Indian towns of Cowee and Old Chota, thence along the main ridge of the said mountain (Unicoi Mountain) to the southern boundary of the state; all the territory, lands and waters lying west of said line are included in the boundaries and limits of the newly formed state of Tennessee. Part of the provision also stated that the limits and jurisdiction of the state would include future land acquisition, referencing possible land trade with other states, or the acquisition of territory from west of the Mississippi River.", "Whereas the delegates of the United States of America in Congress assembled, did, on the fifteenth day of November in the year of our Lord seventeen seventy-seven, and in the second year of the Independence of America, agree to Certain Articles of Confederation and perpetual union between the states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia in the words following, viz:", "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Between the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.", "On April 15, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the Southern rebellion, a move that prompted Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas and North Carolina to reverse themselves and vote in favor of session. (Most of the western section of Virginia rejected the session vote and broke away, ultimately forming a new, Union-loyal state, West Virginia .)", "     A week later, on May 13th, Great Britain declared its neutrality. On May 16th, the Confederate Congress authorized the recruiting of 400,000 volunteers. Four days later, on May 20th, 1861, North Carolina became the last state to join the new Confederacy. State delegates met in Raleigh and voted unanimously for secession. All of the states of the Deep South had now left the Union. That same day, the Confederate Congress voted to move the capital to Richmond, Virginia. On May 23rd, citizens from eastern Virginia voted to join the Confederacy. Western Virginias wanted to remain in the Union.", "After settling a dispute with New York, Vermont was admitted to statehood in 1791, formally completing the defined area of New England. On March 15, 1820, as part of the Missouri Compromise, the territory of Maine, formerly a part of Massachusetts, was admitted to the Union as a free state. Today, New England is defined as made up of the six states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. ", "* Border South: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware were states on the outer rim of the Confederacy that did not secede from the United States, but did have significant numbers of residents who joined the Confederate armed forces. Kentucky and Missouri had Confederate governments in exile and were represented in the Confederate Congress and by stars on the Confederate battle flag. West Virginia was formed in 1863 after the western region of Virginia broke away to protest the Old Dominion's joining of the Confederacy, but residents of the new state were about evenly divided on supporting the Union or the Confederacy. ", "On December 18, 1789 Virginia again gave its consent to Kentucky statehood. The United States Congress gave its approval on February 4, 1791. (This occurred two weeks before Congress approved Vermont's petition for statehood. ) Kentucky officially became the fifteenth state in the Union on June 1, 1792. Isaac Shelby, a military veteran from Virginia, was elected its first Governor. ", "Kentucky , officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts ). Originally a part of Virginia , in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.", "Sectional tensions had long existed between the states located north of the Mason–Dixon line and those south of it, primarily centered on the \"peculiar institution\" of slavery and the ability of states to overrule the decisions of the national government. During the 1840s and 1850s, conflicts between the two sides became progressively more violent. After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 (who southerners thought would work to end slavery) states in the South seceded from the United States, beginning with South Carolina in late 1860. On April 12, 1861, forces of the South (known as the Confederate States of America or simply the Confederacy) opened fire on Fort Sumter, whose garrison was loyal to the Union. ", "West Virginia was originally part of the British Virginia Colony from 1607 to 1776 and the western part of the state of Virginia (which was commonly referred as Trans-Allegheny Virginia before the formation of West Virginia) from 1776 to 1863. Long discontented with electoral malapportionment and underrepresentation in the state legislature, its residents became sharply divided over the issue of secession from the Union during the Civil War. Residents of the western and northern counties set up a separate government under Francis Pierpont in 1861, which they called the \"restored\" government. Most voted to separate from Virginia and the new state was admitted to the Union in 1863. In 1864 a state constitutional convention drafted a constitution, which was ratified by the legislature without putting it to popular vote. West Virginia abolished slavery and temporarily disfranchised men who had held Confederate office or fought for the Confederacy.", "South Carolina, one of the thirteen colonies, became the eighth state on May 23, 1788. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede form the Union. It re- entered after the Civil War.", "After Virginia's secession, a Unionist government in Wheeling asked a total of 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state on October 24, 1861. Returns were received from 41 of the 48 counties, and a minority turnout voted heavily in favor of the new state, at first called Kanawha but later renamed West Virginia, which was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. Jefferson and Berkeley counties were annexed to the new state in late 1863. The western counties of Virginia had voted nearly 2 to 1 against secession, though 24 of the 50 counties had voted for secession. Soldier numbers from West Virginia were about evenly divided between the Confederacy and the Union.", "Delaware was the 1st state to ratify the U.S. Constitution. Delaware entered the union as a \"Slave State\".", "West Virginia became the 35th state following the Wheeling Conventions that eventually enabled the state to break away from Virginia during the American Civil War. West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863 and was the only state to form through secession from a Confederate state. West Virginia and Nevada were the only two states formed during the American Civil War.", "This is a map of South Carolina. It was the 8th state to enter the union on May 23rd, 1788. The capital is Columbia.", "Virginia one of the thirteen colonies, became the 10th state on June 25, 1788. Richmond became the capital of the Confederacy on May 29, 1861, but re-entered the Union after the war.", "On June 20, 1863, the newly proclaimed state of West Virginia was admitted to the Union.", "Many people from the western part of the state did not agree with the decision to secede. They set up an independent government in the northwestern portion of the state. On June 20, 1863, 48 Virginia counties became the state of West Virginia, the 35th state to join the Union. In November 1863, two more counties joined West Virginia.", "1863-06-19: West Virginia split from Virginia by retro-secession, and joined the United States as a state. Its first capital was Wheeling.", "        Learn what year your state joined the Union and became part of the \"United States of", "Residents of the western counties of Virginia did not wish to secede along with the rest of the state. This section of Virginia was admitted into the Union as the state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863.", "1861: The Confederate States of America was formed; an alliance of secessionist states which met at Montgomery, Alabama.", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "With the Southern slave states declaring secession from the Union, and with this drastic shortage of men in the army, President Abraham Lincoln called on the states to raise a force of 75,000 men for three months to put down the insurrection. Lincoln's call forced the border states to choose sides, and four seceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. The war proved to be longer and more extensive than anyone North or South had expected, and on July 22, 1861, Congress authorized a volunteer army of 500,000 men.", "68 Which state became the first to ratify the United States constitution in 1787, hence its official nickname of The First State?", "The 2nd state to ratify the U.S. Constitition on December 12th 1787 and entered the Union as a \"Free State\"." ]

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[ "On April 30, 1803 the nation of France sold 828,000 square miles (2,144,510 square km) of land west of the Mississippi River to the young United States of America in a treaty commonly known as the Louisiana Purchase. President Thomas Jefferson, in one of his greatest achievements, more than doubled the size of the United States at a time when the young nation's population growth was beginning to quicken.", "The Louisiana Purchase (1803) was a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million.", "Louisiana Purchase - By a treaty signed on April 30, 1803, the United States purchased from France the Louisiana Territory, more than 800,000 square miles (2 million km2) of land extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. The price was 60 million francs, about $15 million; $11,250,000 was to be paid directly, with the balance to be covered by the assumption by the United States of French debts to American citizens. Source: Gateway New Orleans", "From 1803 to 1815, France was engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, a series of major conflicts with various coalitions of European nations. In 1803, partly as a means to raise funds for future wars, Napoleon sold France’s Louisiana Territory in North America to the newly independent United States for $15 million, a transaction that later became known as the Louisiana Purchase .", "The Louisiana Purchase refers to the 530,000,000 acres of territory in North America that the United States purchased from France in 1803 for US $15 million.", "The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition by the United States of more than 530,000,000 acres (828,000 mi² or 2,100,000 km²) of territory from France in 1803, at the cost of about 3 cents per acre (7¢ per hectare ); US$ 15 million or 80 million francs in total. Plus interest, America paid a total of $27,267,622 in exchange for the Louisiana territory. (If adjusted for the relative share of GDP , this amount would equal approximately $707.6 million in 2005 [1] , or about $1,800 per hectare.)", "LOUISIANA PURCHASE. A watershed event in American history, the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 nearly doubled the land mass of the young nation: for a purchase price of $15 million, the United States increased its size by some 828,000 square miles. The region included the Mississippi River and its tributaries westward to the Rocky Mountains, and extended from the Gulf of Mexico at New Orleans up the Red River to the Canadian border.", "In the early 1800's the United States was a young nation on the eastern seaboard of a vast, unexplored continent. The Louisiana Purchase, approved by treaty in April of 1803, transferred from France to the United States over 800,000 square miles of land. Overnight it doubled the size of the United States.", "The territory was acquired in 1803 by the United States by the Louisiana Purchase from France.", "On April 30, 1803, representatives of the United States and Napoleonic France conclude negotiations for the Louisiana Purchase, a massive land sale that doubles the size of the young American republic. What was known as Louisiana Territory comprised most of modern-day United States between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, with the exceptions of Texas, parts of New Mexico, and other pockets of land already controlled by the United States. A formal treaty for the Louisiana Purchase, antedated to April 30, was signed two days later.", "\"Sale of Louisiana\" was the acquisition by the US in 1803 of 828,000 square miles (2,140,000 km2) of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana. The US paid 50 million francs ($11,250,000) plus cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs ($3,750,000), for a total sum of $15 million (less than 3 cents per acre) for the Louisiana territory ($233 million in 2011, is less than 42 cents per acre).", "From then until the United States acquired the territory in the Louisiana Purchase on December 20, 1803, France and Spain traded control of the region's colonial empire.", "On October 20, 1803, the Senate ratified the Louisiana Purchase Treaty by a vote of twenty-four to seven. The agreement, which provided for the purchase of the western half of the Mississippi River basin from France at a price of $15 million, or approximately four cents per acre, doubled the size of the country and paved the way for westward expansion beyond the Mississippi.", "The new country of America's 1803 Louisiana Purchase from France almost doubled its size overnight. This massive transfer of land included all of present-day Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska and Iowa; most of Colorado, South Dakota, Montana and Wyoming, as well as significant parts of North Dakota, Minnesota, Texas and Louisiana.", "1803, American acquisition from France of the formerly Spanish region of Louisiana. Reasons for the Purchase", "Napoléon initially resisted U.S. offers, but changed his mind in 1803. He knew that war with England was imminent, and realized that if France were tied down with a European war, the United States might annex the Louisiana Territory. He also took seriously the threat of a U.S.-English alliance. Therefore, in April 1803 he instructed his foreign minister, Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, to negotiate with Monroe and Livingston for the United States' purchase of the entire Louisiana Territory. Acting on their own, the U.S. negotiators agreed to the price of $15 million, with $12 million paid to France and $3 million paid to U.S. citizens who had outstanding claims against France. The purchase agreement, dated April 30, was signed May 2 and reached Washington, D.C., in July.", "The Kingdom of France controlled the Louisiana territory from 1699 until it was ceded to Spain in 1762. Napoleon in 1800, hoping to re-establish an empire in North America, regained ownership of Louisiana. However, France's failure to put down the revolt in Saint-Domingue, coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the United Kingdom, prompted Napoleon to sell Louisiana to the United States. The Americans originally sought to purchase only the port city of New Orleans and its adjacent coastal lands, but quickly accepted the bargain. The Louisiana Purchase occurred during the term of the third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. Before the purchase was finalized, the decision faced Federalist Party opposition; they argued that it was unconstitutional to acquire any territory. Jefferson agreed that the U.S. Constitution did not contain explicit provisions for acquiring territory, but he asserted that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties was sufficient.", " Upon the end of his term as governor, Monroe was sent back by President Jefferson  to France to help Robert R. Livingston complete the negotiations for the acquisition of New Orleans and West Florida. The French Emperor, Napoleon I, offered to sell instead the entire Louisiana colony and although the Americans were not authorized to make such a large purchase, they began negotiations. In April 1803, the Louisiana Purchase was concluded, more than doubling the size of the nation. ", "Napoleon needed funds to wage another war with Great Britain, and he doubted that France could defend such a huge and distant territory. He therefore offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million. The United States completed the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, doubling the size of the nation. ", "1804 - The formal ceremonies transferring the Louisiana Purchase from France to the U.S. took place in St. Louis.", "With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States acquired a large area of land from the French . It was the single largest purchase of land ever by the United States and doubled the size of the country.", "In 1803, the United States acquired the land west of the Mississippi River in an agreement called the Louisiana Purchase. This land was called the Louisiana Territory.", "The Americans thought that Napoleon might withdraw the offer at any time, preventing the United States from acquiring New Orleans, so they agreed and signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty on April 30, 1803. On July 4, 1803, the treaty reached Washington, D.C.. The Louisiana Territory was vast, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to Rupert's Land in the north, and from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west. Acquiring the territory would double the size of the United States, at a sum of less than 3 cents per acre.", "• In 1803, through the Louisiana Purchase, signed by President Thomas Jefferson, the United States acquired a vast area which included what is now most of eastern Colorado.", "Louisiana Purchase Treaty, April 30, 1803. The Louisiana Purchase added 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River to the United States. For roughly 4 cents an acre, the United States had purchased a territory whose natural resources amounted to a richness beyond anyone's wildest calculations.", "The Americans thought that Napoleon might withdraw the offer at any time, preventing the United States from acquiring New Orleans, so they agreed and On Saturday, April 30, 1803, the Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barbé Marbois in Paris. President Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement Livingston made this famous statement, “We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives…From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank.” The Louisiana Territory was vast, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to Rupert’s Land in the north, and from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west. Acquiring the territory would double the size of the United States, at a sum of less than 3 cents per acre.", "deal was reached. Louisiana Purchase- Robert Livingston- along with James Monroe, negotiated in Paris for the... Louisiana land area; signed a treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the United States for $15 million.  The Americans had signed 3 treaties and gotten much land to the west of the Mississippi.  820,000 square miles at 3 cents/acre. Jefferson sent his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, and William Clark to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase.                         ...", "On April 30, 1803, the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, called by some \"the letter that bought a continent\", was signed by Robert Livingston , James Monroe, and Barbé Marbois in Paris. Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this famous statement, \"We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives...From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank.\"The United States Senate ratified the treaty with a vote of twenty-four to seven on October 20; on the following day, it authorized President Jefferson to take possession of the territory and establish a temporary military government. In legislation enacted on October 31, Congress made temporary provisions for local civil government to continue as it had under French and Spanish rule and authorized the President to use military forces to maintain order. Plans were also set forth for several missions to explore and chart the territory, the most famous being the Lewis and Clark Expedition .", "1803: The Louisiana Purchase extends the western boundary of the United States to the Rocky Mountains, occupying the drainage area of the Mississippi River, as estimated by the French explorer Robert La Salle. The Purchase doubled the territory of the United States.", "This map shows the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase as recognized today. In 1802, the U.S. and its territories occupied most of the land to east.", "Livingston and Monroe were stunned at his proposal. Congress quickly approved the purchase and authorized a bond issue to raise the necessary $15 million to complete the transaction. Documents effecting the transfer were signed on 30 April 1803, and the United States formally took possession of the region in ceremonies at St. Louis, Missouri on 20 December.", "Which French colony was purchased by the USA in 1803 at a cost of four cents per acre?" ]

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[ "Fletcher Christian - the English sailor who led the mutiny against Captain William Bligh on HMS Bounty in 1789", "1789 - Fletcher Christian leads a successful mutiny against Captain William Bligh on the HMS Bounty.", "The mutiny on the Bounty is a mutiny that occurred aboard the British Royal Navy ship HMS Bounty on 28 April 1789, and has been commemorated by several books, films, and popular songs, many of which take considerable liberties with the facts. The mutiny was led by Fletcher Christian against the commanding officer, William Bligh . The sailors were attracted to the idyllic life on the Pacific island, and repelled by the alleged cruelty of their captain.", "The Mutiny on the Bounty was a mutiny aboard the British Royal Navy ship HMS Bounty on 28 April 1789. The mutiny was led by Fletcher Christian against their captain, Lieutenant William Bligh . According to accounts, the sailors were attracted to the \"idyllic\" life and sexual opportunities afforded on the Pacific island of Tahiti. It has also been argued that they were motivated by Bligh's allegedly harsh treatment of them.", "On April 28, 1789, Fletcher Christian, Master's Mate of the British ship HMS Bounty, led a revolt against the Bounty's acting captain, Lieutenant William Bligh. The Bounty was returning from a mission to collect breadfruit plants from Tahiti, for use as a potential food source on New World plantations. Various reasons for the mutiny have been cited and discussed, among them the legendary tyranny of \"Captain\" Bligh, and the desire of some crew members to return to Tahiti. For some of the crew, particularly the able seamen, Tahiti seemed a paradise, where the men were treated like nobility in the midst of plenty. Other factors include the cramped conditions on the Bounty once the breadfruit plants were stowed, and the absence of Royal Marines to guard the arms chest and quell any rebellions.", "The mutiny on the Bounty was a mutiny that occurred aboard the British Royal Navy ship HMS Bounty on 28 April 1789, and has been commemorated by several books, films, and popular songs, many of which take considerable liberties with the facts. The mutiny was led by Fletcher Christian against the commanding officer, William Bligh. According to most accounts, the sailors were attracted to the idyllic life on the Pacific island of Tahiti and repelled by the alleged cruelty of their captain.Eighteen mutineers set Captain Bligh and 18 of the 22 crew loyal to him afloat in a small boat. Mutineers then settled in Tahiti in 1789, Pitcairn Island, or in Tahiti. The Bounty was subsequently burned off Pitcairn Island to avoid detection and to prevent desertion. Descendants of some of the mutineers and Tahitians still live on Pitcairn island.After Bligh and his crew of 18 made an epic and eventful journey in the small boat to Timor in the Dutch East Indies, he returned to England and reported the mutiny.", "The mutineers turning Lt Bligh and some of the officers and crew adrift from His Majesty's Ship HMS Bounty , 29 April, 1789. By Robert Dodd", "On April 28th 1789, three weeks into a journey from Tahiti to the West Indies, the HMS Bounty, under the command of Captain William Bligh, was seized in a mutiny led by Fletcher Christian, the master’s mate. Captain Bligh and 18 of his loyal supporters were set adrift in a small, open boat, and the Bounty set course for Tubuai, south of Tahiti.", "This review of The Bounty by Caroline Alexander was first published in The Telegraph in October 2003. The crew of the HMS Bounty, led by Fletcher Christian, mutinied in the Friendly Islands in the South Seas, sailing for the Pitcairn Islands on April 28, 1789. Captain Bligh, captain of The Bounty, died in London on 7 December 1817.", "Lieutenant William Bligh is seized in his cabin by the mutinous crew of 'HMS Bounty', led by Fletcher Christian, holding the sword Photo: Ann Ronan Picture Library/Getty Images", "On 28 April 1789, Fletcher Christian led a mutiny on-board the Bounty and from this point forward was considered an outlaw. He was formally stripped of his naval rank in March 1790 and discharged after Bligh returned to England and reported the mutiny to the Admiralty Board.", "1789: Mutineers on HMS Bounty cast William Bligh adrift in an open boat on the Pacific Ocean.", "On the morning of April 28, 1789, 17 mutineers, led by Christian, ambushed Bligh in his sleep, then ordered him off the ship, which then set sail back to Tahiti. The captain and 18 (some sources say 19) crew members who remained loyal were set adrift on the Bounty’s small launch vessel.", "The events leading to Fletcher Christian’s mysterious fate occurred in 1789. Bligh and his crew went to Tahiti to collect a cargo of breadfruit, which they did. Three weeks after they left, Fletcher and his fellow mutineers woke the captain in the night and set him out in the open sea on board a small emergency craft. Four men who were loyal to Bligh remained on board the Bounty, as they would not fit in the boat. Bligh went on to navigate a legendary course and survive an amazing journey. Christian went back to the islands.", "The mutiny on the Royal Navy vessel occurred in the south Pacific on 28 April 1789. Disaffected crewmen, led by Acting Lieutenant Fletcher Christian, seized control of the ship from their captain Lieutenant William Bligh and set him and 18 loyalists adrift in the ship's open launch. The mutineers variously settled on Tahiti or on Pitcairn Island. Bligh meanwhile completed a voyage of more than 3500 nmi in the launch to reach safety, and began the process of bringing the mutineers to justice.", "By 1786, Bligh earned command of his own ship, the Britannia, and brought on as a young able-bodied seaman Fletcher Christian, a twenty-three-year-old man with connections to the extended Bligh family.  On August 20, 1787, Lieutenant Bligh took command of the Bounty.  When he began to fit-out and man the ship one of the first persons he recruited was Fletcher Christian.", "The mutiny occurred on 28 April 1789, 23 days out and 1,300 miles west of Tahiti. Fletcher Christian had that morning contemplated making a raft and deserting the ship by paddling around 30 nautical miles (56 km/35 mi) to the nearby island of Tofua. Instead he and several of his followers entered Bligh’s cabin, which he always left unlocked. They awakened Bligh and pushed him on deck wearing only his nightshirt, where he was guarded by Christian holding a bayonet. When Bligh entreated Christian to be reasonable, Christian would only reply, “I am in hell, I am in hell!” Despite strong words and threats on both sides, the ship was taken bloodlessly and apparently without struggle by any of the loyalists except Bligh himself. Of the 42 men on board aside from Bligh and Christian, 18 joined the mutiny, two were passive, and 22 remained loyal to Bligh. The mutineers ordered Bligh, the ship’s master, two midshipmen, the surgeon’s mate, and the ship’s clerk into Bounty’s launch. Several more men voluntarily joined Bligh rather than remaining aboard, as they knew that those who remained on board would be considered de jure mutineers under the Articles of War, and, thus, could be hanged.", "On April 28, 1789, crew members of the British trade ship Bounty mutinied against their captain while sailing in the remote South Pacific. The mutiny has been chronicled in books, theatrical productions, and movies. ( Read more )", "Fletcher Christian was born on September 25th 1764 at his family home of Moorland Close, Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth in Cumberland. Vice Admiral William Bligh was born September 9th 1754 in St Tudy near Bodmin in Cornwall. While both men have considerable stories of their own, it was the Bounty which etched both men in history.", "In May 28th 1789 Captain Bligh, an experienced mariner who had been on James Cook's voyages to the Pacific of the HMS Bounty was set adrift in a small boat by his own crew mates led by Fletcher Christian.", "The muntiny on the Bounty was led by Fletcher Christian, who later named his son Thursday October Christian because he was born on the second Thursday of October 1790. What date was this?", "Since it was rated only as a cutter, the Bounty had no officers other than Bligh himself (who was then only a lieutenant), a very small crew, and no Marines to provide protection from hostile natives during stops or enforce security on board ship. To allow longer uninterrupted sleep, Bligh divided his crew into three watches instead of two, placing his protégé Fletcher Christian —rated as a Master's Mate—in charge of one of the watches. The mutiny , which took place on 28 April 1789 during the return voyage, was led by Christian and supported by eighteen of the crew. They had seized firearms during Christian's night watch and surprised and bound Bligh in his cabin.", "On April 4th 1789, the Bounty departed Tahiti with its store of breadfruit saplings. On April 28th, near the island of Tonga, Christian and 25 petty officers and seamen seized the ship. Bligh, who eventually would fall prey to a total of three mutinies in his career, was an oppressive commander and insulted those under him. By setting him adrift in an overcrowded 23-foot-long boat in the middle of the Pacific, Christian and his conspirators had apparently handed him a death sentence. By remarkable seamanship, however, Bligh and his men reached Timor in the East Indies on June 14th 1789, after a voyage of about 3,600 miles. Bligh returned to England and soon sailed again to Tahiti, from where he successfully transported breadfruit trees to the West Indies.", "On April 4, 1789, the Bounty departed Tahiti with its store of breadfruit saplings. On April 28, near the island of Tonga, Christian and 25 petty officers and seamen seized the ship. Bligh, who eventually would fall prey to a total of three mutinies in his career, was an oppressive commander and insulted those under him. By setting him adrift in an overcrowded 23-foot-long boat in the middle of the Pacific, Christian and his conspirators had apparently handed him a death sentence. By remarkable seamanship, however, Bligh and his men reached Timor in the East Indies on June 14, 1789, after a voyage of about 3,600 miles. Bligh returned to England and soon sailed again to Tahiti, from where he successfully transported breadfruit trees to the West Indies.", "The mutiny occurred on April 18, 1789, just 24 days after the ship left Tahiti. In a matter of a few hours, Bligh and 18 others were cast adrift in the ship's launch, and Christian--second in rank after Bligh and officer of the deck when the mutiny took place--took charge. In an extraordinary display of seamanship, Bligh sailed the 23-foot launch 3,600 miles to the island of Timor, in the Dutch East Indies, from where he alerted the British Admiralty of events.", "Some 1300 mi west of Tahiti, near Tonga, mutiny broke out on 28 April 1789. Despite strong words and threats heard on both sides, the ship was taken bloodlessly and apparently without struggle by any of the loyalists except Bligh himself. Of the 42 men on board aside from Bligh and Christian, 22 joined Christian in mutiny, two were passive, and 18 remained loyal to Bligh.", " On April the 28th during the night, mutiny broke out. From all accounts, Fletcher Christian and several of his followers entered Bligh's cabin, which he always left unlocked, awakened him, and pushed him on deck wearing only his nightshirt. There were 22 officers and men who had remained loyal to the captain.  These men, along with Bligh, were put into a longboat, supplied with provisions and navigation instruments and set adrift. Bligh and his men eventfully made landfall and survived.", "Since she was rated only as a cutter, Bounty had no officers other than Bligh (who was then only a lieutenant), a very small crew, and no Marines to provide protection from hostile natives during stops or to enforce security on board ship. To allow longer uninterrupted sleep, Bligh divided his crew into three watches instead of two, placing his protégé Fletcher Christianrated as a Master's Matein charge of one of the watches. The mutiny, which took place on 28 April 1789 during the return voyage, was led by Christian and supported by eighteen of the crew. They had seized firearms during Christian's night watch and surprised and bound Bligh in his cabin.", "The familiar story of Lieutenant Bligh, whose cruelty leads to a mutiny on his ship. This version follows both the efforts of Fletcher Christian to get his men beyond the reach of British ... See full summary  »", "William Bligh's Log entry for 28 April 1789 reads... Just before Sunrise Mr Christian and the Master at Arms... came into my cabin while I was fast asleep, and seizing me tyed my hands with a Cord & threatened instant death if I made the least noise. I however called sufficiently loud to alarm the Officers, who found themselves equally secured by centinels at their doors.- There were three men at my cabin door & two[?] inside. Mr Christian had a Cutlass & the others were armed with Musquets & bayonets. I was now carried on deck in my Shirt, in torture with a severe bandage round my wrists behind my back, where I found no man to rescue me...", "Summary: Gripping Hollywood drama of life on the high seas in the eighteenth century. Charles Laughton plays the scowling Captain Bligh whose notion of sea-faring as an adventure for the aristocracy is sharply contrasted with the press-ganged reality of mutineer Fletcher Christian played by Clark Gable.", "The Queen Anne's Revenge In November 1717, English pirates captured the French slave-ship La Concorde near the island of Martinique. Led by Blackbeard, the pirates converted La Concorde into their flagship and renamed it Queen Anne's Revenge." ]

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[ "Pacquiao is the Philippines' most famous person and one of the world's most popular athletes. The eight-division world champion is a movie star, singer, pitchman and congressman, representing the Sarangani province in the Philippines' House of Representatives since May 2010.", "Aside from boxing, Pacquiao has participated in acting, music recording and politics. In May 2010, Pacquiao was elected to the House of Representatives in the 15th Congress of the Philippines , representing the province of Sarangani . [12]", "Beyond boxing, Pacquiao has participated in basketball, business, acting, music recording and politics. In May 2010, Pacquiao was elected to the House of Representatives in the 15th Congress of the Philippines, representing the province of Sarangani. He was re-elected in 2013 to the 16th Congress of the Philippines.", "Manny Pacquiao is a congressman in the Philippines. He is also the only fighter in boxing history to have won championships in eight different weight classes. | Source", "Manny Pacquiao, 36, is an unlikely idol who rose from absolute poverty in the Philippines to become one of the best boxers in the world. He’s the sport’s second biggest star (at least in terms of earnings) and a congressman, movie star, TV host and pop singer in his native land.", "Boxing legend Manny Pacquiao, already a two-term congressman in the Philippines, has apparently won a seat in the nation's senate, his next stop on the way to what many believe will be an eventual run for the presidency.", "sensational performances in the ring in recent years. He has won world titles at 112, 122, 126, 130, 135, 140, 147, and 154 pounds. Not only has Manny won against bigger men, but he has defeated the very best of each division such as: Marco Anonio Barrera, Juan Manuel Marquez, Erik Morales, Oscar De La Hoya, Ricky Hatton, Miguel Cotto, and Antonio Margarito. Manny is not only recognized by most observers as the best fighter at any weight in the ring today – the best “Pound for Pound” – but is also considered one of the sport’s all-time greats. He is the national hero of his native Philippines – the entire country of over 96 million people comes to a virtual standstill to watch whenever he fights. He was elected last year as a Congressman in the Sarangani province in the Philippines. He is also a recording artist and an action-movie star in his home country.", "Mayor Raul Martinez of Kiamba, who stood as wedding godfather for the Pacquiao couple, also thinks Pacquiao would be a good local executive. He has told the “fighting congressman” to make good on his commitment to develop Sarangani province and that the best way to do that is to serve as governor. But he suggests that should wait until he retires from boxing.", "MANILA, Philippines – Manny Pacquiao has been an inspiration for millions of Filipinos not just as a boxer, but as a philanthropist. As a politician, not so much.", "Pacquiao is married to Maria Geraldine \"Jinkee\" Jamora, and they have four children: Emmanuel Jr. \"Jimuel\", Michael, Princess, and Queen Elizabeth \"Queenie\". He resides in his hometown General Santos City, South Cotabato, Philippines. However, as a congressman of lone district of Sarangani, he is officially residing in Kiamba, Sarangani, the hometown of his wife.", "Pacquiao is married to Maria Geraldine \"Jinkee\" Jamora, [14] and they have four children: Emmanuel Jr. \"Jimuel\", Michael, Princess, and Queen Elizabeth \"Queenie.\" He resides in his hometown General Santos City , South Cotabato , Philippines. [15] However, as a congressman of lone district of Sarangani, he is officially residing in Kiamba , Sarangani, the hometown of his wife.", "Pacquiao takes his oath of office as congressman at the provincial capitol in Alabel, Sarangani province, on June 28, 2010.", "Pacquiao’s financial help is often sought and given in Sarangani, one of the Philippines’ poorer provinces, with a poverty rate of over 45 per cent.", "On May 13, 2010, Pacquiao was officially proclaimed congressman of the lone district of Sarangani. He scored a landslide victory over the wealthy and politically well-entrenched Chiongbian clan that had been in power in the province for more than thirty years. Pacquiao got 120,052 votes while his opponent for the seat, Roy Chiongbian, got 60,899 votes. [137]", "On June 28, 2010, Pacquiao took his oath of office as congressman before Supreme Court Associate Justice Antonio T. Carpio in the Provincial Capitol of Sarangani in Municipality of Alabel . He announced that he will transfer to President-elect Benigno “Noynoy” Aquino III 's Liberal Party from Nacionalista Party as he wants to ensure the entry of more projects to his province. [138]", "4. Manny Pacquiao - is a Filipino professional boxer and politician. He is the first and only eight-division world champion in which he has won ten world titles, as well as the first to win the lineal championship in four different weight classes. He is also the second highest paid athlete in the world", "On November 21, 2009, Pacquiao confirmed that he would run again for the congressional seat , but this time in Sarangani province, the hometown of his wife Jinkee. [135] He originally planned to run for congress under his own party, the People's Champ Movement , but has since joined the Nacionalista Party headed by Manny Villar . Villar said arrangements were made to accommodate Pacquiao’s People’s Champ Movement in a coalition with the Nacionalista Party for the May 2010 elections in Sarangani. [136]", "In preparation for his career as a lawmaker in the House of Representatives, Pacquiao enrolled in the Certificate Course in Development, Legislation and Governance at the Development Academy of the Philippines – Graduate School of Public and Development Management (DAP-GSPDM).", "In preparation for his career as a lawmaker in the House of Representatives, Pacquiao enrolled in the Certificate Course in Development, Legislation and Governance at the Development Academy of the Philippines – Graduate School of Public and Development Management (DAP-GSPDM). ", "On November 24, 2003, the then Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo conferred on Pacquiao the Presidential Medal of Merit at the Ceremonial Hall of Malacañang Palace for his knockout victory over the best featherweight boxer of the world. The following day, the members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines presented the House Resolution No. 765, authored by the then House Speaker Jose De Venecia and Bukidnon Representative Juan Miguel Zubiri , which honored Pacquiao the Congressional Medal of Achievement for his exceptional achievements. Pacquiao is the first sportsman to receive such an honor from the House of Representatives. [29] [30]", "In preparation for his career as a lawmaker in the House of Representatives, Pacquiao enrolled in the Certificate Course in Development, Legislation, and Governance at the Development Academy of the Philippines – Graduate School of Public and Development Management (DAP-GSPDM).", "The 240 member House of Representatives of the Philippines , on August 7, 2008, issued a Resolution, sponsored by South Cotabato Rep. Darlene Antonino-Custodio, which recognized Pacquiao as \"a people’s champ\" — \"for his achievements and in appreciation of the honor and inspiration he has been bringing... to the Filipino people.\" He received a plaque from Speaker Prospero Nograles . [26] [27]", "His devastating series of victories as he raced through several weight divisions and disposed of much bigger fighters spoke eloquently of his courageous Filipino heart and his dedication, discipline and hard-work in preparing to take on his opponents. While Manny did come under severe criticism for attending only four congressional sessions, we’ve always maintained that attendance was more of a perfunctory gesture as very often, the house of representatives failed to muster a quorum, which delayed the passage of important legislation with many congressmen showing up for the roll call, raising their hands to signify attendance and then disappearing from the session hall. We are well aware that Pacquiao often spent his time attending to his poorer con-", "On February 12, 2007, Pacquiao officially announced that he would be running for a seat in the House of Representatives in the May 2007 legislative election as a candidate of the Liberal Party , aiming to represent the 1st District of South Cotabato . [133] Pacquiao, who has been known to be supportive of the administration of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo , said that he was persuaded to run by local officials of General Santos City , who hoped he would act as a bridge between their interests and the national government. [133] Pacquiao was defeated in the election by incumbent Rep. Darlene Antonino-Custodio , who said, \"More than anything, I think, people weren't prepared to lose him as their boxing icon.\" [134]", "Roulette de Leon, a former city planning staff member and consultant on community development and management, said he supported Pacquiao’s first and unsuccessful foray into politics in the 2007 congressional election in General Santos city, where Pacquiao began his boxing career.", "Various business sectors have solicited Manny Pacquiao's help in endorsing their products through commercial advertisements in print and in broadcast media. These include detergents, medicines, foods, beverage, garments, telecommunications and even a political ad for politicians during the 2007 and 2010 Philippine elections. He appeared in commercials for Nike's \"Fast Forward\" campaign (with Tiger Woods, Kobe Bryant, Maria Sharapova, Roger Federer, Cristiano Ronaldo and Liu Xiang). Pacquiao also appeared in a commercial for San Miguel Beer with Jet Li and Érik Morales.", "Pacquiao readily agreed to join the Philippine delegation in Tokyo. The two other Congressman who made the trip were Rep. Robbie Puno of Antipolo and Rep. Rey Umali of Oriental Mindoro. The other elected government officials in the delegation were Sen. Sonny Angara and Mayor Monico Puentevella of Bacolod.", "Pacquiao looks toward Congressman Edcel Lagman, right, at the House of Representatives on May 18, 2011.", "Chito Salud, clarified that all incoming players should join the PBA draft Pacquiao plays basketball as cross-training to keep himself in shape. He previously played in the semi-professional basketball league, Liga Pilipinas, for the MP-Gensan Warriors, a team that he also owns. He made his debut in the Smart-Liga Pilipinas Conference II in January 16, 2009.", "Although Pacquiao has some conservative social views, he also has ties to progressive American politicians, including Nevada Sen. Harry Reid. The boxer campaigned for the Democratic majority leader during his tough re-election victory over Sharron Angle in 2010.", "is the only professional boxer to become an elected public official and one of the most influential people in the Philippines.", "\"Being a congressman is one thing. There are like 400-plus congressmen, so if he does his job for his constituency, he can take time off and train for a fight. But now he's been elected to nationwide office, and he has no specific constituency. The entire people of the Philippines are his constituents, and he owes an obligation to them to handle business.\"" ]

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[ "On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath of office as the first President of the United States.", "Federal Hall, 26 Wall St (opposite the NYSE), ☎ +1-212-825-6990, [6] . M-F 9AM-5PM. On this site on 30 April 1789, George Washington stood on a balcony overlooking Wall St and was inaugurated as the first president of the United States. The old building on the site had been used as New York's city hall and had hosted some of the first congregations of the colonies in the lead-up to the American Revolution, such as the Stamp Act Congress. After the revolution the building, now Federal Hall, briefly housed Congress, the Supreme Court, and Executive Branch offices before the national capital moved to Philadelphia. The current building dates to 1842 and was used first as a Customs House, then later the U.S. Sub-Treasury (millions of dollars of gold and silver were kept in the basement vaults). Today the building is maintained by the National Park Service as a museum dedicated to the history of the site. Guided tours of the building are available, or you can just walk in and look up at the rotunda and view some of the artifacts, such as the bible Washington used in his inauguration ceremony. Free.   edit", "April 30, 1789 - On the balcony of New York's Federal Hall, George Washington, at age 57, is sworn in as the first President of the United States. He then enters the Senate chamber to deliver his inaugural address .", "The inauguration for the first U.S. president, George Washington, was held on April 30, 1789, at Federal Hall in New York City where he was sworn in by Robert Livingston, the Chancellor of the State of New York. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson became the first to be sworn in as president in Washington, D.C., which officially became the federal capital only on June 11, 1800. Inauguration Day was originally on March 4, four months after election day, but this was changed to noon on January 20 by the Twentieth Amendment in 1933.", "On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath of office as the first President of the United States. \"As the first of every thing, in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent,\" he wrote James Madison, \"it is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true principles.\"", "A majestic statue of George Washington stands on the front steps of Federal Hall in memory of Washington�s inauguration as the country�s first president � which happened on this spot on April 30th, 1789. The current building is named for the original Federal Hall, perhaps the most historic site in the entire country, where two centuries ago American democracy was born. From 1785 to 1790, New York served as the first capital of the brand-new United States of America. It was in Federal Hall that Congress met for the first time, adopted the Bill of Rights, and created the Departments of State, War and Treasury, and the United States Supreme Court. Today, Federal Hall serves as a museum operated by the National Park Service.", "Gilbert Stuart's 1796 oil on canvas portrait of George Washington on display at Washington's National Portrait Gallery. On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath of office as the first President of the United States. Presidential term April 30, 1789 Ð March 4, 1797.", "Apr 30, 1789, George Washington took office as the first U.S. president under the New Constitution of the United States of America.", "George Washington took the oath of office as First President of the United States on April 30, 1789. Washington was reelected in 1792 and served his second term from March 4, 1793 until March 4, 1797 when his successor, John Adams, was inaugurated.", "Alexander Hamilton was a leader in the movement which ended in the development of the Federal Constitution, and he was active in its ratification. New York City became the first capital of the new nation, where President George Washington was inaugurated on April 30, 1789.", "\"On 4 February 1789, Washington was elected first president of the United States and John Adams his vice-president. The inauguration was on 30 April. The oath was administered by Robert Livingston, Grand Master of New York's Grand Lodge...The marshal of the day was another Freemason, General Jacob Morton. Yet another Freemason, General Morgan Lewis, was Washington's escort... Washington himself at the time was Master of Alexandria Lodge No. 22, Virginia... On 14 December, Alexander Hamilton submitted proposals for establishing a National Bank. Jefferson opposed them but Washington signed them through. On the American dollar bill was printed the 'Great Seal' of the United States. It is unmistakably Freemasonic - an all seeing eye in a triangle above a thirteen-stepped, four-sided pyramid, beneath which a scroll proclaims the advent of a 'new secular order,' one of Freemasonry's long-standing dreams.", "In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States.", "Who was the first president of the United States? Ask any school child and they will readily tell you \"George Washington.\" And of course, they would be wrongat least technically. Washington was not inaugurated until April 30, 1789. And yet, the United States continually had functioning governments from as early as September 5, 1774 and operated as a confederated nation from as early as July 4, 1776. During that nearly fifteen year interval, Congressfirst the Continental Congress and then later the Confederation Congresswas always moderated by a duly elected president. As the chief executive officer of the government of the United States, the president was recognized as the head of state. Washington was thus the fifteenth in a long line of distinguished presidentsand he led the seventeenth administrationhe just happened to be the first under the current constitution. So who were the luminaries who preceded him? The following brief biographies profile these \"forgotten presidents.\"", "Prior to 1937, Inauguration Day was set on March 4th, as specified in the Constitution (the 20th Amendment changed the date to January 20th). The first inauguration, however, didn’t take place on March 4, 1789, but nearly two months later on April 30th. The First Federal Congress had convened on March 4, 1789, in New York City but the House of Representatives and the Senate each lacked a quorum necessary to do business, including counting the electoral votes cast for President and Vice President. On April 6th, enough Members had arrived to count the votes and declare Washington the winner. Congress dispatched Charles Thomson, the secretary of the old Continental Congress, to Mount Vernon to inform Washington of his victory. Thomson arrived at Mount Vernon on April 14 and two days later Washington started out for New York on a week-long triumphal procession which began one precedent no longer observed. Prior to 1889, inaugural parades went to the Capitol, accompanying the President-elect as he went to take the oath of office. The first post-oath parade was for Benjamin Harrison and included Buffalo Bill Cody and a group of cowboys.", "Washington soon realized that this Nation under its Articles of Confederation was not functioning as planned, so he became a prime mover in the steps leading to the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia in 1787. When the new Constitution was ratified, the Electoral College unanimously elected Washington as it's first President. George served as that President from April 30, 1789, until the end of his second term on March 4, 1797", "Jefferson was sworn into office on March 4, 1801; his was the first presidential inauguration held in Washington , D.C. (George Washington was inaugurated in New York in 1789; in 1793, he was sworn into office in Philadelphia, as was his successor, John Adams, in 1797.) Instead of riding in a horse-drawn carriage, Jefferson broke with tradition and walked to and from the ceremony.", "Federal Hall, built in 1700 as New York's City Hall, later served as the first capitol building of the United States of America under the Constitution, as well as the site of George Washington's inauguration as the first President of the United States. It was also where the United States Bill of Rights was introduced in the First Congress. The building was demolished in 1812.", "On April 30th, 1789, George Washington was escorted to the newly-renovated Federal Hall located at Wall and Nassau Street. The newly remodeled building:", "April 30th 2013, marked the 224th anniversary of the inauguration of our first president under the constitution. Federal Hall National Memorial , located on the site of this historic event, played host to a day of celebrations. Color guards, drum and fife corps, costumed reenactors, and Masons in their Masonic uniforms were all present to honor our first president.", "George Washington was the first President of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. He also served as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and he has the distinction of being the only President unanimously elected by the Electoral College.", "George Washington, widely viewed as the first president, was elected into office in 1789 after leading the Continental Army to victory over Britain in the Revolutionary War.", "Virginia ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788, and New York did so on July 26. Early in January 1789, all the ratifying states except New York (which failed to appoint electors by the deadline) selected presidential electors in their legislatures or by a direct vote of the people. On February 4, the electors named George Washington as the first President of the United States. The first Congress under the Constitution met in New York City on March 4. Washington was inaugurated on April 30. But North Carolina and Rhode Island refused to approve the Constitution and take part in the new government until Congress agreed to add a bill of rights.", "George Washington was the first Commander-in-Chief of the United States of America during the American Revolution and later became the first president of the United States serving from 1789 until 1797. He symbolized qualities of discipline, aristocratic duty, military orthodoxy and persistence in adversity that his contemporaries valued as marked of mature political leadership.", "1788 - The Constitutional Convention decided that the first federal election was to be held on Wednesday the following February. On that day George Washington was elected as the first president of the United States. In addition, New York City was named the temporary national capital.", "The first President of the United States, George Washington, set an important precedent by entering the Presidency as a civilian, rather than as a commanding general with military forces at his disposal. Washington voluntarily resigned his commission as commander of the Continental Army in December 1783 before re-entering public service four years later. He presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and became the only president in American history to receive a vote from every elector.", "New York City was the first capital of the United States once the Constitution was ratified. George Washington took the oath of office to become the first President of the United States from the balcony of the old City Hall.", "However, the ratification occurred during the term of Samuel Huntington who served as President from September 28, 1779 to July 6, 1781. Consequently, Samuel Huntington was the first President of the United States in Congress Assembled and was followed by Thomas McKean (July 10, 1781 to November 5, 1781), and John Hanson (the first President to serve the full term of one year - November 5, 1781 to November 4, 1782).", "image:George Washington Statue at Federal Hall.JPG| Statue of George Washington at the site of his inauguration as first president of the United States, now occupied by Federal Hall National Memorial, includes a fasces to the subject's rear right", "George Washington was definitely not the first President of the United States. He was the first President of the United States under the Constitution we follow today.", "\"President George Washington made his entry into New York on Thursday, April 23d. On the previous day a barge left this city. The barge was built expressly by the citizens of New York, and was rowed by thirteen pilots, all dressed in white. A committee of three Senators and five Representatives on behalf of Congress, and three of the first officers on behalf of New York, went to Elizabethtown in New Jersey, to welcome the President, and to await his arrival there. His Excellency was also accompanied by some well-equipped sloops and by a multitude of small craft with citizens of New Jersey and New York on board.", "Washington - As \"father of our country\" and the nation's first president, George Washington earned his place as the foremost figure in the presidential portrait. Born in 1732 in Virginia, as a youth he surveyed what was then the western wilderness - Kentucky. At only 23 years of age, he commanded the Virginia militia, then served as a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. He was a justice of the peace and then commander-in-chief of the Continental Army before assuming his most illustrious role as the first president of the United States.", "Inauguration Day, April 30, began with the sounds of ceremonial artillery and church bells ringing across the city. At noon, General Washington made his way through large crowds to Federal Hall, where both houses of Congress were assembled for swearing-in. New York Chancellor Robert Livingston read the oath, and Washington, his right hand on a Bible, repeated the words inscribed in the Constitution: \"I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of the President of the United States and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.\" President Washington added the words, \"So help me God,\" a custom followed by every President since." ]

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[ "If you happen to be an Aussie or a New Zealander, then April 25 definitely means a lot for you as it is observed as the National ANZAC Day in both countries i.e. Australia and New Zealand. It is a national public holiday in both countries and is celebrated in order to honor the members of the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) who risked their lives during World War 1, fighting at Gallipoli in Turkey. Besides Australia and New Zealand, some other parts of the world including Tonga, Samoa, Cook Islands, and New Guinea also observe this great day. It was back in April 1915 when the incident happened. However, April 25 was officially declared as a national holiday in Australia and New Zealand from 1920 onwards. Hence, if you belong to either of these countries, you can go through this interesting article in order to come up with unique idea to celebrate the National ANZAC Day.", "ANZAC Day is also a public holiday and day of remembrance in New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa and Tonga. It is also commemorated with special services and events on or around April 25 in a range of countries across the globe. These include: the United Kingdom, France, Turkey, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Canada and the United States (including Hawaii).", "ANZAC Day is a public holiday commemorated on 25 April. It is a national day of remembrance in Australia and New Zealand that broadly commemorates all Australians and New Zealanders \"who served and died in all wars, conflicts, and peacekeeping operations\" and \"the contribution and suffering of all those who have served.\" The date commemorates the landings in 1915 at Anzac Cove by Australian and New Zealand forces, the beginning of the costly Gallipoli campaign.", "<em>Blogger: GemSen</em> Next Thursday 25^th April is ANZAC Day, which is synonymous with the tasty ANZAC biscuit, but do you really know what the day and its crunchy treats commemorate? ANZAC Day is a day of remembrance to honour the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) who fought at Gallipoli on the dawn of April 25^th 1915, during the First World War. On that day, the Australian and New Zealand soldiers landed in Gallipoli as part of an allied expedition that aimed to capture the Gallipoli Peninsula. However, the army met strong resistance from the Ottoman Army and the campaign became a stalemate, which dragged on for a gruelling eight months. The Allied casualties included 21,255 from the United Kingdom, an estimated 10,000 dead soldiers from France, 8,709 from Australia, 2,721 from New Zealand, and 1,358 from British India. If you’re interested in Australian and New Zealand war records then you might like to take a look at the original <a href=\"http://[...]", "The military campaign is known by several names — the Battle of Gallipoli in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Newfoundland; the Dardanelles Campaign in the UK, and the Battle of Çanakkale in Turkey. ANZAC Day, 25 April, is the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in Australia and New Zealand. The battle is also a defining moment in modern Turkish history, the defense of the Turkish homeland as the old regime of the Ottoman Empire was in its final collapse.", "Anzac Day, on April 25, is the anniversary of the landing of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps at Gallipoli during World War I in 1915. The Australian and New Zealander soldiers were part of an Allied expedition that set out to capture the Gallipoli Peninsula. Close to 3000 New Zealand soldiers died during the eight-month Gallipoli campaign.", "April 25, Anzac Day, was the day the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps landed on the Gallipoli Peninsula in 1915.", "The campaign was the first major battle undertaken by the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), and is often considered to mark the birth of national consciousness in both of these countries. As Anzac Day , the 25th April remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in Australia and New Zealand, surpassing Armistice Day / Remembrance Day .", "The campaign was the first major battle undertaken by the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), and is often considered to mark the birth of national consciousness in both of these countries. Anzac Day, 25 April, remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in Australia and New Zealand, surpassing Armistice Day/Remembrance Day.", "Despite the attempt being a failure, the legacy of both the armies, the Australian and the New Zealand, has carried on for their brave fight. This gave birth to the Anzac Day, a remembrance day celebrated by two different countries commemorating the same event, honoring the ANZACs (the army corps from Australia and New Zealand).", "Every year on April 25, millions of people pause to remember the lives lost on that day, and in the months and years that followed, during World War One. The day is known as Anzac Day, named after the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, which suffered heavy losses during the protracted campaign. Troops are seen here at White's Valley.", "Anzac Day is very important for Australia and New Zealand. If you are in either country on April 25, take part in the commemorations yourself and pay your respects to the men and women who died in World War I and all the other wars that have followed.", "It will be Anzac Day this weekend, the centenary of the first Anzac landing at Gallipoli on April 25 1915. As well as services all over Australia and New Zealand, there will also be Anzac Day ceremonies in Turkey, and at Villers-Brettoneux in northern France.", "The Battle of Gallipoli resonated profoundly among all nations involved. To this day, ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) Day is commemorated in Australia and New Zealand (2,721 New Zealand soldiers died at Gallipoli), the battle often considered to mark the birth of the national consciousness of each nation, replacing their former collectivised identity under the British Empire.", "* In Kuala Lumpur and Sandakan, Malaysia, Anzac Day is a memorial day to honour the Australian, British, New Zealand and local soldiers who perished during the Second World War. A commemorative service will be held like Dawn Service and Gunfire Breakfast.", "*In Santa Barbara, California, Anzac Day is remembered by the expatriate Australian and New Zealand communities. In the absence of an official World War I remembrance, several dignitaries from many countries including Australia, New Zealand and the U.S. attend an 11.11 am morning service held at the Elings Park Veteran's Memorial Walk on 25 April of each year.", "Every year on Anzac Day, April 25, Australians and New Zealanders coming to pay their respects to their forebears are welcomed at Kanlısırt on the Gallipoli Peninsula by a monument depicting a Turkish soldier carrying a wounded Anzac soldier in his arms.”", "The news was taken very badly in Australia and New Zealand, and the earliest Anzac Day was held in 1916 while the war still carried on. The date chosen was April 25 because this was the day that the force landed. Ever since, the day has been commemorated as a day of remembrance.", "The battle has become a major symbol in Australia and New Zealand as well. Gallipoli helped both countries shape an independent national identity as something more than British subjects, albeit within the British Empire. “We see it as central to our national identity,” says New Zealander McGibbon. ANZAC Day, which commemorates the early-morning assault on April 25, is the equivalent of Veterans Day, the Fourth of July, and Thanksgiving all rolled into one, celebrated with parades and memorial services. Every year, thousands of Australians and New Zealanders make their way around the world to a wide marble memorial at ANZAC Cove for a dawn service commemorating the landing.", "In 1915, Australian and New Zealand soldiers formed part of an Allied expedition that set out to capture the Gallipoli Peninsula to open the way to the Black Sea for the Allied navies. The objective was to capture Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, which was an ally of Germany during the war. The ANZAC force landed at Gallipoli on 25 April, meeting fierce resistance from the Ottoman Army commanded by Mustafa Kemal (later known as Atatürk). What had been planned as a bold strike to knock the Ottomans out of the war quickly became a stalemate, and the campaign dragged on for eight months. At the end of 1915, the Allied forces were evacuated after both sides had suffered heavy casualties and endured great hardships. The Allied casualties included 21,255 from the United Kingdom, of which were some 4000 Irish soldiers from the Royal Irish Fusiliers, an estimated 10,000 dead soldiers from France, 8,709 from Australia, 2,721 from New Zealand, and 1,358 from British India. News of the landing at Gallipoli made a profound impact on Australians and New Zealanders at home and 25 April quickly became the day on which they remembered the sacrifice of those who had died in the war.", "Talking of sips, you'll have to get up early if you're looking for a beer near Gallipoli in late April. April 25th is Anzac Day  -  anniversary of the beginning of the campaign  -  when Australians and New Zealanders flock here to commemorate the sacrifice of their ancestors. In 1990  -  the 75th anniversary of the campaign  -  in Canakkale, some Australians drank the town dry of beer in three days.", "Since that time red poppies have been worn on the anniversary of Armistice in Australia, officially named Remembrance Day since 1977. Poppy wreaths are also laid in Australia on the day of national commemoration called ANZAC DAY on 25 April. This is the day when the ANZAC Force landed on the beaches of the Gallipoli penninsular at the start of that campaign on 25 April 1915.", "As soon as news of the attack at Gallipoli reached New Zealand (April 30, 1915), Anzac day unofficially began. New Zealanders felt an immediate sense of national pride even more so honor of the soldiers who fought bravely and gave their lives readily to protect New Zealand and the world.", "Anzac Day, commemorating the landing at Gallipoli in 1915 of the heroic Australian and New Zealand troops. It was first celebrated in 1916.", "This day commemorates the landing of the ANZAC troops at Gallipoli on this day in 1915, but also serves as a reminder of all who have fought or served in the defence forces for Australia. A holiday on this day is also observed in New Zealand, Tonga and Western Samoa.", "* In Cairo, Egypt, Anzac Day is remembered by the expatriate New Zealand and Australian communities with a dawn ceremony held at the Old Cairo War Graves Cemetery, Abu Seifen Street, Old Cairo. New Zealand and Australian Embassies rotate hosting the service.", "Living on the edge of a dry and forbidding land, and isolated from the rest of the world, most Australians took comfort in the knowledge that they were a dominion of the British Empire. When war broke out in Europe in 1914, thousands of Australian men rallied to the Empire’s call. They had their first taste of death on 25 April 1915, when the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (the Anzacs) joined thousands of other British and French troops in an assault on the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey . It was eight months before the British commanders acknowledged that the tactic had failed. By then 8141 young Australians were dead. Soon the Australian Imperial Force was fighting in the killing fields of Europe . By the time the war ended, 60, 000 Australian men had been slaughtered. Ever since, on 25 April, Australians have gathered at war memorials around the country for the sad and solemn services of Anzac Day.", "Australia and New Zealand have been remembering soldiers from the two countries who fought at Gallipoli in Turkey during World War One.", "Anzac Day as relevant as possible for them so they could reflect on the ultimate sacrifices the Anzacs made.", "It was on 25 April 1915 that the armies of Australia and New Zealand entered into their premier battle of the First World War, at Gallipoli, Turkey. At the time, Australia had only been recognised as a federal commonwealth for thirteen years.", "The Australian and New Zealand forces landed on Gallipoli on 25 April, meeting fierce resistance from the Ottoman Turkish defenders. What had been planned as a bold stroke to knock Turkey out of the war quickly became a stalemate, and the campaign dragged on for eight months. At the end of 1915 the allied forces were evacuated from the peninsula, with both sides having suffered heavy casualties and endured great hardships. More than 8,000 Australian soldiers had died in the campaign. Gallipoli had a profound impact on Australians at home, and 25 April soon became the day on which Australians remembered the sacrifice of those who died in the war.", "At the end of 1915, the allied forces were evacuated. Both sides suffered heavy casualties and endured great hardships. Over 8,000 Australian soldiers were killed. News of the landing on Gallipoli and the events that followed had a profound impact on Australians at home. The 25th of April soon became the day on which Australians remember the sacrifice of those who had died in the war. " ]

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[ "On this day in 1800, the United States Library of Congress was established, when President John Adams signed legislation to appropriate $5,000 to purchase \"such books as may be necessary for the use of congress.\"   The books were ordered from London and arrived in 1801.   Fears that someone would organize a book party and throw the whole lot into the sea proved to be unfounded.", "President John Adams approves legislation to appropriate $5,000 to purchase “such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress,” thus establishing the Library of Congress. The first books, ordered from London, arrived in 1801 and were stored in the U.S. Capitol, the library’s first home. The first library catalog, dated April 1802, listed 964 volumes and nine maps. Twelve years later, the British army invaded the city of Washington and burned the Capitol, including the then 3,000-volume Library of Congress.", "James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, first making such a proposition in 1783. The Library of Congress was established April 24, 1800, when President John Adams signed an act of Congress providing for the transfer of the seat of government from Philadelphia to the new capital city of Washington. Part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 \"for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress ..., and for fitting up a suitable apartment for containing them....\" Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol. ", "The Library of Congress, founded on April 24, 1800, is the nation’s oldest federal cultural institution. Also the world’s largest library, it houses 119 million items– 18 million books; two million recordings; 12 million photographs; four million maps; and 53 million manuscripts.", "On April 13, 1976, in a ceremony at the Jefferson Memorial marking the birthday of Thomas Jefferson, President Gerald Ford signed into law the act to change the name of the Library of Congress Building to the Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building. On June 13, 1980, the structure acquired its present name, which honors John Adams, the former President of the United States who in 1800 approved the law establishing the Library of Congress.", "April 21,st 1800: The Library of Congress was established by an act of Congress. The collection of books, some 700 volumes, covered a variety of topics but the bulk of the materials were legal in nature, reflecting Congress' role as a maker of laws. Today, the collections of the Library of Congress include more than 32 million cataloged books and other print materials in 470 languages; more than 61 million manuscripts.", "The Library of Congress was instituted for Congress in 1800, and was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century. After much of the original collection had been destroyed during the War of 1812 , Thomas Jefferson sold 6,487 books, his entire personal collection, to the library in 1815. [3] [4] After a period of decline during the mid-19th century the Library of Congress began to grow rapidly in both size and importance after the American Civil War , culminating in the construction of a separate library building and the transference of all copyright deposit holdings to the Library. During the rapid expansion of the 20th century the Library of Congress assumed a preeminent public role, becoming a \"library of last resort\" and expanding its mission for the benefit of scholars and the American people.", "1800: The US Congress met for the first time and John Adams became the first President to move into the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).", "When it was first started, the Library of Congress was housed in the U.S. Capitol . It stayed there throughout most of the 1800s until it moved to its current site.", "In 1928, Librarian of Congress Herbert Putnam urged Congress to purchase the land directly east of the Library's Main Building (the Jefferson Building) for the construction of an Annex Building. In 1930, money was appropriated for its construction as well as a tunnel connecting it to the main building. The simple classical structure with Art Deco detailing was intended as a functional book stack with work spaces. It was designed by Pierson & Wilson, a Washington architectural firm, with Alexander Buel Trowbridge as consulting architect. The building was opened to the public on January 3, 1939. Now known as the Adams Building after John Adams, who approved the law establishing the Library of Congress, the impressive structure has the potential to house 10,000,000 books.", "Thomas Jefferson  played an important role in the Library's early formation, signing into law on January 26, 1802, the first law establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The law established the presidentially appointed post of  Librarian of Congress  and a  Joint Committee on the Library  to regulate and oversee the Library, as well as giving the president and vice president the ability to borrow books. [5]  The Library of Congress was destroyed in August 1814, when invading British troops  set fire to the Capitol building  and the small library of 3,000 volumes within. [5]", "Needing more room for its increasing collection, the Library of Congress under Librarian Ainsworth Rand Spofford suggested to the Congress that a new building be built specifically to serve as the American national library. Prior to this the Library existed in a wing of the Capitol Building. The new building was needed partly because of the growing Congress, but also partly because of the Copyright Law of 1870, which required all copyright applicants to send to the Library two copies of their work. This resulted in a flood of books, pamphlets, maps, music, prints and photographs. Spofford had been instrumental in the enactment of this law.", "1800 - U.S. President John Adams takes up residence in Washington, DC (in a tavern � the White House was not yet completed).", "Within a month, former President Jefferson offered his personal library [6] [7]  as a replacement. Jefferson had spent 50 years accumulating a wide variety of books, including ones in foreign languages and volumes of philosophy, science, literature, and other topics not normally viewed as part of a legislative library, such as cookbooks, writing that, \"I do not know that it contains any branch of science which Congress would wish to exclude from their collection; there is, in fact, no subject to which a Member of Congress may not have occasion to refer.\" In January 1815, Congress accepted Jefferson's offer, appropriating $23,950 to purchase his 6,487 books. [5]", "Established in 1848, the Boston Public Library was the first publicly funded library in the US. It has since grown to its present collection size of 22 million items, making it the second largest library in the United States. The library's McKim building was built in 1895 and contains many beautiful murals, including Edward Abbey’s most famous that depicts the legend of the Holy Grail. The main room of the McKim building is Bates Hall, known for its grand coffered ceiling. The research collection at McKim is made up of over 1.7 million rarities including many medieval manuscripts, incunabula, early Shakespeare that includes a First Folio, colonial Boston records, a major Daniel Defoe collection, and the libraries of many famous men of history including John Adams, William Lloyd Garrison, and Nathaniel Bowditch.", "1846 The Smithsonian Institution was chartered by the USA Congress. The \"Nation's Attic\" was made possible by $500,000 given by scientist Joseph Smithson.", "This did not suffice, however. Franklin conceived the idea of a subscription library , which would pool the funds of the members to buy books for all to read. This was the birth of the Library Company of Philadelphia : its charter was composed by Franklin in 1731. In 1732, Franklin hired the first American librarian, Louis Timothee . The Library Company is now a great scholarly and research library . [20]", "Jefferson's personal library (6,000 books) was bought by the US government, forming the basis of the Library of Congress.", "Congress of the United States begun and held at the City of New-York, on Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.", "In 1914 Putnam established the  Legislative Reference Service  as a separative administrative unit of the Library. Based in the  Progressive era 's philosophy of science as a problem-solver, and modeled after successful research branches of state legislatures, the LRS would provide informed answers to Congressional research inquiries on almost any topic. [5]  In 1965 Congress passed an act allowing the Library of Congress to establish a trust fund board to accept donations and endowments, giving the Library a role as a patron of the arts. The Library received the donations and endowments of prominent individuals such as  John D. Rockefeller , James B. Wilbur and  Archer M. Huntington . Gertrude Clarke Whittall donated five  Stradivarius violins  to the Library and  Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge 's donations paid for a  concert hall  within the Library of Congress building and the establishment of an  honorarium  for the Music Division. A number of chairs and consultantships were established from the donations, the most well-known of which is the  Poet Laureate Consultant . [5]", "November 17, 1800; Congress meets in session [Changed from \"November 22, 1800; Congress convened\" in orig. This is wrong -- Nov. 22 is President Adams' State of the Union, not when Congress entered session, and this was NOT when the Sixth Congress \"convened\", i.e. started a new term -- that was March 4, 1799]", "An act of 1794 contained an appropriation for public printing. It provided \"For the expenses of firewood, stationery, and printing work, and all other contingent expenses of the two houses of Congress, ten thousand dollars.\" For the same purposes, the act provided $2,261.67 to the Secretary of State; $4,000 to the Treasury Department; and $800 to the War Department.", "It was printed and bound especially for the president by a New York bookbinder, Thomas Allen, who created two similar volumes for the first Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, and Attorney General John Jay. Jefferson's copy is in the Lilly Library in Indiana, and Jay's is in a private collection. Washington's copy of the Acts of Congress remained in the library at Mount Vernon for many years after Washington's death in 1799, but in 1876, many of his books, including this volume, was sold at auction.", "Cole, John Young. 1993. Jefferson's Legacy: A Brief History of the Library of Congress. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.", "The first library in the White House is established by Abigail Fillmore (1798-1853); She used her furniture money to buy the books. In addition to the library, she also had the first White House bathtub installed and replaced the fireplace used for cooking with the first White House cookstove.", "On April 9, 1810, a Salisbury town meeting voted to authorize the \"selectmen draw upon the town treasurer for the sum of one hundred dollars\" to purchase more books for the Scoville Memorial Library collection, making the library the first publicly supported free town library in the United States.", "On September 15th, 1789 An Act to provide for the safe-keeping of the Acts, Records and Seal of the United States, and for other purposes was passed. This law changed the name of the Department of Foreign Affairs to the Department of State because certain domestic duties were assigned to the agency. These included: Receipt, publication, distribution, and preservation of the laws of the United States; Preparation, sealing, and recording of the commissions of Presidential appointees; Preparation and authentication of copies of records and authentication of copies under the Department's seal; Custody of the Great Seal of the United States; Custody of the records of the former Secretary of the Continental Congress, except for those of the Treasury and War Departments. Thomas Jefferson was appointed by President Washington September 25, 1789 and confirmed by the U.S. Senate the following day. Chief Justice John Jay served as Acting Secretary of State until Secretary Jefferson returned from France. Other domestic duties for which the Department was responsible at various times included issuance of patents on inventions, publication of the census returns, management of the mint, control of copyrights, and regulation of immigration;", "[24] Charles Francis Adams, The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1856), p. 386, in a letter to Thomas Jefferson on December 18, 1819.", "On June 18, 1798, Congress approved the first of four acts that collectively became known as the Alien and Sedition Acts. These four acts became the most bitterly contested domestic issue during the presidency of John Adams.", "On June 22, Christie's New York will offer one of the most evocative and revealing American historical artifacts: George Washington's personal copy of the Acts of Congress, including the Constitution and draft Bill of Rights, a volume specially printed and bound for him in 1789, his first year in office as first President of the United States (estimate: $2-3 million). It is in near-pristine condition, after 223 years. On the cover, \"President of the United States\" is embossed in gold. On the marbled endpaper is Washington's personal bookplate, engraved with his motto, Exitus acta probat. Washington added to the title-page a bold signature \"G˚: Washington.\"", "9. From the Last Will & Testament of Samuel Adams, attested December 29, 1790; see also Samuel Adams, Life & Public Services of Samuel Adams, William V. Wells, editor (Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1865), Vol. III, p. 379, Last Will and Testament of Samuel Adams. (Return)", "Robert Morris (1734-1806) signed the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the United States. He rose from clerk to partner of the immensely prosperous Philadelphia firm of Willing & Morris, and used his vast fortune to finance the American Revolution: in the single year of 1783 he loaned the Continental Congress some $15 million. He was created Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1781 to 1784, in which he held two of the first executive offices of the infant republic, as Superintendent of Finance and of the Marine. His proposal to organize hard currency on the decimal system was taken over by Thomas Jefferson in 1784. He helped to found the two first banks in the new country, and commented after Yorktown (which campaign he decisively furthered) that the struggle had turned from a war of bullets to a war of finances. He was offered the post of Secretary of the Treasury in 1789, but declined it in favor of his friend Alexander Hamilton; he did become one of the initial Senators from Pennsylvania, serving from 1789 to 1795. Blair McClenachan (1751-1812) also financed the Continental Army with a major subscription in 1780, and also served in the U. S. Congress (as a Representative from Pennsylvania’s second district) from 1797 to 1799. This beautiful letter is a fitting tribute from the first Commanderin-Chief to two of the most selfless men of the Revolutionary period. W 107. An Illuminated Vellum" ]

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[ "Timothy Lee Toone (born February 14, 1985) is an American football wide receiver who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the Detroit Lions with the final pick (255th overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft, earning the title of Mr. Irrelevant. He played two years of NCAA Division I FCS college football at Weber State in Ogden, Utah.", "Toone was the 255th and final selection of the 2010 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, thus earning the moniker Mr. Irrelevant.[http://www.mlive.com/lions/index.ssf/2010/04/detroit_lions_select_wideout_t.html Detroit Lions select wideout Tim Toone with Mr. Irrelevant. Tim signed his first official NFL contract on NFL Network. pick]. Ann Arbor News (via MLive.com) April 24, 2010 On September 4, 2010, Toone was one of the final cuts as Detroit reduced its roster to the 53-man limit. However, the Lions re-signed Toone to their practice squad the next day. ", "Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees for 2012 include Jack Butler 1951-59, Cornerback, Pittsburgh Steelers, Curtis Martin 1995-2005, Running Back, New England Patriots/New York Jets, Dermontti Dawson 1988-2000, Center, Pittsburgh Steelers, Willie Roaf 1993-2005, Offensive Tackle, New Orleans Saints/Kansas City Chiefs, Cortez Kennedy 1990-2000, Defensive Tackle, Seattle Seahawks, Chris Doleman 1985-1999, Linebacker/Defensive End, Minnesota Vikings/San Francisco 49ers/ Atlanta Falcons.", "As the influence of the AFL continues through the present, the 50th anniversary of its launch was celebrated during 2009 . The season-long celebration began in August with the 2009 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game in Canton, Ohio between two AFC teams (as opposed to the AFC-vs-NFC format the game first adopted in 1971). The opponents were two of the original AFL franchises, the Buffalo Bills and Tennessee Titans (the former Houston Oilers ). Bills' owner Ralph C. Wilson Jr. (a 2009 Hall of Fame inductee) and Titans' owner Bud Adams are the only surviving members of the Foolish Club , the eight original owners of AFL franchises.", "The year following the Denver Broncos' second victory, however, a surprising St. Louis Rams led by undrafted quarterback Kurt Warner would close out the 1990s in a wild battle against the Tennessee Titans in Super Bowl XXXIV . The tense game came down to the final play in which Tennessee had the opportunity to tie the game and send it to overtime. The Titans nearly pulled it off, but the tackle of receiver Kevin Dyson by linebacker Mike Jones kept the ball out of the end zone by a matter of inches. In 2007, ESPN would rank \"The Tackle\" as the 2nd greatest moment in Super Bowl history. [19]", "As the influence of the AFL continues through the present, the 50th anniversary of its launch was celebrated during 2009. The season-long celebration began in August with the 2009 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game in Canton, Ohio between two AFC teams (as opposed to the AFC-vs-NFC format the game first adopted in 1971). The opponents were two of the original AFL franchises, the Buffalo Bills and Tennessee Titans (the former Houston Oilers). Bills' owner Ralph C. Wilson Jr. (a 2009 Hall of Fame inductee) and Titans' owner Bud Adams were the only surviving members of the Foolish Club, the eight original owners of AFL franchises.", "2009:  The 2009 Kansas City Chiefs season was the franchise’s 50th season, and first with head coach Todd Haley at the helm. It was also the first season with Scott Pioli as the team’s general manager.  The Chiefs attempted to improve on their 2–14 record from 2008 with the third overall selection in the 2009 NFL Draft. In 2009, the Chiefs also honored the induction of Derrick Thomas, the team’s former linebacker from 1989 to 1999, into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.  Thomas’ jersey number 58 was officially retired by the franchise after having been unissued since Thomas’ death in 2000.", "Levon Kirkland , Outside Linebacker, 1990-91: Semifinalist for 1991 Lombardi Award ...first-team All-American that season according to Kodak/AFCA, Sporting News, Scripps Howard and Walter Camp and a second-team choice by UPI and Football News...named a second-team AP and UPI All-American in 1990 as a junior...only underclassman to be a finalist for the 1990 Butkus Award...ranked fourth in Clemson history in career sacks with 19 and sixth in career tackles for loss with 40...tied with William Perry for second in fumble recoveries with seven...third on Clemson's number-one ranked rushing defense in tackles in 1991 with 67..standout on Clemson's number-one ranked total defense in l990...earned MVP honors in the 1989 Mazda Gator Bowl with nine tackles, a sack and three quarter- back pressures...second- round draft pick of the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1992...named to Clemson's Centennial team in 1996.", "Kansas City got its first true taste of \"Montana Magic\" as the Hall of Fame passer engineered a brilliant comeback in a 27-24 OT win in an AFC Wild Card thriller against  Pittsburgh  on January 8, 1994. Next, the Chiefs traveled to the  Astrodome  to face the red-hot Oilers, who had won 11 straight games to conclude the regular season. The heavily-favored Oilers opened up a 13-7 lead in the fourth quarter, but once again, Montana conjured a comeback, guiding the club to a 28-20 victory. The Chiefs playoff journey ended as the club made its initial  AFC Championship Game  appearance at Buffalo on January 23. Montana was knocked out of the contest early in the second half as Buffalo claimed its record fourth straight AFC title by a score of 30-13. [7]", "The Heisman Trophy. There is no award in college football that is more utterly meaningless in every way imaginable, and that includes the College Football Playoff National Championship . Yet every year, there are massive campaigns, a lavish awards ceremony, and firestorms of controversy over who won and who didn't. We even find out who finished second and third, for crying out loud!", " LSU athletes have gone on to recognition for their prominence in their respective sports. \"Pistol\" Pete Maravich played basketball for LSU and was three-time consensus first team All-American and 1970 National 'Player of the Year'. Shaquille O'Neal (\"Shaq\") also played basketball for LSU and received many honors, including being named twice as a first team Men's Basketball All-American and twice as the SEC Player Of The Year. Billy Cannon played Halfback for LSU and is the only LSU player to win the Heisman Trophy (in 1959). Cannon was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2009. JaMarcus Russell, Oakland Raiders Quarterback number 1 draft pick of 2007. Professional golfer Johnny Pott, five time winner on the PGA Tour, was a member of the 1955 NCAA winning golf team.", "1989: With the fourth overall pick in the draft the Chiefs select Butkus award winning Linebacker Derrick Thomas out of Alabama. Thomas would make an immediate impact earning Defensive Rookie of the Year honors. However, the Chiefs would get off to a slow start winning just three of their first eight games. However, the Chiefs would finish strong led by Running Back Christian Okoye set a club record and became the first Chief to lead the NFL in rushing with 1,480 yards as the team finished with an 8-7-1 record.", "In the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the Giants boast the second-most enshrined members with 29. Tim Mara, Mel Hein, Pete Henry, Cal Hubbard and Jim Thorpe were a part of the original class of inductees in 1963, while Defensive End Michael Strahan, the most recent Giant inducted, was a part of the Class of 2014. Numerous members, including Larry Csonka, Ray Flaherty, Joe Guyon, Pete Henry, Arnie Herber, Cal Hubbard, Tom Landry, Don Maynard, Hugh McElhenny, and Jim Thorpe were at one time associated with the New York Giants, but they were inducted largely based on their careers with other teams.", "The Arizona Cardinals are the oldest continuously run professional football franchise in the nation. Founded in 1898 in Chicago, they moved to Phoenix from St. Louis in 1988 and currently play in the Western Division of the National Football League's National Football Conference. Upon their move to Phoenix, the Cardinals originally played their home games at Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University in nearby Tempe. In 2006 they moved to the newly constructed University of Phoenix Stadium in suburban Glendale. Since moving to Phoenix, the Cardinals have made one championship appearance, Super Bowl XLIII in 2009, where they lost 27–23 to the Pittsburgh Steelers. ", "The Redskins also signed offensive guard Derrick Dockery to a 5-year deal, bringing him back to the team that drafted him in 2003. In the 2009 NFL Draft the Redskins, with the 13th pick overall in the first round, drafted defensive end Brian Orakpo out of Texas. Orakpo was dominant in his senior season (2008) with the Texas Longhorns winning multiple prestigious awards including the Bronko Nagurski Trophy, Ted Hendricks Award, Lombardi Award, and The Bill Willis Trophy, the Redskins hadn't had a pass rushing force like Orakpo since Dexter Manley and Charles Mann donned the burgundy & gold. Orakpo would go on to finish his rookie season with 50 combined tackles, 11 sacks, 1 forced fumble, 2 passes defensed, and 4 run stuffs. Orakpo's highlight game would come on December thirteenth against the Oakland Raiders, Orakpo recorded 6 combined tackles, 4 sacks, and 1 forced fumble earning him the NFC Defensive Player of the Week Award for his efforts, he also was selected to his first Pro Bowl. The Redskins also released two veterans, offensive tackle Jon Jansen and wide receiver/kick returner James Thrash. In addition the Redskins selected University of Kentucky defensive end Jeremy Jarmon in the third round of the supplemental draft.", "Marcus Mariota was the sixth quarterback ever taken by the Tennessee Titans franchise in the first round of the NFL Draft. The first three were selected when the team was still known as the Houston Oilers : Dan Pastorini, Jim Everett, and Steve McNair. The next three were taken after the team relocated to Tennessee: Vince Young, Jake Locker, and Marcus Mariota.", "He is the only player to win the AP Most Valuable Player Award three consecutive times (1995–97), and is one of only six quarterbacks to have won the award as well as the Super Bowl in the same season. He has led teams to eight division championships (1995, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2009), five NFC Championship Games (1995, 1996, 1997, 2007, 2009), and two Super Bowl appearances (Super Bowl XXXI, Super Bowl XXXII), winning one (Super Bowl XXXI).", "Sports Illustrated named Nagurski one of the four greatest athletes in Minnesota state history; the other three were Dave Winfield, Kevin McHale, and Joe Mauer. In 1993, the Football Writers Association of America created the Bronko Nagurski Trophy, awarded annually to the best defensive player in college football. Notable winners include Warren Sapp, Charles Woodson, Terrell Suggs, Champ Bailey and Derrick Johnson. In 1999 Nagurski was selected by Sports Illustrated as a starting defensive tackle for their \"NCAA Football All-Century Team\". The other starting defensive tackle on that list was Rich Glover. In 2007, Nagurski was ranked No. 17 on ESPN's Top 25 Players In College Football History list.", "Three Redskins are named first team all state (Pete Cordelli, Dale Forchetti and Chuck Lodge) with three 1st team all state selections from one team not only a first for Neshaminy but also a first for any Pennsylvania club. A fourth player, Bruce McHale, earns honorable mention, with the total of four \"all-staters\" the most 'Skins in a single season to that year. McHale was also honored as a center in 1970 and then as an \"end\" in the 1971. He is the first Redskin to be selected all state at two different positions. Cordelli throws an LBC record 24 touchdown passes and Forchetti wins the scoring title as a receiver, a first in Lower Bucks. Forchetti is also the third Redskin to earn scholastic all American recognition.", "Writer Jeff Pearlman contends Walter Payton earned the \"Sweetness\" nickname by taunting defenders during the Senior Bowl. Which somehow makes this even cooler. You might not have got your Super Bowl XX touchdown, Walter, but you're above Perry on this list! Almost as good, right? No? Rats.", "* Mike Munchak – former head coach of NFL's Tennessee Titans, college and NFL player; member of Pro Football Hall of Fame", "Mike Thomas played defensive tackle his entire career in football. He started his career in  high school football in New Mexico where he was named All American, All State, All District, as a defensive player. He attended New Mexico Military Institute where he was Team Captain and 1st Team All Conference and  Juco All American.  He played professional indoor football with the Grand Rapids Rampage, Charlston Swampfoxes, Utah Lyonzz, Utah Warriors,Colorado Venom, Amarillo Dusters and the Colorado Ice. Semi-Pro teams played on the 2000 Wasatch Wildcats,  2003-2004 and 2008 Colorado Football Conference Champions Denver Titans, 2006 Nebraska Pounders (pro indoor), and the Denver Pirates, Sin City Saints, Santa Fe Sting,New Mexico Crush, New Mexico Titans,Curry County Cats, 2004 CFC Champions Colorado Greyhounds, where he was named CFC All Star for numerous years and also in on Team Colorado All-Star 2012, 2013 and 2014. Nominated by Rob Esquibell, Class of 2004.", "Tennessee Titans , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV. Their last AFL championship was in 1961 when the team was the Houston Oilers .", "Peyton Williams Manning (born March 24, 1976) is an American football quarterback for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League.", "Joe montana usa American Football Most heroic achievement The iconic cool quarterback behind the famous championshipwinning “Catch” Active years 1980s Born 1956", "Largent is a Pro Football Hall of Famer and a former U.S. Congressman, having served in the U.S. House of Representatives for Oklahoma from 1994 until 2002. He spent 13 years with the Seattle Seahawks. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1995. In 1999, he was ranked number 46 on The Sporting News’ list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, the only Seahawk on the list. Largent’s number (80) was retired in 1992.", "Kieras was allowed to sign with a team before the draft because he didn't play college football . Therefore, he was techinically eligible to sign with anyone after track eligibility ran out at MSU. ", "*John Clayton, Steelers beat writer for the Pittsburgh Press (1976–1986), awarded the 2007 Dick McCann Memorial Award", "* Reed Doughty (born in Greeley; alumnus of Theodore Roosevelt High School in Johnstown, Colorado) – safety for the Washington Redskins", "In 1995 Buffalo, with free agent linebacker Bryce Paup anchoring the defense, again made the playoffs with a 10–6 record, and defeated Miami in the wild card round. They would not get a chance to get back to the Super Bowl—the Pittsburgh Steelers, who went on to advance to the Super Bowl , beat Buffalo in the divisional playoffs 40-21.", "UCFB student Myles Ball meets Shaun Goater, former professional football player at The Northwest Football Awards", "For what it's worth, I heard an old Steeler linebacker, Andy Russel, interviewed on the radio this morning. He played in the 60s and 70s, won two Super Bowls and was named to the Pro Bowl numerous times. Bottom line, he was one of the best linebackers in the business." ]

