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[ "Filmmaker Ken Burns (The Civil War, Baseball, Jazz) has produced a 14-hour major documentary that documents the heroic actions and experiences of U.S. Serviceman during World War 2. The series will air on PBS during September and October � National Hispanic History Month. What Mr. Burns did not include in his production, was any mention of the over 500,000 Latinos � Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Mexican Nationals, Spanish Americans, and Latinos from other Latin American countries � who served the United States in this war proudly and heroically. The documentary was made with public funds from the National Endowment Association, and PBS � money that comes from \"Viewers Like You.\"", "Kenneth Lauren \"Ken\" Burns (born July 29, 1953) is an American filmmaker, known for his style of using archival footage and photographs in documentary films. His most widely known documentaries are The Civil War (1990), Baseball (1994), Jazz (2001), The War (2007), The National Parks: America's Best Idea (2009), Prohibition (2011), The Central Park Five (2012), and The Roosevelts (2014). Also widely known is his role as executive producer of The West (1996, directed by Stephen Ives), and Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies (2015, directed by Barak Goodman). ", "Documentary maker Ken Burns joins Thinking Aloud in a conversation about his art, craft, and style. We ask him about some of the underlying premises of his career and his work. Burns is the PBS living legend of documentary history. Amongs his Herculean efforts are the three series that form a trilogy: “The Civil War,” “Baseball,” and “Jazz.” BYU student Hannah Richardson joins us for the conversation. Richardson is studying to be a documentary film producer herself.", "PBS maintains an active jazz site which includes access to biographies of jazz performers provided from The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. Also offers radio and TV schedules of jazz performances as well as a calendar of jazz events across the country. The site is inspired by Ken Burns's recent documentary Jazz.", "” remain among the best-known poems and songs, respectively, among Americans. Novelists and filmmakers frequently have turned to baseball motifs. After the mid-20th century, at the very time baseball at the grassroots level had begun a perceptible descent, baseball fiction proliferated. American colleges and universities even began to offer courses on baseball literature, and baseball films likewise proliferated. In 1994 the Public Broadcasting System released Ken Burns’s nostalgic Baseball , arguably the most monumental historical television documentary ever made.", "Hollywood's take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory, as seen in such film classics as Birth of a Nation (1915), Gone with the Wind (1939), and more recently Lincoln (2012). Ken Burns produced a notable PBS series on television titled The Civil War (1990). It was digitally remastered and re-released in 2015.", "Historical documentaries, such as the landmark 14-hour Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years (1986—Part 1 and 1989—Part 2) by Henry Hampton, Four Little Girls (1997) by Spike Lee, and The Civil War by Ken Burns, UNESCO awarded independent film on slavery 500 Years Later, expressed not only a distinctive voice but also a perspective and point of views. Some films such as The Thin Blue Line by Errol Morris incorporated stylized re-enactments, and Michael Moore's Roger & Me placed far more interpretive control with the director. The commercial success of these documentaries may derive from this narrative shift in the documentary form, leading some critics to question whether such films can truly be called documentaries; critics sometimes refer to these works as \"mondo films\" or \"docu-ganda.\" However, directorial manipulation of documentary subjects has been noted since the work of Flaherty, and may be endemic to the form due to problematic ontological foundations.", "Examples: TV shows and films like A&E Biography; America’s Most Wanted; many science and nature documentaries; Ken Burns’ The Civil War (1990); Robert Hughes’ The Shock of the New (1980); John Berger’s Ways Of Seeing (1974). Also, Frank Capra’s wartime Why We Fight series; Pare Lorentz’s The Plow That Broke The Plains (1936).", "With his new documentary \"The Vietnam War\" scheduled to premiere on PBS in September and multiple other films in the works, Ken Burns has a full plate. But he's looking to add another project: an addendum to his 1994 series \"Baseball,\" pegged to the Chicago Cubs' 2016 World Series victory. \"I'm...", "The Gift in Ken Burns's Jazz Episode 2 (Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 2000) 109:58 mins. Streaming video from American History on Film. Access limited to the MSU community and other subscribers. ", "Broadcast nationally on PBS, �American Masters� has produced award-winning films on the lives of artists such as Joni Mitchell, Ray Charles, Lou Reed, Aretha Franklin, Willie Nelson, Ella Fitzgerald, Richard Rogers, Paul Simon, Muddy Waters, Charlie Parker, Leonard Bernstein, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and Bob Marley. The series, currently in its 18th season, has won 12 Emmy Awards, five Peabody Awards, a Grammy and an Oscar.", "The Public Broadcasting Service is the largest public television broadcaster in the United States, originating in October 1970 as the successor of National Educational