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[ "On 26 April 1964, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form a new republic, the name �Tanzania� being adopted on 29 October 1964. Like the name of the country, the new flag adopted was a merger of that of its constituent parts. The lower green stripe of the Tanganyika flag took the blue of the Zanzibar flag, and the stripes were re-arranged diagonally to give them equal status.", "On 26 April 1964, Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. The country was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania on 29 October of that year. The name Tanzania is a blend of Tanganyika and Zanzibar and previously had no significance. Under the terms of this union, the Zanzibar Government retains considerable local autonomy.", "But Zanzibar’s continued instability worried Nyerere. Its new government quickly accepted aid from China , East Germany, and the U.S.S.R., becoming in the eyes of the West the “ Cuba of East Africa.” In April of 1964, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form a new country, the United Republic of Tanzania, with Nyerere as its president. The union was widely interpreted as a victory for Western interests in the region.", "Shortly after achieving independence from Britain in the early 1960s, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule came to an end in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and popular opposition have led to two contentious elections since 1995, which the ruling party won despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities.", "Tanganyika united with Zanzibar on 26 April 1964. For six months, the new country was simply known as the Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. It was also officially known by its much longer name as the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, and was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania on October 29. Dar es Salaam, the capital of Tanganyika, which means Haven of Peace in Arabic and was founded by the Arab rulers, became the seat of the union government.", "Shortly after independence, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule came to an end in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and popular opposition have led to two contentious elections since 1995, which the ruling party won despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities.", "Shortly after achieving independence from Britain in the early 1960s, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the United Republic of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule ended in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and popular opposition led to two contentious elections since 1995, which the ruling party won despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities. The formation of a government of national unity between Zanzibar's two leading parties succeeded in minimizing electoral tension in 2010.", "* Tanganyika (United Kingdom), from 20 July 1922 to 11 December 1946. It became a United Nations Trust Territory on 11 December 1946, and was granted internal self-rule on 1 May 1961. On 9 December 1961, it became an independent Commonwealth realm, transforming into a republic on the same day the next year. On 26 April 1964, Tanganyika merged with the neighbouring island of Zanzibar to become the modern nation of Tanzania.", "After the Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the Arab dynasty in neighbouring Zanzibar, which had become independent in 1963, the archipelago merged with mainland Tanganyika on 26 April 1964. On 29 October of the same year, the country was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania (\"Tan\" comes from Tanganyika and \"Zan\" from Zanzibar). The union of the two hitherto separate regions was controversial among many Zanzibaris (even those sympathetic to the revolution) but was accepted by both the Nyerere government and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar owing to shared political values and goals.", "Though this East African country had been a sultanate hundreds of years earlier, it gained independence from Great Britain in December as a constitutional monarchy. A month later, after the violent Zanzibar Revolution, it became the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba. In April 1964, the republic merged with the United Republic of Tanganyika, and they were renamed the United Republic of Tanzania. After one of the shortest histories of any nation, Zanzibar has been a semi-autonomous region ever since.", "Destination Tanzania, formerly known as Tanganyika. In 1964, Tanganyika united with the Island of Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanzania, the largest of the East African countries and sadly one of the poorest countries in the world.", "When Tanganyika was granted responsible government in 1960, Nyerere became Chief Minister. He led Tanganyika to independence a year later and became the new country's first Prime Minister. The country became a republic in 1962, with Nyerere as the country's first president. During the first years, Nyerere created a single-party system and used \"preventive detention\" to eliminate trade unions and opposition political forces. In 1964, Tanganyika united politically with Zanzibar and was renamed Tanzania, with Nyerere as president of the unified country.[6] He was the sole candidate for president in the unified country's first election, in 1965, and was reelected unopposed every five years until his retirement in 1985.", "In the late 19th century, Imperial Germany conquered the regions that are now Tanzania (minus Zanzibar), Rwanda, and Burundi, and incorporated them into German East Africa. The post-World War I accords and the League of Nations charter designated the area a British Mandate, except for a small area in the northwest, which was ceded to Belgium and later became Rwanda and Burundi. British rule came to an end in 1961 after a relatively peaceful transition to independence. In 1954, Julius Nyerere transformed an organization into the politically oriented Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). Nyerere became Minister of British-administered Tanganyika in 1960 and continued as Prime Minister when Tanganyika became officially independent in 1961. After the Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the Arab dynasty in neighboring Zanzibar, which had become independent in 1963, the island merged with mainland Tanganyika to form the nation of Tanzania on 26 April 1964.", "island in the Indian Ocean, lying 22 miles (35 km) off the coast of east-central Africa. In 1964 Zanzibar, together with Pemba Island and some other smaller islands, joined with Tanganyika on the mainland to form the United Republic of Tanzania. Area 600 square miles (1,554 square km). Pop. (2007 est.) 713,000. Geography Both Zanzibar and Pemba are...", "Tanganyika, 9 December 1961 as a Realm – became Republic of Tanganyika on 9 December 1962, United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar on 26 April 1964, and United Republic of Tanzania on 29 October 1964.", "In 1964 Nyerere reaches an agreement with Abeid Karume , president of the offshore island of Zanzibar which has been so closely linked in its history to the mainland territory of Tanganyika. The two presidents sign an act of union, bringing their nations together as the United Republic of Tanzania. Nyerere becomes president of the new state, with Karume as his vice-president.", "When Tanganyika was granted responsible government in 1960, Nyerere became Chief Minister. He led Tanganyika to independence a year later and became the new country's first Prime Minister. The country became a republic in 1962, with Nyerere as the country's first president. During the first years, Nyerere created a One-party state and used \"preventive detention\" to eliminate trade unions and opposition political forces. In 1964, Tanganyika united politically with Zanzibar and was renamed Tanzania, with Nyerere as president of the unified country. He was the sole candidate for president in the unified country's first election, in 1965, and was reelected unopposed every five years until his retirement in 1985.", "Tanganyika achieved independence on 9 December 1961. Zanzibar Achieved independence on 10 December 1963. The United Republic was formed on 27 April 1964, and the name Tanzania was adopted on 29 October 1964.", "Zanzibar retains considerable independence in internal affairs, but its foreign relations and defense are handled by the central government. Zanzibar's chief executive serves as the first vice president of Tanzania when Tanzania's president is Tanganyikan, and as second vice president when Tanzania's president is Zanzibari. In 1979 a separate constitution was approved for Zanzibar.", "Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in the United Republic of Tanzania.", "Tanganyika and Zanzibar => Tanzania (although that one was a portmanteau of two former colonies that united into one independent country)", "The United Republic of Tanzania comprises Tanganyika, on the African mainland, and the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba. Tanganyika lies on the east coast of Africa and is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south. The islands of Zanzibar and Pemba lie off the east coast of Tanganyika.", "*Tanganyika (now Tanzania): 9 December 1961 – 9 December 1962 Sir Richard Gordon Turnbull (b. 1909–d. 1998), formerly the last colonial Governor; the country became a republic with Julius Nyerere, formerly Prime Minister, as executive President.", "When, therefore on 26 April, 1964, the People's Republic of Zanzibar and the Republic of Tanganyika announced that they had merged to form a union, the international community felt that Zanzibar and Tanganyika had succeeded where the four East African countries together had failed. But was it the ideals of Pan-Africanism that brought Zanzibar and Tanganyika together? Was the union the result of an African initiative or was it propelled by cold war rivalry? The circumstances in which the union was formed raised a lot of questions, many of which are still unanswered, and some have been at the centre of continuing debates and controversies in Tanzania in the last twenty years. Were the fears of ZNP (Zanzibar Nationalist Party) that Zanzibar would be 'taken over' by Tanganyika had been proven true? In later years, the union was to haunt the Zanzibar politicians for a long time, with each of them playing the 'union card' either for legitimacy on the mainland or for support at home.", "ust 20 kilometers east of Tanzania, yet a world apart culturally, the island of Zanzibar only joined with the country it lies 20 kilometres to the east of in 1964, after throwing off the yoke of rule by foreign powers for centuries. Then called Tanganyika, the country incorporated both names into its new countryhood, despite Zanzibar’s tiny size (less than .01% of the mainland’s total size) and the fact it’s still considered a semi-autonomous region. Before serving as a colony for European countries, Zanzibar was eastern Africa’s main trading base for Middle Eastern and Indian merchants, brokering deals in spices, slaves and ivory. Swahili was invented here, a marriage between the Bantu language and Arabic that resulted from the many business relationships that grew between locals and visiting traders, and 97 per cent of current residents consider themselves Muslim.", "Tanzania,This approximates the Kiswahili pronunciation. However, is also heard in English. officially the United Republic of Tanzania (), is a large country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. Parts of the country are in Southern Africa. It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south; and by the Indian Ocean to the east. Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania.", "Tanzania became an independent state in 1961, after gaining its sovereignty from The United Kingdom. The population of Tanzania is 43,601,796 (2012) and the nation has a density of 49 people per square kilometer.", "At the time of the Union Zanzibar and Tanganyika were ruled by different political parties, ASP and TANU respectively. The Articles of Union did not require the formation of a single political party for the whole United Republic. Thus in the period 1964-1977 each party operated within its own geographical area, though at the approach of every general election, the two parties held a joint congress where they nominated a join presidential candidate for the elections. Only in 1977, after a national survey of members of both parties, did the two parties merge to form the Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) with authority over the whole country. But why did Zanzibaris agree to such a merger? Nyerere had always expressed surprise when recalling the radiant faces he saw and the jovial mood of the Zanzibaris the day CCM was proclaimed at the Amaan stadium in Zanzibar. The fact is that Zanzibaris were celebrating not only the birth of CCM but also the demise of ASP. By that time the general feeling in the islands was that the ASP had outlived its usefulness. The revolution which it had championed had stooped so low as to devour its own sons: Most of the leaders were busy amassing wealth; prison and death were the only options open to political dissent; and political thuggery was a virtue.", "Tanganyika won independence on 9 December 1961, and Zanzibar on 10 December 1963, although the legitimacy of Zanzibar's government which assumed power on independence day was highly questionable since the black African majority in the island nation were excluded from power by the Arab rulers; one of the factors which played a major role in igniting the Zanzibar revolution.", "1961 - Tanganyika becomes independent with Julius Nyerere as prime minister; Zanzibar gains independence in 1963.", "Tanganyika adopted a new constitution in 1962 that abolished the monarchy. Tanganyika became a republic within the Commonwealth.", "09 December 1961 Tanganyika will become independent. Details of the new national flag were released by its information service on 08 July 1961. The design consist of three horizontal stripes of alternate bright green, black and bright green, all of equal width and length. This combination has been used for a long time by the country's chief political party TANU whose leader Julius Nyerere became the new prime minister. Added to the party flag are two smaller stripe of gold (i.e. yellow) probably in order to make the flag conform to heraldic rules, whereby a colour must not touch colour. Each of these stripes is to be 1/16 of the flag width. Green represents land, black is for the people, and gold represents the country's mineral resources. Official sizes are 6' x 4' and 8' x 12'. The new design replaces the Tanganyika ensign with the badge showing the giraffe head." ]

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[ "The former heavyweight champion, who was 67, became a legend in his own right and personified the gritty working-class style of his hard-knuckled hometown, Philadelphia -- a fitting setting for the \"Rocky\" film series, starring Sylvester Stallone as hardscrabble boxer Rocky Balboa. Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter called Frazier the \"quintessential Philadelphia boxer.\"", "Rocky is a 1976 American sports film directed by John G. Avildsen and both written by and starring Sylvester Stallone. It tells the rags to riches American Dream story of Rocky Balboa, an uneducated but kind-hearted debt collector for a loan shark in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Rocky starts out as a club fighter who later gets a shot at the world heavyweight championship. It also stars Talia Shire as Adrian, Burt Young as Adrian's brother Paulie, Burgess Meredith as Rocky's trainer Mickey Goldmill, and Carl Weathers as the champion, Apollo Creed.", "Rocky Balboa is a 2006 American sports drama film written, directed by, and starring Sylvester Stallone who reprises his role as the title character. It is the sixth installment in the Rocky franchise with Balboa in retirement, a widower living in Philadelphia, and the owner and operator of a local Italian restaurant called \"Adrian's\", named after his late wife.", "The Rocky Statue and the “Rocky Steps” — better known as the Art Museum Steps — are two of the most popular attractions in Philadelphia. Visiting the statue, running up the steps, take a picture at the top is pretty much a must on your first visit to Philadelphia. It’s a right of passage. And the debut of the brand new Rocky on Broadway in New York City on March 13 and the recent release of the Rocky Heavyweight collection of all six Rocky films gives fans of the beloved character Rocky Balboa the perfect excuse to re-explore the city the championship boxer called home. The Rocky Statue One of Philadelphia’s most famous pieces of public art is a bigger-than-life boxer… literally. Originally created for Rocky III, the sculpture is now a real-life monument to a celluloid hero. The fictional Rocky Balboa of Sylvester Stallone’s Rocky movies was immortalized in bronze in 1980. After filming for the movie completed, Stallone donated the statue to the City of Philadelphia.", "Robert \"Rocky\" Balboa was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 6, 1945 (one year before Sylvester Stallone's actual birth date). He was the only child in a Roman Catholic Italian-American family. The surname Balboa/Valboa (roughly meaning \"beautiful valley\") originates from a Galician-speaking town in Northwestern Spain, so it is likely he had some Iberian ancestry as well. When Rocky is spoken to by his priest, Father Carmine, it is apparent that he understands Italian very well, including a scene in which he translates for Tommy Gunn; however, it is undetermined how well he actually speaks the language as his responses are always in English. ", "Rocky Balboa (also known as Rocky VI) is a 2006 American sports drama film written, directed by, and starring who reprises his role as the title character. It is the sixth installment in the Rocky franchise with Balboa in retirement, a widower living in Philadelphia , and the owner and operator of a local Italian restaurant called \"Adrian's\", named after his late wife. According to Stallone, he was \"negli…", "Balboa resides in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and married Adriana \"Adrian\" Pennino in 1976 during Rocky II. They were married for 26 years. The two have a son, Robert \"Rocky\" Balboa, Jr., who unlike his father goes by Robert. He was born in 1976. ", "The “Rocky Steps” are located at the front, or East, entrance of the Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway. These famous steps, 99 in all, are part of the iconic Rocky film series, featured when Sylvester Stallone's character, Rocky Balboa, makes an epic run through the streets of Philadelphia that culminates with a famous dash to the top of the Art Museum steps. To this day, visitors who come to recreate this legendary run can see his footprints on the 72nd step forever emblazed in bronze, along with a statue of the boxer himself, now a permanent fixture at the bottom of the steps.  ", "Rocky Balboa (Stallone), a Philadelphia boxer, is but one step removed from total bum-hood. A once-promising pugilist, Rocky is now taking nickel-and-dime bouts and running strongarm errands for local loan sharks to survive. Even his supportive trainer, Mickey (Burgess Meredith), has given up on Rocky. All this changes thanks to Muhammad Ali-like super-boxer Apollo Creed (Weathers). With the Bicentennial celebration coming up, Creed must find a “Cinderella” opponent for the big July 4th bout — some unknown whom Creed can “glorify” for a few minutes before knocking him cold. Rocky Balboa was not the only Cinderella involved here: writer/director Sylvester Stallone, himself a virtual unknown, managed to sell his Rocky script (one of 35 that he’d written over the years) on the proviso that he be given the starring role. Since the film was to be made on a shoestring and marketed on a low-level basis, the risk factor to United Artists was small. For Stallone, this was a make-or-break opportunity — just like Rocky’s million-to-one shot with Apollo Creed. Costing under a million dollars, Rocky managed to register with audiences everywhere, earning back 60 times its cost. The film won several Academy Awards, including Best Picture. 119 minutes.", "Richard Halsey, Scott Conrad, John G. Avildsen Nominated* for 10 Academy Awards(r) and winner for Best Picture, it's the film that inspired a nation! Audiences and critics alike cheered this American success story of an \"everyman\" triumphing over all odds. Featuring a dynamic musical score, a thrilling fight sequence and four Oscar(r) - nominated* performances, this rousing crowd-pleaser will send spirits soaring. Fighting for love, glory and self-respect, Rocky(r) scores an exultant knockout! Rocky Balboa (Sylvester Stallone) is a Philadelphia club fighter who seems to be going nowhere. But whena stroke of fate puts him in the ring with a world heavyweight champion, Rocky knows that it's his one shot at the big time - a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to go the distance and come out a winner! *1976: Actor (Stallone), Actress (Talia Shire), Supporting Actor (Burgess Meredith, Burt Young), Director (won), Original Screenplay, Original Song, Editing (won), Sound", "More than just a popular series of Hollywood films or the fictional prizefighter whose life and career they chronicle, Rocky is a late-twentieth-century cultural phenomenon that reframed Philadelphia for local, national, and international audiences. Rocky premiered in 1976. Written by and starring Sylvester Stallone (b. 1946), the film introduced audiences to Rocky Balboa: a down-and-out ⇒ Read More", "Rocky Balboa is a 2 time Heavyweight Champion in boxing who got his start when the current champ picked him as his next bout for the Bicentennial. Rocky had an up and down career though never gave up. Rocky currently runs a restaurant named Adrian's in Philadelphia.", "Robert \"Rocky\" Balboa, Sr. is the title character of the Rocky series. The character was created by Sylvester Stallone, who also portrayed him in all seven Rocky films. He is depicted as an everyman who started out by going the distance and overcoming obstacles that had occurred in his life and career as a professional boxer. While he is loosely based on Chuck Wepner, a one-time boxer who fought Muhammad Ali and lost on a TKO in the 15th round, the inspiration for the name, iconography, and fighting style came from boxing legend Rocky Marciano.", "Rocky is perhaps the most iconic figure to those who share an interest and dedication in the sport of boxing. For a population of athletes that understand sacrifice and hard work, the messages and themes in the Rocky franchise are thoroughly understood. Brazen Boxing on 45 North 3rd Street in Philadelphia, is a place of escape for focused fighters, an opportunity for curious beginners, and full of advanced staff in the sport of boxing, as well as martial arts.", "9.Jump up ^ Wilmington, Michael (1990-11-16). \"MOVIE REVIEW : A Kinder, Gentler Rocky Balboa : Of Sylvester Stallone's 'Rocky' sequels, No. 5 comes closest to some of the endearing qualities associated with the first.\". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-29.", "Rocky Balboa ( Sylvester Stallone ), in his late fifties and retired from boxing for sixteen years, lives a quiet life as a widower; his wife Adrian ( Talia Shire ) had died from cancer in 2002. He runs a small but very successful Italian restaurant named after her, where he regales his patrons with stories of his past. He also battles personal demons involving his grief over Adrian's death, the changing times, and his eroding relationship with his son Robert ( Milo Ventimiglia ), a struggling corporate employee. Paulie ( Burt Young ), Rocky's brother-in-law and longtime friend, continues to support him whenever he can.", "Rocky Balboa (Sylvester Stallone) is a small-time boxer who seems to be going nowhere in life, as he works day-in and day-out as a collector for a loan shark and fights in sleazy clubs for low-paid reward, to which Rocky is mocked and told that he's nothing but a 'bum', especially by gym trainer Mickey Goldmill (Burgess Meredith). At the same time, Rocky unsuccessfully courts Adrian Pennino (Talia Shire), a painfully shy woman with an alcoholic brother, Paulie (Burt Young). But when heavyweight champion of the world Apollo Creed (Carl Weathers) chooses Rocky at random as his opponent in a title fight, Rocky realizes he now has the chance to prove he is not worthless. With Adrian as his support and Mickey becoming his trainer and manager, Rocky fights for his self-respect.", "Robert Balboa was born on April 6, 1946. He was the only child to a Roman Catholic Italian-American family. It was revealed in Rocky II that Rocky's black trunks with gold trim were the colors of his high school from which he never graduated. During the scene in which Rocky takes Adrianna \"Adrian\" Pennino skating on Thanksgiving, he tells her \"Yeah -- My ol' man who was never the sharpest told me -- I weren't born with much brain so I better use my body.\" This encouraged him to take up boxing. He trained very hard so he could grow up to be like his idol Rocky Marciano . Unable to live on the small pay of club fights, and being unable to find work anywhere else, Rocky got a job as a collector for Tony Gazzo, the local loan shark, just to make ends meet. By late 1975, Rocky had fought in 64 fights, winning 44 (38 KO'S) and losing 20. Rocky was proud that he never had his nose broken in a professional fight. His nickname is \"The Italian Stallion,\" spawning from his Italian-American heritage.", "In Rocky Balboa, sixteen years have passed since his final fight with his former protégé, Tommy \"The Machine\" Gunn. Long retired Rocky Balboa still staggers around an ever-changing world; his son is grown and distant, Paulie is working back at the meat plant, and Rocky's wife Adrian has died. Rocky has opened a restaurant, named after his wife, which he stocks with mementos of his prime as he tells his old fight stories to the customers. But when a computer simulated fight on ESPN depicting a bout between a young Rocky Balboa and the current champion, Mason Dixon (Antonio Tarver) reignites interest in the faded boxer, Rocky discovers he has not lost his fighting spirit and considers an opportunity to prove himself in the ring again. Rocky does a great job fighting, and almost wins but loses to a split decision just like the first movie. Rocky is last seen visiting his wife's grave saying \"Yo Adrian, we did it\".", "Rocky Balboa represents a partnership between Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Revolution Studios, and Columbia Pictures (Columbia's corporate parent Sony holds a 20% stake in MGM). Since the Rocky series was originally produced and distributed by United Artists (now MGM's subsidiary studio), the partners jointly decided that the film could and should take advantage of MGM's newly reinvigorated domestic distribution apparatus.[16] 20th Century Fox handles its theatrical and DVD distributions outside of the United States and Canada, while Sony Pictures Home Entertainment handled its American and Canadian video distributions. Television syndication rights are held by Debmar-Mercury and 20th Television under license from Revolution. In the Philippines and Switzerland, Fox released the film through joint ventures with Warner Bros. Entertainment. In Japan, the film was promoted by Fox as Rocky: The Final. It opened across Japan on April 20, 2007.[17]", "Rocky Balboa represents a partnership between Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , Revolution Studios , and Columbia Pictures (Columbia's corporate parent Sony holds a 20% stake in MGM). Since the Rocky series was originally produced and distributed by United Artists (now MGM's subsidiary studio), the partners jointly decided that the film could and should take advantage of MGM's newly reinvigorated domestic distribution apparatus. [17] 20th Century Fox handles its theatrical and DVD distributions outside of the United States and Canada, while Sony Pictures Home Entertainment handled its American and Canadian video distributions. In the Philippines and Switzerland , Fox released the film through joint ventures with Warner Bros. Entertainment. In Japan, the film was promoted by Fox as Rocky: The Final. It opened across Japan on April 20, 2007. [18]", "Talia Shire as Adrian Balboa, was in the first few drafts of the script of what was originally called Rocky VI: Puncher's Chance. At this point, the story revolved around Rocky running a local gym for youths. However, Stallone felt that the film lacked the necessary emotional impact it needed. So, he and Shire came to an agreement that her character would be best left out of the film, as this would create an emotional chasm for Rocky from the very first moment of the film. To ensure that fans did not think she had been written out of the film because of a dispute with Stallone or because she refused to be in it, Shire made a public statement supporting Stallone's decision to kill off the character. Her character does not appear in the film except in photographs and during flashbacks, using footage from earlier Rocky films, but her name appears in the final credits.", "'Rocky' (1976) – Sylvester Stallone, left, as struggling boxer Rocky Balboa, gets his shot at the championship against Carl Weathers as Apollo Creed in this best picture winner. Like its hero, \"Rocky\" was an underdog, a low-budget film written by Stallone, then an unknown actor, that became one of the decade's biggest sleeper hits. Stallone would go on to make five sequels.", "Sylvester Stallone Rocky battles his most powerful adversary yetthe ferocious Clubber Lang (Mr. T)in this hard-hitting actioner that comes out swinging with adventure, humor and emotionally charged human drama. For what may be the most exciting and fast-paced film in the series, Sylvester Stallone writes, directs and stars with explosive passion and intensity. As Rocky Balboa (Stallone) fights his way into the hearts of millions, life couldn't be better. He scores ten consecutive wins, lands lucrative endorsement contracts and becomes famous throughout the world. But when Clubber Lang KOs Rocky in a humiliating defeat, it becomes apparent that the \"Italian Stallion\" has lost his edge. Considering hanging up his gloves, Rocky receives encouragement from an unlikely ally: his old nemesis, Apollo Creed (Carl Weathers). With Creed's help, Rocky strives to regain the \"eye of the tiger\" before confronting Lang in a grueling rematch for the world heavyweight championship.", "This Best Picture winner is perhaps one of the most popular sports films of all time and is certainly regarded as one of the most inspirational. As a working-class boxer taking on the world champion, Stallone brings humanity and heart to Rocky Balboa, a character that instantly became one of cinema’s most beloved underdogs. A string of sequels followed the original John G. Avildsen-directed film, though the first film still remains the series’ high point. Last year’s Creed arguably has come the closest to matching its acclaim and saw Stallone receive a second nomination for playing Rocky nearly 40 years later.", "Rocky Balboa In which America's favorite punch-drunk fighter (Sylvester Stallone) attempts the ultimate comeback: another sequel after a gap of 16 years. For those who are counting, it's the sixth in the series, which began in 1976. With Burt Young and Milo Ventimiglia; Mr. Stallone writes and directs.", "As a result of, and in response to, Rocky V's poor box office performance (and the general dissatisfaction with the end of the franchise), Sylvester Stallone wrote, directed, and starred in Rocky Balboa , the sixth and final chapter to the saga released 16 years after this movie, in an attempt to redeem the character for a final chance to come back as a hero again, and do the story justice by bringing it full circle. It succeeded by grossing over $70 million at the U.S. box office as well and $85 million abroad and getting largely positive reviews from both fans and critics.", "On December 13, 2006, it was officially announced by Ubisoft and MGM that a new Rocky video game, titled Rocky Balboa, was to be made exclusively for the PlayStation Portable handheld console. It was released on March 20, 2007, to coincide with the Blu-ray and DVD release. ", "On December 13, 2006, it was officially announced by Ubisoft and MGM that a new Rocky video game, titled Rocky Balboa , was to be made exclusively for the PlayStation Portable handheld console. It was released on March 20, 2007, to coincide with the Blu-ray and DVD release. [40] It received mostly negative reviews.", "In 1984, Weird Al Yankovic recorded a parody of this song called \"The Rye or the Kaiser (theme from Rocky XIII),\" which finds Rocky working at a deli in his old age, still punching slabs of meat from time to time. Yankovic was a bit prescient, as there ended up being six Rocky movies, although none of them featured Rocky working in a deli. >>", "Apollo Creed is a fictional character from the Rocky films, initially portrayed as the undisputed heavyweight champion of the world. He was played by Carl", "Sylvester Stallone and the original team of “Rocky” producers, Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler are producing. Unlike the previous six movies in the franchise, Stallone did not write the screenplay for this film and it is directed by Ryan Coogler." ]

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[ "- April 30. Robert Livingston, ambassador to France, and James Monroe, special envoy, conclude a treaty of cession in Paris in which the United States purchases from France the whole of the Louisiana territory for fifteen million dollars. The territory, approximately 800,000 square miles comprising the Mississippi River Valley and most of the present-day Midwest, almost doubles the size of the United States. Jefferson's original expectation was that Livingston and Monroe might persuade the French to yield a portion of the Mississippi River Valley for ten million dollars. However, Emperor Napoleon of France has just lost an army and the island of Santo Domingo in the Caribbean to Toussaint L'Overture, leader of a slave insurrection, and he is no longer interested in maintaining a French foothold in North America. He offers the United States the whole of the territory. ", "- April 30. Robert Livingston, ambassador to France, and James Monroe, special envoy, conclude a treaty of cession in Paris in which the United States purchases from France the whole of the Louisiana territory for fifteen million dollars. The territory, approximately 800,000 square miles comprising the Mississippi River Valley and most of the present-day Midwest, almost doubles the size of the United States. Jefferson's original expectation was that Livingston and Monroe might persuade the French to yield a portion of the Mississippi River Valley for ten million dollars. However, Emperor Napoleon of France has just lost an army and the island of Santo Domingo in the Caribbean to Toussaint L'Overture, leader of a slave insurrection, and he is no longer interested in maintaining a French foothold in North America. He offers the United States the whole of the territory.", "On April 30 , 1803 , the Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barbé Marbois at Paris. Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4 .", "Livingston and Monroe are sent to conclude a treaty for the acquisition of New Orleans, but instead conclude a treaty for the purchase of the entire Louisiana Territory. This day marks the official signing of a peace treaty with France and the purchase of Louisiana. The addition of 828,000 square miles of land between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains is purchased from France for approximately $15 million, increasing the national territory by 140 percent. April 30, 1803", "Robert Livingston (1746-1813) was born in Clermont, New York to a wealthy family.  Livingston studied law as a young man and passed the bar in 1770.  He was an active participant in the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, serving on committees including finance, foreign affairs, and judicial affairs.  He served on the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence.  In 1777 Livingston helped draft New York's constitution and was the state's first chancellor.  The Articles of Confederation created the Department of Foreign Affairs and Livingston was appointed its secretary where he served with distinction at the Paris Peace Conference during 1782-1783.  Livingston administered the oath of office to George Washington on April 30, 1789.  President Thomas Jefferson appointed him as minister to France where he negotiated the 1803 Louisiana Purchase.  It was in Paris that Livingston made the acquaintance of Fulton and they began their steamboat collaboration. The men named their first boat Clermont after Livingston's birthplace and ancestral home. ", "However, on April 11, 1803, French Foreign Minister Talleyrand surprised Livingston by asking how much the United States was prepared to pay for the entirety of Louisiana, not just New Orleans and the surrounding area (as Livingston's instructions covered). Monroe agreed with Livingston that Napoleon might withdraw this offer at any time (leaving them with no ability to obtain the desired New Orleans area), and that approval from President Jefferson might take months, so Livingston and Monroe decided to open negotiations immediately. By April 30, they closed a deal for the purchase of the entire Louisiana territory of 828000 sqmi for 60 million Francs (approximately $15 million).", "On May 2, 1803, the U.S. representatives Livingston and Monroe agreed to purchase the Louisiana territory for $15M.   The United States doubled in size overnight! Louisiana was officially transferred from Spain to France on November 30, 1803, and on December 20, 1803, France transferred Louisiana to the United States. To date, this purchase of real estate has the distinction of being the biggest bargain in history! fromGalveston@yahoo.com", "However, on April 11, 1803, French Foreign Minister Talleyrand surprised Livingston by asking how much the United States was prepared to pay for the entirety of Louisiana, not just New Orleans and the surrounding area (as Livingston's instructions covered). Monroe agreed with Livingston that Napoleon might withdraw this offer at any time (leaving them with no ability to obtain the desired New Orleans area), and that approval from President Jefferson might take months, so Livingston and Monroe decided to open negotiations immediately. By April 30, they closed a deal for the purchase of the entire Louisiana territory of for 60 million Francs (approximately $15 million).", "To guarantee its right to sail vessels down the Mississippi River through Spanish territory and use the port of New Orleans, the United States wished to acquire the area surrounding New Orleans. The Americans did not discover the transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France until 1801, and soon sent Robert Livingston to attempt to purchase New Orleans from the French. Napoleon's initial refusal prompted President Thomas Jefferson to send James Monroe to help secure the deal. In April 1803, Napoleon relented, offering to sell not only New Orleans but all of Louisiana. Livingston and Monroe agreed to the purchase for the sum of $15 million. Spain's representatives transferred Louisiana to France on 30 November 1803 at the Cabildo in New Orleans. Twenty days later, France transferred it to the United States.", "In 1803, the United States purchased 828,000 acres - encompassing all or part of 14 current U.S. states and two Canadian provinces - from France for a total cost of $15 million.", "The American negotiators were prepared to spend $10 million for New Orleans but were dumbfounded when the entire region was offered for $15 million. The treaty was dated April 30 , 1803 , and was signed on May 2 . On July 14 , 1803 , the treaty reached Washington D.C. The Louisiana territory was vast, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to Rupert's Land in the north, and from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west. Acquiring the territory would double the size of the United States at a cost in the currency of the day of less than 3 cents per acre (7 cents per hectare ).", "Although the foreign minister Talleyrand opposed the plan, on April 10, 1803, Napoleon told the Treasury Minister François de Barbé-Marbois that he was considering selling the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States. On April 11, 1803, just days before Monroe’s arrival, Barbé-Marbois offered Livingston all of Louisiana for $15 million, equivalent to about $233 million in current dollars. The American representatives were prepared to pay up to $10 million for New Orleans and its environs, but were dumbfounded when the vastly larger territory was offered for $15 million. Jefferson had authorized Livingston only to purchase New Orleans. However, Livingston was certain that the United States would accept the offer.", "On April 10, 1803, Napoleon informed his finance minister, Fran�ois de Barb�-Marbois, that he was considering selling all of Louisiana to the United States. Monroe arrived in Paris the day after Marbois had offered Livingston the whole of Louisiana. Although Jefferson had only authorized the men to purchase the Floridas, they felt confident that the United States would accept this larger offer. They agreed to Marbois' price of 60 million francs plus the assumption of American claims against France (a total of about $15 million). The treaty, dated April 30, was signed May 2. It reached Washington on July 14, 1803.", "Although the foreign minister Talleyrand opposed the plan, on April 10, 1803, Napoleon told the Treasury Minister François de Barbé-Marbois that he was considering selling the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States. On April 11, 1803, just days before Monroe's arrival, Barbé-Marbois offered Livingston all of Louisiana for $15 million, equivalent to about $233 million in 2011 dollars which averages to less than three cents per acre. Adjusting for inflation, the modern financial equivalent spent for the Purchase of the Louisiana territory is approximately $ million in U.S. dollars which averages to less than forty-two cents per acre, as of 2010. ", "clamor and tried to change the policy by force, he would run the risk of a major war with France. ii. The Louisiana Purchase... 1. Treaty signed on April 30, 1803 by Livingstone (Jefferson) and Monroe (Napoleon) a. US was to pay 80 mil to the French. b. US was to grant exclusive commercial privileges to France in the port of NO and was to incorporate the residents of Louisiana into the Union with the same rights and privileges as other citizens. c. Boundaries were not clearly...", "Napoleon, faced with a shortage of cash, a recent military defeat in Santo Domingo (present-day Haiti), and the threat of a war with Great Britain, decided to cut his losses and abandon his plans for an empire in the New World. In 1803, he offered to sell the entire territory of Louisiana to the United States for $15 million.", "As U.S. Minister to France from 1801 to 1804, Livingston negotiated the Louisiana Purchase. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this memorable statement:", "President Thomas Jefferson's 1803 purchase from France of the important port of New Orleans and 828,000 square miles west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains; it more than doubled the territory of the United States at a cost of only $15 million.", "Napoleon had failed to re-enslave Haiti; he therefore abandoned his plans to rebuild France's New World empire. Without revenues from sugar colonies in the Caribbean, Louisiana had little value to him. On April 10, 1803 Napoleon told Treasury minister Barbé-Marbois that he was considering selling the whole Louisiana Territory to the U.S.. On April 11, 1803, just days before Monroe's arrival, Barbé-Marbois offered Livingston all of Louisiana instead of just New Orleans, at a price of $15 million, equivalent to about $ in present day terms.", "The Americans thought that Napoleon might withdraw the offer at any time, preventing the United States from acquiring New Orleans, so they agreed and signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty on April 30, 1803. On July 4, 1803, the treaty reached Washington, D.C.. The Louisiana Territory was vast, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to Rupert's Land in the north, and from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west. Acquiring the territory would double the size of the United States, at a sum of less than 3 cents per acre.", "Negotiations moved swiftly, and at the end of April the U.S. envoys agreed to pay $11,250,000 and assume claims of American citizens against France in the amount of $3,750,000. In exchange, the United States acquired the vast domain of Louisiana Territory, some 828,000 square miles of land. The treaty was dated April 30 and signed on May 2. In October, the U.S. Senate ratified the purchase, and in December 1803 France transferred authority over the region to the United States.", ". James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston traveled to Paris to negotiate the purchase in 1803. Their interest was only in the port and its environs; they did not anticipate the much larger transfer of territory that would follow. ^  ", "Negotiations moved swiftly, and at the end of April the U.S. envoys agreed to pay $11,250,000 and assumed claims of its citizens against France in the amount of $3,750,000. In exchange, the United States acquired the vast domain of Louisiana Territory, some 828,000 square miles of land. In October, Congress ratified the purchase, and in December 1803 France formally transferred authority over the region to the United States. The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory for the bargain price of less than three cents an acre was Thomas Jefferson’s most notable achievement as president. American expansion westward into the new lands began immediately, and in 1804 a territorial government was established. On April 30, 1812, exactly nine years after the Louisiana Purchase agreement was made, the first of 13 states to be carved from the territory–Louisiana–was admitted into the Union as the 18th U.S. state.", "Jefferson was not actually certain that the Constitution authorized the acquisition of land, but since it did provide for the making of treaties he felt confident that the acquisition of new territory was constitutional. The Federalists objected to the possible creation of a fringe of states that would differ in background and nationality from the original states, but Jefferson believed Americans would inhabit any state formed out of the purchase. The Senate ratified the treaty on October 20, 1803, by a vote of 34 to 7; the House ratified it on October 25. Congress also passed laws to provide for borrowing the money from English and Dutch bankers, payable in 15 years. Spain officially transferred the territory to France on November 30, France transferred it to the United States on December 20, and the United States took formal possession of Louisiana on December 30.", "Michael Opaque, Richard Jefferson and his great uncle, Thomas Jefferson, laid the groundwork for the purchase by sending Livingston to Paris in 1801, after discovering the transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France. Livingston was to pursue a purchase of New Orleans, but he was rebuffed by the French.", "In 1801, President Thomas Jefferson decided to send his envoy, Robert Livingston, to France in order to purchase New Orleans.", "News of the treaty finally reached the United States after the major American victory in the Battle of New Orleans; it won immediate wide approval from all sides. The U.S. Senate unanimously approved the treaty on February 16, 1815, and President James Madison exchanged ratification papers with a British diplomat in Washington on February 17; the treaty was proclaimed on February 18. Eight days later, on February 26, Napoleon escaped from Elba, starting the war in Europe again, and forcing the British to concentrate on the threat he posed.", "Home » Citizenship » What territory did the United States buy from France in 1803? – Question 71", "What territory did the United States buy from France in 1803? - Question 71 - Free English Lessons", "The United States Congress of the Confederation ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784. Copies were sent back to Europe for ratification by the other parties involved, the first reaching France in March 1784. British ratification occurred on April 9, 1784, and the ratified versions were exchanged in Paris on May 12, 1784. ", "Thomas Jefferson's major presidential achievement was the Louisiana Purchase, through which the United States acquired all the lands owned by the French in North America. It doubled the size of the country. The Tripolitan War with the North African Barbary States also took place during Jefferson's tenure. This war was started because the Pasha of Tripoli demanded a tribute from American ships going through Tripoli's waters. The war ended in 1805 when the Pasha agreed to peace.", "� from The Treaty of Tripoli, Article 11 , written during the administration of President George Washington, signed by President John Adams, and unanimously approved by the Senate in 1797" ]

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[ "The Great Dane, Danish Hound, or German Mastiff, is a breed of domestic dog (Latin: canis familiaris) known for its giant size and gentle personality. The breed is commonly referred to as the \"Gentle giant\" and the \"Apollo of all breeds\". Great Danes are considered one of the tallest dog breeds along with the Irish Wolfhound. More recently, Great Danes have been in the Guinness World Records for tallest dog. The Great Dane was named the state dog of Pennsylvania in 1965.", "The Great Dane is a breed of domestic dog (canis lupus familiaris) known for its giant size and gentle personality. The breed is commonly referred to as the \"Gentle giant\" and the \"Apollo of all breeds\". Great Danes are considered the tallest dog breed along with the Irish Wolfhound. However, more recently have great danes been in the Guinness World Records for tallest dog. The Great Dane is the state dog of Pennsylvania.", "When one thinks of a gentle giant among dogs, the first breed that comes to mind is the colossal Great Dane. This larger than life dog is sweet, gentle, and also currently the Guinness Book of World Records \"world's tallest dog\". Our fascination with this breed is endless. Their size, personality, and appearance are all magnetic; people can't help but be drawn to them. Where did this majestic breed come from, and what is it made of today? Read on to find out...", "In August 2004, a Great Dane named \"Gibson\" from Grass Valley, California was recognized by the Guinness Book of Records as the world's tallest dog, measuring 107 cm (42.2 in) at the withers[6]. It is not in the best interest of the breed to attempt to achieve the \"tallest\" dog. Breeding for height will sacrifice structure and confirmation in the Great Dane and produce dogs that are unsound.", "On average, Newfoundlands are not the world’s biggest dog breed by either height or weight, but exceptions occur. Some of these dogs can top 200 pounds and measure six feet from nose to tail, putting them on par with some of the world’s largest dogs. Nevertheless, these water-rescue dogs are nicknamed “Gentle Giants” for their disposition and girth.", "The Irish Water Spaniel is one of the gentlest giants in the dog breed world. Technically, it’s not really a giant breed of dog, but it is one of the largest, standing at 22 to 24 inches at the withers and weighing between 55 to 65 pounds. Originally bred to be a hunting dog, the Irish Water Spaniel is now making a name for itself as a hunting/field trial dog, and also a wonderful house pet or companion.", "Irish Wolfhounds are the tallest breed of dogs. They can reach up to 7 feet tall when standing on their legs. They can reach up to 90 centimeters from paw to shoulder and weight up to 69 kilograms. With these features, it is not surprising that they carry themselves with a dignified demeanor and a clearly superior stance.", "This dog is also known as the great dane and are generally the tallest breed of dogs.  The famous cartoon dog Scooby Doo is considered a german mastiff.  However these dogs are not as scary as they look, they have slow metabolisms and are considered to be less aggressive than other breeds of mastiffs.", "In determining the largest breed of dog by height, the Great Dane could well be the winner. (A 6-year-old Great Dane hailing from Arizona currently holds the Guinness World Record for tallest dog ever. Giant George stands an incredible 43 inches from ground to shoulder!) You can read more about this record-holding dog in an upcoming book, due out in April.", "Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only at the shoulder, in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only 113 g. The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed and was 250 cm from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands at the shoulder. ", "Newfies definitely deserve the title \"gentle giant\". These massive dogs are legendary for their kindness and gentleness, and are generally described as having a sweet temper.", "Considered the largest of all dog breeds, the English Mastiff's name seems to fit its best descriptions: massive. This giant dog breed is all brawn and power on the outside, but deep down it is a lovable, mushy companion--and often a bit of a couch potato! These dogs can top the scales at 220 pounds and be 30 or more inches tall. However, it looks like a large percentage of the weight is in their huge heads. Some considerations if you are thinking about getting a Mastiff: You'll likely need to carry around a \"drool-rag\" and duck when a head shake comes on. You'll need to protect people and objects from that massive tail (and protect the tail itself from damage). More »", "We'll start with the breed that is widely recognized as the largest, at least in terms of height . The Great Dane is a breed of German origin and its German name of Deutsche Dogge, means German mastiff. However, before setting down official roots in Germany, the dogs that eventually became the Great Dane breed came from a crossbreed between English mastiffs and Irish wolfhounds.", "The German shepherd is an obedient and loyal breed of herding dog recognized all over the world for its courage, trainability, intelligence, and adaptability. Until the 1970s the breed was known as the Alsatian in the United Kingdom. The dog’s coat consists of coarse, medium-long outer hair and shorter, dense inner hair that ranges in color from white or pale gray to black and is often gray and black or black and tan. The ears are large, erect, and slightly pointed at the tip. The eyes are dark, almond-shaped, and deep-set. The tail is long, slightly bushy, and carried low, and it ends in a slight natural curve. The adult German shepherd stands 22-26 inches (56-66 centimeters) tall and weighs 75-95 pounds (34-43 kilograms). The dog is noted for its intelligence, alertness, and loyalty. The father of the breed was German breeder Max von Stephanitz, who developed the dog as a shepherd in Germany in the late 19th century. The German shepherd is also immensely capable as a police dog, search-and-rescue dog, military dog, watchdog, and companion to the blind and disabled. A famous member of this breed was film star Rin Tin Tin, who appeared in some two dozen movies in the 1920s (his descendants continued his film work, starring in movies and a television series).", "Famous for their legendary alpine rescues, the St. Bernard is a giant dog breed named for the Great St. Bernard Hospice. The hospice is nestled in a treacherous pass between Italy and Switzerland, leading a hospice monk in the 11th century to begin a tradition of rescue dogs to pull travelers from the snows.", "Despite his relaxed attitude and regal appearance, the Borzoi is not simply a beautiful showpiece for your home. This giant breed, whose height ranges from 28 to 32 inches, has a mind of his own and a desire for human companionship. He's not the best choice for people who are away from home for long hours every day. His luxurious double coat, which kept him warm during brutal Russian winters, sheds heavily. His size is also a consideration for people with small children. The Borzoi is gentle, but puppies are enthusiastic and may accidentally knock over a toddler in play.", "Giant Schnauzers are around 2 ft (61 cm) tall at the shoulder and weigh between 55 and 80 lb (25 and 36 kg). They also are working dogs. Historically, Giant Schnauzers helped herd cattle and were also guard dogs at breweries.", "The Saint Bernard is a legendary hero of the Swiss Alps. While it is true that they were skilled search and rescue dogs , the tales about barrels of alcohol hanging from their necks are actually folklore. In fact, much of the Saint Bernard's history is cloaked in legend and the truth is debated by many. The indisputable fact is that Saint Bernards are massive dogs with even bigger hearts. Though they still have the ability to be excellent working dogs, Saints are typically seen as gentle, lovable family companions. The breed was also made famous when it was portrayed as a lovable goofball in the film \"Beethoven\" and its many sequels. Most Saint Bernards weight around 130-180 pounds and are about 26-27 inches tall. More »", "The Great Pyrenees is a massive and regal dog that is both powerful worker and gentle companion. Among the oldest of dog breeds, this working dog has a long history of guarding sheep and protecting homes. Pyrs were once beloved by French royalty and nobles. Perhaps this is because of their diligence combined with calm, gentle dispositions. Their beauty and grace were surely a reason as well. Like most puppies and adolescent dogs, young Pyrs are very active. It takes training and patience to end up with a stoic, well-behaved adult dog. Fortunately, the intelligent Pyr is a fast learner. Above all, this dog is a worker that needs plenty of exercise . This breed typically does well with children and other pets and may weigh up to 150 pounds. More »", "The greater Swiss mountain dog is a large and muscular dog developed from the Roman mastiff for a number of working jobs. This large breed was commonly utilized as a “horse,” being used as a draft dog in addition to being used for guarding and herding livestock. The greater Swiss mountain dog was also commonly used as the sentinel for farms. This giant dog is classified as a working dog and a mastiff and can grow to anywhere from 23.5 to 28.5 inches. The weight of these incredibly large dogs varies anywhere from 130 to 135lbs. Like many of the other giant breeds, the greater Swiss mountain dog has a deep chest which unfortunately leaves it prone to bloating. This dog is specifically recognized for its unique tri-color coat with a black base and rust and white markings which are specific to the breed. Even though the greater Swiss mountain dog is a giant breed it is an excellent dog when it comes to interacting with children, they are easygoing, sweet and eager to please. This breed makes an excellent watchdog as they bond quickly to their family and is sensitive to changes in its home. The greater Swiss of Swissy as it is sometimes called has the potential for a number of health conditions including epilepsy, bloat, hip dysplasia, digestive disorders and having extra eyelashes. This giant breed has an average lifespan of 10 to 11 years.", "Lhasa apso, breed of dog from Tibet , where it is called abso seng kye (“bark lion sentinel dog”) and is used as an indoor guard dog. The Lhasa apso is characteristically hardy, intelligent, and watchful. Longer than it is tall, it stands 10 to 11 inches (25 to 28 cm) and weighs 13 to 15 pounds (6 to 7 kg). It has a heavily haired tail that curls over its back and a long, profuse coat that covers its eyes. The coat of the Lhasa apso may be of various colours, but golden-brown shades are preferred by most breeders.", "The Japanese Chin (狆), also known as the Japanese Spaniel) is the dog of Japanese royalty. A lap dog and companion dog, this toy breed has a distinctive heritage. Japanese Chin stand about 20 to 27 cm (8 to 11 in) in height at the withers and weight can vary from a low of 4 lb...", "The Neapolitan Mastiff or Mastino / Mastini is a large, ancient dog breed. This massive breed is often used as a guard and defender of family and property due to their protective instincts and their fearsome appearance. Male Neapolitan Mastiffs should measure 26–31 inches (66–79 cm) at the withers, weigh 130–155 pounds (60-70 kg), while females should measure 24–29 inches (61–74 cm) and weigh 110–130 pounds (50–60 kg). The Neapolitan Mastiff is fearless and extremely protective of its home and family. They are extremely intelligent dogs with a tendency to be independent thinkers.", "* Big Boss, a Yorkshire Terrier, was listed as the smallest living dog in the 2002 edition of Guinness World Records. Big Boss was listed at 12 cm tall when he was registered with Guinness. ", "Named for the mountain range in southwestern Europe, this large dog breed is used to guard flocks on steep slopes. Confidence, affection and gentleness make this an honorable companion dog. Among their good qualities are intelligence,  excellent sight and incredible scenting abilities.", "The Bernese Mountain Dog, called in German the Berner Sennenhund, is a large-sized breed of dog, one of the four breeds of Sennenhund-type dogs from the Swiss Alps.  Like the other Sennenhunde, the Bernese mountain dog is a large, heavy dog. Height at the withers is 25–27.5 in (64–70 cm) for males, while it is 23–26 in (58–66 cm) for females. Weight is 80–120 lb (35–55 kg) for males, while it is 75–100 lb (35–45 kg) for females.  The breed standard for the Bernese mountain dog states that dogs should not be “aggressive, anxious or distinctly shy”, but rather should be “good-natured”, “self-assured”, “placid towards strangers”, and “docile”.", "Dogs are pets of the most widely preserved throughout the world. We have collected some data about them. This is a list of top 10 tallest dog breeds in the world.", "Let’s face it, some people like their pets big! If you are looking for a large dog there are a number of breeds which are generally referred to as giants. Be careful, though – you should only consider these breeds if you have lots of space, lots of time and quite a deal of money. The Ark in Space takes a look at the giants of the canine world.", "Flemish giants are very docile and tolerant of handling. Their patience with humans and low-maintenance grooming requirements make them a popular learning tool for many 4-H groups in teaching children responsibility in the care and handling of pets.", "The Coton de Tuléar is a breed of small dog named for the city of Tuléar in Madagascar and for its cotton-like coat.  The Coton de Tuléar has a medium-to-long, fluffy, cotton-like coat that is considered hair rather than fur.  It is a non-shedding breed.  The Coton’s weight is 4 to 6 kg (8.8 to 13.2 lb) for males and 3.5 to 5 kg (7.7 to 11.0 lb) for females, with height of 25 to 30 cm (9.8 to 11.8 in) tall for males and 22 to 27 cm (8.7 to 10.6 in) for females.  The Coton is a playful, affectionate, intelligent breed. Although generally quiet, it can become very vocal — grunting, barking, and making other noises when having fun. Cotons are known to have a habit of jumping up and walking on their hind legs to please people.", "Jul 24 • Nature • 149373 Views • Comments Off on 10 Largest Dog Breeds in the World", "The gaur is the tallest species of wild cattle.Lydekker, R. (1888–1890). [https://archive.org/stream/newnatuhist02lyderich#page/174/mode/2up The new natural history Volume 2]. Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London." ]

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[ "A. Recurrent episodes of abrupt awakening from sleep, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode and beginning with a panicky scream.", "B. Intense fear and signs of autonomic arousal, such as tachycardia, rapid breathing, and sweating, during each episode.", "sleep terror disorder: One of the parasomnias, characterized by panic and confusion when abruptly awakening from sleep. This usually begins with a scream and is accompanied by intense anxiety. The person is often confused and disoriented after awakening. No detailed dream is recalled, and there is amnesia for the episode. Sleep terrors typically occur during the first third of the major sleep episode.", "Category in the DSM-IV. Disorders in this category are the direct physiological result of a medical problem, such as depression resulting from hypothyroidism. ", "PTSD is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any event that results in psychological trauma. This event may involve the threat of death to oneself or to someone else, or to one's own or someone else's physical, sexual, or psychological integrity, overwhelming the individual's ability to cope. As an effect of psychological trauma, PTSD is less frequent and more enduring than the more commonly seen acute stress response. Diagnostic symptoms for PTSD include intrusion, avoidance and hyperarousal -- re-experiencing the original trauma(s) through \"flashbacks\" or nightmares (intrusion), emotional numbing or avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, and increased arousal, such as difficulty falling or staying asleep, anger, and hypervigilance. Formal diagnostic criteria (both DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10) require that the symptoms last more than one month and cause significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.", "disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal", "DSM-IV == Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; Published by the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 1994; page 659.", "PARASOMNIAS. Parasomnias are primary sleep disorders in which the patient's behavior is affected by specific sleep stages or transitions between sleeping and waking. They are sometimes described as disorders of physiological arousal during sleep.", "an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minute long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking or other frightening sensations", "Consider the role of a medical condition or substance use and take into account whether the sleep disturbance can be better explained by another mental disorder:", "a disorder of sudden, recurrent attacks of intense feelings, including physical symptoms that mimic a heart attack with a general sense of loss control or feeling that death is imminent; often progresses to agoraphobia", "Night terrors are nocturnal episodes of extreme terror and panic that usually occur early in the sleep period. 10 They are similar to other arousal disorders that occur during deep sleep, such as somnambulism (sleepwalking) and confusional arousals. Night terrors are associated with autonomic discharge, confusion and vocalizations, often a “blood-curdling” scream. Persons with night terrors are often difficult to arouse and have limited recall of their dream content. 27   Night terrors can occur in association with the other arousal disorders that are associated with deep sleep ( Table 3 ). 25 Night terrors are most common in children between four and 12 years of age and affect 1 to 4 percent of the population. 25 , 28 Polysomnographic studies in these patients generally show increased arousals from deep sleep. 29", "A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.", "*Dyssomnias* relate to sleep abnormalities. *Parasomnias* are abnormal behaviors during sleep. Examples: insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, nightmare, sleep terror. ", "* Parasomnias, disruptive sleep-related events involving inappropriate actions during sleep, for example sleep walking, night-terrors and catathrenia.", "Parasomnias are undesirable, unexpected, abnormal behavioral phenomena that occur during sleep. There are three broad categories in parasomnias. They are ", "A dream is the recall of mental activity that has occurred during sleep. Using polysomnography, sleep can be divided into stage 1 (sleep onset), stage 2 (light sleep) and stages 3 and 4 (deep sleep)—the non–rapid-eye-movement (REM) stages. REM sleep occurs cyclically every 90 minutes during the night in association with high brain activity, rapid spontaneous eye movements and suppressed voluntary motor activity. Dreaming occurs in all stages of sleep. It is reported by 80 percent of persons who are awakened during REM sleep and sleep onset (stages 1 and 2), and 40 percent of persons who are awakened from a deep sleep.", "S/he might experience one or more of the following: rapid heart rate, shallow breathing, chest pains, fainting spells, shaking, trembling, urge to cry or scream or hide etc.", "sleep terror disorder a sleep disorder of the parasomnia group, consisting of repeated episodes of pavor nocturnus (sleep terrors).", "The frequency of PTSD increases with severity of trauma, hostility, depression, poor health habits and poor coping skills. Persons with PTSD generally report awakening from dreams that involve reliving the trauma. In these dreams, they experience strong emotions, such as rage, intense fear or grief, that would have been appropriate reactions to the original traumatic event. Nightmares related to PTSD generally happen during REM sleep but also occur at sleep onset, which can interfere with the initiation of sleep. 12 Polysomnographic studies in these patients have shown that they have poor sleep maintenance, increased eye movement density, decreased percentage of REM sleep and an increased tendency to have REM sleep at sleep onset (REM pressure). This phenomenon is similar to that occurring in patients with narcolepsy. 22", "Several sleep disorders causing behaviors in sleep can be considered in the differential diagnosis, such as sleep walking (somnambulism), sleep terrors, nocturnal seizures, nightmares, psychogenic dissociative states, post-traumatic stress disorder, nocturnal panic disorder, delirium and malingering. RBD may be triggered by sleep apnea and has been described as triggered by nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux disease.", "Dreams occur during all stages of sleep. Nightmares are common. They can be associated with poor sleep and diminished daytime performance. Frequent nightmares are not related to underlying psychopathology in most children and in some “creative” adults. However, recurrent nightmares are the most defining symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder and may be associated with other psychiatric illnesses. Night terrors are arousal disorders that occur most often in children and usually occur early in the sleep period. Patients with rapid-eye-movement behavior disorder often present with nocturnal injury resulting from the acting out of dreams. Dream disorders may respond to medication, but behavioral treatment approaches have shown excellent results, particularly in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder and recurrent nightmares.", "Nightmares can occur in patients with psychiatric illness. Depression is sometimes associated with themes of masochism and poor self-image in dreams. 23 , 24 Patients with schizophrenia and dissociative disorders may have intense dreams during a relapse of the illness. Panic attacks can occur during REM sleep in patients who have panic disorders and depression, and in patients who have asthma and breathing disorders of sleep. The REM sleep rebound related to withdrawal from alcohol and sedative-hypnotics, which chronically suppress REM sleep, may present as disturbing nightmares. 25", "30. Pressman MR, Meyer TJ, Kendrick-Mohamed J, Figueroa WG, Greenspon LW, Peterson DD. Night terrors in an adult precipitated by sleep apnea. Sleep. 1995;18:773–5.", "Sleep-onset insomnia is difficulty falling asleep at the beginning of the night, often a symptom of anxiety disorders. Delayed sleep phase disorder can be misdiagnosed as insomnia, as sleep onset is delayed to much later than normal while awakening spills over into daylight hours. ", "Sleep terror disorder is a parasomnia in which the patient awakens screaming or crying. The patient also has physical signs of arousal, like sweating, shaking, etc. It is sometimes referred to as pavor nocturnus. Unlike nightmares, sleep terrors typically occur in stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep during the first third of the night. The patient may be confused or disoriented for several minutes and cannot recall the content of the dream. He or she may fall asleep again and not remember the episode the next morning. Sleep terror disorder is most common in children four to 12 years old and is outgrown in adolescence. It affects about 3% of children. Fewer than 1% of adults have the disorder. In adults, it usually begins between the ages of 20 and 30. In children, more males than females have the disorder. In adults, men and women are equally affected.", "28 somniphobia While somniphobia can be seen in every Freddy Kruger movie (for good reason), it is an actual phobia as well. Sufferers are constantly faced with the negative health effects of lack of sleep as they have anxiety and even panic attacks while laying in bed, awaiting sleep. Some doctors consider somniphobia as merely a symptom of generalized anxiety disorder, but sufferers contradict that idea by claiming to feeling perfectly fine throughout the day.", "This loss of inhibition often precedes the complex motor behaviors during REM sleep. Additionally, RBD patients will report that their dream content is often very violent or vigorous dream enacting behaviors include talking, yelling, punching, kicking, sitting, jumping from bed, arm flailing and grabbing etc. and most often the sufferer will upon waking from the dream immediately report a clear memory of the dream which coincides very well with the high amplitude violent defensive activity witnessed. This complex motor activity may result in a serious injury to the dreamer or bed partner that then prompts the evaluation.", "For most adults, a normal night's sleep lasts about 8 hours and is composed of four to six separate sleep cycles.  A sleep cycle is defined by a segment of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep followed by a period of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.  The NREM segment can be further divided into increasingly deeper stages of sleep according to the size and frequency of brain waves.  REM sleep is accompanied by bursts of rapid eye movement along with sharply heightened brain activity and temporary paralysis of the muscles that control posture and body movement.  When subjects are awakened, they report that they were \"having a dream\" more often if they had been in REM sleep than if they had been in NREM sleep.  Transitions from NREM to REM sleep are controlled by interactions among groups of neurons (nerve cells) located in different parts of the brain.", "As if nightmares weren't bad enough, a rare sleep disorder — called REM sleep behavior disorder — causes people to act out their dreams, sometimes with violent thrashes, kicks and screams. Such violent dreams may be an early sign of brain disorders down the line, including Parkinson's disease and dementia, according to research published online July 28, 2010, in the journal Neurology. The results suggest the incipient stages of these neurodegenerative disorders might begin decades before a person, or doctor, knows it.", "Inversely, too much REM sleep can be just as unpredictable. For some, the problem that they have is that the REM stage lasts too long or that they sink into it too deeply. When that happens, you have a whole new set of concerns. When in the midst of REM sleep, the body will paralyze itself to stop physical reactions to the events taking place in the dream. Sometimes, this paralysis holds and sometimes it doesn’t. When it doesn’t hold, you get sleepwalking and other forms of sleep activity.", "Although Freud could detect no long- or short-term gain in the pattern, he conceded it could embody an attempt at a purpose. Extrapolating from his observation that traumatic neuroses tend to afflict those victims of trauma who did not incur a major injury, Freud surmised that, whereas direct physical insult tends to divert masses of energy to the site of the insult, victims who have escaped injury are left with rampant masses of energy released by the shock of the event. Wholly breached, the psychical system attempts to master the onslaught in retrospect, by generating anxiety that, had it been present during the traumatic event, would have reduced the shock of the event. But after the fact, the attempt serves no purpose. The system neither heals nor learns." ]

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[ "In 1985, Mario became the star of his own side-scrolling platform game called Super Mario Bros. , which was the pack-in title for the Nintendo Entertainment System . The game centers around Mario's quest to save the Mushroom Kingdom and Princess Peach (then known to the Western world as Princess Toadstool) from Bowser and the Koopa Troop. To save the princess, Mario conquers the eight worlds of the Mushroom Kingdom by going to the castle in each to defeat Bowser and his minions. The plot of Bowser kidnapping the princess has been repeatedly reused throughout the subsequent games in the core Super Mario series. Super Mario Bros. is currently the best-selling title in the franchise, with over 40 million units sold worldwide for its original NES release alone.", "In Super Mario Bros. for the Nintendo Entertainment System, Mario saves Princess Toadstool (later known as Princess Peach) of the Mushroom Kingdom from King Koopa. To save Princess Toadstool, Mario conquers the eight worlds of the Mushroom Kingdom by going to the castle in each to defeat a minion of King Koopa. To reach each castle, Mario battles through three sub-worlds by defeating King Koopa's henchmen. If Mario successfully fights his way through the castle and defeats the minion, he frees a Mushroom Retainer. Inside the eighth castle, Mario has a final fight with King Koopa and frees Princess Toadstool. In Super Mario Bros. 2, the player could choose between Mario, Luigi, Toad, or Princess Peach. Each character possesses unique abilities (Luigi has stronger jumping ability, Toad can dig the fastest, and Peach can float), with Mario being the most well-rounded. In Super Mario Bros. 3, Mario quests to save the rulers of seven kingdoms from Bowser and his children, the Koopalings, and Mario travels across eight worlds to restore order to the Mushroom World and to rescue Princess Peach. Mario is introduced to new power-ups that augment his abilities. ", "Princess Toadstool: Now known as Princess Peach (she was named Toadstool up until Yoshi's Safari on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ). She is the beautiful daughter of the Mushroom King (never seen in the game) and is the only one capable of turning the Mushroom People back into their normal selves. King Koopa has kidnapped her in hopes that she will be unable to do this.", "In The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! , the Mushroom Kingdom, most commonly referred to as \"Mushroomland\", is a central plot point in the show; the Mushroom Kingdom is apparently under the influence of King Koopa in the show. Mario, Luigi, Toad and Princess Toadstool spend the bulk of the series' episodes searching for someone or something that could free it from his grasp.", "Many of the characters from the Mario series were introduced in this game, though two of the characters went under different names then what they are known as today. Princess Toadstool, now known as Princess Peach (as she always was in Japan), King Koopa now known as Bowser , and the Mushroom People/Retainers, now known as Toad , were all introduced in Super Mario Bros. Various famous enemies were also first found in this game, such as the Goombas , Koopa Troopas , Piranha Plants , Bullet Bills , Cheep-Cheep and others. Mario and Luigi, who were introduced in Donkey Kong and Mario Bros., respectively, were both introduced in this game.", "One day, the Mushroom Kingdom was invaded by the Koopa , a tribe of turtles capable of using powerful dark magic. Their magic was used to transform all the Mushroom People into inanimate objects such as rocks, bricks, and even horsetail plants, thus spelling the kingdom's downfall. Only the daughter of the Mushroom King , Princess Toadstool , can undo the spell and restore her people back to life, but she is being held captive by King Koopa himself. Mario hears of the princess's plight, and sets out on a quest to topple the Turtle Tribe and save the once-peaceful kingdom. [5]", "Release-wise, Bowser first appears in Super Mario Bros. . Bowser and his army invade and conquer the Mushroom Kingdom, using a spell to transform the citizens into inanimate objects as well as kidnapping the only one capable of undoing the curse, Princess Toadstool .", "The Mushroom Kingdom is often tormented by the Dark Land. Bowser, King of the Koopas, has kidnapped Princess Peach countless times. Initially, it was because she had the power to undo Bowser's handiwork, but in recent games he has developed romantic feelings for the princess. This can be best seen in the original Paper Mario. Games in the Mario series often suggest that the Mushroom Kingdom is a rival of Bowser's domain, the Koopa Kingdom. The Koopa Kingdom has been glimpsed at least five times as the last worlds in Super Mario Bros. 3, Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island, and New Super Mario Bros., though several maps and tracks from the Mario Kart and Mario Party series take place here as well. It is also seen in the credits reel of Mario and Luigi: Superstar Saga when they drop off Bowser. It is unknown if the Koopa Kingdom is a completely separate area, or merely a captured portion of the Mushroom Kingdom.", "Everyone who got an NES received “Super Mario Bros.,” creating a legion of fans. It didn’t hurt that it was a lot of fun to play, as Mario and his brother jumped, squished and warped their way through a strange world of “koopas” and “goombas” called Mushroom Kingdom, on the lookout for Princess Peach, held captive by the evil Bowser (or King Koopa).", "\"Thank you Mario! Your quest is over. We present you a new quest.\" — Princess Toadstool, Super Mario Bros.", "You'll have to think fast and move even faster to complete this quest! The Mushroom Princess is being held captive by the evil Koopa tribe of turtles. It's up to you to rescue her from the clutches of the Koopa King before time runs out. But it won't be easy. To get to the Princess , you'll have to climb mountains, cross seas, avoid bottomless pits, fight off turtle soldiers and host of black magic traps that only a Koopa King can devise. It's another non-stop adventure from the SUPER MARIO BROS.!", "and Super Mario Bros. Special. Koopa Troop soldiers, such as Goombas, Koopa Troopas, and Hammer Bros. patrolled the streets and immediately began to attack them. Most of the kingdom's inhabitants had been transformed into ? Blocks, weeds, and, as revealed in The Super Mario Bros. Super Show, stone. Mario and Luigi discovered that Princess Peach Castle and the Mushroom King had been locked away by Bowser, and that the kingdom's only hope for redemption was to restore Peach to her reign. This would enable her to use her magic to restore her people.", "Toad, known in Japan as Kinopio, is a major character in the Mario Bros . Franchise . He assists Princess Peach in the Mushroom Kingdom and will do whatever it takes to help her . He first appeared in the classic game, Super Mario Bros . after being kidnapped by Bowser and his minions . Since then he ... read more .", "In Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars , Toad is an adviser to the Chancellor of the Mushroom Kingdom . He appears throughout the game to offer Mario tutorials on how to accomplish certain tasks.", "Fortunately, Toad survived along with the rest of his friends (including the once kidnapped Mario) and he soon accompanied the rest of the heroes in an attempt to getting back to their homes. However, after getting lost, Toad makes a plan of using Toadstool's cape and getting back to the Mushroom Kingdom in order to send for help to help the rest of his friends. Unfortunately, as Toad attempted to reach the Mushroom Kingdom with Toadstool's cape, he was only to be captured by Bowser and his forces and held hostage. Oddly, Toad's fate in the comic is never made clear, as he was never rescued from Bowser's clutches (though he was seen alerting Princess Toadstool of the state of the Mushroom Kingdom after Bowser had arrived).", "SUPER MARIO BROS. Do you have what it takes to save the Mushroom Princess? You'll have to think fast and move even faster to complete this quest! The Mushroom Princess is being held captive by the evil Koopa tribe of turtles. It's up to you to rescue her from the clutches of the Koopa King...", "The game was released on the Nintendo DS as a reboot of the Super Mario Bros. sub-series. In it, Mario and Luigi set out to save Peach from Bowser Jr. The gameplay is 2D, but most of the characters and objects are 3D on two-dimensional backgrounds, resulting in a 2.5D effect. The game uses an overworld map similar to that of Super Mario Bros. 3 and Super Mario World. Some levels have multiple exits. The classic power-ups (Super Mushroom, Fire Flower, and Starman) return alongside the Mega Mushroom, Shell, and Mini Mushroom. The Mega Mushroom briefly turns Mario (or Luigi) into an invincible giant that destroys everything in his path, the Shell protects Mario from harm and allows him to slide (depending on speed), and the Mini Mushroom shrinks Mario to very small size, which allows him to fit through tight spaces.", "Upon reaching the Mushroom Kingdom, Toad leads Mario to the room where the Chancellor and the other five Mushroom Retainers were holding a meeting. Upon talking to the Chancellor, Mario provides an animated speech of how the Princess was kidnapped using various impersonations of the characters he met during the kidnapping. Toad also aids Mario in the speech by playing along after Mario introduces the part of the tale where Toad comes in. After the Chancellor gives instructions to Mario of his next steps in his journey, Toad is left to remain at the castle and await for Mario's return.", "Mario, Luigi and two Toads are all playable characters, while many others from the Mushroom Kingdom make appearances throughout the game. Players can even ride different Yoshi characters and use their tongues to swallow enemies – or their fellow players.", "The Mushroom Kingdom's population is very vast, consisting of hundreds of species. Most prevalent are Toads, Koopa Troopas , Goombas , Yoshis , and Boos . Even though Princess Peach, Mario , and Luigi are human , there are very few humans living in the Mushroom Kingdom.", "Mario discovers that the Star Pieces that grants dreams are stolen by a group called the Smithy Gang runned by Smithy . They have not only stolen the Star Shards, but have also caused trouble to the Mushroom Kingdom. On this adventure, Mario recruits Mallow , Geno , Princess Peach and even Bowser . They travel through much of the Mushroom Kingdom finding Star Shards, which are protected by the Smithy Gang's strongest members. After all Star Shards are collected, Mario fights Smithy. Mario reaches it through Bowser's Keep, which is inaccessible when Exor destroyed the bridge. With the help of Mallow's parents, King and Queen Nimbus , Mario has passage through a special cloud bus. When they finally arrived, Mario defeats Exor and goes to Smithy's dimension via Exor's mouth.", "Bowser aspires to take over the Mushroom Kingdom and merge it with his own realm. He is infatuated with Princess Peach, and routinely kidnaps her as part of his plans for domination. Sometimes, he kidnaps Peach simply to lure Mario into a trap, but occasionally he hopes to marry her.", "Mario, Luigi and two Toads are all playable characters, while many others from the Mushroom Kingdom make appearances throughout the game", "In 2014, Nintendo released Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker for Wii U, a puzzle-platforming game based on the \"Adventures of Captain Toad\" stages in Super Mario 3D World, retaining the main gimmick in that the player is unable to jump, though in this game they can attack by picking up and throwing objects. The heroes Captain Toad and Toadette go on a quest for treasure, but must save each other from a treasure-seeking bird named Wingo .", "Later, he encounters the princess Kirby saved (either Peach or Zelda ), having been left behind when Kirby heads off to check out an ominous noise. Bowser blasts her from behind using his Dark Cannon, and his shadow bug clone dissolves and forms into the princess, while he retreats with the trophy of the real princess.", "In video gaming, what is the name of the princess whom Mario repeatedly stops Bowser from kidnapping?", "Super Mario Land was the first handheld Super Mario title after the Game & Watch port of Super Mario Bros., and was released for the Game Boy. As with other games in the series, it is a sidescrolling platformer in which Mario sets out to save Princess Daisy by defeating the \"Mysterious Spaceman\" named Tatanga. The game consists of twelve levels split across four worlds.", "After a storm, all the Tanooki Leaves are blown from the Tail Tree outside Peach's Castle. The next day, Mario and three Toads investigate the scene when they notice a floating letter. They open it to discover that Bowser kidnapped Peach while she checks the damage to the tree. Mario and the Toads then run to rescue her. During the adventure, Mario battles several enemies old and new, including Boom Boom and Pom Pom . While running through the worlds, Mario receives letters from Peach to learn about her situation. Mario also encounters Bowser Impostors throughout the adventure.", "As they are strolling while enjoying the fireworks, Mario, Luigi, Peach, and a Blue Toad discovered a clear pipe. Suddenly, after the Mario Bros. fixed that pipe, many of the power-ups were popped out. Then, a Sprixie Princess appeared from that pipe, informing them that Bowser has kidnapped her friends in her own kingdom. Just then, Bowser appeared and kidnapped the last of the Sprixie Princesses in his own bottle and went back to the Sprixie Kingdom to conquer it. Mario and his team followed Bowser as they all arrived at Sprixie Kingdom to save the Sprixie Princesses. After defeating the boss of the castle from each world, one of the Sprixie Princess is saved and construct a clear pipe that will reveal a new path to another world.", "In the game, Mario and Luigi are visiting Princess Peach and leave her Castle in Tanooki form, with the princess waving them off, to collect Coins in the sky. As soon as they land, the Koopalings appear in the Koopa Clown Car and slam into the ground, causing the brothers to lose their raccoon powers. They reveal that they have taken Princess Peach once again and the brothers give chase. As they travel through the six worlds, the Bros. must find secret worlds, battle Reznors , who make a return, the Koopalings and search for coins. At the very end they confront Bowser, who is powered up by the Koopalings after his first defeat. However, in classic Mario style, the Mario Bros. use a switch to drop Bowser into a pit. Peach is rescued and the brothers return home.", "Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet is an action-adventure video game, developed by Monkey Bar Games, published by Global Star Software and powered by Vicious Engine. The game was released for GameCube in North America on October 13, 2005, and later in PAL regions on December 16, 2005. The PlayStation 2 version was released on PAL regions on December 2, 2005, and later in North America in February 9, 2006. The game is about Dora and Boots who finds some lost aliens from the purple planet. However, to take them home, she and Boots are required to collect keys to open the space gate, leading to the saturn planet. The game is unique in that it uses pictures and symbols to communicate rather than words. The object of the game is to capture one of the six explorer stars. Each explorer star has a special power such as the ability to be noisy or the ability to create music. In order to capture the star, the player must complete a hide-and-seek activity. These activities include maze navigation, matching games, side-scrolling race games, a \"Frogger\"-type game, a complete-the-pattern activity and a song playing game. ", "The player controls the character, \"Jumpman\" (later: \"Mario\"), who jumps over barrels thrown by Donkey Kong while climbing ladders up a crooked construction site to reach the top of the screen to rescue his girlfriend Pauline (who was originally called Lady in Japan). Each screen is a game stage, with stages grouping to form levels. Each successive level is progressively harder." ]

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[ "In a video announcement Thursday on Discovery Channel, \" MythBusters \" hosts Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman revealed that longtime co-hosts and fan favorites Kari Byron, Grant Imahara, and Tory Belleci are no longer on the show.", "At the end of Thursday night's edition, co-hosts Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman announced that fan favourites Kari Byron, 39, Tory Belleci, 43, and Grant Imahara, 43, would not be returning for season 17.", "It's the end of an era for MythBusters: Kari Byron, Tory Belleci and Grant Imahara are leaving the series. Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman announced the fan-favorites would depart the show at the end of the Thursday, Aug. 21 episode of the hit Discovery program.", "Axed: MythBusters trio Grant Imahara, Kari Byron and Tori Belleci, pictured in 2011, have been dumped from the Discovery show after 10 years", "MythBusters axes Kari Byron, Tory Belleci and Grant Imahara after 10 years | Daily Mail Online", "Why are Grant Imahara, Kari Byron and Tory Belleci leaving the Discovery Channel series \"MythBusters\"? Photo: Discovery Channel/Benjamin Hanson", "Some of the show's other more famous alumni - including actors Jason Donovan and Guy Pearce and singer Natalie Imbruglia - are also expected to be absent.", "In March 2010, Paul Marquess announced that 11 characters would depart the show: Sasha Valentine, Lauren Valentine, Leo Valentine, Calvin Valentine, Zak Ramsey, Spencer Gray, Jake Dean, Loretta Jones, Barry \"Newt\" Newton, Dave Colburn, Des Townsend, Kris Fisher. This was seen as one of the largest cast turnovers to date.", "It was great to see so many members of the cast return during the final week including Adam/ Stuart, Brooke, Jamie, Babe, Joe, Ruth and so on.", "Josh MacDonald George McAlpin Garry McGrotty Tom Mckirdy Claire-Bridget McLaughlin Aoife McMahon Matthew McSwiggan Paul Moss Robert Mullane Bill Neely (CRY Patron) Mark Nicholas Matthew Nicholson Sam Nicholson Thomas O’Flaherty Neil O’Sullivan Nick Oliver Tom Oliver Daniel Ousby Colin Oxslade Sarah Parsons Darryl Pickering Mitchell Porter Fran Powell Helen Pyne Emma Ralston Sean Reading Ian Ritchie Neil Robertson Jonathan Rosenbrier James Salter-Boyden, Richard Shand Chris Speed", "Jason Bateman, American actor, director and producer; Marilyn Manson, American rock musician; Patton Oswalt, American stand-up comedian, writer, actor and voice actor; Beau Biden, 44th Attorney General of Delaware (d. 2015); Bobby Brown, African-American singer; Ian Eagle, American sports announcer; Jennifer Aniston, American actress; Chaz Bono, American LGBT rights activist; Paul Rudd, American actor, comedian, writer and producer; Renee Zellweger, American actress and producer; Cate Blanchett, Australian actress; Danny Wood, American singer; Emmitt Smith, American football player; David Boreanaz, American actor; Tracey Gold, American actress; Rob Ford, Canadian politician; Steffi Graf, German tennis player; Ice Cube, African-American rapper and actor; Jennifer Lopez, American actress and singer; Triple H (aka Paul Levesque), American wrestler; Donnie Wahlberg, American singer; Edward Norton, American actor� Christian Slater, American actor; Matthew Perry, Canadian-American actor; Jack Black, American actor and musician; Hal Sparks, American actor and comedian; Catherine Zeta-Jones, Welsh actress; Zach Galifianakis, American actor and stand-up comedian; Gwen Stefani, American singer and television host; Brett Favre, American football player; Wyclef Jean, Haitian rapper; Sean Combs, African-American rapper (aka Puff Daddy, P. Diddy); Matthew McConaughey, American actor; Ken Griffey, Jr., American baseball player; Jay-Z, African-American rapper", "In 2005, the third series commenced. Brendan, Anton, Erin, Camilla, Darren, Ian and Lilia returned from last series. Nicole, Paul and Hazel did not return. They were replaced by Karen, Hanna, Izabela, Andrew and Matthew.", "Japan: Artemio Murakami, Craig Parry; Europe: Phillip Archer, Robert Dinwiddie, Johan Edfors, Ross Fisher, Alastair Forsyth, Thomas Levet, Ross McGowan; USA: Michael Allen, Eric Axley, Craig Barlow, Rich Beem, Jason Bohn, D. J. Brigman, Bart Bryant, Chad Campbell, Ben Crane, Robert Garrigus, Mathew Goggin, Jason Gore, Fredrik Jacobson, Brandt Jobe, Dustin Johnson, Matt Kuchar, Michael Letzig, Davis Love III, Jarrod Lyle, John Mallinger, Steve Marino, Rocco Mediate, John Merrick, Jon Mills, Joe Ogilvie, Mark O'Meara, Jesper Parnevik, Pat Perez, Carl Pettersson, Brett Quigley, Patrick Sheehan, Kyle Stanley (a), Scott Sterling, Nick Taylor (a), D. J. Trahan, Kevin Tway (a), Nick Watney, Dean Wilson", "Meagan Gabert Mariam Gabrielyan Vezokuhle Gama Theoren Gill Kassidy Goodall Mark Griffith Charlemagne Guillermo Theron Gustafson Jasmine Hall Christopher Handel Megan Hansen Brooke Harty Jessica Helle Amanda Henneigh Logan Hermus Presley Hollman Jamie Hughes Princess Gracie Inocencio Karley Jackshaw Katherine Janes Isabelle Jensen Chad Kehoe Evan Kindrachuk Curtis Klaus Blaire Koswin Luc Laplante Ksenia Ledene Chloe Leung Nico Lim Connor Little Reid Lozynsky Meredith MacIsaac Emily MacQuarrie Cassidy Madsen Sigrid Manansala Raffela Mancuso Nickolas Marchuk", "Chelsea Kilburn Katherine Krisnek Nicholas Lal James Lambert Jon Long Desiree Lucero McKaya Mabbott Christine Maclntyre Aaron Madrosen Kian McDonald Nikki Mcmanus Gavin Michaels Carly Mosher Kaj Mulvihill Laurelea O’Halloran Elanine Palma Rosalba Pasaye Ryan Rees Cody Riley Jorge Salazer Colton Saludares Lindsey Schofield", "Alecia Eberhardt Irene EdmondRosenberg Marlene Feder Elijah Fitgerald Kathy Fleig Tesa Flores Caitlin Frackelton Sydelle Freed Abbot Genser Rick Gilbert Jamie Glass Jackie Gleason Brenda Goodhart Carol Gray Suzanne Grossberg Rose Gurrieri Gerald Habib Chris Hallman Lucas Handwerker Gary Harnischfeger Suyen Harris Sandra Harris Ben Hayes Claudine Heller Jean Hendrickson", "Brad Cooper Ryan Yeomans Sarah Bogues Mallory Costa Caroline Dearborn Lindsay LeFort Tiffany Failla Steve Packnick Jeanne Bujalski Misbah Akbar P.J. Decoteau Sean Fenwick Michael Walsh Robert Burke Shauna Simeone Gabby Pierce", "Alex Stephens Darien Sumagaysay John Sutherland Michael Valenzuela Carlos Vazquez Jose Vazquez Solmaria Venancio Christina Veunnasack Rimma Vlasova Ashley White David Willingham Wendy Zepeda Carl Ziemianski", "NICHOLAS PERSAC JERIT ROSER GERRI SAX ELLEN ZIELINSKI J.J ALCANTARA KATIE KENNEDY LESLIE PRESNALL ROBERT STEWART CASEY GISCLAIR MATTHEW ALBRIGHT MEGAN WILLIAMS ZAC LEMOINE JAMES HARALSON LAUREN ROBERTS", "Semi-Final #2 consisted of Jasmine Murray, Matt Giraud, Jeanine Vailes, Nick Mitchell, Allison Iraheta , Kris Allen , Megan Joy, Matt Breitzke, Jesse Langseth, Kai Kalama, Mishavonna Henson, and Adam Lambert . Lambert (top male vote getter), Iraheta (top female vote getter) and Allen (next highest vote getter) advanced to the final 13.", "Nicholas Aicher, Hailey Albrecht, Connor Allen, Teddy Alverson, Jonathan Beiersdorf, Yovana Bernancio, Dannell Bender JR, Ellie Bohrer, Kai Boldt, Katie Brashear, Lorena Casteel, Kyle Catchpole, Samantha Christian, Grace Clemenson, Kayla Cord, William Crawford, Danial Cummins, Johnny Dirksen, Angel Dolores, Brandon Fast, Marcus Gabrielson, Morriah Gifford, Sarah Greear, Sage Higgins, Brandon Ingram, Spencer Kelley, Kurtis Kveton, Nicole Lane, Jullian Launderback, Christine Maclntyre, Abigail Macias, Calvin Marble, Reed Martin, Miranda McCausland, Heidi McGill, Kevin Miller, Ryan Mitchell, Max Norum, George Palmiter, Steven Parker, Kerri Ann Peetz, Peter Pham, Vasiliy Pukay, Reed Raistlin, Erika Salisbury, Riley Schofeild, Cole Smith, Rick Smith, Zoey Talent, Nathan Tarbet, Clarice Terry, Brent Tolvstad, Kellie Tripp, Kit Vandenbroeke, Kailene Warner, Bryce West, Joey White, Zach Wich, Shane Wilson.", "Forte was sorted into the \"Music Groups\" category in the Vegas Round, this time with a new member: Sean Panikkar replacing Hana Ryu. The group's performance in Episode 808 consisted of singing Andrea Bocelli's \"The Prayer.\" Forte's performance was strong enough for the judges to send it to the Quarterfinals along with Brandon & Savannah in Episode 809.", "For what it's worth, Alice Barrett did return to AW in a last ditch effort to spike ratings as a doppleganger for Frankie. But AW was canceled anyway, so they never did much with that story. However, in one of the last episodes, Frankie's ghost appeared and told Cass and their daughter how much she loved them. Maybe they'll bring GW or CM back during Days' last week in September 2016 and have Will tell the same thing to Sonny and to little Arianna Grace...oh, who am I kidding.", "Drew Gehling, John Hickman [u/s Nick Massi], Jeremy Kushnier, Jarrod Spector, Craig Laurie, Wade McCollum, Lauren Marshall, Steven M. Goldsmith, Ryan Quinn West, Mike Erickson [u/s Gyp], Rashad Naylor, Jenny Lee Ramos, Jake Speck [u/s Billy Dixon], Lyndsey Cole", "Front Row- Sarah De La Paz, Amy Docken, Madison Clark, Delaney Lewis, Sierra Blefgen, Kelly Smith Back Row- Dilynn D’Agostino, Bryana Stockwell, Olivia Rynevich, Carly Gendron, Sarah Triplett, Kristen", "# \"Without Love\" – Link, Tracy, Seaweed, Penny, and Detention Kids (Zac Efron, Nikki Blonsky, Elijah Kelley, Amanda Bynes)", "Miles Aubrey [u/s Bob Gaudio], Michael Ingersoll, Deven May, Christopher Kale Jones, John Altieri, Erik Bates*, Heather Ferguson*, Courter Simmons, Taylor Sternberg*, Nathan Klau, Brandon Matthieus, Jackie Seiden, Joseph Siravo, Melissa Strom", "Alastair Wallace Stewart, Sean Stewart, Kimberly Stewart, Liam Stewart, Renee Stewart, Aiden Stewart, Sarah Streeter, Ruby Stewart", "The cast of The Wonder Years, including stars Fred Savage and Danica McKellar, reunited to record for the release of \"The Wonder Years: The Complete Series\" DVD set Credit: Courtesy Fred Savage", "Dami Bakare, Peter Bakare, Lucy Boulton, Natasha Brewer, Lizzie Reid, Darius Setsoafia, Yasser Slitti, Nikki Strachan", "Does anyone remember when they were doing the casting for NOLA 2000? One of the candidates was a blonde chick, whose father lived in an abandoned car in the woods or something. They showed her visiting him. She seemed very nice and not your typical middle-class co-ed RW often cast. I was rooting for her, but in the end they went with Melissa. Ugh!", "Karamo and his bf are engaged. Whatever happened to the other gay guy on his season? I think his name was Will." ]

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[ "The famous American author, Washington Irving, wrote about the mountains in his legendary novel, Rip Van Winkle, where he fell asleep in the Catskills Mountains for 20 years after an encounter with the ghost of Henry Hudson and his men.  ", "Washington Irving character who falls asleep for 20 years while hunting in the Catskill Mountains and is not recognized when he returns home", "Rip Van Winkle is a short story written by Washington Irving and is about a man who sleeps for twenty years in the Catskill Mountains to a much-changed world. Published in 1819, which was almost 35 years after the American Revolution, this story showcases the dramatic struggles the American society was facing with forming their own identity after the revolution. The following passage written by Irvine describes the first scenarios Van Winkle examined upon waking up after his 20-year nap.", "Rip Van Winkle is an amiable farmer who wanders into the Catskill Mountains , where he comes upon a group of dwarfs playing ninepins. Rip accepts their offer of a drink of liquor and promptly falls asleep. When he awakens, 20 years later, he is an old man with a long white beard; the dwarfs are nowhere in sight. When Rip returns to town, he finds that everything is changed: his wife is dead, his children are grown, and George Washington ’s portrait hangs in place of King George III ’s. The old man entertains the townspeople with tales of the old days and of his encounter with the little men in the mountains.", "When Charles Dickens spoke of the \"oversleeping Rip van Winkles\" who populate the Courts of Chancery in Bleak House (1853), he was alluding to a famous character created by the American writer Washington Irving in his Sketch Book (1819-20). In Irving's original story, Rip van Winkle falls asleep, after a drinking party, for 20 years (not, despite popular opinion, 100) only to awake to find that the Revolution has taken place and that he is now a citizen of the United States.", "Rip ends up in the mountains in the first place while trying to escape his \"nagging\" wife, and meets a man struggling with a heavy keg of moonshine. He helps the man carry it to a hollow where they encounter strange men playing a game of ninepins. Rip drinks some of their moonshine, and falls asleep 20 years later with a rusted musket and a long beard. He later learns that the man with the keg was the ghost of Henry Hudson. ", "Rip Van Winkle lived in a village in New York State back in the days when it was still ruled by the British. He fell asleep for 20 years and woke up to find that there had been some very big changes (at least on the surface).", "The Legends of Sleepy Hollow Rip Van Winkle. Based on the story from .. When Rip had finished… b. …and they were playing a game of nine pins. 3..", "One day he wanders into the mountains to go hunting, meets and drinks with English explorer Henry Hudson’s legendary crew, and falls into a deep sleep. He awakens twenty years later and returns to his village to discover that everything has changed. The disturbing news of the dislocation is offset by the discovery that his wife is dead. In time, Rip’s daughter, son, and several villagers identify him, and he is accepted by the others.", "But when he enters town, things are different. There is a picture of George Washington at the inn, and all of the townspeople look different. After pledging his loyalty to the King (which doesn't go over so well in the post-Revolution state) and meeting another man by the name of Rip Van Winkle (who turns out to be his son), Rip is assisted by the crowd that has since grown around him and learns that he has been missing for 20 years. He is also told of the legend that Henry Hudson and his ghosts revisit the Hudson Valley every 20 years and many believe that Rip has been away with Hudson and his men in that time.", "Henry Hudson got around. The 17th-century explorer navigated his way through many of the unmapped regions of North America on behalf of merchant enterprises such as the Dutch East India Company. But on June 22 (that’s today!), 1611, after a long winter trapped in arctic ice, the crew of Hudson’s ship, Discovery, mutinied. Blaming him for the poor conditions they’d endured during the voyage, the mutineers set Hudson, his young son, and a few loyal crewmembers adrift in the Atlantic. Though the castaways were never heard from again, Hudson’s legacy lives on. Numerous bodies of water bear his name, including the Hudson River in New York and Canada’s Hudson Bay, which is where the mutineers set him adrift.", "The Catskill Mountain House, built in 1824, was a famous hotel near Palenville, New York, in the Catskill Mountains overlooking the Hudson River Valley. In its prime to the turn of the century, it was visited by United States Presidents Ulysses S. Grant, Chester A. Arthur, and Theodore Roosevelt, as well as many other important personages.", "Like Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow reveals Irving’s sensitivity to the landscape of the Hudson Valley and an appreciation of its bounty.  Locating the “sequestered glen” of Sleepy Hollow on the east bank of the Hudson two miles from Tarrytown, Irving’s fictional narrator, Dietrich Knickerbocker, paints a lyrical image of:", "Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American author, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century. He is best known for his short stories \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" and \"Rip Van Winkle\". His historical works include biographies of George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith and Muhammad, and several histories of 15th-century Spain dealing with subjects such as Christopher Columbus, the Moors, and the Alhambra. Irving served as the U.S. ambassador to Spain from 1842 to 1846.", "* Since 1996, nonprofit organization Historic Hudson Valley has held \"Legend Weekend\", an event at the Philipsburg Manor House in Sleepy Hollow, featuring a rider portraying the Headless Horseman and a storyteller retelling The Legend of Sleepy Hollow as a historic celebration attended by thousands annually before Halloween.", "On June 23, 1611, in an attempt to find the Northwest Passage, a mutiny aboard his ship Discovery left Henry Hudson adrift on what is now Hudson Bay, never to be heard from again. Before his mysterious disappearance this famous British explorer entered what is now New York state’s Hudson River in 1609, with the river being named after him in 1900. He founded Manhattan for the Dutch who he was employed by at the time. Entering New York City harbour, Hudson sailed 240 kilometres north on what the Native Americans called Muhheakantuck, now the Hudson River, exploring its shores all the way up to what is now Albany, NY.", "How many years does Rip Van Winkle fall asleep for in the story by Washington Irving", "\"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" is a short story by American author Washington Irving, contained in his collection of 34 essays and short stories entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Written while Irving was living abroad in Birmingham, England, \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" was first published in 1820. Along with Irving's companion piece \"Rip Van Winkle\", \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" is among the earliest examples of American fiction with enduring popularity.", "The Catskill Mountains have historic hotels, bed and breakfasts, resorts and farm-style accommodations. The 2,200-acre Mohonk Mountain House, one of America’s oldest family-owned resorts, is an 1869 Victorian castle on the Hudson River Valley in New Paltz. It features a turn-of-the-20th-century golf course, 85 miles of hiking trails and year-round activities. The six-room 1712 House in Stone Ridge comprises 80 acres with hills, ponds and meadows. Turquoise Barn Bed &amp; Breakfast, located in its 1800s Carriage House, has an organic farm and serves vegetarian, vegan and raw-food breakfasts.", "Any review of the legacy of New Netherland is complicated by the enormous impact of Washington Irving’s satirical A History of New York and its famous fictional author Diedrich Knickerbocker. Irving’s romantic vision of an enlightened, languid Dutch yeomanry dominated the popular imagination about the colony since its publication in 1809. To this day, many mistakenly believe that Irving’s two most famous short stories \"Rip Van Winkle\" and \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" are based on actual folk tales of Dutch peasants in the Hudson Valley.", "\"Rip Van Winkle\" is a short story by American author Washington Irving published in 1819, as well as the name of the story's fictional protagonist. Written while Irving was living in Birmingham, England, it was part of a collection entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon. Although the story is set in New York's Catskill Mountains, Irving later admitted, \"When I wrote the story, I had never been on the Catskills.\"", "Published in commemoration of the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's remarkable voyage. Sailor and scholar Hunter explores all the backstage drama and importance of the 1609 adventure that put New York on the map.", "I need not recite particulars of Champlain's tour of that year, 1609, accompanying his Indian friends upon a war excursion against their enemies, the Iroquois, farther than to say that he then discovered the lake since called after him; and if, as he seems to have acknowledged, he then introduced to the acquaintance of the Indians of the great Iroquois league the fatal effects of firearms, by killing three of their chiefs, it was not the most unfortunate first salutation of a deadly agent which came to the red men. That same year of 1609, Henry Hudson sailed up the river which received his name. On that occasion, the renowned yet baneful firewater was pressed upon the notice of the savages. Of the two satanic inventions, gunpowder and whiskey, the last, with its numerously-named congeners, is reasonably believed to have been the most destructive.", "The belief that Kidd had left a buried treasure contributed considerably to the growth of his legend. The 1701 broadside song Captain Kid's Farewel to the Seas, or, the Famous Pirate's Lament lists “Two hundred bars of gold, and rix dollars manifold, we seized uncontrolled”. This belief made its contributions to literature in Edgar Allan Poe's \"The Gold-Bug\", Washington Irving's The Devil and Tom Walker , Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island and Nelson DeMille's Plum Island. It also gave impetus to the never-ending treasure hunts conducted on Oak Island in Nova Scotia, in Suffolk County, Long Island in New York where Gardiner's Island is located, Charles Island in Milford, Connecticut; the Thimble Islands in Connecticut and on the island of Grand Manan in the Bay of Fundy.", "The belief that Kidd had left buried treasure contributed considerably to the growth of his legend. The 1701 broadside song Captain Kid's Farewell to the Seas, or, the Famous Pirate's Lament lists \"Two hundred bars of gold, and rix dollars manifold, we seized uncontrolled\". This belief made its contributions to literature in Edgar Allan Poe's \"The Gold-Bug\"; Washington Irving's The Devil and Tom Walker; Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island and Nelson DeMille's Plum Island. It also gave impetus to the constant treasure hunts conducted on Oak Island in Nova Scotia; in Suffolk County, Long Island; in New York where Gardiner's Island is located; Charles Island in Milford, Connecticut; the Thimble Islands in Connecticut; Cockenoe Island in Westport, Connecticut; and on the island of Grand Manan in the Bay of Fundy.", "How does Irving’s satirical ghost story, written in Europe and based on a German folktale, reflect New York State history in the Early National period?  Most obviously, the ghost is a Hessian mercenary, doomed to search nightly for his missing head—blown off by a cannon ball during the Revolutionary war.   But I think we can dig deeper by comparing the two male leads and rivals for the hand of Katrina Van Tassel:  the “Yankee” Ichabod Crane and the “Dutch” Brom Bones.  According to Irving, Crane “was a native of Connecticut; a State which supplies the Union with pioneers for the mind as well as for the forest, and sends forth yearly its legions of frontier woodsmen and country schoolmasters.”  Like other New England states, Connecticut had too many young men and too little free land for them all to inherit enough land to become farmers.", "The paralyzed Hamilton, who knew himself to be mortally wounded, was ferried to the Greenwich Village home of his friend William Bayard Jr., who had been waiting on the dock. After final visits from his family and friends and considerable suffering, Hamilton died on the following afternoon, July 12, 1804, at Bayard's home at what is now 80–82 Jane Street. Gouverneur Morris gave the eulogy at his funeral and secretly established a fund to support his widow and children. Hamilton was buried in the Trinity Churchyard Cemetery in Manhattan. ", "Famous For: Exploring New York area and has a river named after him, the Hudson River", "On July 11, 1804, Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr met on the dueling grounds at Weehawken, New Jersey, to fight the final skirmish of a long-lived political and personal battle. When the duel was over, Hamilton would be mortally wounded, and Burr would be wanted for murder.", "Although his interest in national policies and politics was unabated, Hamilton's role in national affairs after 1801 diminished. He remained a prominent figure in the Federalist party, however, and published his opinions on public affairs in the New York Evening Post. He was still an ardent nationalist and in 1804 severely condemned the rumored plot of New England and New York Federalists to dismember the Union by forming a Northern confederacy. Believing Aaron Burr to be a party to this scheme, Hamilton actively opposed the Vice President's bid for the New York governorship. He was successful, and Burr, now out of favor with the Jefferson administration and discredited in his own state, charged that Hamilton's remarks had impugned his honor. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel. Although Hamilton was reluctant, he believed that his \"ability to be in future useful\" demanded his acceptance. After putting his personal affairs in order, he met Burr at dawn on July 11, 1804, on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River. The two exchanged shots, and Hamilton fell, mortally wounded. Tradition has it that he deliberately misdirected his fire, leaving himself an open target for Burr's bullet. Hamilton was carried back to New York City, where he died the next afternoon.", "This month marks the 211th anniversary of the 1804 duel between the two men. They met on the fields of Weehawken, New Jersey, overlooking New York City. Hamilton shot first, but he missed. Burr then fired the deadly shot, making Hamilton the most famous American ever to be killed in a duel.", "On the morning of July 11, 1804, Aaron Burr, then the Vice President of the United States, engaged in a duel with former Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton (and future $10 bill model) in rural Weehawken, New Jersey. The two politicians had a long-standing feud across party lines that came to a head when Hamilton made disparaging remarks about Burr’s qualifications for the governorship of New York, a race that Burr had just lost (having realized that he wouldn’t return for a second term as Vice President). Duels at the time were often just for show, with participants routinely “throwing away their fire” (intentionally missing), but while Hamilton threw away his fire, Burr’s shot found its mark, and Hamilton was mortally wounded. Some historians chalk the death up to miscommunication over the intentions of the duel, with Burr thinking that Hamilton had tried to hit him, while others claim that Burr fully intended on killing Hamilton all along. Because dueling was illegal, Burr was charged with murder, but those charges were later dropped. However, the duel signaled an end to his political career, ironically damaging Burr’s reputation more than anything Hamilton may have said about him." ]

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[ "April 30, 1789, George Washington, the first president of the United States, was inaugurated in Federal Hall in New York City, addressing his constituency on “the proceedings of a new and free government.”", "On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath of office as the first President of the United States.", "On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath of office as the first President of the United States. \"As the first of every thing, in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent,\" he wrote James Madison, \"it is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true principles.\"", "On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath of office as the first President of the United States. Read more about George Washington at the White House website .", "But when George Washington took his oath of office in New York City on April 30, 1789, and assumed the new duties of President of the United States, his wife brought to their position a tact and discretion developed over 58 years of life in Tidewater Virginia society.", "April 30, 1789 - On the balcony of New York's Federal Hall, George Washington, at age 57, is sworn in as the first President of the United States. He then enters the Senate chamber to deliver his inaugural address .", "Unanimously elected the first president, Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789. Acting with a cooperative Congress, he and his aides constructed the foundations on which the political institutions of the country have rested since that time.", "Federal Hall � The hall is at the intersection of Broad Street and Wall street, about five blocks north of Fraunces Tavern just past the New York Stock Exchange. The original Federal Hall that stood here during the 18th century was the first capital building of the United States and the location where George Washington was sworn in as the first President of the United States. ", "In the late 18th century, with the American Revolution brewing, New York became a major political center for the colonists. Protests against the Stamp Act led the so-called \"Stamp Act Congress\" to convene here and sign a Declaration of Rights and Grievances, asserting the concept of \"no taxation with representation.\" British soldiers captured New York and maintained control of the city until the war ended, when George Washington triumphantly returned to Manhattan. He would return again in 1789 to take the oath of office and become the nation's first president, as New York briefly served as the first capital of the United States, where the Bill of Rights was drafted and ratified.", "On April 30, 1789, George Washington arrived at Federal Hall (which housed the federal government) to take the oath of office. That Federal Hall building had originally been constructed between 1699 and 1702 as the third location of New York City’s City hall. After ratification of the Constitution, City Hall became Federal Hall, the first capitol building of the United States under the Constitution. The building was renovated and enlarged by Pierre Charles L’Enfant to serve this purpose. The first Congress convened here on March 4, 1789, and elected George Washington as president. On April 30, 1789, Washington ascended to the balcony where he was inaugurated.", "The assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital shortly after the war: the Constitution of the United States was ratified and in 1789 the first President of the United States , George Washington , was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the United States Supreme Court each assembled for the first time in 1789, and the United States Bill of Rights drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. [31] By 1790, New York City had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States.", "In world history, the year 1789 is remembered for the beginning of the French Revolution. That was also a year of peaceful beginnings in these United States following the American Revolution. It saw our first Presidential election and General George Washington chosen for our highest office. The first Congress of the United States under our new Constitution met in New York City on March 4, 1789. President Washington delivered the first inaugural address on April 30. On September 9, the House of Representatives recommended the Bill of Rights for adoption by the States. The first executive departments were formed: the Department of State, the War Department, and the Treasury Department. The Office of Postmaster General was created. The Federal Judiciary Act was passed providing for the organization of our Supreme Court; and on September 26, John Jay became Chief Justice of these United States.", "A bronze plaque is attached to one of the bridge's anchorages, which was constructed on a piece of property occupied by a mansion, the Osgood House, at 1 Cherry Street in Manhattan. It served as the first Presidential Mansion, housing George Washington, his family, and household staff from April 23, 1789 to February 23, 1790, during the two-year period when New York City was the national capital. Its owner, Samuel Osgood, was a Massachusetts politician and lawyer, who married Maria Bowne Franklin, widow of Walter Franklin, the New York merchant who built it in 1770. Washington moved in a week before his 1789 inauguration as first President of the United States. In addition to living quarters, the Osgood House contained the President's private office and the public business office, making it the first seat of the executive branch of the federal government.", "Inscription. A majestic statue of George Washington stands on the front steps of Federal Hall in memory of Washington�s inauguration as the country�s first president – which happened on this spot on April 30th, 1789. The current building is named for the original Federal Hall, perhaps the most historic site in the entire country, where more than two centuries ago American democracy was born. From 1785 to 1790, New York served as the first capital of the brand-new United States of America. It was in Federal Hall that Congress met for the first time, adopted the Bill of Rights, and created the Departments of State, War and Treasury, and the United States Supreme Court. Today, Federal Hall serves as a museum operated by the National Park Service.", "A majestic statue of George Washington stands on the front steps of Federal Hall in memory of Washington�s inauguration as the country�s first president � which happened on this spot on April 30th, 1789. The current building is named for the original Federal Hall, perhaps the most historic site in the entire country, where two centuries ago American democracy was born. From 1785 to 1790, New York served as the first capital of the brand-new United States of America. It was in Federal Hall that Congress met for the first time, adopted the Bill of Rights, and created the Departments of State, War and Treasury, and the United States Supreme Court. Today, Federal Hall serves as a museum operated by the National Park Service.", "Following his April 1789 inauguration, President George Washington occupied two executive mansions in New York City: the Samuel Osgood House at 3 Cherry Street (April 1789 – February 1790), and the Alexander Macomb House at 39–41 Broadway (February–August 1790). In May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790.", "Virginia ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788, and New York did so on July 26. Early in January 1789, all the ratifying states except New York (which failed to appoint electors by the deadline) selected presidential electors in their legislatures or by a direct vote of the people. On February 4, the electors named George Washington as the first President of the United States. The first Congress under the Constitution met in New York City on March 4. Washington was inaugurated on April 30. But North Carolina and Rhode Island refused to approve the Constitution and take part in the new government until Congress agreed to add a bill of rights.", "On April 30th, 1789, George Washington was inaugurated at Federal Hall as the first President and Commander-in-Chief of the United States of America. ", "The United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4, 1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790, when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. The decision to locate the capital was contentious, but Alexander Hamilton helped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War, in exchange for support from northern states for locating the capital along the Potomac River. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years (until December 1800), until the nation's capital in Washington, D.C. would be ready. ", "A new federal city was then constructed on the north bank of the Potomac, to the east of Georgetown. On September 9, 1791, the three commissioners overseeing the capital's construction named the city in honor of President Washington. The federal district was named Columbia, which was a poetic name for the United States commonly in use at that time. Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17, 1800. ", "\"On 4 February 1789, Washington was elected first president of the United States and John Adams his vice-president. The inauguration was on 30 April. The oath was administered by Robert Livingston, Grand Master of New York's Grand Lodge...The marshal of the day was another Freemason, General Jacob Morton. Yet another Freemason, General Morgan Lewis, was Washington's escort... Washington himself at the time was Master of Alexandria Lodge No. 22, Virginia... On 14 December, Alexander Hamilton submitted proposals for establishing a National Bank. Jefferson opposed them but Washington signed them through. On the American dollar bill was printed the 'Great Seal' of the United States. It is unmistakably Freemasonic - an all seeing eye in a triangle above a thirteen-stepped, four-sided pyramid, beneath which a scroll proclaims the advent of a 'new secular order,' one of Freemasonry's long-standing dreams.", "\"On 4 February 1789, Washington was elected first president of the United States and John Adams his vice-president. The inauguration was on 30 April. The oath was administered by Robert Livingston, Grand Master of New York's Grand Lodge...The marshal of the day was another Freemason, General Jacob Morton. Yet another Freemason, General Morgan Lewis, was Washington's escort... Washington himself at the time was Master of Alexandria Lodge No. 22, Virginia... On 14 December, Alexander Hamilton submitted proposals for establishing a National Bank. Jefferson opposed them but Washington signed them through. On the American dollar bill was printed the 'Great Seal' of the United States. It is unmistakably Freemasonic - an all seeing eye in a triangle above a thirteen-stepped, four-sided pyramid, beneath which a scroll proclaims the advent of a 'new secular order,' one of Freemasonry's long-standing dreams.", "Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the Territory of Columbia until an act of Congress in 1871 effectively merged the City and the Territory into a single entity called the District of Columbia. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C.", "So in some ways, March 4 was the Constitution’s first day in business. The first Congress convened in New York City. It was about one month before George Washington was elected at the first president under the new Constitution.", "George Washington became the first president in 1789 as a Federalist (liberal).  He elected to serve only two terms, setting a precedent for his office.  He avoided getting involved in the war between France and England.  He put down the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania, insisting that taxes must be paid and that this was different from the taxes that had previously been imposed by England.  He was re-elected in 1792.", "On July 8, 1776, the first public readings of the Declaration were held in Philadelphia's Independence Square to the ringing of bells and band music. One year later, on July 4, 1777, Philadelphia marked Independence Day by adjourning Congress and celebrating with bonfires, bells and fireworks.", "Who was the first President to be sworn in on the west steps of the Capitol?", "            1789 –Wednesday-  Ending the suspense over the results of the very first presidential election, Presidential Election (actually, there was no doubt) George Washington was unanimously elected the first president of the", "More about this marker. The top of the marker contains a picture of George Washington taking the oath of office at Federal Hall. Below this is a picture of the Bill of Rights, with a caption of “The Bill of Rights – the collective name for the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution, and one of the most important documents in the history of American democracy, guaranteeing such basic freedoms as press, speech, and religion – was passed by Congress meeting at Federal Hall in September 1789. The bottom of the marker features", "April 30th 2013, marked the 224th anniversary of the inauguration of our first president under the constitution. Federal Hall National Memorial , located on the site of this historic event, played host to a day of celebrations. Color guards, drum and fife corps, costumed reenactors, and Masons in their Masonic uniforms were all present to honor our first president.", "This 1789 engraving shows the Bush Hill estate of William Hamilton Esq. It was located in the Fairmount neighborhood, bordering the Schuylkill River to the west. On July 4, 1788, a Grand Federal Procession celebrating the one-year anniversary of the ratification of the Constitution ended here. The procession began at Third and South Streets at 9:30 a.m. and marched for about three miles. Among about 17,000 participants were military units, ambassadors from ally nations, and representatives of some forty-four professions. At the end of the procession, the celebrants gathered on the lawn of Bush Hill for food and drinks.", "However, the ratification occurred during the term of Samuel Huntington who served as President from September 28, 1779 to July 6, 1781. Consequently, Samuel Huntington was the first President of the United States in Congress Assembled and was followed by Thomas McKean (July 10, 1781 to November 5, 1781), and John Hanson (the first President to serve the full term of one year - November 5, 1781 to November 4, 1782)." ]

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[ "Addison Morton Walker (born September 3, 1923), popularly known as Mort Walker, is an American comic artist best known for creating the newspaper comic strips Beetle Bailey in 1950 and Hi and Lois in 1954. He has signed Addison to some of his strips.", "Beetle Bailey (begun on September 4, 1950)[2] is an American comic strip created by cartoonist Mort Walker. Set in a fictional United States Army military post, it is among the oldest comic strips still being produced by the original creator.[1] Over the years, Mort Walker has been assisted by (among others) Jerry Dumas, Bob Gustafson, Frank Johnson and Walker's sons Neal, Brian and Greg Walker. The latter is currently credited on the strip.", "Beetle Bailey (begun on September 4, 1950) is an American comic strip created by cartoonist Mort Walker. Set in a fictional United States Army military post, it is among the oldest comic strips still being produced by the original creator. Over the years, Mort Walker has been assisted by (among others) Jerry Dumas, Bob Gustafson, Frank Johnson and Walker's sons Neal, Brian and Greg Walker. The latter is currently credited on the strip.", "NPR's Dean Olsher visits a cartoon museum in Boca Raton, Florida, where some of the earliest comic strips are being preserved. Cartoonist Mort Walker, the creator of \"Beetle Bailey\" leads the tour. 5:45", "In 1954, Walker and Dik Browne teamed to launch Hi and Lois, a spin-off of Beetle Bailey (Lois was Beetle's sister). Under the pseudonym \"Addison\", Walker began Boner's Ark in 1968. Other comic strips created by Walker include Gamin and Patches, Mrs. Fitz's Flats, The Evermores, Sam's Strip and Sam and Silo (the last two with Jerry Dumas).", "Beetle Bailey, which started as a college-themed strip in 1950, debuted inauspiciously in 12 newspapers.  After six months, it had signed on only 25 clients, and King Features Syndicate considered dropping it.  The Korean War was heating up at that time, so Mort Walker decided to have Beetle enlist in the Army.  He quickly picked up 100 newspapers.  Mort redesigned the cast and a Sunday page was added in 1952.  After the Korean War was over, Army brass wanted to tighten up discipline and felt that Beetle Bailey encouraged disrespect for officers.  The strip was banned in the Tokyo Stars and Stripes, and the sympathetic publicity rocketed Beetle’s circulation another 100 papers.  When Mort won the National Cartoonist Society’s award as the best cartoonist of the year for 1953, Beetle Bailey had become a certified success, with licensed products and a growing list of clients. From 1954 to 1968, the circulation of Beetle Bailey grew from 200 newspapers to 1,100, and many new characters were added to the cast.  Today, after more than six decades, Mort Walker’s creation is still one of the most popular comic strips in the world.", "Private Beetle Bailey — the main character and strip's namesake; a feckless, shirking, perpetual goof-off and straggler known for his chronic laziness and generally insubordinate attitude. Slack, hapless, lanky and freckled, Beetle's eyes are always concealed, whether by headgear or, in the rare instance of not wearing any, by his hair. In early strips, it was revealed that he is the brother of Lois Flagston (from the \"Hi and Lois\" cartoon, which Mort Walker also drew for).", "Most of the humor in Beetle Bailey revolves around the inept characters stationed at Camp Swampy (inspired by Camp Crowder, where Walker had once been stationed while in the Army), which is located near the town of Hurleyburg at \"Parris Island, S.C.\". Private Bailey is a lazy sort who usually naps and avoids work, and thus is often the subject of verbal and physical chastising from his supervisor, Sergeant Snorkel. The characters never seem to see combat themselves, with the exception of mock battles and combat drills. In fact, they seem to be in their own version of stereotypical comic strip purgatory (initially basic training, they now appear to be stuck in time in a regular infantry division). The uniforms of Beetle Bailey are still the uniforms of the late 1940s to early 1970s Army, with green fatigues and baseball caps as the basic uniform, and the open jeep as the basic military vehicle. Sergeant First Class Snorkel wears a green Class A Army dress uniform with heavily wrinkled garrison cap; the officers wear M1 helmet liners painted with their insignia. While Beetle Bailey's unit is Company A, one running gag is that the characters are variously seen in different branches of the Army, such as artillery, armor, infantry and paratroops.", "Most of the humor in Beetle Bailey revolves around the inept characters stationed at Camp Swampy, (inspired by Camp Crowder, where Walker had once been stationed while in the Army). Private Bailey is a lazy sort who usually naps and avoids work, and thus is often the subject of verbal and physical chastising from his supervisor, Sergeant Snorkel. The characters never seem to see combat themselves, with the exception of mock battles and combat drills. In fact, they seem to be in their own version of stereotypical comic strip purgatory (initially basic training, they now appear to be stuck in time in a regular infantry division). The uniforms of Beetle Bailey are still the uniforms of the late 1940s to early 1970s Army, with green fatigues and baseball caps as the basic uniform, and the open jeep as the basic military vehicle. Sergeant First Class Snorkel wears a green Class A Army dress uniform with heavily wrinkled garrison cap; the officers wear M1 helmet liners painted with their insignia. While Beetle Bailey's unit is Company A, one running gag is that the characters are variously seen in different branches of the Army, such as artillery, armor, infantry, and paratroops.", "The Sad Sack a comic strip and comic book character was created by Sgt. George Baker during World War II. Set in the United States Army, Sad Sack depicted an unnamed, lowly private experiencing some of the absurdities and humiliations of military life. The title was a shortening of \"sad sack of s**t\". The phrase, common during WWII, has come to mean \"an inept person\" or \"inept soldier\".", "Otto, Sarge's dog in Beetle Bailey , is another example of a non-talking Funny Animal. When first introduced in the strip he was more of a regular dog, but over time Mort Walker began having him walk upright, don a full uniform, etc.", "Having the reached the subject of politics and provocative humour, we have returned to where we began. Artist Roger Wade Walker’s inventive reworking of storytelling conventions makes Captain Kremmen and the Krells a fascinating document in comics history. It was not Walker’s intention to mimic the underground but his innovations are akin to those found in the comix, and in the 1970s few British creators were experimenting in such a way in a long-length narrative.", "Then came World War Two. Mister Schulz served in the United States Army. During this period he very much enjoyed a comic strip about soldiers called “Willie and Joe.” Cartoonist Bill Mauldin drew this strip. Charles Schulz had Snoopy remember Bill Mauldin every year on the American holiday that honors former soldiers.", "a comedic hobo character that was introduced on the CBS television variety show in 1952 by Richard Bernard \"Red\" Skelton, with the clown makeup reminiscent of his father, who'd been a performer on the vaudeville circuit. An actor and pantomimist who recorded (1969) a best-selling interpretation of \"The Pledge of Allegiance\", wherein he commented on each word of the oath, Red Skelton believed that his television career was terminated because of his conservative views, bitterly accusing the network of caving-in to the anti-establishment and anti-war factions prevailing throughout the broadcast industry at the height of the VIETNAM WAR. See PARASITE, FICTIONAL CHARACTER. [cf: Reddy Freddy] [nb: losing his deferment when divorced in 1943, Red Skelton was drafted into the U.S. Army in early 1944, suffering a nervous breakdown in training, then discharged as unfit in 1945]", "Then came World War Two.  Mr. Schulz served in the United States Army.  During this period he very much enjoyed a comic strip about soldiers called \"Willie and Joe.\"  Cartoonist Bill Mauldin drew this strip.  Charles Schulz had Snoopy remember Bill Mauldin every year on the American holiday that honors former soldiers.", "Browne attended Cooper Union and got his start at the New York Journal American as a copy boy and later worked in the art department. He joined the army, producing work for the engineering unit and created Jinny Jeep, a comic strip about the Women's Army Corps. ", "Once Kubert completed work on an entire 12-week sequence of 72 daily strips, Tales of the Green Beret was presented to newspaper syndicates. The Chicago Tribune snatched up the feature and sold it to subscribing newspapers as a mini-series that ran from September 20 to December 11, 1965. That might have been the end of it had it not been for Staff Sergeant Barry Sadler’s recording of The Ballad of the Green Berets. As the song sped up the charts, the Chicago Tribune green-lit an ongoing Green Beret strip that began on April 4, 1966. Kubert remained as artist while Robin Moore was credited as its author. (Moore identified the real writer as Howard Liss while Kubert recalls that it was Jerry Capp.)", "In 1943 Lichtenstein left his study of painting and drawing at Ohio State University to serve in the U.S. Army, where he remained until January 1946. After entering training programs for languages, engineering, and piloting, all of which were canceled, he served as an orderly, draftsman and artist in noncombat roles. [1] [2] One of his duties at Camp Shelby was enlarging Bill Mauldin 's Stars and Stripes cartoons. [1] He was sent to Europe with an engineer battalion, but did not see active combat. [1] As a painter, he eventually settled on an abstract-expressionist style with parodist elements. [3] Around 1958 he began to incorporate hidden images of cartoon characters such as Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny into his abstract works. [4]", "(U.S.) A particularly stupid Soldier. From \"Dumber than a box of rocks\". Ironically, the term Sergeant Rock, based on the name of a comic, is a term for a heroic combat Soldier.", "1974 - The comic strip Tank McNamara premiered in 75 newspapers. Jeff Millar and Bill Hinds created the 6-foot, 4-inch, 225-pound former defensive tackle of the State University Sand Crabs; and who became a jock/sportscaster.", "By 1940 he was a scrawny student, specializing as a comic book writer and artist. He had attempted to join the Armed Forces but was classified as 4-F and rejected due to his physically frail body. he is then put forward as a test subject for the super soldier in project: Rebirth, by General Chester Philips, where he is given a serum.", "Dennis the Menace, known in some countries as just \"'Dennis'\"is a daily syndicated newspaper comic strip originally created, written and illustrated by the late Hank Ketcham since March 12, 1951, which made its debut in only 16 newspapers. It is now written and drawn by Ketcham's former assistants, Marcus Hamilton and Ron Ferdinand, and distributed to more than at least 1,000 newspapers in 48 countries and 19 languages by King Features Syndicate. The comic strip usually runs for a single panel on weekdays and a full strip on Sundays.", "The strip debuted in The Diamondback under editor Jayson Blair on December 3, 1996, paying McGruder $30 per strip — $17 more than other cartoonists. McGruder ended the strip's run in The Diamondback on March 18, 1997, two weeks after the strip was omitted due to a technical error and a Diamondback staffer printed the word \"OOPS\" in its place without an explanation. He pulled the strip after the paper refused to run an apology. [1] (Upon the revelation in 2004 of news article fabrications by Blair, by then a reporter for The New York Times , McGruder's comic strip joined others in lampooning Blair.)", "Red Ryder was a popular long-running Western comic strip created by Stephen Slesinger and artist Fred Harman. Beginning Sunday, November 6, 1938, Red Ryder was syndicated by Newspaper Enterprise Association, expanding over the following decade to 750 newspapers, translations into ten languages and a readership in the United States of 14 million. The 26-year run of the strip came to an end in 1964.", "Ascended Fanboy : Bugs Bunny was given the honorary rank of Master Sergeant in the US Marine Corps after the cartoon \" Super Rabbit \"", "*Corporal Yo—the strip's first Asian character, introduced in 1990. Like Major Greenbrass's relationship to General Halftrack, Cpl. Yo is most often simply a conversation partner for Sarge or one of the lieutenants. He is rarely if ever shown to be goofing off like the rest of the enlisted men.", "On this day in 1941 King Features Syndicate launched Rocky Mason, Government Marshal. The only straight adventure comic by cartoonist Jimmy Swinnerton, one of the early greats of newspaper comics, began 69 years ago today.", "There have been a number of Popeye comic books, from Dell, King Comics, Gold Key Comics, Charlton Comics and others, originally written and illustrated by Bud Sagendorf. In the Dell comics, Popeye became something like a freelance police assistant, fighting the Mafia and Bluto's criminal activities. The new villains included the Misermite dwarves, who were identical.", "Hopalong Cassidy or Hop-along Cassidy is a fictional cowboy hero created in 1904 by the author Clarence E. Mulford, who wrote a series of popular short stories and many novels based on the character.", "Bill Mauldin was in the infantry in World War II and drew cartoons like this one for the military paper Stars and Stripes.", "Johnny Mack Brown's first comic book appearance coincided with Tim McCoy's last appearance in Tim McCoy Western Movie Stories #21, dated August 1949 and published by Charlton Comics. Johnny's own series began in March 1950 as part of Dell Publishing's Four Color anthology series, and continued until February 1959. There were a total of 22 issues in that period, all with photo covers (and as in the comic issues on the right, at least some had photo back covers as well).", "What war saw GI's being told over the radio: \"Bart Simpson is making love to your wife\"?" ]

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[ "1957, Still married to his first wife Jane Mitcham, Jerry Lee Lewis secretly married his 13-year old second cousin Myra Gale Brown. Lewis's personal life was hidden from the public until a May 1958 British tour where Ray Berry, a news agency reporter at London's Heathrow Airport learned about Lewis's third wife. The publicity caused an uproar and the tour was canceled after only three concerts.", "in 1957 - Still married to his first wife Jane Mitcham, Jerry Lee Lewis secretly married his 13-year old second cousin Myra Gale Brown.", "Jimmy Lee Swaggart was born on March 15, 1935, in Ferriday, Louisiana to Willie Leon (a.k.a., \"Son\") (1915–1998) and Minnie Belle ( Herron) Swaggart (1917–1960), who were both local sharecroppers. By relation, he is also the nephew of Arilla ( Swaggart) Wells (1916–2015), who was also the manager of Wells Grocery in Tunica, Louisiana. He is the cousin of rock'n'roll pioneer Jerry Lee Lewis and country music star Mickey Gilley. He also had a sister, Jeanette Ensminger (1942–1999). With his parents, Swaggart attended a small, 25-member Assemblies of God church in Ferriday. In 1952, aged 17, Swaggart married 15-year-old Frances Anderson, whom they met in church, while he was playing music with his father. Together, the couple have a son named Donnie. Swaggart worked several part-time odd jobs in order to support his young family and also began singing Southern Gospel music at various churches.", "It's 1959, and singer Eddie Fisher has divorced his first wife and married Elizabeth Taylor. Such a scandal! Who was Fisher's first wife? Which musician scandalously married his 13-year-old cousin (first cousin once removed) in 1957?", "She was Lewis's first cousin once removed and was only 13 years old at the time. (Brown, Lewis, and his management all insisted that she was 15.) Lewis was 22 years old. The publicity caused an uproar and the tour was cancelled after only three concerts.<br /><br /> The scandal followed Lewis home to the U.S. and, as a result, he was blacklisted from radio and almost vanished from the music scene. Lewis felt betrayed by numerous people who had been his supporters. Dick Clark dropped him from his shows. Lewis even felt that Sam Phillips had sold him out when the Sun Records boss released \"The Return of Jerry Lee\", a bogus \"interview\" cut together by Jack Clement from excerpts of Lewis's songs that \"answered\" the interview questions, which made light of his marital and publicity problems. Only Alan Freed stayed true to Lewis, playing his records until Freed was removed from the air because of payola allegations. Read Less", "Jerry Lee Lewis. The rocker best known for his hit song “Great Balls of Fire” married his first cousin Myra Williams when she was only 13 years old. The union, which was his third marriage and her first, caused a lot of fan backlash for Lewis, and the pairing lasted only four years. He would go on to marry four more times.", "Sexual scandals with prostitutes in the late 1980s and early 1990s led the Assemblies of God to defrock him. As a result of the scandals, Swaggart temporarily stepped down as the head of Jimmy Swaggart Ministries. ", "Campbell has been married four times and is the father of five sons and three daughters, ranging in year of birth from 1956 to 1986. Campbell's eldest daughter is Debby, from his marriage (1955–59) to Diane Kirk. After divorcing Kirk, Campbell married Billie Jean Nunley, a beautician from Carlsbad, New Mexico, who gave birth to Kelli, Travis, and Kane. Billie Campbell filed for divorce in 1975 and their divorce was final in 1976. Shortly after that, he married singer Mac Davis's second wife, Sarah Barg, in September 1976. They had one child named Dillon and divorced three weeks after Dillon's birth in 1980. ", "He is related to Jimmy Carter in multiple ways. Through Adrian Gordy they are seventh cousins three times removed. Through William Terrell and Susannah Waters they are eighth cousins twice removed.", "Robin Charles Thicke (; born March 10, 1977) is a Canadian-American singer, songwriter and record producer. Thicke has worked with several prominent artists, such as Christina Aguilera, Nicki Minaj, K. Michelle, Pharrell Williams, Usher, P!nk, Jennifer Hudson, Flo Rida, Kid Cudi and Mary J. Blige, among others. Thicke has also been acknowledged for his work on popular albums such as Usher's Confessions and Lil Wayne's Tha Carter III while garnering his own R&B hits in the US including \"Lost Without U\", \"Magic\", and \"Sex Therapy\". He rose to worldwide fame in 2013 with his hit single \"Blurred Lines\". He is the son of actor Alan Thicke and actress Gloria Loring and known for his former marriage to actress Paula Patton. In 2013 and 2014, their separation and divorce was covered extensively by the tabloid press including Thicke's efforts to reconcile with Patton.", "Feb 21 – TV Evangelist, Jimmy Swaggart tearfully confessed to hiring prostitutes for sexual encounters and resigns.", "Against the wishes of my father's record company,my parents secretly married a month after my birth on December 28, 1992. The marriage gave me three half-siblings: Trace and Brandi, Mum's children from a previous relationship, and Christopher Cody, Billy Ray's son from a previous relationship. Dad adopted Trace and Brandi when they were toddlers and paid child support for Cody, who was also born in 1992 and grew up with his mother in South Carolina. The couple later gave birth to me two younger siblings, Braison and Noah. my godmother is entertainer Dolly Parton.I was very close to My paternal grandfather, Democratic politician Ronald Ray Cyrus. I have paid my grandfather several tributes since his death in 2006, including eventually changing my middle name to \"Ray\". According to my father, \"A lot of people say Miley changed her name to Miley Ray because of Billy Ray, but that's not true. I did that in honor of my dad, because the two of them just loved each other to pieces.\"", "1988--TV evangelist Jimmy Swaggart tearfully confessed to his congregation in Baton Rouge, La., that he was guilty of an unspecified sin, and said he was leaving the pulpit temporarily. (Reports linked Swaggart to a prostitute.)", "1988 Jimmy Swaggart, on his own televangelism program being taped in Baton Rouge, LA confesses that he is guilty of an unspecified sin and will be temporarily leaving the pulpit", "Faith Hill, born Audrey Faith Perry on September 21, 1967, is an American country singer. She is known both for her commercial success and her marriage to fellow country star Tim McGraw. Hill's voice (described as both soulful and raspy ) and careful song selection have helped her to sell more than 35 million records and accumulate eleven number-one singles on the Country charts. Hill has been honored by the Country Music Association, the Academy of Country Music, the Grammy Awards, the American Music Awards and the People's Choice Awards. Her Soul2Soul II Tour 2006 with husband McGraw became the highest-grossing country tour of all time. In 2001 she was named one of the \"30 Most Powerful Women in America\" by Ladies Home Journal. In September 2008, Hill released her first Christmas compilation, titled Joy to the World. \" Artist Discography \"", "As we wait for Shania Twain, who started all this new found sexy image for Country music, we welcome Faith Hill, five time Grammy winner and wife of fellow country music artist, Tim McGraw. Faith was adopted into a Christian family, and was singing and performing publicly by the time she was seven, but it was a 1976 Elvis Presley concert the really inspired her to be a professional singer. 17 years later, her debut album, \"Take Me As I Am\" was released. Faith's seven albums have amassed over 40 million worldwide sales.", "Throughout his marriage with Presley, Jackson maintained a friendship with Debbie Rowe. She was the assistant of the pop singer's dermatologist and had been treating his appearance-changing disease vitiligo since the mid-1980s. While separated but still married to Presley, Jackson impregnated Rowe, but she suffered a miscarriage and lost their baby in March 1996. Following the ordeal and the finalization of his first divorce, Jackson wed the pregnant Rowe on November 13, 1996, in Sydney, Australia. From the marriage, two of Jackson's three children were produced: son Michael Joseph \"Prince\" Jackson, Jr. (born February 13, 1997) and daughter Paris Michael Katherine Jackson (born April 3, 1998). Jackson and Rowe divorced on October 8, 1999, with Rowe giving full custody rights of the children to Jackson. His third and final child, son Prince Michael Jackson II, was born to an unnamed surrogate mother on February 21, 2002.", "Hank Williams, Jr ., born Randall Hank Williams, May 26, 1949 , is an award-winning American country singer-songwriter and musician. His musical style is often considered a blend of southern rock, blues, and traditional country. He is the son of country music pioneer Hank Williams. He is the father of Hank Williams III, Holly Williams, Hillary Williams, Samuel Williams and Katie Williams. Williams had began his career imitating his famed father. His style had gradually evolved until he was involved in a near fatal fall, which apparently changed his personal and professional life. After an extended recovery, he challenged the country music establishment with a revolutionary blend of country, rock, and blues. After much critical and popular success in the 1980s, Williams earned considerable recognition and enjoyed substantial popularity. He is now considered an elder statesman of the country and outlaw country genres. As a multi-instrumentalist, Williams' repertoire of skills include guitar, bass guitar, upright bass, steel guitar, banjo, piano, keyboards, harmonica, fiddle, and drums. \" Artist Discography \"", "Billy Bob Thornton was born on August 4, 1955 in Hot Springs, Arkansas, to Virginia Roberta (Faulkner), a psychic, and William Raymond (Billy Ray) Thornton, an educator, high school history teacher, and basketball coach (now deceased). He is the older brother of James Donald (Jimmy Don) (born in 1958 and now deceased) and John David (born in 1969). He has been married six times and has four children: daughter Amanda Brumfield, with Melissa Lee Gatlin (now Parish); sons William and Harry, both with Pietra Dawn Cherniak; and daughter Bella with Connie Angland .", "Wife: Singer Chynna Phillips; daughter of the famous Mamas and Papas founders, John and Michelle Phillips and half sister of actress Mackenzie Phillips; former bandmate of Wilson Phillips; married William on September 9th, 1995 at the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary Roman Catholic Church in South Hampton, New York", "Samuel Timothy \"Tim\" McGraw is an American country music singer, songwriter and actor. He has been married to fellow country music singer Faith Hill since 1996, and is the son of the late baseball ...", "In 1956, Penniman began a romantic relationship with Audrey Robinson, a 16-year-old college student, originally from  Savannah, Georgia . [108 ] [109 ] According to Penniman, he claimed he would invite other men to have sex with her in sexual orgies and once invited  Buddy Holly  to have sex with her; Robinson denied those claims. [108 ] [110 ] The relationship ended after Penniman's religious conversion in 1957. Robinson later became a stripper using the name Lee Angel. According to Robinson, Penniman wanted to continue to see her but she felt uncomfortable seeing a preacher as a stripper. [111 ] Described in GQ's UK edition as a \"lifelong soulmate\", Robinson and Penniman are occasionally in each other's company. [100 ]", "Jennings was married four times, and had six children. He was first married to Maxine Caroll Lawrence in 1956 at age 18, with whom he had four children: Terry Vance Jennings (born January 21, 1957), Julie Rae Jennings (born August 12, 1958), Buddy Dean Jennings (born March 21, 1960), and Deana Jennings.[66] Jennings married again on December 10, 1962 to Lynne Jones, adopting a child, Tomi Lynne. They divorced in 1967.[67] He next married Barbara Rood. He composed the song \"This Time\" about the trials and tribulations of his marriages and divorces.[68] He married for the fourth and final time in Phoenix, Arizona, on October 26, 1969 to Jessi Colter.[69] Colter and Jennings had one son, Waylon Albright \"Shooter\" Jennings (born May 19, 1979). Colter had one daughter, Jennifer, from her previous marriage.[70] Jennings' grandson, William \"Struggle\" Harness, became a rap/hip hop artist, based out of Nashville.[71]", "Full name, William Robinson, Jr.; born February 19, 1940, in Detroit, Mich.; married Claudette Rogers (a singer), November 7, 1959 (divorced); children: Berry William, Tamla Claudette.", "      I have a college education and have spent the last 10 years working for an advertizing/promotional company.  I’m married to Jimmy Hamby, the sweetest, kindest heart I’ve ever known.  I have one son, Seth, who passed away in 2008 at the age of 27, and four grandchildren.  I have two stepdaughters and four step grandchildren.  And of course, I can’t forget about Jimmy’s and my baby, our dachshund, Baleigh!  I’m a Christian conservative and believe that people are more important than money or things.  I sing on the praise team at my church and am very blessed to be able to share my talent(s) via Black Hat Harmony and our eight piece band, Lamplighter’s Jubilee.  God is good….all the time!", "Robinson married Marjorie Joseph in 1938; the marriage was annulled the same year. Their son, Ronnie Smith, was born in 1939. Robinson met his second wife Edna Mae Holly, a noted dancer who performed at the Cotton Club and toured Europe with Duke Ellington and Cab Calloway, in 1940. According to Robinson, he met her at a local pool he frequented after his boxing workouts. In an attempt to get her attention he pushed her into the pool one day, and claimed it was an accident. After this attempt was met with disdain, he appeared at the nightclub she danced at and introduced himself. Soon the couple were dating and they married in 1943. They had one son, Ray Robinson Jr. (born 1949) and divorced in 1960. She appeared on the first cover of Jet magazine in 1951. In April 1959, Robinson's eldest sister Marie died of cancer at the age of 41. ", "Born William Robinson, Jr., February 19, 1940, in Detroit, Ml; married Claudette Rogers (a singer), November 7, 1959 (divorced): children; Berry William, Tamla Claudette.", "Reverend Jackson married his college sweetheart Jacqueline Lavinia Brown in 1963. They have five children: Santita Jackson, Congressman Jesse L. Jackson, Jr., Jonathan Luther Jackson, Yusef DuBois Jackson, Esq., and Jacqueline Lavinia Jackson, Jr.", "Disgraced reality TV star Josh Duggar of TLC's 19 Kids and Counting fame was allegedly a user of Ashley Madison, it has been reported.", "Braxton is the eldest of six siblings. She has a younger brother Michael, Jr. (born in 1968) and four younger sisters Traci (born in 1971), Towanda (born in 1973), Trina (born in 1974), and Tamar (born in 1977). They were raised in a strict religious household, and Braxton's first performing experience was singing in her church choir.", "Huckabee married his wife, Janet (McCain), on May 25, 1974. He graduated magna cum laude from Ouachita Baptist University, completing his bachelor's degree in Religion in two-and-a-half years before attending Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Fort Worth, Texas. He dropped out of the seminary after one year in order to take a job in Christian broadcasting. ", "When Pastor Phelps was 15 and in his last year of high school his father, 51, married a 39 year-old divorcee named Olive Briggs. The son would leave home soon after and grow up to be a fierce critic of divorce. Olive's sister, who didn't want her name used, said Olive was a kind Southern lady who never had children and treated Fred and his sister, Martha Jean, as if they were her own. The new Mrs. Phelps often talked to her sister about the trouble between the former railroad detective and his son, the Baptist preacher. \"Olive would say he grieved over that every day of his life. That he never would have parted ways. It was his son who parted ways.\"" ]

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[ "The Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus bills itself as \"The Greatest Show on Earth.\" Trademark records show a first use on July 21, 1891.", "The circus is often called “The Greatest Show on Earth” after the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey company billed itself so soon after it began its series of performances in 1919. However, the circus had been around long before that with Philip Astley, considered “the father of the modern circus”, opening his equestrian-based show in England in 1768. Since then, the circus has continued to awe audiences with its captivating mix of clowns, acrobats, trained animals, trapeze artists, jugglers, and other thrill or comedy-based acts.", "Barnum did not enter the circus business until late in his career (he was 61). In Delavan , Wisconsin in 1871 with William Cameron Coup , he established \"P. T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome\", a traveling circus, menagerie and museum of \" freaks \", which by 1872 was billing itself as \" The Greatest Show on Earth \". It went through various names: \"P.T. Barnum's Travelling World's Fair, Great Roman Hippodrome and Greatest Show On Earth\", and after an 1881 merger with James Bailey and James L. Hutchinson, \"P.T. Barnum's Greatest Show On Earth, And The Great London Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie and The Grand International Allied Shows United\", soon shortened to \"Barnum & London Circus\". Despite more fires, train disasters, and other setbacks, Barnum plowed ahead, aided by circus professionals who ran the daily operations. He and Bailey split up again in 1885, but came back together in 1888 with the \"Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth\", later \" Barnum & Bailey Circus \", which toured the world. The show's primary attraction was Jumbo , an African elephant he purchased in 1882 from the London Zoo and who died in a train wreck. Jumbo eventually became the mascot of Tufts University , in honor of a donation from Barnum in 1882.", "Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus is an American circus company billed as The Greatest Show on Earth. The company was started in 1919 when the circus created by James Anthony Bailey and P. T. Barnum was merged with the Ringling Brothers Circus . The Ringling brothers purchased the Barnum & Bailey Circus in 1907, but ran the circuses separately until they were finally merged in 1919. In 1957 John Ringling North changed the circus from using their own portable tents to using venues, such as sports stadiums that had the seating already in place. In 1967 Irvin Feld bought the circus, but in 1971 he sold it to Mattel. He bought it back in 1982.", "Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, which was billed as \"The Greatest Show on Earth,\" began in 1907 according to ringling.com , resulting from the merger of the Barnum and Bailey Circus and the show run by the Ringling Brothers from Baraboo, Wisc.", "In 1871, P.T. Barnum established \"P.T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan, and Circus\", a travelling combination of circus, menagerie and museum of \"freaks\". In 1872, P.T. Barnum and W.C. Coup's Circus travels on a special circus train, and by 1872 was billing itself as \"The Greatest Show on Earth\". It went through a number of variants on these names: \"P.T. Barnum's Traveling World's Fair, Great Roman Hippodrome and Greatest Show On Earth\", and after an 1881 merger with James Bailey and James Hutchinson, \"P.T. Barnum's Greatest Show On Earth, And The Great London Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie and The Grand International Allied Shows United\", was soon shortened to \"Barnum & London Circus\". In 1881 Barnum & Bailey's first three-ring circus was staged in New York City. Barnum and Bailey split up in 1885, but came back together again in 1888 with the \"Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth\", later \"Barnum & Bailey Circus\", which toured around the world. P. T. Barnum died on April 7, 1891. Delno Fritz was the sword swallower with Barnum and Bailey Circus from 1896 to 1899.", "Phineas Taylor Barnum's (July 5, 1810 April 7, 1891) circus by 1872 was billing itself as \"The Greatest Show on Earth\" went through a number of variants on these names: \"P.T. Barnum's Travelling World's Fair, Great Roman Hippodrome and Greatest Show On Earth\", and after an 1881 merger with James Bailey and James L. Hutchinson, \"P.T. Barnum's Greatest Show On Earth, And The Great London Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie and The Grand International Allied Shows United\", soon shortened to \"Barnum & London Circus\". He and Bailey split up again in 1885, but came back together in 1888 with the \"Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth\", later \"Barnum & Bailey Circus\", which toured around the world. The show's primary attraction was Jumbo, an African elephant he purchased in 1882 from the London Zoo.", "The Greatest Show on Earth was originally called P. T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Menagerie, Caravan and Circus, and survives today as the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, which will offer ten days of performances starting tomorrow -- and is already inspiring a PETA sideshow regarding the treatment of its elephants .", "The Greatest Show on Earth is a 1952 drama film set in the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus . The film was produced, directed, and narrated by Cecil B. DeMille , and won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Its storyline is supported by lavish production values, actual circus acts, and documentary, behind-the-rings looks at the massive logistics effort which made big top circuses possible.", "In 1871, he created the \"Greatest Show on Earth\" a circus, menagerie and collection of side shows that traveled around the world and exists today as Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey’s Greatest Show on Earth.", "The Greatest Show on Earth is a Cecil B. DeMille extravaganza, maybe the best one he ever produced and directed. Unlike his religious films or his historical films, this film is a nice tribute to an American institution, the Ringling Brothers&Barnum&Bailey Circus and as such it does not attract the controversy of some of his other films.", "P. T. Barnum (1810-1891) is often said to have coined the phrase \"Greatest Show on Earth.\" However, that can no earlier than 1871, when Barnum's travelling circus was founded; the earliest Barnum citation in print is and advertisement from May 31, 1872. The circus is now named the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey circus. The circus has defended the trademark against \"the Greatest Snow on Earth\" (used by the state of Utah) and \"the Greatest Bar on Earth\" (used by Windows on the World, on top of a now-destroyed World Trade Center).", "In April 2009, Feld Entertainment, parent company to Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, announced that \"The Greatest Show on Earth\" would perform on Coney Island for the entire summer of 2009, the first time since July 16, 1956 that Ringling Bros. had performed in this location. The tents were located between the boardwalk and Surf Avenue, and the show was called The Coney Island Boom-A-Ring. In 2010, they returned to the same location with The Coney Island Illuscination. ", "In 1889-90, the circus returned to Olympia with Phineas T.Barnum’s ‘Greatest Show on Earth’. The showman bought his show over from New York and headed straight to Olympia London. ", "At about the same time, the Americans improved on the British circus by introducing a multitude of rings. The large, lavish, boisterous circus was the invention of Phineas-Taylor Barnum, the owner of the \"American Museum\" of New York that exhibited midgets and Siamese twins to a morbid audience: in 1871 he opened a mobile circus based in Brooklyn and marketed it as \"the greatest Show on Earth\". Within a decade it had become just that, touring all over Europe. In 1884 the five \"Ringling Brothers\" organized their first circus, soon to become a colossal business enterprise.", "The following year, DeMille's circus epic The Greatest Show on Earth was released, starring Charlton Heston, Betty Hutton and James Stewart in a colorful multi-plot circus extravaganza. The film was nominated in five Oscar categories, including best director, and won awards for writing and best picture, with DeMille receiving his first non-honorary Oscar in his role as a producer.", "At the time Circus World came out, there was on television a prime time series called International Showtime. It was on Fridays at 8 pm. and it was set in a different city in Europe every week. Hosted by Don Ameche it featured the very best circus acts in the world. So did Circus World, but it certainly was no incentive for people to come out to see this when they could see the same thing at home. Also Paramount re-released Cecil B. DeMille's The Greatest Show on Earth to a brisk box office business at the same time Circus World came out.", "Barnum later became a celebrated promoter of talent. As a theatrical impresario, his most successful production was bringing Jenny Lind, “the Swedish Nightingale,” to the United States, where she performed 95 concerts across the nation. Only later did Barnum create his circus, “The Greatest Show on Earth.”", "They were competitors with the Ringling Brothers.  Eventually the two shows merged into what is now called \"The Greatest Show on Earth.\"", "Nestling in a gloriously intimate domed amphitheatre formed by the four arched legs of the tower structure is a 1600-seat circus that has operated since 1894, long outliving illustrious touring competition like the Barnum & Baileys Circus of 1898 and Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show of 1904. In 1906, in what was then the world’s greatest circus, one Tower act alone boasted forty polar bears. Incredibly, animal acts remained on the bill until at last they were outlawed in 1990.", "\"A fierce, primitive fighting force that smashes relentlessly forward against impossible odds: That is the circus. And this is the story of the biggest of the Big Tops . . . and of the men and women who fight to make it — The Greatest Show on Earth! \"", "In 1952, Bosley Crowther called The Greatest Show on Earth a \"lusty triumph of circus showmanship and movie skill\" and a \"piece of entertainment that will delight movie audiences for years\": [3]", "3145 ... VINTAGE RINGLING BROS. CIRCUS ... 30'S TO THE 50'S ... MERLE EVANS ...THE ALZANAS ... PINTO DEL ORO .. THE GUTTIS ... UNUS ... LOU JACOBS ... FLYING CONCELLOS ... FRANCIS BRIUN ... TIBER SEALS ... MAKING OF THE GREATEST SHOW ON EARTH MOVIE ... UNDER CANVAS ... IN MADISON SQUARE GARDEN ... SET UP AND PERFORMANCES 1938 / 39 ... LOADING AND UNLOADING THE CIRCUS TRAINS ... SARASOTA WINTER QUARTERS", "72. RINGLING UNDER CANVAS IN THE 50'S ..WINTER QUARTERS IN SARASOTA FLORIDA...UNLOADING AND LOADING THE CIRCUS TRAIN IN DIFFERENT ERAS WITH HORSES, ELEPHANTS,AND WITH TRUCKS AND TRACTORS...ELEPHANT PULLING WAGONS ON A MUDDY LOT...THE MENAGERIE WITH ALL THE ANIMALS...THE MIDWAY ... THE BACKYARD WITH THE PEFORMERS...THE PERFORMANCES WITH ALBERT RIX AND THE POLAR BEARS...UNUS DOING THE ONE FINGER STAND...LOU JACOBS LITTLE CAR... THE ALZANAS ON THE HIGH WIRE...TIEBORS SEA LIONS ... EMMETT KELLY...AND MANY OTHER ACTS...THE MAKING OF THE MOVIE \" THE GRATEST SHOW ON EARTH\" WITH CORNEL WIDLE, DORTHY LAMOUR,BETTE HUTTON RIDING IN THE SPEC.......", "The circus does two or three shows a day, seven days a week. Shows of the old school, with trapeze acts and jugglers and gymnasts and Mongolian contortionists and, of course, clowns. The clown with top billing today is Mooky, who has the unenviable task of filling the clown shoes of Charlie Caroli, for forty years the face of the Tower Circus until his retirement in 1968. But the wide-eyed kids in the audience have never heard of old Charlie, and as Mooky puts himself through another punishing routine, he is clearly the star of the show.", "179 ... WILLIAM AT THE CIRCUS ... A CIRCUS COLLECTORS ITEM A FULL LENGTH MOVIE ... FILMED IN ENGLAND IN 1949 ... A VISIT TO THE OLYMPIA TO SEE MILLS CIRCUS AND THE BUTLINS FUN FAIR ..... PERFORMERS IN THE CIRCUS: THE MOHAWKS RIDING ACT ... COCO THE WORLD FAMOUS CLOWN DOING A WATER GAG ... THE BAKER BOYS AND YELDINGS RIDING ACT .... JOHN GLENDEL PRESENTING THE ELEPHANTS AND HORSES.", "    A quick mention of Jean Seul: https://books.google.com/books?id=AVJNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA106&lpg=PA106&dq=jean+seul+circus&source=bl&ots=nylAHx3VEv&sig=Jr596Kz8yNUWvcVxEsNWcQUgV5E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1poLg5cjPAhUp74MKHdW3D9UQ6AEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=jean%20seul%20circus&f=false If you can access World�s Fair it will likely be helpful for early 20th century activity. Fred Dahlinger Jr., Curator of Circus History, John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, FL", "Seen today, the big attraction here is the chance to see the circus when it was still traveling by rail and performing under \"the big top.\" Filmed with the cooperation of Ringling Brothers-Barnum and Bailey, SHOW allows us to see what was involved in organizing the lavish show that was the circus in the 1950s, a world filled with roustabouts, elephants, barkers, peanut vendors, acrobats, and all the rest. One of the more interesting aspects of this is Emmett Kelly, one of America's greatest clowns, who appears throughout the film as himself.", "The International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo has been held in Monte Carlo since 1974 and was the first of many international awards for circus performers. From the late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century, travelling circuses were a major form of spectator entertainment in the US and attracted huge attention whenever they arrived in a city. After World War II, the popularity of the circus declined as new forms of entertainment (such as television) arrived and the public's tastes became more sophisticated. From the 1960s onward, circuses attracted growing criticism from animal rights activists. Many circuses went out of business or were forced to merge with other circus companies. Nonetheless, a good number of travelling circuses are still active in various parts of the world, ranging from small family enterprises to three-ring extravaganzas. Other companies found new ways to draw in the public with innovative new approaches to the circus form itself.", "Owners of a permanent circus building and managing a touring company, the Nikitin brothers had finally entered the circus world�s big league. While Dmitri and Akim increasingly took care of the business, Piotr developed into a remarkable bareback rider (he is said to have achieved the somersault on horseback), a flying trapeze and horizontal bars gymnast, a gifted mime, and even a quick-change artist. Then the Nikitins struck gold: On the occasion of the coronation of Tsar Alexandre III in May 1883, they were invited to erect a temporary hippodrome at Khodinskoye Pole, an old parade ground in Moscow. Their hippodrome was a large open-air arena, inspired by the famous Hippodrome Franconi at the Barri�re de l�Etoile in Paris, but whose actual configuration, with its two rings separated by a central stage, owed more to P.T. Barnum�s version of it.", "3017 ... SUPER CIRCUS ... WITH PAT ANTHONY FIGHTING LIONS ACT ... AND MANY OTHER CIRCUS ACTS", "There were no movies, radio or television to compete with the wonders of the circus ring and little traffic congestion or parking problems to impede those who sought to attend. The lots were almost always big enough to contain every buggy and the few automobiles that came. Labor and transportation costs were low. Railroads found it profitable to bring the circus train to town. Streetcar lines brought the town to the circus." ]

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[ "Theodoric of York, Medieval Barber was a recurring comedy sketch on the American television show Saturday Night Live during the late 1970s. The title character was a barber surgeon played by comedian Steve Martin, a frequent host of the show. The central gag revolved around Theodoric's insistence on using bloodletting as a solution to any complaint or illness by his customers. ", "When producing a live sketch comedy show for forty years, there inevitably will be some moments that will not shine quite as brightly as others. While Saturday Night Live has become the epitome of cutting edge satire throughout the years, it has never been immune to dropping more than a few comedy bombs, especially in its graveyard 12:50am slot. However, there have been a number of episodes in its history where every minute of Saturday Night Live has been delightfully and classically funny. On April 22, 1978, SNL experienced its first truly perfect episode when Steve Martin hosted and John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd made their first appearance as the Blues Brothers. Every moment from that episode is a classic one, including the “Theodoric of York: Medieval Barber” sketch in which Martin plays a hack physician who’s remedy for any ailment includes a good bleeding, Aykroyd and Martin’s appearance as the Festrunk Brothers (“We are two wild and crazy guys!”), and Martin’s premier of his hit song “King Tut”. The episode proved to even the biggest critics that SNL had moved from a sophomoric sketch comedy show into a comedy powerhouse.", "Adam Sandler, David Spade, Chris Rock, Rob Schneider and Chris Farley put together this hilarious Saturday Night Live sketch celebration! With each one of their memorable characters: Sandler's Opera Man, Spade's sarcastic news commenator, Rock's Nat X, Schneider's Richard the Copy Guy, and Farley's host of the Chris Farley Show.", "Martin Freeman makes his Saturday Night Live hosting debut while Charli XCX serves as musical guest. Sketches include The Hobbit Office, Sump'n Claus, Church, Jacob the Bar Mitzvah Boy on Hanukkah and Waterbed Commercial.", "Lorne Michaels (born Lorne Lipowitz; November 17, 1944) is a Canadian-American television producer, writer, comedian, and actor, best known for creating and producing Saturday Night Live, and producing the Late Night series (since 1993), and The Tonight Show (since 2014).", "Daniel Edward Aykroyd CM (born July 1, 1952) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning Canadian/American comedian, actor, screenwriter, and musician. He was an original cast member of Saturday Night Live, an originator of the Blues Brothers (with John Belushi), and has had a long caree...", "28. Alec Baldwin and Steve Martin (2010) Having young, energetic Neil Patrick Harris do the opening number probably wasn't the smartest idea; it only served to make viewers wonder why he wasn't emceeing instead of the two old fogeys. Still, the rival \"Saturday Night Live\" guest hosts played off each other well (displaying a carefully crafted mock friction), and both proved masters of sharp, deadpan comic delivery.", "After appearing in the 1986 films Jumpin' Jack Flash and ¡Three Amigos!, Hartman successfully auditioned for NBC's variety show Saturday Night Live (SNL) and joined the cast and writing staff. He told the Los Angeles Times, \"I wanted to do [SNL] because I wanted to get the exposure that would give me box-office credibility so I can write movies for myself.\" In his eight seasons with the show Hartman became known for his impressions, and performed as over 70 different characters. Hartman's original Saturday Night Live characters included Eugene, the Anal Retentive Chef and Unfrozen Caveman Lawyer. His impressions included Frank Sinatra, Ronald Reagan, Ed McMahon, Barbara Bush, Charlton Heston, Phil Donahue and Bill Clinton; the last was often considered his best-known impression.", "Weâve been fans of Saturday Night Live since day one, and Steve Martin was always anâ¦", "After Hanks gave his monologue, the show segued to a sketch featuring Hanks, Steve Martin, Elliott Gould, and Paul Simon in the richly-appointed club. Martin and Gould were both five-time hosts; Simon had only appeared as a host of SNL four times, but counting his multiple appearances as a musical guest, was said to be a member of the club. The Five-Timers Club was mentioned to have a swimming pool with perfect 80 degree waters as Elliott had just gotten out of it. The food that is served there is named after known SNL performers. Conan O'Brien (who at that time was a writer on SNL and not a well-known public figure) portrayed the doorman of the \"club\" named Sean. Jon Lovitz appears as a club waiter. Ralph Nader appears as a former SNL host trying to get into the Five-Timers Club only for Jon to tell him and his group to leave.", "Brilliant! With its rapid-fire sketches, running gags, unforgettable catch-phrases and gift for sparkling characterisation The Fast Show became the most successful comedy of the mid-Nineties. Co-creators Charlie Higson and Paul Whitehouse assembled a huge pool of up-and-coming writers and actors to revitalise the sketch show format to sparkling effect. Their Ted and Ralph, Swiss Toni, Ron Manager and 13th Duke of Wymbourne were among a glorious outflow of memorable comic characters including Simon Day’s Competitive Dad, John Thomson’s jazz show host and Mark Williams’s fashion tipster (“This week, I be mostly wearin’…”) bumpkin, Jesse.", "One of the original cast members of \"Saturday Night Live\" and the first anchor of the show's \"Weekend Update,\" Chevy Chase was declared the funniest man in America by New York magazine in 1975. He left the show after one year, with Murray as his replacement, to star in films such as \"Foul Play\" and \"Oh Heavenly Dog.\"", "* Saturday Night Live (1975–present) — Nightline broadcaster Ted Koppel (Joe Piscopo) reports as famous but incomprehensible actor Buckwheat (Eddie Murphy) is assassinated on live television, and then Buckwheat's assassin (Murphy again) is assassinated in turn.", "McKean, Guest and Shearer have made several appearances as their alter egos The Folksmen, including the television shows Saturday Night Live and Mad TV and the film The Return of Spinal Tap.", "Out of all the hosts that have hosted Saturday Night Live, Steve Martin is by far the best host in the history SNL!", "comedian, actor: Saturday Night Live, A League of Their Own, City Slickers: The Legend of Curly�s Gold", "Below you’ll find this writer’s picks for the 12 best holiday sketches from SNL, and they span decades and include cast members like Eddie Murphy, Dan Aykroyd, Jimmy Fallon, Seth Myers, Adam Sandler, Bill Hader and honorary cast members such as Steve Martin, Justin Timberlake and Alec Baldwin.", "The same trio of actors (Guest, McKean and Shearer) also portray the fictitious American folk music revival band The Folksmen, who first appeared on November 3, 1984 episode of Saturday Night Live. Some Spinal Tap concert appearances in the 1980s and beyond have even featured Guest, McKean, and Shearer opening for themselves as The Folksmen. The folk trio is also featured prominently in the 2003 Christopher Guest-directed \"mockumentary\" film A Mighty Wind.", "Following The Young Ones, Mayall continued to work on The Comic Strip films. He also returned to standup, starring on Saturday Live - a British adaptation of the American Saturday Night Live - first broadcast in 1985. He and Edmondson had a regular section as \"The Dangerous Brothers\", a pair of daredevils, who would perform comedy stunts on stage.", "From the 14th season finale of Saturday Night Live; host Steve Martin forgoed the opening monologe to honor former SNL original player/friend Gilda Radner who passedâ¦", "Often a musician’s part on a SNL skit can seem a little PR-motivated; an attempt to soften the sometimes inaccessible and earnest stars of the celebrity world. Martin appears as Jan Pockabook, alongside Fred Armisen and Kirstin Wiig (in character as Garth and Kat), who share some of their new festive Thanksgiving music. Martin might have been upstaged by the two comic’s performances, but it was an admirable step away from his sincere, charity-pushing repertoire.", "PhlHartman: It would be hard to pick one. from my 8 years at SNL, but I know I especially enjoyed portraying Frank Sinatra, Bill Clinton, Frankenstein and Jesus.", "Stephen Glenn \"Steve\" Martin (born August 14, 1945) is an American actor, comedian, writer, producer and musician. Martin came to public notice in the 1960s as a writer for the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, and later as a frequent guest on The Tonight Show. In the 1970s, Martin performed his offbeat, absurdist comedy routines before packed houses on national tours. Since the 1980s, having branched away from stand-up comedy, Martin has become a successful actor, as well as an author, playwright, pianist and banjo player, eventually earning him an Emmy, Grammy and American Comedy awards, among other honors.", "In this monologue from 'SNL' season 6, in March of 1981, an enthusiastic Murray delivers his monologue with help from Eddie Murphy. Awesome Gene Wilder/Richard Pryor fun.", "Broderick Stephen \"Steve\" Harvey (born January 17, 1957) is an American comedian, television host, producer, radio personality, actor, and author. He hosts The Steve Harvey Morning Show, the Steve Harvey talk show, Family Feud and Little Big Shots. He is the author of Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man, which was published in March 2009, and the book Straight Talk, No Chaser: How to Find and Keep a Man.", "••• Act 5 Audience Pan, and a promo for a Rascal Flatts \"Live on Letterman\" ••• Greg Fitzsimmons does stand-up. He has a new book, Dear Mrs. Fitzsimmons: Tales of Redemption from an Irish Mailbox. ••• Reba McEntire sings. ••• Alan Kalter says good night.", "The first season of Saturday Night Live included skits in the Land of Gorch, featuring …", "Festus was kinda comical and he was also a great addition to the show. He was just a great actor.", "Bernie Winters, born Bernie Weinstein (6 September 1930 – 4 May 1991), was an English comedian and the comic relief of the double act Mike and Bernie Winters with his older brother, Mike. He later performed solo, often with the aid of his St. Bernard dog, Schnorbitz. Following his death, he bequeathed Schnorbitz to showman Richard De Vere.", "Into the millennium Timothy had a slight taste of his former glory while showing a keen talent for parody with his uncanny impersonation of president George W. Bush. Who would have thought? Bottoms' dead-on spoof on That's My Bush! , courtesy of the creators of \"South Park\", led to a brief Bush cameo in the family film The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course and the much more serious TV-movie DC 9/11: Time of Crisis . Interestingly, Timothy needed little in the way of prosthetics. He simply parted his hair differently, added a bit of a drawl and imitated his walk!", "In an episode of HBO's Mr. Show with Bob and David called \"Rudy Will Await Your Foundation\", Bob Odenkirk plays a character called Daffy \"Mal\" Yinkleyankle, a parody of Weird Al. Al, who claims it was the only genuine parody act on himself he has ever seen, told Odenkirk in an email that he was \"flattered, in a weird way\" and \"found it very funny\". ", "You will be shown a picture of a comedian, the birth / death years ( if applicable) and one of their classic lines…" ]

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[ "\"The Ugly Duckling\" (Danish: Den grimme ælling) is a literary fairy tale by Danish poet and author Hans Christian Andersen (1805 – 1875). The story tells of a homely little bird born in a barnyard who suffers abuse from his surroundings until, much to his delight (and to the surprise of others), he matures into a beautiful swan, the most beautiful bird of all. The story is beloved around the world as a tale about personal transformation for the better.[1] “The Ugly Duckling” was first published 11 November 1843 with three other tales by Andersen in Copenhagen, Denmark to great critical acclaim. The tale has been adapted to various media including opera, musical, and animated film. The tale is completely Andersen's invention and owes no debt to fairy or folk lore.", "\"The Ugly Duckling\" (Danish: Den grimme ælling) is a literary fairy tale by Danish poet and author Hans Christian Andersen (1805 – 1875). The story tells of a homely little bird born in a barnyard who suffers abuse from the others around him until, much to his delight (and to the surprise of others), he matures into a beautiful swan, the most beautiful bird of all. The story is beloved around the world as a tale about personal transformation for the better. “The Ugly Duckling” was first published 11 November 1843, with three other tales by Andersen in Copenhagen, Denmark to great critical acclaim. The tale has been adapted to various media including opera, musical, and animated film. The tale is completely Andersen's invention and owes no debt to fairy tales or folklore.", "The fairy tale \"The Ugly Duckling\" by Hans Christian Andersen tells the story of a cygnet ostracised by his fellow barnyard fowl because of his perceived homeliness. To his delight (and to the surprise of others), he matures into a graceful swan, the most beautiful bird of all.", "This is the story of a swan born into a family of ducks, who is cast out of the pond because the other animals believe such an \"ugly duckling\" doesn't belong with them. Wherever he goes, the ugly duckling encounters animals that shun him for the same reason. Upon encountering a group of elegant white birds, the ugly duckling aspires to one day be as beautiful as them. After a dreadfully cold and lonely winter, the ugly duckling sees his reflection in the water and realizes that he wasn't a duck after all - he has grown to be the most beautiful swan in the pond.", "Alison Prince, author of Hans Christian Andersen: The Fan Dancer, claims that Andersen received a gift of a ruby and diamond ring from the king after publications of \"The Emperor's New Clothes\" and \"The Swineherd\"—tales in which Andersen voices a satirical disrespect for the court. Prince suggests the ring was an attempt to curb Andersen's sudden bent for political satire by bringing him into the royal fold. She points out that after The Swineherd, he never again wrote a tale colored with political satire, but, within months of the gift, began composing \"The Ugly Duckling\", a tale about a bird born in a henyard who, after a lifetime of misery, matures into a swan, \"one of those royal birds\". In Hans Christian Andersen: The Life of a Storyteller, biographer Jackie Wullschlager points out that Andersen was not only a successful adapter of existing lore and literary material such as the Spanish source tale for \"The Emperor's New Clothes\" but also equally competent at creating new material that entered the human collective consciousness with the same mythic power as ancient, anonymous lore. ", "The Ugly Duckling is a classic tale of searching for one's own identity as an alternative to assimilation. The cat and the hen tell him that if he wants to be taken seriously, or to even receive acknowledgement that he has an opinion, he must behave in certain ways. Despite this discouragement, the ugly duckling continues to seek his heritage by following the one thing he loves most: swimming. When he is put down for such \"silly\" desires, he leaves the farm in hopes of finding someone more like himself. This determination to discover where he belongs encourages children to never give up. Though the ugly duckling is put down numerous times throughout the story, in the end he achieves a happy existence as one of Nature's most beautiful creatures.", "Andersen was born in 1805 in Denmark. His stories have been translated into more than 80 languages and are known throughout the world. The well-known aphorisms \"ugly duckling\" and \"emperor's new clothes\" come from his stories of the same titles. The Little Mermaid has been made into one of Walt Disney's most popular movies. Andersen's stories, either singly or in collections, have been published in thousands of editions, many with lavish illustrations.", "No collection of fairy tales would be complete without the works of the Danish author Hans Christian Andersen. In fact, Andersen's life was like a fairy tale in many ways. Out of the poverty, hardship, and loneliness of his youth, he came to be one of the most honored men of his time. Many of the more than 160 fairy tales he wrote, including \"The Ugly Duckling,\" \"The Princess and the Pea,\" and \"The Little Mermaid,\" have become literary classics enjoyed by children and adults alike.", "Hans Christian Andersen (April 2, 1805 � August 4, 1875) was a Danish author and poet, most famous for his fairy tales. Among his best-known stories are The Steadfast Tin Soldier, The Snow Queen, The Little Mermaid, Thumbelina, The Little Match Girl, The Ugly Duckling and The Red Shoes. During Andersen's lifetime he was feted by royalty and acclaimed for having brought joy to children across Europe. His fairy tales have been translated into over 150 languages and continue to be published in millions of copies all over the world and inspired many other works.", "Hans Christian Andersen was a Danish author, fairy tale writer, and poet noted for his children's stories. These include \"The Steadfast Tin Soldier\", \"The Snow Queen\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Thumbelina\", \"The Little Match Girl\", and \"The Ugly Duckling\". During his lifetime he was acclaimed for having delighted children worldwide, and was feted by royalty. His poetry and stories have been translated into more than 150 languages. They have inspired motion pictures, plays, ballets, and animated films.", "Hans Christian Andersen was a storyteller and poet who lived in Denmark from April 2, 1805 - August 5, 1875.  His most famous works include such fairy tales as The Little Mermaid , The Emperor's New Clothes , The Ugly Duckling and Thumbellina .", "Hans Christian Andersen Museum, Bangs Boder 29, ☎ +45 65 51 46 01, [12] . Tues-Sun 10AM-4PM (or 6 PM in July-August). A museum dedicated to the city's most famous son, author and poet Hans Christian Andersen, most famous for his fairy tales and in particular The Ugly Duckling and the Little Mermaid. Part of the museum is located in the house where Andersen was supposedly born (though he would never confirm it). The impressive collection is mainly documents from his life and times, period furniture, and many drawings and paper clippings he is famous for at home. 85 DKK for entrance.   edit", "Roger Sale believes Andersen expressed his feelings of social and sexual inferiority by creating characters that are inferior to their beloveds. The Little Mermaid, for example, has no soul while her human beloved has a soul as his birthright. In “Thumbelina”, Andersen suggests the toad, the beetle, and the mole are Thumbelina’s inferiors and should remain in their places rather than wanting their superior. Sale indicates they are not inferior to Thumbelina but simply different. He suggests that Andersen may have done some damage to the animal world when he colored his animal characters with his own feelings of inferiority. ", "Hans Christian Andersen's \"The Dung Beetle\" tells the story of a dung beetle who lives in the stable of the king's horses in an imaginary kingdom. When he demands golden shoes like those the king's horse wears and is refused, he flies away and has a series of adventures, which are often precipitated by his feeling of superiority to other animals. He finally returns to the stable having decided (against all logic) that it is for him that the king's horse wears golden shoes. ", "Anderson, hans christian  1805-1875 The Tinderbox, The Princess and the Pea, Thumbelina, The Little Mermaid The grandmother of this Hans Christian Andersen heroine wore a dozen oysters on her tail, and The Emperor's New Clothes. �The Ugly Duckling� was autobiographical for this shy author", "Who: Hans Christian Andersen , Danish author of The Ugly Duckling, The Little Mermaid, The Emperor's New Clothes, The Snow Queen, and The Princess and the Pea.", "\"Thumbelina\" () is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen first published by C. A. Reitzel on 16 December 1835 in Copenhagen, Denmark with \"The Naughty Boy\" and \"The Traveling Companion\" in the second installment of Fairy Tales Told for Children. \"Thumbelina\" is about a tiny girl and her adventures with appearance- and marriage-minded toads, moles, and cockchafers. She successfully avoids their intentions before falling in love with a flower-fairy prince just her size.", "Hans Christian Anderson’s tales (Ugly Duckling, Little Match Girl, Little Mermaid, Emperor’s New Clothes, etc.) were not traditional folk tales. He wrote them from scratch in the 1830’s and 1840’s, and they were translated into English even later.", "Elements of Frozen were loosely based on a fairy tale written by celebrated Danish author, Hans Christian Andersen, a longtime source Disney has used to inspire films such as The Little Mermaid, The Emperor’s New Groove based upon The Emperor’s New Clothes, the animated short The Ugly Duckling and now Frozen based on Andersen’s The Snow Queen .", "Olaf, protagonist of Olaf Comes Home by Kathy Dollina Creamer (2001, ISBN 978-1-873120-15-6), a children's book modeled on \"The Ugly Duckling\"", "Hopefully everybody knows who Hans Christian Andersen is.  I grew up with his fairy tales.  But in case you need a reminder, he wrote The Little Mermaid, The Ugly Duckling, The Emperor’s New Clothes, and countless more. ", "In Grimm's Fairy Tales this story is called Roland and May-Bird. The Brothers Grimm story called Hansel and Gretel tells a quite different tale: Since their mother died and their father remarried, Hansel and his sister Gretel decided to run away to try their fortune in the world. As they enter a wood their cruel step-mother (who is also an evil fairy) enchants streams in the forest to turn Hansel and Gretel into animals. At Gretel's warning Hansel avoids the first and second streams (which would have turned him into a wolf or tiger respectively), but is too thirsty to resist the third, which turns him into a fawn. They both wander on until they find an abandoned cottage, where they move in and make a life for themselves. One day a king and his men are hunting in the forest and see Hansel. They give chase to him and eventually track him down to the cottage. The king enters and falls in love with Gretel, they get married and Hansel moves in with them. Gretel then tells the king of what has happened and he punishes the fairy step-mother, which turns Hansel back into a human. ", "When he wrote The Ugly Duckling, the great 19th-century Danish story-teller Hans Christian Andersen was writing from experience. His own life began in painful obscurity; when he tried to make his way out, his awkwardness and odd appearance led him to make a fool of himself. But in the end, his great talent brought him fame and fortune. No wonder he called one of his autobiographies The Fairy-Tale of My Life.", "The tale has seen various musical adaptations. In 1914, the Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev composed a work for voice and piano based on Nina Meshcherskaya's adaptation of the tale and, in 1932, arranged the work for voice and orchestra. This was transcribed by Lev Konov in 1996, and his opera was a great success in Russia. Other musical versions include the song “The Ugly Duckling” composed by Frank Loesser and sung by Danny Kaye for the 1952 Charles Vidor musical film Hans Christian Andersen, and Honk!, a musical based on the tale which was produced in Britain and won an Olivier Award. The tale was adapted to a musical by Gail Deschamps and Paul Hamilton with a planned United States tour 2002-2003. In 1998, the musical played the Piccolo Spoleto for seventeen days.[9]", "One of the oldest cities in northern Europe, Odense was founded in the 10th century and became an episcopal see in 1020. Its Cathedral of St. Knud, built in the 13th century, is one of the finest examples of Danish Gothic architecture. Odense is perhaps best known as the birthplace (in 1805) of Hans Christian Andersen, author of such fairy tales as The Ugly Duckling, The Emperor's New Clothes, The Snow Queen, The Little Mermaid, and more than 160 others. A small, red-tiled house at the corner of Han Jensensstraded and Bangs Boder, near downtown Odense, is Andersen's birthplace. The neighborhood has been restored to its 19th-century appearance and the Andersen home is now part of an impressive museum devoted to the Danish writer.", "As far as Fairy tales goes. I just rememebred that A.A. Milne wrote The Ugly Duckiling.", "Ariel is based on the character from the Hans Christian Andersen's Danish fairy tale Den lille havfrue, literally: \"the little sea lady.\" Ariel's character has many changes. Though her adventure is kept at least relatively consistent with the original fairy tale, most of the continuity has modified, and changed completely:", "The Dodo is a fictional character appearing in Chapters 2 and 3 of the book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson). The Dodo is a caricature of the author. A popular but unsubstantiated belief is that Dodgson chose the particular animal to represent himself because of his stammer, and thus would accidentally introduce himself as \"Do-do-dodgson.\" ", "American animated film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and based on the Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale of the same name.", "This version of the fairy tale stays true to the original story, but what makes it unique is the quality of the illustrations. They’re oil paintings, and very exquisite. They add so much dimension and richness that in my opinion, they really make the story although I do think the text tells an appealing story. The depiction of Rumpelstiltskin himself is the most impressive. The way he engages with the miller’s daughter is very realistic, and humanlike. I also think that the illustrations of the This version of the fairy tale stays true to the original story, but what makes it unique is the quality of the illustrations. They’re oil paintings, and very exquisite. They add so much dimension and richness that in my opinion, they really make the story although I do think the text tells an appealing story. The depiction of Rumpelstiltskin himself is the most impressive. The way he engages with the miller’s daughter is very realistic, and humanlike. I also think that the illustrations of the two of them together add to the depth of the story. Although he’s an evil character, she interacts with him on almost every page. They even have physical contact at one point. Oddly, it’s as if they’ve gotten to know each other. All of these features elevate this book to “a must have” in my library, and it’s the only version I use for instruction of this tale. ...more", "When reading through this section, keep in mind the Hans Christian Andersen version of the story as told here -", "Rumpelstiltskin is a character in a fairy tale of the same name that originated in Germany (where he is known as Rumpelstilzchen). The tale was collected by the Brothers Grimm, who first published it in the 1812 edition of Children's and Household Tales. It was subsequently revised in later editions until the final version was published in 1857." ]