Television (which was established in 1954). Unlike the commercial networks, PBS does not officially produce any of its own programming; instead, individual PBS stations (most notably, WNET in Newark, New Jersey/New York City, WGBH-TV in Boston and WETA-TV in Washington, D.C.), station groups and affiliated producers create programming and provide these through PBS to other affiliates. While it does provide a base slate of programming to its member stations (which is limited to roughly thirteen hours a week of programming in prime time, airing on Sunday through Fridays with fewer programs on Thursday and Friday evenings, as well as daytime children's programming during the morning and afternoon), PBS does not schedule all programs it supplies in set time slots, giving its members leeway in scheduling these programs in time slots of their choosing. Like the six conventional English language broadcast networks, its member stations handle the responsibility of programming time periods where programming supplied by the service is not broadcast, which are filled by cultural and public affairs programming of relevance to their market or region of service, and syndicated programs of various genres.", "This being the 150th anniversary of the beginning of the American Civil War, it’s a good time to get reacquainted with the events and issues – in addition to slavery — that led to the conflagration and controversies that contributed to the hatred and rivalries that continue until today. Mill Creek’s “Civil War: Commemorative Documentary Collection” set is comprised of nearly eight hours of interviews, archival material, battlefield tours, and re-enactments. The episodes are titled “The Life and Death of the Army of Northern Virginia,” “Mr. Lincoln’s Army: Fighting Brigades of the Army of the Potomac,”  “The Battles for Atlanta,” “Shadow in the Valley: The Battle of Chickamauga,” “Diary of a Confederate Soldier,” “Civil War” and “Abraham Lincoln: Father of Freedom.” – Gary Dretzka", "Several people involved in this film would go on to be involved with Ken Burns' 1994 film miniseries Baseball. Cusack, Lloyd, and Sweeney did several voice-overs, reading recorded reminiscences of various personalities connected with the game. Sayles and Terkel were interviewed on the subject of the 1919 World Series. Sayles also contributed to the section on Roberto Clemente, and Terkel, a historian and a former labor leader, spoke about the movement toward labor freedom in baseball. Terkel also \"reprised his role\" by reading Hugh Fullerton's columns during the section on the Black Sox. ", "Over three days in 1863, war-weary Union and Confederate soldiers met at a backwater Pennsylvania crossroads to decide the fate of the nation. Produced to commemorate its sesquicentennial, THE GETTYSBURG STORY tells the epic tale of the bloodiest battle ever fought on American soil and the greatest man-made disaster in American history. Narrated by actor Stephen Lang (Avatar, Tombstone, Gettysburg), the documentary recounts the pivotal events and intimate stories from the iconic Civil War battle immortalized in Lincoln's “Gettysburg Address.” Cutting-edge cinematography techniques reveal the grand scale of the 6,000-acre battlefield, including the legendary sites of Little Round Top, Devils Den, The Railroad Cut, Cemetery Ridge and the fields of Pickett's Charge.", "Both Galan and filmmaker Paul Espinosa said it has often been a struggle in the past to get PBS' attention for films about their community. Espinosa has a 25-year relationship with PBS, for whom he made a series in the 1990s about the U.S.-Mexican War.", "Famously, a young pitcher named Babe Ruth of the Boston Red Sox was playing an emergency game at First Base on St. Patrick's Day, 1918, his first time playing the field. Ruth would hit two Home Runs that day in Hot Springs, and the second was a 573-foot shot that landed across the street from Whittington Park in a pond of the Arkansas Alligator Farm and Petting Zoo. Soon he was playing the field more often. Over 130 Major League Baseball Hall of Famers, including such names as Ruth, Cy Young, Cap Anson, Honus Wagner, Ty Cobb, Tris Speaker, Walter Johnson, Rogers Hornsby, Mel Ott and Jimmie Foxx were involved in Hot Springs Spring Training games . The First Boys of Spring is a 2015 documentary about Hot Springs Spring Training. The film was narrated by area native, actor Billy Bob Thornton and produced by filmmaker Larry Foley. The documentary began airing nationally on the MLB Network in February, 2016. ", "The public broadcasting service in August distributed \"The Borinqueneers,\" a documentary about the primarily Puerto Rican 65th Infantry Regiment in the Korean War. In September, PBS is airing a film about World War II veteran Hector P. Garcia, who fought for better treatment of Mexican-Americans; and separate \"American Masters\" segments on painter Diego Rivera and the artist Jos� Clemente Orozco.", "\"The Fog of War, the movie that finally won Errol Morris the best documentary Oscar, is a spellbinder. Morris interviews Robert McNamara, Secretary of Defense in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, and finds a uniquely unsettling viewpoint on much of 20th-century American history. Employing a ton of archival material, including LBJ's fascinating taped conversations from the Oval Office, Morris probes the reasons behind the U.S. commitment to the Vietnam War -- and finds a depressingly inconsistent policy. McNamara himself emerges as -- well, not exactly apologetic, but clearly haunted by the what-ifs of Vietnam. He also mulls the bombing of Japan in World War II and the Cuban Missile Crisis, raising more questions than he answers. The Fog of War has the usual inexorable Morris momentum, aided by an uneasy Philip Glass score. This movie provides a glimpse inside government. It also encourages skepticism about same.