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[ "[On Air: 1963 – present] In some ways it isn’t fair. The Doctor has been played by no less than eleven different actors since the character was first introduced by the BBC back in 1963. That’s eleven potential nominees for a favorite character list. Everybody has their favorite Doctor, be it the original crotchety version played by William Hartnell, or the iconic Tom Baker Doctor of the seventies with his multicolored knit scarf, or one of the most recent three iterations: Christopher Eccleston, David Tennant or the current Tardis occupant, hottie Matt Smith.", "British sci-fi television programme Doctor Who began production in 1963 by the BBC and was revived to audience delight in 2005. The series follows the adventures of Time Lord Doctor Who, a time-travelling humanoid alien that explores the universe in his time-travelling space ship TARDIS. With many and varied companions by his side, the Doctor overcomes enemies to save civilisations. Twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor including, most recently, Peter Capaldi.", "The first Doctor Who episode “An Unearthly Child” premiered on the BBC [2] television service on November 23rd, 1963. The original series ran until 1989, during which eight different actors portrayed the Doctor, each providing their own twist on the the regenerating humanoid. During the first two seasons, 106 episodes were lost due to broadcasters wiping tapes clean after every use. [9] There is an ongoing effort by the BBC and fans to locate copies of these episodes, which aired between 1967 and 1978. As of August 2011, many of the episodes are still lost. [10]", "Doctor Who is a long-running British science fiction television program, and one of the few science fiction franchises that is older than Star Trek . It features the adventures of a mysterious time traveler called the Doctor , an over two thousand-year-old Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey who travels through time and space with (usually Human) companions, fighting monsters and righting wrongs in a time machine/spaceship known as the TARDIS (Time And Relative Dimension In Space) , which originally could resemble anything, but after a malfunction of its chameleon circuit, currently resembles a 1963 blue London police public phone box. The Doctor's ability to regenerate his body has allowed the series to continually recast its leading actor, contributing to its longevity; as of 2013, thirteen actors have played the role of the Doctor, with John Hurt playing the War Doctor for the 50th anniversary, and Peter Capaldi playing the current Twelfth Doctor . Two of those incarnations - the Eleventh Doctor ( Matt Smith ) and the Fourth Doctor ( Tom Baker ) - have met the crew of the Enterprise as part of the single licensed Star Trek crossover to date, \" Assimilation² .\"", "Doctor Who is a long-running television program produced by the BBC about a mysterious time-travelling adventurer known only as \" The Doctor \", a Time Lord from the planet of Gallifrey, who explores time and space with various companions (primarily human females) in his TARDIS . It is currently the longest-running science-fiction series broadcast on television, spanning twenty-six years on its original run, and 12 actors have headlined the series as the Doctor. As a complete list of quotations from all eras of the show is too large to be contained on one page, this article has been split into subarticles, with quotations organised by which actor was portraying the Doctor at the time the episode was originally broadcast.", "Comments: Created by Sidney Newman and Donald Wilson. The incarnations of the Doctor have been played on television by William Hartnell (1st), Richard Hurndall (1st, in the 20th Anniversary special after Hartnell passed away), Patrick Troughton (2nd), Jon Pertwee (3rd), Tom Baker (4th), Peter Davison (5th), Colin Baker (6th), Sylvester McCoy (7th), Paul McGann (8th), Christopher Eccleston (9th), David Tennant (10th), Matt Smith (11th), John Hurt (the \"War Doctor\" retroactively revealed to be the incarnation between McGann and Eccleston) and Peter Capaldi (12th). As Per Degaton points out, a villainous future incarnation of the Doctor, the Valeyard, was played in the show by actor Michael Jayston. The first seven incarnations and the Valeyard all appeared in the series' original run, from November 1963 until December 1989, an impressive 26 year run; dropping ratings and internal politics at the BBC saw the series \"rested\" (note - it wasn't actually announced as having been cancelled at the time), but the show returned as a one-off pilot for a joint US-UK co-production between Fox and the BBC, which is when McGann took up the role. Fox's decision not to continue beyond the pilot saw the show return to limbo, but it was again revived in 2005, and has been running ever since, introducing the Doctors from Eccleston onwards.", "Time Lords can regenerate up to 12 times. This has allowed the role of the Doctor to be played by (so far) 10 different actors in the TV series, a situation unique in the annals of episodic television. The actors who have played the Doctor on TV are: William Hartnell, Patrick Troughton, Jon Pertwee, Tom Baker, Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy. In addition, two theatrical films were made starring Peter Cushing; and a London stage show had a 4-week run starring Trevor Martin. Finally, Paul McGann played the role for a Fox TV move in 1996.  After a number of years when the show was not in production, Christopher Eccleston returned as the Doctor and he later transformed into David Tennant.", "Doctor Who British science fiction series enjoyed by each generation with current series restarted in 2005, The Doctor is a mysterious alien Time Lord who travels through time with his human assistant with the TARDIS most often portrayed as a blue British 1950s police box. Over the decades there have been many Doctor Who's played by William Hartnell, Patrick Troughton, Jon Pertwee, Tom Baker, Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy. Each generation has their own favorites for the best Doctor. Original Series ran from 1963 till 1989.", "Capaldi, 55, becomes the 12th man to play the Doctor since the cult show debuted in 1963 with star William Hartnell and the fourth Time Lord since executive producer Russell T Davies rebooted Doctor Who in 2005, following Christopher Eccleston, David Tennant and Smith.", "The Doctor portrayed by series leads in chronological order. Left to right from top row; William Hartnell , Patrick Troughton , Jon Pertwee , Tom Baker , Peter Davison , Colin Baker , Sylvester McCoy , Paul McGann , Christopher Eccleston , David Tennant , Matt Smith and Peter Capaldi .", "On November 23, 1963, \"Doctor Who\" was first broadcast on the BBC. Today, it remains a cult favorite among science-fiction fans young and old. Peter Capaldi (pictured with Jenna Coleman) took over as the Twelfth Doctor in 2014. Click through the gallery to see the men who have played the title character.", "The First Doctor is the initial incarnation of the Doctor, the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who. He was portrayed by the actor William Hartnell from 1963 to 1966. Hartnell reprised the role once, in the tenth anniversary story The Three Doctors (1973), although due to his failing health the story was written so he would not have to appear very extensively.", "The thirteen ( and counting ) faces of the Doctor, and the TARDIS. note  William Hartnell , Patrick Troughton , Jon Pertwee , Tom Baker , Peter Davison , Colin Baker , Sylvester McCoy , Paul McGann , John Hurt (unnumbered), Christopher Eccleston , David Tennant , Matt Smith , Peter Capaldi .", "The Eleventh Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor, the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television programme Doctor Who. He is played by Matt Smith, in three series as well as seven specials, over an almost four-year-long period. As with previous incarnations of the Doctor, the character has also appeared in other Doctor Who multimedia.", "British sci-fi TV series Doctor Who has had a long and storied history since its first airing in 1963 (and its 2005 revival). Although its iconic protagonist, the Time Lord known only as “the Doctor,” never seems to truly age, he’s gone through quite a few changes in appearance and demeanor over his past 11 regenerations. Matt Smith, the Eleventh and current Doctor, has announced his intention to pass on the sonic screwdriver after this year’s 50th anniversary and Christmas specials, leaving the field wide open for speculation as to who will commandeer the TARDIS next. Each previous Doctor has brought his own flair to the role, but while it’s hard to imagine anyone else in Tom Baker’s striped scarf or David Tennant’s classic Converses, casting decisions could have gone very differently. ", "The Doctor, like all Time Lords, has the ability to \" regenerate \" his body when he dies, something he can do twelve times. The production team created this concept to allow for re-casting of the part when an actor wanted to leave or otherwise needed to be replaced. So far, ten actors have played the part for television (including the 1996 television movie and the 2005 revival). The actors to play the Doctor, and their tenures, are as follows:", "The Doctor has also been played by Patrick Troughton (Second Doctor Who), Peter Davison (Fifth), Colin Baker (Sixth), Sylvester McCoy (Seventh), and Paul McGann (Eighth). If you want to vote for one of them, you can select the option “another actor” and mention his name on the comment section below.", "27. Matt Smith is officially the eleventh Doctor but the role has also been played on stage by Trevor Martin and, in films Dr Who and the Daleks and Daleks - Invasion Earth: 2150 AD, by Peter Cushing", "For those readers who don't know anything about \"Doctor Who\" but still had the loyalty to this site to keep reading, over the many on-and-off decades of the series, the title character has regenerated 10 different times. (He's not of our world. He can do that.) Each time he regenerates, a new actor takes over as the series lead. The series is current on the 11th incarnation of the Doctor.", "The original Doctor Who series ran for twenty-six seasons of various lengths -- encompassing more than one hundred and fifty stories and over five hundred episodes -- before its run finally came to an end in December 1989. Despite this, in November 1993 a brief two-part made-for-charity story aired, reuniting many past castmembers to celebrate Doctor Who's thirtieth anniversary. Then, in May 1996, an original TV movie aired on both the BBC and the FOX network in North America. It was hoped that this would lead to a new ongoing series, but this did not come to pass. In September 2003, however, the BBC announced that they were developing a new Doctor Who series, picking up where the original left off. This premiered in March 2005 and is still running.", "That would make Paul McGann, the newest Doctor, the eighth. But some purists also include Peter Cushing, who played the Doctor (although as an Inventor, not a Time Lord) in two movies in the '60s, and Richard Hurndall, who played the First Doctor in the series' 20th-anniversary special in 1983 (Hartnell had died eight years earlier).", "Tennant and Billie Piper returned to Doctor Who for the 50th anniversary special, \"The Day of the Doctor\" broadcast on 23 November 2013, with then-stars Matt Smith and Jenna-Louise Coleman and guest star John Hurt. The same month, he also appeared in the one-off 50th anniversary comedy homage The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot directed by Peter Davison. ", "Three years into the series, it was revealed that, in times of physical crisis, the Doctor can regenerate his body into a new form - effectively, he becomes a new person with the memories of his previous selves. To date, this has happened nine times, producing ten very different, yet similar, Doctors.", "On rare occasions, other actors have stood in for the lead. In The Five Doctors , Richard Hurndall played the First Doctor due to William Hartnell's death in 1975. In Time and the Rani , Sylvester McCoy briefly played the Sixth Doctor during the regeneration sequence, carrying on as the Seventh. For more information, see the list of actors who have played the Doctor . In other media, the Doctor has been played by various other actors, including Peter Cushing in two films .", "Surly, detached, and professorial, Hartnell’s O.G. Doctor first debuted in a 1963 BBC serial designed to help teach young Britons about history. After 50 years and nearly 800 episodes (and a forgettable TV movie), Dr. Who has gone from being a kid’s education program to one of the most beloved sci-fi shows in history. Even though he ranks sixth on this list, there is no way to overestimate the importance of the man who started the world’s half-century-long love affair with the Gallifreyan fugitive traveling through time and space in his big blue police box.", "Following broadcast of the fourth series, the BBC announced that the show would not return as a weekly series in 2009, due to a number of factors. Instead, four specials would be broadcast in 2009, with a full series returning in 2010. It was later announced that when the full series returned in 2010, Tennant would no longer be the Doctor. Playing the role would be the 26-year-old actor Matt Smith.", "The Three Doctors (played by William Hartnell) The Five Doctors (played by Richard Hurndall) Number of series 4 Appearances 29 stories (134 episodes) Companions on television: Susan, Barbara, Ian, Vicki, Steven, Katarina, Sara, Dodo, Ben, Polly", "Other Doctor's include The War Doctor (played by John Hurt), his form through most of the Time War, between the Eighth Doctor and the Ninth Doctor. He is not included as a numbered Doctor like the rest. In the 1960s, there were two films (unrelated to the TV series) starring Peter Cushing as The Doctor, a human scientist that battled the Daleks.", "Loads and Loads of Characters : The core cast is the Doctor and between one and three companions. Supporting and recurring cast is...somewhat higher, especially when taking into account all the alien races in 30 seasons of show.", "BAFTA / Marc HobermanFor fifty years, the two-hearted Time Lord has been battling Daleks, thwarting Cybermen and taking audiences on a multitude of adventures through time and space. Through the ingenious method of regeneration - when the Doctor becomes too old or wounded, he transforms into a new physical form – various actors have been able to play the same role, allowing the show to remain as consistently popular today as when it first began.", "Case in point: The identity of the next actor to portray the Doctor, the perpetually regenerating time traveler hero in the long-running BBC show. When Matt Smith, who plays the current incarnation of the Doctor, announced in June that he would be leaving the sci-fi adventure series at the end of this year, Moffat began fending off questions about who would replace the “Doctor Who” star.", "Doctor Who books have been published from the mid-sixties through to the present day. The Doctor has also appeared in many audio plays and in webcasts." ]

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[ "It happened in 1789. On April 28, Fletcher Christian and 25 petty officers and seamen seized control of the H.M.S. Bounty and set Captain William Bligh and 18 men loyal to him adrift in a small, open boat. The Bounty, meanwhile, set sail for Tubuai.", "On April 28th 1789, three weeks into a journey from Tahiti to the West Indies, the HMS Bounty, under the command of Captain William Bligh, was seized in a mutiny led by Fletcher Christian, the master’s mate. Captain Bligh and 18 of his loyal supporters were set adrift in a small, open boat, and the Bounty set course for Tubuai, south of Tahiti.", "On this date in crime history – April 28, 1789, the HMS Bounty was seized in a mutiny led by Fletcher Christian, the master's mate. Captain William Bligh and 18 of his loyal supporters were set adrift in a small, open boat, and the Bounty set course for Tubuai south of Tahiti. In December 1787, the Bounty left England for Tahiti in the South Pacific, where it was to collect a cargo of breadfruit saplings to transport to the West Indies. There, the breadfruit would serve as food for slaves. After a 10-month journey, the Bounty arrived in Tahiti in October 1788 and remained there for more than five months. On Tahiti, the crew enjoyed an idyllic life, reveling in the comfortable climate, lush surroundings, and the famous hospitality of the Tahitians. Fletcher Christian fell in love with a Tahitian woman named Mauatua.", "In December 1787, His Majesty’s Armed Vessel Bounty left England for Tahiti to collect breadfruit with which to feed slaves on Britain’s Caribbean plantations. On April 28, 1789, less than a month into the return voyage, the master’s mate, Fletcher Christian, weary of what he described as the bullying of the captain, William Bligh, led crewmen in seizing control of the ship.", "April 28, 1789 — Mutiny against British naval captain William Bligh on his ship, the Bounty.", "The mutiny on the Bounty was a mutiny that occurred aboard the British Royal Navy ship HMS Bounty on 28 April 1789, and has been commemorated by several books, films, and popular songs, many of which take considerable liberties with the facts. The mutiny was led by Fletcher Christian against the commanding officer, William Bligh . According to most accounts, the sailors were attracted to the idyllic life on the Pacific island of Tahiti and repelled by the harsh treatment from their captain.", "* April 28 – Mutiny on the Bounty: Fletcher Christian leads the mutiny on the British Royal Navy ship against Captain William Bligh in the Pacific Ocean.", "The 1789 mutiny on the Bounty saw a rebellious crew hijack their ship and build their own island community. Commanded by William Bligh, HMS Bounty left England in December 1787 on a mission to collect breadfruit saplings in the South Pacific. During a five-month layover in Tahiti, many of the ship’s crew became enamored with island life and even married the local women. They also became increasingly dissatisfied with Bligh, who often flogged his men for dereliction of duty. Shortly after the Bounty left Tahiti in April 1789, a group of disgruntled crewmembers revolted and took their commander prisoner. Led by master’s mate Fletcher Christian, the mutineers forced Bligh and 18 loyalists into a small launch and abandoned them at sea. Amazingly, Bligh eventually led this dinghy on a 3,600-mile voyage to a safe port in Timor. He would go on to weather two more mutinies during his long naval career.", "1789: The crew of the Bounty, led by Fletcher Christian, mutinied against the harsh life at sea under Captain Bligh. They were on the return journey from Tahiti where they had spent six months gathering breadfruit trees. Bligh and 17 others were cast adrift in a small boat without a chart. While the mutineers eventually colonized Pitcairn Island, Bligh managed to sail the small craft 3,618 miles to Timor, near Java, arriving there on 14 June.", "Mutiny on the Bounty took place on morning of April 28th, 1789, led by Masters Mate Fletcher Christian (September 25, 1764 - October 3, 1793).", "Without a doubt, the mutiny, led by Fletcher Christian, the second officer in command of the ship, is the most well-known mutiny in modern history. On December 23,1787, Bounty sailed from England for Tahiti with a complement of 46 officers and men, led by Captain William Bligh, they were on a mission to collect samples of breadfruit, a type of plant that yields an edible, starchy food for colonists and slaves in the West Indies, Jamaica, and the Bahamas.", "The only two men ever to command her as the Bounty were Lieutenant William Bligh and Fletcher Christian , the latter illegally taking command through mutiny. Bligh was appointed Commanding Lieutenant of Bounty on 16 August 1787, at the age of 32, after a career that included a tour as sailing master of James Cook's HMS Resolution during Cook's third and final voyage (1776–1779).", "Real event. Mutiny on the Bounty took place on morning of April 28th, 1789, led by Masters Mate Fletcher Christian (September 25, 1764 - October 3, 1793)", "William Bligh, (born September 9, 1754, probably at Plymouth , county of Devon, England —died December 7, 1817, London ), English navigator, explorer, and commander of the HMS Bounty at the time of the celebrated mutiny on that ship.", "The mutineers turning Lt Bligh and some of the officers and crew adrift from His Majesty's Ship Bounty, 29 April 1789. By Robert Dodd", "The mutiny itself was handled with remarkable efficiency. In the early morning of April 28, 1789, Fletcher and three others forced Bligh on deck, not even allowing him to put on his pants. After a lot of argument, the mutineers decided to cast Bligh and eighteen \"loyal\" crew members adrift in the longboat.", "Fletcher Christian and eight other HMS Bounty mutineers — along with six Polynesian men, 12 women and a baby from Tahiti — made Pitcairn island famous in 1789 as their final home. In 1793 five of the mutineers, including Christian, and all the Polynesian men were killed in a revolt. Only John Adams survived past 1800. Outside contact was re-established with the arrival of an American ship in 1808. A small number of descendants remain on the island today.", "Bounty left Tahiti on April 4, 1789. On April 28, in the Friendly Islands, Fletcher Christian led the famous mutiny. Of the 42 men on board aside from Bligh and Christian, 11 joined Christian in mutiny while 31 remained loyal to Bligh. The mutineers ordered Bligh, the ship's master, two midshipmen, and the ship's clerk into Bounty's launch. Several more men voluntarily joined Bligh rather than remaining aboard. In all, 18 of the loyal crew were in the launch with Bligh; the other 13 were forced to stay and man the ship with the mutineers. The mutiny took place about 30 nautical miles (56 km) from Tofua. Equipped only with a sextant and a pocket watch -- no charts or compass -- Bligh navigated the 23 foot (7 m) launch first to Tofua and then on an epic 41 day open-boat voyage to Timor. He recorded the distance as 3,618 nautical miles (6710 km). He passed through the difficult Torres Strait along the way and landing on June 14.1 The only casualty of his voyage was a crewman who was stoned to death by the natives of the first island they tried to land on.", "On 4 April 1789, after five months in Tahiti, the Bounty set sail with its breadfruit cargo. On 28 April 1789, some 1,300 miles west of Tahiti, near Tonga, mutiny broke out. From all accounts, Fletcher Christian and several of his followers entered Bligh's cabin, which he always left unlocked, awakened him, and pushed him on deck wearing only his nightshirt, where he was guarded by Christian holding a bayonet. When Bligh entreated with Christian to be reasonable, Christian would only reply, \"I am in hell, I am in hell!\" Despite strong words and threats heard on both sides, the ship was taken bloodlessly and apparently without struggle by any of the loyalists except Bligh himself. Of the 42 men on board aside from Bligh and Christian, 18 joined Christian in mutiny, two were passive, and 22 remained loyal to Bligh. The mutineers ordered Bligh, the ship's master, two midshipmen, the surgeon's mate (Ledward), and the ship's clerk into Bounty's launch . Several more men voluntarily joined Bligh rather than remaining aboard, as they knew that those who remained on board would be considered de jure mutineers under the Articles of War .", "      On 04 April 1789, the Bounty departed Tahiti with its store of breadfruit saplings. On 28 April, near the island of Tonga, Christian and 25 petty officers and seamen seized the ship. Bligh, who eventually would fall prey to a total of three mutinies in his career, was an oppressive commander and insulted those under him. By setting him adrift in an overcrowded 7-meter-long boat in the middle of the Pacific, Christian and his conspirators had apparently handed him a death sentence. By remarkable seamanship, however, Bligh and his men reached Timor in the East Indies on 14 June 1789, after a voyage of about 5800 km. Bligh returned to England and soon sailed again to Tahiti, from where he successfully transported breadfruit trees to the West Indies.", "On 5 April 1789, after five months in Tahiti, the Bounty set sail with its breadfruit cargo. On 28 April, some 1,300 miles west of Tahiti, near Tonga, mutiny broke out. From all accounts, Fletcher Christian and several of his followers entered Bligh's cabin, which he always left unlocked, awakened him, and pushed him on deck wearing only his nightshirt, where he was guarded by Christian holding a bayonet. When Bligh entreated Christian to be reasonable, Christian would only reply, \"I am in hell, I am in hell!\" Despite strong words and threats heard on both sides, the ship was taken bloodlessly and apparently without struggle by any of the loyalists except Bligh himself. Of the 42 men on board aside from Bligh and Christian, 18 joined the mutiny, two were passive, and 22 remained loyal to Bligh.", "Since it was rated only as a cutter, the Bounty had no officers other than Bligh himself (who held only a lieutenancy), a very small crew, and no Marines to provide protection from hostile inhabitants during stops or enforce security on board ship. To allow longer uninterrupted sleep, Bligh divided his crew into three watches instead of two, and placed his protege Fletcher Christian � rated as a Master's Mate � in charge of one of the watches. The mutiny, which broke out during the return voyage on April 28, 1789, was led by Christian and supported by a quarter of the crew, who had siezed firearms during Christian's night watch and surprised and bound Bligh in his cabin. Despite their being in the majority, none of the loyalists seemed to have put up any significant struggle once they saw Bligh bound, and the ship was taken bloodlessly. The mutineers provided Bligh and the eighteen of his crew who remained loyal with a 23 foot (7 m) launch (so heavily loaded that the sides were only a few inches above the water), with four cutlasses and food and water for a few days to reach the most accessible ports, a sextant and a pocket watch, but no charts or compass. The launch could not hold all the loyal crew members, and four were detained on the Bounty by the mutineers for their useful skills; these were later released at Tahiti.", "Since she was rated only as a cutter, Bounty had no officers other than Bligh (who was then only a lieutenant), a very small crew, and no Marines to provide protection from hostile natives during stops or to enforce security on board ship. To allow longer uninterrupted sleep, Bligh divided his crew into three watches instead of two, placing his protégé Fletcher Christianrated as a Master's Matein charge of one of the watches. The mutiny, which took place on 28 April 1789 during the return voyage, was led by Christian and supported by eighteen of the crew. They had seized firearms during Christian's night watch and surprised and bound Bligh in his cabin.", "Since it was rated only as a cutter, the Bounty had no officers other than Bligh himself (who was then only a lieutenant), a very small crew, and no Marines to provide protection from hostile natives during stops or enforce security on board ship. To allow longer uninterrupted sleep, Bligh divided his crew into three watches instead of two, placing his protégé Fletcher Christian — rated as a Master's Mate — in charge of one of the watches. The mutiny, which took place on 28 April 1789 during the return voyage, was led by Christian and supported by eighteen of the crew. They had seized firearms during Christian's night watch and surprised and bound Bligh in his cabin.", "On April 28, 1789, crew members of the British trade ship Bounty mutinied against their captain while sailing in the remote South Pacific. The mutiny has been chronicled in books, theatrical productions, and movies. ( Read more )", "Although a society evidently flourished on Pitcairn centuries ago, the island was uninhabited when the Bounty, under the command of chief mutineer Fletcher Christian, sailed into its harbor on January 15, 1790, eight and a half months after the mutiny. There were 28 people aboard: Christian plus eight other former Bounty crewmen, twelve Tahitian women (some of whom were married to the Britons), six Polynesian men, and a baby. Christian had chosen Pitcairn because it was a very obscure island on the British charts, believed to be uninhabited, and he thought the chances of the British Navy finding them there were nil. Christian and his men took everything useful off the Bounty and then set the ship on fire. It sank there; its wreckage still lies at the bottom of the harbor. Now knowing they were marooned on Pitcairn Island for the rest of their lives, the mutineers and their families got to work trying to build their own small civilization in this very out-of-the-way corner of the world.", "He was educated in 1773 at Cockermouth Grammar School, Cockermouth, Cumberland, England. He gained the rank of Master's Mate in 1787 in the service of the Royal Navy, on board H.M.A.V. Bounty. On 28 October 1788 he lead the infamous mutiny, taking over the Bounty, and sailing it back to Tahiti, and then on to Pitcairn Island. He was named for his great-grandfather, Jacob Fletcher, a member of the Fletchers of Cockermouth Hall. He has an extensive biographical entry in the Dictionary of National Biography.", "Today in 1790 Fletcher Christian, eight fellow mutineers from the ship Bounty, six Tahitian men and 12 women landed on the remote Pacific island of Pitcairn following the mutiny led by Christian. They stripped the Bounty of all that could be floated ashore before setting it on fire. The ship shown is from the film.B. Lowe", "Immediately after setting sixteen men ashore in Tahiti in September 1789, Fletcher Christian, eight other crewmen, six Tahitian men, and 11 women, one with a baby, set sail in Bounty hoping to elude the Royal Navy. According to a journal kept by one of Christian's followers, the Tahitians were actually kidnapped when Christian set sail without warning them, the purpose of this being to kidnap the Tahitian women.", "The muntiny on the Bounty was led by Fletcher Christian, who later named his son Thursday October Christian because he was born on the second Thursday of October 1790. What date was this?", "Earlier, the Bounty crew remaining in Tahiti was found by the HMS Pandora, which was sent out to find and bring the mutineers to trial in England.  All were found � some were acquitted and some were hanged.  The ultimate fate of Fletcher Christian was never documented; it is said he was seen in England in later years, but it is generally believed he was killed, along with his companions, during the bloody years of the community�s history.", "On January 15, 1790, Fletcher Christian and his band of mutineers, Tahitian wives, and six male servants, ran the Bounty on shore on uncharted Pitcairn Island , where the ship broke up.  It would be twenty years before the outside world would hear from them again. " ]

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[ "The second layer is the Mantle. Most of the mass of the Earth mass is in the Mantle. It is a highly viscous layer that lies between the crust and the outer core. It is a rocky shell of thickness of about 2890 kilometers (1,800 miles) and constitutes about eighty four percent (84%) of total volume of the Earth. It is composed of silicate compounds like Magnesium (Mg), Silicon (Si), Iron (Fe), Aluminum (Al), Oxygen (O). At over 1000 degrees Centigrade, the mantle is a solid but can deform slowly like a plastic.", "The mantle, between the brittle crust and super-dense core, makes up a whopping 84% of Earth’s total volume.", "The interior of Earth, similar to the other terrestrial planets, is chemically divided into layers. The mantle is a layer between the crust and the outer core. Earth's mantle is a silicate rocky shell with an average thickness of 2886 km. The mantle makes up about 84% of Earth's volume. It is predominantly solid but in geological time it behaves as a very viscous fluid. The mantle encloses the hot core rich in iron and nickel, which makes up about 15% of Earth's volume. Past episodes of melting and volcanism at the shallower levels of the mantle have produced a thin crust of crystallized melt products near the surface. Information about the structure and composition of the mantle has been obtained from geophysical investigation and from direct geoscientific analyses of Earth mantle-derived xenoliths and mantle that has been exposed by mid-oceanic ridge spreading.", "mantle -- That portion of the interior of the Earth that lies between the crust and the core .", "Containing everything from the ocean basins to continents, the crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. Overall, the crust makes up very little of the Earth's mass, so the other layers, which are the mantle, outer core and inner core, are much thicker.", "Our planet consists of a crust, which reaches a thickness of about 20-65 km in continental areas and about 5-6 km in oceanic areas, a mantle, which is roughly 2900 km thick, and a core, about 3470 km in radius (Figure 1). The physical and chemical characteristics of the crust, mantle and core vary from the surface of the Earth to its centre. The outermost shell of the Earth, known as the lithosphere, is made up of the crust and the upper layer of the mantle. Ranging in thickness from less than 80 km in oceanic zones to over 200 km in continental areas, the lithosphere behaves as a rigid body. Below the lithosphere is the zone known as the asthenosphere, 200-300 km in thickness, and of a 'less rigid' or 'more plastic' behaviour. In other words, on a geological scale in which time is measured in millions of years, this part of the Earth behaves in much the same way as a fluid in certain processes.", "Surrounding the earth's core is the mantle, thought to be partly rock and partly magma. The mantle is about 1,800 miles thick. The outermost layer of the earth, the insulating crust, is not one continuous sheet of rock, like the shell of an egg, but is broken into pieces called plates. These slabs of continents and ocean floor drift apart and push against each other at the rate of about one inch per year in a process called continental drift.", "The Earth consists of four layers: a solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a liquid mantle, and a solid crust.", "Internally the Earth is made up of several different layers. Above the outer core is the mantle. A number of different layers have been discovered in the mantle. On top of the mantle is the lithosphere. The surface of this layer is called the crust.", "Above the core lies the thick mantle, which forms the main bulk of the planet's interior. Above the mantle lies the brittle crust, the thin shell of rock that covers Earth. The upper portion of the mantle is rigid. Geologists call the combination of this section of the mantle the overlying crust and the lithosphere (pronounced LITH-uh-sfeer). The lithosphere measures roughly 60 miles (100 kilometers) thick. The part of the mantle immediately beneath the lithosphere is called the asthenosphere (pronounced as-THEN-uh-sfeer). This layer is composed of partially melted rock that has the consistency of putty and extends to a depth of about 155 miles (250 kilometers).", "This layer of the earth lies between the mantle and the solid inner core. It is the only liquid layer, a sea of mostly iron and nickel about 1,400 miles (2,300 km) thick.", "Before you can learn about plate tectonics, you need to know something about the layers that are found inside Earth. From outside to inside, the planet is divided into crust, mantle, and core. Often geologists talk about the lithosphere, which is the crust and the uppermost mantle. The lithosphere is brittle–it is easily cracked or broken–whereas the mantle beneath it behaves plastically; it can bend. Geologists must use ingenious methods, such as tracking the properties of earthquake waves, to learn about the interior of our planet.", "During the time when Earth was forming and was in a molten state, heavy materials like iron and nickel sank to the center of the Earth's mass and lighter materials floated to the surface of the mass. The very center of what we call the core, is solid in the middle because of the increased pressure in that region. The solid, central part of the core has a liquid (molten) layer surrounding it. Outside the core, the largest mass of planet Earth is called the mantle and this is mostly solid rock. The very outermost layer of our planet is about 30 miles thick, is made of lighter rocks, and is called the crust.", "The outermost part of the Earth's interior is made up of two layers: above is the lithosphere, comprising the crust and the rigid uppermost part of the mantle. Below the lithosphere lies the asthenosphere. Although solid, the asthenosphere has relatively low viscosity and shear strength and can flow like a liquid on geological time scales. The deeper mantle below the asthenosphere is more rigid again. This is, however, not due to cooler temperatures but due to high pressure.", "There are two layers in the Earth's crust and upper mantle that are described by this metaphor. The lithosphere – the hard, cooler part of the crust, including the plates themselves – and the asthenosphere, where molten rock moves up towards the lithosphere and sometimes breaks through at the mid-ocean ridges.", "What comes to mind when you think of the word crust? Perhaps it is the time old saying,\" Eat your crust!\" The earth's crust is a little different then the crust on a piece of bread. It is not soft and chewy, but it hard and composed of different minerals. The thin, outermost layer of the earth is called the crust. It makes up only one percent of the earth's mass. The continental crust is thicker than the oceanic crust. It can range from 25 km thick at the edges to 70 km thick near the center. The oceanic crust on the other hand is only about 7 km thick and considerably more dense. The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle make up the lithosphere, a solid region that is broken into plates. It is about 65 to 100 km thick.", "Specifically, the outermost part of the Earth 's interior is made up of two layers: above is the lithosphere , comprising the crust and the rigid uppermost part of the mantle. Below the lithosphere lies the asthenosphere, which is a more viscous zone of the mantle. Although solid, the asthenosphere has very low shear strength and can flow like a liquid on geological time scales. The deeper mantle below the asthenosphere is more rigid again.", "The crust is the outermost layer of the planet, the cooled and hardened part of the Earth that ranges in depth from approximately 5-70 km (~3-44 miles). This layer makes up only 1% of the entire volume of the Earth, though it makes up the entire surface (the continents and the ocean floor).", "The mantle is equivalent to 10 – 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. This mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid, and is sometimes called a \"water-ammonia ocean\". Meanwhile, the atmosphere forms about 5% to 10% of its mass and extends perhaps 10% to 20% of the way towards the core, where it reaches pressures of about 10 GPa – or about 100,000 times that of Earth's atmosphere.", "Current models of the planet's interior imply a core region about 1,480 km in radius, consisting primarily of iron with about 14–17% sulfur. This iron sulfide core is partially fluid, and has twice the concentration of the lighter elements than exist at Earth's core. The core is surrounded by a silicate mantle that formed many of the tectonic and volcanic features on the planet, but now appears to be inactive. The average thickness of the planet's crust is about 50 km, with a maximum thickness of 125 km. Earth's crust, averaging 40 km, is only one third as thick as Mars’ crust, relative to the sizes of the two planets.", "the thick layer of rock below the earth’s surface that surrounds the core, or center, of the earth.", "..... Click the link for more information.  and ocean basins at the surface. The continents are composed of rock types collectively called sial, a classification based on their densities and composition. Beneath the ocean basins and the sial of continents lie denser rock types called sima. The sial and sima together form the crust, beneath which lies a shell called the mantle. The boundary between the crust and the mantle is marked by a sharp alteration in the velocity of earthquake waves passing through that region. This boundary layer is called the Mohorovičić discontinuity, or Moho.", "The Earth's crust is an extremely thin layer of rock that makes up the outermost solid shell of our planet. In relative terms, it's thickness is like that of the skin of an apple. It amounts to less than half of 1 percent of the planet's total mass but plays a vital role in most of Earth's natural cycles. ", "The crust ranges from 5–70 km (~3–44 miles) in depth and is the outermost layer. The thin parts are the oceanic crust, which underlie the ocean basins (5–10 km) and are composed of dense (mafic) iron magnesium silicate igneous rocks, like basalt. The thicker crust is continental crust, which is less dense and composed of (felsic) sodium potassium aluminium silicate rocks, like granite. The rocks of the crust fall into two major categories – sial and sima (Suess,1831–1914). It is estimated that sima starts about 11 km below the Conrad discontinuity (a second order discontinuity). The uppermost mantle together with the crust constitutes the lithosphere. The crust-mantle boundary occurs as two physically different events. First, there is a discontinuity in the seismic velocity, which is most commonly known as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or Moho. The cause of the Moho is thought to be a change in rock composition from rocks containing plagioclase feldspar (above) to rocks that contain no feldspars (below). Second, in oceanic crust, there is a chemical discontinuity between ultramafic cumulates and tectonized harzburgites, which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been obducted onto the continental crust and preserved as ophiolite sequences.", "crust -- n. The outermost layer of the Earth, varying in thickness from about 10 kilometers (6 miles) below the oceans, to 65 kilometers (about 40 miles) below the continents; represents less than 1 percent of the Earth's volume.", "crust /krəst/ The outermost layer of the Earth. The crust is thinnest — about 6 miles (~10 km) thick beneath the oceans — and thickest — about 40 miles (~65 km) beneath the the continents. The crust makes up less than 1 % of the Earth's volume.", "The differentiation between these layers is due to processes that took place during the early stages of Earth’s formation (ca. 4.5 billion years ago). At this time, melting would have caused denser substances to sink toward the center while less-dense materials would have migrated to the crust. The core is thus believed to largely be composed of iron, along with nickel and some lighter elements, whereas less dense elements migrated to the surface along with silicate rock.", "Notice how thin the crust of the Earth is in comparison to the other layers. The seven continents and ocean plates basically float across the mantle which is composed of much hotter and denser material.", "Evidence suggests there have been no volcanic eruptions for millions of year, however. The mantle that lies beneath the crust is largely dormant. It is made up primarily of silicon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium and probably has the consistency of soft rocky paste. It is probably about 900 to 1,200 miles (5,400 to 7,200 kilometers) thick, scientists say.", "contains both the crust and a small part of the upper mantle.  the portion of earth that undergoes seismic activity", "The Earth's rocky outer crust solidified billions of years ago, soon after the Earth formed. This crust is not a solid shell; it is broken up into huge, thick plates that drift atop the soft, underlying mantle.", "Core - The central part of Earth is the core, beginning at a depth of about 4,666 miles (2,900 km), probably consisting of iron-nickel alloy; it is divisible into an outer core that may be liquid and an inner core about 2,092 miles (1,300 km) in radius that may be solid. Source: Bates and Jackson (1984)" ]

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[ "The whole nefarious, fallacious enterprise is best exemplified by two fields of research: \"craniometry,\" in the 19th century, and its replacement in the 20th century, by \"psychometry,\" particularly intelligence testing. Scorn heaped on the early craniometrists, particularly those concerned with the relationship of brain size to intelligence, should transfer to modern psychometrists who are interested in the measurement and nature of intelligence. \"We live in a more subtle century, but the basic arguments never seem to change. . . The crudities of the cranial index have given way to the complexity of intelligence testing\" (p.143). To Gould, the old- fashioned craniometric science and modern psychometric science are as parent and offspring. The purpose of both is essentially the same: to prove that the innate construction of people is reflected in their present social and economic roles. Both the outmoded craniometry of the 19th century and the mental tests of the present day have stemmed from the false belief that intelligence is a \"thing\" in the head, according to the measurement of which all persons, social classes, and races can be ranked in \"mental worth\"- a term that Gould uses repeatedly (in addition to \"innate worth\" and \"ultimate worth\") as a substitute for \"intelligence\" or \"IQ,\" as if to imply that all these terms are entirely synonymous in present- day psychometrics.", "Phrenology, which focuses on personality and character, should be distinguished from craniometry , which is the study of skull size, weight and shape, and physiognomy , the study of facial features. However, these disciplines have claimed the ability to predict personality traits or intelligence (in fields such as anthropology / ethnology ), and were sometimes posed to scientifically justify racism .", "In the history of personality theory, phrenology is considered to be an advance over the old medical theory of the four humours. However, it has no predictive power and is therefore dismissed as quackery by modern scientific discourse. Phrenology, which focuses on personality and character, should be distinguished from craniometry, which is the study of skull size, weight and shape, and physiognomy, the study of facial features. However, these disciplines have claimed the ability to predict personality traits or intelligence (in fields such as anthropology/ethnology).", "Phrenology employed a precise measurement tool called the craniometer. This device allowed for the skull to be mapped mathematically and a topographical surface map to be developed indicating the position and magnitude of the elevations and depressions in the skull. From the mapping of thousands of skulls, phrenologists developed typical phrenological skull profiles and codified into them to be referenced during evaluation practice. The phrenologist could also use a standard measuring tape to obtain measurements.", "Measurement of the cranium and other elements of a skeleton. Carefully defined landmarks are established on the cranium, as well as on the long bones, to facilitate standardization of measurements.", "Phrenology emerged from cranioscopy as detailed in the history. As such it emphasized using measuring devices to arrive at precise measurements of the skulls surface topographic characteristics and volume.", "This image taken from German neuropsychiatrist Georg Konrad Rieger's 1885 craniology textbook illustrates how to properly measure a skull.", "Age. During analysis of cranial morphometrics (above) the degree of closure of cranial sutures is examined in relation to other indicators of age. This will be useful in assessing population structures and bioaccumulation of chemical pollutants.", "any technology that measures and analyzes human physical characteristics (eg: fingerprints, facial patterns, DNA, etc) and/or behavioral traits (eg: gait, vocal patterns, social networking, etc) for identification, authentication, surveillance or screening purposes; 'biometry' is a subset of 'biostatistics', which is the application of statistics to biological and medical data.", "The theory underlying craniosacral therapy is erroneous because the cranial bones fuse by the end of adolescence and no research has ever demonstrated that manual manipulation can move the individual bones [17]. Nor do I believe that \"the rhythms of the craniosacral system can be felt as clearly as the rhythms of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems,\" as is claimed by another Upledger Institute brochure [18]. The brain does pulsate, but this is exclusively related to the cardiovascular system [19]. In a recent study, three physical therapists who examined the same 12 patients diagnosed significantly different \"craniosacral rates,\" which is the expected outcome of measuring a nonexistent phenomenon [20].", "*measuring the length, depth and width with a ruler, a pair of calipers or ultrasound imaging.", "(3) Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures the electromagnetic fields created between neurons as electrochemical information is passed along. When under the machine, if the subject is told, \"wiggle your toes,\" the readout is an instant picture of the brain at work. Concentric colored rings appear on the computer screen that pinpoint the brain signals even before the toes are actually wiggled.", "Galton borrowed the psychophysical procedures practiced by Wundt and adapted them into a series of simple sensorimotor measures. Because of his efforts in devising practicable measures of individual differences, Galton is often regarded as the \"father of mental testing\" (Goodenough, 1949, as cited in Gregory, 2007). In 1884, he set up a psychometric laboratory in London at the International Health Exhibition, where for a small fee a person could have a series of measurements taken and recorded, including height, weight, head length, head breadth and arm span (DuBois, 1970; Gregory, 2007). Although Galton’s simplistic attempts to assess intellect with measures of reaction time and sensory discrimination proved futile, he pioneered in the development of objective tests to investigate psychological problems to obtain meaningful scores through standardized procedures (DuBois, 1970; Gregory, 2007).", "Hollander published The Mental Function of the Brain (1901) and Scientific Phrenology (1902). In these works, Hollander presented a skull measurement method and a procedure for comparing individual measurements with statistical averages based on previously collected data (Hollander, 1891).", "A cranial nerve exam begins with observation of the patient because some cranial nerve lesions may affect the symmetry of the eyes or face. The visual fields are tested for nerve lesions or nystagmus via an analysis of specific eye movements. The sensation of the face is tested, and patients are asked to perform different facial movements, such as puffing out of the cheeks. Hearing is checked by voice and tuning forks. The position of the patient's uvula is examined because asymmetry in the position could indicate a lesion of the glossopharyngeal nerve. After the ability of the patient to use their shoulder to assess the accessory nerve (XI), and the patient's tongue function is assessed by observing various tongue movements.", "Facial Scan- based on the different bone structures, nose ridges, eye widths, forehead sizes and chin shapes of the face.", "Unless a measuring instrument is reliable, it cannot have validity which is defined as the ability of the technique, test, etc., to measure what its proponents say it measures. A mercury thermometer provides a valid measure of mean kinetic energy, for instance, but it would lack validity as a measure of gravitational pull. A thermometer is reliable in that, all things being equal, repeated observations usually produce very close to the same result. That reliability, by itself, is no guarantee of validity can be seen from the following. If I assert that counting the number of moles on your back is a good way to estimate your intelligence, I could probably get roughly the same total on successive counts (i.e., the measure has reliability), but you would be right to ask me for evidence of its validity as an index of intelligence. To satisfy you, I would need to present independent confirmation that variability in mole density in the population at large correlates well with accepted criteria of intelligence. Obviously, this it would not do, so the measure lacks validity.", "The study of the configurations of the skull as an indication of a person's character and mental capabilities.", "Densitometry is a technique to help evaluate a patient’s candidacy for hair transplantation and predict future hair loss. It analyzes the scalp under high-power magnification to give information on hair density, follicular unit composition and degree of miniaturization.", "R. D. Martin has expressed his delight that other researchers continue to explore the possibility that the small skull is in fact a pathological specimen, but he still prefers the microcephaly hypothesis. Dean Falk challenged the Australian team's results, studying computer tomography scans of LB1's pituitary fossa and coming to the conclusion that it is not larger than usual. Because the fossa size was the key argument of the study on ME endemic cretinism, Falk dismissed the whole hypothesis. Peter Brown, the discoverer of the fossils, declared that the remains of the pituitary fossa were very poorly preserved and no meaningful measurement was possible. [53] Other measurements of Obendorf et al. were also disputed, since they had neither the bones nor CT scans available and used just captured images from X-ray scans presented in the 2005 BBC show The Mystery of the Human Hobbit. [54]", "Bullmore et al used sophisticated image analysis to delineate the boundaries between the cortex and subcortex in up to 19 coronal slices per subject. The ’radius of gyration’ (Rg) was then measured on each slice, representing the mean dispersion of points organised radially about the centre of gravity of the residual images obtained. In right-handed controls the Rg for right brain boundaries was significantly greater than that for left brain boundaries, indicating larger anterior brain volumes on the right than the left. In left-handed controls the reverse obtained, with larger Rg on the left than the right. Right-handed male schizophrenics, however, were distinguished by reversal of the righthanded control pattern, due to a highly significant global reduction of Rg measures for right brain boundaries. This showed nearly significant associations with ratings of negative symptoms, and with categorisations according to outcome.", "An assessment method that provides a picture of the brain’s structures or level of activity and therefore is a useful tool for “looking” at the brain is known as _____.", "Around 1870 a French anthropologist devised a system to measure and record the dimensions of certain bony parts of the body. These measurements were reduced to a formula which, theoretically, would apply only to one person and would not change during his/her adult life.", "Around 1870, French anthropologist Alphonse Bertillon devised a system to measure and record the dimensions of certain bony parts of the body. These measurements were reduced to a formula which, theoretically, would apply only to one person and would not change during his/her adult life.", "Phrenology was a complex process that involved feeling the bumps in the skull to determine an individual's psychological attributes. Franz Joseph Gall first believed that the brain was made up of 27 individual 'organs' that created one's personality , with the first 19 of these 'organs' believed to exist in other animal species. Phrenologists would run their fingertips and palms over the skulls of their patients to feel for enlargements or indentations. The phrenologist would usually take measurements of the overall head size using a caliper . With this information, the phrenologist would assess the character and temperament of the patient and address each of the 27 \"brain organs\". This type of analysis was used to predict the kinds of relationships and behaviors to which the patient was prone. In its heyday during the 1820s-1840s, phrenology was often used to predict a child's future life, to assess prospective marriage partners and to provide background checks for job applicants.", "Tympanometry, a test that can be performed in most physician offices to help determine how the middle ear is functioning. It does not tell if the child is hearing or not, but helps to detect any changes in pressure in the middle ear. This is a difficult test to perform in younger children because the child needs to sit very still and not be crying, talking, or moving.", "Phrenology has long been dismissed as a pseudoscience , in the wake of neurological advances. During the discipline's heyday, phrenologists including Gall committed many errors in the name of science . In the book, The Beginner's Guide to Scientific Method by Stephen S. Carey, it is explained that pseudoscience can be defined as \"fallacious applications of the scientific method \" by today's standards. Phrenologists inferred dubious inferences between bumps in people's skulls and their personalities , claiming that the bumps were the determinant of personality. Some of the more valid assumptions of phrenology (e.g., that mental processes can be localized in the brain) remain in modern neuroimaging techniques and modularity of mind theory. Through advancements in modern medicine and neuroscience , the scientific community has generally concluded that feeling conformations of the outer skull is not an accurate predictor of behavior.[ citation needed ]", "The role of head movements have been studied in their role in minimizing the MAA, as well as in their virtual elimination of 0 deg.180 deg. azimuth ambiguity. Wallach (1940), Runge and Thurlow (1967) and Thurlow, Runge and Mangels (1967) established that aids to the accuracy of localization included the changing pattern of ITD and IAD cues with head movement, and kinaesthetic cues from the neck muscles. 13 Head movement is the human equivalent for the movable pinna found on most animals. \" One has only to watch a dog attempting to localize the source of a faint sound to realize how important a role head movement and movement of the pinna play in localization\" (Jeffress 1971).", "Phrenology is the study of the structure of the skull to determine a person's character and mental capacity. This pseudoscience is based upon the false assumption that mental faculties are located in brain \"organs\" on the surface of the brain and can be detected by visible inspection of the skull.", "Our own and previously published findings suggest that the proposed mechanism for cranial osteopathy is invalid and that interexaminer (and, therefore, diagnostic) reliability is approximately zero. Since no properly randomized, blinded, and placebo-controlled outcome studies have been published, we conclude that cranial osteopathy should be removed from curricula of colleges of osteopathic medicine and from osteopathic licensing examinations [17].", "The Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT) was developed by Duchaine and Nakayama to better diagnose people with prosopagnosia. This test initially presents individuals with three images each of six different target faces. They are then presented with many three-image series, which contain one image of a target face and two distracters. Duchaine and Nakayama showed that the CFMT is more accurate and efficient than previous tests in diagnosing patients with prosopagnosia. Their study compared the two tests and 75% of patients were diagnosed by the CFMT, while only 25% of patients were diagnosed by the BFRT. However, similar to the BFRT, patients are being asked to essentially match unfamiliar faces, as they are seen only briefly at the start of the test. The test is not currently widely used and will need further testing before it can be considered reliable.", "In still another aspect, the present invention provides a hand-operated measurement apparatus for automatically acquiring dimensional data for an aperture on an assembly object, the apparatus comprising:" ]

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[ "Batman is a fictional character created by the artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger. A comic book superhero, Batman first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939), and since then has appeared primarily in publications by DC Comics. Originally referred to as \"The Bat-Man\" and still referred to at times as \"The Batman\", he is additionally known as \"The Caped Crusader\",[2] \"The Dark Knight\",[2] and the \"World's Greatest Detective,\"[2] among other titles.", "Batman is a fictional superhero who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics, as well as in a multitude of movies, television shows, and video games. He was created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger in 1939 to capitalize on the superhero craze that began with Superman. Batman is one of DC Comics’ most recognizable and profitable characters.", "Batman is a fictional superhero who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics, as well as in a multitude of movies, television shows, and video games. He was created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger in 1939 to capitalize on the superhero craze that began with Superman. Batman is one of DC Comics' most recognizable and profitable characters.", "Batman is a fictional character created by the artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger. A comic book superhero , Batman first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939 ), and since then has appeared primarily in publications by DC Comics . Originally referred to as \"The Bat-Man\" and still referred to at times as \"The Batman\", he is additionally known as \"The Caped Crusader\", \"The Dark Knight\", and the \"World's Greatest Detective,\" among other titles.", "In early 1939, the success of Superman in Action Comics prompted editors at the comic book division of National Publications (the future DC Comics) to request more superheroes for its titles. In response, Bob Kane created \"the Bat-Man.\" Collaborator Bill Finger recalled;", "In early 1939, the success of Superman in Action Comics prompted editors at National Comics Publications (the future DC Comics) to request more superheroes for its titles. In response, Bob Kane created \"the Bat-Man\". Collaborator Bill Finger recalled that \"Kane had an idea for a character called 'Batman,' and he'd like me to see the drawings. I went over to Kane's, and he had drawn a character who looked very much like Superman with kind of ... reddish tights, I believe, with boots ... no gloves, no gauntlets ... with a small domino mask, swinging on a rope. He had two stiff wings that were sticking out, looking like bat wings. And under it was a big sign ... BATMAN\". The bat-wing-like cape was suggested by Bob Kane, inspired by Leonardo Da Vinci's sketch of an ornithopter flying device as a child. ", "May 1939 - Bob Kane created superhero Batman; first appeared in Detective Comics #27, comic book division of National Publications (later DC Comics); 1940 - Robin introduced in Detective Comics #38.", "Since his first appearance in the May 1939 issue of Detective Comics #27 – conceived of and drawn by a 22-year-old Kane with his frequent collaborator, Bill Finger, scripting the story – Kane’s Batman has gone on to become the star of comic books, Saturday afternoon cartoons, newspaper comic strips, radio shows, a live-action TV series, animated films, video games and several of the largest-grossing theatrical releases of all time. In short, Kane’s Batman is the most popular single superhero ever created.", "Over the course of the first few Batman strips elements were added to the character and the artistic depiction of Batman evolved. Kane noted that within six issues he drew the character's jawline more pronounced, and lengthened the ears on the costume. \"About a year later he was almost the full figure, my mature Batman,\" Kane said.[21] Batman's characteristic utility belt was introduced in Detective Comics #29 (July 1939), followed by the boomerang-like batarang and the first bat-themed vehicle, the Batplane, in #31 (September 1939). The character's origin was revealed in #33 (November 1939), unfolding in a two-page story that establishes the brooding persona of Batman, a character driven by the death of his parents. Written by Finger, it depicts a young Bruce Wayne witnessing his parents' murder at the hands of a mugger. Days later, at their grave, the child vows that \"by the spirits of my parents [I will] avenge their deaths by spending the rest of my life warring on all criminals.\"", "Batman is a fictional character created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger . He first appeared in Detective Comics issue 47 in May 1939. Batman is one of the most widely known superheros in the world.", "Detective Comics #27 hit the stands in In May, 1939. In it we saw the first appearance of Batman. While Superman was pure and clean, Batman was grim and gritty. In this comic, the villain fell into a vat of acid, which killed him. Not showing any remorse for causing the death, Batman observed \"A fitting end for his kind.\" Batman was created by Bob Kane and has always remained in print. During a time when superhero comics were not so popular, Batman survived by focusing on his detective abilities, making his comic stories more of a mystery series than a superhero book.", "Batman, originally referred to as the Bat-Man and still referred to at times as the Batman, is a fictional character, a superhero co-created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger (although only Kane receives official credit), appearing in publications by DC Comics. The character first appeared in Detective Comics #27 in May 1939.", "1939: Batman, the creation of Bob Kane, made his debut (as The Batman) in the May edition (No 17) of Detective Comics.", "Over the course of the first few Batman strips elements were added to the character and the artistic depiction of Batman evolved. Kane noted that within six issues he drew the character's jawline more pronounced, and lengthened the ears on the costume. \"About a year later he was almost the full figure, my mature Batman,\" Kane said. Batman's characteristic utility belt was introduced in Detective Comics #29 (July 1939), followed by the boomerang -like batarang and the first bat-themed vehicle, the Batplane , in #31 (September 1939). The character's origin was revealed in #33 (November 1939), unfolding in a two-page story that establishes the brooding persona of Batman, a character driven by the loss of his parents. Written by Finger, it depicts a young Bruce Wayne witnessing the death of his parents as part of a street robbery. Days later, at their grave, the child vows that \"by the spirits of my parents [I will] avenge their deaths by spending the rest of my life warring on all criminals.\"", "Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger and illustrator Jerry Robinson, he first appeared in Detective Comics #38 in April 1940 as the original incarnation of Robin. The youngest in a family of acrobats known as the \"Flying Graysons\", Dick watches a mafia boss kill his parents in order to extort money from the circus that employed them. Batman (Bruce Wayne) takes him in as a legal ward (retconned as an adopted son in some cases) and the crime-fighting partner Robin. He is written by many authors as the first son of Batman. In universe, several characters, including OMAC, state that he is the one that Batman cares about the most. Throughout his adolescence, Batman and Robin fight their war on crime side-by-side.", "Various aspects of Batman's personality, character history, visual design, and equipment were inspired by contemporary popular culture of the 1930s, including movies, pulp magazines, comic strips, newspaper headlines, and even aspects of Kane himself. [13] Kane noted especially the influence of the films The Mark of Zorro (1920) and The Bat Whispers (1930) in the creation of the iconography associated with the character, while Finger drew inspiration from literary characters Doc Savage , The Shadow , and Sherlock Holmes in his depiction of Batman as a master sleuth and scientist. [14]", "The Penguin debuted in Detective Comics #58 (Dec. 1941). According to Kane, he drew the Penguin after being inspired by the then advertising mascot of Kool cigarettes — a penguin with a top hat and cane. Finger, however, claimed that he created the villain as a caricature of the aristocratic type, because \"stuffy English gentlemen\" reminded him of emperor penguins. Kane introduced the Scarecrow and drew his first appearance, which was scripted by Finger. Finger and Kane introduced Two-Face in Detective Comics #66 (Aug. 1942). The Riddler was created by Finger and Dick Sprang in issue #140 (Oct. 1948).Daniels, p. 55 The Calendar Man was another villain created by Finger without input from Kane. ", "Kane and Finger drew upon contemporary 1930s popular culture for inspiration regarding much of the Bat-Man's look, personality, methods, and weaponry. Details find predecessors in pulp fiction, comic strips, newspaper headlines, and autobiographical details referring to Kane himself. As an aristocratic hero with a double identity, the Bat-Man had predecessors in the Scarlet Pimpernel (created by Baroness Emmuska Orczy, 1903) and Zorro (created by Johnston McCulley, 1919). Like them, he performed his heroic deeds in secret, averted suspicion by playing the fool in public, and marked his work with a signature symbol. Kane noted the influence of the films The Mark of Zorro (1920) and The Bat Whispers (1930) in the creation of the character's iconography. Finger, drawing inspiration from pulp heroes like Doc Savage, The Shadow, Dick Tracy, and Sherlock Holmes, made the character a master sleuth. ", "In 1936, the Green Hornet carved out a niche when his alter ego, Britt Reid, founded the Daily Sentinel, using his newspaper to fight for law and order. In 1938, Detective Comics #20 unfolded the cloak-and-mask-wearing Crimson Avenger, whose alter ego, Lee Travis, is a newspaper reporter for the Daily Globe-Leader. Like apparently so many other men in this field, Travis gleans great satisfaction working outside the law in his heroic guise. Probably the first hero to hit the airwaves premiered in Columbia Comics' Big Shot #1 in 1940: Tony Trent, a radio announcer for station WBSC, becomes disgusted by the reports of criminal activity he hears daily on the air, and decides to fight crime as the terrifying, rubber-masked hero, the Face. The following year, Harvey Comics' Speed Comics #13 hit the stands, featuring newspaper publisher Don Wright, writer of editorials by day and crime fighter (Captain Freedom) by night, and Smash Comics debuted the hero Midnight, who, as Dave Clark, announces the news at radio station UMAX. One of the most popular characters to emerge from this era was Captain Marvel, who first appeared in Whiz Comics #2 (1940). His alter ego, Billy Batson, is an orphaned newsboy before he turns into the Shazam!-shouting hero. In his first adventure, Batson shows off his investigative skills to the head of WHIZ radio station, earning himself the position of roving radio reporter.", "Robin was introduced as Batman's sidekick in Detective Comics #38 (April 1940). When Kane wanted Robin's origin to parallel Batman's, Finger made Robin's parents circus performers murdered while performing their trapeze act. Finger recalled:", "^ Irvine, Alex \"1950s\" in Dolan, p. 80: \"In the story 'The Batwoman' by writer Edmond Hamilton and penciller Sheldon Moldoff (as Bob Kane), Bruce Wayne took notice of a young admirer who...was fighting crime while wearing a bat-costume.\"", "Detective Comics #27 (May 1939) featured the first appearance of Batman. That superhero would eventually become the star of the title, the cover logo of which is often written as \"Detective Comics featuring Batman\". Because of its significance, issue #27 is widely considered one of the most valuable comic books in existence, with one copy selling for $1,075,000 in a February 2010 auction.", "Two-Face (Harvey Dent) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly as an adversary of the superhero Batman. The character was created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane and first appeared in Detective Comics #66 (Aug. 1942). As one of Batman's most enduring enemies, Two-Face belongs to the collective of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery.", "The superhero Green Arrow , debuting in 1941's More Fun Comics #73, fights crime with Trick Arrows and a Robin Hood-inspired costume. He's taken on other elements of Robin at times; he began championing the poor and oppressed in the '60s, and for a brief time at the very end of the Post-Crisis continuity he became an outlaw and got his own forest to run around in.", "Detective Comics #36 (February 1940) written by Bill Finger, penciled by Bob Kane and Jerry Robinson, and inked by Bob Kane", "The Riddler (Edward Nigma) is a fictional character, a comic book character and supervillain published by DC Comics, and an enemy of Batman . Created by Bill Finger and Dick Sprang, the character first appeared in Detective Comics #140 (1948).", "Created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian-born American artist Joe Shuster in 1932 while both were living in Cleveland, Ohio, and sold to Detective Comics, Inc. (later DC Comics) in 1938, the character first appeared in Action Comics #1 (June 1938) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, television programs, films, newspaper strips, and video games.", "In April 1937 Kane had a story in Detective Picture Stories #5 from Comic Magazine Company.", "The first costumed, masked superhero (debuted in February 1936) - in the first newspaper strip that introduced the idea of a masked crime-fighter to a wide audience", "The character gained prominence in a comic strip and the Chicago Defender newspaper in the early 1930s.", "Issue #29 of Classic Comics from July 1946 features an adaptation of Mark Twain's The Prince and the Pauper. The comic book is now in the public domain.", "AP – In this comic book cover photo released by ComicConnect/Metropolis Comics, a copy of the 1938 edition …" ]

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[ "Sir Thomas Beecham, 2nd Baronet, CH (29 April 1879 - 8 March 1961) was an English conductor and impresario best known for his association with the London Philharmonic and the Royal Philharmonic orchestras. He was also closely associated with the Liverpool Philharmonic and Hallé orchestras. From the early 20th century until his death, Beecham was a major influence on the musical life of Britain and, according to the BBC, was Britain's first international conductor.", "Sir Thomas Beecham ( 29 April 1879 – 8 March 1961 ) was a British conductor. He founded several British orchestras. From the early twentieth century until his death, Beecham was a dominant influence on the musical life of Britain.", "Sir Harold Malcolm Watts Sargent (29 April 1895 – 3 October 1967) was an English conductor, organist and composer widely regarded as Britain's leading conductor of choral works. The musical ensembles with which he was associated included the Ballets Russes, the Huddersfield Choral Society, the Royal Choral Society, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, and the London Philharmonic, Hallé, Liverpool Philharmonic, BBC Symphony and Royal Philharmonic orchestras. Sargent was held in high esteem by choirs and instrumental soloists, but because of his high standards and a statement that he made in a 1936 interview disputing musicians' rights to tenure, his relationship with orchestral players was often uneasy. Despite this, he was co-founder of the London Philharmonic, was the first conductor of the Liverpool Philharmonic as a full-time ensemble, and played an important part in saving the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from disbandment in the 1960s.", "Bio: Sir Thomas Beecham, 2nd Baronet, CH was an English conductor and impresario best known for his association with the London Philharmonic and the Royal Philharmonic orchestras. He was also closely associated with the Liverpool Philharmonic and Hallé orchestras.", "Born to a rich industrial family, Beecham began his career as a conductor in 1899. He used his access to the family fortune to finance opera from the 1910s until the start of the Second World War, staging seasons at Covent Garden, Drury Lane and His Majesty's Theatre with international stars, his own orchestra and a wide repertoire. Among the works he introduced to England were Richard Strauss's Elektra, Salome and Der Rosenkavalier and three operas by Frederick Delius.", "Beecham was educated at Rossall School between 1892 and 1897, after which he hoped to attend a music conservatoire in Germany, but his father forbade it, and instead Beecham went to Wadham College, Oxford, to read Classics. He did not find university life to his taste and successfully sought his father's permission to leave Oxford in 1898.Reid, p. 27 He studied as a pianist, but had difficulty because of his small hands, and any career as a soloist was ruled out by a wrist injury in 1904.Jefferson, Alan. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30670 \"Beecham, Sir Thomas, second baronet (1879–1961)\"], Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 24 May 2016 He studied composition privately with Frederic Austin in Liverpool, Charles Wood in London, and Moritz Moszkowski in Paris. As a conductor, he was self-taught.Crichton, Ronald, and John Lucas. [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/02507 \"Beecham, Sir Thomas\",] Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, retrieved 13 March 2011 ", "Toscanini, Beecham and many others regarded Sargent as the finest choral conductor in the world. Even orchestral musicians gave him credit: the principal violist of the BBC Symphony Orchestra wrote of him, \"He is able to instil into the singers a life and efficiency they never dreamed of. You have only to see the eyes of a choral society screwing into him like hundreds of gimlets to understand what he means to them.\" However, another of Sargent's colleagues, Sir Adrian Boult, said of him, \"[H]e was a great all-rounder but never developed his potentialities, which were enormous, simply because he didn't think hard enough about music � he never troubled to improve on a successful interpretation. He was too interested in other things, and not single-minded enough about music.\"", "Toscanini, Beecham and many others regarded Sargent as the finest choral conductor in the world. Even orchestral musicians gave him credit: the principal violist of the BBC Symphony Orchestra wrote of him, \"He is able to instil into the singers a life and efficiency they never dreamed of. You have only to see the eyes of a choral society screwing into him like hundreds of gimlets to understand what he means to them.\" However, another of Sargent's colleagues, Sir Adrian Boult, said of him, \"[H]e was a great all-rounder but never developed his potentialities, which were enormous, simply because he didn't think hard enough about music – he never troubled to improve on a successful interpretation. He was too interested in other things, and not single-minded enough about music.\" ", "Sargent worked first as an organist at St. Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, from 1914 to 1924, except for eight months in 1918 when he served as a private in the Durham Light Infantry during the First World War. He was chosen for the organist post over more than 150 other applicants. At the same time, he worked on many musical projects in Leicester, Melton Mowbray and Stamford, where he not only conducted but also produced the operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and others for amateur societies. The Prince of Wales and his entourage often hunted in Leicestershire and watched the annual Gilbert and Sullivan productions there, together with the Duke of York and other members of the Royal Family. At the age of 24 Sargent became England's youngest Doctor of Music, with a degree from Durham.", "Sargent worked first as an organist at St. Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, from 1914 to 1924, except for eight months in 1918 when he served as a private in the Durham Light Infantry during the First World War. He was chosen for the organist post over more than 150 other applicants. At the same time, he worked on many musical projects in Leicester, Melton Mowbray and Stamford, where he not only conducted but also produced the operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and others for amateur societies. The Prince of Wales and his entourage often hunted in Leicestershire and watched the annual Gilbert and Sullivan productions there, together with the Duke of York and other members of the Royal Family. At the age of 24 Sargent became England's youngest Doctor of Music, with a degree from Durham. ", "Beecham left Britain in the spring of 1940, going first to Australia and then to North America. He became music director of the Seattle Symphony in 1941. In 1942 he joined the Metropolitan Opera as joint senior conductor with his former assistant Bruno Walter. He began with his own adaptation of Bach's comic cantata, Phoebus and Pan, followed by Le Coq d'Or. His main repertoire was French: Carmen, Louise (with Grace Moore), Manon, Faust, Mignon and The Tales of Hoffmann. In addition to his Seattle and New York posts, Beecham was guest conductor with 18 American orchestras. ", "Thomas Henry Sargent (21 November 1894 – 7 May 1963), best known by his stage name Max Miller and also known as 'The Cheeky Chappie', was a British front-cloth comedian who was widely regarded as the greatest stand-up comedian of his generation. He made films, toured in revues and music hall, and sang and recorded songs, some of which he wrote. He was known for his flamboyant suits, his wicked charm, and his risqué jokes which often got him into trouble with the censors.", "When the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra was in danger of extinction after Beecham's death in 1961, Sargent played a major part in saving it, doing much to win back the good opinion of orchestral players that he had lost because of his 1936 interview. In the 1960s, Sargent toured Russia, the United States, Canada, Turkey, Israel, India, the Far East and Australia. By the mid-1960s his health began to deteriorate.", "Sir Thomas Beecham: The Man and His Music by Alan Blackwood (�10.50)Publisher: Ebury Press — 1994Binding: Hardback in a Dust Wrapper. First Edition. [ISBN: 0091784344]Condition: Very Good � in Very Good Dust Wrapper. Small, personal, monogram stamp to the first blank and half-title page. Text complete, clean and tight otherwise. Description: Illustrated by way of: Black and White Photographs;Notes: Jacket designed by David Fordham. Size: 9�\" x 6�\". Black boards with Gilt titling to the Spine. [IX] 237 pages. Tags: blackwood fordham 0091784344 beecham thomas sir conductors music england 20th century biography great britain conducting british musical life diaghilev opera ballet company covent garden handel berlioz premieres elektra salome sibelius frederick delius", "Beecham's repertoire was eclectic, sometimes favouring lesser-known composers over famous ones. His specialities included composers whose works were neglected in Britain before he became their advocate, such as Delius and Berlioz. Other composers with whose music he was frequently associated were Haydn, Schubert, Sibelius and the composer he revered above all others, Mozart.", "Sargent was chief conductor of the Proms from 1948 until his death in 1967 and of the BBC Symphony Orchestra from 1950 to 1957, succeeding Sir Adrian Boult. One author has written that \"Sargent sometimes ruffled the orchestra in a way that Boult had never done. Indeed there were many people inside the BBC who profoundly regretted Boult's departure.\" The same author contended that Sargent was the target of criticism from the BBC's own Music Department for \"not devoting enough time to the orchestra.\" Norman Lebrecht goes so far as to say that Sargent \"almost wrecked\" the BBC orchestra.", "Upon his return to England in 1918 after a visit to the United States, Sargent was commissioned as a war artist by the British Ministry of Information. In his large painting Gassed and in many watercolors, he depicted scenes from the Great War. ", "Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British statesman who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a non-academic historian, a writer (as Winston S. Churchill), and an artist. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature, and was the first person to be made an honorary citizen of the United States.", "Being popular in Australia with players as well as the public, Sargent made three lengthy tours of Australia and New Zealand in 1936. He was on the point of accepting a permanent appointment with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation when, at the outbreak of the Second World War, he felt it his duty to return to his country, resisting strong pressure from the Australian media for him to stay. During the war, Sargent directed the Hallé Orchestra in Manchester (1939–42) and the Liverpool Philharmonic (1942–48) and became a popular BBC Home Service radio broadcaster. He helped boost public morale during the war by extensive concert tours around the country conducting for nominal fees. On one famous occasion, an air raid interrupted a performance of Beethoven's Symphony No. 7. Sargent stopped the orchestra, calmed the audience by saying they were safer inside the hall than fleeing outside, and resumed conducting. He later said that no orchestra had ever played so well and that no audience in his experience had ever listened so intently. In May 1941 Sargent conducted the last performance held in the Queen's Hall. Following an afternoon performance of Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius, the hall was destroyed during a night-time incendiary raid. ", "In 1945 Arturo Toscanini invited Sargent to conduct the NBC Symphony Orchestra. In four concerts Sargent chose to present all English music, with the exception of Sibelius's Symphony No. 1 and Dvoř�k's Symphony No. 7. Two concertos, Walton's Viola Concerto with William Primrose, and Elgar's Violin Concerto with Yehudi Menuhin, were programmed as part of these concerts. Menuhin judged Sargent's conducting of the latter \"the next best to Elgar in this work.\"", "Beecham, by Caryl Brahms and Ned Sherrin, is a play celebrating the conductor and drawing on a large number of Beecham stories for its material. Its first production, in 1979, starred Timothy West in the title role. It was later adapted for television, starring West, with members of the Hallé Orchestra taking part in the action and playing pieces associated with Beecham. ", "John Singer Sargent (January 12, 1856 – April 14, 1925) was the most successful portrait painter of his era, as well as a gifted landscape painter and watercolorist. Sargent was born in Florence, Italy to American parents.", "at a location near Dunkirk during a lull in his ambulance duties. [9] However, Maugham is also known to have worked for British Intelligence in mainland Europe during the war, having been recruited by John Wallinger , and was one of the network of British agents who operated in Switzerland against the Berlin Committee , notably Virendranath Chattopadhyay . Maugham was later recruited by William Wiseman to work in Russia. [10] [11]", "Gabriel Fallopius, Italian anatomist, 1562; Pope Pius XII, 1958; André Maurois, French writer, 1967; Clare Booth Luce, US writer and politician, 1987; Jackie Millburn, English footballer, 1988.", "William Somerset Maugham (pronounced 'mawm'), CH (25 January 1874 – 16 December 1965) was an English playwright , novelist and short story writer . He was among the most popular writers of his era, and reputedly, the highest paid author during the 1930s.", "Furth, Leslie Furth (2003). ‘A Domestic Episode: John Singer Sargent and Robert Louis Stevenson’. In ‘Imaging Transgression: Subversions of the Victorian Norm in the Work of Thomas Satterwhite Noble, John Singer Sargent and John White Alexander’. PhD diss., Boston University, 2003.", "Art historian and Soviet spy, born in Bournemouth, Dorset, S England, UK. In 1926 he went to Trinity College, Cambridge, and became a fellow there in 1932. Influenced by Guy Burgess, he acted as a talent-spotter, supplying to him the names of likely recruits to the Communist cause, and during his war service in British Intelligence with MI5 was in a position to pass on information to the Sovie…", "In 1918, the artist John Singer Sargent, then over 60 years of age, went to France and did several paintings of life in the back areas and one of them became famous, it was titled \"GASSED\". One day on the Doullens‑Arras road, he came across a Casualty Clearing Station (C.C.S.), which was busily treating victims of mustard‑gas.", "JOSEPH RUDYARD KIPLING (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English short-story writer, poet, and novelist chiefly remembered for his tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1907. He was born in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, and was taken by his family to England when he was five years old.", "John Singer Sargent (1856–1925) | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "Joseph Rudyard Kipling (December 30, 1865- January 18, 1936) was a British author and poet, born in India.", "Thomas Walter Bannerman Kibble was born on December 23 1932 in Madras, where his father, Professor Walter Kibble, taught Mathematics and Statistics at the Madras Christian College in Tambaram. His maternal grandparents were Helen Bannerman, best known as the author of Little Black Sambo, and William Bannerman, an officer in the Indian Medical Service." ]

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[ "Peter was a poor man who had an unfaithful wife. She kept cheating on him (couldn’t keep her), so he had to find a way to stop her running around. His solution, fairly common in the middle ages, was a chastity belt (pumpkin shell). For those who don’t know, a chastity belt is roughly a pair of metal underwear with lock and key, so that no one could enter the private region of the woman except whoever held the key, usually her husband. And as the rhyme goes, once he put her in that belt, he kept her very well.", "An earlier version from Scotland includes the delightful detail of mice feasting on the woman's corpse. \"Peter, Peter Pumpkin Eater\" found a similar solution when he stashed his cheating wife's body in a pumpkin shell \"and there he kept her very well.\"", "This nursery rhyme also has it's roots in America, unlike most that started in England. It was a different time back then for women, and for views on divorce, too, which is why this rhyme served to warn young girls about infidelity. Peter's wife was supposedly a harlot, and Peter's remedy for the situation was to kill her and hide her body in a giant pumpkin shell.", "Peter, we are told, has \"his first laugh still\" and all his first teeth, which he gnashes at Mrs Darling when she wakes up and finds him in the nursery. Yet he is as tall as Wendy, herself the oldest of the three Darling children, competent to perform tasks such as sewing and spring cleaning. To the redskins he is \"the great white father\". Furthermore, he cannot be a tiny boy, since he is old enough for, respectively, Wendy, Tiger Lily and Tinker Bell—a foul-mouthed \"common fairy\" who favours a negligee for evening wear, and has plainly been around the block a few times—to entertain amorous hopes in his regard.", "I went on teaching him more nursery rhymes. Itsy Bitsy Spider. Pop Goes the Weasel. Peter Peter Pumpkin-eater. Old King Cole. Baa Baa Black Sheep.", "One of the most popular nursery rhymes in the English-speaking world. Humpty Dumpty is a personified egg, first recorded by the collector James William Elliots in his National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs. He was later popularized in the U.S. by George L. Fox . The legend of Humpty even made its way into Lewis Caroll’s “Through the Looking Glass.” There have been many slight variations of the quatrain throughout history.", "In 1902 South Kensington, Middlesex-born Helen Beatrix Potter (1866-1943) pub. The Tale of Peter Rabbit , a bestseller (45M copies); loses his jacket and shoes to Farmer McGregor while his siblings Flopsy, Mopsy, and Cottontail stay safely at home; he escapes and returns home to his mother, who puts him to bed and gives him camomile tea; The Tale of Benjamin Buddy sees Peter retrieve his lost duds.", "\"Little Bo Peep\", also known as \"Little Bo Peep has lost her sheep\", is a popular English language nursery rhyme.", "When Mr. McGregor and his wife leave home in their gig, Benjamin Bunny and his cousin Peter Rabbit venture into Mr. McGregor's garden to retrieve the clothes Peter lost there in The Tale of Peter Rabbit. They find the blue jacket and brown shoes on a scarecrow, but Peter is apprehensive about lingering in the garden because of his previous experience. Benjamin delays their departure by gathering onions, which he wraps in Peter's handkerchief, hoping to give them to his aunt, Peter's mother. He then takes a casual stroll around the garden, followed by an increasingly nervous Peter.", "James Orchard Halliwell introduced the tune to children in 1842 with Nursery Rhymes of England, and made it more kid-friendly. Or not. Instead of a miller's wife, we have a farmer's wife—who should be used to seeing mice, living on a farm and all—wielding a carving knife. Not only have the poor mice lost their sight, but they're about to lose their tails, too.", "NURSERY RHYMES.Simple Simon met a pieman, The North wind doth blow,Going to the fair; And we shall have snow,Says Simple Simon to the pieman, And what will poor Robin do then ?Let me taste your ware. He will hop to a barn,Says the pieman to Simple Simon, And to keep himself warm\" Show me first your penny.\" Will hide his head under his wing,Says Simple Simon to the pieman, Poor thing.\" Indeed I have not any.\"Polly, put the kettle on,Simple Simon went a-fishing, Polly, put the kettle on,For to catch a whale; Polly, put the kettle on,All the water he had got oy t th ,Was in his mother's pail. And let's drink tea.He went to shoot a wild duck, Sukey, take it off again,But the wild duck flew away; Sukey, take it off again,Says Simon, \" I can't hit him, Sukey, take it off again,Because he will not stay.\" They're all gone away.See, saw, Margery Daw, Ride a cock-horse to Banbury Cross,Jenny shall have a new master; To see what Tommy can buy;She shall have but a penny a day, A penny white loaf, a penny white cake,Because she can't work any faster. And a twopenny apple pie.", "Ans. Humpty Dumpty. It is widely believed this story of the Colchester Cannon is the origin of the nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty", "One of the best known of all nursery rhymes is the one that begins \"Ladybug ladybug . . . \" or, alternatively, \"Ladybird ladybird . . . \" One common version of this rhyme is:", "The quintessential cautionary tale, Peter Rabbit warns naughty children about the grave consequences of misbehaving. When Mrs. Rabbit beseeches her four furry children not to go into Mr. McGregor's garden, the impish Peter naturally takes this as an open invitation to create mischief. He quickly gets in over his head, when he is spotted by farmer McGregor himself. Any child with a spark of sass will find Peter's adventures remarkably familiar. And they'll see in Flopsy, Mopsy, and Cotton-tail that bane of their existence: the \"good\" sibling who always does the right thing. One earns bread and milk and blackberries for supper, while the obstinate folly of the other warrants medicine and an early bedtime.", "*Cratchit, Bob Longsuffering clerk of Ebenezer Scrooge. Bob endures Scrooge's mistreatment until Scrooge, reformed by the visit of the three spirits, raises Bob's salary and vows to help his struggling family. The Cratchit family consists of Bob's wife, eldest daughter Martha, daughter Belinda, son Peter, two younger children: boy and girl, and Tiny Tim in A Christmas Carol.", "In the Night Garden is an interpretation of a nursery rhyme picture book. It is about a magical place that exists between waking and sleeping in a child's imagination.", "Nursery Rhyme - Book and CD Music composed by Peter Cobbin Format : Hardcover (padded) plus CD problem : New proportions : 20cm x 26cm x 1cm in regards to the BookBeatrix Potter adored traditional rhymes and riddles and she wove all of them into this lady stories when she could. This beautifully illustrated volume mixes over fifty of the woman nursery rhymes in a single range and tends to make an amazing book of earliest verse for almost any youngster. The associated CD contains most of the rhymes set-to sounds in Peter Cobbin s incredibly diverse and tuneful arrangements. About Beatix Potter just a little girl in Victorian England Beatrix Potter is taught in the home by governesses and learned art while the lady cousin was sent away to class. She ended up being a shy set aside individuality when reaching the outside world but the girl key journal printed in her own code disclosed a lively youthful woman with very crucial opinions of the woman other music artists.Beatrix Potter s ArtDespite perhaps not planning sch", "Few people realise the importance and influence of Scotland on Beatrix Potter’s life. As a child Beatrix and her family enjoyed long summer holidays in the Birnam area of Perthshire. Staying in the countryside, away from the more formal life they led in London, Beatrix and her young brother, Bertram, were able to study the local wildlife. It was from Eastwood, Dunkeld, in 1893 that Beatrix wrote the now famous picture letter to Noel Moore which was later to become The Tale of Peter Rabbit. The following day she wrote a letter to Noel’s brother, Eric, about a frog called Jeremy Fisher. People she had met there on holiday inspired the loveable characters of Mrs. Tiggy-winkle and", "Cratchit, Bob (  A Christmas Carol  )  Longsuffering clerk of  Ebenezer Scrooge . Bob endures Scrooge's mistreatment until Scrooge, reformed by the visit of the three spirits, raises Bob's salary and vows to help his struggling family. The Cratchit family consists of Bob's wife, eldest daughter Martha, daughter Belinda, son Peter, two younger children: boy and girl, and  Tiny Tim .", "One day, while mother rabbit is out, Peter strays into his neighbour’s garden and proceeds to eat his vegetables, only to be chased away by an angry Mr McGregor. Potter’s writing style has the quaint, mannered charm of its period.", "Various theories have been advanced to account for the rhyme, including: that it deals with child sacrifice ; that it describes public executions ; that it describes Henry VIII 's marital difficulties. [1] Problematically for these theories the last two lines, with their different metre, do not appear in the earlier recorded versions of the rhyme, including the first printed in Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book (c. 1744), where the lyrics are:", "Narrator : And his fib fooled the child. Then he patted her head, he got her a drink, and he sent her to bed. And when Cindy Lou Who was in bed with her cup, he crupt to the chimney and stuffed the tree up. Then he went up the chimney himself, the old liar, and the last thing he took was the log for their fire. On their walls, he left nothing but hooks and some wire. And the one speck of food that he left in the house was a crumb that was even too small for a mouse. Then he did the same thing to the other Whos' houses: leaving crumbs much too small for the other Whos' mouses!", "It just so happens that as in so many so called nursery rhymes, there is a bit of mischief.", "Many nursery rhymes became songs or chants for playground games. Some were like Humpty Dumpty and had very unusual connections to history, while others had no connection to history at all.", "* In the eponymous British folk tale, Thomas the Rhymer went to live in the faerie kingdom for 7 years.", "One of the most fascinating nursery rhymes in my opinion is that of Little Jack Horner. Who was Jack Horner? Why was he sitting in the corner? And what is so exciting about pulling out a plum?", "Beatrix wrote this story to appeal to her American fans and featured animals of American origin (grey squirrels, chipmunks and a black bear) living in the Lake District woods! Poor Timmy Tiptoes ends up deep inside the trunk of a dead tree, with no means of getting out. Luckily, the chipmunk who lives there is very kind.", "I found this longer version of Tom, Tom the Piper's Son in A History of Nursery Rhymes (1899) by Percy B. Green:", "The lovely cottage garden is a haphazard mix of flowers, herbs, fruit and vegetables. Make your way up the garden path to the front door and see for yourself why Beatrix loved this place. Bought in 1905 with proceeds from her first book, the Tale of Peter Rabbit, she used Hill Top itself and the surrounding countryside as inspiration for many of her subsequent books.", "This gift edition of Beatrix Potter's classic tale has a gold-foil jacket and is published to celebrate the centenary of the book's publication in 1911. After a terrible misunderstanding, poor Timmy Tiptoes ends up deep inside the trunk of a dead tree, with no means of getting out. Luckily, the chipmunk who lives there is very friendly and kind to Timmy. Before long, a strong wind blows the top off the dead tree trunk, but poor Timmy can't get himself out on account of eating far too many nuts and being a little bit too round! Beatrix wrote this story to appeal to her American fans and featured animals of American origin (grey squirrels, chipmunks and a black bear) all living happily in the Lake District woods! \"The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes\" is number twelve in Beatrix Potter's series of 23 little books.", "The Easter Bunny (also called the Easter Rabbit or Easter Hare) is a folkloric figure and symbol of Easter, depicted as a rabbit bringing Easter eggs. Originating among German Lutherans, the \"Easter Hare\" originally played the role of a judge, evaluating whether children were good or disobedient in behaviour at the start of the season of Eastertide. The Easter Bunny is sometimes depicted with clothes. In legend, the creature carries colored eggs in his basket, candy, and sometimes also toys to the homes of children, and as such shows similarities to Santa Claus or the Christkind, as they both bring gifts to children on the night before their respective holidays. The custom was first mentioned in Georg Franck von Franckenau's De ovis paschalibus (About Easter Eggs) in 1682 referring to a German tradition of an Easter Hare bringing Easter eggs for the children.", "An elderly woman tells her granddaughter a bedtime story of where snow comes from, by telling her the story of a young man named Edward who has scissors for hands. As the creation of an old Inventor, Edward was a human-like boy who was in the penultimate stage of work. The Inventor homeschooled Edward, but suffered a fatal heart attack and died just as he was about to fasten hands on Edward." ]

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[ "* April 28, 1952: The Treaty of San Francisco goes into effect, formally ending the state of war between Japan and most of the Allied countries.", "ww2dbaseOn 8 Sep 1951, representatives of 48 nations signed the Treaty of San Francisco at the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, California, United States. When it would come into effect on 28 Apr 1952, peace became official between Japan and some of the Allied nations, and thus it represented the technical end of WW2 even though guns had been silent since 1945. It also allocated compensation from Japan to various Allied nations.", "The state of war between the United States and Japan officially ended when the Treaty of San Francisco took effect on April 28, 1952. Japan and the Soviet Union formally made peace four years later, when they signed the Soviet-Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956.", "On August 28, the occupation of Japan by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers began. The surrender ceremony was held on September 2, aboard the United States Navy battleship , at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, thereby ending the hostilities. Allied civilians and military personnel alike celebrated V-J Day, the end of the war; however, some isolated soldiers and personnel from Imperial Japan's far-flung forces throughout Asia and the Pacific islands refused to surrender for months and years afterwards, some even refusing into the 1970s. The role of the atomic bombings in Japan's unconditional surrender, and the ethics of the two attacks, is still debated. The state of war formally ended when the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April 28, 1952. Four more years passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, which formally brought an end to their state of war.", ", or commonly known as the Treaty of Peace with Japan, Peace Treaty of San Francisco, or San Francisco Peace Treaty), mostly between Japan and the Allied Powers, was officially signed by 48 nations on September 8, 1951, at the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, California, United States. It came into force on April 28, 1952. According to Article 11 of the Treaty of San Francisco, Japan accepts the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts imposed on Japan both within and outside Japan. ", "April 28, 1952 – San Francisco Treaty goes into effect and Japan becomes an independent country again.", "Initially, the United States abandoned the KMT and expected that Taiwan would fall to the Communists. However, in 1950 the conflict between North Korea and South Korea, which had been ongoing since the Japanese withdrawal in 1945, escalated into full-blown war, and in the context of the Cold War, US President Harry S. Truman intervened again and dispatched the U.S. Navy's 7th Fleet into the Taiwan Strait to prevent hostilities between Taiwan and mainland China. In the Treaty of San Francisco and the Treaty of Taipei, which came into force respectively on 28 April 1952 and 5 August 1952, Japan formally renounced all right, claim and title to Taiwan and Penghu, and renounced all treaties signed with China before 1942. Neither treaty specified to whom sovereignty over the islands should be transferred, because the United States and the United Kingdom disagreed on whether the ROC or the PRC was the legitimate government of China. Continuing conflict of the Chinese Civil War through the 1950s, and intervention by the United States notably resulted in legislation such as the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty and the Formosa Resolution of 1955.", "Fourty-nine nations signed the Treaty of Peace with Japan in San Francisco on September 8, 1951. The treaty officially ended World War II and set the terms of peace with Japan.", "Yoshida Shigeru was elected as Prime Minister of Japan. His policy, known as the \"Yoshida Doctrine\" emphasized military reliance on the United States and promoted unrestrained economic growth. As Cold War tensions rose, the United States and Japan signed the Treaty of San Francisco, which came into force on April 28, 1952. Japan became a sovereign nation once more.", "Chapter I formally ended the state of war and recognized Japan's sovereignty. Japan relinquished control of or claim to Korea, Formosa, the Pescadores, Sakhalin, the Kuriles, the islands it held in the Pacific, Antarctica, and the Spratly and Paracel islands and, furthermore, gave the U.S. control of the Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa) and other territories (Chapter II). Under Chapter III, the security clause, Japan recognized the U.N. Charter but specified that Japan might enter into \"collective security arrangements.\" Chapter IV, on political and economic issues, specified that Japan would relinquish all special rights and privileges in China, accept the decisions of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE); it also provided for the revival of commercial treaties, including granting the Allied powers MFN (most-favored-nation) status. Chapter V regulated property claims, including reparations and compensation, while Chapter VI referred unresolved disputes to the International Court of Justice. The final articles, Chapter VII, defined the ratification process and included an article (26) that gave any of the signatories most-favored-nation status if Japan were to negotiate a settlement with any other country that provided benefits not in the SFPT. On April 28, 1952, a little over seven months after the signing of the treaty, Japan formally regained its sovereignty.", "3. The Treaty of Taipei outlined many of the same conditions as the Treaty of San Francisco which had was signed between the Allies and Japan in 1951, formally ending World War II in the Pacific.", "..... Click the link for more information. . Economic revival proceeded slowly with much unemployment and a low level of production, which improved only gradually. In 1949, however, MacArthur loosened the bonds of military government, and many responsibilities were restored to local authorities. At San Francisco in Sept., 1951, a peace treaty was signed between Japan and most of its opponents in World War II. India and Burma (Myanmar) refused to attend the conference, and the USSR, Czechoslovakia, and Poland refused to sign the treaty. It nevertheless went into effect on Apr. 28, 1952, and Japan again assumed full sovereignty.", "neighbors. In the months following the peace conference, the United States tightened the screws on this divisive policy by informing a dismayed and reluctant Japanese government that Congress would not ratify the peace treaty unless Japan signed a parallel treaty with the Chinese Nationalist government in Taiwan, thus effectively recognizing that regime as the legitimate government of China. Failing this, the U.S. occupation of Japan would be perpetuated indefinitely. Japan acquiesced to this ultimatum in the famous \"Yoshida Letter,\" dated December 24, 1951 (from the Japanese prime minister Yoshida Shigeru to John Foster Dulles, the U.S. emissary in charge of the peace settlement). The ensuing peace treaty between Japan and the \"Republic of China\" ensconced in Taipei was signed on April 28, 1952-the same day the peace and security treaties signed in San Francisco came into effect.", "Along with political and military conflicts, significant elements within the Cold War structure in East Asia are regional conflicts among its major players. Confrontation over national boundaries and territorial sovereignty emerged from the disposition of the defeated Axis countries.  Whereas Germany was the only divided nation in Europe, several Cold War frontiers emerged to divide nations and peoples in East Asia.  The San Francisco Peace Treaty played a critical role in creating or mounting many of these frontier problems. Vast territories, extending from the Kurile Islands to Antarctica and from Micronesia to the Spratlys, were disposed of in the treaty. The treaty, however, specified neither their final devolution nor their precise limits (see the Appendix at the end of this article), thereby sowing the seeds of various “unresolved problems” in the region.", "A separate treaty, the Treaty of Taipei , formally known as the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty, was signed in Taipei on April 28, 1952 between Japan and the Republic of China, just hours before the Treaty of San Francisco went into effect.", "Formosa and the Penghu islands were put under the administrative control of the Republic of China (ROC) government in 1945 by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. The ROC proclaimed Taiwan Retrocession Day on October 25, 1945. However, due to the unresolved Chinese Civil War, neither the newly established People's Republic of China (PRC) in mainland China nor the Nationalist ROC that retreated to Taiwan was invited to sign the Treaty of San Francisco, as neither had shown full and complete legal capacity to enter into an international legally binding agreement. Since China was not present, the Japanese only formally renounced the territorial sovereignty of Taiwan and Penghu islands without specifying to which country Japan relinquished the sovereignty, and the treaty was signed in 1951 and came into force in 1952.", "Commodore John Drake Sloat ordered his naval forces to occupy Yerba Buena (present San Francisco) on July 7 and within days American forces controlled San Francisco, Sonoma, and Sutter's Fort in Sacramento. The treaty ending the Mexican-American War was signed on February 2, 1848, and Mexico formally ceded Alta California (including all of present-day northern California) to the United States.", "Prior to the final draft of the San Francisco Peace Treaty, which was completed in 1951, six years after the Japanese surrender, several treaty drafts were prepared. Early drafts were, on the whole, based on US wartime studies, and were consistent with the Yalta spirit of inter-Allied cooperation. They were long and detailed, providing clear border demarcations and specifying the names of small islands near the borders of post-war Japan, such as Takeshima, Habomai, and Shikotan, specifically to avoid future territorial conflicts. However, against the background of the intensifying Cold War, particularly with the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, the peace terms with Japan changed in such a way as to reflect new strategic interests of the United States, the main drafter of the treaty.  Specifically, Japan and the Philippines, soon to be the most important US allies in East Asia, had to be secured for the non-communist West, whereas the communist states were to be contained.", "Several developments in Asia between 1949 and 1951 helped to change U.S. perceptions about the utility of a formal security arrangement. The communist victory in the Chinese Revolution in 1949 seemed to confirm fears that communism was spreading in East Asia as well as in Europe. In 1950s, the outbreak of the Korean War led Australia and New Zealand to commit troops through the United Nations and alongside the NATO allies, demonstrating both their concern over the threat of communism and their commitment to doing their part to help contain it in the region. Most importantly, the U.S. decision to end the occupation of Japan and seek a peace treaty was met with great suspicion and disapproval from officials in the South Pacific, and that made the United States more willing to develop a security treaty to gain Antipodean support for the final peace agreement. In April of 1951, U.S. President Harry Truman announced that negotiations on a tripartite security treaty between the United States, Australia and New Zealand would occur concurrently with the negotiations for a final peace treaty with Japan. Both treaties were concluded in mid-1951, and the ANZUS Treaty was ratified by the United States and entered into force in 1952.", "Recommended citation: Hara, Kimie, \"The San Francisco Peace Treaty and Frontier Problems in The Regional Order in East Asia A Sixty Year Perspective,\" The Asia- Pacific Journal, Vol 10, Issue 17, No. 1, April 23, 2012.", "TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the Mexican War , recognized the annexation of Texas to the United States (consummated nearly three years before), and ceded to the United States Upper California (the modern state of California) and nearly all of the present American Southwest between California and Texas. The treaty traced the boundary between the United States and Mexico from the Gulf of Mexico up the main channel of the Rio Grande to the southern boundary of the Mexican province of New Mexico. The line followed the southern boundary of New Mexico to its western boundary and north to the first branch of the Gila River, then down the Gila to its intersection with the Colorado River, and finally along the old Spanish-Mexican division line between Upper and Lower California. The exact boundary was to be surveyed and marked by a joint commission to be appointed by the two governments within a year.", "The Korean War, which began on June 25, 1950, created new dynamics as the State Department aligned itself with Defense in the quest for maximum access and flexibility for military operations from Japan. Truman appointed John Foster Dulles, a Republican with the bipartisan connections necessary for domestic acceptance of a treaty, to negotiate one. Dulles visited Japan four times, traveled to the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand, and also visited London and France in his quest for an acceptable treaty. By August 1951, he had come to an agreement with Britain on a jointly proposed treaty, and the U.S., as the host country, issued invitations to over fifty countries to convene in San Francisco to \"conclude\" the treaty. As the conference approached, however, Asian resistance to the treaty began to make itself felt.", "1951, Sept.8: Peace treaty between Japan and the Allies and a Japan-U.S> Security Treaty is signed in San Francisco", "The increasingly unpopular war in Korea dragged on, and the Truman administration was beset with a series of corruption scandals. He eventually decided not to run for re-election. Adlai Stevenson, the Democratic candidate in the 1952 presidential election, attempted to distance himself from the President as much as possible. The election was won by the Republican candidate, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, whose administration ramped up the pressure on the Chinese in Korea with conventional bombing and renewed threats of using nuclear weapons. Coupled with a more favorable international political climate in the wake of the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953, this led the Chinese and North Koreans to agree to terms. The belief that the threat of nuclear weapons played an important part in the outcome would lead to their threatened use against China on a number of occasions during the 1950s.", "The Dumbarton Oaks proposals, with modifications from the Yalta Conference, formed the basis of negotiations at the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO), which convened in San Francisco on April 25, 1945, and produced the final Charter of the United Nations. The San Francisco conference was attended by representatives of 50 countries from all geographic areas of the world: 9 from Europe, 21 from the Americas, 7 from the Middle East, 2 from East Asia, and 3 from Africa, as well as 1 each from the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (in addition to the Soviet Union itself) and 5 from British Commonwealth countries. Poland, which was not present at the conference, was permitted to become an original member of the UN. Security Council veto power (among the permanent members) was affirmed, though any member of the General Assembly was able to raise issues for discussion. Other political issues resolved by compromise were the role of the organization in the promotion of economic and social welfare; the status of colonial areas and the distribution of trusteeships; the status of regional and defense arrangements; and Great Power dominance versus the equality of states. The UN Charter was unanimously adopted and signed on June 26 and promulgated on October 24, 1945.", "The Golden Gate is a strait on the west coast of North America that connects San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. It is defined by the headlands of the San Francisco Peninsula and the Marin Peninsula, and, since 1937, has been spanned by the Golden Gate Bridge.", "In 1945, the charter of the United Nations was signed by 50 countries in San Francisco. The text of the charter was in five languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.", "...was signed on December 1, 1959. With final ratification by each of the 12 governments (Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States), the treaty was enacted on June 23, 1961.", "The treaties. On September 7, 1977, President James E. Carter and Panamanian military dictator Omar Torrijos signed the Panama Canal Treaty, which abolished the Canal Zone, terminated all prior treaties regarding the Canal, and provided for the full transfer of the Canal to Panama on December 31, 1999. A separate Neutrality Treaty guaranteed the neutrality of the Canal in perpetuity.", "A strait in northern California connecting the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay. The Golden Gate Bridge, which spans the strait, was completed in 1937.", "War broke out along the 38th parallel on June 25, 1950. On that day, North Korean troops coordinated an attack at several strategic points along the parallel and headed south toward Seoul. The United Nations Security Council responded to the attack by adopting (by a 9-0 vote) a resolution that condemned the invasion as a \"breach of the peace.\" The Council did not have a Soviet delegate, since 6 months prior, the Soviet Union had left to protest the United Nation's refusal to seat a delegate from China. President Harry S. Truman quickly committed American forces to a combined United Nations military effort and named Gen. Douglas MacArthur Commander of the U.N. forces. Fifteen other nations also sent troops under the U.N. command. Truman did not seek a formal declaration of war from Congress; officially, America's presence in Korea amounted to no more than a \"police action.\"", "Representatives of 50 countries participated in the San Francisco Conference. The Charter was opened for signature on 26 June 1945. The representatives of 50 countries signed on 26 June; Poland signed on 15 October 1945. " ]

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[ "The bicycle business of the Wright brothers, the Wright Cycle Company (originally the Wright Cycle Exchange) successively occupied five different locations in Dayton, Ohio. Orville and Wilbur Wright began their bicycle repair, rental and sales business in 1892, while continuing to operate a print shop (they ended their local newspaper business in 1890). In 1896 they began manufacturing and selling bicycles of their own design, the Van Cleve and St. Claire, named after their ancestors. They invented the self-oiling hub and the innovation of machining the crankarm and pedal on the left side of the bike with left-hand threads to prevent the pedal from coming unscrewed while cycling. The brick building at 22 South Williams St., where the Wrights worked from 1895 to 1897, is the only extant building on its original foundation and in its original location that housed a Wright bicycle shop. They ran their printing shop on the second-floor. The 22 South Williams Street building is part of Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park and the National Aviation Heritage Area.", "Wright Cycle Company and Wright and Wright Printing: In this brick building, a National Historic Landmark , Wilbur and Orville Wright manufactured bicycles on the first floor and operated a printing press on the second floor from 1895 to 1897. The two years they spent working with sprockets, spokes, chain drives, tires, metals and machines were of inestimable value in preparing the brothers for their subsequent success with gliders and flying machines. In addition, the profits they made from their businesses helped finance their later aviation experiments. It was while the Wrights occupied the building at 22 South Williams Street that they became seriously and actively interested in solving the problems of heavier-than-air powered flight. The printing business on the second floor required access to national news wires, which carried word of Otto Lilienthal's death to the shop in 1896. Lilienthal, the famous German aviation pioneer known as the father of gliding and credited as the first man in the world to launch himself into the air and fly, died from injuries received in a glider accident and his death catalyzed the brothers' interest in developing a safe and practical flying machine. The shop, integral to the development of the airplane, has been restored and opened to the public.", "Before the fame that resulted from the invention of the airplane Orville and Wilbur Wright ran a bike shop in their hometown of Dayton, Ohio. Neither boy married (both lived in the family home until their deaths) so they spent most of their time together, drawing up sketches and coming up with ideas for their airplane. The business, which they founded in 1892, funded their project and allowed them plenty of time to learn about flight. They read books, played with kites, and watched birds fly to try to figure out the complexities of this act that they were so curious about (Crouch).", "*1895 to 1897—Wright Cycle Co. at two locations—the main store at 22 South Williams Street, and a branch store in downtown Dayton at 23 West Second Street. The branch Closed In 1896. ", "Ohio - where the phrase \"Birthplace of Aviation\" is etched on license plates - was where flight was born, Buckeyes claim, because the Wright brothers made their plans and constructed their aircraft in their bicycle shop on Dayton's West Side.", "Wilbur and Orville's second bicycle shop, located in a rented store at 1034 West Third Street, was in a building that has been demolished. The Wrights’ bicycle business was conducted there from 1893-1895. The site has been developed into green space by the City of Dayton.", "Airplanes: Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville Wright (1871-1948) purchase \"safety bicycles\" and open a sales and repair shop. They give a bicycle to their friend, Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906).", "In order to be competitive in cycling you need good equipment.  Jeanne had the best.  Her husband George, along with brothers Walter and Tony, operated one of the most outrageously capable bike and sporting goods shops in the country.  Needed a part?  They’d make it.  Something broken?  They’d fix it.  George, a skilled gunsmith and clockmaker, had legendary machining ability which is proudly on display here.", "In the United States today there are two major national sanctioning bodies for BMX racing. One is the National Bicycle League (NBL), a nonprofit organization started in 1974 by George Edward Esser (September 17, 1925 – August 31, 2006). It was originally based in Pompano Beach, Florida, in the US, but now its headquarters is located in Hilliard, Ohio. George Esser was exposed to BMX by his son Greg Esser, who was famous within the sport and one of the sport's earliest superstars and first professionals. Like Ernie Alexander and Scot Breithaupt before him, he was a promoter who created the NBL as the BMX auxiliary to the National Motorcycle League (NML), now-defunct, when he became dissatisfied with how the races were run.", "James Starley in Coventry added the tangent spokes and the mounting step to his famous bicycle named \"Ariel\". He is regarded as the father of the British cycling industry. Ball bearings, solid rubber tires and hollow-section steel frames became standard, reducing weight and making the ride much smoother.", "This particular Flying Scot was originally owned by Oscar Juner, founder of American Cyclery in San Francisco.  Like Rattray’s, Juner’s bicycle store on the edge of Golden Gate Park was (and still is) a beacon to cycling enthusiasts from far and wide.", "Joe Montgomery founded Cannondale Bicycles in a little shop above a pickle factory. After some tough years, the Cannondale company is now producing high quality bicycles and cycling gear.", "Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick MacMillan began selling something with pedals and rods (instead of a chain) in 1839 that could be seen as the birth of the modern bicycle. The velocipede was incarnated in the 1850s when Ernest Michaux put pedals on the front wheel in France . The added machinery could bring the weight up to as much as 150 pounds and the velocipede's popularity waned into obscurity by the 1870s.", "In 1909 or 1910, the Wrights sold all their remaining bicycle parts and the rights to the Van Cleve name to W.F. Meyers, a bicycle salesman, repairman, and machinist. Meyers did not make his own bicycles, but had another company put them together and he put the Van Cleve nameplate on them. Meyers continued to sell Van Cleve bicycles until 1939.", "This full-service bicycle shop sells commuter, racing and mountain bikes. You will find the occasional funky bicycle here too (think Pee-Wee Herman). This wild group started out building bikes from scratch using random, non-matching parts. Those bikes turned into works of art, and all of the hipsters had to have one. They still refurbish old bikes, but they now specialize in professional biking gear. This place is friendly, affordable and fun.", "Bob Gerard was born into a family well acquainted with mechanical transport. His family's business was Parr's Ltd., initially a bicycle manufacturer who, like many others such as Triumph, moved into the newly evolving motor vehicle market at the turn of the 20th century. Parr's, though, was far from a high-performance firm, concentrating mostly on haulage.", "Dunlop was a Scottish vet living in Belfast. His son Johnny complained that when he rode his bicycle to school the cobbled streets made his bottom sore. Dunlop solved his son's problem by inventing a pneumatic tyre, but then it became clear that this tyre was faster - the lad kept winning cycle races. There was a famous cycle race on the Queen's College playing fields on 18 May 1889 and Dunlop persuaded the cycle champion Willie Hume to use the new tyres. Willie won the race and everybody wanted the tyres, and so the Dunlop Rubber Company was formed.", "Wilbur eventually joined Orville’s printing business, and in 1889 the brothers began to publish a weekly newspaper, the West Side News. The following year, they published a short-lived daily newspaper, The Evening Item. In 1892 they switched gears and opened the Wright Cycle Company, a successful bicycle repair and sales shop that financed their flying experiments.", "Custom bikes and stock models that came out of Rattray’s cycle shop in Glasgow, Scotland, have always been special. In post-war Scotland, Rattray’s cycle shop had become a focal point and meeting place for cyclists from all around Scotland and afar. The Flying Scot name representing the best in hand-built lightweight racing and touring machines.", "Because of their long history with Dayton, there are many places in Dayton that can claim some involvement with the Wright brothers. We've listed a few here that will be of most interest to aviators, historians, and scholars.", "Armstrong owns a coffee shop in downtown Austin, Texas called \"Juan Pelota Cafe\". The name is a joking reference to his testicular cancer, with the name \"Juan\" being considered by some a homophone for \"one\" and \"Pelota\" being the Spanish word for \"ball\". Out of the same building, Armstrong owns and operates a bike shop named \"Mellow Johnny's\", after another nickname of his derived from the Tour term \"maillot jaune\", which is French for \"yellow jersey\".", "The Wright manufactured very few bicycles after 1902 and  none after 1904 -- they were much too busy developing their airplanes and trying to find a market for them. When they finally began to sell aircraft in 1909, the bicycle shop at 1127 West Third Street was converted to a machine shop where employees of the Wright Company � the brothers' airplane  manufacturing business � turned out parts for the airplane engines and drive trains.", "Charlie was the national champion in  1937, and had a  professional career that spanned the war and into the late 1940s.  Charlie won numerous six-day races, including the Winnepeg Six in 1948 and Cleveland in 1949.  After his cycling career had finished, Charlie was one of Raleigh bicycle’s first two traveling sales representatives.  His vast sales territory included the entire eastern half of the United States.", "It was built by a banker whose primary source of wealth was farm mortgages. He had no prior experience in retail but held tight control over the company and ran it as an enterprise. The store strictly forbade the sale of alcohol and had a policy of no business on Sundays. Following his strict inhibition for alcohol, the Dayton Company did not advertise in newspapers the sponsored liquor ads. Most of the money that was generated via this enterprise was redirected for a noble charitable cause.", "Additionally, Dayton is colloquially referred to as \"Little Detroit\". This nickname comes from Dayton's prominence as a Midwestern manufacturing center. ", "1906 A new 28 by 80-foot factory is built on Chestnut Street. The company has grown to have six employees. It produces its first catalog, and coins the nickname “Silent Gray Fellows.” It’s a reference to the fact that the bikes were painted dove gray, and that they were quietly reliable. (Evidently, the company’s founders were unaware that loud pipes save lives.)", "1893 to 1894 � Wright Cycle Exchange at 1034 West Third Street. The name was later changed to Wright Cycle Co.", "The first American manufacturer of cycles begun with the Columbia Bicycle at the Weed Sewing Machine Company factory in Hartford, Ct. The first regular trade catalogue was twenty pages long. The first bicycles were the 60\" High Wheelers and sold for $125.00 when sewing machines sold for $13.00.", "Unlike many Midwestern cities of its age, Dayton has very broad and straight downtown streets (generally two or three full lanes in each direction), facilitating access to the downtown even after the automobile became popular. The main reason for the broad streets was that Dayton was a marketing and shipping center from its beginning: streets were broad to enable wagons drawn by teams of three to four pairs of oxen to turn around. In addition, some of today's streets were once barge canals flanked by draw-paths.", "Drew’s father bought this Swing Bike from a traveling sales rep swinging through town sometime in the mid 1970s.", "Sherwood Anderson: This Camden, Ohio native dropped out of school at fourteen and worked at odd jobs. In 1898 he served for a short time in the Spanish-American War. He then turned to the advertising business, and by 1904 he was a fairly prosperous manager of paint factories. None of this would concern us, of course, except that in 1912, in the midst of dictating a business letter, he walked out of his office and disappeared for several days. Soon he began writing poems, stories, and novels, and in 1919, he published the book often regarded as his major work, Winesburg, Ohio.", "The Dayton Company becomes a founding member of the Retail Research Association, a cooperative of leading retailers. In 1918, the association expands and is renamed the Associated Merchandising Corporation." ]

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[ "RMS Lusitania was an ocean liner owned by the Cunard Line and built by John Brown and Company of Clydebank , Scotland . She was torpedoed by the SM U-20 , a German U-boat on 7 May 1915 and sank in eighteen minutes, eight miles (15 km) off the Old Head of Kinsale , Ireland , killing 1,198 of the 1,959 people aboard. The sinking turned public opinion in many countries against Germany, and was instrumental in bringing the United States into World War I . [4] It is considered the second most famous civilian passenger liner disaster, after the sinking of the RMS Titanic . [5]", "The sinking of the Cunard ocean liner RMS Lusitania occurred on Friday, 7 May 1915 during the First World War, as Germany waged submarine warfare against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The ship was identified and torpedoed by the German U-boat and sank in 18 minutes. The vessel went down 11 mi off the Old Head of Kinsale, Ireland, killing 1,198 and leaving 761 survivors. The sinking turned public opinion in many countries against Germany, contributed to the American entry into World War I and became an iconic symbol in military recruiting campaigns of why the war was being fought.", "On 7 May 1915, a German U-boat torpedoes the British ocean liner Lusitania, killing 1,198—including 128 Americans. The tragedy rouses anti-German sentiment and helps bring the U.S. into the war.", "Lusitania, liner under British registration, sunk off the Irish coast by a German submarine on May 7, 1915. In the sinking, 1,198 persons lost their lives, 128 of whom were U.S. citizens. A warning to Americans against taking passage on British vessels, signed by the Imperial German Embassy, appeared in morning papers on the day the vessel was scheduled to sail from New York, but too late to accomplish its purpose. The vessel was unarmed, though the Germans made a point of the fact that it carried munitions for the Allies. The considerable sympathy for Germany that had previously existed in the United States to a large extent disappeared after the disaster, and there were demands from many for an immediate declaration of war. President Wilson chose the course of diplomacy and sent Germany a strong note asking for \"reparation so far as reparation is possible.\" Germany refused to accept responsibility for the act in an argumentative reply, but issued secret orders to submarine commanders not to attack passenger ships without warning. After prolonged negotiations, Germany finally conceded its liability for the sinking of the Lusitania and agreed to make reparations and to discontinue sinking passenger ships without warning. The immediate crisis between the United States and Germany subsided. The incident, however, contributed to the rise of American sentiment for the entry of the United States into World War I, with recruitment posters two years later urging potential enlistees to \"Remember the Lusitania!\"", "On May 7, 1915, the German submarine U-20 torpedoed the British luxury liner Lusitania within sight of the Irish coast. The largest passenger ship in wartime transatlantic service at the time, the Lusitania was struck by a single torpedo and sank in twenty minutes after a second internal explosion. Of the more than 1,900 people on board, nearly 1,200 died, including 128 Americans.", "When the First World War began in 1914 the USA remained neutral. However Germany alienated American public opinion on 7 May 1915 when a German submarine sank the Cunard liner Lusitania, without warning. Among the 1,198 people killed were 128 Americans. Nevertheless Woodrow Wilson fought the 1916 election partly on the slogan 'he kept us out of the war'.", "The Royal Mail Steamer Titanic was the product of intense competition among rival shipping lines in the first half of the 20th century. In particular, the White Star Line found itself in a battle for steamship primacy with Cunard, a venerable British firm with two standout ships that ranked among the most sophisticated and luxurious of their time. Cunard’s Mauretania began service in 1907 and immediately set a speed record for the fastest transatlantic crossing that it held for 22 years. Cunard’s other masterpiece, Lusitania , launched the same year and was lauded for its spectacular interiors. It met its tragic end–and entered the annals of world history–on May 7, 1915, when a torpedo fired by a German U-boat sunk the ship, killing nearly 1,200 of the 1,959 people on board and precipitating the United States’ entry into World War I .", "The Lusitania, on the other hand, was hit by a single torpedo fired by the German submarine U-20 on May 7, 1915. The impact caused incredible damage, heightened by mysterious sympathetic explosions (coal-dust or burst steam pipes, most likely; almost certainly not munitions) that destroyed the Lusitania's steering and power. The ship was locked into a turn with the propellers still churning forward. She sank in eighteen minutes while developing such a severe starboard list that her starboard boats swung far away from the decks, while the portside boats couldn’t be lowered because they were flush against the hull. The evacuation was a disaster, compounded by the loss of many trained crewmembers to the navy. There was no order, no law, no “women and children first.” The ship sank within sight of land, but in terms of help, they were so far from civilization they might as well have been on the Moon. 1,198 people died: 1,195 passengers and crew, plus 3 German stowaways. (There was a large percentage of kids on board, including infants. In terms of standing a chance at survival on that tilting, plunging deck... It might be best not to think about it).", "Her sister ship was the RMS Lusitania. The Lusitania was slightly smaller, with a length of 787', a beam of 87' and a loaded weight of 31,550 tons. There were a few other cosmetic appearances that differentiated her from the Mauretania. She was torpedoed and sunk in 18 minutes on May 7, 1915 by the submarine U-20, with the loss of 1,198 lives. Her destruction turned public opinion against Germany and helped to bring the United States into WWI.", "The ship Lusitania, departed from New York May 1, 1915 and sunk by the Germans on May 7, 1915 while the Lusitania was on it's way to Liverpool. 1,198 of the people aboard the Lusitania died out of the 1,925 people on the ship. 128 of them were US citizens. Germany sunk the Lusitania wanting to cut off all war supplies to Great Britain. This was one of the factors leading the U.S. into ww1.", "Lusitania held the Blue Riband a number of times, notably in 1907.  The ship was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-20 on May 7, 1915, on her 202nd crossing of the Atlantic Ocean. The incident played a role in the United States' entry into World War I on April 17, 1917.", "Lusitania held the Blue Riband a number of times, notably in 1907. The ship was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-20 on May 7, 1915, on her 202nd crossing of the Atlantic Ocean. The incident played a role in the United States' entry into World War I on April 17, 1917. President of the United States Woodrow Wilson officially promised to keep the US out of the war, but the sinking of the ship and Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare provided some justification for the later entry of the U.S. into the war.", "Consumer demand was also suppressed by concerns about safety, after the Cunard liner Lusitania was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine in 1915. Although the ship had departed from New York, several passengers were from Boston and the incident cast a shadow upon all transatlantic travel. In subsequent years, two Cunard liners associated with service in Boston – Franconia and Laconia – were also destroyed by submarine attack. Cunard did not resume consistent weekly transatlantic service from Boston until 1922.", "When World War I broke out in Europe in the summer of 1914, Wilson was determined to keep the United States out of the conflict. On May 7, 1915, a German submarine torpedoed and sank the British ocean liner Lusitania , killing more than 1,100 people (including 128 Americans). Wilson continued to maintain U.S. neutrality but warned Germany that any future sinkings would be viewed by America as “deliberately unfriendly.”", "At the outbreak of the war, the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention, avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace. When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead, President Woodrow Wilson insisted that \"America is too proud to fight\" but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied. Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement. However, he also repeatedly warned that the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, in violation of international law. The former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as \"piracy\". Wilson was narrowly reelected in 1916 as his supporters emphasized \"he kept us out of war\".", "As the first American merchant vessel lost to Germany’s aggression during the Great War, the William P. Frye incident sparked the indignation of many in the United States. The German government’s apology and admission of the attack as a mistake did little to assuage Americans’ anger, which increased exponentially when German forces torpedoed and sank the British-owned ocean liner Lusitania on May 7, 1915, killing more than 1,000 people, including 128 Americans. The U.S., under President Woodrow Wilson, demanded reparations and an end to German attacks on all unarmed passenger and merchant ships. Despite Germany’s initial assurances to that end, the attacks continued.", "The first submarine attack to inflame American opinion was the sinking of the Lusitania in May 1915. The Lusitania left New York with a cargo of passengers and freight, including war goods. When the ship was sunk over 1150 passengers were lost including 115 Americans. In the months that followed further sinkings brought more angry warnings from President Wilson. For a time the Germans gave way and agreed to warn American ships before sinking them and to save their passengers. In February 1917, however, the Germans renewed unrestricted submarine warfare in an attempt to starve Britain into submission. The loss of several U.S. ships was a key factor in President Wilson’s decision to break diplomatic relations with Germany and to seek a declaration of war.", "On 7 May 1915, the British passenger liner, Lusitania, which was later shown to be carrying munitions and military supplies, was sunk by a German submarine. A number of American nationals were on board and died in the sinking. The American government protested and the Germans then announced a modification in their policy: in future all such ships would be warned before they were attacked and the Americans undertook to urge their nationals not to travel on such vessels in future.", "The Americans joined World War 1 after 128 Americans were killed by a German submarine. In 1915, the British passenger sip Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine. In all, 1,195 passengers, including 128 Americans, lost their lives. Americans were outraged and put pressure on the U.S. government to enter the war. President Woodrow Wilson wanted a peaceful end to the war, but in 1917, when the Germans announced that their submarines would sink any ship that approached Britain, Wilson declared that America would enter the war and restore peace to Europe. The United States entered the war on April 6, 1917.", "On May 2nd 1915 the British passenger liner Lusitania was sunk by a torpedo from a German submarine . 1195 passengers, including 128 Americans, lost their lives. Americans were outraged and put pressure on the government to enter the war.", "At the outbreak of the war, the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention , avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace. When a German U-boat sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead, President Woodrow Wilson insisted that \"America is too proud to fight\" but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied. Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement. However, he also repeatedly warned that the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, in violation of international law. The former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as \"piracy\". [123] Wilson was narrowly reelected in 1916 as his supporters emphasized \"he kept us out of war\".", "On May 7, 1915 the British liner Lusitania, traveling from New York to Liverpool, was struck off the Irish coast by a single torpedo, which provoked a much larger secondary explosion. The ship sank quickly, with the loss of almost 1,200 lives, 128 of them American.", "May 7, 1915 — A German submarine sank the passenger liner Lusitania in World War I.", "Two Americans were killed when a German U-boat torpedoed a British liner in the Atlantic Ocean, an incident that helped bring the United States into World War I.", "The Germans torpedoed the passenger liner Lusitania on May 1st 1915 which sank with a loss of 1,195 lives. Americans were outraged and joined the war in 1917 on the side of the allies .", "Citizens both in Britain and North America were outraged at her shooting. In the weeks following her death recruitment doubled in Britain and her death was also thought to be instrumental in the USA entering the war in the spring of 1917; other factors were the earlier sinking of the Lusitania, a British cruise/transport ship bound for Britain from New York, killing 1,195 people, including 128 Americans.", "On May 7, the ship neared the coast of Ireland. At 2:10 in the afternoon a torpedo fired by the German submarine U 20 slammed into her side. A mysterious second explosion ripped the liner apart. Chaos reigned. The ship listed so badly and quickly that lifeboats crashed into passengers crowded on deck, or dumped their loads into the water. Most passengers never had a chance. Within 18 minutes the giant ship slipped beneath the sea. One thousand one hundred nineteen of the 1,924 aboard died. The dead included 114 Americans.", "The 32000-ton liner the Lusitania sunk by a German submarine on May 6, 1915, was British. Of the 1200 passengers who lost their lives, 128 were Americans,", "While most immigrants entered the United States through New York Harbor, the most popular destination of steamship companies, many sailed into other ports such as Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, San Francisco and Savannah, Miami, and New Orleans. The great steamship companies, such as White Star, Red Star, Cunard and Hamburg-America, played a significant role in the history of Ellis Island and immigration in general. First and second class passengers who arrived in New York Harbor were not required to undergo the inspection process at Ellis Island. Instead, they underwent a cursory inspection aboard ship because it was thought that those who could afford to purchase a first or second class ticket, were less likely to become a public charge in America for medical or legal reasons. The federal government believed these more affluent passengers would not end up in institutions or hospitals or become a burden to the state. However, first and second class passengers were sent to Ellis Island for further inspection if they were sick or had legal problems.", "The next day, Germany invaded Poland, and crossing the North Atlantic suddenly got dangerous. All summer, as tensions increased, the Normandie and the Queen Mary had carried record-setting passenger loads westbound but sailed virtually empty eastbound. The day before the America was launched in Newport News, Virginia, the Queen Mary left Southampton carrying 2,332 paying passengers—her largest commercial load ever. War was declared while the ship was en route; the crew blacked out the portholes to obscure the ship’s profile from prowling U-boats. By the time the Queen arrived in New York, the Normandie was sitting at the next pier south, her eastbound crossing first postponed, then canceled.", "May 1, 1915 - German U-Boats sink their first American merchant ship, the tanker Gulflight, in the Mediterranean Sea near Sicily.", "On 19 August 1915, the German submarine U-27 was sunk by the British Q-ship HMS Baralong. All German survivors were summarily executed by Baralongs crew on the orders of Lieutenant Godfrey Herbert, the captain of the ship. The shooting was reported to the media by American citizens who were on board the Nicosia, a British freighter loaded with war supplies, which was stopped by U-27 just minutes before the incident. " ]

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[ ", Deere & Company employed approximately 67,000 people worldwide, of which half are in the United States and Canada, and is the largest agriculture machinery company in the world. In August 2014 the company announced it was indefinitely laying off 600 of its workers at plants in Illinois, Iowa and Kansas due to less demand for its products. Inside the United States, the company's primary locations are its administrative center in Moline, Illinois and manufacturing factories in central and southeastern United States. ", "By the 1920s and 1930s, the appearance of East Moline in Illinois and Bettendorf in Iowa reflected the further growth and diversification of the region. Moline emerged as a retail, transportation, and cultural hub on the Illinois side of the river. The first metropolitan airfield, the Moline Airport, opened in 1926 and later provided commercial air service to Chicago and St. Louis. [22] With federal funds from the Works Progress Administration , the Iowa-Illinois Memorial Bridge , a single-span, two-lane highway bridge built for automotive traffic, was concluded between Moline and Davenport in 1935 and quickly became the preferred method for interstate transit. [23] A bustling retail sector emerged in downtown Moline, anchored by merchants like the New York Store, Sears & Roebuck, and JC Penney. [24] The economic reliance on the farm implement industry continued as Deere & Company emerged to become the largest agricultural machinery company in the world. Colonel Charles Deere Wiman, the President of Deere & Company, re-affirmed Deere's commitment to the Quad-Cities region by building several new factories in Moline, East Moline, Silvis , and Milan in Illinois and Davenport in Iowa.", "By the 1920s and 1930s, the appearance of East Moline in Illinois and Bettendorf in Iowa reflected the further growth and diversification of the region. Moline emerged as a retail, transportation, and cultural hub on the Illinois side of the river. The first metropolitan airfield, the Moline Airport, opened in 1926 and later provided commercial air service to Chicago and St. Louis. With federal funds from the Works Progress Administration, the Iowa-Illinois Memorial Bridge, a single-span, two-lane highway bridge built for automotive traffic, was concluded between Moline and Davenport in 1935 and quickly became the preferred method for interstate transit. A bustling retail sector emerged in downtown Moline, anchored by merchants like the New York Store, Sears & Roebuck, and JC Penney. The economic reliance on the farm implement industry continued as Deere & Company emerged to become the largest agricultural machinery company in the world. Colonel Charles Deere Wiman, the President of Deere & Company, re-affirmed Deere's commitment to the Quad-Cities region by building several new factories in Moline, East Moline, Silvis, and Milan in Illinois and Davenport in Iowa.", "Over time, John Deere expanded operations into other agricultural equipment, and Deere-affiliated factories employed the bulk of Moline's workforce. Soon other Moline-based companies became known around the country for their products. These include Dimock, Gould, and Co., Moline Pipe Organ Co., and Moline Furniture Works, to name a few. In addition, several pioneering automobile companies operated in the city, among them Moline Automobile Company , [12] Moline Wagon Company, and Velie Motor Corporation.", "The John Deere Pavilion at John Deere Commons contains exhibits celebrating the history of the agricultural implements industry in the Midwest and showcases a variety of past and present John Deere plows, tractors, combines, and other machinery. The LeClaire Hotel is the tallest building in Moline.", "John Deere, pioneer, inventor, and entrepreneur, singlehandedly revolutionized American agriculture by developing and marketing the world's first self-polishing cast steel plow. Born in Vermont in 1804, young Deere worked as a blacksmith's apprenticeship. By 1825, he was famous for the literal and figurative polish of his farm equipment, but later, when Vermont's economy began to suffer, he decided to emigrate to the Midwest in 1836. Two days after arriving in Grand Detour, Illinois, Deere had built a forge and was back in business.", "Westerners were continually finding ways to bring more land into cultivation. Unfortunately, when they reached the sticky black soil of the treeless prairies, their wooden plows would break, making it nearly impossible to plant. The innovators of the time helped the farmers overcome the challenges they faced. In 1837, John Deere invented a steel plow that could break the soil and was light enough to be pulled by horses.", "In 1842, Deere entered a business partnership with Leonard Andrus and purchased land for the construction of a new two-story factory along the Rock River in Illinois. This factory, named the \"L. Andrus Plough Manufacturer\", produced about 100 plows in 1842 and approximately 400 plows during the next year. Deere's partnership with Andrus ended in 1848, and Deere relocated to Moline, Illinois in order to have access to the railroad and the Mississippi River. There, Deere formed a partnership with Robert Tate and John Gould and built a 1440 sqft factory the same year. Production rose quickly, and by 1849, the Deere, Tate & Gould Company was producing over 200 plows a month. A two story addition to the plant was built, allowing further production.", "The plow is a tool used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting. It has been a basic instrument for most of recorded history, and represents one of the major advances in agriculture. In modern use, a plowed field is typically left to dry out, and is harrowed before planting. An American agricultural pioneer named John Deere modernized the plow by shaping steel from an old sawmill blade and joining it to a wrought iron moldboard. Deere polished both parts smooth so the damp soil would no longer stick. After patenting the device in 1837, it became an instant success and a necessity on American farms.", "1852 Deere buys out his partners. For the next 16 years, the company is known variously as John Deere, John Deere & Company, Deere & Company, and Moline Plow Manufactory.", "In the midst of steady growth and changing times, the town's founders struggled to maintain their positions of authority. Moline was re-chartered as a city under a mayor/aldermanic form of government on April 21, 1872, and John Deere, the longtime resident and entrepreneur, was defeated by Daniel Wheelock, a newcomer, for the first mayorship. [16] Belgian and Swedish immigrants began arriving in a huge influx, settling into a neighborhood on the bluffs in the southwestern part of the city. Belgian immigrants came predominantly to work in the fledgling auto industry in Moline, Velie Motors, founded by a Deere relative. For a time, Moline had the second largest Belgian population in the country after Detroit. Swedish immigrants continued to be drawn to Deere & Company, with John Deere as leader continuing to hire new employees in droves until his death in 1886. [17]", "1837 John Deere fashions a polished-steel plow in his Grand Detour, Illinois, blacksmith shop that lets pioneer farmers cut clean furrows through sticky Midwest prairie soil.", "A key date in this period is 1838. John Deere (yes, the green tractor John Deere) invented a superior plow made from steel. His design turned the soil better than existing plows. But what made this event significant was the use of steel.", "In 1843 the railroad bypassed Grand Detour, and Deere decided it was a doomed town. He established a partnership with John Gould and Robert Tate and moved to Moline. This was a much better farming community, near unlimited supplies of coal and on the Mississippi, which provided water power and lower cost of distribution. Under the new partnership Deere was free to do sales work and marketing. A new building was completed August 31,1848, and they produced 700 plows by the end of the year.", "1961 In Saran, near Orleans, France, construction starts on a new engine factory. In Moline, construction begins on the Deere & Company Administrative Center, later renamed Deere & Company World Headquarters.", "The demand for broken saw blades for plow shares exceeded the existing supply, and plow makers looked elsewhere for satisfactory steel. Deere purchased steel from Sheffield, England, at a cost of $300 per ton, but it still required polishing for proper scouring. In 1844 he secured improved steel produced by Lyon Sharb & Company of St. Louis, which he used for the plow share, but he continued using wrought iron for the moldboard. In 1846 his search for steel similar to what was made in Sheffield ended when Jones and Quigg Steel Works of Pittsburgh produced the first slab of cast plow steel made in the United States. This was far superior to any other steel on the market.", "1961 A new tractor and implement manufacturing plan nears completion in Rosario, Argentina. In Saran, near Orleans, France, construction starts on a new engine factory. In Moline, construction begins on the Deere & Company Administrative Center.", "2011 Deere is listed among the 50 most-admired companies by Fortune magazine and ranked as one of the 100 best global brands by a leading brand-consulting firm. As a sign of the company's emphasis on global growth, sales outside the U.S. and Canada jump by 38%. The company begins work on plants to produce engines, loaders, and ag equipment in China and tractor and combine factories in India. In addition, two factories are planned for Brazil — one for backhoes and wheel loaders, and a joint venture for excavators. John Deere Domodedovo, Russia, begins building forestry skidders and forwarders, and other facilities are expanded in India, Brazil, Argentina, Russia, and the U.S.", "2000 Hans Becherer reaches retirement, and Robert W. Lane is elected CEO. Deere acquires Timberjack, a world-leading producer of forestry equipment. A new tractor plant is opened near Pune, India. Credit offices are established in Argentina and Brazil. Deere is granted banking license in Luxembourg, allowing John Deere Credit ability to finance equipment throughout Europe.", "2000 Hans Becherer reaches retirement, and Robert W. Lane is elected CEO. Deere acquires Timberjack, a world-leading producer of forestry equipment. A new tractor plant is opened near Pune, India. Credit offices are established in Argentina and Brazil. Deere is granted banking license in Luxembourg, allowing John Deere Credit ability to finance equipment throughout Europe.", "Production of agricultural machinery and implements had occurred since the 1930s, such as the 1933 number 22e Fordson farm tractor, and such offerings were maintained post-war. One interesting model was the odd Opperman 3-wheeled Motocart, a tilting flat-bed vehicle with engine hanging off to the side of its large front wheel (Rixon 2005, pp. 122–123).", "Deere learned that farmers were experiencing the same challenge with tilling the soil as in Vermont, but in Illinois the soil was much heavier and stickier and covered with tall prairie grass. Breaking the prairie sod required a heavy plow powered by as many as eight yoke of oxen. This was costly, so most settlers chose to plow the land themselves with a smaller plow and their own horses or oxen. This was slow, hard work requiring the constant use of paddles to scrape the sticky soil off the moldboard. Farmers came to Deere hoping that he could help them.", "Henry Ford (1863 – 1947) was an American industrialist, founder of the Ford Motor Company and developer of the assembly line technique of mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. As owner of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with \"Fordism\", that is, mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to systematically lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the company permanently.", "Increased competition during the early 1900s from the new International Harvester Company led the company to expand its offerings in the implement business, but it was the production of gasoline tractors which would come to define Deere & Company's operations during the twentieth century. In 1912, Deere & Company president William Butterworth (Charles' son-in-law), who had replaced Charles Deere after his death in 1907, began the company's expansion into the tractor business. Deere & Company briefly experimented with its own tractor models, the most successful of which was the Dain All-Wheel-Drive, but in the end decided to continue its foray into the tractor business by purchasing the Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company in 1918, which manufactured the popular Waterloo Boy tractor at its facilities in Waterloo, Iowa. Deere & Company continued to sell tractors under the Waterloo Boy name until 1923, when the [http://www.tractordata.com/farm-tractors/000/0/2/23-john-deere-d.html John Deere Model D] was introduced. The company still manufactures most of its tractors in Waterloo, Iowa.", "2005 Deere & Company opens a seeding-equipment assembly operation in Orenburg, Russia, and establishes a dealer network. The company additionally announces plans to build a new engineering and information-technology support center near the John Deere joint venture tractor manufacturing facility in Pune, India. John Deere invests in wind energy projects in the rural United States and establishes a new wind energy business unit managed by John Deere Credit.", "In 1986, Ford expanded its tractor business when it purchased the Sperry-New Holland skid-steer loader and hay baler, hay tools and implement company from Sperry Corporation and formed Ford-New Holland which bought out Versatile tractors in 1988. This company was bought by Fiat in 1993 and the name changed from Ford New Holland to New Holland. New Holland is now part of CNH Global.", "1955 William A. Hewitt is elected president and later CEO following the death of Charles Deere Wiman , his father-in-law. Hewitt is the last representative of the Deere family to direct the company, which he does for the next 27 years.", "The Ford Motor Company (usually called Ford), is an American multinational corporation that manufactures automobiles . The automaker was founded by Henry Ford in Dearborn, Michigan, United States (where the company is currently headquartered), and incorporated in 1903. In its twentieth century heyday, Ford, along with General Motors and Chrysler , were known as Detroit's \"Big Three\" automakers, companies that dominated the American auto market. Toyota surpassed Ford in revenue starting in 2004. Ford remains one of the world's ten largest corporations by revenue. when ford made the mustang they wanted it to have speed so they made them small fast and durrable.", "1955 William A. Hewitt is elected president and later CEO following the death of Charles Deere Wiman, his father-in-law. He will direct the company for the next 27 years, the last representative of the Deere family to do so.", "The Doncaster plant was the headquarters of the McCormick company, named for the McCormick family of Chicago. The plant has a long history of producing tractors previously for Case IH and International Harvester.", "1958 The John Deere Credit Company, financier of domestic purchases of John Deere equipment, begins operations. A new tractor and implement manufacturing plant is built in Rosario, Argentina.  ", "The McCormick-Deering was a tractor built by the International Harvester Company from the mid-20s until the Deering name was dropped some time in 1948 or 1949 when the tractor became the McCormick. This tractor, probably from the '40s, was found in retirement in Hosmer, S.D., next to a vintage gas pump and travel trailer. (Photos by Jim Meachen)" ]

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[ "May 4, 1970 - Four students are killed by National Guard troops at Kent State University.", "The Kent State shootings—also known as the May 4 massacre or Kent State massacre—occurred at Kent State University in the city of Kent, Ohio, and involved the shooting of unarmed college students by members of the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, 1970. The guardsmen fired 67 rounds over a period of 13 seconds, killing four students and wounding nine others, one of whom suffered permanent paralysis.", "The Kent State shootings (also known as the May 4 massacre or the Kent State massacre) occurred at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, in the United States and involved the shooting of unarmed college students by the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, 1970. There were 28 guards who admitted to firing on top of the hill, 25 of these guards fired 55 rounds into the air and into the ground, 2 of the guards fired .45cal pistol shots, 2 into the crowd, and 3 into the air, one guard fired birdshot into the air (Russell was also hit with a shotgun's birdshot, some believe that some of the shot may have ricocheted off of a tree and hit him). The guardsmen fired 67 rounds over a period of 13 seconds, killing four students and wounding nine others, one of whom suffered permanent paralysis. ", "1970 - Kent State Riot / Ohio - May 4th, 1970: \"National Guardsmen open fire on a crowd of student antiwar protesters at Ohio's Kent State University, resulting in the death of four students and the wounding of eight others. President Nixon publicly deplores the actions of the Guardsmen, but cautions: '...when dissent turns to violence it invites tragedy.' Several of the protesters had been hurling rocks and empty tear gas canisters at the Guardsmen.\"", "1970: Four students were shot and killed by the National Guard at Kent State University in Ohio during an anti-war demonstration. Neil Young reacted to the senseless slayings by writing and recording the song, ‘Ohio.’ with Crosby, Stills & Nash, the very next day. Days later, over 900 colleges are closed as four million students protest. The Kent State campus remains closed for six weeks. 100,000 march on Washington, D.C. which leads to such civil unrest that President Nixon is taken to Camp David for two days.", "4 May 70 - 4 Kent State college students were shot to death by Ohio National Guardsmen during an anti-war protest on the campus. This lead to widening anti-war protests", "And on this day in 1970, The Kent State shootings occurred, at Kent State University in Ohio.   Members of the Ohio National Guard fired into a crowd of demonstrators, who were protesting the recently announced US invasion of Cambodia.   About 65 shots were fired in a 13 second period.   Four students (Allison Krause, Jeffrey Miller, Sandra Scheuer and William Schroeder) were killed and nine others wounded.   Scheuer and Schroeder had not participated in the protest and were simply walking from one class to another.   A tragic irony was that Schroeder was a member of the campus Army Reserve Officer Training Corps chapter.   The event triggered a nationwide student strike that forced hundreds of colleges and universities to close.   The war in Indochina had come home to America, as long-drawn-out foreign wars tend to do.", "On May 4, 1970, Fonda appeared before an assembly at the University of New Mexico, in Albuquerque, to speak on GI rights and issues. The end of her presentation was met with a discomforting silence. The quiet was broken when Beat poet Gregory Corso staggered onto the stage. Drunk, Corso challenged Fonda, using a four-letter expletive: Why hadn't she addressed the shooting of four students at Kent State by the Ohio National Guard, which had just taken place? Fonda in her autobiography revisited the incident: \"I was shocked by the news and felt like a fool.\" On the same day, she joined a protest march on the home of university president, Ferrel Heady. The protestors called themselves \"They Shoot Students, Don't They?\" — a reference to Fonda's recently released film, They Shoot Horses, Don't They?, which had just been screened in Albuquerque.", "1970 - This was a sad day in U.S. history and for human rights as four Kent State University students were shot down by National Guard members during an anti-Vietnam War demonstration. Memorial services are held annually for Allison Krause, Sandra Lee Scheuer, Jeffrey Glenn Miller and William K. Schroeder on the Kent, Ohio campus. They are not forgotten.", "Elements of the Ohio Army National Guard were ordered to Kent State University by Ohio's governor Jim Rhodes to quell anti-Vietnam War protests, culminating in their shooting into a crowd of students on May 4, 1970, killing four and injuring nine.", "On May 4th, National Guardsmen killed 4 students at Kent State University in Ohio after a campus protest of the Cambodian invasion. Nixon called the students involved in the antiwar protests “bums”. The Ohio National Guardsmen had fired 67 rounds in approximately 13 seconds. 4 students were killed, 9 wounded, one of the 9 wounded was paralyzed for life. Some of those hit were simply watching the protest. The event was the culmination of 4 days of increasing tension since the Nixon announcement of the Cambodian incursion.", "The shooting of unarmed college students by members of the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, 1970.", "On this date, May 4, in the year 1970, four students were killed and nine others wounded when members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire during a Vietnam War protest.  Approximately 67 shots were fired by the guardsmen over thirteen seconds.  Jeffrey Glenn Miller, age 20, was shot through the mouth and killed instantly.  Allison B. Krause, age 19,was shot in the chest and died later that day.  William Knox Schroeder, age 19, was also shot in the  chest and died almost an hour later in a hospital while undergoing surgery.  Sandra Lee Scheuer, age 20, was shot in her neck and died within a few minutes from loss of blood.  Among the wounded was Dean R. Kahler, who was shot in the back, causing permanent paralysis from the chest down.  All of those killed or wounded were unarmed.", "Both local and national media were already covering the student protests, and they covered the Kent State shootings. It was a big story because of the nature of the demonstrations, and the end result. On May 4, The Akron Beacon Journal lead read: “Four persons were killed and at least 11 others shot as National Guardsmen fired into a group of rock throwing protestors at Kent State University today.”", "Monday, May 4, 1970 the Ohio National Guard shot unarmed student protestors, while they were protesting American invasion of Cambodia by Nixon. 4 were killed and 9 were injured. The national response was a mass student strike that closed schools and further degraded public opinion about the Vietnam war.", "During the National Guard occupation, students snuck into the park at night and planted flowers. Each morning the National Guard destroyed all flowers that had been planted the night before. Police were caught parking their vehicles several blocks away from the park and ironically, donning pig Halloween masks, attacking citizens that they found near the park. A year later, similar violence would erupt at Kent State University, killing four students and seriously wounding nine.", "29 members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire on unarmed students protesting the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia on the Kent State University college campus, killing 4 and wounding 9, one of whom was permanently paralyzed. [215] [216] [217]", "Two days earlier, the National Guard troops were called to Kent to suppress students rioting in protest of the Vietnam War and the U.S. invasion of Cambodia. The next day, scattered protests were dispersed by tear gas, and on May 4 class resumed at Kent State University. By noon that day, despite a ban on rallies, some 2,000 people had assembled on the campus. National Guard troops arrived and ordered the crowd to disperse, fired tear gas, and advanced against the students with bayonets fixed on their rifles. Some of the protesters, refusing to yield, responded by throwing rocks and verbally taunting the troops.", "      In Kent, Ohio, twenty-eight National Guardsmen discharge their weapons toward a group of antiwar demonstrators on the Kent State University campus, killing four students, wounding eight, and permanently paralyzing another.", "In Kent, Ohio, 28 National Guardsmen fire their weapons at a group of antiwar demonstrators on the Kent State University campus, killing four students, wounding eight, and permanently paralyzing another.", "Incident in which National Guard troops fired at a group of students during an antiwar protest at Kent State University in Ohio, killing four people.", "• Student protests against Vietnam War results in the killing of four by National Guard soldiers at Kent State University in Ohio", "1970 Jeffrey Miller 1 of 4 students at Kent State University killed by Ohio National Guard", "AP Images/Douglas Moore for educational use only. A group gathers around an injured person after the Ohio National Guard opened fire on demonstrators at Kent State University.", "In the late 1960s and early 1970s, UW–Madison was shaken by a series of student protests, and by the use of force by authorities in response, comprehensively documented in the film The War at Home. The first major demonstrations protested the presence on campus of recruiters for the Dow Chemical Company, which supplied the napalm used in the Vietnam War. Authorities used force to quell the disturbance. The struggle was documented in the book, They Marched into Sunlight, as well as the PBS documentary Two Days in October. Among the students injured in the protest was current Madison mayor Paul Soglin.", "On October 1, 2015, a mass shooting took place at Umpqua Community College , near Roseburg, Oregon , United States. [5] Christopher Harper-Mercer, a 26-year-old student, fatally shot nine people and injured nine others on the campus. [6] [7] He killed himself following a gun battle with responding police officers", "The 1960s was a period of especially rapid growth for Western, as its enrollment increased from 3,000 students to over 10,000 during the decade. Also during this time, the Fairhaven College of Interdisciplinary Studies was founded (1967), with non-traditional education methods that would serve as a model for The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington. Two years later, the Huxley College of the Environment, the nation's first dedicated environmental science college, was founded, continuing Western's trend toward \"cluster\" colleges. That same year, on a spring afternoon, students gained headlines by blocking Interstate 5 to protest the Vietnam War.", "*Iowa City, Iowa - November 3, 1991. Gunfire erupted on the University of Iowa campus, when a disgruntled graduate student opened fire, fatally wounding 5 people, (4 faculty and 1 student), before he took his own life.", "Harris and Klebold turned and began shooting west in the direction of five students sitting on the grassy hillside adjacent to the steps and opposite the West Entrance of the school. 15-year-old Michael Johnson was hit in the face, leg and arm, but ran and escaped; 16-year-old Mark Taylor was shot in the chest, arms and leg and fell to the ground, where he feigned death. The other three escaped uninjured.", "On this day in 1957, a mob of more than a thousand angry whites gathered outside Central High School to protest the admittance of black students.  These students became known as “the Little Rock Nine.”  Orval Faubus, the Governor at the time, used the Arkansas National Guard to evade a federal order that the black students be admitted to the previously all-white school. Faubus withdrew the National Guardsmen, clearing the way for the angry mob to overpower the local police.  On September 24, President Dwight D. Eisenhower dispatched 1,200 troops to restore order.  The next day the students, under armed escort, were allowed to enter school. ", "Kent State's Center for Applied Conflict Management opened in 1971 as a memorial to those killed. It offers the largest undergraduate degree program in peace and conflict studies in the country for the 1,100 students enrolled.", "(5) Did the Guardsmen conspire to shoot students when they huddled on the practice football field? If not, why did they fire? Were they justified in firing?" ]

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[ "On February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (USA), William G Morgan, a YMCA physical education director, created a new game called Mintonette as a pastime to be played preferably indoors and by any number of players. The game took some of its characteristics from tennis and handball. Another indoor sport, basketball, was catching on in the area, having been invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometres) away in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts, only four years before. Mintonette (as volleyball was then known) was designed to be an indoor sport less rough than basketball for older members of the YMCA, while still requiring a bit of athletic effort.", "On February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts, William G. Morgan, a YMCA physical education director, created a new game called Mintonette as a pastime to be played preferably indoors and by any number of players. The game took some of its characteristics from tennis and handball. Another indoor sport, basketball, was catching on in the area, having been invented just ten miles away in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts only four years before. Mintonette (as volleyball was then known) was designed to be an indoor sport less rough than basketball for older members of the YMCA, while still requiring a bit of athletic effort.", "In 1891 and 1895, the sports of basketball and volleyball—both now Olympic sports, popular worldwide—were invented in the Western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke , respectively. Today, Springfield is home to the international Basketball Hall of Fame . Holyoke is home to the international Volleyball Hall of Fame . [78]", "Volleyball history began in a town called Holyoke, Massachusetts in 1895. The sport was developed at the YMCA by William G. Morgan as an alternative for the older men that was less taxing than basketball. Originally called Mintonette, it took the net from tennis and took cues from basketball, baseball and handball. The net was only 6'6\" high, just above the average man's head.", "Okay, this guy must have made more than just one mistake. Look it up boy, basketball originated in Springfield, Massachusetts, not CANADA! And volleyball is from Holyoke, Massachusetts, you know how I know? I live thirty minutes North of there! The Basketball Hall of Fame is in Springfield. Most fans know it originated there in 1892 at the YMCA (now known as Springfield College).", "The partnership between Holyoke Medical Center and the Volleyball Hall of Fame extends back to the earliest days of the Hall. HMC has provided major sponsorships for years of Morgan Classic Tournaments and Induction Celebrations, enabling teams from across the country and guests from around the world to participate in these events and to have a well appreciated Welcoming Luncheon. HMC has always been willing to lend a hand with resources and volunteers to help us in staging first-class events. In 2004 HMC President Hank Porten served as our Induction Honorary Chairperson.", "Besides Springfield's historic connection with basketball, the city has a rich sporting history. Volleyball was invented in the adjacent city of Holyoke, and the first exhibition match was held in 1896 at the International YMCA Training School, now known as Springfield College.", "* Basketball Hall of Fame – housed in a $47 million structure designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates, it is a shrine to the world's second most popular sport, basketball. Located in the city where basketball was invented, the facility – built beside the Connecticut River – spans features numerous restaurants and the WMAS-FM studios. However, it is separated from Springfield's Metro Center by the 8-lane highway, Interstate 91.", "The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , located in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, honors exceptional basketball players, coaches, referees, executives, and other major contributors to the game of basketball worldwide. Named after James Naismith, who invented the game of basketball in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, the Basketball Hall of Fame is dedicated to preserve and...", "The Boston Marathon is an annual marathon hosted by the city of Boston , Massachusetts , on Patriots' Day , the third Monday of April. Begun in 1897 and inspired by the success of the first modern-day marathon competition in the 1896 Summer Olympics , [1] the Boston Marathon is the world's oldest annual marathon and ranks as one of the world's most well-known road racing events. It is one of five World Marathon Majors .", "Cooperstown is best known as the home of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, which was founded in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark. According to an interview conducted in 1906 by the Mills Commission, nearby resident Abner Graves attributed the game's invention to his deceased friend, Abner Doubleday. Graves stated that Doubleday invented baseball on a cow pasture within the village in 1839, the present site of Doubleday Field, but this claim is universally discounted by baseball historians.", "The full name of the facility, the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, is in honor of the game's inventor. On December 21, 1891, physical education coach James Naismith first introduced the game in the city of Springfield during a physical education class at the YMCA. Naismith went on to develop his own basketball legacy, which included founding the powerhouse program at the University of Kansas. The Basketball Hall of Fame was established in 1959, and the NBA Hall of Fame had the grand opening for its first public facility in 1968, on the grounds of Springfield College. The first female players were inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1985.", "The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is located in Springfield, Massachusetts.  Media photo courtesy of the Massachsuetts Office of Travel & Tourism", "Several U.S. national sports halls of fame are or have been situated in New York. The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is located in Cooperstown, Otsego County. The National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County, honors achievements in the sport of thoroughbred horse racing. The physical facility of the National Soccer Hall of Fame in Oneonta, also in Otsego County, closed in 2010, although the organization itself has continued inductions. The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park in the New York City borough of Queens.", "The World Chess Hall of Fame (WCHOF) is a nonprofit organization committed to building awareness for the cultural and artistic significance of chess. It opened on September 9, 2011, in Saint Louis's Central West End after moving from previous locations in New York and Miami.", "In contrast to the Pro Football and the National Baseball Halls of Fame, Springfield honors international and American professionals, as well as American and international amateurs, making it arguably the most comprehensive Hall of Fame among major sports. Since 2011, the induction process employs a total of seven committees to both screen and elect candidates. Four of these committees screen prospective candidates: ", "Basketball Hall of Fame - Springfield The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is home to more than three hundred inductees and more than 40,000 square feet of basketball history. Located on the picturesque banks of the Connecticut River, the new museum is a fitting shrine to the game Dr. Naismith invented more than a century ago.", "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Red Sox compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. The Red Sox have won eight World Series championships and have played in 12. Founded in as one of the American League's eight charter franchises, the Red Sox' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since . The \"Red Sox\" name was chosen by the team owner, John I. Taylor, around , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the \"Boston Red Stockings\", including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves.", "The Basketball Hall of Fame is convenient to Hartford Connecticut , Boston , and New York City , and Springfield and the surrounding area has a wide selection of hotels, which makes this sports mecca the perfect destination for a weekend adventure. Hotels in Springfield include the Hampton Inn, Clarion, Marriott, and Hilton, and several are within walking distance of the facility. Air travel is also convenient for visitors planning a trip to the Hall of Fame in Springfield, as the museum is near the Bradley International Airport and a reasonable drive from Logan International in Boston. The NBA Hall of Fame is open Sunday through Friday from 10 am to 4 pm, and Saturday from 10 am to 5 pm.", "Boston has been a city of championships in recent years, with the Boston Celtics winning an NBA championship, the Red Sox twice winning the World Series, the Bruins claiming the Stanley Cup and the nearby New England Patriots grabbing three Super Bowl rings. But Beantown has much more than just pro sports on the lineup. The Head of the Charles Regatta rowing competition takes place each year on the Charles River. Four NCAA Division 1 schools play in the city so visitors can find entertaining collegiate competition in dozens of sports, including the Beanpot Tournament – a hockey tournament held by the four schools every year. Boston has its history as well; Fenway Park i s the oldest professional sports stadium in the country and the Boston Marathon is the world’s oldest marathon. And like Chicago, Bostonians love to play sports almost as much as they love to watch them.", "Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum of the Pacific Northwest in Safeco Field.", "In other words, baseball, as it was before the rise to dominance of its altered New York variant in the 1850s and 60s. It was known variously as Base Ball, Town Ball, Round Ball, Round Town, Goal Ball, Field-base, Three-corner Cat, the New England game, or Massachusetts baseball. Generally speaking, \"Round-ball\" was the most usual name in New England, \"Base-ball\" in New York, and \"Town-ball\" in Pennsylvania and the South. A diagram posted in the baseball collection on the New York Public Library's Digital Gallery website identifies a game played, \"Eight Boys with a ball & four bats playing [F]our Old Cat\" (Image ID: 56105) This game was apparently played on a square of 40 feet on each side, but the diagram does not make clear the rules or how to play the game. The same sheet of paper shows a diagram of a square - 60 feet per side with the base side having in its middle the \"Home Goal\", \"Catcher\", and \"Striker\", and with the corners marked as \"1st Goal\", \"2nd Goal\", \"3rd Goal\", and \"4th Goal\" as you travel counter-clockwise around the square. The note accompanying this diagram says, \"Thirty or more players (15 or more on each side) with a bat and ball playing Town Ball, some times called Round Ball, and subsequently the so-called Massachusetts game of Base Ball\".", "The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located at 25 Main Street in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond, displays baseball-related artifacts and exhibits, and honors those who have excelled in playing, managing, and serving the sport. The Hall's motto is \"Preserving History, Honoring Excellence, Connecting Generations.\" The word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.", "Boston - best known for its colonial history, its passion for sports, and its university students", "Since 1959, 345 coaches, players, referees, contributors, and teams have been inducted, with the most recent class entering on August 8, 2014. John Wooden, Lenny Wilkens, Bill Sharman, and Tom Heinsohn have each been inducted as both player and coach (Wooden in 1961 and 1973, Sharman in 1976 and 2004, Wilkens in 1989 and 1999, and Heinsohn in 1986 and 2015). ", "The formal name of the entity which owns the team is \"Boston Red Sox Baseball Club Limited Partnership\". The name shown on the door on Yawkey Way, \"Boston American League Baseball Company\", as shown in [http://www.lussierphoto.com/2011/01/03/boston-american-league-baseball-company/ this current-day photograph] of the street-door to the stadium, is historical, predating the formation of the limited partnership on May 26, 1978. The entrance also figures in Robert B. Parker's Spenser-and-baseball novel Mortal Stakes.", "The U.S. Amateur Championship is instituted, with Charles B. Macdonald winning the inaugural event. The first United States Open is held the following day, with Horace Rawlins winning.", "April 20, 2012, marked Fenway Park's centennial. On March 7 of that year, the park was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Former pitcher Bill Lee has called Fenway Park \"a shrine\". It is a pending Boston Landmark which will regulate further changes to the park. Today, the park is considered to be one of the most well-known sports venues in the world. ", "Autograph Alley hosts a former Boston Red Sox player, coach, or personality before each home game to sign autographs free of charge. You can find Autograph Alley in the Yawkey Way Team Store.", "That's because the Red Sox's Bradley cleared it and became front-page news. The embankment in left field became known as \"Duffy's Cliff,\" in honor of Red Sox left fielder Duffy Lewis, who mastered its nuances. \"Depending on the importance of the ...", "Attended Cushing Academy; a prep school in Ashburnham, Massachusetts. An award in her namesake is given annually to one male and one female scholar-athlete of exceptional accomplishment in both fields.", "• From Alan Chewning: \"Holman stadium in Nashua, N.H., is home to the Nashua Pride [part of the independent Atlantic League]. From 1946-1949, it was home to the Class B Nashua Dodgers. During this time, the Nashua Dodgers broke the minor-league color barrier, and there are three retired numbers, for Don Newcombe (36), Roy Campanella (39) and Jackie Robinson (42). Here's the kicker: The retired numbers are not for the organization but for the stadium. So no team in Nashua has retired any jerseys, but Holman Stadium has retired three.\"" ]

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[ "Sauerkraut (pronounced /ˈsaÊŠrkraÊŠt/ in English; German pronunciation: [ˈzaÊŠ.ÉkÊaÊŠt]  ( listen), Yiddish: [ˈzÉ”i̯.əʀ.kʀɔi̯t]) is finely shredded cabbage that has been fermented by various lactic acid bacteria, including Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus.[1][2] It has a long shelf-life and a distinctive sour flavor, both of which result from the lactic acid that forms when the bacteria ferment the sugars in the cabbage. It is therefore not to be confused with coleslaw, which receives its acidic taste from vinegar.", "Sauerkraut — aka fermented cabbage — once known mostly as a staple for Reuben sandwich and hot dog eaters, is also one of the most nutritious, easiest and delicious fermented food you can make.", "Sauerkraut (the German word for sour herb) is made by an age-old fermentation process called lactofermentation. Lactobacillus is a good bacteria found on the surface of many fruits and vegetables, even in yogurt. As the cabbage is submerged in a salt brine, the lactobacillus begins to convert the sugars of the cabbage to lactic acid, which is a natural preservative.", "Basically, sauerkraut is shredded cabbage fermented in its own juice with or without a culture starter or a salt water brine.  Many other vegetables and spices can be added for extra flavor and variety, but cabbage is usually the main ingredient because the leaves contain high amounts of naturally occurring cultures that help it to ferment.", "Sauerkraut is cabbage that is salted to a precise degree and allowed to ferment, pressed under its own brine, through several generations of bacteria until it reaches a desired degree of sourness from a final lactic acid fermentation. It is then refrigerated or canned to stop further fermentation. It is usually shredded before fermentation, but In some cases it is made with lengthwise wedges of cabbage rather than shredded.", "Sauerkraut (;) is finely cut cabbage that has been fermented by various lactic acid bacteria, including Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus. It has a long shelf life and a distinctive sour flavor, both of which result from the lactic acid that forms when the bacteria ferment the sugars in the cabbage. ", "Fortunately for the vegetarians and dedicated omnivores out there, lots of German veggie preparations play upon vegetables alone. And while these tend to be side dishes, harder to stretch into a main course, they do provide a great culinary starting point—assertive flavors designed to alternately balance or reinforce the heft and richness of a major protein. Sauerkraut, Germany’s iteration of the ancient art of fermented cabbage, is one of the most obvious examples, its bracing tanginess and funk cutting into fried and fatty meats across the land. But something like Rotkohl (a.k.a. Rotkraut, a.k.a. Blaukraut, or simply “red cabbage”) is more subtly on the mark for us, just as ubiquitous and maybe even a bit friendlier of an accompaniment, considering the lack of fermentation. The traditional cold weather red cabbage preparation simply involves shredding the cabbage (harvested in the fall—Germans love their seasonal eating), and gently cooking it down with onions, apples, red wine, vinegar, and simple seasonings. The resulting dish not only retains a rich vermillion hue, thanks to the wine, it imparts a balance of depth and tart sweetness that echoes sweet-savory-tangy flavor blending across the globe. And while traditional accompaniments tend to be rich, flavorful meats like Sauerbraten, duck, or venison, it’s just as easy to pair Rotkohl with some mushroom-studded Spaetzle or use it to top a hearty Kartoffelpuffer (potato pancake). Vegetarian, traditional, flavorful.", "The word sauerkraut means \"sour cabbage\" in German — it's naturally fermented cabbage. Natural fermentation is one of the oldest means of food preservation, and it reduces the risk of foodborne illness and food spoilage.", "Raw sauerkraut is extremely healthy. It is an excellent source of vitamin C , lactobacilli , and other nutrients. However, the low pH and abundance of otherwise healthy lactobacilli may upset the intestines of people who are not used to eating acidic foods. Studies suggest that fermented cabbage may be even more healthy than the raw vegetable, with increased levels of anti-cancer agents such as isothiocyanates .[citation needed]", "Sauerkraut is very low-calorie, but as you can see it’s an  anti-inflammatory food  and is packed with benefits. Besides having probiotics to offer, sauerkraut is a good source of antioxidants and dietary fiber too, thanks to its main ingredient cabbage. Even eating a small amount daily — just several tablespoons — can give you significant benefits and a great source of nutrients, including vitamin K, vitamin C, calcium, potassium and phosphorus  — and of course probiotics too. As an added bonus, the proliferation of lactobacilli in fermented vegetables enhances their digestibility and increases absorption of their various vitamins.", "Raw sauerkraut is an extremely healthful food. It is an excellent source of vitamin C , lactobacilli , and other nutrients. However, the low pH and abundance of otherwise healthy lactobacilli may upset the intestines of people who are not used to eating acidic foods. (In such cases, it is advisable to eat small amounts daily until the person's digestive system adjusts.) Studies suggest that fermented cabbage may be even more healthy than the raw vegetable, with increased levels of anti-cancer agents such as isothiocyanates .", "The word sauerkraut is German for \"sour cabbage\" but it wasn't really invented by the Germans, although it is wildly popular there. It is believed laborers building the Great Wall of China over 2,000 years ago began fermenting shredded cabbage in rice wine to preserve it so they would have a food source during the nongrowing season. Then, nice-guy Ghenghis Khan and his merry band of marauders brought it to Europe 1,000 years later.", "Mikolaj Reg in \"Zywot czlowieka pozciwego\" (1568) describes a sauerkraut method: \"Having romoved the outside leaves of some nice heads of cabbage, cut them in half and fit them neatly into a vat, spreading beet chards & dill between the layers\" (Dembinska) [and presumably covered in a salt and/or vinegar brine and left to ferment...] and a cucumber pickle: 'pickle cucumbers in salt, add some dill and sour cherry or oak leaves...'", "Sauerkraut is the ancient art of fermenting and pickling vegetables that dates back thousands of years.  It is a naturally occurring process that is prepared without heat or pasteurization. ", "Sauerkraut (n.): Cabbage cut fine and allowed to ferment in a brine made of its own juice with salt, -- a German dish.: Example:", "Bubbies Sauerkraut is made from the crisp, center leaves of the finest quality winter cabbages, which are shredded, salted and naturally fermented for several weeks.", "Cabbage – the king of vegetables. Easy to grow almost anywhere. Cabbages generally come in white, yellow, green and red colour schemes. In Germany the pickled ‘Sauerkraut’ is pretty much a national dish and in Korea a similar but spiced ‘Kimchee’ has equal status in the national cuisine.", "The fermentation process involved in making sauerkraut creates an acidic environment in which these friendly flora can reproduce and proliferate.  This is accomplished by transforming the lactose and other sugars in the vegetables to lactic acid, which in turn gives birth to different strains of the bacteria called Lactobacilli, including Leuconostuc, Lactobacillus and Pediococcus.", "* Americas: sourdough bread, cultured milk, chicha, elderberry wine, kombucha, pickling (pickled vegetables), sauerkraut, lupin seed, oilseed, chocolate, vanilla, tabasco, tibicos, pulque, mikyuk (fermented bowhead whale)", " 6 sauerkraut recipes (plus a couple of extras) which are just as unique and delicious, as the Reuben, solving the dilemma of what to do with sauerkraut forever. Enjoy, because sauerkraut and most other fermented vegetables are really good for you. ", "- salads, sandwiches, and wraps - sauerkraut makes an awesome dressing - it adds flavor, moisture, and acidity (everything we want dressing to do. do you <3 a reuben sandwich? now you can make your own! here is a fun recipe for reuben sliders.  http://www.cookingchanneltv.com/…/alie-…/reuben-sliders.html", "A tall leafy vegetable, cultivated along the banks of the Nile for centuries. It is said to have the highest amount of protein and folic acid of any green leaf vegetable and is rich in beta-carotene, iron, calcium, and Vitamin C.", "There’s nothing wrong with the classic, just-plain-cabbage variety of sauerkraut usually eaten on a hot dog or pork chop. But homemade sauerkraut made with additional vegetables, herbs and spices is more than a condiment; it’s a delicious side dish all on its own — and a surprisingly healthy one.", "My mom, of German descent, always nestles a rolled pork roast into the sauerkraut and whips up a batch of mashed potatoes so she can spoon the meat and kraut on top and mush it all together. My dad, the Italian, prefers kielbasa (or kolbassi , as we pronounce it in the Pittsburgh area). He also remembers many instances of hot dogs simmering in the sauerkraut, though that combo seems more appropriate for summer months at Citi Field .", "A jar of cultured vegetables is an enzyme factory and only a small amount of sauerkraut produces more than enough for the proper digestion of the foods we eat.  It can be an especially helpful condiment for diets high in cooked foods dairy and animal proteins.", "Sauerkraut is also a source of biogenic amines such as tyramine , which may cause adverse reactions in sensitive people. [7] [8] It also provides various cancer-fighting compounds including isothiocyanate and sulphoraphane . [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]", "Sauerkraut provides a high-density source of a wide range of beneficial live lactic acid bacteria which assist in the digestive process, produce a variety of vitamins and other nutrients, and keep harmful micro-organisms at bay. A single serving of genuine raw sauerkraut gives your body a bigger health boost than any of the expensive probiotic drinks and supplements sold in stores.", "A perennial herb of the arum family. Its thick leaf stalk is used in salads after it has been boiled in two or more changes of water. Also known as \"skunk cabbage.\"", "Sauerkraut is also a source of biogenic amines such as tyramine , which may cause adverse reactions in sensitive people. It also provides various cancer-fighting compounds including isothiocyanate and sulphoraphane .", "Thanks Mel!  That would make sense.  It came from my Great Grandmother I believe who came from Germany.  It think she made sauerkraut daily...  :)", "When we consume homemade sauerkraut, the bacteria present will act symbiotically.  The bacteria, now called probiotics, helps the gut flora continue enhancing nutrient absorption, aiding the immune system, and keeping out pathogens.", "\"When you make sauerkrauts you are in fact concocting a vessel full of enzymes, lactobacilli and an alkaline reactive food source... a powerhouse of nutrition for your stomach, intestines, organs and entire body.\" Sandor Katz" ]

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[ "The Little Red-Haired Girl is an unseen character in the Peanuts comic strip by Charles M. Schulz, who serves as the object of Charlie Brown's affection, and a symbol of unrequited love. While never seen in the strip, she appears onscreen in several television specials, in which her name has been revealed as Heather Wold. Charlie Brown most often notices her while eating lunch outdoors, always failing to muster the courage to speak to her. She figures prominently in Valentine's Day strips, several of which focus on Charlie Brown's hope of getting a valentine from her. Charlie Brown typically attempts to give her a valentine but panics at the last minute.", "The Little Red-Haired Girl is an unseen character in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz . She is the object of Charlie Brown 's affection, although he never dares to go near her. Whether or not she has any feelings towards Charlie Brown has never been revealed in the comic strip.", "Sparky studied art through a correspondence course from Art Instruction, Inc. After serving in World War II, he took a job at the school reviewing and grading student lessons. While working at the school, Schulz fell in love with a coworker. Donna Mae Brown turned down Charles Schulz when he proposed to her. In comics, she became the Little Red-Haired Girl, the unrequited love of Peanuts’ protagonist, Charlie Brown.", "Charlie Brown is in love with an unseen character known simply as \"the Little Red-Haired Girl\", though he rarely has the courage to talk to her, and when he does it always goes badly. For instance, when he finally gets the nerve to call her, he accidentally calls Marcie's house instead.", "Peanuts' leitmotif was unrequited love: Charlie Brown for the never-seen, red-headed girl; Lucy for Schroeder, who pined only for Beethoven; Sally for Linus, who preferred the security of his blanket. \"I find unrequited love funny,\" Schulz observed more than once.", "The 1967 Peanuts animated TV special You're in Love, Charlie Brown revolved entirely around Charlie Brown's obsession with the Little Red-Haired Girl. After several failed attempts at making conversation with her on the last two days of school, she stuffs a note into Charlie Brown's hands as students rush past him to board the school bus. Thinking he has ruined his final chance at meeting her, he reads the letter, which affectionately states, \"I like you, Charlie Brown. Signed, the Little Red-Haired Girl.\" Ecstatic, Charlie Brown skips his way home, realizing he has triumphed against what he considers all odds. Throughout the entirety of You're in Love, Charlie Brown, the Little Red-Haired Girl is not seen once.", "Snoopy's fiancée is a minor unseen dog character, in the Peanuts comic strip by Charles M. Schulz . She has never been given a name. Snoopy meets her and falls in love with her in a series of strips which originally ran between July 25 and August 30, 1977 . Not much is known about her, except that she is a cheater who will go after any male dog that she sees.", "Peanuts had several recurring characters that were actually absent from view. Some, such as the Great Pumpkin or Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron ), were merely figments of the cast's imaginations. Others were not imaginary, such as the Little Red-Haired Girl (Charlie Brown's perennial dream girl who finally appeared in 1998, but only in silhouette), Joe Shlabotnik (Charlie Brown's baseball hero), World War II (the vicious cat who lives next door to Snoopy – not to be confused with Frieda's cat, Faron), and Charlie Brown's unnamed pen pal . Adult figures only appeared in the strip during a brief sequence in 1954 in which Charlie Brown and Lucy are playing professional golf. At no time, however, were any adult faces seen. There are, however, adult voices in a few of the early strips.", "*The Little Red-Haired Girl (Charlie Brown's crush), seen in many animated television specials where she was known as \"Heather\", but was never seen in the strip itself (except once in silhouette).", "As a result of his preoccupation with the Little Red-Haired Girl, Charlie Brown remains oblivious to the occasional attentions of Peppermint Patty and Marcie. In particular, he has a tendency to say the wrong thing at the wrong time, to both of them; Peppermint Patty when she seeks reassurance over her \"big nose\" and her femininity, and Marcie when she tries to show that she cares about him. However, sometimes Charlie Brown might return feelings for one of them; for example in You're the Greatest, Charlie Brown near the end after Marcie winks at Charlie Brown, he blushes, which can be interpreted as saying he likes her. He also blushes when she kisses him in There's No Time for Love, Charlie Brown.", "We were first introduced to “That Little Red-Haired Girl” in 1963.  Charlie Brown had a crush on her ever since.  She is never seen in the comic strip, but has appeared in several of the cartoon movies.  Sometimes, she has been called by her first name, Heather, but mostly, Charlie Brown just calls her “That Little Red-Haired Girl”.  So who was the Little Red-Haired Girl in real life?  She was one of Schulz’ co-workers when he was working at an Art Correspondence school in Minneapolis, Minnesota.  Her real name is Donna Mae Johnson and she worked in accounting.  Schulz and Johnson dated for three years, but when Schulz proposed to her in 1950 (the same year as the comic was made), she turned him down because someone had already asked her to marry him.  They got married later that year.  Schulz was devastated, but remained friends with Johnston his entire life.  According to Schulz, “I can think of no more emotionally damaging loss than to be turned down by someone whom you love very much. A person who not only turns you down, but almost immediately will marry the victor. What a bitter blow that is.”  Because of this, Charlie Brown talks about the Little Red-Haired Girl, but Schulz never drew her.  The television shows that depicted her were drawn by someone else.", "No, no. Not the real Little Red-Haired Girl. It’s the real Jean Schulz, who was married to Sparky for the better part of three decades. Jeannie now deftly guides the Peanuts empire from the Schulz Museum in Santa Rosa, Calif., home base of operations. And in the ’90s, she actually met Ms. Wold for the first time after Sparky shared with the world the news that Donna was the inspiration for his Little Red-Haired Girl.", "Mr. Schulz said he developed much of his material by listening to his own children. But the content of \"Peanuts\" also was influenced by his upbringing and early manhood, which was colored by depression, the death of his mother to cancer when he was 20 and losing his first love to another fellow just as his strip began syndication. (His former girlfriend would become Charlie Brown's \"little red-haired girl,\" a figure his biographer, Rheta Grimsley Johnson, likened to \"Beethoven's Immortal Beloved and Shakespeare's Dark Lady of the Sonnets.\")", "Peanuts premiered on October 2, 1950, in nine newspapers: The Washington Post , The Chicago Tribune , The Minneapolis Tribune , The Allentown Morning Call, The Bethlehem Globe-Times, The Denver Post , The Seattle Times , The New York World-Telegram & Sun , and The Boston Globe . It began as a daily strip. The first strip was four panels long and showed Charlie Brown walking by two other young children, Shermy and Patty. Shermy lauds Charlie Brown as he walks by, but then tells Patty how he hates him in the final panel. This was groundbreaking. Until then, rarely had children expressed hatred for others in comic strips. Snoopy was also an early character in the strip, first appearing in the third strip, which ran on October 4. Its first Sunday strip appeared January 6, 1952, in the half-page format, which was the only complete format for the entire life of the Sunday strip. Most of the other characters that eventually became the main characters of Peanuts did not appear until later: Violet (February 1951), Schroeder (May 1951), Lucy (March 1952), Linus (September 1952), Pig-Pen (July 1954), Sally (August 1959), Frieda (March 1961), \"Peppermint\" Patty (August 1966), Woodstock (introduced April 1967; given a name in June 1970), Franklin (July 1968), Marcie (July 1971), and Rerun (March 1973).", "Although Frieda was a regular character from 1961 to the late 1960s, her appearances gradually began dwindling. According to Charles Schulz, \"I realized that Frieda added relatively little to the strip and had few character traits beyond bragging about her hair and her obsession with getting Snoopy to chase rabbits.\" Frieda's last speaking role was in the March 20, 1975 strip, although she would sometimes appear as a background character into the 1980s. Frieda also continued to make appearances in the animated Peanuts specials and the Saturday morning series The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show, even being mentioned in the lyrics of the latter's theme song. She is also featured as an unseen character in the musical You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown, being mentioned several times, and yelled to at one point after Lucy heard one of Charlie Brown's secrets. Also in this show, her characteristic fondness for hunting rabbits is assumed by Sally. Frieda appeared in 150 strips and appeared for the last time on November 22, 1985. Frieda appears in The Peanuts Movie (2015) directed by Steve Martino. She is voiced by Francesca Capaldi who also voices The Little Red-Haired Girl in the movie. Frieda also makes multiple appearances in the Peanuts (TV Series).", "The most puzzling omission is the lack of discussion of Charlie Brown's younger sister, Sally, who was introduced less than ten years into Peanuts' run and remained a major figure straight through to the end. Her unrequited love for Linus was as big a recurring theme in the series as Lucy's for Schroeder, or Lucy's love-hate relationship with Charlie Brown, to both of which Michaelis devotes considerable space as as analogs for Schulz's relationship with Joyce. Sally instead only earns mentions late in the book for sequences such as her attachment to her anthropomorphized school building.", "The initial cast of Peanuts was small, featuring only Charlie Brown, Shermy, Patty (not to be confused with Peppermint Patty) and (two days after the release of the first strip) a beagle, Snoopy. The first addition, Violet, was made on February 7, 1951. Other character introductions that soon followed were Schroeder, on May 30, 1951, as a baby; Lucy, on March 3, 1952; Lucy's baby brother Linus, on September 19, 1952 (after his existence was first mentioned back on July 14); and Pig-Pen, on July 13, 1954.", "Charlie Brown is the only character to appear in the first Peanuts comic strip from October 2, 1950 and the last one from February 13, 2000.", "When Peanuts made its October 1950 debut, it was published in seven U.S. newspapers. That first year, the comic strip came in last place in the New York World Telegram’s reader survey of cartoons; however, a book of Peanuts reprints helped the strip gain a larger audience. Eventually, the strip was syndicated to more than 2,600 newspapers around the globe and read by more than 350 million people in 75 countries. Schulz was also named Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year. In 1958, the first plastic toy dolls of Charlie Brown, Snoopy and other Peanuts characters were produced, launching a massive flow of Peanuts merchandise ranging from greeting cards to pajamas. By 1999, some 20,000 different new products featuring members of the Peanuts gang were being marketed every year.", "Many of the characters in Peanuts aged somewhat since their introduction. Schroeder and Lucy started out as toddlers, then grew to Charlie Brown's age; Lucy's \"baby brother\" Linus grew to one or two grades below Charlie Brown (and has been seen in the same classroom as him on occasion). Sally also started as a baby and later caught up to Linus. Rerun also was born during the strip's run and ended up as a toddler. Charlie Brown himself also aged somewhat over the course of the strip; he stated that he was four in an 1950 strip , six in an 1957 one , and eight and a half in an 1979 one .", "Patricia \"Peppermint Patty\" Reichardt is a fictional character featured in Charles M. Schulz' comic strip Peanuts. She is one of a small group in the strip who lives across town from Charlie Brown and his school friends (although in The Peanuts Movie she lives in the same neighborhood and attends the same school). She has freckles and auburn/brunette hair and generally displays the characteristics of a tomboy, although that was slightly changed when Marcie was paired with her in There's No Time for Love, Charlie Brown in 1973. She made her first appearance on August 22, 1966. The following year, she made her animated debut in the TV special You're in Love, Charlie Brown and ... (展开) began (in the comics) coaching a baseball team that played against Charlie Brown and since has had other adventures with him. Uniquely, she refers to Charlie Brown and Lucy as \"Chuck\" and \"Lucille\", respectively. As established by a 1970 strip in which Patty's father (who always calls her his \"rare gem\") gives her roses on her birthday, Peppermint Patty's birthday is October 4th.", "There were other recurring elements, such as Charlie Brown's zig-zag stripe shirt, his ever-losing baseball team, his habit of getting kites stuck in trees, and his yearning for the little red-haired girl.", "[ReviewAZON asin=”B003H4RC66″ display=”inlinepost”]Today is the 61st anniversary of the Peanuts cartoon strip by Charles M. Schulz.  He created one of America’s best beloved comic strips who brought us characters like Charlie Brown, Snoopy, and others.  Most people don’t realize that the people in the strip were modeled after real friends of Charles M. Schulz. Here is a look at five of the real life characters behind the cartoon.", "Snoopy's fiancée was never seen in the comic strip. But when the storyline became the basis for the 1985 TV special, Snoopy's Getting Married, Charlie Brown, she's both seen and given a name—Genevieve. A few other changes were made as well - instead of a beagle she’s a poodle, and she doesn't run off with Spike, but with a golden retriever.", "Even some of the world's most avid Peanuts fans are unfamiliar with this character, and small wonder: She appeared fewer than a dozen times, and not one of these strips was reprinted before Fantagraphics came along. (Charlotte fell victim to the inexplicable publishing quirk that initially left almost an entire year's worth of strips -- from early 1954 through early 1955 -- unseen since their one and only newspaper appearance.) Charlotte arrived with a booming voice that Charlie Brown claimed was powered by a \"built-in hi-fidelity speaker,\" and this tendency to SPEAK LIKE THIS AT ALL TIMES wore thin rather quickly. \"Good ol' Charlotte Braun,\" as she once dubbed herself, insisted that she merely had a \"driving personality (and) definite opinions.\" These characteristics quickly became embraced by Lucy, as she grew older, leaving Charlotte to the fading mists of antiquity and stump-the-expert quizzes among Peanuts devotees. Her final visit to the neighborhood was on February 1, 1955, a mere two months after she debuted.", "The following is a list of characters that have appeared or have been referred to in the Peanuts comic strip by Charles M. Schulz . Characters who appear in movies, TV specials and episodes of TV series based on Peanuts but have never appeared in the strip itself are listed separately.", "Exclusive first look: Thanks to the ‘Peanuts Movie,’ here’s your new Little Red-Haired Girl - The Washington Post", "In one Sunday strip on July 22 from 1979 (drawn as part of a storyline in which Charlie Brown was in the hospital), Peppermint Patty essentially admitted her feelings for Charlie Brown and, in the same strip, Marcie admitted loving \"Chuck,\" so far as to affirming her willingness to marry Charlie Brown. Even this strip ended in a denial of sorts; Patty brought Marcie up to the front desk of the hospital and tried to have her admitted as a patient, saying, \"I think she's sicker than he is!\" ", "Two characters in the comic became the \"stars\" of the strip, the runaway favorites. The two were, as we all know, Charlie Brown and his dog, Snoopy.", "In one Sunday strip from 1979 (drawn as part of a storyline in which Charlie Brown was in the hospital), Peppermint Patty essentially admitted her feelings for Charlie Brown and, in the same strip, Marcie admitted loving \"Chuck,\" so far as to affirming her willingness to marry Charlie Brown. Even this strip ended in a denial of sorts; Patty brought Marcie up to the front desk of the hospital and tried to have her admitted as a patient, saying, \"I think she's sicker than he is!\"", "Charlie Brown's younger sister, born in 1959. She's not that bright, and sometimes prone to firing off sarcasm when Charlie helps her with her homework. She has an unrequited crush on Linus, whom she calls \"sweet babboo\".", "Charlie Brown's one true love, though he's too spineless to come out and admit it to her. First referenced in 1961." ]