\" (Robert Horton)", "PBS's American Experience gets a jump on the Fourth of July with a special devoted to one of our most popular and unusual shared experiences, the National Memorial at Mount Rushmore. Michael Murphy narrates the film, which explores how sculptor Gutzon Borglum, who also crafted the San Jacinto Museumâs bust of Sam Houston (currently on view), brought his dream of carving a giant sculpture salute to four great presidents into a South Dakota mountain to fruition. Tonight on PBS in Houston, 8 PM CST; check your local listing.", "PBS's American Experience gets a jump on the Fourth of July with a special devoted to one of our most popular and unusual shared experiences, the National Memorial at Mount Rushmore . Michael Murphy narrates the film, which explores how sculptor Gutzon Borglum, who also crafted the San Jacinto Museumâs bust of Sam Houston (currently on view), brought his dream of carving a giant sculpture salute to four great presidents into a South Dakota mountain to fruition. Tonight on PBS in Houston, 8 PM CST; check your local listing.", "landmark documentaries Brother’s Keeper, Paradise Lost and Metallica: Some Kind Of Monster, a film that re-defined the rockumentary genre. Crude, about oil pollution in the Amazon Rainforest, won 22 human rights, environmental and film festival awards and recently triggered a high-profile First Amendment battle with oil-giant Chevron. Five of Berlinger’s documentary features, including his 2012 Paul Simon documentary Under African Skies, have premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, earning three Grand Jury Prize nominations. He has also received multiple awards from the Directors Guild of America, the National Board of Review and the Independent Spirit Awards. His Emmy-winning Paradise Lost Trilogy for HBO spawned a worldwide movement to free The West Memphis Three from wrongful murder convictions, resulting in the three men walking out of prison in 2011 after 18 years of incarceration. Berlinger’s photographic work has appeared in The New York Times, ArtForum, Film Comment and Aperture, among others. He is a member of the DGA, WGA, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, and National Board of Review.", "The Most Dangerous Man in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers (2009) is an Oscar-nominated documentary about one of the biggest scandals of the Vietnam War. In 1969, a top-secret history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam was leaked to newspapers by Daniel Ellsberga former U.S. Marine officer, Rand Corporation analyst, and Pentagon war planner. A more unlikely antiwar crusader could hardly be imagined. Ellsberg was turned by the futility of the war, civilian casualties of U.S. bombing, and the lies of five U.S. administrations. This documentary is a bit confusing as it jumps around in time, but it captures the turmoil of Ellsberg's conscience and the drama of his unprecedented action. The wonder is that Ellsberg would be so condemned for leaking an official history of a foreign-policy catastrophe that killed more than 58,000 Americans and two million Vietnamese.", "Saw a most inspiring presentation last night on PBS-TV's \" American Experience \" about the man behind Mt. Rushmore--Gutzon Borglum, and the Uâ¦", "documentary Running from Crazy, which premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival. Barbara produced and directed Harlan County USA and American Dream, both winners of the Academy Award® for Best Documentary Feature. Her other films include The House of Steinbrenner, Woodstock: Now and Then, Shut Up and Sing, Havoc, A Conversation with Gregory Peck, My Generation, Wild Man Blues, Fallen Champ: The Untold Story of Mike Tyson and many more.", "In July 2003, PBS broadcast a documentary, called Exclusive to al-Jazeera on its program  Wide Angle . [169]", "\"The Last Waltz\" documents the 'farewell' concert by The Band in 1976, and features Dylan as well as a bevy of other performers in what has been hailed as one of the best rock-documentaries made.", "Profiles the life and career of the great American photographer Walker Evans whose documentary style influenced an entire generation of photographers. His photographs, from Southern sharecroppers to New York subway riders, are point-of-view images that reflect his distinctive vision of America. Also includes rare interviews with Evans during the late 1960s. c1999. 