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[ "Finland was one of the Eurozone’s first members, joining on January 1st 1999, with the currency being distributed in 2002. Before the Euro, Finland’s currency was the Markka (FIM) and converted at 5.94573 per Euro.", "A (Finnish) mark , the currency used in Finland before the introduction of the euro , consisting of 100 penni . Abbreviation FIM .", "The German currency before the euro was the Deutsche mark or German mark. One mark was divided into 100 pfennig, just as one euro is divided into 100 cents. The Deutsche mark ceased to be legal tender immediately upon the introduction of the euro, the currency of the European Union.", "Unlike its Nordic neighbors, Finland never formed part of uniformed Scandinavian Monetary Union . Instead, Finland used its own currency of Markka since 1860, never resorting to Kronur as the main currency. The Markka officially ceased to be legal tender in February 2002, when Finland introduced the Euro as its new currency. At the point of conversion, the Markka had a fixed rate of 6 Markka equal to 1 Euro.", "Adoption of the euro: The euro banknotes and coins were introduced in Finland on 1 January 2002, after a transitional period of three years when the euro was the official currency but only existed as 'book money'. The dual circulation period – when both the Finnish markka and the euro had legal tender status – ended on 28 February 2002.", "On January 1, 1999, the Euro (EUR) was introduced as an account currency, replacing the European Currency Unit at par. The European Currency Unit was a theoretical basket of currencies rather than a physical currency in and of itself. Initially, eleven of the countries in the European Economic and Monetary Union replaced their own currencies with the Euro: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Greece followed suit in 2001, Slovenia in 2007, Malta and Cyprus in 2008, and Slovakia in 2009. On January 1, 2014, the Latvian Lats will also be replaced by the Euro.", "Adoption of the euro: The euro banknotes and coins were introduced in Germany on 1 January 2002, after a transitional period of three years when the euro was the official currency but only existed as 'book money'. The legal tender status of the German mark banknotes and coins ended on 31 December 2001, but they were accepted as payment until 28 February 2002 by virtue of a joint declaration from retail and banking associations.", "(Currencies) the former standard monetary unit of Finland, divided into 100 penniä; replaced by the euro in 2002", "Although the word \"markka\" predates the currency by several centuries, the currency was established before being named \"markka\". A competition was held for its name, and some of the other entries included \"sataikko\" (meaning \"having a hundred parts\"), \"omena\" (apple) and \"suomo\" (from \"Suomi\", the Finnish name for Finland).", "a copper-coated iron coin and monetary unit of Germany until the euro was adopted, the 100th part of a Deutsche mark.", "       The 15-nation European Parliament agreed that Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Portugal, Finland, Ireland and Luxembourg will switch to the newly-created currency called the euro on January 1, 1999. Britain, Sweden, and Denmark have decided not to participate. Greece has not met the Maastricht criteria. However, Greece has subsequently qualified and is joining the euro group as the 12th member on January 1, 2001.", "In January 1999, the ball was set in motion towards a unified Europe with the introduction of the Euro as the official currency in eleven countries. In spite of resistance from its neighbors, Finland embraced the idea of converting to the Euro. Finland joined the Third Phase of the Economic and Monetary Union in in May 1998 before adopting the new currency. However, members of this Union didn’t start using the Euro as hard currency until 2002, when Euro banknotes and coins were introduced for the first time.", "The Bundesbank was established in 1957 and succeeded the Bank deutscher Länder, which introduced the Deutsche Mark on 20 June 1948. Until the euro was physically introduced in 2002, the German Central Bank was the central bank of the former Deutsche Mark (\"German Mark\", sometimes known in English as the \"Deutschmark\").", "When the Germans replace their mark for the second time this century, the euro is to be money not only for Germans but for all Europeans. Beginning in January, the euro will be introduced in each of the eleven EU countries that have met the conditions for membership in EMU. On 2 May this year, representatives of the 15 member countries of the EU decided the fixed rates of redemption between each of the domestic currencies of the eleven countries of EMU and the euro. One euro will be equivalent to 1.98 German marks, 13.91 Austrian schillings, 6.33 French francs, 168.20 Spanish pesetas, 202.70 Portuguese escudos, 1958.0 Italian lira, 40.78 Belgian francs, 2.23 Dutch guilders, 6.01 Finish marks, 0.80 Irish punt, and 40.78 Luxembourg francs.", "Germany was one of the original 12 Euro members.  The 1, 2 and 5 euro cents depict an oak twig, a design adopted from the former Pfennig coins. The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin appears on the 10, 20 and 50 euro cents.  A stylized German eagle appears on the 1 and 2 Euro coins.  The 2 Euro has a lettered edge with the German national motto  \"EINIGKEIT UND RECHT UND FREIHEIT\" (Unity and Justice and Freedom).", "In 1999 there was an important change in the German monetary system; the introduction of the Euro as bank money of the common currency of, at first, 12 European countries. Since 2002, the euro was also used as cash money. Thereby the old national currencies lost their payment function. The exchanging rate of DM into Euro was, and still is 1.96:1.", "euro - the basic monetary unit of most members of the European Union (introduced in 1999); in 2002 twelve European nations (Germany, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Austria, Finland) adopted the euro as their basic unit of money and abandoned their traditional currencies", "Netherlands has the euro (€) as its sole currency along with 24 other countries that use this common European money. These 24 countries are: Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands, Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia and Spain (official euro members which are all European Union member states) as well as Andorra , Kosovo , Monaco , Montenegro , San Marino and the Vatican which use it without having a say in eurozone affairs and without being European Union members. Together, these countries have a population of more than 330 million.", "In 2002 Germany and 11 other West European nations started using a common currency - the euro. Since then several other countries have adopted the euro. Five West European countries - Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Switzerland - haven't switched to the euro, nor have any of the former communist countries of Eastern Europe. More will no doubt join the \"club\" in future years.", "The Euro ( symbol : €; banking code : EUR) is the single currency of twelve EU member states (in 2006) collectively known as the Eurozone . According to the European Commission , the symbol is a combination of the Greek epsilon , as a sign of the weight of European civilisation, and the parallel lines crossing through are standing for the stability of the euro.", "The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the Eurozone: 16 of the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU) and is the currency used by the EU institutions. The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain.Estonia is due to join the eurozone on 1 January 2011.The currency is also used in a further five European countries, with and without formal agreements, and is consequently used daily by some 327 million Europeans.Over 175 million people worldwide use currencies which are pegged to the euro, including more than 150 million people in Africa.", "Then came a single currency, the Reichsmark, the forerunner of the Deutschmark. German monetary union succeeded partly because clear rules were in place on how to produce the coins.", "In January 2011 Estonia joined the currency bloc with the Euro replacing the Estonian Kroonid (EEK) on the same day. Approximately 15.64 Kroonid made 1 Euro.", "The Maastricht Treaty created a single currency for most EU members. The euro was created in 1999 and replaced all previous currencies in participating states in 2002. The most notable exception to the currency union, or eurozone, was the United Kingdom, which also did not sign the Schengen Agreement.", "Basic fact: The History of Euro tells us that the Euro became the single currency of the twelve European states in the year 2002.", "Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It finally won its complete independence in 1917. During World War II, it was able to successfully defend its freedom and resist invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, the Finns made a remarkable transformation from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is now on par with Western Europe. As a member of the European Union, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January 1999.", "Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It won its complete independence in 1917. During World War II, it was able to successfully defend its freedom and resist invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, the Finns made a remarkable transformation from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is now among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the European Union since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January 1999.", "During World War II, it was able to successfully defend its freedom and fend off invasions by the Soviet Union and Germany. In the subsequent half century, the Finns have made a remarkable transformation from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is now on par with Western Europe. As a member of the European Union, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January 1999.", "Finland was one of the founding members of the Euro zone and started issuing coins in 2002. Some basic facts relating to Finland.", "Finland is highly integrated into the global economy, and international trade is a third of GDP. The European Union makes up 60% of the total trade. The largest trade flows are with Germany, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States, Netherlands, and China. Trade policy is managed by the European Union, where Finland has traditionally been among the free trade supporters, except for agriculture. Finland is the only Nordic country to have joined the Eurozone.", "Like other Nordic countries, Finland has decentralised its economy since the late 1980s. Financial and product market regulation were loosened. Some state enterprises have been privatized and there have been some modest tax cuts. Finland joined the European Union in 1995, and the Eurozone in 1999. On 21 September 1990, Finland declared unilaterally the Paris Peace Treaty obsolete, following the German reunification decision nine days earlier. ", "Stamp-issuing status: active; Population: 5,109,148. A republic in northern Europe. Under Swedish rule 1187-1809, Finland became a grand duchy with the Russian tsar as grand duke in 1809. In 1899, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire, but in July 1917, the Finnish Diet proclaimed independence. After several years of warfare, Russia accepted Finnish independence in 1919. In 1939, Finland was invaded by the Soviet Union and, in 1940, was compelled to cede extensive eastern territories to the Soviets. Finland subsequently allied itself with Germany in an attempt to regain these lands, but its defeat cost even further concessions. Although economically and culturally oriented toward the West, after World War II Finland pursued a policy of acquiescence to the Soviet Union. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, Finland has strengthened its ties with the West, and in 1995 joined the European Union." ]

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[ "John Thomas Scopes (August 3, 1900 – October 21, 1970) was a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, who was charged on May 5, 1925 for violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in Tennessee schools. He was tried in a case known as the Scopes Trial, in which he was found guilty and fined $100.", "The Scopes Trial, formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and informally known as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was a landmark American legal case in 1925 in which high school science teacher, John Scopes , was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act , which made it unlawful to teach evolution in any state-funded school. [1]", "The Scopes Trial, formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and commonly referred to as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was an American legal case in 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which had made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school. The trial was deliberately staged to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held. Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution, but he purposely incriminated himself so that the case could have a defendant.", "State Representative John W. Butler, head of the World's Christian Fundamentals Association, lobbied state legislatures to pass anti-evolution laws, succeeding in Tennessee when the Butler Act was passed. [3] In response, the American Civil Liberties Union financed a test case in which John Scopes , a Tennessee high school science teacher, agreed to be tried for violating the Act. Scopes, who had substituted for the regular biology teacher, was charged on May 5, 1925, with teaching evolution from a chapter in a textbook that described the theory of evolution. The two sides brought in the biggest names in the nation, William Jennings Bryan for the prosecution and Clarence Darrow for the defense, and the trial was followed on radio transmissions throughout America. [4] [5]", "A trial in the heart of Tennessee came to represent the changing culture of the 1920s, as well as those who sought to preserve traditional views. John Scopes, a recent graduate of the University of Kentucky, was teaching biology in Dayton, Tennessee, when he was found in violation of a state law that prohibited the teaching of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. Darwin’s theories were taught throughout the United States at the time, but they raised the ire of conservatives and evangelicals who believed that evolution ran counter to deeply held religious beliefs about the divine creation of man. In 1925, leading public figures such as William Jennings Bryan arose to defend the state law of Tennessee. Clarence Darrow agreed to defend Scopes’s right to academic freedom. The resulting trial, known as the Scopes Monkey Trial A highly publicized trial of high school teacher John Scopes who violated a Tennessee law that forbade the teaching of evolution. The trial would become emblematic of the culture wars of the early twentieth century between conservative Christian fundamentalists and modernists who tended to be more secular and liberal., quickly descended into a media circus. As news reporters covered the trial’s proceedings via live radio, Americans everywhere tuned in to listen as the academics squared off against the defenders of tradition and old-time religion.", "1925 John T Scopes is served an arrest warrant for teaching evolution in violation of the Butler Act", "Conflict also arose over religious fundamentalism. In 1925 John T. Scopes, a Tennessee schoolteacher, was tried for breaking a state law that prohibited the teaching of the theory of evolution in schools. This theory, its foes said, contradicted the account of creation in the Bible. Scopes and the American Civil Liberties Union believed that the law violated freedom of speech, an argument made by Scopes�s lawyer, Clarence Darrow. Reporters converged on Dayton, Tennessee, to witness the courtroom battle between traditionalism and modernism. Scopes was convicted, although the verdict was later reversed on technical grounds (see Scopes Trial).", "   The trial began in Drayton on the 11th of July, 1925 , In the small town of Dayton, Tennessee. A group of teachers decided to test a law called the Butler Law. The Butler law made it illegal to teach the theory of evolution and instead mandated the biblical interpretation of creationism. The teachers felt that academic freedom and integrity as well as separation of church and state was at stake. Twenty four year old science teacher and football coach John T. Scopes would teach the class. Knowing he would be arrested Scopes taught the class and set into motion one of the most important trials in American history.", "* 1925 – Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called \"Monkey Trial\" begins of John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher accused of teaching evolution in violation of the Butler Act.", "1925 – In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes was found guilty of teaching evolution in class, and fined $100.", "A band of businessmen in Dayton, Tennessee, led by engineer and geologist George Rappleyea, saw this as an opportunity to get publicity for their town and approached Scopes. Rappleyea pointed out that while the Butler Act prohibited the teaching of human evolution, the state required teachers to use the assigned textbook, Hunter's Civic Biology (1914), which included a chapter on evolution. Rappleyea argued that teachers were essentially required to break the law. When asked about the test case, Scopes was initially reluctant to get involved, but after some discussion he told the group gathered in Robinson's Drugstore, \"If you can prove that I've taught evolution and that I can qualify as a defendant, then I'll be willing to stand trial.\" ", "Once upon a time, the State of Tennessee passed a statute prohibiting the teaching of evolution.", "In 1925, John Thomas Scopes, a biology teacher, was tried and convicted in Tennessee for teaching about evolution in his public school classroom as an explanation of the origin of humans, as opposed to the Biblical story of Adam and Eve, which was supported by state law at the time. This was a major dispute and caught the attention of many popular government officials such as William Jennings Bryan, who spoke on behalf of the prosecution. Bryan saw evolution as not only pernicious in its own right, but as a platform for eugenics: the textbook that Scopes used, Civic Biology, advocated \"racial hygiene.\" Although the modernists lost the case, they still were happy to have highlighted the illogical reasoning behind the law that schools could not teach alternative theories for the origin of man. They were also happy that this trial and conviction didn’t affect the expansion of fundamentalist ideals. The Southern Baptist Convention, a Protestant group, became one of the fastest growing denominations after the trial showing that it may have even given popularity to the religious denomination. The beliefs of these groups resulted in an independent subculture with their own schools, radio programs, and missionary societies.", "1925 In Dayton, TN, high school biology teacher John T Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class and fined $100", "1925 -- Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class and fined $100.", "Third, it was argued that the terms of the Butler Act violated the Tennessee State Constitution which provided that \"It shall be the duty of the General Assembly in all future periods of this government, to cherish literature and science.\" The argument was that the theory of the descent of man from a lower order of animals was now established by the preponderance of scientific thought, and that the prohibition of the teaching of such theory was a violation of the legislative duty to cherish science.", "In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called \"Monkey Trial\" begins with John Thomas Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law. The law, which had been passed in March, made it a misdemeanor punishable by fine to \"teach any theory that... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/monkey-trial-begins?et_cid=77631367&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2fmonkey-trial-begins", "Tennessee's Second Big Censorship Trial of the Century:� Tennessee's second big censorship trial of the century, dubbed the Scopes trial of the '80's, was argued this year in federal district court in Greeneville.� In a celebrated 1925 case, John T. Scopes was tried in Dayton for teaching Charles Darwin's theory of evolution in a state-supported school.� In the Greeneville case, fundamentalist parents contended that their children were being exposed in the public schools to books that had feminist leanings, promoted the concept of evolution, and exemplified \"secular humanism.\"� Arguing that they should be able to choose alternative texts for their children, the parents sued the Hawkins County school board over a Holt, Rinehart & Winston basic reading series and other books.", "Scopes trial (a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school; Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later reversed)", "In 1925, the Tennessee General Assembly approved a bill prohibiting the teaching of the theory of evolution. (Gov. Austin Peay signed the measure on March 21.)", "January 21, 1925 - John Washington Butler introduces a bill in the Tennessee House of Representatives to ban the teaching of evolution in the public schools. The bill will later become the Butler Act, and will be the basis for the prosecution of John Scopes.", "March 21, 1925 – Tennessee Gov. Austin Peay signs the Butler bill into law. The new law is the first in the United States to ban the teaching of evolution.", "United States lawyer and politician who prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)", "Finally, the Butler Act did not hinder Scopes’s freedom to think, only his freedom as an employee to teach a doctrine that was not hired to teach.  The Butler Act did not extend outside of the public schools, as was pointed out by the Prosecution at the trial:", "** Tennessee Governor Ellington repeals the \"Monkey Law\" (officially the Butler Act; see the Scopes Trial).", "The Tennessee Act did not infringe upon the larger principle of academic freedom insofar as any teacher, group of teachers, student, or group of students could still receive instruction in a private school that desired to teach the evolution of mankind as a doctrinal distinctive.  This, of course, is what is required of all private, denominational schools (such as Jewish, Lutheran, and Catholic schools) which also adhere to particular doctrinal distinctives.", "May 4, 1925 - The Chattanooga Daily Times publishes a story reporting that the ACLU is hoping to mount a challenge to the Butler Act and that it is looking for a teacher willing to serve as a defendant in a test case. The story is read by a Dayton coal plant manager, George Rappalyea.", "After graduating from Salem’s class of 1919, Scopes got a law degree from the University of Kentucky in 1924 and moved to Dayton, Tennessee. Here he landed a job as football coach and fill-in teacher at Rhea County High School, when the principal (who was also a teacher and the school’s football coach) resigned suddenly.", "In 1968, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Epperson v. Arkansas 393 U.S. 97 (1968) that such bans contravene the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment because their primary purpose is religious. Tennessee had repealed the Butler Act the previous year. ", "In 1968, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Epperson v. Arkansas 393 U.S. 97 (1968) that such bans contravene the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment because their primary purpose is religious. Tennessee had repealed the Butler Act the previous year.", "Jan. 15, 1927 – The Tennessee Supreme Court rules that the Butler law is constitutional. However, it overturns Scopes' verdict on a technicality, ruling that his fine should have been set by the jury hearing the case instead of by Judge Raulston. The justices declare in their ruling that \"[n]othing is to be gained by prolonging the life of this bizarre case.\"", "May 9, 1925 - At a preliminary hearing, three Rhea County justices of the peace formally bind Scopes to a grand jury. Law professor John Neal, from Knoxville, appears to represent Scopes, who is released without bond." ]

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[ "The Kentucky Derby ( /ˈdɜrbi/) is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The race is one and a quarter mile (2 km) at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds (57.2 kg) and fillies 121 pounds (54.9 kg). The race is known in the United States as \"The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports\" or \"The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports\" for its approximate duration, and is also called \"The Run for the Roses\" for the blanket of roses draped over the winner. It is the first leg of the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing and is followed by the Preakness Stakes then the Belmont Stakes. The horse must win all three to win the Triple Crown. The attendance at the Kentucky Derby ranks first in North America and usually surpasses the attendance of all other stakes races including the Preakness Stakes, Belmont Stakes and the Breeders' Cup.[citation needed] For more information, see American Thoroughbred Racing top Attended Events.", "Per Wikipedia – The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival and is widely considered the most prestigious horse race in the world. The race is one and a quarter miles (2 km) at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds (57.2 kg) and fillies 121 pounds (54.9 kg).[1] The race is known in the United States as “The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports” or “The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports” for its approximate duration, and is also called “The Run for the Roses” for the blanket of roses draped over the winner. It is the first leg of the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing and is followed by the Preakness Stakes then the Belmont Stakes. The attendance at the Kentucky Derby ranks first in North America and usually surpasses the attendance of all other stakes races including the Preakness Stakes, Belmont Stakes and the Breeders’ Cup, for more information see American Thoroughbred Racing top Attended Events.", "The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The race is one and a quarter mile (2 km) at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds (57.2 kg) and fillies 121 pounds (54.9 kg). The race is known in the United States as \"The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports\" or \"The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports\" for its approximate duration, and is also called \"The Run for the Roses\" for the blanket of roses draped over the winner. It is the first leg of the US Triple Crown and is followed by the Preakness Stakes, then the Belmont Stakes. The horse must win all three races to win the Triple Crown. The attendance at the Kentucky Derby ranks first in North America and usually surpasses the attendance of all other stakes races including the Preakness Stakes, Belmont Stakes and the Breeders' Cup.", "Churchill Downs is a racetrack in Louisville, Ky., that hosts the Kentucky Derby each year. It is one of the most famous tracks in the world, and was ranked the No. 5 course in North America in 2009. Churchill Downs also is the host for the 2011 Breeders' Cups, which it has hosted six times before.", "The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky at the Churchill Downs race track.", "KENTUCK Everyone, whether they are horse racing fans or not, knows about the Kentucky Derby in Louisville to see “the fastest two minutes in sports.” America's Greatest Race Churchill Downs, the world's most legendary racetrack, has conducted thoroughbred racing and presented America's greatest race, the Kentucky Derby, continuously since 1875. The Kentucky Derby, presented by YUM! Brands, is a top rank, Grade I stakes race for 3 year old Thoroughbred horses. The race distance is one and one-quarter miles long, and it is run on the dirt racetrack at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky.", "The Kentucky Derby is the most famous horse race and is held the first Saturday of May every year at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. It is often referred to as the \"most exciting two minutes in sports\".", "The Kentucky Derby is the greatest and most glamorous horse race in America, run since 1875 in Louisville, Ky. Also known as the Run for the Roses because of the garland of roses draped on the winning horse, it is a one-and-one-quarter-mile race for three-year-old thoroughbreds and is the first race in the Triple Crown; the others are the Preakness and the Belmont Stakes. The site of the race is hallowed Churchill Downs, the track known for its twin spires, built in 1895.", "The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The race is one and a quarter miles (2 km) at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds and fillies 121 pounds (54.9 kg).", "The Kentucky Derby is a stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses, staged at Churchill Downs. in Louisville, Kentucky, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The race currently covers one and one-quarter miles, known as \"The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports\" for its approximate time length, and is the first leg of the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing in the United States. It typically draws around 155,000 fans.", "Louisville is famous for the Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs, and the Bluegrass country around Lexington is the home of some of the world's finest race horses. Other attractions are Mammoth Cave , the George S. Patton, Jr. , Military Museum at Fort Knox, and Old Fort Harrod State Park.", "Don your fanciest hat, and grab a mint julep to witness the first leg of the US Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing at the Kentucky Derby. Every year on the first Saturday in May, over 150,000 spectators flock to Churchill Downs for this historic event, a tradition since 1875. The race is just 1-1/4 miles and lasts no more than 2 minutes, earning it the reputation as the \"Greatest 2 Minutes in Sports.\" When the winner crosses the finish line, his horse is draped in an elaborate garland made up of hundreds of red roses. Unless you have connections to get a spot on the celebrity-filled Millionaires Row, you'll likely need to watch the race from the crowded infield where 80,000 partiers mix and mingle and maybe catch a glimpse of the horses passing by.", "known for a two-minute sporting event. It’s the iconic horse track that overshadows everything in town on the first Saturday in May. That’s when the Kentucky Derby is run at Churchill Downs — where mint juleps flow, women sport flowery hats and sleek thoroughbreds race for immortality. But visitors don’t have to be horse racing buffs to enjoy the charms of this city along the Ohio River. The spring greenery is always dazzling in the Bluegrass state. While in Louisville, visitors can stroll along Waterfront Park — the city’s 85-acre front yard. The expansive play-", "The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-olds held on the first Saturday in May at Churchill Downs, Louisville, Kentucky. The race is over one and a quarter miles and best known as “The Run for the Roses” for the blanket of roses that is traditionally draped over the winner. The Kentucky Derby is a huge betting event and draws a massive crowd, the highest in North American racing.", "1875: The first Kentucky Derby was run for three-year-olds at Churchhill Downs track, Louisville, Kentucky, and has been run on the first Saturday in May ever since.", "1986 – The home of the Kentucky Derby race, Churchill Downs Racetrack, is formally placed on the register of National Historic Landmarks. Ferdinand wins the Derby.", "KY DERBY The Kentucky Derby takes place on the first Saturday in May every year, and typically draws a crowd of 155,000 people. It is the longest continually held sporting event in America, and it is one of the most prestigious horse races in the world. Oen called “The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports”, the Kentucky Derby receives this nickname from the approximate length of time it takes the winner to run from the starting gate to the finish line. The Kentucky Derby is the first race within the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, where it is followed by the Preakness Stakes race and the Belmont Stakes race.", "The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses, staged yearly in Louisville, Kentucky. It has a history of over years and draws over 150,000 spectators every year.", "Louisville is best known as the home of one of the most famous sporting events in the worldthe Kentucky Derby. Since 1875, the first Saturday in May is dedicated to watching the best in thoroughbred racing. Millions of people watch via television and listen to radios to horse racings premiere event.", "There are few American sporting events with the history and popularity of the Kentucky Derby. It’s rich traditions – sipping a mint julep, donning a beautiful hat, and joining fellow race fans in singing “My Old Kentucky Home” – transcend the Kentucky Derby from just a sporting event, making it a celebration of southern culture and a true icon of Americana. The Kentucky Derby is the longest running sporting event in the United States, dating back to 1875.  The race is often referred to as \"The Run for the Roses®\" and  has continuously produced “the most exciting two minutes in sports”; uninterrupted, even when coinciding with profound historical events like The Great Depression and World Wars I & II.", "The 2015 Kentucky Derby is set to hit Churchill Downs on May 2nd. 2015 will mark the 141st Run for the Roses and will feature a field of the best thoroughbreds in the world. As always, the quest for horse racing’s illusive Triple Crown begins in Louisville. The field at the 2015 Kentucky Derby will feature a number of favorites, with three standing out. American Pharoah, Dortmund, and Carpe Diem have all been on a tear in 2015 and look to come into the 2015 Kentucky Derby with the best odds of bringing home the roses. Other top contenders should include International Star, Firing Line, and Mubtaahij. No matter which horse wins, the 141st Kentucky Derby should be one of the best in the history of the event and is once again the pinnacle of the horse racing world.", "With five Kentucky Derby wins apiece, jockeys Eddie Arcaro and Bill Hartack share the record for most Derbies won over the course of a career. Though the Derby is often called “the most exciting two minutes in sports,” only two horses have officially finished the race in under two minutes. The course record was set in 1973 by Secretariat , who finished in 1:59 2/5. (The runner-up in that race, Sham , finished two and a half lengths behind Secretariat, which some observers believe meant that he also broke two minutes, but only winners’ times were then recorded.) The second horse to surpass the two-minute mark was Monarchos, who won the 2001 Derby in a computer-timed 1:59.97.", "The biggest day in American horse racing, the Kentucky Derby, is preceded by the two-week Derby Festival in Louisville. Louisville also plays host to the Kentucky State Fair and the Kentucky Shakespeare Festival. Bowling Green, the state's third-largest city and home to the only assembly plant in the world that manufactures the Chevrolet Corvette, opened the National Corvette Museum in 1994. The fourth-largest city, Owensboro, gives credence to its nickname of \"Barbecue Capital of the World\" by hosting the annual International Bar-B-Q Festival. ", "The race is held yearly in Louisville, Kentucky, United States during the first Saturday in May. It caps off the two-week Kentucky Derby Festival.", "Harness racing was also a significant part of Louisville's early racing history with a number of tracks in existence. One of the most prominent was Greeneland, a racecourse for trotters was built just east of Churchill Downs in 1868.", "On Saturday, May 2, the Kentucky Derby, the first in racing's Triple Crown, is to be held in Louisville, Kentucky.", "The Marathon/mini-Marathon has become one of the Kentucky Derby Festival's premiere event.   This 26.2 mile (13.1 mini) road race, starts at Southern Parkway near Iroquois Park and finishes downtown at 6th and Market.", "1973 – In the 99th running of the Kentucky Derby, Secretariat wins with the fastest finishing time to date. Secretariat completed the race in 1:59:40, and went on to win the Triple Crown, for the first time in 25 years.", "Kentucky Downs near Franklin, Kentucky (originally Dueling Grounds Race Course) was built in 1990 as a steeplechase track, with a kidney-shaped turf circuit. At its inception, the track offered some of the richest purses in the history of American steeplechase including a $750,000 race. The track has undergone numerous ownership changes, with steeplechase races playing an on-and-off role (mainly off) in the track's limited live race meets.", "Track Laurel Park Aqueduct Del Mar Woodbine Charles Town Delta Downs Delta Downs Woodbine Del Mar Aqueduct Parx Racing Charles Town Hanshin Laurel Park Laurel Park Delta Downs Delta Downs Gulfstream Park Tampa Bay Downs Tampa Bay Downs Gulfstream Park Gulfstream Park Delta Downs Delta Downs Gulfstream Park Gulfstream Park Tampa Bay Downs Tampa Bay Downs", "The Indianapolis Motor Speedway, located in Speedway, Indiana in the United States, is the home of the Indianapolis 500 and the Brickyard 400. It has existed since 1909, and is the original Speedway, the first racing facility so named. With a permanent seating capacity for an estimated 257,325 people, and infield seating raises capacity to an approximate 400,000, it is the highest-capacity stadium-type facility in the world. Considered relatively flat by American standards, the track is a two-and-a-half-mile, nearly rectangular oval with dimensions that have remained essentially unchanged since its inception: four 1/4-mile turns, two 5/8-mile long straightaways between the fourth and first turns and the second and third turns, and two 1/8-mile short straightaways, termed \"short chutes,\" between the first and second, and third and fourth turns. A modern infield road course was constructed between 1998 and 2000, incorporating the western and southern portions of the oval to create a 2.605-mile track. In 2008, the road course was modified to replace the southwest turn with an additional infield section, for motorcycle use, resulting in a 2.621-mile course. Altogether, the current grounds have expanded from an original 320 acres on which the Speedway was first built to cover an area of over 559 acres. Placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987, it currently remains the only such landmark to be affiliated with automotive racing history.", "The first Indianapolis 500 was held on Memorial Day 1911, at the Indianapolis, Indiana Motor Speedway. Built in 1909 as a testing ground for Indiana's then rapidly expanding automobile industry, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway was originally used to promote automobile sales. Affectionately known as \"The Brickyard,\" the track was originally surfaced with paving bricks. Although the modern track is covered by asphalt, most of the original paving bricks are still in place under the asphalt surface. Running 2.5 miles in length, the track has four turns linked by two long straight sections and two short straight sections. Today, billed as the Greatest Spectacle in Racing, the 500-mile competition is America's premier automobile race, pitting drivers against each other as they travel at average speeds well in excess of 150 miles per hour (mph)." ]

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[ "The name retained for the planet is that of the Roman god Pluto , and it is also intended to evoke the initials of the astronomer Percival Lowell , who predicted that a planet would be found beyond Neptune. The name was first suggested by Venetia Burney , at the time an eleven-year-old girl from Oxford , England . Over the breakfast table, one morning her grandfather, who worked at Oxford University 's Bodleian Library , was reading about the discovery of the new planet in the Times newspaper. He asked his grandaughter what she thought would be good name for it. Venetia thought that as it was so cold and so distant it should be named after the Roman God of the underworld. This idea was mentioned by her grandfather to a former Astronomer Royal who cabled his astronomer colleagues in America. After favourable consideration which was almost unanimous, the name Pluto was officially adopted and an announcement made by Slipher on May 1 , 1930 .", "Pluto (Hades) is the Roman god of the underworld in Roman mythology. Perhaps the planet received this name because it's so far from the Sun that it is in perpetual darkness.", "Pluto is the Roman god of the underworld in Roman mythology. Perhaps the planet received this name because it's so far from the Sun that it is in perpetual darkness.", "With a surface temperature estimated at approximately -360 Fahrenheit, Pluto was appropriately given the Roman name for the god of the underworld in Greek mythology. Pluto’s average distance from the sun is nearly four billion miles, and it takes approximately 248 years to complete one orbit. It also has the most elliptical and tilted orbit of any planet, and at its closest point to the sun it passes inside the orbit of Neptune, the eighth planet.", "Pluto is no longer a planet, but it used to be. The dark, cold, former planet was named after the god of the underworld. The first two letters of Pluto are also the initials of the man who predicted  its existence, Percival Lowell.", "     Pluto was the Roman god of  the underworld, and  was also associated with wealth, specifically the wealth that the earth provided.  A son of Saturn , and the brother of Jupiter and Neptune ,  Pluto’s Greek counterpart was Hades.  His wife was Proserpina (Greek Persephone).  Pluto’s influence is characterized not only by the rulership of its namesake deity, but also by the gods Bacchus and Vulcan.", "Pluto, the outermost planet in our solar system, was named after Roman god of the underworld, who was able to render himself invisible.", "Pluto was the Roman god of the underworld and the judge of the dead. Pluto is an alternative name for the Greek god Hades, but was more often used in Roman mythology in their presentation of the god of the underworld. He abducted Proserpina (Gr. Persephone), and her mother Ceres (Gr. Demeter) who then caused winter in her grief.", "Pluto got its name from an 11-year-old Venetia Burney of Oxford, England, who suggested to her grandfather that the new world get its name from the Roman god of the underworld. Her grandfather then passed the name on to Lowell Observatory. The name also honors Percival Lowell, whose initials are the first two letters of Pluto. ", "Pluto is the Roman god of the underworld and the judge of the dead. Pluto was the son of Saturn. Pluto's wife was Proserpina (Greek name, Persephone) whom he had kidnapped and dragged into the underworld. His brothers were Jupiter and Neptune. People referred to Pluto as the rich one because he owned all the wealth in the ground. People were afraid to say his real name because they were afraid it might attract his attention. Black sheep were offered to him as sacrifices. Pluto was known as a pitiless god because if a mortal entered his Underworld they could never hope to return. Pluto's Greek name is Hades.", "The Roman god of the underworld, also known as god of the dead, is Pluto. The journey to the underworld leads the dead to Styx, the River of the Dead. Here, they are required to pay a toll for the ferry. Charon, the ferryman, collected this toll, which was paid for with a coin buried with the dead. Next, the dead must cross the path of Cerberus, a three-headed dog that only allows the dead to pass by. The final challenge before reaching the underworld was to face the judges of the dead.", "Pluto was thought to be the god to whom all men must eventually go. Romans believed him to be the god of the underworld. In Greek mythology, he is known as Hades.", "The name Pluto was suggested by Venetia Burney, an 11-year old school girl in England. She was interested in ancient mythology, and thought that Hades, the Greek god of the underworld, made a good name. She suggested Pluto, to match the Roman god names given to the other planets.", "According to Caesar, a most notable deity of the Gauls was (in Roman nomenclature) Dis, or Pluto, the god of the Underworld inhabited by the dead. From him all the Gauls claimed to be descended, and on this account, says Caesar, they began their reckoning of the twenty-four hours of the day with the oncoming of night. [To this day in many parts of France the peasantry use terms like annuity, o'né, anneue, &c., all meaning \"to-night,\" for aujourd hui (Bertrand, \"Rel. des G.,\" p. 356] The name of this deity is not given. D'Arbois de Jubainville considers that, together with Aesus, Teutates, Taranus, and, in Irish mythology, Balor and the Fomorians, he represents the powers of darkness, death, and evil, and Celtic mythology is thus interpreted as a variant of the universal solar myth, embodying~ the conception of the eternal conflict between Day and Night.", "Pluto was the Roman god of death and the Underworld. Festivals of the Winter were associated with the dead and the underworld when Pluto was particularly worshipped. Animal Sacrifices were made to the god at the Roman Colosseum when a marble altar was set in the middle of the arena, complete with a burning fire. During the blood sacrifices to the Roman gods the sex of the victim had to correspond to the sex of the god to whom it was offered. White animals were given to the gods of the upper world whereas black victims to the gods of the underworld. A black pig was a characteristic animal sacrifice to Pluto. The blood from sacrifices were dripped into a pit so it could reach him in the Underworld. As the god of Death the name of Pluto was used in Roman curse tablets where promises of various offerings were made to the god if the curse is fulfilled by the desired deadline. At funeral ceremonies slaves or servants attended the funeral dressed as Pluto or Charon the Ferryman who were revered as Roman gods of the dead", "By the time the Romans had adopted the system, the planet-gods wore names more familiar to us: (in the same order) Sol, Luna, Mars, Mercurius, Jupiter, Venus, Saturnus. But their identities remained almost intact. The name-chain Inanna-Ishtar-Astarte-Aphrodite had led to Venus. Nergal lived on in Mars. Aptly, the god of scribes had mutated into the heavenly messenger, Mercurius. In English and the other Germanic languages, Mars, Mercurius, Jupiter and Venus were, in time, renamed in honour of Teutonic gods. From Tiw, Woden, Thor and Freya came the names of our weekdays from Tuesday to Friday. Even so, the chain remained unbroken. Although English Wednesday and Scandinavian Onsdag salute the god Woden or Odin, this came about only because he was identified with Mercurius. Similarly, the love-goddess Freya took the place of Venus -- and her place in the weekly sequence. Among Europe's Romance and Celtic languages, the Ur-idea of naming days from planet-gods is obvious. Mercurius is as recognisable in the French mercredi as in Romanian Mercuri or Welsh Mercher. The Slav languages, however, taking a lead from Greek, prefer numbering systems. (Five, in Russian, is pyat; Friday is Pyatnitsa. In Greek, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday are Deutera, Triti and Tetarti; i.e., second, third and fourth.) Saturnus, alone among the planet-gods, resisted Germanisation.", "The other planets of our solar system are all named for mythological beings.  Venus is the Roman goddess of love and beauty; Mars, the Roman god of war; Jupiter the king of the Roman gods.  But the Earth�what is it named for?  Dirt?", "It is debatable whether in the Roman pantheon he was considered a son of Saturn, as Hades was ofCronus.[citation needed] If so, he would have been one of the children not devoured by Saturn, along withNeptune and Jupiter. Together, they represented earth, water, and air[citation needed] (not as elements, but as environments), and the Romans believed that none of these things could be consumed by time, represented by Saturn.[citation needed] After Saturn's defeat, the three brothers took control of the world, and divided it into three separate parts for each brother to rule. Jupiter took control of the skies, Neptune of the seas, and Pluto ruled the underworld (Tartarus or Hades).", "Roman god of the infernal regions. Also known as Pluto. Roman equivalent of the Greek Hades. Husband of Proserpina.", "The month of May (Latin Maius) was supposedly named for Maia, though ancient etymologists also connected it to the maiores, \"ancestors,\" again from the adjective maius, maior, meaning those who are \"greater\" in terms of generational precedence. On the first day of May, the Lares Praestites were honored as protectors of the city, and the flamen of Vulcan sacrificed a pregnant sow to Maia, a customary offering to an earth goddess that reiterates the link between Vulcan and Maia in the archaic prayer formula. In Roman myth, Mercury (Hermes), the son of Maia, was the father of the twin Lares, a genealogy that sheds light on the collocation of ceremonies on the May Kalends. On May 15, the Ides, Mercury was honored as a patron of merchants and increaser of profit (through an etymological connection with merx, merces, \"goods, merchandise\"), another possible connection with Maia his mother as a goddess who promoted growth.", "Le corrigï¿œ du sujet \"Orcus Roman Either an ancient Roman god of the Underworld (2) or an alternative name for Dis, the primary Roman god of this land of the dead.\" a obtenu la note de : aucune note", "Uranuswas named after the Greek sky deity Ouranos, the earliest of the lords of the heavens. It is the only planet to be named after a Greek god rather than a Roman one. Before the name was settled on, many names had been proposed for the new planet , including Hypercronius (\"above Saturn\"), Minerva (the Roman goddess of wisdom), and Herschel, after its discoverer. To flatter King George III of England, Herschel himself offered Georgium Sidus (\"The Georgian Planet\") as a name, but that idea was unpopular outside of England and George's native Hanover. German astronomer Johann Bode, who detailed Uranus' orbit, gave the planet its ultimate name. [ Related: How Do You Pronounce 'Uranus'? ]", "Pluto rules the shadowlands, and presides over times of extreme transformation. Among those times, physical death is the top one, and for Romans, Pluto was the god of the dead, terminally ill and those mortally wounded in battle.", "Fact 10 about Pluto: The gods of the Underworld were called the 'di inferi' meaning the infernal gods", "Uranus is the only planet whose name is derived from a figure from Greek mythology rather than Roman mythology : the Greek “Οὐρανός” arrived in English by way of the Latin “Ūranus”. [1] The adjective of Uranus is “Uranian”. [41] It has two astronomical symbols . The first to be proposed, ♅, [f] was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as “un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom” (“a globe surmounted by the first letter of your surname”). [34] A later proposal, ⛢, [g] is a hybrid of the symbols for Mars and the Sun because Uranus was the Sky in Greek mythology, which was thought to be dominated by the combined powers of the Sun and Mars. [42] In the Chinese , Japanese , Korean , and Vietnamese languages , the planet’s name is literally translated as the sky king star (天王星). [43] [44]", "Uranus is the only planet whose name is derived from a figure from Greek mythology rather than Roman mythology: the Greek “Οὐρανός” arrived in English by way of the Latin “Ūranus”. The adjective of Uranus is “Uranian”. It has two astronomical symbols. The first to be proposed, ♅,[nb 6] was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as “un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom” (“a globe surmounted by the first letter of your surname”). A later proposal, ⛢,[nb 7] is a hybrid of the symbols for Mars and the Sun because Uranus was the Sky in Greek mythology, which was thought to be dominated by the combined powers of the Sun and Mars. In the Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese languages, the planet’s name is literally translated as the sky king star (天王星).", "William Herschel named it the Georgian Planet. It was later given the name Uranus (Greek god of the heavens), following the tradition of naming planets after Classical gods.", "The planet's bloody tinge — visible even from millions of miles away — got it strapped with the name of the Roman god of war, while other civilizations also named the planet for what was once its main distinguishing feature. The Egyptians called it \"Her Desher,\" meaning \"the red one,\" while ancient Chinese astronomers went with \"the fire star.\"", "Ermis is the Greek name of the planet Mercury, which is the closest planet to the sun. It is named after the Greek God of commerce, Ermis or Hermes, who was also the messenger of the Ancient Greek gods.", "Today, most people in the western world know the planets by names derived from the Olympian pantheon of gods. While modern Greeks still use their ancient names for the planets, other European languages, because of the influence of the Roman Empire and, later, the Catholic Church , use the Roman (or Latin) names rather than the Greek ones. The Romans, who, like the Greeks, were Indo-Europeans, shared with them a common pantheon under different names but lacked the rich narrative traditions that Greek poetic culture had given their gods .", "The Underworld, is not entirely unlike Heaven/Hell, but it's not the same, either. The Underworld has the glorious area known as the Elysian Fields , which is similar to Heaven. Some Romans tried to make the area around the burial site of prominent wealthy citizens resemble the Elysian Fields [\"Burial Customs of the Romans,\" by John L. Heller; The Classical Weekly (1932), pp.193-197].", "But the name was not accepted internationally and soon other proposals for a name were given. Eventually, the proposal of German astronomer Johann Elert Bode to name the new planet after the old Greek god of the sky was accepted, using the Latinized version of the deity’s name." ]

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[ "Walden (; first published as Walden; or, Life in the Woods), by noted transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau, is a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings. The work is part personal declaration of independence, social experiment, voyage of spiritual discovery, satire, and (to some degree) manual for self-reliance. Thoreau also used this time to write his first book, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers.", "Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817 � May 6, 1862) was an American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings. Thoreau's books, articles, essays, journals, and poetry total over 20 volumes. Among his lasting contributions were his writings on natural history and philosophy, where he anticipated the methods and findings of ecology and environmental history, two sources of modern day environmentalism. His literary style interweaves close natural observation, personal experience, pointed rhetoric, symbolic meanings, and historical lore, while displaying a poetic sensibility, philosophical austerity, and \"Yankee\" love of practical detail. He was also deeply interested in the idea of survival in the face of hostile elements, historical change, and natural decay; at the same time he advocated abandoning waste and illusion in order to discover life's true essential needs.", "Henry David Thoreau (see name pronunciation ; July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American author , poet , philosopher , abolitionist , naturalist , tax resister , development critic , surveyor , and historian. A leading transcendentalist ,[2] Thoreau is best known for his book Walden , a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay Resistance to Civil Government (also known as Civil Disobedience), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state.", "Walden Ⅰ. Introduction ‘Walden’ is a novel written by Henry David Thoreau, American famous author in1854.... Thoreau is known for transcendentalism, simple living, and his strong political views. Thoreau has made a great contribution to improve people’s perception toward lives especially with the world-famous book Walden, or life in the woods. Written in a clear and direct language, Walden gives the image of the essence of life which can be found in the harmony with the nature. In literature, transcendental...", "The zenith of New England literature occurred in the mid- and late 19th century with the Transcendentalist movement. These writers and thinkers included Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-82), Bronson Alcott (1799-1888), and Henry David Thoreau (1817-62). They fashioned a way of viewing nature and society that was uniquely American. They rejected the rigid doctrines of the Puritans, and found sustenance in self-examination, the glories of nature, and a celebration of individualism. Perhaps the best-known work to emerge from this period was Thoreau's Walden.", "Walden Ⅰ. Introduction ‘Walden’ is a novel written by Henry David Thoreau, American... famous author in1854. Thoreau is known for transcendentalism, simple living, and his strong political views. Thoreau has made a great contribution to improve people’s perception toward lives especially with the world-famous book Walden, or life in the woods. Written in a clear and direct language, Walden gives the image of the essence of life which can be found in the harmony with the nature. In literature, transcendental...", "1845 - American writer Henry David Thoreau began his two-year experiment in simple living at Walden Pond, near Concord, MA.", "Henry David Thoreau was an influential author, philosopher and environmentalist. He graduated from Harvard University in 1837. After college, Thoreau became a school teacher and wrote poems for The Dial but failed as a freelance writer in New York City. After the sudden death of his brother, Thoreau moved to a forest along the shores of Walden Pond, near Concord, Massachusetts. Thoreau’s experience at Walden formed the basis of his legendary work Walden, or, Life in the Woods, published in 1854. The book described his memoirs of his life along the beautiful pond as a spiritual quest. Although he spent 26 months on Walden Pond, the book compresses the time as one calendar year (four seasons, each describing a stage of human development).", "Among Transcendentalism’s followers were writers Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and Walt Whitman; educator Bronson Alcott; and social theorists and reformers Theodore Parker and William Ellery Channing. Authors Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Emily Dickinson, and Edgar Allen Poe also felt the influence of Transcendentalism. Important works from the movement include Emerson’s Nature, “The American Scholar,” and “Self Reliance”; Thoreau’s Walden; Fuller’s Woman in the Nineteenth Century; and Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. Novels such as Melville’s Moby Dick and Hawthorne’s The Blithedale Romance also had transcendentalist leanings.", "WALDEN AND TRANSCENDENTALISM Henry Thoreau’s masterpiece, Walden or a Life in the Woods, shows the impact... transcendentalism had on Thoreau’s worldview. Transcendentalism is a philosophy that asserts the primacy of the spiritual over the material. Transcendentalism puts the emphasis on spiritual growth and understanding as opposed to worldly pleasures. Thoreau’s idea of transcendentalism stressed the importance of nature and being close to nature. He believed that nature was a metaphor...", "The writer, transcendentalist, and philosopher Henry David Thoreau lived on the northern shore of the pond for two years starting in the summer of 1845. His account of the experience was recorded in Walden; or, Life in the Woods, and made the pond famous. The land at that end was owned by Thoreau's friend and mentor, Ralph Waldo Emerson, who let Thoreau use it for his experiment. Thoreau is credited with encouraging a respect for nature at an environmentally degraded site. The Concord Museum contains the bed, chair, and desk from Thoreau's cabin.", "American essayist, poet, and practical philosopher, best-known for his autobiographical story of life in the woods, Walden (1854). Thoreau became one of the leading personalities in New England Transcendentalism. He wrote tirelessly but earned from his books and journalism little. Thoreau's Civil Disobedience (1849) influenced Gandhi in his passive resistance campaigns, Martin Luther King, Jr., and at one time the politics of the British Labour Party.", "Masters of Wisdom: Thoreau Transcendent Nature for a Modern World Edited by Alan Jacobs This invaluable anthology captures the intelligence, charm, and wisdom of Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), one of America's greatest thinkers and writers--a giant who influenced the whole world. Editor Alan Jacobs has assembled extracts from Thoreau's public and private writings, his delightfully lyrical poems, and his classic spiritual memoir, Walden, to fashion what amounts to an impressionistic autobiography, a source of inspiration more needful than ever in these politically, economically, and environmentally challenging times.", "In sharp contrast to the sober calculation of Ralph Waldo Emerson is the life and work of Henry David Thoreau. Not content to simply muse and write about the new way of thinking, Thoreau sought to live the Transcendental life to its fullest potential. He spent two years living in a self-built cabin on Walden Pond on land that belonged to Emerson. His goal was to simplify his existence, get back in tune with the natural world, and have more freedom to write and meditate. Thoreau would later recount his experience in Walden, or Life in the Woods. By far his most famous work, Walden is part autobiography and part rambling essay. He anticipates stream of consciousness narratives, while laying the foundation for later forms of social activism and naturalistic living. While living on Walden Pond, Thoreau was arrested and spent a night in jail for tax evasion. He argued that his political beliefs forbade him from supporting the government through taxes. The experience of his arrest served as the inspiration for an essay which would later be known as Civil Disobedience . In the essay, Thoreau outlines the justification and even the responsibility of citizens to peacefully resist the government’s power whenever that power reached too far.", "Thoreau was influential in the formation of modern day environmentalism. He was also a confirmed vegetarian.  We shall see his influence on other social movements in America and elsewhere in a few minutes.  Walden, published in 1854, is a seminal volume in American literary history.  The most significant Transcendental literary magazine, The Dial, first edited by Margaret Fuller, published Thoreau’s early work at the urging of Emerson.  Later, when Emerson became its publisher, many essays and pieces by Thoreau were highlighted in The Dial.", "Henry David Thoreau, (July 12, 1817 - May 6, 1862), American writer and Transcendentalist. Walden (1854); Civil Disobedience; Life Without Principle; Slavery in Massachusetts; and Walking.  July 12", "The quote from Thoreau's \"Walden\" you caught is, more completely, \"It is easier to sail many thousand miles through cold and storm and cannibals, in a government ship, with five hundred men and boys to assist one, than it is to explore the private sea, the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean of one�s being alone.... It is not worth the while to go round the world to count the cats in Zanzibar.\" Thoreau, of course, wrote \"Walden\" (1854) in the course of two years living alone at Walden Pond in Massachusetts, during which time he kept a journal in which he ruminated on the virtues of solitude and harmony with nature and determined, famously, that \"The mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation.\" That was, of course, before the invention of talk radio and the internet.", "Walden chronicles Thoreau’s experiences, thoughts and ideas while living for two years and two months, in a hut he built in a wooded area of Walden Pond near Concord, Massachusetts. On Independence Day, July 4, 1845, Henry David Thoreau moved into his hut. The day is significant and symbolic because he was celebrating his independence by cutting himself off from society. One wouldn’t call him a hermit, an eccentric would be a better descriptor since he allowed others to visit him, and he would go into the village frequently to hear the gossip, but more importantly to study people.", "American psychologist B. F. Skinner wrote that he carried a copy of Thoreau's Walden with him in his youth. and, in 1945, wrote Walden Two, a fictional utopia about 1,000 members of a community living together inspired by the life of Thoreau. Thoreau and his fellow Transcendentalists from Concord were a major inspiration of the composer Charles Ives. The 4th movement of the Concord Sonata for piano (with a part for flute, Thoreau's instrument) is a character picture and he also set Thoreau's words. ", "1817-1862 - Henry David Thoreau - Transcendentalist . Wrote \"Resistance to Civil Government\" in 1849 & \"Walden\" in 1854.", "While living in Walden Woods for two years beginning in 1845, Henry David Thoreau contemplated Walden Pond's features. In \"The Ponds\" section of Walden, published in 1854, Thoreau extols the water's physical properties. He details its unparalleled water quality; its clarity, color, and temperature; its unique animal life (aquatic, bird, and mammal); its rock formations and bed; and especially, its mirror-like surface properties. ", "Self Reliance The summer of 1845 found Henry David Thoreau living in a rude shack on the banks of... Walden Pond. The actual property was owned by Ralph Waldo Emerson, the great American philosopher. Emerson had earlier published the treatise entitled \"Nature,\" and the young Thoreau was profoundly affected by its call for individuality and self-reliance. Thoreau planted a small garden, took pen and paper, and began to record the of life at Walden. Thoreau's experiment in deliberate...", "Self Reliance The summer of 1845 found Henry David Thoreau living in a rude shack on the banks of Walden Pond. The actual... property was owned by Ralph Waldo Emerson, the great American philosopher. Emerson had earlier published the treatise entitled \"Nature,\" and the young Thoreau was profoundly affected by its call for individuality and self-reliance. Thoreau planted a small garden, took pen and paper, and began to record the of life at Walden. Thoreau's experiment in deliberate living...", "Thoreau felt that he needed time and space to apply himself as a writer and on July 4th 1845 he moved to a hut that he had built himself using second-hand materials, on land recently purchased by Emerson alongside the northern shore of Walden Pond. He lived there until September 1847, writing about the experience in Walden, published in 1854. Walden has been translated into some fifty languages and is said to have been an inspiration to Tolstoy, Gandhi and Martin Luther King among others, besides being an inspiration for environmentalism across the world.", "There is no question that the Transcendentalist movement influenced the important authors of the time: Edgar Allen Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorn, who spent a few months at Brook Farm and wrote about it in his Blithedale Romance in 1852, Herman Melville, whose great American novel, Moby Dick in 1851, reflected many of the questions raised by the transcendentalists, the preeminent Walt Whitman, the author of Leaves of Grass in 1855, and Emily Dickinson.  Bronson Alcott and W.T. Harris began the Concord School of Philosophy in 1879.  Professor Reuben states that the later famous psychologist, William James, was influenced by the movement when formulating his thoughts concerning the “subconscious” in 1890.", "Essayist and poet of nature who became a friend and admirer of Emerson . Much of his work describes the landscape, most famously Walden, or Life in the Woods (1854), based on his experiences at Walden Pond, near Concord, in 1845-7.", "After college, Thoreau befriended writer and fellow Concord resident Ralph Waldo Emerson. Through Emerson, he became exposed to Transcendentalism, a school of thought that emphasized the importance of empirical thinking and of spiritual matters over the physical world. It encouraged scientific inquiry and observation. Thoreau came to know many of the movement's leading figures, including Bronson Alcott and Margaret Fuller.", "* Henry David Thoreau wrote The Maine Woods, which he visited during his stay at Walden Pond.", "Henry David Thoreau (1817 - 1862) was an American philosopher, naturalist, writer and political activist of the early Modern period. He was involved with the 19th Century American Transcendentalism movement of his friend and mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson .", "Thoreau , a school teacher, surveyor, pencil-maker, writer, folk philosopher and social critic, moved from Concord to Walden in 1845 and lived here in a simple one-room cabin for two years, two months and two days. During his stay he basically founded the study known as ecology.", "Thoreau was a philosopher of nature and its relation to the human condition. In his early years he followed Transcendentalism , a loose and eclectic idealist philosophy advocated by Emerson, Fuller, and Alcott. They held that an ideal spiritual state transcends, or goes beyond, the physical and empirical, and that one achieves that insight via personal intuition rather than religious doctrine. In their view, Nature is the outward sign of inward spirit, expressing the \"radical correspondence of visible things and human thoughts,\" as Emerson wrote in Nature (1836).", "Thoreau was a philosopher of nature and its relation to the human condition. In his early years he followed Transcendentalism, a loose and eclectic idealist philosophy advocated by Emerson, Fuller, and Alcott. They held that an ideal spiritual state transcends, or goes beyond, the physical and empirical, and that one achieves that insight via personal intuition rather than religious doctrine. In their view, Nature is the outward sign of inward spirit, expressing the \"radical correspondence of visible things and human thoughts\", as Emerson wrote in Nature (1836)." ]

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[ "* In Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged, the hero John Galt posits that \"the noblest act you have ever performed is the act of your mind in the process of grasping that two and two make four\".", "In Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged , industrialist Henry Rearden is introduced as a protagonist by way of his invention of \"Rearden Metal,\" a somewhat vaguely-described alloy of steel and copper which is much stronger and cheaper to produce than industrial-grade steel.", "Atlas Shrugged, published in 1957, was considered Rand's magnum opus. Rand described the theme of the novel as \"the role of the mind in man's existence—and, as a corollary, the demonstration of a new moral philosophy: the morality of rational self-interest.\" It advocates the core tenets of Rand's philosophy of Objectivism and expresses her concept of human achievement. The plot involves a dystopian United States in which the most creative industrialists, scientists, and artists respond to a welfare state government by going on strike and retreating to a mountainous hideaway where they build an independent free economy. The novel's hero and leader of the strike, John Galt, describes the strike as \"stopping the motor of the world\" by withdrawing the minds of the individuals most contributing to the nation's wealth and achievement. With this fictional strike, Rand intended to illustrate that without the efforts of the rational and productive, the economy would collapse and society would fall apart. The novel includes elements of romance, mystery, and science fiction, and it contains Rand's most extensive statement of Objectivism in any of her works of fiction, a lengthy monologue delivered by Galt.", "The late-2000s financial crisis spurred renewed interest in her works, especially Atlas Shrugged, which some saw as foreshadowing the crisis, and opinion articles compared real-world events with the plot of the novel. During this time, signs mentioning Rand and her fictional hero John Galt appeared at Tea Party protests. There was also increased criticism of her ideas, especially from the political left, with critics blaming the economic crisis on her support of selfishness and free markets, particularly through her influence on Alan Greenspan. For example, Mother Jones remarked that \"Rand's particular genius has always been her ability to turn upside down traditional hierarchies and recast the wealthy, the talented, and the powerful as the oppressed\", while equating Randian individual well-being with that of the Volk according to Goebbels. Corey Robin of The Nation alleged similarities between the \"moral syntax of Randianism\" and fascism. ", "From 2011 to 2014, a movie adaptation of Atlas Shrugged was released in three parts. A different actor portrayed Galt in each film. In Atlas Shrugged: Part I, director Paul Johansson played the role, albeit with limited screen time and in shadow. Actor D. B. Sweeney took over the role for Atlas Shrugged: Part II, released in 2012. For the 2014 release of Part III, the role was again recast, this time with Kristoffer Polaha.", "Ayn Rand often gave weak names to unsympathetic characters. The pinnacle was probably Wesley Mouch, a lobbyist in Atlas Shrugged , whose name contains hints of weasel, slouch, louse, and mooch without actually coming out and giving him any of those names. Another minor villain in the same novel is a corporate takeover artist named Hunsacker.", "Have you heard of Ayn Rand or her book “Atlas Shrugged”? It’s a libertarian polemic which contains a character named “John Galt”. Galt is little more than a mouthpiece through which Rand gives her speech about how life should be and an actor playing in an imaginary world created.by Rand to ‘demonstrate’ how life works in her rather warped mind.", "Rand is not the only famous author to invent a character with this name. Pulp fiction author Robert E. Howard, creator of heroes such as Conan the Barbarian, used a villain named John Galt—also a man of mystery missing for a long time and possessed of great wealth, trying to manipulate his world from the background—in the tale \"Black Talons\" in 1933, more than twenty years before Atlas Shrugged was published.", "The spirit is willing but the filmmaking is oh so weak in “Atlas Shrugged: Who Is John Galt?,” the last installment of a cinematic trilogy based on Ayn Rand’s 1957 screed in epic novel form. Pic represents a certain leap of faith, as 2011’s “Part I” bombed in expansion after a promising limited opening, while 2012’s “Part II: The Strike” flopped outright. This finale to the free-market goddess’ pulpy ultimate tract answers not only the titular question, but also the matter of “What box set to get my favorite libertarian this Christmas?” (S)he probably won’t have seen this chapter already, as the shoddy pic took a B.O. swan dive in its opening U.S. weekend, grossing a reported $355,000 on 242 screens.", "The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged were written by author Ayn Rand. She wrote another novel early in her career entitled We the Living in 1936. Prior to writing the first two books mentioned, she also wrote Night of January 16th and Anthem.", "New York City United States Occupation ... screenwriter Influences Aristotle John Locke Thomas Aquinas Friedrich Nietzsche ... Isabel Paterson Influenced James Clavell Henry Hazlitt John Hospers Harry Binswanger ... Anton LaVey Ayn Rand IPA /Ëaɪn Ër¦nd/ February 2 O.S. January 20] March 6 ), born Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum Russian ), was a Russian -born American novelist and philosopher She is widely known for her best-selling novels The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged , and for developing a philosophical system she called Objectivism She was an uncompromising advocate of rational individualism and laissez-faire capitalism , and vociferously opposed socialism altruism , and other contemporary philosophical trends, as well as religion . Her influential and often controversial ideas have attracted both enthusiastic admirers and scathing denunciation.", "If there ever is a biopic of Ayn Rand, Nicolas Cage should play the lead; the resemblance is uncanny. In the meantime, you can watch Chris Mortensen’s documentary Ayn Rand & the Prophecy of Atlas Shrugged (2011) which traces the lasting popularity and influence of the controversial writer and philosopher’s 1957 novel, a dystopian cautionary tale about a future USA brought to its knees by tax-and-spend liberals, big government, and all the “moochers” and “looters” who dare to show charity towards their fellow man. Sound familiar? As the film notes, Rand’s “Objectivist” philosophy inspires today’s libertarians and neoconservatives. It screens at the Regent Theatre, 7 Medford St, Arlington | Tuesday, January 17 @ 7:30 pm | $10 | 781.646.4849 regenttheatre.com.", "Despite being a popular success, Atlas Shrugged was generally disliked by critics. Rand scholar Mimi Reisel Gladstein later wrote that when the novel was released, \"reviewers seemed to vie with each other in a contest to devise the cleverest put-downs\"; one called it \"execrable claptrap\", while another said it showed \"remorseless hectoring and prolixity\". Author Gore Vidal described its philosophy as \"nearly perfect in its immorality\". In the Saturday Review, Helen Beal Woodward said that the novel was written with \"dazzling virtuosity\" but was \"shot through with hatred\". This was echoed by Granville Hicks in The New York Times Book Review, who stated that the book was \"written out of hate\". The reviewer for Time magazine asked: \"Is it a novel? Is it a nightmare? Is it Superman – in the comic strip or the Nietzschean version?\" In the National Review, Whittaker Chambers called Atlas Shrugged \"sophomoric\" and \"remarkably silly\", and said it \"can be called a novel only by devaluing the term\". Chambers argued against the novel's implicit endorsement of atheism, whereby \"Randian man, like Marxian man is made the center of a godless world\". Chambers wrote that the implicit message of the novel is akin to \"Hitler's National Socialism and Stalin's brand of Communism\": \"To a gas chamber — go!\".", " Ayn Rand (Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum)(2/2, 1905 – 3/6, 1982), was a Russian/Jewish-American novelist, philosopher, playwright, and screenwriter.  She is known for her two best-selling novels and for developing a philosophical system she called Objectivism.  Born and educated in Russia, Rand immigrated to the United States in 1926.  She worked as a screenwriter in Hollywood and had a play produced on Broadway in 1935–1936. She first achieved fame with her novel The Fountainhead, published in 1943, which in 1957 was followed by her best-known work, the philosophical novel Atlas Shrugged.  Rand's political views, reflected in both her fiction and her theoretical work, emphasize individual rights (including property rights) and laissez-faire capitalism, enforced by a constitutionally-limited government.  She was a fierce opponent of all forms of collectivism and statism, including fascism, communism, socialism, and the welfare state, and promoted ethical egoism while rejecting the ethic of altruism.  She considered reason to be the only means of acquiring knowledge and the most important aspect of her philosophy, stating, \"I am not primarily an advocate of capitalism, but of egoism; and I am not primarily an advocate of egoism, but of reason. If one recognizes the supremacy of reason and applies it consistently, all the rest follows.\"  [Although many good points, this philosophy is Jewish materialism and allows economic warlords and thieves vs the wage-slave poor. Disparity between rich and poor grows.  Laissez-faire is social Darwinism.]  Alan Greenspan, director of the Federal Reserve was a Randist.", "Says Rand, \"Man's mind is his basic tool of survival. Life is given to him, survival is not. His body is given to him, its sustenance is not. His mind is given to him, its content is not. To remain alive he must act and before he can act he must know the nature and purpose of his action. He cannot obtain his food without knowledge of food and of the way to obtain it. He cannot dig a ditch—or build a cyclotron—without a knowledge of his aim and the means to achieve it. To remain alive, he must think.\" In her novels, The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged, she also emphasizes the central importance of productive work, romantic love and art to human happiness, and dramatizes the ethical character of their pursuit. The primary virtue in Objectivist ethics is rationality, as Rand meant it \"the recognition and acceptance of reason as one's only source of knowledge, one's only judge of values and one's only guide to action.\" ", "born Feb. 2, 1905, St. Petersburg, Russia died March 6, 1982, New York, N.Y., U.S. Russian-born American writer who, in commercially successful novels, presented her philosophy of objectivism , essentially reversing the traditional Judeo-Christian ethic. Rand graduated from the University of Petrograd in 1924 and two years later immigrated to the United States. She initially worked as a screenwriter in Hollywood and in 1931 became a naturalized U.S. citizen. Her first novel, We, the Living , was published in 1936. The Fountainhead (1943), her first best-selling novel, depicts a highly romanticized architect-hero, a superior individual whose egoism and genius prevail over timid traditionalism and social conformism. The allegorical Atlas Shrugged (1957), another best-seller, combines science fiction and political message in telling of an anticollectivist strike called by the management of U.S. big industry, a company of attractive, self-made men. For the New Intellectual The Virtue of Selfishness Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology (1967), and", "Ayn Rand was born in Russia, and came to the US after her education at the University of Stalingrad, in 1926. She moved from Chicago, where she was living with relatives, to Hollywood shortly after her arrival in the states. In 1931 she received citizenship. During this time she worked on a number of unsuccessful plays, while she was employed as a wardrobe girl at one of the major movie studios. Some of her early works include We The Living(1936) and Anthem(1938). These two novels describe the evils of totalitarianism, as she experienced it in Russia. Deeply seated in the phiolosophy of Aristotle, she used his rationality to defend individuals and their rights. Moving towards the theme of egoistic genius, she produced The Fountainhead(1943), and in Atlas Shrugged(1957) she produced a fully developed philosophy of individualism. She defined Objectivism as \"the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute.\" Atlas was the end of Rand's fiction writing. From this point on she devoted all her time to defense of her objectivism.", "What do the first line and the one right above have in common? They were both written by Roger Zelazny. (Opening lines of Nine Princes of Amber and Trumps of Doom, respectively. The other two are Atlas Shrugged and The Book of Three.) Mr. Zelazny had some good opening lines.", "Rand's 1957 novel Atlas Shrugged was widely reviewed, and many of the reviews were strongly negative. In the National Review, conservative author Whittaker Chambers called the book \"sophomoric\" and \"remarkably silly\". He described the tone of the book as \"shrillness without reprieve\" and accused Rand of supporting a godless system (which he related to that of the Soviets), claiming \"From almost any page of Atlas Shrugged, a voice can be heard, from painful necessity, commanding: 'To a gas chamber—go! Atlas Shrugged received positive reviews from a few publications, including praise from the noted book reviewer John Chamberlain, but Rand scholar Mimi Reisel Gladstein later wrote that \"reviewers seemed to vie with each other in a contest to devise the cleverest put-downs\", calling it \"execrable claptrap\" and \"a nightmare\"; they said it was \"written out of hate\" and showed \"remorseless hectoring and prolixity\". Author Flannery O'Connor wrote in a letter to a friend that \"The fiction of Ayn Rand is as low as you can get re fiction. I hope you picked it up off the floor of the subway and threw it in the nearest garbage pail.\" ", "John Galt reluctantly congratulated Ragnar Danneskjold for his choice of movies. “But of course,” he added, “the search for the ideal libertarian film won’t end until Atlas Shrugged has been produced.”", "In 1999, under Aglialoro's sponsorship, Ruddy negotiated a deal with Turner Network Television (TNT) for a four-hour miniseries, but the project was killed after the AOL Time Warner merger. After the TNT deal fell through, Howard and Karen Baldwin obtained the rights while running Phillip Anschutz's Crusader Entertainment. The Baldwins left Crusader and formed Baldwin Entertainment Group in 2004, taking the rights to Atlas Shrugged with them. Michael Burns of Lions Gate Entertainment approached the Baldwins to fund and distribute Atlas Shrugged. A draft screenplay was written by James V. Hart and rewritten by Randall Wallace, but was never produced.", "Despite many negative reviews, Atlas Shrugged became an international bestseller. In an interview with Mike Wallace, Rand declared herself \"the most creative thinker alive\". After completing the novel, Rand fell into a severe depression. Atlas Shrugged was Rand's last completed work of fiction; a turning point in her life, it marked the end of Rand's career as a novelist and the beginning of her role as a popular philosopher. ", "Libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer has argued that very few people find Rand's ideas convincing, especially her ethics, which he believes is difficult to interpret and may lack logical coherence. He attributes the attention she receives to her being a \"compelling writer\", especially as a novelist. Thus, Atlas Shrugged outsells not only the works of other philosophers of classical liberalism such as Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, or Frederic Bastiat, but also Rand's own non-fiction works.", "A film adaptation of Atlas Shrugged was in \"development hell\" for nearly 40 years. In 1972, Albert S. Ruddy approached Rand to produce a cinematic adaptation. Rand insisted on having final script approval, which Ruddy refused to give her, thus preventing a deal. In 1978, Henry and Michael Jaffe negotiated a deal for an eight-hour Atlas Shrugged television miniseries on NBC. Michael Jaffe hired screenwriter Stirling Silliphant to adapt the novel and he obtained approval from Rand on the final script. However, when Fred Silverman became president of NBC in 1979, the project was scrapped. ", "The Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises admired the unapologetic elitism he saw in Rand's work. In a private letter to Rand written a few months after the novel's publication, he declared, \"... Atlas Shrugged is not merely a novel. It is also (or may I say: first of all) a cogent analysis of the evils that plague our society, a substantiated rejection of the ideology of our self-styled \"intellectuals\" and a pitiless unmasking of the insincerity of the policies adopted by governments and political parties ... You have the courage to tell the masses what no politician told them: you are inferior and all the improvements in your conditions which you simply take for granted you owe to the efforts of men who are better than you.\" ", "“There’s no patriotism like American patriotism, and there’s no patriotic superhero like Captain America.” So proclaims Bosch Fawstin in his recent post on the conservative blog site FrontPageMagazine.com. My only problem with Fawstin’s statement is that he justifies it by quoting  Objectivist Ayn Rand, who described America as “…the greatest, the noblest and, in it’s founding principles, the only moral country in the history of the world.”", "There are several essays out there discussing the forthcoming 50th anniversary of Ayn Rand's novel, Atlas Shrugged. One such essay, written by A. J. Vogl, editor of The Conference Board Review , was just published in the magazine's September-October 2007 issue. Vogl interviewed me, among others, for his article, and a summary of my own comments appears here .", "Philosopher Douglas J. Den Uyl co-edited, with Douglas B. Rasmussen, The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand (1984), which was the first collection of scholarly essays on Rand. The book, published by the University of Illinois Press, included varied interpretive contributions from Antony Flew, Robert Hollinger, Charles King, Tibor R. Machan, Eric Mack, Wallace I. Matson, Jack Wheeler, and the editors. Its approach—which brought scholarly rigor to the study of one of the twentieth century’s most controversial thinkers—inspired the founders of this journal. Den Uyl also authored a Twayne’s Masterwork Series book, The Fountainhead: An American Novel (1999), but his scholarship extends well beyond the Randian, encompassing such other works as The Virtue of Prudence (1991) and God, Man, & Well Being: Spinoza’s Modern Humanism (2008). He is also the co-author, with Douglas B. Rasmussen, of such works as Liberty and Nature: An Aristotelian Defense of Liberal Order (1991). Den Uyl remains the Vice President of Educational Programs at The Liberty Fund.", "Ilana Mercer recently made me aware of some off-the-wall [YouTube, sorry, couldn't resist MJ] comments by stand-up comedian David Cross on Ayn Rand. I'll just have to chalk up his, uh, misunderstanding to the fact that he's a comedian, and not somebody who has actually studied Rand's corpus . On his new Netflix special , he makes the following statement:", "Ragnar introduced the film, another Paul Newman appearance as a nonconformist libertarian. “In this case, the film tells the tragic — no, I mean the benevolent and life-affirming story of an individualist who, like many freedom loving souls, has tremendous potential yet fails to achieve it.”", "Ayn Rand was a Russian-American 20th century writer who was an enthusiastic supporter of laissez-faire capitalism. She wrote We the Living about the effects of Communism in Russia.", "Ragnar Danneskjold started things off. To qualify as a libertarian film, he said, a movie should offer protagonists who are rugged individualists and non-conformists, questioning the rules of society. They must be independent thinkers who unabashedly support their own self-interest and are reluctant to meddle in the affairs of others. Naturally, they will be skeptical of organized religion. Libertarian heroes should be uncompromising defenders of laissez-faire capitalism. They should champion the right to pursue the creation of wealth without guilt. Finally, they must oppose state power in all its forms, including the evils and injustices of war." ]

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[ "In Nathaniel Hawthorne's, The Scarlet Letter, Pearl, is the human symbol of the sin of adultery in the fact that she leads her mother, Hester Prynne, and Arthu", "In 17th century New England, red was associated with adultery. In the 1850 novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter, set in a Puritan New England community, a woman is punished for adultery with ostracism, her sin represented by a red letter 'A' sewn onto her clothes. ", "Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter (1850), about a woman in the Puritan community of Salem, Massachusetts, in the 1640s, who bears an illegitimate child and is forced to wear a scarlet \"A\" for \"adulteress\" on her clothing.", "Melville’s friend and mentor, Nathaniel Hawthorne, who had just finished The Scarlet Letter the year before Moby Dick was published, plays, like Melville, with symbols that can be viewed more than one way. The scarlet letter and the white whale depend upon individual viewpoint for their meaning. Light and dark, positive and negative, are in the eye of the beholder.", "Birthday - Novelist and short-story writer Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) was born in Salem, Massachusetts. His works included; The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables and The Blithedale Romance.", "It is said that the desire for revenge will turn a man�s heart to evil. This is true in Nathaniel Hawthorne�s �The scarlet Letter� when Roger Prynne becomes c", "On Mar. 16, 1850 Salem, Mass.-born Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-64) pub. The Scarlet Letter , his masterpiece, giving him internat. fame; Hester Prynne gets the Letter A for doing Arthur Dinsdale in Puritanland, while her wronged hubby Dr. Roger Chillingworth chills. In 1852 he pub. The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales ; also The Blithedale Romance ; based on his stay at Brook Farm, Mass. In 1853 he pub. Tanglewood Tales . In 1854 he pub. Mosses from the Old Manse (short stories); written at the 1770 Old Manse , Ralph Waldo Emerson's place, located next to the North Bridge over Concord River in Concord, Mass. In 1860 he pub. The Marble Faun , about the Beatrice Cenci (1577-99) case; Hilda and Mariam debate her guilt for murdering her sexually-abusive daddy, with Mariam calling it \"no sin at all, but the best possible virtue in the circumstances\". In 1863 he pub. Our Old Home: A Series of English Sketches ; his last work pub. during his lifetime, completed in the Tower of the Wayside after his return from Europe; dedicated to ex-pres. Franklin Pierce. In 1872 Septimius Felton; or, The Elixir of Life is pub. posth., ed. by his daughter Una and poet Robert Browning.", "On 5 August 1850 a party of writers and publishers climbed Monument Mountain in Massachusetts, during the American equivalent of a hike in the Lakes. Among the literati on this excursion were Nathaniel Hawthorne, 46, author of The Scarlet Letter ( No 16 in this series ), a recently published bestseller (although a term not yet in use), and the young novelist Herman Melville, who, after a very successful debut (Typee), was struggling to complete an unwieldy coming-of-age tale about a South Seas whaler.", "The 100 best novels: No 16 – The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne (1850) | Books | The Guardian", "Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is re-imagined as a contemporary high school comedy in this tale of a scheming student who plots to give her popularity a boost by painting herself the easiest lay in school. 92 minutes.", "In the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, there is an on going theme of sin and morality. There are three main characters, Hester Prynne, the", "In 1986 he published the unconventional novel Roger's Version , the second volume of the Scarlet Letter trilogy, about an attempt to prove God's existence using a computer program . Author and critic Martin Amis called it a \"near-masterpiece.\" [22] The novel S. (1989), uncharacteristically featuring a female protagonist, concluded Updike's reworking of Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter. [10]", "Nathaniel Hawthorne (; born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist, Dark Romantic, and short story writer.", "Nathaniel Hawthorne born Nathaniel Hathorne (July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and short story writer.", "By chance, in his own time, Hawthorne was not alone in wanting to explore the mysteries of the American psyche through fiction. In summer 1850, after the successful publication of The Scarlet Letter, he met the young Herman Melville who had just begun, and was grappling with, his own dark meditation on America, the next volume (No 17) in this series, Moby-Dick.", "Nathaniel Hawthorne, Dark Romantic    Nathaniel Hawthorne was fascinated with the nature of evil and human psychology. One of the Dark Romantics, he explored views of evil in Puritanism as well as the separation of the head and heart. From The Scarlet Letter to The Birthmark, his short stories and novels center around symbols. Everyday objects look different in moonlight, conveying a hint of the supernatural. Investigate the importance of setting in his works. Analyze Hawthorn's view of hypocrisy. The notes for this class also provide insight into the writings of Washington Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, and Herman Melville.   Topic: Hawthorne, Nathaniel,--1804-1864--Criticism and interpretation   Language: English   Lexile: 1380      http://www.uncp.edu", "week of 8/26/01:  A throng of bearded men, in sad-colored garments, and gray, steeple-crowned hats, intermixed with women, some wearing hoods and others bareheaded, was assembled in front of a wooden edifice, the door of which was heavily timbered with oak, and studded with iron spikes.\" - Nathaniel Hawthorne, from 'The Scarlet Letter'", "The Scarlet Letter was first published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period.McFarland, Philip. Hawthorne in Concord. New York: Grove Press, 2004: 136. ISBN 0-8021-1776-7 When he delivered the final pages to Fields in February 1850, Hawthorne said that \"some portions of the book are powerfully written\" but doubted it would be popular. In fact, the book was an instant best-seller, though, over fourteen years, it brought its author only $1,500. Its initial publication brought wide protest from natives of Salem, who did not approve of how Hawthorne had depicted them in his introduction \"The Custom-House\". A 2,500-copy second edition included a preface by Hawthorne dated March 30, 1850, that stated he had decided to reprint his Introduction \"without the change of a word... The only remarkable features of the sketch are its frank and genuine good-humor ... As to enmity, or ill-feeling of any kind, personal or political, he utterly disclaims such motives\". ", "^ Publication info on books from Editor's Note to the The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Page by Page Books, accessed June 11, 2007.", "Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1804. His family descended from the earliest settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony; among his forebears was John Hathorne (Hawthorne added the “w” to his name when he began to write), one of the judges at the 1692 Salem witch trials. Throughout his life, Hawthorne was both fascinated and disturbed by his kinship with John Hathorne. Raised by a widowed mother, Hawthorne attended Bowdoin College in Maine, where he met two people who were to have great impact upon his life: Henry Wadsworth Long-fellow, who would later become a famous poet, and Franklin Pierce, who would later become president of the United States.", "Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem , Massachusetts ; his birthplace is preserved and open to the public. [2] William Hathorne, the author's great-great-great-grandfather, a Puritan , was the first of the family to emigrate from England, first settling in Dorchester, Massachusetts before moving to Salem. There he became an important member of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and held many political positions including magistrate and judge, becoming infamous for his harsh sentencing. [3] William's son and the author's great-great-grandfather, John Hathorne , was one of the judges who oversaw the Salem Witch Trials . Having learned about this, the author may have added the \"w\" to his surname in his early twenties, shortly after graduating from college, in an effort to dissociate himself from his notorious forebears. [4] Hawthorne's father, Nathaniel Hathorne, Sr., was a sea captain who died in 1808 of yellow fever in Suriname . [5] After his death, young Nathaniel, his mother and two sisters moved in with maternal relatives, the Mannings, in Salem, [6] where they lived for ten years. During this time, on November 10, 1813, young Hawthorne was hit on the leg while playing \"bat and ball\" [7] and became lame and bedridden for a year, though several physicians could find nothing wrong with him. [8]", "On its publication, critic Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Hawthorne's, said he preferred the author's Washington Irving-like tales. Another friend, critic Edwin Percy Whipple, objected to the novel's \"morbid intensity\" with dense psychological details, writing that the book \"is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them\". English writer George Eliot called The Scarlet Letter, along with Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1855 book The Song of Hiawatha, the \"two most indigenous and masterly productions in American literature\". Most literary critics praised the book but religious leaders took issue with the novel's subject matter. Orestes Brownson complained that Hawthorne did not understand Christianity, confession, and remorse. A review in The Church Review and Ecclesiastical Register concluded the author \"perpetrates bad morals.\" ", "Nathaniel Hawthorne    One of America's major authors, Nathaniel Hawthorne explores human nature, especially its darker side, in his writing. If you are looking for a critical overview of Hawthorne's work, visit the PBS web site to find out about the themes of Hawthorne's major novels. Find out how Hawthorne defined romance as his writing style and how he explored the themes of morality, sin, and redemption. Learn about the writers who influenced him and how he achieved international fame with his masterpiece The Scarlet Letter.", "The Scarlet Letter    A summary of the classic American novel, The Scarlet Letter, can be found at the C-Span American Writers web site. The web site is a companion to a television series about famous American writers. In addition to the summary, tabs on the right side of the web site will lead you to sections about Nathaniel Hawthorne and to information about Salem, Massachusetts, the birthplace of the author. Find out when Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter and see a list of his additional works.   Full Text online", "After college Hawthorne tried his hand at writing, producing historical sketches and an anonymous novel, Fanshawe, that detailed his college days rather embarrassingly. Hawthorne also held positions as an editor and as a customs surveyor during this period. His growing relationship with the intellectual circle that included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller led him to abandon his customs post for the utopian experiment at Brook Farm, a commune designed to promote economic self-sufficiency and transcendentalist principles. Transcendentalism was a religious and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century that was dedicated to the belief that divinity manifests itself everywhere, particularly in the natural world. It also advocated a personalized, direct relationship with the divine in place of formalized, structured religion. This second transcendental idea is privileged in The Scarlet Letter.", "During that time, he befriended the writer Nathaniel Hawthorne , who lived nearby – and to whom Melville eventually dedicated \"Moby Dick.\" Hawthorne encouraged his younger friend, and may even have helped Melville shape the content and tone of the novel. After Hawthorne praised \"Moby Dick\" – the story of a white sperm whale and his pursuer, the one-legged Captain Ahab – Melville wrote him a letter that burbles over with giddy happiness. ", "Nathaniel Hawthorne and his family had moved to a small red farmhouse near Lenox, Massachusetts, at the end of March 1850. He became friends with Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. and Melville beginning on August 5, 1850, when the authors met at a picnic hosted by a mutual friend. Melville wrote an unsigned review of Hawthorne's short story collection Mosses from an Old Manse titled \"Hawthorne and His Mosses\", which appeared in the The Literary World on August 17 and 24. Bezanson finds the essay \"so deeply related to Melville's imaginative and intellectual world while writing Moby-Dick\" that it could be regarded as a virtual preface and should be \"everybody's prime piece of contextual reading\". In the essay, Melville compares Hawthorne to Shakespeare and Dante, and his \"self-projection\" is evident in the repeats of the word \"genius\", the more than two dozen references to Shakespeare, and in the insistence that Shakespeare's \"unapproachability\" is nonsense for an American.", "the preface to this novel, its author assumes the role of a finder of a package, left by Johnathan Pue in the attic of the Salems Customs House. He then claims merely to transcribe the story based on the manuscript found in the package. For 10 points, identify the novel thus spun by Nathaniel Hawthorne, describing the actual and symbolic effects of sin on its characters.", "Melville wrote ten letters to Hawthorne, \"all of them effusive, profound, deeply affectionate\". Melville was inspired and encouraged by his new relationship with Hawthorne during the period that he was writing Moby-Dick. He dedicated this new novel to Hawthorne, though their friendship was to wane only a short time later.Cheever(2006), 196", "and neighbor Nathaniel Hawthorne, to whom the work is dedicated, sent him a letter praising the", "[3] Letter to Nathaniel Hawthorne, 17(?) November 1851, Leyda J (ed.), The Portable Melville, (New York, 1952), p. 453.", "Hawthorne and his family moved to a small red farmhouse near Lenox, Massachusetts at the end of March 1850. Hawthorne became friends with Herman Melville beginning on August 5, 1850, when the authors met at a picnic hosted by a mutual friend. Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection Mosses from an Old Manse, and his unsigned review of the collection, titled \"Hawthorne and His Mosses\", was printed in The Literary World on August 17 and August 24. Melville, who was composing Moby-Dick at the time, wrote that these stories revealed a dark side to Hawthorne, \"shrouded in blackness, ten times black\". Melville dedicated Moby-Dick (1851) to Hawthorne: \"In token of my admiration for his genius, this book is inscribed to Nathaniel Hawthorne.\" " ]

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[ "Some of Ron's products included: The Chop-O-Matic, Mr. Microphone (the first Karaoke machine), the Popeil Pocket Fisherman, the Veg-o-Matic, the Buttoneer, the Smokeless Ashtray, Popeil's Electric Food Dehydrator, the Inside-the-Egg Scrambler, GLH-9 (Great Looking Hair Formula #9) Hair in a Can Spray, Rhinestone stud setter (Later called the Bedazzler), the Cap Snaffler, the Popeil Automatic Pasta Maker, the Ronco Electric Food Dehydrator, the Ronco 6 Star Plus Knives, and the Showtime Rotisserie and BBQ. His product sales grossed in the billions and his media buys saturated American television for the better part of a century. Ron's products are even featured in the Smithsonian Museum.", "SOURCES: &quot;Ron Popeil, He of the Pocket Fisherman and Spray-On Hair, Has Perfected His Formula for Success: Invent, Market, and Sell with a Passion,&quot; BusinessWeek Online, October 3, 2005; Brent Hopkins, &quot;How Ron Popeil Invented Himself,&quot; Knight-Ridder/Tribune Business News, August 31, 2005; Matt Myerhoff, &quot;Infomercial King Sells Company, Ronco Goes Public for Expansion,&quot; Los Angeles Business Journal, July 29, 2005, 1; http://snltranscripts.jt.org/75/75qbassamatic.phtml.", "This dominant popular vocal style coincided with the advent of radio broadcasting and electrical recording. Before the advent of the microphone, popular singers like Al Jolson had to project to the rear seats of a theater, as did opera singers, which made for a very loud vocal style. The microphone made possible the more personal style. Al Bowlly, Gene Austin and Art Gillham are often credited as inventors of the crooning style but Rudy Vallée became far more popular, beginning from 1928. He could be heard by anyone with a phonograph or a radio. ", "� Charles Franklin Kettering (1876-1958). Kettering invented some of the most recognizable items of modern life. They include: the electric automatic starter which he built specifically for automobiles, but later used for many other applications; the first electronic cash register, developed while he was working for the National Cash Register (NCR) company; the first engine powered electricity generator, today widely used where ever mains electricity is not available; quick drying automobile paint; high octane and leaded petrol; a nonpoisonous coolant for refrigerators; and the first practical engine for diesel locomotives.", "D. Lisner & Co. introduces ‘Bois Glac jewelry, their trade name for colorless phenolic plastic ( Bakelite ) laminated to wood. [15] Du Pont de Nemours & Co. introduces acrylic plastic, trade name ‘Lucite’; also patents nylon fiber. [15] The real star of the plastics industry in the 1930s was “polyamide (PA)”, far better known by its trade name, “nylon”. [41] American inventor and manufacturer who was a pioneer of the plastics industry. [25]", "On this date King Camp Gillette was born in Fond du Lac. He worked for many years as a traveling salesman. After much experimentation, he developed a disposable steel blade and razor. He established the Gillette Safety Razor Company in 1901. Sales for his product skyrocketed. Gillette remained president of his company until 1931 and was a director until his death the following year. [Source: Lemelson-MIT Program ]", "His image appeared on a wide variety of products including: 1950 popcorn trading cards given at theaters, 1951 Camel cigarettes, 1956 playing cards, Whitman's Chocolates and - posthumously - Coors beer. The money collected on the Coors beer cans with his image went to the John Wayne Cancer Institute. One of the most unusual was as a puppet on \"H.R. Pufnstuf\" (1969), who also put out a 1970 lunch box with his image among the other puppet characters.", "James Murray Spangler, an Ohio janitor, was allergic to dust and could not afford to leave his job.  He decided to take matters into his own hands and tried to improve the way he swept the carpet.  He used a soap box, an electric motor, a broom handle, and a pillow case as a rough design. [7] He sold one of his devices to Susan Hoover, the wife of a leather goods manufacturer, and she was really impressed with the cleaner.  William, her husband decided to invest in the manufacturing of these cleaners and bought the rights from James and made him a partner in Hoover’s Electric Suction Sweeper Company. [8]", "Spitz became the spokesman for the Schick Company, and his commercials promoting its razors were widely aired. He also represented Adidas, the California Milk Advisory Board, Speedo, and various other companies vending everything from swimming pool accessories to hairdryers and men's underwear. An image of the times, a poster of Spitz wearing his swimsuit and seven gold medals, appeared everywhere from college dorms to locker rooms and sporting goods stores. Spitz also had theatrical aspirations and appeared on television shows with luminaries that included Sonny and Cher, Bob Hope, and Johnny Carson. He made a guest appearance in the series Emergency and got a role as an announcer in the 1985 made-for-television movie Challenge of a Lifetime, starring Penny Marshall.", "Herbert Cecil Booth was among those canny minds who set to work addressing the practical problems of daily living. Like others before him, he sought to end the frustration of keeping a clean house. While housewives continued to arm themselves with brooms, whisks, dustpans, and carpet sweepers—a rolling box invented by Michigan native Melvin Bissell that swept dirt from carpets using rotating cylindrical brushes—Booth and others realized there must be a better way.", "The wildly popular lip balm in the yellow pot gets its name from Carma Labs, the site of its invention. While hearing \"Carma Labs\" conjures up images of white coats and teams of top-flight scientists, the actual labs were a bit humbler than that. In fact, the \"lab\" was really a kitchen; inventor Alfred Woelbing perfected his balm in 1937 while working on his family's stove. Woelbing and his wife made and packaged Carmex in their kitchen and sold it out of their car's trunk for an amazing 20 years until Carma Labs got a proper home in the Milwaukee suburb of Wauwatosa in 1957.", "Hubert Cecil Booth, the father of powered suction, introduced a “Goblin” portable vacuum model in the 1920s, but it was William Henry \"Boss\" Hoover whose company and products would shape 20th-century vacuuming. After buying the patent on the Electric Suction Sweeper—a device for easing asthma symptoms that was supposedly jerry-rigged from a Bissell sweeper, a fan motor, a broom handle, and a soapbox—from his wife’s cousin in 1908, Hoover developed the machine for improved home use through the 1930s. ", "Ronco is an American company that manufactures and sells a variety of items and devices, most commonly those used in the kitchen. Ron Popeil founded the company in 1964, and commercials for the company's products soon became pervasive and memorable, in part thanks to Popeil's personal sales pitches. The names \"Ronco\" and \"Popeil\" and the suffix \"-O-Matic\" (used in many early product names) became icons of American popular culture and were often referred to by comedians introducing fictional gadgets.", "Mr. Clean® was created in 1957 and the first Mr. Clean product was placed on supermarket shelves the following year.  Originally drawn by Richard Black of Dayton, OH, Mr. Clean was depicted as a tall, muscular, tan, bald man. The jingle, which is the longest running jingle in television history was written and recorded by Thomas Scott Cadden of Skokie, IL. In 1962 Mr. Clean was finally given a first name.  His first name became “Veritably” as the result of P&G’s “Give Mr. Clean a First Name” Promotion. So he is Mr. Veritably Clean.", "In 1907, James Murray Spangler, a janitor in a Canton, Ohio department store, deduced that the carpet sweeper he used was the source of his cough. He tinkered with an old fan motor and attached it to a soap box stapled to a broom handle. Using a pillow case as a dust collector on the contraption, Spangler invented a portable electric vacuum cleaner. He then improved his basic model the first to use both a cloth filter bag and cleaning attachments, and received a patent in 1908, and formed the Electric Suction Sweeper Company. One of the first buyers was a cousin, whose husband, William H. Hoover, later became the president of the Hoover Company, with Spangler as superintendent. Hooverís improvements resembled a bagpipe attached to a cake box, but they worked. Sluggish sales were given a kick by Hooverís 10 day, free home trial, and eventually there was a HooverÆ vacuum cleaner in nearly every home.", "Earl Silas Tupper (July 28, 1907 – October 5, 1983) was an American-born businessman and inventor, best known as the inventor of Tupperware, an airtight plastic container for storing food.", "In 1907, James Murray Spangler , a janitor in a Canton, Ohio department store, deduced that the carpet sweeper he used was the source of his cough. He tinkered with an old fan motor and attached it to a soap box stapled to a broom handle. Using a pillow case as a dust collector on the contraption, Spangler invented a portable electric vacuum cleaner. He then improved his basic model the first to use both a cloth filter bag and cleaning attachments, and received a patent in 1908, and formed the Electric Suction Sweeper Company. One of the first buyers was a cousin, whose husband, William H. Hoover, later became the president of the Hoover Company, with Spangler as superintendent. Hoover�s improvements resembled a bagpipe attached to a cake box, but they worked. Sluggish sales were given a kick by Hoover�s 10 day, free home trial, and eventually there was a Hoover® vacuum cleaner in nearly every home.", "In the early 1950's after discovering the reach and power of the televised airwaves and their ability to beam his pitch into America's living rooms, Ron created the first infomercial and commercials. Along with his partner at the time, Mel Korey, he produced the first minute long, black and white commercial for slightly over $500. The first television infomercial was for the Ronco Chop-o-Matic. It quickly spread nationally and made millions turning Popeil into a household name. This led to several generations of parodies by everyone from \"I Love Lucy\" to \"Saturday Night Live\". By the 1960's television became the exclusive venue for Ron's pitching and selling and continued to be for the following 5 decades.", "In 1937, Joseph Friedman was at his brother’s soda shop. To his surprise, his young girl was struggling to enjoy her beverage through a straight paper straw. So he started thinking of a way to help her out. Friedman put in a screw into the straw, and wrapped floss around it to create a ribbed texture. When he took the screw out, the straw naturally bent over the rim of the glass and his daughter was able to drink her milkshake with ease. He patented his idea in 1937 and started his own company to produce the straw. The rights to the flexible straw were eventually sold to the Maryland Cup Corporation, which now sells about 500 million of them every year.", "There’s a lot of fun to be had out there in the world, so once we’d conquered a palace, we started working on making cleaning with BISSELL products even easier. In 1956, we introduced the manual carpet shampooer, which rendered the practice of scrubbing carpets on hands and knees obsolete. Cinderella, you’re welcome. Only a year later, our Shampoo Master won the Bachner Award for Achievement in the fascinating field of practical application of molded and formed plastics. We were on a roll. By the end of the 60s, we were a jack of all surfaces, revolutionizing the way and ease with which people clean, offering the first combination Vac/Floor scrubber, Dry Powder Rug Shampoo and Applicator, and the Gemini Sweeper, the first two-brush sweeper.", "Hormel Company of Austin marketed the first canned ham in 1926. Hormel introduced Spam in 1937.", "This common household and office item, which is also known as invisible tape or Scotch Tape, was invented by Richard Gurley Drew (June 22, 1899 – December 14, 1980). Drew joined the 3M Company in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1920, first inventing the masking tape in 1926, followed by the invention of the cellophane tape in 1930.", "In 1927, liquid shampoo was invented by German inventor Hans Schwarzkopf in Berlin, whose name created a shampoo brand sold in Europe.", "Today we look at the inventions of several celebrities. Each of these celebrities applied for and received patents on their inventions.", "In the 1930s he began to work on the radio, always introducing his show with catchphrase Can You Hear Me, Mother? Powell said that the catchphrase originated on an occasion when he had dropped his script and was killing time at the microphone while rearranging the pages. It is also attributed to his mother's coercion and her Hardness of Hearing, during his early career. He also appeared in a number of films during the 1930s, usually as himself. A popular figure, he worked continuously on radio, television and pantomime through the 1940s and 1950s, and was still performing occasionally up to his death in 1982. Part of his act was a comedy ventriloquism act, where the dummy would fall apart. He was still well-known enough to have a pub named after him in 1970.", ", where his grandfather ran a small restaurant and inn. He liked music very much; he fell in love with jazz music and made some money by playing piano. As a teenager he started selling paper cups for the Lily Tulip Cup Company. This occupation brought him into contact with a person who invented a five-spindle multimixer. He obtained exclusive distribution rights to the appliance and spent the following 17 years selling this invention. (Czech, ďż˝, 2002; Saxon-Ford, 1998.)", "What unlikely inventor held 30 U.S. patents, including one for the first implantable artificial heart? Which comedian was known as The King of Deadpan? What was \"Castle Bravo\" ? In TV ads, what product was \"Mmm, mmm, good!\" ?", "In the mid-1930s Hoover USA pioneered the use of professional industrial design in vacuum cleaners by employing Henry Dreyfuss, one of the first industrial designers, to consider the design, manufacture and ease of use of their vacuum cleaner as a whole. The result was a new generation of cleaners, starting with the model 150 (1936), and the 160 (1938), which used fewer components, new light alloys, and plastics and had more benefits for the user. This development indicated the fact that by the late 1930s, at least in America, the electric vacuum cleaner was a common-enough product and required a ‘design overhaul’ to stimulate the next generation of sales. The basic component layout and manufacturing approach of these new models continued until the first ‘clean-fan’ plastic uprights in the mid-1960s.", "In 1895 King Camp Gillette was the salesman for the man who invented cork-lined bottle caps. \"Invent something people use and throw away,\" the man told him. It'd sure worked for him.", "W.E. Long, who promoted the Holsum Bread brand, used by various independent bakers around the country, pioneered and promoted the packaging of sliced bread beginning in 1928. In 1930 Wonder Bread, first sold in 1925, started marketing sliced bread nationwide.", "He had nicknames like V.O.G. (Voice of God) and \"Thunder Throat.\" He projected the image of a giant man, despite being only 5'8 ½. His voice was one of the most recognizable and beloved movie trailer voices of all-time... the one everyone else still imitates...", "Brand X : the show invented the phrase \"sticky-backed plastic\" (for Fablon and Coveron) and used \"sticky tape\" (for Sellotape). The show once did an entire feature on the production of Smarties, while never naming the product." ]

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[ "known as the Boston Strong Boy, was recognized as the first Heavyweight Champion of gloved boxing from February 7, 1881 to 1892, and is generally recognized as the last heavyweight champion of bare-knuckle boxing under the London Prize Ring rules. He was the first American sports hero to become a national celebrity and the first American athlete to earn over one million dollars.", "*John L. Sullivan - last bare-knuckle boxing heavyweight champion of the world; first gloved heavyweight champion of the world; first American athlete to become a national celebrity and to earn over $1 million", "John L. Sullivan is one of the most important figures in the history of combat sports, as he is generally regarded as the last heavyweight champion of bare-knuckle boxing and the first heavyweight champion of gloved boxing. He was active in the late 19th century, when boxing was illegal and underground across much of the world. Although it’s disputed which of his fights made him a world champion, as there was no official title at the time and he was the first to popularize the moniker, his defeat by James J. Corbett in 1892 lost him his title and was his last professional fight.", "Boxing initially tolerated the mingling of races in fair competition. As early as 1810 and 1811, Tom Molineaux, a freed slave, twice fought and lost to the English champion Tom Cribb. White fighters in the United States also fought black opponents, but as boxing became more institutional, white fighters and their managers avoided black boxers for business reasons. As in baseball, where blacks were allowed to play in the very early days of the sport, there developed in the late 19th century a so-called Negro circuit of boxers, which included George “Little Chocolate” Dixon, Joe Gans, Peter Jackson, Sam Langford, and Harry Wills. Because of the symbolism and prestige attached to the heavyweight title, and the pressure to keep it “white,” black boxers had an easier time getting fights in the lighter weight classes. In 1908, however, black fighter Jack Johnson wrested the heavyweight championship from Canadian boxer Tommy Burns.", "Bareknuckle boxer. He was born in Thurles, Co. Tipperary on March 15th 1853, and died at the age of 47, in 1901 near New York. Doing all of his prize-fighting in the U.S.A. , he became American heavyweight champion (bareknuckle) in 1880, when defeating Joe Goss at Vancouver in 87 rounds(84 minutes). He lost his title to John L Sullivan over 9 rounds in Mississippi City in 1882, when the purse $5,000, He lost to Sullivan twice again, including 3 years later when he was beaten after only 50 seconds. He was elected in 1973 to The Ring magazine's Hallof Fame, into the pioneer Group.", "In 1866 the Marquess of Queensberry gave his support to a new set of rules, which were named in his honor. These rules limited the number of 3-minute rounds, eliminated gouging and wrestling, and made the use of gloves mandatory. Bareknuckle bouts did not cease immediately but did begin to decline. A new era dawned in 1892, when James J. CORBETT defeated the last of the great bare-fisted fighters, John L. SULLIVAN, under the new rules.", "Certainly nobody surpassed him in color and crowd appeal. He drew boxing’s first million-dollar gate in fighting Georges Carpentier, boxing’s largest paid attendance in his first bout with Tunney and the biggest ”live” gate in their second meeting. As champion, Tunney received $990,445 for the latter fight, which grossed $2,658,660. He gave Tex Rickard, the promoter, his personal check for $9,555 and Mr. Rickard wrote a check for $1 million, the biggest purse ever collected for a single performance in sports before the days of closed-circuit television.", "The first bare-knuckle champion of England was James Figg, who claimed the title in 1719 and held it until his retirement in 1730. Before Jack Broughton, the first idea of current boxing originated from James Figg, who is viewed as the organizer of cutting edge boxing. In 1719, he set up a 'pugilistic foundation' and charged himself as 'a professional in the Noble Science of Defense to instruct boxers on the utilization of clench hands, sword, and quarterstaff. Noted champions were Jack Broughton, Daniel Mendoza, Jem Belcher, Hen Pearce, John Gully, Tom Cribb, Tom Spring, Jem Ward, James Burke, William \"Bendigo\" Thompson, Ben Caunt, Tom Sayers and Jem Mace. ", "The professional male heavyweight has always had the highest profile in the boxing world, for two reasons: the attraction of fights between larger-than-life males, and the national prestige attached to boxers as representatives of a nation or ethnic group. J.L. Sullivan was a national celebrity in the USA in the late 19th century, but was also lauded as an Irish American. In the 1960s, Muhammad Ali, previously Cassius Clay, symbolized civil rights and cultural and religious politics as much as physical and athletic prowess. Professional boxing appealed to the working populations of growing cities. Poor boys, some as young as 12, were recruited to fight in local competitions and on regional circuits. Defensive skills were appreciated, but the influence of international promoters, and then radio and television broadcasting encouraged a more aggressive form of fighting. In the 1950s, support switched from local boxing heroes to national and international stars as professional boxing became part of the trend towards globalized consumerism. The number of weight categories expanded, and rival organizations competed to represent the sport internationally, shifting the centre of organizational power from the east coast of the USA to Central America.", "Boxing continued to thrive in England throughout the 19th Century and among the heavyweights who reigned successfully were Jem Belcher, Henry Pearce and Tom Cribb. Cribb is best remembered for winning a pair of exciting fights against Tom Molineaux, a freed American slave. The bouts were chronicled by the eloquent Pierce Egan, and the rematch is believed to be the first sporting event to garner worldwide attention from the media.", "The first American athlete to become a national celebrity, and to earn over $1 million (in 1890 dollars)", "Heavyweight boxer. Born in Athlone, Co. Westmeath, 1838, he was killed in a gambling row in a bar in 1883. He claimed the American bare-knuckle heavyweight title in 1867-68. Having been jailed for his role in a championship fight against fellow-Irishman Jim Dunne (cv) in 1863, he won the title in 1867 by defeating Bill Davis of the U.S.A. over 9 rounds in Canada, going on to beat Charlie Gallagher. After a period as a highwayman, and eight years in jail, he fought for his title again in 1879, losing in another shady fight to Johnny Dwyer. A notoriously dirty boxer, his last fight at the age of 44, was against the emering 24-year-old John L Sullivan, who beat him easily in 3 rounds.", "At the close of the century, heavyweight champs Tom Sayer and Jem Mace rose in popularity but English champions were slowly losing their grip on the sport. By 1880, Irish-born Paddy Ryan was recognized as heavyweight champ. He lost the crown to John L. Sullivan, a first-generation American of Irish decent. It was Sullivan's fearless, brawling style and stunning knockout power that was responsible for the rise of boxing's popularity in America.", "Despite a 1750 ordinance outlawing prizefighting in Great Britain, many members of the nobility believed boxing symbolized the manly virtues of courage, strength, and fair play. Boxing academies enrolled poets and nobles, and outstanding fighters such as Daniel Mendoza, Tom Cribb, and “Gentleman” John Jackson emerged. But with the rise of the middle class and the influence of reform and religious movements during the early 19th century, public approval of boxing sagged. New antiprizefight laws were passed, police began stopping fights, and judges prosecuted those involved. Many boxers subsequently emigrated to the United States, hoping to find greater boxing opportunities.", "Records of boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Roman Empire . The sport would later resurface in England during the early 18th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a bare-knuckle fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury, and the first English bare-knuckle champion was James Figg in 1719 . [2] This is also the time when the word \"boxing\" first came to be used.", "Sullivan is considered the last bare-knuckle champion because no champion after him fought bare-knuckled. However, Sullivan had fought with gloves under the Marquess of Queensberry Rules as early as 1880 and he only fought bare knuckle three times in his entire career (Ryan 1882, Mitchell 1888, and Kilrain 1889). His bare-knuckle image was created because both his infrequent fights from 1888 up to the Corbett fight in 1892 had been bare-knuckle.", "Photo from the last bare-knuckle championship fight, on July 8, 1889, in which John L. Sullivan …", "In the early twentieth century, most professional bouts took place in the United States and Britain, and champions were recognized by popular consensus as expressed in the newspapers of the day. Among the great champions of the era were the peerless heavyweight Jim Jeffries and Bob Fitzsimmons, who weighed less than 12 stone (164 pounds), but won world titles at middleweight (1892), light heavyweight (1903), and heavyweight (1897). Other famous champions included light heavyweight Philadelphia Jack O'Brien and middleweight Tommy Ryan. On May 12, 1902 lightweight Joe Gans became the first black boxing champion. Despite the public's enthusiasm, this was an era of far-reaching regulation of the sport, often with the stated goal of outright prohibition. In 1900, the State of New York enacted the Lewis Law, banned prizefights except for those held in private athletic clubs between members. Thus, when introducing the fighters, the announcer frequently added the phrase \"Both members of this club\", as George Wesley Bellows titled one of his paintings. The western region of the United States tended to be more tolerant of prizefights in this era, although the private club arrangement was standard practice here as well, San Francisco's California Athletic Club being a prominent example. ", "(William Harrison Dempsey), 1895–1983, American boxer, b. Manassa, Colo. Dempsey, called the \"Manassa Mauler,\" emerged from fights on saloon floors near mining camps to become (1919) the world's heavyweight champion and one of the major sports figures of the", "British Prize Fighting was popular in the 16th century in England and became especially popular during the championship reign of James Figg, who held the heavyweight title from 1719 through 1730. The first documented account of a bare-knuckle fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury, and the first English bare-knuckle champion was James Figg in 1719. This is also the time when the word \"boxing\" first came to be used. It should be noted, that this earliest form of modern boxing was very different. Contests in Mar. Figg's time, in addition to fist fighting, also contained fencing and cudgeling. Boxing became a workingman's sport during the Industrial Revolution as prize-fights attracted participants and spectators from the working class. Organization was minimal at first, and the bouts of those eras resembled street fights more than modern boxing.", "The sport of boxing has a long history of Irish and Irish-American men who became legends of  “the sweet science” and one of the greatest (all due respect to Muhammad Ali, another boxer with Irish heritage) was born on this day, June 24, in 1895.  William Harrison “Jack” Dempsey was born to poor parents with Irish heritage in the small Colorado town of Manassa; by the age of 16, desperate for money, Jack began boxing all comers in alley and bar room settings, and soon made a name for himself in the boxing world.  His incredible strength and unrelenting brawling style eventually earned him the World Heavyweight Championship title, which he held from 1919 to 1926.", "  Yankee Sullivan (James Ambrose) (c. March 10, 1811 – May 31, 1856) also known as Frank Murray and James Sullivan was a bare knuckle fighter and boxer. He was a Champion of Prizefighting from 1851 to October 12, 1853. He considered himself to be the inheritor of Tom Hyer's title and lost any claim to that title after losing a fight to John Morrissey.", "Robert James \"Bob\" Fitzsimmons (26 May 1863 – 22 October 1917) was a British professional boxer who made boxing history as the sport's first three-division world champion. He also achieved fame for beating Gentleman Jim Corbett, (the man who beat John L. Sullivan), and he is in The Guinness Book of World Records as the lightest heavyweight champion. Nicknamed \"Ruby Robert\" and \"The Freckled Wonder\", he took pride in his lack of scars and appeared in the ring wearing heavy woollen underwear to conceal the disparity between his trunk and leg-development. He was also known for his pure fighting skills due to dislike of training for fights, which cost him at times in his career.", "  Tom Cribb (8 July 1781 – 11 May 1848) was an English bare-knuckle boxer of the 19th century, so successful that he became world champion. He is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame.", "was the first boxer to be declared the World Heavyweight Champion. His fighting career lasted from 1849 until 1860, when a match billed as the contest for the \"World Championship\" ended in disarray. An unprecedented public collection funded his comfortable retirement, but he died only five years later at age 39 and is buried in Highgate Cemetery, London. Such was his fame that his burial at Highgate Cemetery was attended by ten thousand people. William Benjamin, English pugilist; born at Northleach, Gloucestershire, England, in 1826. Benjamin's first match was with Tom Sayers, in 1858 which he lost in the 3rd round, and a second bout took place in 1859 with Sayers triumphant yet again. The song relates to the second of the two fights, which lasted for 11 rounds. It took place on 5th April 1859, for a purse of £400, at the Isle of Grain, Kent. “Come all you gallant sporting blades, of high and low degree Sayers has boldly beat his man, and gained the victory. With his hit away, my boys, huzza! & fibing up & down, He done the trick right manfully, and won £400...” Not in Hartley, Copac or OCLC.", "By defeating Thiebaud Bauer of Germany, William Muldoon becomes the United States’ first famous wrestling champion. An avid physical culturalist, Muldoon also had done some prize fighting. He preferred wrestling, though, as the purses were larger: seven dollars to the winner and three to the loser, instead of three dollars to the winner and two to the loser.", "Along the way, Sullivan became America's first sports superstar. His carousing and drinking were as legendary as his mule-kick right hand. The high-spirited Sullivan earned more money entertaining crowds from the stage than he did fighting in the ring. ", "By the late nineteenth century, boxing had yet to establish its legitimacy in this country. Though the Marquess of Queensbury rules had been codified by 1867, the sport in America was still viewed as a pastime for the criminal elements of society.", "..... Click the link for more information. , a bare-knuckle champion and America's first sports celebrity, won a clandestine 75-round match.", "* 1878 - Heavyweight Boxing Champion (first amateur boxing championship in the United States, at Madison Square Garden)", "In the decades following the Civil War (1861-1865), boxing in the United States suffered a decline. Fixed fights, ringside violence, and indifferent fighters cemented boxing’s unsavory reputation. Once again, bare-knuckle prizefights were no more respectable and no less brutal than dog fights—hastily convened under cover of night and one step ahead of the law. The same could not be said for the gloved contests sponsored by gentlemen’s or athletic clubs or to sparring sessions in colleges.", "I enjoy boxing and watching it. It is a dangerous sport and for someone to be as tall as he was could be good, but also bad!" ]

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[ "This week, Science Friday took the stage at one of public radio’s most revered venues: The Fitzgerald Theater, in St. Paul, Minnesota, home to Garrison Keillor’s “ A Prairie Home Companion .” From the Fitz’s stage, Keillor regularly shares the news from Lake Wobegon, the fictional Minnesota town where “all the women are strong, all the men are good-looking, and all the children are above average.”", "If you need another hint, how about this. That’s the news from Lake Wobegon, where all the women are strong, all the men are good-looking, and all the children are above average. Yeah. That’s right. Tonight we’re in the home theater of Prairie Home Companion, where each week Garrison Keillor gives us the news from the little town that time forgot.", "It is named for the fictional town of Lake Wobegon from the radio series A Prairie Home Companion , where, according to the presenter, Garrison Keillor , \"all the women are strong, all the men are good-looking, and all the children are above average.\" […]", "Garrison Keillor, writer and humorist, began broadcasting his radio variety program, \"A Prairie Home Companion,\" for Minnesota Public Radio in 1974. In the show, Keillor weaves together regional humor, musical guests, comical advertisements for imaginary products, and extraordinary monologues about his fictional creation, Lake Wobegon. Thirty years after its inception, the radio variety program is still heard on more than 500 public radio stations nationwide. Selected for the 2003 registry.", "Minnesotans have also made significant contributions to comedy, theater, media, and film. The comic strip Peanuts was created by St. Paul native Charles M. Schulz. Garrison Keillor resurrected old-style radio comedy with A Prairie Home Companion, which has aired since 1974. The cult shows Mystery Science Theater 3000 and Let's Bowl originated in the Twin Cities, and Lizz Winstead and Craig Kilborn helped create the increasingly influential Comedy Central program The Daily Show.", "Since A Prairie Home Companion first went on air, July 6, 1974, a steady stream of great musicians has crossed its stage --- The Steele Sisters...", "Keillor started the show in its present form in 1974, when he was only 28 years old.  It was on Minnesota Public Radio.", "Cops (N) ’ (PA) Å Cops ’ (PA) Å America’s Most Wanted: America Fights Back (N) Classic Gospel Gaither Vocal Band performs “Forgive Keeping Up AppearAs Time Goes By The Me.” ’ Å ances: Memoirs house seems empty. Truth in Motion: The U.S. Ski Team’s Road to Van- Law & Order ’ Å couver (N) ’ Å Friends ’ Å Friends ’ Å That ’70s Show ’ Å That ’70s Show ’ Å ›› “Hit Lady” (1974, Drama) Yvette Mimieux. A sophisticated artist is actually a professional killer. Extreme Makeover: Home Edition “Ward Family” Mary J. Blige helps the team. ’ Å", "Residents of Saint Paul can receive 10 broadcast television stations, five of which broadcast from within Saint Paul. One daily newspaper, the St. Paul Pioneer Press, two weekly neighborhood newspapers, the East Side Review and City Pages (owned by The Star Tribune Company), and several monthly or semimonthly neighborhood papers serve the city. Several media outlets based in neighboring Minneapolis also serve the Saint Paul community, including the Star Tribune. Saint Paul is home to Minnesota Public Radio, a three-format system that broadcasts on nearly 40 stations around the Midwest. MPR locally delivers news and information, classical, and The Current (which plays a wide variety of music). The station has 110,000 regional members and more than 800,000 listeners each week throughout the Upper Midwest, the largest audience of any regional public radio network. Also operating as part of American Public Media, MPR's programming reaches five million listeners, most notably through A Prairie Home Companion, hosted by Garrison Keillor, who also lives in the city. The Fitzgerald Theater, renamed in 1994 for St. Paul native and novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald, is home to the show. ", "Angie dickinson galleries: • \"Police Woman\" (1974/I) TV Series .... Sgt. Suzanne to find out if one \"Pepper\" Anderson (1974-1978) • Big Bad Mama (1974) .", "CBS notoriously did this to an entire genre of television programs. From 1970-72, in what would later be called \" The Rural Purge \", the network cancelled most of their sitcoms and dramas focusing on country life or country folks living in the city. Petticoat Junction , The Beverly Hillbillies , Green Acres , Mayberry RFD, Lassie , and Hee Haw were among the shows that got their pink slips during this period, as well as The Ed Sullivan Show; Pat Buttram (Mr. Haney on Green Acres) famously said 1971 was \"the year CBS killed everything with a tree in it\". Networks began to move away from rural settings to more modern shows set in suburbia and aimed at a younger demographic, such as The Brady Bunch over at ABC. In CBS' defense, their new shows such as All in the Family , The Mary Tyler Moore Show , M*A*S*H , The Bob Newhart Show , Maude , Good Times , One Day at a Time (1975) , and The Jeffersons were all successful, often wildly so, with critics and audiences.", "The 12-part 1973 PBS series An American Family showed a nuclear family (filmed in 1971) going through a divorce; unlike many later reality shows, it was more or less documentary in purpose and style. In 1974 a counterpart program, The Family, was made in the UK, following the working class Wilkins family of Reading. Other forerunners of modern reality television were the 1970s productions of Chuck Barris: The Dating Game, The Newlywed Game, and The Gong Show, all of which featured participants who were eager to sacrifice some of their privacy and dignity in a televised competition. In 1978, Living in the Past recreated life in an Iron Age English village.", "Characters on the show were based on real people, including those known by executive producer Hugh Wilson . [6] The character of Arthur Carlson was based on an actual person, as was Dr. Johnny Fever. The real Arthur Carlson managed a group of radio stations across the country under the name Susquehanna Radio . Based in York, Pennsylvania, it was one of the first radio \"chains\" to emerge in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Susquehanna was owned by the Appell family, and is now known as CMPSusquehanna, the \"CMP\" standing for Cumulus Media Partners after a 2007 merger with Cumulus. Carlson also was a past president of the Radio Advertising Bureau (RAB).", "Evening Shade is the sort of town where everyone knows everyone else's business. Marilu Henner plays Wood Newton's wife Ava. They have three children and live with her newspaper editor father, played by Hal Holbrook. Elizabeth Ashley is an eccentric aunt — everyone in the show is a little odd -veteran actor Ossie Davis runs the local cafe and Oscar nominee and Reynolds' friend Charles Durning is the town's redneck doctor. The acting ensemble is first class, award-winning and high-powered, and the scripts have a sassy sense of humour. The series has brought Burt Reynolds back to Hollywood.", "The Twin Cities have a peculiar mix of commercial and non-commercial radio. The city's market is dominated by Clear Channel Communications which operates seven stations but two small independent stations are award winners—KUOM operated by the University of Minnesota and KFAI public access radio in Cedar Riverside. and ", "In 1974, still airing five days a week, the program changed to a full story in a single 30-minute installment with the same actor starring throughout the week in all five programs. That format was employed from late April 1974 to the end of the series on July 26, 1974.", "* ''Radio/ThisAmericanLife'' has aired nationally since 1996 (beginning locally one year earlier as ''Your Radio Playhouse''), as well as a Showtime TV series from 2007-09.", "Al (Ed O'Neill), Peg (Katey Sagal), Kelly (Christina Applegate), Bud (David Faustino) and Buck form the only television family that matters. Extra kudos to neighbors Steve (David Garrison), Marcy (Amanda Bearse) and the damn funny Jefferson D'Arcy (Ted McGinley) for helping expose the Bundys for who they really were: every American family. The were dysfunctional and absolutely hated one another, but they were as close as any family could be and when it came down to it, they were there for each other.", "This is the town where the primetime American soap opera was born. At first, ABC ran \"Peyton Place\" twice a week, but by 1965 Americans were so enamored with the escapades in the New England town that weekly airings were upped to three. Although this continued until 1969, the town (and the ratings) were never quite the same after Frank Sinatra helped to get his wife Mia Farrow written off the show in 1966.", "Wonder Woman is an American television series based on the DC Comics comic book superheroine of the same name. Starring Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman/Diana Prince and Lyle Waggoner as Steve Trevor Sr. & Jr., the show originally aired from 1975 to 1979.", "This American Life (TAL) is an American weekly hour-long radio program produced by WBEZ and hosted by Ira Glass. It is broadcast on numerous public radio stations in the United States and internationally, and is also available as a free weekly podcast. Primarily a journalistic non-fiction program, it has also featured essays, memoirs, field recordings, short fiction, and found footage. The first episode aired on November 17, 1995, under the show's original title, Your Radio Playhouse. The series was distributed by Public Radio International until June 2014, when the program became self-distributed with Public Radio Exchange delivering new episodes to public radio stations. ", "This brief series is not notable for much, except that it was the first attempt to air a science fiction anthology on American radio, beating 2000 Plus to the airwaves by a month. An audition and three episodes were produced, but it is unclear if they ever actually aired. If they did, they probably aired on the Mutual network sometime between August 1949 and April of 1950 before being pulled. Apparently CBS briefly considered picking it up, but that never happened. Included adaptations from Robert Heinlein, Graham Doar, and Theodore Sturgeon.", "If you didn't get to experience the time period from 1966 thru 1974 well, all I can say is, that had to be the best there ever was. People were human back then and everyone got along with each other. There was nothing called politically correct or incorrect. Music was living. Kids today don't even have a chance to have as good of a time as we did back in those days. It was GREAT!", "That '70s Show is a period sitcom that aired on FOX from 1998 until 2006 and centered on the lives of a group of teenage friends living in the fictional suburban town of Point Place, Wisconsin in the 1970s.", "2003-11-13: The Minnesota Production Network (MPN), founded earlier this year by community leader Janet Robert and marketing and broadcast industry veteran Paul Mock, launches a new afternoon talk show, The High Ground, on WMNN-AM in the Twin Cities on November 24. It says it is soon to be aired on other stations in the state.", "The show — about the down-home Clampetts who strike it rich with an Ozarks oil well and move to California — became an immediate hit when it began airing on CBS in 1962. It starred Buddy Ebsen as patriarch Jed, Irene Ryan as Granny, Max Baer Jr. as Jethro and Douglas as Elly May, a buxom tomboy character who had curly blond pigtails, wore gingham and blue jeans and loved her \"critters.\"", "In 1975, the Annual Gracie Allen Awards were established for broadcasting that demonstrates superior quality and stellar portrayal of the changing roles and concerns of women. The Awards seek to promote positive and realistic portrayals of women in all broadcasting mediums.", "This ABC show focused on a group of young police officers and the relationships between them. The show was produced by Aaron Spelling and ran for four years (1972 to 1976). The cast included George Stanford Brown, Kate Jackson, and Michael Ontkean.", "Michigan City is in Chicago's Area of Dominant Influence. Radio and television broadcasts from both Chicago and South Bend reach most of the population.", "The radio market in the Twin Cities is considered to be somewhat smaller than for TV, ranked 16th. For decades, WCCO radio was the most well-known and most popular broadcaster in the region, with an all-day talk format. WCCO was eventually pushed out of the top spot by KQRS-FM, a classic rock station with a popular morning show.", "Commercial broadcasting began with the opening of the first radio station in 1922; as of 2005 there were 135 major radio stations—33 AM and 102 FM—and 20 major television stations. The Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area had 1,481,050 television households, 54% of which received cable as of 1999.", "Interview with Joan Lunden, broadcast on Good Morning, America , American Broadcasting Company, 23 August 1991 (program number 1355)." ]

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[ "Good Housekeeping is a women's magazine owned by the Hearst Corporation, featuring articles about women's interests, product testing by The Good Housekeeping Institute, recipes, diet, health as well as literary articles. It is well known for the \"Good Housekeeping Seal,\" popularly known as the \"Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval.\"", "Launched on May 2, 1885 in Holyoke, Massachusetts, Good Housekeeping magazine described its lofty mission as \"to produce and perpetuate perfection — or as near unto perfection as may be attained in the household.\" ", "On May 2, 1885, Clark W. Bryan published the first edition of Good Housekeeping, setting forth the purpose of the magazine as \"a family journal conducted in the interests of the higher life of the household.\" He said the publication had a \"mission to fulfill compounded of about equal portions of public duty and private enterprise...to produce and perpetuate perfection as may be obtained in the household.\"", "The Good Housekeeping is also one of the “Seven Sisters”, published for the Women. Its articles target women’s interests including product testing, recipes, health, and literature. It is an American magazine, first published in 1885, and is currently being published by the Hearst Magazines. However, in 1922, its British edition was also started. Some of the famous writers who have written in this magazine are Somerset Maugham, Francis Parkinson, and Virginia Wolf. Its total circulation is around 4.3 million.", "Another problem defining an audience is that women�s roles in society during the 1920s varied immensely. Not only were women�s roles in mass society constantly changing, but conflicting descriptions of being a woman were given by different magazines, as well as other medias. According to Nancy Walker, �Magazines sometimes celebrated woman�s primary role as home maker and at other times subverted that ideology.�[ 8 ] Therefore different �women�s magazines� during one time period may have been targeting different groups of women such as mothers, singles, or career women. As the title indicates, Good Housekeeping was primarily focused on women who were homemakers. According to the founder�s mission statement it aimed to help such women �perpetuate perfection� in their domestic sphere.", "Certainly, the evolution of magazines geared toward women's interests or a female audience is a topic of recent study. But even studies such as Mary Ellen Zuckerman's A History of Popular Women's Magazines in the United States, 1792–1995 (1998) pay minimal attention to the Lady's Magazine and Repository of Entertaining Knowledge (1792–93), which opened its pages to women's topics and female contributors. Like the Philadelphia Minerva in its interest in republican virtue and the female body, this Philadelphia magazine and periodicals such as the Ladies Weekly Museum (1788–1817) and the Lady's and Gentleman's Pocket Magazine of Literary and Polite Amusements (1796), both of New York, were among several periodical ventures that published women's writing or sought to address topics which were of interest to them. Boston, in particular, was viewed as a \"favorite seat of Lady Muses.\" No close attention, in other words, has been paid to the ways periodical publications, urban or otherwise, addressed topics specifically concerning the female taste or represented women relative to changing social norms and the emergence of the early republic.", "** 27 February: The Ladies' Mercury, the first periodical specifically for women, begins publication but lasts only for four weeks.", "1897 - The first issue of \"McCall�s\" magazine was published. The magazine had been known previously as \"Queens Magazine\" and \"Queen of Fashion.\"", "Condé Montrose Nast (1873-1942) was one of the world's most successful magazine publishers. Through his avant-garde periodicals, including Vogue and Vanity Fair, he set a new standard of fashion and home decorating for American women.He pioneered new techniques in marketing, printing, and magazine content, and nurtured the evolution of \"cafe society,\" a blend of artists and elite society, that had never before come together.", "Throughout its history, Good Housekeeping has been the go-to magazine for American women, providing them with news, trends, real-life and fiction stories, advice, recipes, and product recommendations. Famous writers who have contributed to the magazine include Somerset Maugham, Edna St. Vincent Millay, and Betty Friedan, whose 1960 seminal article \"Women are People, Too\" was a precursor to her groundbreaking 1963 book The Feminine Mystique.", "      In 1852 a wider market began to be tapped by The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, a monthly issued by Samuel Beeton at twopence instead of the usual one shilling; it was also the first women's periodical to concentrate on home management and offer practical advice to women rather than provide entertainment for the idle. Beeton's wife (author of the classic Book of Household Management, 1861) visited Paris regularly and acquired fashion plates from Adolphe Goubaud's Moniteur de la Mode. A feature of Beeton's magazine was the “Practical Dress Instructor,” a forerunner of the paper dressmaking pattern. In 1861, Beeton followed up his success with The Queen, a weekly newspaper of more topical character.", "      There was a certain resistance to advertising in magazines, in keeping with their literary affinities. When the advertisement tax in Britain was repealed in 1853 and more advertising began to appear, the Athenaeum thought fit to say: “It is the duty of an independent journal to protect as far as possible the credulous, confiding and unwary from the wily arts of the insidious advertiser.” In the United States many magazines, such as Harper 's, took a high line with would-be advertisers until the 1880s; and Reader 's Digest, with its mammoth circulation, admitted advertisements to its American edition only in 1955. Yet today some sectors of the magazine industry are dominated by advertising, and few are wholly free from its influence.", "For the woman writer who wanted to engage with the issues of her time, there was ample opportunity to do so in the phenomenal growth in periodical literature during the early years of the nineteenth century. Whith the founding of the \"Edinburgh Review\" in 1802, the great age of the serious journal, literary and political in its orientation, began, and by 1830 with the \"Quarterly Review\" and the \"Westminster Review\", \"Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine\", the \"Examiner\", the \"Athenaeum\" and the \"Spectator\" in existence, the reading public was feasted with facts, opinions and comments. Such an expansion offered the woman writer a serious outlet for her thoughts, paid her well, and provided an intellectual and psychological stimulus for women in general and perhaps particualrly for novelists.", "Flagship magazine for Cond� Nast in terms of longevity (founded 1892 in the US), advertising volume and reputation, if not total sales. British Vogue (\"Brogue\") was launched in 1916 whn the war made it impossible to carry on importing copies from the US. It had a virtual monopoly on style and fashion until Harper's Bazaar came along in 1929.", "Meanwhile, her verses and stories were appearing profusely and everywhere: not only in upscale places like Vanity Fair (which was happier to publish her than employ her), The Smart Set, and The American Mercury, but also in the popular Ladies’ Home Journal, Saturday Evening Post, Life (when it was still a comic magazine), and—starting with its second issue early in February 1925—her old pal Harold Ross’s new venture, The New Yorker, with which she would have an extended on-again, off-again love affair.", "Lower middle-class women themselves were taking a somewhat skeptical view of breach of promise. Penny journals such as Woman’s Life and Girls’ Best Friend acknowledged that women were now making their own way in the romantic world, and that courtship often meant false starts and mistakes of all kinds. The Woman’s Life joke column [End Page 253] ran such witticisms as, ‘ “Anything new on hand, Ethel?” “Yes; another engagement ring” ’ or ‘Ella: “You ought to have seen Tom when he proposed.” Stella (meanly): “Oh, I’ve seen him.” ’ 25 The Girl’s Own Paper ran a poem, ‘Breach of Promise’:", "Good Housekeeping magazine is an American icon of consumer protection and quality assurance. Each issue reaches 24 million readers and, with 15 editions published worldwide, it is an internationally recognized brand that sets the standard to which all other women’s service magazines aspire.", "Under John Brisben Walker’s ownership, E. D. Walker, formerly with Harper’s Monthly, took over as the new editor, introducing colour illustrations, serials and book reviews. It became a leading market for fiction, featuring such authors as Annie Besant , Ambrose Bierce , Theodore Dreiser , Rudyard Kipling , Jack London , Willa Cather , and Edith Wharton . [6] The magazine’s circulation climbed to 75,000 by 1892.", "Punch magazine provides a record of both suffrage campaigns and parliamentary activity.  Founded in 1841, and subtitled the London Charivari, Punch offers a satirical view of British society and politics through articles and cartoons. Bound in annual 'almanacks', the years 1910-1914 cover women's suffrage with particular frequency, demonstrating how it was one of many issues - along with Irish Home Rule and the beginnings of the First World War - that the Liberal Government faced.", "Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine . It started as a weekly newspaper in 1892 in the United States , before becoming a monthly publication years later.", "Magazines: The Lowell mill girls begin publishing \"The Lowell Offering,\" a monthly magazine of poetry, fiction, and essays that becomes internationally known.", "The Ladies Standard Magazine. Vol. XVII, No. 4 (June 1897). Copyright deposit, 1897. General Collections , Library of Congress. (209.2)", "A uniformly bound collection of the victorian periodical Harper's Monthly Magazine. First European editions. Six volumes including volume eighteen June to November 1889; volume nineteen December 1889 to May 1890; volume twenty...", "Under John Brisben Walker's ownership, E. D. Walker, formerly with Harper's Monthly, took over as the new editor, introducing color illustrations, serials and book reviews. It became a leading market for fiction, featuring such authors as Annie Besant, Ambrose Bierce, Theodore Dreiser, Rudyard Kipling, Jack London, Willa Cather, and Edith Wharton. The magazine's circulation climbed to 75,000 by 1892.", "The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. It is published by Condé Nast. Started as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is now published 47 times annually, with five of these issues covering two-week spans.", "1895- At Chautauqua, N.Y., women are dressed in yellow as the first \"woman's day\" is celebrated in tandem with Independence Day; Katharine Lee Bates' poem \"America\" is first published on this day in the Boston", "Towards the end of the 19th century the rate at which the fashionable silhouette changed quickened. The increasing popularity of paper patterns and the growth of women's fashion periodicals encouraged home dress-making during the second half of the 19th century. The withdrawal of the paper tax in the middle of the 19th century had stimulated the growth of publications, especially magazines aimed at women. It was during this period that magazines introduced paper patterns.", "Across the nation, middle-class women organized on behalf of social reforms during the Progressive Era . They were especially concerned with Prohibition, suffrage, school issues, and public health. Focusing on the General Federation of Women's Clubs , a national network of middle class women who formed local clubs, historian Paige Meltzer puts the women's clubs in the context of the Progressive Movement , arguing that its policies:", "Across the nation, middle-class women organized on behalf of social reforms during the Progressive Era. They were especially concerned with Prohibition, suffrage, school issues, and public health. Focusing on the General Federation of Women's Clubs, a national network of middle class women who formed local clubs, historian Paige Meltzer puts the women's clubs in the context of the Progressive Movement, arguing that its policies:", "      Not all the women of the 1880s, however, wore these fashionable clothes. Followers of the Aesthetic ( Aestheticism ) movement in England wore looser garments with enormous sleeves supposed to resemble those worn by women in early Florentine paintings. The humorous journals of the period made great play with the contrast between fashionable and Aesthetic modes.", "Unidentified Woman, Half-length Portrait, Facing Front, Holding a Copy of the Book “Sons of Temperance Offering” for 1851 . ca. 1851. Daguerreotypes . Prints & Photographs Division", "Not all the women of the 1880s, however, wore these fashionable clothes. Followers of the Aesthetic movement in England wore looser garments with enormous sleeves supposed to resemble those worn by women in early Florentine paintings. The humorous journals of the period made great play with the contrast between fashionable and Aesthetic modes." ]

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[ "Per Wikipedia – The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival and is widely considered the most prestigious horse race in the world. The race is one and a quarter miles (2 km) at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds (57.2 kg) and fillies 121 pounds (54.9 kg).[1] The race is known in the United States as “The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports” or “The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports” for its approximate duration, and is also called “The Run for the Roses” for the blanket of roses draped over the winner. It is the first leg of the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing and is followed by the Preakness Stakes then the Belmont Stakes. The attendance at the Kentucky Derby ranks first in North America and usually surpasses the attendance of all other stakes races including the Preakness Stakes, Belmont Stakes and the Breeders’ Cup, for more information see American Thoroughbred Racing top Attended Events.", "The Kentucky Derby ( /ˈdɜrbi/) is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The race is one and a quarter mile (2 km) at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds (57.2 kg) and fillies 121 pounds (54.9 kg). The race is known in the United States as \"The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports\" or \"The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports\" for its approximate duration, and is also called \"The Run for the Roses\" for the blanket of roses draped over the winner. It is the first leg of the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing and is followed by the Preakness Stakes then the Belmont Stakes. The horse must win all three to win the Triple Crown. The attendance at the Kentucky Derby ranks first in North America and usually surpasses the attendance of all other stakes races including the Preakness Stakes, Belmont Stakes and the Breeders' Cup.[citation needed] For more information, see American Thoroughbred Racing top Attended Events.", "The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The race is one and a quarter mile (2 km) at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds (57.2 kg) and fillies 121 pounds (54.9 kg). The race is known in the United States as \"The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports\" or \"The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports\" for its approximate duration, and is also called \"The Run for the Roses\" for the blanket of roses draped over the winner. It is the first leg of the US Triple Crown and is followed by the Preakness Stakes, then the Belmont Stakes. The horse must win all three races to win the Triple Crown. The attendance at the Kentucky Derby ranks first in North America and usually surpasses the attendance of all other stakes races including the Preakness Stakes, Belmont Stakes and the Breeders' Cup.", "The Kentucky Derby is a race for three year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. It is widely considered the most prestigious horse race in the world. The race is one and a quarter miles (2 km) at Churchill Downs. The race is known as \"The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports\" or \"The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports\" for its approximate duration, and is also called \"The Run for the Roses\" for the blanket of roses draped over the winner. ", "The biggest day in American horse racing, the Kentucky Derby, is preceded by the two-week Derby Festival in Louisville. Louisville also plays host to the Kentucky State Fair and the Kentucky Shakespeare Festival. Bowling Green, the state's third-largest city and home to the only assembly plant in the world that manufactures the Chevrolet Corvette, opened the National Corvette Museum in 1994. The fourth-largest city, Owensboro, gives credence to its nickname of \"Barbecue Capital of the World\" by hosting the annual International Bar-B-Q Festival. ", "The Kentucky Derby is the most famous horse race in the United States. It's always run on the first Saturday in May and is often called \"The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports\" or \"The Run for the Roses.\" The race takes place at Churchill Downs Racetrack from Louisville, Kentucky and features the top three-year-old horses in the world.", "Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark and is named after King Louis XVI of France, making Louisville one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachian Mountains. Sited beside the Falls of the Ohio, the only major obstruction to river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico, the settlement first grew as a portage site. It was the founding city of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, which grew into a 6000 mi system across 13 states. Today, the city is known as the home of the Kentucky Derby, Kentucky Fried Chicken, the University of Louisville and its Louisville Cardinals athletic teams, Louisville Slugger baseball bats, and three of Kentucky's six Fortune 500 companies. Its main airport is also the site of United Parcel Service's worldwide air hub.", "One of the top sporting events in the United States, the horse race known as the Kentucky Derby has been held at Churchill Downs racetrack in Louisville, Kentucky, since 1875. It was originally modeled on England's Epsom Derby, and the stylish clothes and parties associated with the race represent a deliberate attempt to recreate the social atmosphere of the English derby. The Kentucky Derby is unquestionably the most important social event of the year in Louisville, as evidenced by the more than 10,000 parties held there during Derby week.", "The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The race is one and a quarter miles (2 km) at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds and fillies 121 pounds (54.9 kg).", "The Kentucky Derby horserace is the culminating activity of the two -week long Kentucky Derby Festival. The horse race, also know as ‘The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports’, is always held the first Saturday in May.   It is the first race in the US Triple Crown, followed by Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes. A horse must win all three races to win the Triple Crown. The race, first run in 1875, was initiated by Meriwether Lewis Clark, (the grandson of William Clark of the famed Lewis and Clark expedition). He organized the Louisville Jockey Club, which raised money to build the racetrack that would become Churchill Downs.  The race is sometimes called ‘The Run for the Roses’ because of the blanket of 554 roses draped across the back of the Derby winner. The most famous horse to come out of the Kentucky Derby is Secretariat. In 1973 Secretariat became the first US Triple Crown champion in 25 years, setting records at the Kentucky Derby and the Belmont Stakes that still stand today. In 2010 the movie Secretariat, starring Diane Lane and John Malkovich, was released to critical and box office acclaim.", "Known in the U.S. as “The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports” the Kentucky Derby is a race for 3-year-old Thoroughbreds. The race is one and a quarter miles long at the track Churchill Downs and is the first leg of the US Triple Crown, followed by the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes, and has been run every consecutive year since 1875.", "Don your fanciest hat, and grab a mint julep to witness the first leg of the US Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing at the Kentucky Derby. Every year on the first Saturday in May, over 150,000 spectators flock to Churchill Downs for this historic event, a tradition since 1875. The race is just 1-1/4 miles and lasts no more than 2 minutes, earning it the reputation as the \"Greatest 2 Minutes in Sports.\" When the winner crosses the finish line, his horse is draped in an elaborate garland made up of hundreds of red roses. Unless you have connections to get a spot on the celebrity-filled Millionaires Row, you'll likely need to watch the race from the crowded infield where 80,000 partiers mix and mingle and maybe catch a glimpse of the horses passing by.", "(Reuters) - The Kentucky Derby is the oldest, continuously held major sporting event in the United States, happening every year since 1875 at Churchill Downs in Louisville.", "known for a two-minute sporting event. It’s the iconic horse track that overshadows everything in town on the first Saturday in May. That’s when the Kentucky Derby is run at Churchill Downs — where mint juleps flow, women sport flowery hats and sleek thoroughbreds race for immortality. But visitors don’t have to be horse racing buffs to enjoy the charms of this city along the Ohio River. The spring greenery is always dazzling in the Bluegrass state. While in Louisville, visitors can stroll along Waterfront Park — the city’s 85-acre front yard. The expansive play-", "Louisville is home to many annual cultural events. Perhaps most well-known is the Kentucky Derby, held annually during the first Saturday of May. The Derby is preceded by a two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival, which starts with the annual Thunder Over Louisville, the largest annual fireworks display in North America. The Kentucky Derby Festival also features notable events such as the Pegasus Parade, The Great Steamboat Race, Great Balloon Race, a combined marathon/mini marathon and about seventy events in total. Esquire magazine has called the Kentucky Derby \"the biggest party in the south.\"", "Churchill Downs Racetrack | Home of the Kentucky Derby | Thoroughbred horse racing in Louisville, Kentucky | | Churchill Downs Racetrack | Home of the Kentucky Derby", "The 1.25 mile race held on the first Saturday in May is known as the “Fastest Two Minutes in Sports,” and although its purse of just $2 million pales in comparison to the Dubai World Cup, it’s the Kentucky Derby that is horse racing’s biggest annual gambling draw. In 2015, $133 million in the U.S. alone was wagered on the race.", "The Kentucky Derby Festival has grown to encompass the three weeks leading up to the Derby. Things kickoff with Thunder Over Louisville, a fireworks display that is held over the Ohio River, providing both the Kentucky and Indiana sides of the river with a spectacular view of the largest fireworks show in North America.  Thunder just celebrated its 25th year of being part of the Festival and routinely draws crowds in excess of 600,000.  While there are dozens of events throughout the three week period, the action really ramps up the last week, affectionately referred to as “Derby Week.”  There’s the Steamboat race on Wednesday, which takes place on the Ohio River, and is between old style paddlewheel boats, The Belle of Louisville and the Belle of Cincinnati. On Thursday, there’s the Pegasus Parade. On Thursday, the Pegasus Parade makes its way down Broadway with all the pomp and circumstance of the entire city. The Kentucky Oaks, a race for fillies and just as long running as the Derby itself, takes place and is usually when most residents make their way to the Downs.", "1875: The first Kentucky Derby was run for three-year-olds at Churchhill Downs track, Louisville, Kentucky, and has been run on the first Saturday in May ever since.", "The enormous chestnut affectionately known as \"Big Red\" is probably the most famous winner of the Kentucky Derby. Secretariat was the first horse to win the race in under two minutes, and his record of 1:59.40 still stands today.", "A race before the 141st running of the Kentucky Derby horse race at Churchill Downs.  Photo: Charlie Riedel", "The race is usually run in slightly over two minutes, although in 1964, Northern Dancer was the first to win the Derby in two minutes flat. The great Secretariat, fondly known as Big Red, is still the only horse to run the Derby in less than two minutes-although only fractions of a second less. Ridden by jockey Ron Turcotte, Secretariat then went on to win the Triple Crown, which means that he also won the Belmont Stakes (run in June at Belmont Park, near New York City) and the Preakness (run in late May at the Pimlico Race Course near Baltimore). Only a horse that has won all three races in a single year, as Secretariat did in 1973, qualifies as a Triple Crown winner.", "There are few American sporting events with the history and popularity of the Kentucky Derby. It’s rich traditions – sipping a mint julep, donning a beautiful hat, and joining fellow race fans in singing “My Old Kentucky Home” – transcend the Kentucky Derby from just a sporting event, making it a celebration of southern culture and a true icon of Americana. The Kentucky Derby is the longest running sporting event in the United States, dating back to 1875.  The race is often referred to as \"The Run for the Roses®\" and  has continuously produced “the most exciting two minutes in sports”; uninterrupted, even when coinciding with profound historical events like The Great Depression and World Wars I & II.", "The Kentucky Derby is a Grade 1 thoroughbred race for three year-old horses, the highlight of the Kentucky Derby Festival. The race is run over one and a quarter miles (2 km).", "Two minutes that stop a nation – The Kentucky Derby may be an international event, but it still has a very local flavor. Outside of the Derby and the Oaks -- the fillies-only race that takes place the day before -- most of the racing here is low-grade.", "\"Welcome to the Kentucky Derby party. From Florida to Alaska, people will gather this Saturday to drink juleps, eat country ham and and beaten biscuits, and watch at least two minutes of horse racing.\"", "The Kentucky Derby, the most famous horse race in the United States, is also known as the Run for the Roses because of the blanket of roses placed on the neck of the winning horse. Traditionally held on the first Saturday in May, the Derby marks the first of the three races that make up the Triple Crown. The average attendance for this event draws a crowd of 150,000. Run continuously since 1875, this year marks the 140th running of the Kentucky Derby.", "From breathtaking duels to the wire (Grindstone-Cavonnier) to almost unthinkable upsets (Mine That Bird at 50-1) to completely overpowering victories (Barbaro by 6 1/2 lengths), there's good reason the Derby is often called the greatest two minutes in sports.", "The Speed Art Museum opened in 1927 and is the oldest and largest art museum in the state of Kentucky. Located adjacent to the University of Louisville, the museum features over 12,000 pieces of art in its permanent collection and hosts traveling exhibitions. Multiple art galleries are located in the city, but they are especially concentrated in the East Market District (NuLu), immediately to the east of downtown. This row of galleries, plus others in the West Main District, are prominently featured in the monthly First Friday Hop.", "1973 – In the 99th running of the Kentucky Derby, Secretariat wins with the fastest finishing time to date. Secretariat completed the race in 1:59:40, and went on to win the Triple Crown, for the first time in 25 years.", "The first Saturday in May is the date of the annual Kentucky Derby, the most famous horse race in the United States.", "The Marathon/mini-Marathon has become one of the Kentucky Derby Festival's premiere event.   This 26.2 mile (13.1 mini) road race, starts at Southern Parkway near Iroquois Park and finishes downtown at 6th and Market." ]

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[ "May 4, 1970 - Four students are killed by National Guard troops at Kent State University.", "The Kent State shootings—also known as the May 4 massacre or Kent State massacre—occurred at Kent State University in the city of Kent, Ohio, and involved the shooting of unarmed college students by members of the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, 1970. The guardsmen fired 67 rounds over a period of 13 seconds, killing four students and wounding nine others, one of whom suffered permanent paralysis.", "The Kent State shootings (also known as the May 4 massacre or the Kent State massacre) occurred at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, in the United States and involved the shooting of unarmed college students by the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, 1970. There were 28 guards who admitted to firing on top of the hill, 25 of these guards fired 55 rounds into the air and into the ground, 2 of the guards fired .45cal pistol shots, 2 into the crowd, and 3 into the air, one guard fired birdshot into the air (Russell was also hit with a shotgun's birdshot, some believe that some of the shot may have ricocheted off of a tree and hit him). The guardsmen fired 67 rounds over a period of 13 seconds, killing four students and wounding nine others, one of whom suffered permanent paralysis. ", "1970: Four students were shot and killed by the National Guard at Kent State University in Ohio during an anti-war demonstration. Neil Young reacted to the senseless slayings by writing and recording the song, ‘Ohio.’ with Crosby, Stills & Nash, the very next day. Days later, over 900 colleges are closed as four million students protest. The Kent State campus remains closed for six weeks. 100,000 march on Washington, D.C. which leads to such civil unrest that President Nixon is taken to Camp David for two days.", "On May 4th 1970, the Ohio Army National Guard were sent to put down a peaceful student protest at Kent State University, Ohio. The students were already unhappy about the Vietnam War and the draft. They were busy protesting the American invasion (or incursion as Nixon called it) of Cambodia when they were attacked. They had already faced bayonets and tear gas despite being unarmed. 29 of the 77 guardsmen then fired a total of 67 rounds, killing four students and wounding nine others.", "Mary Ann Vecchio screams as she kneels over the body of Jeffrey Miller* during an anti-war demonstration at Kent State University, Ohio, May 4, 1970. Four students were killed when Ohio National Guard troops fired at some 600 anti-war demonstrators. A cropped version of this image won the Pulitzer Prize.", "May 4, 1970, Four Kent State University Students Killed By Ohio National Guard - Today In Crime History", "On May 4, 1970, four Kent State University students were killed and nine injured when members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire during a demonstration protesting the Vietnam War.", "On May 4, 1970, Fonda appeared before an assembly at the University of New Mexico, in Albuquerque, to speak on GI rights and issues. The end of her presentation was met with a discomforting silence. The quiet was broken when Beat poet Gregory Corso staggered onto the stage. Drunk, Corso challenged Fonda, using a four-letter expletive: Why hadn't she addressed the shooting of four students at Kent State by the Ohio National Guard, which had just taken place? Fonda in her autobiography revisited the incident: \"I was shocked by the news and felt like a fool.\" On the same day, she joined a protest march on the home of university president, Ferrel Heady. The protestors called themselves \"They Shoot Students, Don't They?\" — a reference to Fonda's recently released film, They Shoot Horses, Don't They?, which had just been screened in Albuquerque.", "All of these protests led up to the deadly interaction between Kent State students and the National Guard on May 4, 1970, which is known as the Kent State Shootings or the Kent State Massacre.", "nvolved the shooting of unarmed college students by the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, 1970. The guardsmen fired 67 rounds over a period of 13 seconds, killing four students and wounding nine others, one of whom suffered permanent paralysis", "AP Images/Uncredited for educational use only. Ohio National Guard armed with tear gas and rifles move in on students at Kent State University, May 4, 1970.", "The shooting of unarmed college students by members of the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, 1970.", "On this date, May 4, in the year 1970, four students were killed and nine others wounded when members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire during a Vietnam War protest.  Approximately 67 shots were fired by the guardsmen over thirteen seconds.  Jeffrey Glenn Miller, age 20, was shot through the mouth and killed instantly.  Allison B. Krause, age 19,was shot in the chest and died later that day.  William Knox Schroeder, age 19, was also shot in the  chest and died almost an hour later in a hospital while undergoing surgery.  Sandra Lee Scheuer, age 20, was shot in her neck and died within a few minutes from loss of blood.  Among the wounded was Dean R. Kahler, who was shot in the back, causing permanent paralysis from the chest down.  All of those killed or wounded were unarmed.", "Kent State Incident:     National Guardsmen open fire on a crowd of student antiwar protesters at Ohio's Kent State University, resulting in the death of four students and the wounding of eight others. President Nixon publicly deplores the actions of the Guardsmen, but cautions: \"...when dissent turns to violence it invites tragedy.\" Several of the protesters had been hurling rocks and empty tear gas canisters at the Guardsmen.", "Following the announcement regarding the Cambodian Invasion during the Vietnam War, the ROTC building at Kent State University (Ohio)was burnt down during an anti-war protest. On this day in 1970, the Ohio National Guard (including Infantry and Armored Cavalry) was sent to the campus to disperse the crowd of over 2,000 demonstrating students. Amid a torrent of rock-throwing, the Guard first used tear gas, escalating the hostilities, and in the confusion, shots were fired on the unarmed students. A volley of 67 rounds of ammunition resulted in 4 students killed, nine wounded, some with lifelong disabilities, and not all among the protesters, but students just going to class. The incident caused a national outrage, and marked the end of an era.", "Monday, May 4, 1970 the Ohio National Guard shot unarmed student protestors, while they were protesting American invasion of Cambodia by Nixon. 4 were killed and 9 were injured. The national response was a mass student strike that closed schools and further degraded public opinion about the Vietnam war.", "      At Kent State University, 100 National Guardsmen fire their rifles into a group of students, killing four and wounding 11. This incident occurred in the aftermath of President Richard Nixon's 30 April 1970 announcement that US and South Vietnamese forces had been ordered to execute an \"incursion\" into Cambodia to destroy North Vietnamese bases there. In protest, a wave of demonstrations and disturbances erupted on college campuses across the country. At Kent State University in Ohio, student protesters torched the ROTC building on campus and Ohio Governor James Rhodes responded by calling on the National Guard to restore order. Under harassment from the demonstrators, the Guardsmen fired into the crowd, killing four and wounding 11. The Guardsmen were later brought to trial for the shootings, but found not guilty. President Nixon issued a statement deploring the Kent State deaths, but said that the incident should serve as a reminder that, \"When dissent turns to violence it invites tragedy.\" The shooting sparked hundreds of protests and college shutdowns, as well as a march on Washington DC, by 100'000 persons. The National Student Association and former Vietnam Moratorium Committee leaders called for a national university strike of indefinite duration, beginning immediately, to protest the war. At least 100 colleges and universities pledged to strike. The presidents of 37 universities signed a letter urging President Nixon to show more clearly his determination to end the war.", "In 2010, the site of the Kent State University shootings was placed on the National Register of Historic places by the Department of Interior with support of the Ohio Preservation Office. Carole Barbato**, a communication studies professor at Kent State University who was a junior there in 1970, spoke to Behold about some of the more than 4,000 images (many from student photographers) the university has in its archive related to the events around May 4. Since 2001, Barbato has taught a course titled “May 4, 1970, and Its Aftermath” and she also led the photo selection process for the May 4 Visitors Cente r.", "29 members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire on unarmed students protesting the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia on the Kent State University college campus, killing 4 and wounding 9, one of whom was permanently paralyzed. [215] [216] [217]", "May 4, 1970 when an Ohio Army National Guard unit fired at students during a war protest on campus, killing four and wounding nine.", "Incident in which National Guard troops fired at a group of students during an antiwar protest at Kent State University in Ohio, killing four people.", "American history in the 1960s and 1970s was wrought with turmoil and civil unrest as the nation was divided in a way not seen since the Civil War.  As one looks at the events of this era, one major aspect stands out:  the political activism of the young people on its college campuses - known as The Student Movement.  Civil rights demonstrations and anti-war protests were prevalent on campuses across the nation as a gap between generations grew and old ideologies and traditional values were challenged.  Oftentimes violence followed these demonstrations.  No other event captures this truth more than that of the tragic shooting that took place in a little university town in Kent, Ohio in May of 1970.", "*May 1970: In reaction to the U.S. invasion of Cambodia, Kent State shootings, and Jackson State killings a Fresno State College computer center was destroyed by a firebomb. While reaction to these three events was massive, most were peaceful.", "The shootings killed four students and wounded nine. Two of the four students killed, Allison Krause and Jeffrey Miller, had participated in the protest, and the other two, Sandra Scheuer and William Knox Schroeder, had been walking from one class to the next at the time of their deaths. Schroeder was also a member of the campus ROTC chapter. Of those wounded, none was closer than 71 feet to the guardsmen. Of those killed, the nearest (Miller) was 265 feet away, and their average distance from the guardsmen was 345 feet.", "May 3 was a relatively quiet day. By now, however, the campus was fully occupied by Ohio National Guard troops, and armored personnel carriers were stationed throughout the campus. Although some students and guardsmen fraternized, the feeling, for the most part, was one of mutual hostility.", "On March 29, 1974, the grand jury indicted eight of the Ohio guardsmen. They were technically charged with violating the civil rights of the killed and wounded students. The indictment stated all eight guardsmen fired in the direction of demonstrators. Five of the guardsmen were accused of firing the shots - from M-1 rifles - that resulted in the deaths.", "*Iowa City, Iowa - November 3, 1991. Gunfire erupted on the University of Iowa campus when a disgruntled graduate student opened fire, fatally wounding 5 people, (4 faculty and 1 student), before he took his own life.", "Harris and Klebold turned and began shooting west in the direction of five students sitting on the grassy hillside adjacent to the steps and opposite the West Entrance of the school. 15-year-old Michael Johnson was hit in the face, leg and arm, but ran and escaped; 16-year-old Mark Taylor was shot in the chest, arms and leg and fell to the ground, where he feigned death. The other three escaped uninjured.", "Kent State's Center for Applied Conflict Management opened in 1971 as a memorial to those killed. It offers the largest undergraduate degree program in peace and conflict studies in the country for the 1,100 students enrolled.", "(5) Did the Guardsmen conspire to shoot students when they huddled on the practice football field? If not, why did they fire? Were they justified in firing?", "*Chapel Hill, North Carolina - January 26, 1995. Shooting at University. Two students were killed and several were injured." ]

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[ "The central characters of the Family Circus are a family whose surname is rarely mentioned. The parents, Bill and Thelma (Thel), are modeled after the author and his wife, Thelma Carne Keane . [2] [3] [4] Their four children, Billy, Dolly, Jeffy, and P.J., are fictionalized composites of the Keanes' five children. With the exception of P.J., the characters have not aged appreciably during the run of the strip.", "The central characters of Family Circus are a family whose surname is rarely mentioned (although the cartoon of August 26, 2013, in which Billy refers to “Grandma Keane” and “Grandma Carne” indicates the same surnames as the author’s family). The parents, Bil and Thelma (Thel), are modeled after the author and his wife, Thelma Carne Keane . [2] [3] [4] Their four children, Billy, Dolly, Jeffy, and P.J., are fictionalized composites of the Keanes’ five children. With the exception of P.J., no characters have aged appreciably during the run of the strip.", "The central characters of Family Circus are a family whose surname is rarely mentioned (although the cartoon of August 26, 2013, in which Billy refers to \"Grandma Keane\" and \"Grandma Carne\" indicates the same surnames as the author's family). The parents, Bil and Thelma (Thel), are modeled after the author and his wife, Thelma Carne Keane . [2] [3] [4] Their four children, Billy, Dolly, Jeffy, and P.J., are fictionalized composites of the Keanes' five children. With the exception of P.J., no characters have aged appreciably during the run of the strip.", "Some newspaper comic strips have devoted entire storylines using Family Circus characters. In 1994, the surreal Zippy the Pinhead comic strip made multiple references to the Family Circus, including an extended series during which the titular character, a pinhead , sought “Th’ Way” to enlightenment from Bil, Thel, Billy, and Jeffy. [18] Bil Keane was credited as “guest cartoonist” on these strips, drawing the characters exactly as they appear in their own strip, but in Zippy’s world as drawn by Zippy creator Bill Griffith . [18] Griffith described the Family Circus as “the last remaining folk art strip.” Griffith said, “It’s supposed to be the epitome of squareness, but it turns the corner into a hip zone.” [19]", "Some newspaper comic strips have devoted entire storylines using Family Circus characters. In 1994, the surreal Zippy the Pinhead comic strip made multiple references to The Family Circus, including an extended series during which the titular lead character sought \"Th' Way\" to enlightenment from Bil, Thel, Billy, and Jeffy. [11] Bil Keane was credited as \"guest cartoonist\" on these strips, drawing the characters exactly as they appear in their own strip, but in Zippy's world as drawn by Zippy creator Bill Griffith . [11] Griffith described the Family Circus as \"the last remaining folk art strip.\" Griffith said, \"It's supposed to be the epitome of squareness, but it turns the corner into a hip zone.\" [12]", "In this panel, Billy points a finger and Jeffy stares angrily at Dolly as she licks the spoon from a large bowl of pudding, while Mommy and PJ watch over the action. The artwork reflects the spare line of Peanuts but with a greater emphasis on family life. Bil Keane (b. 1922) champions domestic life in his single-panel daily cartoons and Sunday comic strips. The humor is always gentle and yet the children are not angels. He uses the exploits of his five children and nine grandchildren as inspiration for The Family Circus. The cartoon continues to appear daily in newspapers.", "Some newspaper comic strips have devoted entire storylines using Family Circus characters. In 1994, the surreal Zippy the Pinhead comic strip made multiple references to the Family Circus, including an extended series during which the titular character, a pinhead, sought \"Th' Way\" to enlightenment from Bil, Thel, Billy, and Jeffy. Bil Keane was credited as \"guest cartoonist\" on these strips, drawing the characters exactly as they appear in their own strip, but in Zippy's world as drawn by Zippy creator Bill Griffith. Griffith described the Family Circus as \"the last remaining folk art strip.\" Griffith said, \"It's supposed to be the epitome of squareness, but it turns the corner into a hip zone.\" ", "The four kids in the cartoon \"Family\" (Billy, Dolly, Jeffy and P.J.) represented a downsizing of the actual Keane brood (Neale, Glen, Christopher, Gayle and young Jeff, who was 2 years old when the strip started). \"We all kind of looked like the kids in the strip, with the round face and no neck,\" said Keane, who lives in Laguna, California, and has three grown children of his own. (While Jeffy in the strip still has red hair, \"I don't have as much red now -- mostly a lot of gray,\" Keane added.)", "Bil Keane, whose \"Family Circus\" comics have been appearing in newspapers since 1960, died Tuesday in Arizona at the age of 89 .", "Keane moved near Phoenix in 1959, where he began to work from home. Finding inspiration from his young children and his wife, Keane created another nationally syndicated strip, The Family Circle, in 1960, which was renamed The Family Circus a few months later.", "One distinguishing characteristic of the Family Circus is the frequent use of Christian imagery and themes, ranging from generic references to God to Jeffy daydreaming about Jesus at the grocery store. Keane states that the religious content reflects his own upbringing and family traditions. [9] Keane was Roman Catholic , and in past cartoons the children have been shown attending Catholic schools with nuns as teachers and attending Catholic church services. Keane was a frequent contributor to his high school newspaper, The Good News, at Northeast Catholic High School for Boys in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where he graduated in 1940. [10] Some of his comics with scenes in Billy's bedroom depict an NC pennant hanging on the wall, a tribute to his alma mater and his Catholic education.", "Morrie is a playmate of Billy, and the only recurring black character in the strip. Keane created the character in 1967 as a tribute to his close friend Morrie Turner , creator of Wee Pals . [8]", "The 1999 novel The Funnies, by J. Robert Lennon , centered around a dysfunctional family whose late patriarch drew a cartoon similar to The Family Circus. Lennon later said, although there was a \"resemblance\", he didn't \"know anything about Bil Keane and made up my characters from scratch.\" [14]", "The 1999 novel The Funnies, by J. Robert Lennon , centered around a dysfunctional family whose late patriarch drew a cartoon similar to The Family Circus. Lennon later said, although there was a “resemblance”, he did not “know anything about Bil Keane and made up my characters from scratch.” [23]", "One of the most popular of Keane's work is the dotted line comics, showing the characters' paths through the neighborhood or house followed by a thick dotted line. (The earliest showing of the dotted line was on April 8, 1962, though on February 25 of that same year, the first strip that had a path appeared.) This concept has been parodied by other comic strips including, Pearls Before Swine , [8] For Better or For Worse , FoxTrot , Mother Goose and Grimm and Marvin .", "The oldest child is seven-year-old Billy. A recurring theme involves Billy as a substitute cartoonist, generally filling in for a Sunday strip. The strips purportedly drawn by Billy are crudely rendered and reflect his understanding of the world and sense of humor. The first use of this gag by Keane was in This Week magazine in 1962 in a cartoon titled \"Life in Our House\" which attributed the childish drawings to his six-year-old son, Chris. Keane also modeled Billy after his oldest son Glen, now a prominent Disney animator.", "Bil's mother (Florence, but usually called Grandma) appears regularly in the strip and apparently lives near the family. Bil's father (Al, called Granddad by the kids and Bil) is dead but occasionally appears in the strip as a spirit or watching from up in heaven. Bil's father (as a spirit) plays a prominent role in the TV special A Family Circus Christmas. Al died after the launch of the feature however on November 25, 2012, reference is made to his having died before Jeffy was born even though the character Al was featured in strips prior to his Granddad's death.", "Bil Keane was predeceased in 2008 by his wife Thelma (“Thel”), the model for the Mommy character in the long-running newspaper comic.", "Keane switched with Scott Adams of Dilbert in the 1997 comic strip switcheroo. Adams said, \"Bil was a misunderstood creative genius who knew how to write for his target audience. He was also a great guy. I was a big fan.\" ", "Joining Keane and McGarry in Memphis will be a Who's Who of star cartoonists, including Lynn Johnston (\"For Better or Worse\"), Patrick McDonnell (\"Mutts\"), Sergio Aragones (Mad magazine), Greg Evans (\"Luann\"), Greg Walker (\"Beetle Bailey\"), Robb Armstrong (\"Jumpstart\"), Rick Kirkman (\"Baby Blues\"), Jerry Scott (\"Zits,\" \"Baby Blues\"), Paul Coker Jr. (character designer for Rankin-Bass holiday specials) and Pulitzer Prize-winning editorial cartoonists Mike Peters (\"Mother Goose & Grimm\") and Michael Ramirez (formerly of The Commercial Appeal).", "One theme Keane tried from time to time was picturing the children as adults, or what might come of it. One time when Billy had been asked by Thelma not to leave the house until he finished his homework, she told him, \"One day when you are grown up you will thank me for this!,\" causing Billy to imagine the absurdity of himself as a full grown man paying a visit to his elderly mother just to thank her for telling him that as a child. Other adult ideas included the parents telling Jeffy not to be shy when they invited friends over, and then he is pictured 25 years later as an outgoing late night talk show host akin to Jay Leno . Another example was P.J. not wishing to be introduced to the toddler daughter of family friends, only to show 30 years later that both are now grown and are celebrating their wedding day.", "Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday American comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz, which ran from October 2, 1950, to February 13, 2000, continuing in reruns afterward. The strip is the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips, with 17,897 strips published in all, making it \"arguably the longest story ever told by one human being\". At its peak, Peanuts ran in over 2,600 newspapers, with a readership of 355 million in 75 countries, and was translated into 21 languages. It helped to cement the four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States, and together with its merchandise earned Schulz more than $1 billion. Reprints of the strip are still syndicated and run in almost every U.S. newspaper.", "*Children (8): Gwendolyn Gail (1935–1976), Sue (1937–1978), Bill (1939–1962), Cathy Ann (1943–1947), Arlo Davy (1947–), Joady Ben (1948–), Nora (1950–), Lorinna Lynn (1954–1973)", "Keane had a close friendship with humorist, newspaper columnist Erma Bombeck. Keane provided illustrations for Bombeck's book Just Wait Until You Have Children of Your Own! (1972), and considered himself instrumental in convincing Bombeck and her family to move to Arizona near his home. In 1996, he was a pall bearer at Bombeck's funeral. ", "Li'l Abner is a satirical American comic strip that appeared in many newspapers in the United States, Canada and Europe, featuring a fictional clan of hillbillies in the impoverished mountain village of Dogpatch, Kentucky. Written and drawn by Al Capp (1909–1979), the strip ran for 43 years, from August 13, 1934 through November 13, 1977.", "Bringing Up Father was a comic strip created by George McManus that ran from January 12, 1913 to May 28, 2000. Most readers, however, called it Jiggs and Maggie, after its two main characters.", "1950 – Peanuts, the syndicated comic strip by Charles M. Schulz, featuring Charlie Brown and his pet Snoopy, was first published in major newspapers.", "In the episode \"Harry Canary\" in the animated series Dumb and Dumber , it was named \"The Earvin Mulligan Show\" as Lloyd's family were performing in the late 60s as \"The Happy Dunne Family\".", "In the strip from October 2, 1950, a little boy and a little girl are sitting on a curb, watching Charlie Brown walk by, blithely unaware of their conversation. The boy says \"Here comes Good Ol' Charlie Brown. Good ol' Charlie Brown, yes sir. Good ol' Charlie Brown, how I hate him!\"", "Then in 1919, Publisher Cupples & Leon used a different format. They were 10\" by 10\" with 4 panels per page, each page. They were black and white, 52 pages for 25 cents. Titles and characters used for these books was Mutt & Jeff and Bringing up Father.", "On this day in 1950 a former King Features cartoonist moved to McNaught Syndicate ( Joe Palooka, Dixie Dugan ) and launched a new comic. The Jackson Twins, by Dick Brooks, began 59 years ago today.", "Early in 1933, partly as a sympathetic response to the Depression, McManus began drawing strips that featured recollections by Jiggs, and to a much lesser extent by Maggie, of the old days in their Brooklyn neighborhood before they got rich. His most explicitly ethnic creations, these strips were McManus's homage to the vanished world of nineteenth-century Irish America. In the first one (Sunday, February 5), Jiggs is laughing over an old photo album with hand-scripted captions that chronicle family history. The impressive realistic detail will be a hallmark of the series. The earliest dated photograph is \"Maggie with mama and papa at Coney Island—June 9, 1888.\" Then there is \"Picture taken in front of house on Dill Street near the Gas house\" with young children \"Maggie and Larry at play\" along with family dog Rover, \"The best ratter in town.\" Behind them, Maggie's mother sits on the stoop of a run-down shanty. There's a washtub on the roof covering a hole. We see a photo of six-year-old Maggie in pigtails, \"Taken in the alley\" and dated July 6, 1894, followed by a 1903 picture of Maggie \"taken in front of Washentear Laundry where she worked.\"" ]

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[ "Spock, whose father was from the planet Vulcan and mother from Earth, served as first officer and science officer under Kirk. Vulcans looked human, except for their pointy ears.", "Spock was born on January 6th , 2230 in the city of Shi'Kahr on the planet Vulcan . His mother was Amanda Grayson , a Human school teacher , and his father, Sarek , was a Vulcan scientist and diplomat . ( TOS : \" The Corbomite Maneuver \", \" This Side of Paradise \", \" The Squire of Gothos \", \" Amok Time \"; TAS : \" Yesteryear \"; Star Trek V: The Final Frontier ; Star Trek Beyond )", "\"Mister Spock's mother was Human, his father a native of the planet Vulcan. This alien-Human combination results in Mister Spock's slightly alien features, with the yellowish complexion and satanic pointed ears... He has a strange Vulcan 'ESP' ability to merge his mind with another intelligence and read the thoughts there. He dislikes doing so since it deprives him of his proud stoic mannerisms and reveals too much of his inner self...", "In Iowa (Earth), about ten years later, young James T. Kirk (Jimmy Bennett) disobediently raced an antique Corvette convertible through cornfields, where he was accosted by a flying motorcycle officer. He escaped death by jumping from the car (it crashed over a cliff edge into a quarry canyon) and holding onto the edge. At about the same time on the planet Vulcan, brilliant young pointy-eared student Spock (Jacob Kogan) was bullied about his mixed parentage - his father was accused of being a traitor for marrying a \"human whore.\" Spock was later warned by his father Sarek (Ben Cross) for beating up one of the other older Vulcan boys in self-defense when he lost emotional self-control, and was told: \"You are fully capable of deciding your own destiny. The question you face is, which path will you choose?\" When he grew older, Spock (Zachary Quinto) spoke to his mother Amanda Grayson (Winona Ryder) about his upcoming dilemma - whether to participate in the emotion-purging Vulcan ritual of Kolinahr. She assured him that she would be proud of him whatever he decided. Later, before a Vulcan committee or Council of Ministers, it was revealed that Spock had applied to Starfleet Academy (San Francisco), and he rebelliously declined their offer of acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy, but left them with the grateful wish: \"Live long and prosper.\"", "On their return to Earth, as the rest of the crew found that Enterprise was to be decommissioned, McCoy began to suffer increasingly erratic behavior, making odd requests of Kirk to return to Vulcan, and even sounding like Spock at times. Although at first it was thought he was only under too much stress, McCoy soon found himself placed under protective custody after making several inquiries into securing transportation to the newly restricted Genesis Planet. Spock's father Sarek explained the significance of the Vulcan katra to Kirk. With their careers at stake, Kirk and his crew took it upon themselves to rescue McCoy, steal the Enterprise and take both to Genesis to recover Spock's body for return to Vulcan.", "When it was determined that Spock had left his katra (the essence of his memories and life) within the mind of Dr. McCoy, and that McCoy's sanity was dependent upon the retrieval of Spock's body, Kirk and his crew stole the Enterprise from spacedock and went to Genesis in spite of their orders. When the Enterprise arrived at Genesis, they discovered that a Klingon Bird-of-Prey had destroyed the attendant science vessel, the USS Grissom , and that the Klingons, led by a commander named Kruge , were holding Kirk's son David Marcus , Saavik , and Spock (who had been miraculously regenerated by the unique nature of the Genesis Planet) hostage.", "Spock is half- Vulcan and half-human, the son of the Vulcan Sarek and his human wife Amanda , but presents himself as fully Vulcan. In fact, there has been much discussion among fans (somewhat confirmed by canon) that he is over-compensating for his human half and consequently acts \"more Vulcan than most Vulcans\" — ultra-logical, intelligent and efficient. He is also characterized by self-sacrifice and unswerving loyalty to his friends and shipmates. According to his mother, Starfleet is the only place he feels at home.", "However. the planet was still forming when the torpedo was fired from Enterprise, and the gravitational fields of the Genesis Planet were in flux at the time. As a result; instead of burning up in the atmosphere, or crashing into the planet Spock's torpedo soft-landed on the surface. Over the next few weeks, the remnants of the Genesis wave re-generated the body of Spock. His cells were regenerated as that of a child's, which began to rapidly age as the Genesis Planet aged. A survey mission from the USS Grissom soon arrived, mistaking quickly evolved microbes near Spock's landing site as the animal lifeforms detected from the Grissom. He was later discovered by Dr. David Marcus and Lieutenant Saavik . By then, Spock's body had aged to be the equivalent of eight to ten Earth years of age.", "David Marcus (Merritt Butrick)—Kirk's son, a key scientist in Genesis's development—and Lieutenant Saavik (Robin Curtis) are investigating the Genesis planet on board the science vessel Grissom. Discovering an unexpected life form on the surface, Marcus and Saavik transport to the planet. They find that the Genesis Device has resurrected Spock in the form of a child, although his mind is not present. Marcus admits that he used unstable \"protomatter\" in the development of the Genesis Device, causing Spock to age rapidly and meaning the planet will be destroyed within hours. Meanwhile, Kruge (Christopher Lloyd), the commander of a Klingon vessel, intercepts information about Genesis. Believing the device to be potentially useful as a weapon, he takes his cloaked ship to the Genesis planet, destroys the Grissom, and takes hostage Marcus, Saavik, and Spock.", "The Vulcan homeworld, also named Vulcan, was mentioned in the original series, and in the script-adaptation anthology Star Trek 2, author James Blish put the planet in orbit around the star 40 Eridani A, 16 light years from Earth, an identification later adopted by Roddenberry. Vulcan is a reddish Minshara-Class planet. Its inhabitants were originally called Vulcanians; Spock used this name in the TOS episodes \"A Taste of Armageddon\" and \"Court-Martial\", as did Federation colonists in \"This Side of Paradise\" and Harry Mudd in \"Mudd's Women\".", "In 2285 , David was working with his mother at the Federation research station Regula I as part of a team developing Project Genesis when Khan Noonien Singh attacked the station. After fleeing to the Regula planetoid , Kirk rescued David and Carol. Kirk did not immediately recognize his son at their awkward meeting, and later became melancholy when considering an alternate life as a father. He observed David's dislike of him, complaining to Carol \"I have a man I haven't seen in fifteen years, trying to kill me, and you show me a son who'd be happy to help him\". After witnessing Kirk's victory at the Battle of the Mutara Nebula and the funeral for Spock , David consoled his father and admitted he was \"proud, very proud, to be [his] son.\" ( Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan )", "In 2320 , Spock returned to Talos IV after being summoned to the planet by the Talosians. Having a private shuttle, Spock was able to slip away with a minimum of difficulty this time and reached Talos IV. He arrived in the Talos Star Group to find a drastically altered Talos IV. Instead of a planet with high levels of radiation and a sickly yellow appearance, now Talos IV had a healthy blue color, with radiation levels lower than that of Earth. Spock landed on the surface of the planet to find a rebuilt city. The Magistrate, or Keeper as he was originally known, had shown Spock around, and explained that Pike had recently died. He showed Spock a message Pike had recorded for Spock. Pike asked Spock to convey some of his ashes back to Earth, and to present the Talosians petition to not only repeal General Order 7 , but to join the Federation as well. ( TOS novel : Burning Dreams )", "On 4842.6, the Enterprise discovered the Amerind planet, where an ancient race, the \" Preservers \", had transplanted elements of Native American cultures that were endangered in centuries past. When an accident separated Kirk from the landing party and induced his amnesia, Spock was forced to abandon the search, in order to command the Enterprise in the interception of an asteroid on course to hit the planet. For several months the inhabitants worshiped Kirk as a god called \" Kirok \". During that time Kirk took a wife . Upon the Enterprise's return and the restoration of his memories, Kirk was able to activate an ancient planetary defense mechanism the Preservers left behind, destroying the approaching asteroid. ( TOS : \" The Paradise Syndrome \")", "by David M. Scott. A brief summary: Spock claims to be descended from Holmes. But he can't trace his ancestry on his human side further back than 2045, so Holmes has to be one of his Vulcan ancestors.", "Sarek gave Spock his first lessons in computers , setting him on the path of a scientific career. Against his father's wish that he complete his instruction at the Vulcan Science Academy in the family tradition, Spock expressed a desire to join Starfleet . The argument came to a head in 2250 with Spock's final decision, causing a rift that kept them from speaking to each other for eighteen years. ( TOS : \" Journey to Babel \")", "Why can't he? Spock says in an EU novel Ishmael that he's descended from Aaron Stemple and Biddy Cloom, 19th-century Earth humans.", "The Starship Enterprise limps back to Earth following a battle with the genetically-engineered super human Khan Noonien Singh, who tried to destroy the Enterprise by detonating an experimental terraformingdevice known as Genesis. The casualties of the fight include Admiral James T. Kirk's Vulcan friend, Spock, whose casket was launched into orbit around the planet created by the Genesis Device.", "On Earth briefly in 2261 , Spock met Leila Kalomi . Although she declared a love for Spock, his Vulcan control prevented him from showing any emotion in return until the spores on the planet, Omicron Ceti III, infected him. Under their influence, he became peaceful and happy, but Captain Kirk infuriated him, thus killing the spores and returning him to reality. ( TOS : \" This Side of Paradise \")", "The Enterprise reaches Earth and approaches the mammoth spacedock . During the approach, they see a new ship: USS Excelsior , a part of \" The Great Experiment \", an attempt at transwarp drive . Although Sulu seems to be in awe of the possible capabilities of the ship, Scott is less than impressed, commenting \"If my grandmother had wheels, she'd be a wagon...\" \"Come, come, Mr. Scott. Young minds, fresh ideas. Be tolerant,\" Kirk gently chides him. After the Enterprise is moored at the spacedock, Chekov, who is sitting at the science station, notes to Kirk that someone has entered Spock's quarters. When Uhura adds that the sealed room's door was forced open, Kirk goes down to investigate. After running down a corridor to Spock's quarters flanked by two security guards, he slowly enters through the damaged doors and, inside, he hears Spock's voice. \"Jim, help me. You left me... on Genesis. Why did you do that? Help me...\" Kirk runs forward and grabs the shadowed figure, finding the individual to be Dr. Leonard McCoy , mumbling about locations on Vulcan , particularly Mount Seleya , before fainting. Kirk calls Uhura to send medics to Spock's quarters, immediately.", "In 2269 , Spock was sent back 5,000 years into the past of the world Sarpeidon , and had a brief but passionate relationship with Zarabeth , a woman that had been banished to live out her life alone in the barren, frozen wasteland of Sarpeidon's northern hemisphere. ( TOS episode : \" All Our Yesterdays \")", "The Kirk family ancestry included settlers who pioneered the American frontier in the 19th century , and the Kirks of the early 23rd century rediscovered the impulse for untamed spaces. After his early childhood on Earth, Kirk lived on Tarsus IV by the age of thirteen, and his brother's family later lived on colonies as well. ( TOS : \" Spectre of the Gun \", \" The Conscience of the King \", \" Operation -- Annihilate! \")", "According to Star Trek II: Biographies , Kirk was born on 28 July 2182 on Farside Base, Luna to parents Eugene Claudius Kirk and Marjorie Wimpole.", "While on a mission in the Gamma Quadrant, the Defiant detects an energy barrier surrounding a planet in a nearby solar system. When they enter the barrier, the ship is damaged and they detect a settlement with 8,000 people who are mostly human. When they investigate, they learn they have been expected. The settlers explain they are the descendants of the Defiant crew. In a couple of days, when the Defiant tries to leave orbit, they will be thrown back in time two centuries and crash land on the planet. Worf learns he married and raised a family. He meets his descendant Brota who leads the Sons of Mogh. The members are descendants of Worf and Jadzia and others who choose to join them. They follow Klingon customs as first taught to them by Worf (DS9: \"Children of Time\").", "The cast of \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\" returns on a diplomatic mission to initiate peace with the Romulans. But uponarrival to the alien planet, the crew is faced with a threat that could lead to the Earth's destruction, and Picard meets his most dangerous adversary yet, a surprisingly personal nemesis.", "Picard is joined by some of his crew to help the Ba'ku escape from being abducted while Riker takes the Enterprise to a transmission range and communicate the violation to Star Fleet. The Son'a send robotic probes to locate and capture the fleeing Ba'ku. The Son'a leader, Ahdar Ru'afo (F. Murray Abraham), convinces Dougherty to allow two Son'a ships to attack the Enterprise. Riker defeats the attacking ships and the Enterprise escapes. Their plan exposed, Ru'afo insists upon harvesting the radiation source immediately. Picard, Anij, and several Ba'ku are transported as prisoners onto the Son'a ship. Picard reveals to Dougherty that the Son'a and the Ba'ku are the same race and involving the Federation in a blood feud. The Son'a are a splinter faction of Ba'ku who gave up their bucolic existence a century earlier to embrace the use of technology. They attempted to seize power but failed, and the Ba'ku elders exiled them from the planet, denying them the rejuvenating effects of the rings. The Son'a developed an artificial and imperfect means to extend their lives at the cost of disfigurement. Ru'afo kills Admiral Dougherty when he backs out of the plan and Ru'afo proceeds with his plan.", "In late 2376 , Starfleet lost contact with many worlds in Sector 4368 , including Outpost Seran-T-1 and the planet Haken in the Hivernia system . The Enterprise was dispatched to the area to investigate and found that worlds that had once been inhabited, but are now lifeless terraformed worlds. The Enterprise discovered the Genesis Wave moving away from the worlds and set out to investigate.", "In 2371, the crew of the USS Enterprise-D celebrate the promotion of Worf to Lieutenant Commander. Captain Jean-Luc Picard receives a message that his brother and nephew were killed in a fire, meaning the storied Picard family line will end with him. Enterprise receives a distress call from an observatory in orbit of the star Amargosa, where they rescue the El-Aurian Dr. Tolian Soran. The android Data and engineer Geordi La Forge discover a compound called trilithium in a hidden room of the observatory. Soran appears, knocks La Forge unconscious, and launches a trilithium solar probe at Amargosa. The probe causes the star to implode, sending a shock wave toward the observatory. Soran and La Forge are transported away by a Klingon Bird of Prey belonging to the treacherous Duras sisters, who had stolen the trilithium for Soran in exchange for the designs for a trilithium weapon. Data is rescued just before the station is destroyed by the shock wave.", "Kirk was involved with Dr. Carol Marcus prior to taking command of the Enterprise. She bore his son, David Marcus , but the relationship dissolved as their careers drove them apart. In 2285, the fractured family unit was briefly reunited. ( Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan )", "Leonard Simon Nimoy was born on March 26, 1931, in the West End of Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Jewish immigrants from Iziaslav, Ukraine. His parents left Iziaslav separately—his father first walking over the border into Poland—and reunited in the United States. His mother, Dora (née Spinner), was a homemaker, and his father, Max Nimoy, owned a barbershop in the Mattapan section of Boston. He had an elder brother, Melvin. ", "The Enterprise encountered Kukulkan on stardate 6063.4. The benevolent alien being had periodically visited ancient Earth civilizations and influenced their architecture and agricultural development. Kukulkan revealed that he had visited the Egyptian , Mayan , and Aztec cultures, where he was taken for a god . ( TAS : \" How Sharper Than a Serpent's Tooth \")", "Spock : Yes. Earthmen like Ramses, Alexander, Caesar, Napoleon, Hitler, Lee Kuan. Your whole Earth history is made up of men seeking absolute power.", "Shatner was born on March 22, 1931, in the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce neighbourhood of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the son of Anne (née Garmaise) and Joseph Shatner, a clothing manufacturer. He has two sisters, Joy and Farla. His paternal grandfather, Wolf Schattner, anglicized the family name to \"Shatner\". " ]

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[ "On May 7, 1945, Germany officially surrendered to the Allies , bringing an end to the European conflict in World War II. General Alfred Jodl, representing the German High Command, signed the unconditional surrender of both east and west forces in Reims, France, which would take effect the following day. As a result, May 8 was declared Victory in Europe (VE) Day , a holiday still celebrated by many European countries.", "1945 Germany signed unconditional surrender ending World War II. It would take effect the next day.", "May 7 - WWII : General Alfred Jodl signs unconditional surrender terms at Rheims, France , ending Germany 's participation in the war. The document will take effect the next day.", "1945: Germany signs unconditional surrender. Germany signs an unconditional surrender ending six years of war in Europe. Take that Jerry.", "After five and a half years of war in Europe, Germany surrendered to the Allies on May 7th 1945. In the Far East, following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrendered on September 2nd 1945.", "World War II, or the Second World War, was a worldwide conflict fought between the Allied and the Axis powers, from 1939 until 1945. The Axis powers advances was halted in the year of 1942 when Japan loses the Battle of Midway. The formal declaration of the ending of World War II is on August 15, 1945, when Japan unconditionally surrendered to the Allied Powers.", "This,  the unconditional surrender of the German Third Reich was signed in the early morning hours of Monday, May 7, 1945;  the time on the documents is noted as 0241 hours,  or 2:41 A.M.  The scene was the war room at SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters,  Allied Expeditionary Force), located in the Professional and Technical School at Reims, a historic city in northeastern France that had been almost completely leveled by the Germans during the war.   Across the conference table,  representatives of the four Allied Powers —France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States—faced the three German officers delegated by President Doenitz: Col. Gen. Alfred Jodl, who alone had been authorized to sign the surrender document; Gen. Adm. Hans Georg von Friedeburg,  a chief negotiator;  and Maj. Friedrich Wilhelm Oxenius,  an aide to Jodl.", "The same year, the USSR, in fulfillment of its agreement with the Allies at the  Yalta Conference , denounced the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1945 [29]  and  invaded Manchukuo and other Japan-controlled territories  on 9 August 1945. [30]   This conflict  ended with a decisive Soviet victory, contributing to the unconditional  surrender of Japan  and the end of World War II.", "Nazi Germany surrenders unconditionally in May 1945. Twelve years of Nazi dictatorship have plunged Europe into the abyss, led to racial fanaticism and horrific crimes, and cost the lives of almost 60 million people in the war and the extermination camps. The victorious Allies divide Germany into four zones. The western powers foster the development of a parliamentary democracy, while the Soviet Union opens the door for socialism in the east. The Cold War begins. The Federal Republic of Germany is founded in the west with the promulgation of the Basic Law on 23 May 1949. The first Bundestag elections are held on 14 August and Konrad Adenauer (CDU) becomes Federal Chancellor. The German Democratic Republic (GDR) is founded in the “eastern zone” on 7 October 1949. Germany is in effect divided into east and west.", "German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April. Total and unconditional surrender was signed on 7 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . [261] German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May. [262]", "1945 – On the deck of the United States Navy battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay, representatives from the Empire of Japan and several Allied Powers signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, formally ending World War II.", "The Axis powers, also known as the Axis alliance, Axis nations, Axis countries, or just the Axis, was an alignment of great powers during the mid-20th century that fought World War II against the Allies. It began in 1936 with treaties of friendship between Germany and Italy and between Germany and Japan. The \"Rome-Berlin Axis\" became a full military alliance in 1939 under the Pact of Steel, and the Tripartite Pact of 1940 fully integrated the military aims of Germany, Italy, and Japan. At their zenith in the midst of World War II, the Axis powers ruled empires that dominated large parts of Europe, Africa, East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, but that war ended with their total defeat and dissolution. Like the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, and other nations entered and later left the Axis during the course of the war.(wikipedia.org.  Accessed August 21, 2011.)", "Germany - defeated by the Allies and surrendered unconditionally, with Victory in Europe Day declared by the Allies on 8 May 1945.", "Truman designated MacArthur as the Allied powers' supreme commander to accept Japan's formal surrender, which was solemnized aboard the U.S. flagship Missouri in Tokyo Bay: the Japanese foreign minister, Shigemitsu Mamoru , signed the document first, on behalf of the Emperor and his government. He was followed by General Umezu Yoshijiro on behalf of the Imperial General Headquarters. The document was then signed by MacArthur , Nimitz , and representatives of the other Allied powers. Japan concluded a separate surrender ceremony with China in Nanking on Sept. 9, 1945. With this last formal surrender, World War II came to an end.", "The Allies called for unconditional Japanese surrender in the Potsdam declaration of 27 July, but the Japanese government was internally divided on whether to make peace and did not respond. In early August, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Like the Japanese cities previously bombed by American airmen, the US and its allies justified the atomic bombings as a military necessity, to avoid invading the Japanese home islands which would cost the lives of between 250,000–500,000 Allied troops and millions of Japanese troops and civilians. Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement, invaded Japanese-held Manchuria, and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army, which was the largest Japanese fighting force. The Red Army also captured Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands. On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered, with the surrender documents finally signed aboard the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945, ending the war. ", "German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April. Total and unconditional surrender was signed on 7 May, to be effective by the end of 8 May. German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May. ", "Japan surrendered in 1945 following the dropping of atomic bombs and imminent invasion by the Americans and Russians. After a failed coup d'état, Emperor Hirohito ordered the Supreme Council to accept the Allies terms and broadcast the surrender on August 15. The surrender ceremony was held on September 2 aboard the USS Missouri. The state of war between Japan and the Allies formally ended with the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952 and with the Soviet Union in 1956.", "On May 8, 1945 the Allied Powers accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany.", "At 02:41 on the morning of 7 May 1945, at SHAEF headquarters, German Chief-of-Staff General Alfred Jodl signed the unconditional surrender documents for all German forces to the Allies at Reims in France. It included the phrase All forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European time on 8 May 1945. The next day shortly before midnight, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel repeated the signing in Berlin at Zhukov's headquarters. The war in Europe was over. ", "The early 20th century saw Japan come under increasing influence of an expansionist military, leading to the invasion of Manchuria, a second Sino-Japanese War (1937). Japanese leaders felt it was necessary to attack the US naval base in Pearl Harbor (1941) to ensure Japanese supremacy in the Pacific. However, the entry of the United States into World War II would slowly tilt the balance in the Pacific against the Japanese. After a long Pacific campaign, Japan lost Okinawa in the Ryukyu islands and was pushed back to the four main islands. The United States made fierce attacks on Tokyo, Osaka, and other cities by strategic bombing, and Hiroshima and Nagasaki with two atomic bombs. Japan eventually agreed to an unconditional surrender to the United States on August 15, 1945.", "The United States formally ended hostilities with Germany on October 19, 1951. West Germany would accept neither the division of Germany nor East Germany`s frontiers. Thus, Germany was the only Axis power that did not become a member of the United Nations.", "On August 28, the occupation of Japan by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers began. The surrender ceremony was held on September 2, aboard the United States Navy battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) , at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender , thereby ending the hostilities in World War II. Allied civilians and military personnel alike celebrated V-J Day , the end of the war; however, some isolated soldiers and personnel from Imperial Japan's far-flung forces throughout Asia and the Pacific islands refused to surrender for months and years afterwards, some even refusing into the 1970s. The role of the atomic bombings in Japan's surrender, and the ethics of the two attacks, is still debated . The state of war between Japan and the Allies formally ended when the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April 28, 1952. Four more years passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which formally brought an end to their state of war.", "Despite continuing to occupy much of China's territory, Japan eventually surrendered on September 2, 1945 to Allied forces following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Japanese-held Manchuria. The remaining Japanese occupation troops in China (excluding Manchuria) formally surrendered on September 9, 1945 with the following International Military Tribunal for the Far East convened on April 29, 1946. At the outcome of the Cairo Conference of November 22–26, 1943, the Allies of World War II decided to restrain and punish the aggression of Japan by restoring all the territories that Japan annexed from China, including Manchuria, Formosa, and the Pescadores, to the Republic of China, and to expel Japan from the Korean Peninsula. China was recognized as one of the Big Four of Allies during the war and became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.", "Despite continuing to occupy much of China's territory, Japan eventually surrendered on September 2, 1945 to Allied forces following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Japanese-held Manchuria. The remaining Japanese occupation troops in China (excluding Manchuria) formally surrendered on September 9, 1945 with the following International Military Tribunal for the Far East convened on April 29, 1946. At the outcome of the Cairo Conference of November 22–26, 1943, the Allies of World War II decided to restrain and punish the aggression of Japan by restoring all the territories that Japan annexed from China, including Manchuria, Formosa, and the Pescadores, to the Republic of China, and to expel Japan from the Korean Peninsula. China was recognized as one of the Big Four of Allies during the war and became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. ", "August 14, 1945 - Japanese accept unconditional surrender; Gen. MacArthur is appointed to head the occupation forces in Japan.", "The Allied occupation of Japan at the end of World War II was led by General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, with support from the British Commonwealth. Unlike in the occupation of Germany, the Soviet Union was allowed little to no influence over Japan. This foreign presence marked the only time in Japan's history that it had been occupied by a foreign power. It transformed the country into a parliamentary democracy that recalled American \"New Deal\" priorities of the 1930s politics by Roosevelt. The occupation, codenamed Operation Blacklist, was ended by the San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951 and effective from April 28, 1952, after which Japan's independence - with the exception, until 1972, of the Ryukyu Islands - was restored.", "The Japanese surrendered on August 14 , 1945 , or V-J day , signing the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on September 2. The Japanese troops in China formally surrendered to the Chinese on September 9 , 1945 . See image", "The Japanese agreed to an armistice on August 15, 1945, or V-J day, and signed the formal Instrument of Surrender on September 2 on the Battleship Missouri. The Japanese troops in China formally surrendered to the Chinese on September 9, 1945.", "The Japanese surrendered on August 15, 1945, or V-J day, signing the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on September 2. The Japanese troops in China formally surrendered to the Chinese on September 9, 1945. See image", "The Japanese surrendered on August 14, 1945, or V-J day, signing the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on September 2. The Japanese troops in China formally surrendered to the Chinese on September 9, 1945.", "Japanese commanders signed capitulation terms in Nanjing (Nanking) to representatives of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. This agreement marked the surrender of one million Japanese troops in China.", "On 2nd September, 1945, the Japanese Foreign Minister, Mamoru Shigemitsu, signed the official surrender on behalf of his government. It took place on board the USS ‘Missouri’, a ship named after Harry Truman’s home state. (Author: Army Signal Corps; Source: here )" ]

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[ "Cinco de Mayo (; Spanish for \"Fifth of May\") is a celebration held on May 5. The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army's unlikely victory over French forces at the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862, under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza. ", "The Mexican victory is celebrated yearly on the fifth of May. Its celebration is regional in Mexico, primarily in the state of Puebla, [http://www.qppstudio.net/publicholidays2009/mexico.htm List of Public and Bank Holidays in Mexico] April 14, 2008. This list indicates that Cinco de Mayo is not a día feriado obligatorio (\"obligatory holiday\"), but is instead a holiday that can be voluntarily observed.[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/04/30/cinco_to_drinko_not_for_me_amigo/ Cinco de Mayo is not a federal holiday in México] Accessed May 5, 2009 where the holiday is celebrated as El Día de la Batalla de Puebla (English: The Day of the Battle of Puebla). There is some limited recognition of the holiday in other parts of the country although this holiday remains very popular in the United States where it is celebrated yearly as Cinco de Mayo.", "May 5 - Cinco de Mayo. It commemorates La Batalla de Puebla (The Battle of Puebla) (México, US)", "Cinco de Mayo (5 May) — A minor holiday in most of Mexico often incorrectly assumed to be Mexican Independence Day, but nevertheless a major cultural celebration for Mexican-Americans. As with St. Patrick's Day, expect bars to be crowded, even in places without large Mexican-American communities.", "Cinco de Mayo actually commemorates the Mexican army's unlikely defeat of French forces at the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862. Yet Cinco de Mayo is celebrated only sporadically in Mexico, mainly in the southern town of Puebla (see map of Puebla ) and a few larger cities.", "Within Mexico, Cinco de Mayo is primarily observed in the state of Puebla, where Zaragoza’s unlikely triumph occurred, although other parts of the country also take part in the celebration. Traditions include military parades, recreations of the Battle of Puebla and other festive events. For many Mexicans, however, May 5 is a day like any other: It is not a federal holiday, so offices, banks and stores remain open.", "Some people mistakenly believe that Cinco de Mayo , or May Fifth, is Mexico's independence day. That's not correct: Cinco de Mayo actually celebrates the unlikely Mexican victory over the French at the Battle of Puebla in 1862.", "Cinco de Mayo—or the fifth of May—commemorates the Mexican army’s 1862 victory over France at the Battle of Puebla during the Franco-Mexican War (1861-1867). A relatively minor holiday in Mexico, in the United States Cinco de Mayo has evolved into a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage, particularly in areas with large Mexican-American populations. Cinco de Mayo traditions include parades, mariachi music performances and street festivals in cities and towns across Mexico and the United States.", "Many non-Mexicans, particularly in the United States, often mistake the Cinco de Mayo holiday for a celebration of Mexican independence; instead, it commemorates the Mexican army’s 1862 victory over France at the Battle of Puebla during the French-Mexican War.", "Today is the 134th anniversary of Cinco de Mayo- commemorating the Battle of Puebla-in which a ragtag group of Mexican fighters soundly defeated the French army on May 5, 1862. While it was a minor setback for the French who had occupied Mexico a few months before, the victory became a rallying point for those wanting Mexico's freedom. In this country, where it is celebrated more vigorously than in many parts of Mexico, people sometimes confuse the holiday with Mexican Independence Day, which falls on Sept. 16. The popularity of Cinco de Mayo grew in part because the holiday was embraced by Chicano activists during the 1960s as a symbol of their civil rights struggle.", "FIESTAS PATRIAS. In Texas and throughout the Southwest, Mexican Americans annually celebrate two Mexican national holidays referred to as the fiestas patrias. These celebrations originated in Mexico in the nineteenth century. The first one, Cinco de Mayo (May 5), commemorates Gen. Ignacio Zaragoza's victory on May 5, 1862, over the French expeditionary forces at Puebla, Mexico. The second, Diez y Seis de Septiembre (September 16), commemorates Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's grito de Dolores (\"cry of Dolores\") on September 16, 1810, at the village of Dolores, near Guanajuato. Hidalgo called for the end of Spanish rule in Mexico. Diez y Seis de Septiembre has been celebrated in San Antonio for more than 167 years and in Goliad for 160 years. On September 16, 1825, the Republic of Mexico officially declared Diez y Seis de Septiembre its national Independence Day.", "On May 9, 1862, President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday regarded as \"Battle of Puebla Day\" or \"Battle of Cinco de Mayo\". ", "For Mexicans, this is Cinco de Mayo, meaning Fifth of May, which is what it is for everyone.   I like days that mean what they say.   But not many people can say what this day means.   It is not Mexican Independence Day.   It celebrates The Battle of Puebla, 1862, in which the Mexicans gave the French a bloody nose and effectively put paid to Napolean III's dreams of French dominance in the Americas.   Just as Saint Patrick's Day and Saint Andrew's Day are celebrated with more fervor in the USA than in Ireland or Scotland, so Cinco de Mayo is a major event in southern California and other southern parts of the US.   My theory is that it's so popular because it fulfils the need for a spring festival, given that Easter is so little observed in America's officially secular society.   What happens on Cinco de Mayo?   Music, dancing, eating, drinking and explaining what the day is supposed to be about.", "Many Americans are surprised to learn Cinco de Mayo is not widely celebrated in Mexico, according to Francisco Garcia, research librarian at the Chicano Studies Research Center at UCLA.  \"It is sort of obscure in Mexico,\" said Garcia. \"It was adopted by the Chicano movement in the 1960s, and then what happened is the beer companies, really. The beer companies just sort of ran with it.\" In Mexico, Garcia said, the holiday is really only celebrated in the town of Puebla.", "If you are Mexican or of Mexican descent or just like a party, today, Cinco de Mayo, is the day to celebrate the anniversary of the 1862 Battle of Puebla. General Ignacio Zaragoza�s troops were outnumbered three to one as they battled the invading French army. They may have been outnumbered but they had the will to win. The Mexican forces defeated Napoleon III�s army and Puebla stood.", "On May 9, 1862, President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday regarded as “Battle of Puebla Day” or “Battle of Cinco de Mayo.” Although Mexican citizens feel very proud of the meaning of the Battle of Puebla, it is not observed as a national holiday in Mexico today. Nonetheless, all public schools are closed nation-wide in Mexico on May 5, and it is an official holiday in the State of Puebla, and in the neighboring State of Veracruz.", "The Battle of Puebla took place on 5 May 1862, near the city of Puebla during the French intervention in Mexico. The battle ended in a victory for the Mexican Army over the occupying French forces. The French eventually overran the Mexicans in subsequent battles, but the Mexican victory at Puebla against a much better equipped and larger French army provided a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and also helped slow the French army's advance towards Mexico City. There were a total of 10,540 soldiers in the war. 462 French soldiers died in combat. Only 83 Mexican soldiers died in the battle.", "May 5, 2017 (friday)  Cinco de Mayo. a celebration of Mexican culture. May 5th every year.  www.history.com", "In mid-August Zaragoza went to Mexico City, where he was feted as a hero. When he returned to his troops in Puebla he became ill with typhoid fever and died there on September 8, 1862. A state funeral was held in Mexico City with interment at the Panteón de San Fernando. On September 11, 1862, President Juárez issued a decree changing the name of the city of Puebla de los Angeles to Puebla de Zaragoza and making Cinco de Mayo a national holiday. Zaragoza became one of the great national heroes of Mexico. Songs have been written in his honor, and schools, plazas, and streets have been named either Zaragoza or Cinco de Mayo. Each year on May 5, Zaragoza societies meet throughout Mexico and in a number of Texas towns (see. In the 1960s General Zaragoza State Historic Site was established near Goliad to commemorate Zaragoza's birthplace. In 1980 dignitaries from the United States, Texas, and Mexico participated in the dedication of a ten-foot bronze statue honoring Zaragoza, commissioned by Alfredo Toxqui Fernández de Lara, governor of Puebla, as a gift to the people of Goliad and Texas. The statue was placed in Goliad State Historical Park.", "In 1862, the country was invaded by France which sought to collect debts that the Juárez government had defaulted on, but the larger purpose was to install a ruler under French control. They chose a member of the Habsburg dynasty, which had ruled Spain and its overseas possessions until 1700. Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria as Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, with support from the Catholic Church, conservative elements of the upper class, and some indigenous communities. Although the French suffered an initial defeat (the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862, now commemorated as the Cinco de Mayo holiday), the French eventually defeated the Mexican army and set Maximilian on the throne. The Mexican-French monarchy set up administration in Mexico City, governing from the National Palace. ", "The French troops encountered relatively little effective resistance to their occupation. One notable exception was the defeat they suffered on May 5, 1862 (Cinco de Mayo) at the city of Puebla. This was however only a temporary set back. They subsequently captured Puebla. When the French troops captured Mexico City they set up a government of conservative elements of Mexican society. This government then chose to make Mexico an empire and to invite an Austrian Habsburg, Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph, to be the emperor. In June of 1864 Maximilian and his wife Carlotta arrived in Mexico City to rule the French-imposed empire. Maximilian had, before he left Europe, agreed that his empire would assume the cost of the French occupying troops.", "5/5/1862. A French army was defeated at Puebla, Mexico. Napoleon III of France had maintained a military presence in Mexico after the withdrawal of Spanish and British troops, and had hoped to establish a Mexican Empire for France.", "Both England and Spain, realizing Napoleon's intent to remain in Mexico, soon withdrew, leaving the French alone. Having first secured Veracruz, the French sent a 6,000-man army toward Mexico City. On May 5, 1862, the Mexicans defeated this French force at Puebla with the loss of over a thousand French troops. Too far extended to withdraw, Napoleon next sent a larger force of 40,000 under Gen. Forey. The new French commander reorganized his forces and took Puebla in May 1863. On June 10 he entered Mexico City, applauded by the clergy and Conservative survivors.", "the cavalry in the celebrated Battle of Puebla of 1862, and remained popular well after the defeat of the French and the death of", "IGNACIO SEGUÍN ZARAGOZA (1829–1862). Ignacio Seguín Zaragoza, Mexican general and hero of Cinco de Mayo, was born on March 24, 1829, at Bahía del Espíritu Santo in the state of Coahuila and Texas, near present Goliad, Texas. He was the second son of Miguel G. Zaragoza of Veracruz, Mexico, and María de Jesús Seguín of Bexar, who was a relative of Juan José Erasmo Seguín. With Mexico's defeat in the Texas Revolution, Miguel Zaragoza, an infantryman, moved his family from Goliad to Matamoros, where Ignacio attended the school of San Juan. The elder Zaragoza was transferred to Monterrey in 1844, and Ignacio entered a seminary there. By 1846 he realized that he did not have a strong vocation and left. When the United States invaded Mexico, he volunteered to serve as a cadet in the Mexican army but was rejected. He entered the mercantile business for a short time, and in 1853 he joined the militia of Nuevo León with the rank of sergeant. When his regiment was incorporated into the Mexican army, he was promoted to captain.", "General Charles Ferdinand Latrille, Count de Lorencez, was the leader of the French forces – the Corps Expéditionnaire – which numbered about 7,300 men. He had been their commander for about two months. He was confident of victory. He boldly proclaimed, “we are so superior to the Mexicans in race, organization, morality, and elevated sentiments that as the head of 6,000 soldiers I am already master of Mexico.” He knew that less than 6,000 US troops – considered poorly trained and disciplined by European officers – had defeated a Mexican Army of 30,000 men under President General Antonio de Santa Anna (Antonio López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón) and taken Mexico City in 1847. General Count de Lorencez had over 1,000 more men than US General Winfield Scott, and the Mexican Army facing the French at Puebla numbered about 6,000 men (the French would later say 12,000) – far less than the army General Scott had defeated.", "Julio César Chávez González (; July 12, 1962), also known as Julio César Chávez Sr., is a Mexican former professional boxer. He is considered by acclamation as the greatest Mexican fighter of all time and one of the greatest boxers of all time. ", "In 1829, Santa Anna made his mark on the early republic by leading forces that defeated a Spanish invasion to reconquer Mexico. Spain made a final attempt to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a force of 2,600 soldiers. Santa Anna marched against the Barradas Expedition with a much smaller force and defeated the Spaniards, many of whom were suffering from yellow fever. The defeat of the Spanish army not only increased Santa Anna's popularity, but also consolidated the independence of the new Mexican republic. Santa Anna was declared a hero. From then on, he styled himself \"The Victor of Tampico\" and \"The Savior of the Motherland\". His main act of self-promotion was to call himself \"The Napoleon of the West\".", "April 21, Sam Houston defeated the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto, near the present-day city of Houston. General Santa Anna's entire force of 1,600 men were killed or captured by Texas General Sam Houston's army of 800 Texans; only nine Texans died.", "Santa Anna was down but not out. In 1838 a ludicrous skirmish took place which became known as the Pastry War. A French baker in Mexico City claimed his shop had been looted and demanded compensation from the Mexican government. He was backed up by the French government, which was trying to pressure Mexico into a trade agreement, and a bombardment of Veracruz ensued. Santa Anna, who was among the defenders, lost his right leg below the knee in the engagement. Though a body part may have been lost, honor was regained. Employing his skills at self-promotion to the hilt, Santa Anna became the \"hero of Veracruz\" and the San Jacinto debacle was forgotten.", "On the 28th February 1525 Cuauhtémoc, the last Aztec Emperor, was executed on the orders of the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés. Cuauhtémoc, which means “One who swoops down like an eagle” continues to be a.... . .", "In April 21, 1836, San Houston’s Army of 750 men defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto River. Over 700 Mexicans were killed and 730 captured.  The arrogant Santa Anna, who boasted he was the “Napoleon of the West” fled, disguised as a common soldier, but was captured the next day.  " ]

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[ "Stephen Robert Irwin (22 February 1962 – 4 September 2006), known simply as Steve Irwin and nicknamed \"The Crocodile Hunter\", was an iconic Australian television personality, wildlife expert, and conservationist.", "Steve Irwin, the man known around the world as the \"Crocodile Hunter,\" has died in a stingray attack off the Great Barrier Reef.", "Better known as “The Crocodile Hunter”, Steve was an Australian wildlife expert, television personality and conservationist. While filming his documentary, Ocean’s Deadliest’s in Queensland, Irwin’s chest was fatally perforated by a stingray spine. Despite the best efforts of medical staff, Steve was declared dead due to non-survivable injuries.", "** 4 September 2006: Steve Irwin, known as \"The Crocodile Hunter\", was stung and killed by a stingray while filming an underwater documentary entitled Ocean's Deadliest.", "' Australians paid tribute to the memory of \\\"Crocodile Hunter\\\" <mark>Steve Irwin</mark> on Sunday on the tenth anniversary of the death of the iconic television celebrity and conservationist. Irwin, world-famous for his daring stunts with dangerous animals, died on September 4, 2006 after being stabbed in the heart by a giant stingray while filming on the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland. Irwin\\'s close friend and manager John Stainton, who was with Irwin when he died, said it was still \\\"h...", "A venomous monster lurks in the murky waters of Southeast Asia. The famous Crocodile Hunter Steve Irwin died after being stabbed in the chest by a small ocean stingray – but that creature could not hold a spine to the Giant Freshwater Stingray. This saucer-shaped monster may be the world’s largest freshwater fish, at over 16 feet in length, and with a weight of up to 2,000 pounds. The 8-inch stinger can be whipped back like that of a scorpion to target an unsuspecting wader, while the sheer mass of the creature also has the potential to muscle a person under water. So if the “riverbed” you are standing on starts to move… keep very still.", "Most people know that TV presenter and biologist Steve Irwin was killed by a stingray spine while filming a documentary. The name of the episode? \"Ocean's Deadliest\". After years of interacting with some of the planet's deadliest creatures, he was killed by a relatively harmless one.", "Crocodile Hunter Steve Irwin's final words have been revealed - eight years after he was tragically killed by a stingray.", "Steve Irwin was killed in September 2006 after getting stung by a stingray while filming in Australia's Great Barrier Reef.", "The ray was named after Steve Irwin, the wildlife expert who was killed by a stingray in 2006", "Anyone who honestly thinks that Germaine Greer is less of a cultural icon and has achieved less in life than Steve Irwin is just displaying their own ignorance. Germaine Greer is an extremely accomplished academic and social commentator. Steve Irwin appeared to have the intellectual depth of a cactus. While Greer has undeniably raised Australia's profile as a nation of intelligent, refined and cosmopolitan people, Steve Irwin won his fame by creating a cliched, simplistic and deeply unflattering image of Australians as red-neck bogans.", "News media generally reported just enough to make clear what had happened, without labouring on the details, e.g. “He [Irwin] was snorkelling over a stingray on Batt Reef [off the North Queensland coast] when it lashed out with its deadly tail, inflicting a fatal wound directly into his heart.” 2 Those familiar with the Croc Hunter’s seemingly death-defying antics with a host of dangerous creatures would not have been surprised that he had died from an attack by an animal—but a stingray??", "Steve Irwin was born in 1962 to parents Lyn and Bob Irwin, who were animal naturalists. He shared the love for animals all his life, stemming from being raised at the Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park. There, he partook in daily duties of animal feeding and care. He quickly established himself with the Queenland's government on the process of the country's Crocodile Relocation Program, in which the reptiles could be transferred and relocated to proper localties in the most absolute humane, non-tranquilizing manner. He frequently implements the non-tranquilizing factor in his televison show The Crocodile Hunter's Croc Files (1999). Steve married fellow naturalist, Terri Irwin (Baines) in 1992. She joined him in his adventures and efforts in almost every episode of his show. They had one daughter, Bindi Sue Irwin, who was born July 24, 1998. He died in September 2006 following an attack by a stingray, off the Great Barrier Reef.", "Steve Irwin seems to have died as a result of his own poor judgement. Swimming over a large stingray in shallow water is a bad idea by any standards and is more-or-less inviting an instictive reaction from the ray. A so-called \"wild-life expert\" (and one with a young family) should have known not to take such an unecessary risk. This is NOT a good role-model for young Australians...", "Real life adventures of the Australian conservationist Steve Irwin, the curator of Australia Zoo in Queensland, as he studied and captured crocodiles, either to relocate them or to take them for his zoo. Oh, and he also sometimes studied (but rarely captured) snakes.", "For a man who made his living tangling with some of the most ferocious creatures on Earth, Steve Irwin met his end at the hands of an unlikely suspect. Irwin was filming a documentary off the coast of Queensland, Australia, on September 4th when a short-tail stingray swimming below him suddenly speared him through the chest with its dagger-like tail spine. The poisonous stinger punctured Irwin’s heart, killing him almost instantly.", "Irwin, after his death, was described by Mark Townend, CEO of RSPCA Queensland, as a \"modern-day Noah.\" British naturalist David Bellamy lauded his skills as a natural historian and media performer. Canadian environmentalist David Suzuki paid tribute to Irwin, noting that \"[h]umanity will not protect that which we fear or do not understand. Steve Irwin helped us understand those things that many people thought were a nuisance at best, a horror at worst. That made him a great educator and conservationist.\" ", "Steve Irwin's deadly encounter with a stingray was captured on dramatic videotape and shows TV's \"Crocodile Hunter\" pulling out the animal's poisonous barb that had pierced his heart moments before he died, officials said today.", "garlict: MelonHeads starring Jill Dando and Bernie TurkeyBreath Sumner. Their summer smash hit It's a shame that sting ray killed Steve Irwin.", "News of Irwin’s death reverberated around the world, where he won popularity with millions as the man who regularly leaped on the back of huge crocodiles and grabbed deadly snakes by the tail.", "P.S. Steve Irwin deserves all the praise he is receiving now. He is by far the most well-known Australian and argueably the most successful (if you consider where he came from and where he is now).", "Steve and Terri spent their honeymoon trapping crocodiles together. Film footage of their honeymoon, taken by John Stainton, became the first episode of The Crocodile Hunter. The series debuted on Australian TV screens in 1996, and made its way onto North American television the following year. The Crocodile Hunter became successful in the United States, the UK, and over 130 other countries, reaching 500 million people. Irwin's exuberant and enthusiastic presenting style, broad Australian accent, signature khaki shorts, and catchphrase \"Crikey!\" became known worldwide. Sir David Attenborough praised Irwin for introducing many to the natural world, saying \"He taught them how wonderful and exciting it was, he was a born communicator.\" ", "If I can speak MANTA man, Jack - and don't get in a FLAP about this - Steve Irwin was FISHing for trouble. He was so rash, clumsy, devoid of POISON grace that he was begging to be stung. It's a sorry TAIL, but let's not PIERCE about, eh?", "Since Steve Irwin’s death, there has been much discussion on this. Many have said privately that he must have provoked the stingray in some manner, despite Irwin’s companions saying the fatal attack was entirely unprovoked. 4 , 5 Queensland’s The Courier-Mail quoted one marine medical expert as saying:", "There was no evidence that he provoked the attack. The fatal blow was caught on videotape and showed Irwin swimming over the top of the ray as the tail came up and spiked him in the chest. Irwin instinctively pulled the barb out of his chest and died shortly after.", "Love him or loathe him - Australia's collective \"glass\" is signifigantly less \"half-full\" through the passing of Steve Irwin.", "Known for his \"Crikey!\" catchphrase, Irwin has had a wildlife reserve, a road, a turtle, a snail and an anti-whaling ship named after him since his death.", "The television personality and conservationist, who became world-famous for his daring stunts with dangerous animals, died aged 44 in 2006 while filming a documentary on the Great Barrier Reef in far north Queensland.", "Can anyone remember who the TV 'personality' was who was bitten on the crotch by a snake that Irwin hurled off the stage at the Logies (or some other fabulous event) Luckily the victim took it in good spirits but to me that epitomised what Irwin was about.", "He was an Australian naturalist. He hosted, with this wife Terri Irwin, the TV show “The Crocodile Hunter”. Here is a video of him with a snake on an Australian TV Show:", "It is a shot of Steve tackling a crocodile around the throat in a mud pool, with a headline saying that the world weeps for this Aussie hero.", "Every creature in the Australian bush, it seems, wants to poison you. There are king brown snakes, cane toads, redback spiders, and taipan snakes. You can’t even swim in the sea—box jellyfish, polka-dot stingrays, blue-ringed octopuses, dozens of species of shark. Then there are the saltwater crocodiles, known as salties, which can grow to 20 feet long. During the two weeks I’m in the bush, two people are eaten by salties, a seven-year-old girl and a nine-year-old boy. I express my grief about this to Batumbil, but she remains unperturbed. These things happen." ]

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[ "With headquarters in Seattle, Washington, Vulcan oversees and manages a broad compilation of projects, investments and companies all over the world. We are that big umbrella company under which a host of signature Allen family entities fall under – like Vulcan Real Estate, the Allen Institute for Brain Science, the Flying Heritage Collection and the Seattle Seahawks, just to name a few. We are also constantly innovating in-house, serving as an incubator for fledgling technology, ambitious global campaigns and new philanthropic efforts.", "Allen is the founder and Chief Executive Officer of Vulcan Inc., which manages his various business and philanthropic efforts. Allen also has a multibillion-dollar investment portfolio including technology and media companies, real estate holdings, and stakes in other companies. He owns two professional sports teams, the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League and the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association. He is also part-owner of the Seattle Sounders FC, which in 2009, joined Major League Soccer.", "The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football franchise based in Seattle, Washington. The Seahawks compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Seahawks joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team, along with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Seahawks are owned by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen and are currently coached by Pete Carroll. Since 2002, the Seahawks have played their home games at CenturyLink Field (formerly Qwest Field), located south of downtown Seattle. The Seahawks previously played home games in the Kingdome (1976–1999) and Husky Stadium (1994, 2000–2001).", "Billionaire Paul Allen reportedly has an IQ of between 160 and 170. Allen was born in 1953 in Seattle and made friends with Bill Gates while still at school. He attended Washington State University but quit his studies in 1974 and then talked Gates into leaving Harvard. The following year, the pair founded Microsoft in New Mexico. After he was told that he had Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 1982, Allen stepped back from Microsoft and eventually resigned in 2000, although he remained in an advisory capacity. He is a renowned philanthropist, and his donations to science, education, conservation, the arts and technology exceed $1.5 billion. As well as being a stakeholder in technology, media and other companies, Allen owns the Seattle Seahawks and the Portland Trailblazers and part-owns MLS team the Seattle Sounders. He launched the Allen Institute for Brain Science in 2003 and founded space transport company Stratolaunch Systems in 2011.", "Seattle Sounders FC plays home matches at CenturyLink Field in Seattle, also home to the Seattle Seahawks. Sounders minority owner Paul Allen is also the owner of the Seahawks, who have a 30-year lease on CenturyLink Field. Because of this relationship, the Sounders makes use of CenturyLink Field without paying rent. For Sounders matches, the pitch is called \"The Xbox Pitch at CenturyLink Field\" as part of the sponsorship deal with Microsoft. ", "In 2007, Hanauer teamed up with Hollywood producer Joe Roth to make another bid for MLS expansion into Seattle, at a cost of $30 million. Paul Allen, whose First and Goal company operated Qwest Field (now CenturyLink Field), joined the ownership group that same year, making the bid the most promising yet for Seattle. During the first week of November 2007, rumors began to build that MLS would be announcing an expansion into Seattle the following week, and that the ownership group had taken on a fourth member, TV personality Drew Carey. In a press conference on November 13, 2007, it was announced that Seattle had been awarded an expansion team. The announcement marked the return of top-level soccer to Seattle for the first time since the dissolution of its North American Soccer League (NASL) team in 1983. The announcement also meant that the Seattle Sounders of the USL First Division would play its final season the year before the new MLS franchise was formed. \"Seattle Sounders FC\" was announced as the team name on April 7, 2008, along with the team logo, colors and badge design, in a presentation held at the Space Needle. The \"FC\" in the team moniker stands for Football Club, but the team name is officially \"Seattle Sounders FC\".", "In January 1996, Seahawks owner Ken Behring announced he was moving the team to Los Angeles and the team would play at Anaheim Stadium , which had recently been vacated as a football venue when the Los Angeles Rams moved to St. Louis. His rationale for the decision included unfounded safety concerns surrounding the seismic stability of the Kingdome. Behring went so far as to relocate team headquarters to Anaheim, California, but his plans were defeated when lawyers found out that the Seahawks could not break their lease on the Kingdome until 2005. As a result, Behring tried to sell the team. He found a potential buyer in Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen , who stipulated that a new publicly-funded stadium had to be built as a condition of his purchase of the team. Allen funded a special election held on June 17, 1997 that featured a measure that would allocate public funding for a new stadium for the Seahawks to be built on the Kingdome site. The measure passed, Allen officially purchased the team, and the Kingdome's fate was sealed.", "Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (often referred to as Warner Bros. Pictures, Warner Bros. or just simply WB) is an American entertainment company. As one of the major film studios, it is a division of Time Warner, with its headquarters in Burbank, California. Warner Bros. has several subsidiary companies, including Warner Bros. Pictures, Turner Entertainment Co., Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, Warner Bros. Television, Warner Bros. Animation, Warner Home Video, New Line Cinema, Castle Rock Entertainment, and DC Entertainment. Warner Bros. owns half of The CW Television Network.", "$1.33 billion in August 2014 by Forbes, which says the team has \"one of the most rabid fan bases in the NFL.\" Under the helm of Allen, the Seahawks have been to the Super Bowl three times winning Super Bowl XLVIII and have won three NFC Championships (2005, 2013, 2014). ", "Leiweke and executives from First & Goal, Inc., the company that oversees the Seahawks, the stadium and the Qwest (formerly Stadium Exhibition) Center, sought out the Bonham Group, a sports marketing firm also out of Denver. Bonham brought Qwest and First & Goal together, and the two companies worked out a long-tem deal.", "From 2001 to 2006, Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz was the majority owner of the team, along with 58 partners or minor owners, as part of the Basketball Club of Seattle LLP. On July 18, 2006, Schultz sold the SuperSonics and its sister team, the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)'s Seattle Storm, to the Professional Basketball Club LLC (PBC), a group of businessmen from Oklahoma City for $350 million. The team relocated to Oklahoma City in 2008, and now plays as the Oklahoma City Thunder.", "The LA Galaxy, also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy, is an American professional soccer franchise based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson, California, that competes in Major League Soccer (MLS), in the Western Conference of the league. The franchise is one of the league's most-decorated clubs, having won the MLS Cup five times—more than any other club—the Supporters' Shield four times, the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup twice, and the old CONCACAF Champions' Cup, making them one of just two MLS teams, along with D.C. United, to win a CONCACAF tournament.", "Pro sports has always been a business, and corporate ownership is nothing new. CBS owned the New York Yankees in the 1960s and early '70s, though the network didn't televise any of the team's games. Media owners have existed since Ted Turner bought the Atlanta Braves in 1976 and used them to help build TBS, a key to the Turner Broadcasting System Inc. empire, and the Tribune Co., which publishes the Chicago Tribune and operates WGN television and radio, bought the Cubs from the Wrigley family in 1980.", "The Rock Group went into administration in June 2009, the management of the freehold was taken on by PwC acting on behalf of Lloyds Bank, which now own HBOS. PwC expected to sell it within two years.[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/construction_and_property/article6881640.ece PwC kicks off sale of Kemsley’s trophy assets], The Times, 20 October 2009 The club and Selhurst Park stadium were purchased by the CPFC 2010 consortium in June 2010, leading to the stadium and Football Club being united in a company for the first time since 1998.", "Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 as part of the United States' successful bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup. The first season took place in 1996 with ten teams. MLS experienced financial and operational struggles in its first few years: The league lost millions of dollars, teams played in mostly empty American football stadiums, and two teams folded in 2002. Since then, MLS has expanded to 20 teams, owners built soccer-specific stadiums, average MLS attendance exceeds that of the National Hockey League (NHL) and National Basketball Association (NBA), MLS secured national TV contracts, and the league is now profitable. ", "There are several familiar licensors that are no longer individually broken out within the ranking as they have been incorporated into their respective parent company's listing, either the result of a corporate decision or acquisition–ESPN and Disney ABC Television are now included with parent company Disney, for example, and HIT Entertainment is now included with Mattel. Last year, three major licensors were removed from the list but remain viable operating divisions of other major licensors. They include Lucas Licensing, now part of Disney; Classic Media, now part of DreamWorks; and Lazytown, which is part of Turner Enterprises.", "T-50: One of the fans from the New England Revolution just interviewed Drew Carey, owner of the Seattle Sounders. He put it quite nicely: \"Managing a club is just like how you would manage a team in a video game-but with millions of dollars.\"", "On August 4, 1986, Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System acquired Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/United Artists from Kirk Kerkorian; due to concerns over the debt load of his companies, on October 17, 1986, Turner was forced to sell MGM back to Kerkorian after approximately only 74 days of ownership. However, Turner kept much of MGM's film and television library made prior to May 1986 (as well as some of the United Artists library) and formed Turner Entertainment. ", "Anthony became a minority owner of the Miami Dolphins in 2009. In 2011, he returned to television on the TNT series Hawthorne, toured the U.S., and launched his line of clothes and luxury accessories for Kohl's. Together with Jamie King and Jennifer López, he produced the 2012 TV series ¡Q’ Viva! The Chosen, which aired simultaneously on Spanish and English television in the US and Latin America. In April 2015, Anthony announced the formation of the entertainment company Magnus Media. ", "It was the parent company for Warner Bros. Pictures and Warner Music Group. It also owned DC Comics and Mad magazine. Warner made (and later lost) considerable profits with Atari, Inc., which it owned from 1976 to 1984.", "In 2004, he became founder and primary owner of the Philadelphia Soul of the Arena Football League. He appeared in several television commercials for the league, typically with John Elway, Hall of Fame quarterback for the Denver Broncos. The AFL will be returning in 2011, but Jon will no longer be part owner of the Soul.http", "Following the conclusion of the 2005 season, on December 15, the then owner of the San Jose Earthquakes, Anschutz Entertainment Group, announced that the team was moving to Houston for the 2006 season because of the failure of efforts to secure a soccer-specific stadium for the team in San Jose. However, MLS Commissioner Don Garber said that the Earthquakes' name, colors, logo, wordmark, history and competitive records would not be transferred, similar to the Cleveland Browns deal in the National Football League. The San Jose franchise was officially put on hiatus while the players, head coach Dominic Kinnear and some of his coaching staff were moved to Houston, Texas, where they became, first, Houston 1836, then Houston Dynamo. The Houston Dynamo is technically considered an expansion team by MLS just as the Baltimore Ravens was by the NFL during that team's early years.", "It is operated by the A & S Leisure Group, the majority shareholder of which is Dave Allen. Allen was previously the chairman of football team Sheffield Wednesday who play at the nearby Hillsborough Stadium, which coincidentally was originally named Owlerton Stadium.", "Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc. (Marvel or MEG), incorporated on as the parent company of Marvel Comics and Marvel Productions, was put up for sale as part of the liquidation of its then parent corporation, Cadence Industries, and sold in 1986 to New World Pictures. On January 6, 1989, Ronald Perelman's MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings group of companies bought Marvel Entertainment Group from New World for $82.5 million, not including Marvel Productions, which was folded into New World's TV and movie business.", "\"It is pure economics,\" explained Ralph Irizarry, who spearheaded the merchandising efforts of MLB, the NHL and World Cup USA '94 as an agent with Licensing Corporation of America (LCA) from 1978 through 1990 and then as a vice president of sales and marketing with Time Warner Sports Merchandising (TWSM) from 1991 through 1995. LCA was a division of Time Warner.", "In 1975, Warner expanded under the guidance of CEO Steve Ross and formed a joint venture with American Express, named Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which held cable channels including MTV (launched 1981), Nickelodeon (launched 1979) and The Movie Channel. Warner Bros. bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks.", "In June 2007, Packer sold another 25 per cent share of the joint-venture PBL Media to CVC for $515 million. In October 2008, Packer wrote down his final 25 per cent stake in PBL Media to zero. By the end of 2012, debt from CVC's acquisition had overwhelmed Channel Nine and US hedge funds ousted CVC, taking 100 per cent ownership. ", "The Cosmos had financial problems of their own, on top of those affecting the league in general. Much of the Cosmos' ability to attract the well-known overseas players it had acquired was due to the financial resources of parent company Warner Communications. In the early 1980s, Warner was the target of a hostile takeover bid by Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch; although this attempt did not succeed, Warner sold off several of its assets, among them Atari and Global Soccer, Inc., the subsidiary that operated the Cosmos. Chinaglia bought Global Soccer, and thus controlled the team. His group did not have the capital necessary to keep all of the players signed on expensive contracts by Warner, which resulted in many of the stars being sold. The club won its last title in 1982, and by the last season of the NASL, 1984, had missed the play-offs for the first time since 1975. The precipitous decline of the Cosmos after the 1983 season became for many fans and the media proof positive of the grave condition of the whole NASL. ", "The club was floated by the previous owner and chairman Doug Ellis, but in 2006 full control of the club was acquired by American businessman Randy Lerner. Lerner announced on 12 May 2014 that he is selling the club.", "In November 2002, UEFA appointed Warner Bros. Consumer Products (WBCP) as the tournament's exclusive worldwide licensing agent. As the global licensing rights owner, WBCP was responsible for negotiating product license contracts with third parties on the behalf of UEFA and delineate product sales strategies across the host country. Other tasks included setting up and managing marketing plans, product distribution and prices, and prevent illegal use of trademarks and product sales. Over 2,000 merchandise items were developed by the 28 licensees chosen by WBCP, and were distributed not only within Portugal but also in major European and Asian markets. ", "American Express's \"do you know me?\" campaign in the 1980's, which was parodied by a Whammy on Press Your Luck , as well as in the movie Major League . \"Hi! Do you know us? We're a Major League Baseball team!\"", "Finally, 2 weeks before the IFA Fair, we signed a new collaboration agreement with Borussia Dortmund (BVB), one of the most successful football clubs of Germany, with our Grundig brand and UHD TV technology.  From now on the team's stadium will be equipped with Grundig FullHD and UHD screens. With these actions Grundig not only strengthen its connection with the football but also underlines its expertise in the technology field.\"" ]

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[ "* May 5, 1821 – Emperor Napoléon I dies in exile on Saint Helena of stomach cancer.", "Napoleon died after six years of exile on Saint Helena on May 5, 1821. It is likely that he died from stomach cancer. His remains were moved to France in 1840 to Les Invalides in Paris.", "The French invasion of Russia in 1812 marked a turning point in Napoleon's fortunes. His Grande Armée was wrecked in the campaign and never fully recovered. In 1813, the Sixth Coalition defeated his forces at the Leipzig, invaded France and exiled him to the island of Elba. Less than a year later, he returned and was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. Napoleon spent the last six years of his life under British supervision on the island of Saint Helena, where he died in 1821. The autopsy concluded he died of stomach cancer though Sten Forshufvud and other scientists in the 1960s conjectured that he had been poisoned with arsenic.", "Napoleon was imprisoned and then exiled by the British to the island of Saint Helena (2,800 kilometers off the Bight of Guinea in the South Atlantic Ocean) from October 15, 1815. While there, with a small cadre of followers, he dictated his memoirs and criticized his captors. Sick for much of his time on Saint Helena, Napoleon died on May 5, 1821. His last words were: \"France, the Army, head of the Army, Josephine.” His heritage was distributed to his close followers like the General Marbot, whom he asked to continue his writings on the \"Grandeur de la France.\"", "The French invasion of Russia in 1812 marked a turning point in Napoleon's fortunes. His Grande Armée was badly damaged in the campaign and never fully recovered. In 1813, the Sixth Coalition defeated his forces at Leipzig; the following year the Coalition invaded France, forced Napoleon to abdicate and exiled him to the island of Elba. Less than a year later, he escaped Elba and returned to power, but was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. Napoleon spent the last six years of his life under British supervision on the island of Saint Helena. An autopsy concluded he died of stomach cancer, though other scientists have since conjectured that he was poisoned with arsenic.", "Napoleon died in 1821 on St Helena, appearing as a despatch from Captain Crokat ( Gazette issue 1722 ). ‘St Helena, May 6, 1821. It falls to my duty to inform your Lordship, that Napoleon Bonaparte expired at about ten minutes before six o'clock in the evening of the, 5th instant, after an illness which had confined him to his apartment since the 17th of March last.’ The cause is thought to have been stomach cancer, with some detail of the postmortem described.", "In 1812, thinking that Russia was plotting an alliance with England, Napoleon launched an invasion against the Russians that eventually ended with his troops retreating from Moscow and much of Europe uniting against him. In 1814, Napoleon’s broken forces gave up and Napoleon offered to step down in favor of his son. When this offer was rejected, he abdicated and was sent to Elba. In March 1815, he escaped his island exile and returned to Paris, where he regained supporters and reclaimed his emperor title, Napoleon I, in a period known as the Hundred Days. However, in June 1815, he was defeated at the bloody Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon’s defeat ultimately signaled the end of France’s domination of Europe. He abdicated for a second time and was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena, in the southern Atlantic Ocean, where he lived out the rest of his days. He died at age 52 on May 5, 1821, possibly from stomach cancer, although some theories contend he was poisoned.", "During Napoleon's exile in St. Helena, he resided in a very luxurious room painted bright green, his favorite color. His cause of death is generally believed to be stomach cancer, and arsenic exposure has been linked to an increased risk of gastric carcinoma. Analysis of his hair samples revealed significant amounts of arsenic. As St. Helena has a rather damp climate, it is not unlikely that fungus grew on the walls. It has also been suggested that the presence of such abnormally high levels of arsenic might be due to attempts at preserving his body.", "This restored First Empire lasted until 22 June 1815, when Napoleon abdicated again, this time in favor of a regency on behalf of his son (who had been separated from his father in 1814 and was living in Vienna, Austria). The nominal reign of Napoleon II lasted no longer than until 7 July 1815, when an Allied army occupied Paris. Napoleon I was now exiled to the Atlantic island of St. Helena, where he died a prisoner 5 May 1821. Napoleon II continued to live under close observation in Vienna until he died of tuberculosis 22 July 1832. Neither Joseph nor Louis Bonaparte ever made any effort on behalf of the imperial claims that had descended to them.", "As for Napoleon, he was taken to the British-ruled isle of Saint Helena in the south Atlantic, with his luggage packed for America following him. He died there on May 5, 1821.", "In March 1815, Napoléon escaped from Elba and reestablished the Empire in France. The Empire lasted during the so-called period of Cent-Jours (Hundred-Days), which ended with the defeat of Waterloo (18 June). The Emperor abdicated for the second time on 22 June, and was exiled to St. Helena island, where he died on 5 May 1821.", "..... Click the link for more information. , talking with his ever-dwindling group of followers, and dictating his memoirs., He died May 5, 1821, officially from stomach cancer, but the presence of arsenic in samples of his hair have led some modern researchers to suggest he was poisoned. Napoleon's remains were ordered to be returned to France by Louis Philippe in 1840 and were entombed under the dome of the Invalides in Paris.", "1821 - Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte dies in exile on the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.", "1821. The Emperor was said to have died from stomach cancer. The physician who led the autopsy found evidence of a stomach ulcer but some people said it was the most convenient explanation for the British, who wanted to avoid criticism over their care of the Emperor. Napoleon’s father died of stomach cancer.", "On arriving at Paris three days after Waterloo, Napoleon still clung to the hope of a concerted national resistance; but the temper of the legislative chambers , and of the public generally, did not favour his view. Lacking support Napoleon abdicated again on 22 June 1815 and on 15 July, surrendered himself to the British squadron at Rochefort . The Allies exiled him to the remote South Atlantic island of Saint Helena , where he died on 5 May 1821.", "Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français) and King of Italy under the name Napoleon I from May 18, 1804 to April 6, 1814, and again briefly from March 20 to June 22, 1815.", "The worlds greatest military genuis and conqueror of Europe died on May 5, 1821. Napoleons last words were “ France , armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine”. This translates to France, Army, Head of the Army, Joséphine. These words will be forever scarred across the rugged face of the earth and his current wife. His wife died later that day. The cause of death was poisoning. Napoleon Bonapartes life ended almost fifty two from his beginning breath. The first Emperor of France was gone. Napoleon Bonaparte was dead! A man thought to be a god among humans was now gone. Napoleon certainly led an amazing life!  Napoleon changed the world in less than a decade of ruling most of Europe. His cause of death was stomach cancer, just like his father. This was the end of the Napoleon Bonaparte era even though his spirit dwells within all young soldiers.", "On arriving at Paris three days after Waterloo, Napoleon still clung to the hope of a concerted national resistance; but the temper of the legislative chambers , and of the public generally, did not favour his view. The politicians forced Napoleon to abdicate again on 22 June 1815. Despite the Emperor’s abdication, irregular warfare continued along the eastern borders and on the outskirts of Paris until the signing of a cease-fire on 4 July. On 15 July, Napoleon surrendered himself to the British squadron at Rochefort. The Allies exiled him to the remote South Atlantic island of Saint Helena, where he died on 5 May 1821.", "Napoleon returned while the Congress of Vienna was sitting. On 13March, seven days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw, and on 25March Austria, Prussia, Russia and the United Kingdom, members of the Seventh Coalition, bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end his rule. This set the stage for the last conflict in the Napoleonic Wars, the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, the restoration of the French monarchy for the second time and the permanent exile of Napoleon to the distant island of Saint Helena, where he died in May 1821.", "Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, King of Italy (15 August 1769 � 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution ; the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from 11 November 1799 to 18 May 1804; then Emperor of the French (Empereur des Fran�ais) and King of Italy under the name Napoleon I from 18 May 1804 to 6 April 1814; and briefly restored as Emperor from 20 March to 22 June 1815.", "Napoleon I, French in full Napoléon Bonaparte, original Italian Napoleone Buonaparte, byname the Corsican or the Little Corporal, French byname Le Corse or Le Petit Caporal (born August 15, 1769, Ajaccio , Corsica—died May 5, 1821, St. Helena Island), French general , first consul (1799–1804), and emperor of the French (1804–1814/15), one of the most celebrated personages in the history of the West. He revolutionized military organization and training; sponsored the Napoleonic Code , the prototype of later civil-law codes; reorganized education; and established the long-lived Concordat with the papacy.", "Jamestown, the capital of rugged and remote St. Helena island, a British protectorate in the South Atlantic, where Napoleon arrived in 1815 to serve out his exile. He died there in 1821 at age 51. Credit Kent Kobersteen/National Geographic Society—Corbis", "His physician, Francesco Antommarchi, led the autopsy which found the cause of death to be stomach cancer. Napoleon's father had died of stomach cancer though this was seemingly unknown at the time of the autopsy. Antommarchi found evidence of a stomach ulcer and it was the most convenient explanation for the British who wanted to avoid criticism over their care of the Emperor. A 2007 study found no evidence of arsenic poisoning in the relevant organs and stated that stomach cancer was the cause of death.", "Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution and its associated wars in Europe.", "Following the Treaty of Fontainebleau, French Emperor Napoleon I was exiled to Elba after his forced abdication in 1814, and he arrived at Portoferraio on May 30, 1814. He was allowed to keep a personal guard of six hundred men. He was nominally sovereign of Elba, although the island was patrolled by the British Royal Navy.", "In the Treaty of Fontainebleau , the victors exiled him to Elba , an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km (12 mi) off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain his title of emperor. Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried since a near-capture by Russians on the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, and he survived to be exiled while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. [123] In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, and issued decrees on modern agricultural methods. [124]", "Back in Paris, the parliament forced Napoleon to abdicate; he did so, in favour of his son, on June 22, 1815. On July 3 he was at Rochefort , intending to take ship for the United States , but a British squadron prevented any French vessel from leaving the port. Napoleon then decided to appeal to the British government for protection. His request granted, he boarded the Bellerophon on July 15. The allies were agreed on one point: Napoleon was not to go back to Elba. Nor did they like the idea of his going off to America. It would have suited them if he had fallen a victim to the “White Terror” of the returned counterrevolutionaries or if Louis XVIII had had him summarily tried and executed. Great Britain had no choice but to send him to detention in a far-off island. The British government announced that the island of St. Helena in the southern Atlantic had been chosen for his residence; because of its remote position, Napoleon would enjoy much greater freedom than would be possible elsewhere. Napoleon protested eloquently: “I appeal to history!”", "Field Marshal His Grace The Duke of Wellington, KG, KB, PC (11 May 1814�2 January 1815)", "Field Marshal His Grace The Duke of Wellington, KG, KB, PC (11 May 1814–2 January 1815)", "* FM His Grace The Duke of Wellington KG (11 May 1814 – 2 January 1815)", "On 7 January 1805 Cornwallis was again appointed to the positions of Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of India; he described that after a difficult passage, he reached Madras on 19 July, and on 30 July he resumed his duties. William Hickey wrote that Cornwallis had become \"a wreck of what he had been when formerly in Bengal\", and another aide noted that \"his constitution was less equal to contend against the effects of this climate\". In spite of declining health and mental faculties, Cornwallis began a trip by boat to visit army outposts northwest of Calcutta. On the journey he wrote to General Gerard Lake, then commanding the forces in the war with the Marathas, insisting that peace be made. However, he never received Lake's answer. When Cornwallis reached Ghazipur on 27 September, he was too ill to proceed further, and he died there a week later, on 5 October 1805. ", "On 7 January 1805 Cornwallis was again appointed to the positions of Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of India; he described that after a difficult passage, he reached Madras on 19 July, and on 30 July he resumed his duties. William Hickey wrote that Cornwallis had become \"a wreck of what he had been when formerly in Bengal\", and another aide noted that \"his constitution was less equal to contend against the effects of this climate\". [98] In spite of declining health and mental faculties, Cornwallis began a trip by boat to visit army outposts northwest of Calcutta. On the journey he wrote to General Gerard Lake , then commanding the forces in the war with the Marathas, insisting that peace be made. [99] However, he never received Lake's answer. When Cornwallis reached Ghazipur on 27 September, he was too ill to proceed further, and he died there a week later, on 5 October 1805. [100]" ]

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[ "The Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by physicians. It is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. In its original form, it requires a new physician to swear, by a number of healing gods, to uphold specific ethical standards. Of historic and traditional value, the oath is considered a rite of passage for practitioners of medicine in many countries, although nowadays various modernized versions are often used.", "The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by physicians, in which certain ethical guidelines are laid out. It is thought to be written by Hippocrates by some scholars, but this is disputed and instead thought to be written by the Pythagoreans. One traditional version is below but there are others.", "Hippocrates is credited with creating the Hippocratic Oath, a vow taken by medical students when they become qualified doctors. The oath is also taken today by other healthcare professionals. They swear to practice medicine ethically and honestly. Some classical scholars, such as Ludwig Edelstein, believe that the oath was created by Pythagoreans. Nobody is completely sure who wrote it.", "The Hippocratic Oath (Ορκος) is perhaps the most widely known of Greek medical texts. It requires a new physician to swear upon a number of healing gods that he will uphold a number of professional ethical standards. It also strongly binds the student to his teacher and the greater community of physicians with responsibilities similar to that of a family member. In fact, the creation of the Oath may have marked the early stages of medical training to those outside the first families of Hippocratic medicine, the Asclepiads of Kos, by requiring strict loyalty.", "The Hippocratic Oath, a seminal document on the ethics of medical practice, was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity although new information shows it may have been written after his death. This is probably the most famous document of the Hippocratic Corpus. Recently the authenticity of the document's author has come under scrutiny. While the Oath is rarely used in its original form today, it serves as a foundation for other, similar oaths and laws that define good medical practice and morals. Such derivatives are regularly taken today by medical graduates about to enter medical practice.", "The aspects of Hippocrates' teaching that relate most closely to public health are contained in Air, Waters, and Places, but much of the wisdom that permeates the rest of the Hippocratic corpus is as applicable to public health as it is to the practice of clinical medicine, and is as true today as when it was recorded twenty-five centuries ago. However, the Hippocratic oath, which is one of the basic texts of medical ethics and is still taken by medical school graduates, is no longer believed to have been written by Hippocrates, and it is unknown exactly how many of the seventy-odd Hippocratic treatises he did write.", "An oath taken by physicians usually on receiving the doctoral degree, whereby they promise to observe ethical principles in the practice of medicine. The oath is named for Hippocrates of Cos (470-380 bce), who belonged to the medical guild or brotherhood of sclepiads and is honored as the Father of Medicine because he first separated the art and science of medicine from philosophy and religion. But although the oath survives among the numerous and various writings composing the hippocratic corpus, modern scholars doubt that it was the work of Hippocrates himself. Its prohibition of suicide, euthanasia, abortion, and surgery (all of which were accepted or condoned among the Asclepiads) suggests rather a Pythagorean origin. The date of its composition and the original manner of its use are unknown.", "Even though the Hippocratic Oath today is not often applied in its original form, it is still the foundation for many other oaths or laws that outline what the good practice and morals of medicine should be. These oaths are commonly taken by today’s medical graduates.", "“Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick.” This is part of the Hippocratic Oath that every physician across the world takes– a solemn vow to help and treat the ill. Few of us realize that this Hippocratic Oath has its roots in ancient Greek and is named after Hippocrates, who it is believed, wrote these original guidelines for doctors.", "The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates is considered the \"father of western medicine\", laid the foundation for a rational approach to medicine. Hippocrates introduced the Hippocratic Oath for physicians, which is still relevant and in use today, and was the first to categorize illnesses as acute, chronic, endemic and epidemic, and use terms such as, \"exacerbation, relapse, resolution, crisis, paroxysm, peak, and convalescence\". After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the onset of the Early Middle Ages, the Greek tradition of medicine went into decline in Western Europe, although it continued uninterrupted in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.", "As a side note, the principle of specialization goes back to ancient Greece. The Hippocratic Oath forbids doctors from practicing surgery (or, more specifically, removing bladder, kidney and gall stones, the only real surgery that existed at the time), telling them to withdraw in favor of surgeons.", "Hippocrates: The Father of Medicine, this pagan Greek physician, in his Oath, as well as in his other writings (“Corpus Hippocraticum”), set a standard of practice, which has remained the hallmark for the Christian practice of ethical medicine through the centuries. Today, when our profession needs to be reminded of these values most, we seem to be attending to them least. “Primum Non Nocere” – First, Do No Harm.", "The Hippocratic Oath for physicians, attributed to 5th century BC Greece, refers to the existence of \"deadly drugs\", and ancient Greek physicians imported drugs from Egypt and elsewhere. ", "While it is uncertain if the oath itself was written by Hippocrates (Boylan “Hippocrates”), genuine physicians sought to protect patients from the dangers of these charlatans by setting up a code of ethics.  The Oath was a way of “establishing medicine as a profession that ordinary people could trust” and a way to distinguish trained physicians from medical con men.", "2. Prioreschi P. The hippocratic oath: a code for physicians, not a Pythagorean manifesto. Medical Hypotheses, XLIV, 447-462, 1995. See also: Prioreschi P. The hippocratic oath: a code for physicians, not a Pythagorean manifesto. Proceedings of the 34th International Congress of History of Medicine, Glasgow, Scotland. GB, 4-8 September 1994, pp. 99-115.", "Note that the classic Hippocratice Oath is sworn \"by Apollo the physician, by �sculapius, Hygeia, and Panacea, .....\"", "Some medical scholars and abortion opponents have suggested that the Hippocratic Oath forbade Ancient Greek physicians from performing abortions; other scholars disagree with this interpretation, and state the medical texts of Hippocratic Corpus contain descriptions of abortive techniques right alongside the Oath. The physician Scribonius Largus wrote in 43 CE that the Hippocratic Oath prohibits abortion, as did Soranus, although apparently not all doctors adhered to it strictly at the time. According to Soranus' 1st or 2nd century CE work Gynaecology, one party of medical practitioners banished all abortives as required by the Hippocratic Oath; the other party —to which he belonged— was willing to prescribe abortions, but only for the sake of the mother's health.[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/aconite/largus.html \"Scribonius Largus\"]", "The original Hippocratic Oath began with the invocation \"I swear by Apollo the Physician and by Asclepius and by Hygieia and Panacea and by all the gods …\".", "The original Hippocratic Oath began with the invocation \"I swear by Apollo the Physician and by Asclepius and by Hygieia and Panacea and by all the gods ...\"", "The Hippocratic Corpus is a collection of about sixty treatises, most written between 430 BC and AD 200. They are actually a group of texts written by several different people holding several different viewpoints erroneously grouped under the name of Hippocrates, perhaps at the Library of Alexandria. None of the texts included in the Corpus can be considered to have been written by Hippocrates himself, and one of them at least was written by his son-in-law Polybus. The best known of the Hippocratic writings is the Hippocratic Oath; however, this text was most likely not written by Hippocrates himself. A famous, time-honoured medical rule ascribed to Hippocrates is Primum non nocere (\"first, do no harm\"); another one is Ars longa, vita brevis (\"art is long, and life short\").", "Doctors were told to make sure their hands were clean before they treated patients. He said the operating room should be well lighted and look cheerful. His thought patients in good spirits would heal faster.Physicians should be men of honor, according to Hippocrates. He encouraged them to work as hard as possible for the good of the sick.The Hippocratic Oath was named for him. It included rules of conducts for doctors and even today doctors still honor a form of the oath.", "Pellegrino (1990) argues that the idea of medicine as a moral community can be linked back to Hippocrates.  What intrigues me about this is that, given that the Hippocratic Oath was written c.a. 500 BCE, this document is clearly one of the most momentous and long-lasting codes of ethics.  In this blog post, I will give some background information on the Hippocratic Oath and argue that the oath should presents a model code of professional ethics.", "\"I will not cut persons laboring under the stone, but will leave this to be done by men who are practitioners of this work\" -- a commitment in the Oath attributed to Hippocrates -- was said to reflect his attitude toward lithotomy (Fig. 23). In fact this passage is a late interpolation, inserted in the original text only during the 2nd century AD.", "is an oath historically taken by physicians and other healthcare professionals. It is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. It requires a new physician to swear, upon a number of healing gods, to uphold specific ethical standards.", "Just as medical textbooks have come a long way from Hippocrates' archaic writings, the modern versions of the oath veer far from the classical. Enlarge Photo credit: Aldus Manutius/public domain", "Celebrated as the Father of Medicine, Hippocrates (460–377 b.c.e.) was born on the Island of Cos, traveled widely throughout classical Greece in the period of its civilization's greatest achievements, and died in Thessaly. He and his pupils made contributions to medical thinking that have endured for 2.5 millennia. His therapies, based on the humoral theory that imbalance among the four \"humors\" (phlegm, blood, black bile, and yellow bile) caused most diseases, were flawed, but this does not detract from the excellence of the meticulous descriptions of diseases and their accounts of their natural history that have come down to us in the Hippocratic aphorisms and other writings. Pupils in the Hippocratic medical school were apprentice priest-physicians—for medicine was then a priestly calling.", "© R. I . C.Publ i ca t i o ns (ix) doctors still recite a version of this oath today when they graduate. • f o r r e v i e w p u r p o sesonl y• Greek doctors used medical instruments (x) created a code for the way doctors should behave.", "In Team Fortress 2 , one of the Medic's new weapons is the bust of Hippocrates, so now players can be beaten to death by the father of medical ethics. What makes this even more ironic is that if you zoom in on the bust of Hippocrates, there's a little brass plaque underneath that says \"DO NO HARM\", the time-honored motto of the health profession. And even better. What does \"Hippocrates\" sound like ?", "According to one reference work, an oath is �a solemn appeal to God to witness the truth of a statement or the sincerity of a promise, coupled with an imprecation of divine judgement in the event of falsehood or breach of obligation.� 5 This definition is captured in the Hippocratic oath, one of the world�s oldest and most famous:", "The classical version of the Hippocratic Oath is from the translation from the Greek by Ludwig Edelstein. From The Hippocratic Oath: Text, Translation, and Interpretation, by Ludwig Edelstein. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1943.", "There are many versions of the Hippocratic Oath. We here present two versions. First, the \"classic\" version (or more precisely, one translation of the original oath). And then, following it, is presented one of the fine \"modern\" versions of the Hippocratic Oath.", "This is the original version of the Hippocratic Oath, in Greek and then followed by the English translation:" ]

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[ "Kent State University (KSU) is a public research university in Kent, Ohio, United States. The university also includes seven regional campuses in Northeast Ohio and additional facilities in the region and internationally. Regional campuses are located in Ashtabula, Burton, East Liverpool, Jackson Township, New Philadelphia, Salem, and Warren, Ohio, with additional facilities in Cleveland, Independence, and Twinsburg, Ohio, New York City, and Florence, Italy.", "Kent State University is an eight-campus system in northeastern Ohio, with the main administrative center in Kent. Within the Kent State University system, the main campus is officially referred to as the \"Kent Campus\". The Kent Campus is a landscaped suburban environment, covering approximately 866 acre which house over 100 buildings, gardens, bike trails, and open greenery. There are also thousands of additional acres of bogs, marshes, and wildlife refuges adjacent to or near the campus. While the university's official mascot is Flash the golden eagle, the campus also has an unofficial mascot in the black squirrel, which were brought to Kent in 1961 and can be found on and around the campus. The campus is divided into North, South, and East sections but many areas have come to be referred to as Front Campus, Residential Campus, and Science Row. The main hub of activity and central point is the Student Center and Risman Plaza, which is adjacent to the twelve-story main library. The university also operates the 18-hole Kent State Golf Course and Centennial Research Park just east of campus in Franklin Township and the 219 acre Kent State University Airport in Stow.", "As of September 2015, Kent State is one of the largest universities in Ohio with an enrollment of 41,005 students in the eight-campus system and 30,067 students at the main campus in Kent. It is ranked by the Carnegie Foundation as one of the top 77 public research universities in the US and one of the top 76 in community engagement. In 2010, Kent State was ranked as one of the top 200 universities in the world by Times Higher Education. Kent State offers over 300 degree programs, among them 250 baccalaureate, 40 associate's, 50 master's, and 23 doctoral programs of study, which include such notable programs as nursing, business, history, library science, aeronautics, journalism, fashion design and the Liquid Crystal Institute.", "The Kent State shootings—also known as the May 4 massacre or Kent State massacre—occurred at Kent State University in the city of Kent, Ohio, and involved the shooting of unarmed college students by members of the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, 1970. The guardsmen fired 67 rounds over a period of 13 seconds, killing four students and wounding nine others, one of whom suffered permanent paralysis.", "And on this day in 1970, The Kent State shootings occurred, at Kent State University in Ohio.   Members of the Ohio National Guard fired into a crowd of demonstrators, who were protesting the recently announced US invasion of Cambodia.   About 65 shots were fired in a 13 second period.   Four students (Allison Krause, Jeffrey Miller, Sandra Scheuer and William Schroeder) were killed and nine others wounded.   Scheuer and Schroeder had not participated in the protest and were simply walking from one class to another.   A tragic irony was that Schroeder was a member of the campus Army Reserve Officer Training Corps chapter.   The event triggered a nationwide student strike that forced hundreds of colleges and universities to close.   The war in Indochina had come home to America, as long-drawn-out foreign wars tend to do.", "The events which occurred at Kent State University in Ohio on May 4, 1970 have been listed as one of the catalysts that helped turn U.S. public opinion against the Vietnam War.  What started out as a peaceful protest culminated into 4 days of unrest that ended in tragedy.  During the Kent State Massacre (also known as the Kent State Shootings,) 4 college students were killed and 9 others wounded when the Ohio National Guard fired shots into a crowd during an anti-war protest on campus grounds.  Although many of the details of events leading up to the tragedy were unclear, the affects on a divided nation shined brightly.", "On May 4, 1970, four students at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio were shot and killed by National Guard troops. The incident occurred after three days of student protests against the Vietnam War.", "Protests by students at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio began on May 1, 1970. At noon, students held a protest rally on campus and later that night rioters built a bonfire and threw beer bottles at police off campus.", "1970 - This was a sad day in U.S. history and for human rights as four Kent State University students were shot down by National Guard members during an anti-Vietnam War demonstration. Memorial services are held annually for Allison Krause, Sandra Lee Scheuer, Jeffrey Glenn Miller and William K. Schroeder on the Kent, Ohio campus. They are not forgotten.", "Reference:   Public Papers.   Statement on the Deaths of Four Students at Kent State University, Kent, Ohio (140)", "AP Images/Uncredited for educational use only. Ohio National Guard armed with tear gas and rifles move in on students at Kent State University, May 4, 1970.", "© Kent State University Alumni Association, Center for Philanthropy & Alumni Engagement, PO Box 5190, Kent, Ohio, 44242", "Kent State's Trumbull Campus is located in Warren, Ohio just north of the SR 5 bypass on SR 45. It offers programs in 170 majors at the freshman and sophomore level, as well as 18 certificates and 15 associate degree programs. In addition, there is upper division coursework for baccalaureate degree completion in nursing, justice studies, technology, business management, and English, as well as general studies and psychology degrees. In 2004 the campus opened a 68000 sqft Technology Building that includes the Workforce Development and Continuing Studies Center.", "1970 William Schroeder 1 of 4 students at Kent State University killed by Ohio National Guard", "1970 Sandy Scheuer 1 of 4 students at Kent State University killed by Ohio National Guard", "1970 Allison Krause 1 of 4 students at Kent State University killed by Ohio National Guard", "1970 Jeffrey Miller 1 of 4 students at Kent State University killed by Ohio National Guard", "May 4, 1970, Four Kent State University Students Killed By Ohio National Guard - Today In Crime History", "Kent State at Salem is located in Salem Township, just south of the city of Salem. The 100 acre campus features a lake, outdoor classroom, and nature walk. Kent State University at Salem also owns and operates the \"City Center\" facility in the former home of Salem Middle School and Salem High School, in which administrative offices, classes, and student services are located. ", "Ohio - (1971) 4 Way Street \"They're cutting us down!\" refers to the 1970 Kent State Massacre, wherein four students were murdered by the National Guard. ", "The consequences from the tragic events affected not only Kent State University, which closed for the rest of the semester, but the country as well.  It caused a nationwide student strike which closed hundreds of colleges and universities; it highlighted the need for law enforcement and military to develop better ways to manage conflict between its citizens; but most importantly, the events of May 4, 1970 at Kent State became a symbol of political and cultural division in America \"which occurred at the height of the Vietnam War era.\"", "A 17.24-acre (6.98 ha) area was listed as Kent State Shootings Site on the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 2010.  The listing was announced as the featured listing in the National Park Service's weekly list of March 5, 2010.  Contributing resources in the site are: Taylor Hall, the Victory Bell, Lilac Lane and Boulder Marker, The Pagoda, Solar Totem, and the Prentice Hall Parking Lot.  The National Park Service stated the site \"is considered nationally significant given its broad effects in causing the largest student strike in the United States history, affecting public opinion about the Vietnam War, creating a legal precedent established by the trials subsequent to the shootings, and for the symbolic status the event has attained as a result of a government confronting protesting citizens with unreasonable deadly force.\"", "Kent State operates twenty-five on-campus residence halls, all of which are located on the main campus in Kent. Each hall is a part of a larger group, usually bound by a common name or a common central area. They are:", "???? \"Kent State was a national tragedy. It was not, however, a unique tragedy. Only the magnitude of the student disorder and the extent of student deaths and injuries set it apart from similar occurrences on numerous other American campuses during the past few years. We must learn from the particular horror of Kent State and insure that it is never repeated.", "    2000 - Kent State: The Day the War Came Home (director Chris Triffo, executive producer Mark Mori), the Emmy-Award-winning documentary featuring interviews with injured students, eyewitnesses, guardsmen, and relatives of students killed at Kent State.", "So we're out there at noon, about 3,500 students at Kent State were out there. The governor, who certainly was a pro-war kind of guy, Governor Rhodes, he had placed the National Guard inside the heating plant of the school the night before anticipating what would happen when the students found out about Cambodia. Not only did he do that, but he waited until about 9 a.m. on May 4th to declare Martial Law, which suspends all first amendment rights of The Constitution, meaning that any assembly is automatically illegal, you're automatically committing a crime.", "Kent State's Center for Applied Conflict Management opened in 1971 as a memorial to those killed. It offers the largest undergraduate degree program in peace and conflict studies in the country for the 1,100 students enrolled.", "(2) Should the Guard have been called to Kent and Kent State University? Could local law enforcement personnel have handled any situations? Were the Guard properly trained for this type of assignment?", "Kent State, last week, commemorated the 43rd anniversary of the National Guard killings of four students and the wounding of nine others on May 4, 1970, by the opening of the official May 4 Visitors Center . It was a significant milestone for activists – some already dead, the rest gone gray – determined to uncover the truth and honor the memory of those who died in an anti-war protest on that fateful day.", "The University for the Creative Arts, formerly the Kent Institute of Art & Design, is located on the boundary of Rochester with Chatham. ", "* The Kent Stater, colloquially known as the \"Stater\", is a student newspaper publishing student and guests editorials Monday, Wednesday and Thursday during the fall and spring semesters and weekly as the Summer Kent Stater during the summer. Stater staff is entirely students, primarily in the journalism school. Most editors hold their positions for one semester.", "(1) Who was responsible for the violence in downtown Kent and on the Kent State campus in the three days prior to May 4th? As an important part of this question, were \"outside agitators\" primarily responsible? Who was responsible for setting fire to the ROTC building?" ]

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