57 min. Video/C 7749", "In film clips, photos, and interviews, Parker's life is traced from Kansas City to the New York jazz scene of the 1950s 59 min. Video/C 2341", "\"A Time for Justice\" won the Oscar for documentary short subject. The Oscar for documentary features went to \"Maya Lin: A Strong, Clear Vision,\" about the architect who created the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington. The academy became the target of fierce criticism when it failed to nominate the widely acclaimed \"Hoop Dreams\" in the documentary feature category.", "In 1933, only days after his inauguration, President Franklin D. Roosevelt launched a new program, the Civilian Conservation Corps, which put three-quarters of a million young men to work restoring forests and farmland, building infrastructure, and fighting fi res in America's national parks, monuments, and forests. Many workers were sent far from home, including thousands who came west to the Colorado Plateau. In this high, dry, and lonesome setting, they encountered natural beauty unlike anything they had ever seen as well as challenges they could not have imagined. Incorporating the men's own reminiscences, With Picks, Shovels, and Hope tells their story. To this day, visitors reap the rewards of the CCC's work. With Picks, Shovels, and Hope reveals how our public lands in the Colorado Plateau came to be the magnifi cent, visitor-friendly places they are. Dozens of beautiful color photographs and historical black-and-whites illuminate this engaging history.", "PBS is showing STILL LIFE, a doc about different photographers who worked with her. I believe it airs at 8pm on Sunday." ]

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[ "The Arm & Hammer logo dates back to the 1860s. James A. Church ran a spice business known as Vulcan Spice Mills. According to the company, the Arm and Hammer logo represents Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and metalworking.[1]", "The Arm & Hammer logo dates back to the 1860s. James A. Church ran a spice business known as Vulcan Spice Mills. According to the company, the Arm and Hammer logo represents Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and metalworking.", "The Arm & Hammer logo dates back to the 1860s. James A. Church ran a spice business known as Vulcan Spice Mills. According to the company, the Arm and Hammer logo represents Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and metalworking. ", "Arm & Hammer: based on the arm and hammer of Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and metalworking. It was previously the logo of the Vulcan Spice Mills in Brooklyn. When James Church, the son of Church & Dwight founder Austin Church, came to Church and Dwight from Vulcan Spice Mills, he brought the logo with him.", "Vulcan - Vulcan is the Roman god of fire and metalworking. The term relates to the working of metals or volcanic eruptions. Source: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.)", "Vulcan is the Roman and Greek god of fire and the forge, and mythical inventor of smithing and metal working. His Greek equivalent is Hephaestus. His forges were under Mount Aetna on the island of Sicily. He was smith, architect, armorer, chariot builder and artist of all work in Olympus--dwelling place of the gods.", "An ancient god of fire in Roman mythology, Vulcan is the counterpart of the Greek god Hephaestus, the god of fire and patron of metalwork and crafts. The tales about Vulcan, who is sometimes called Mulciber (the smelter), are all based on Greek myths about Hephaestus.", "HEPHAESTUS was the great Olympian god of fire, metalworking, stonemasonry and the art of sculpture. He was usually depicted as a bearded man holding hammer and tongs--the tools of a smith--and riding a donkey.", "In ancient Roman religion and myth, Vulcan (Latin: Vulcanus) is the god of both beneficial and hindering fire, including the fire of volcanoes, and the manufacturer of art, arms, iron, and armor for gods and heroes. His forge was believed to be situated underneath Mount Aetna in Sicily. Vulcan is often depicted with a blacksmith's hammer.", "HEPHAISTOS (Hephaestus) was the Olympian god of fire, smiths, craftsmen, metalworking, stonemasonry and sculpture. He was depicted as a bearded man holding a hammer and tongs--the tools of a smith--and sometimes riding a donkey.", "Vulcan was a god of fire in Roman mythology. The Romans identified Vulcan with the Greek smith-god Hephaestus. He was the god of beneficial and hindering fire, including the fire of volcanoes. He came to be considered as the manufacturer of art, arms, iron, jewellery and armour for various gods and heroes, including the thunderbolts of Jupiter. He was the son of Jupiter and Juno, and husband of Maia and Venus. His smithy was believed to be situated underneath Mount Etna in Sicily.", "Vulcan was the Roman god of fire & the blacksmith of the gods. When his mother Juno first saw Vulcan she was so affronted by his ugly appearance that she threw him into the sea from Mount Olympus, which caused him to become lame. It is ironic that he married Venus, the most beautiful of all the goddesses, although he was the ugliest of the gods. Jupiter gave Venus to Vulcan, in gratitude for the service he had rendered in forging thunderbolts. The god was the blacksmith of the gods and worked with one-eyed Cyclopes to create weapons, armor and other amazing items for the gods.", "The divine blacksmith was probably a bit mislaid over Olympus but revered among men. Hephaestus symbolized the civilizing power of fire and protected the metallurgy and artisans. His symbols were the hammer, anvil and tongs.", "Greek god of fire and metal-working, Roman spelling of Greek Hephaistos, a pre-Hellenic word of unknown origin.", "Crippled god of fire, metalworking, stone masonry  sculpture and volcanism. The son of  Hera  by asexual reproduction, he is the smith of the gods and the husband of the adulterous  Aphrodite . He was usually depicted as a bearded man holding hammer and tongs—the tools of a smith—and riding a donkey. His symbols are the hammer, tongs, and  anvil . His sacred animals are the donkey, the guard dog and the crane.", "The Roman god of fire, especially destructive fire, and craftsmanship. His forge is located beneath Mount Etna. It is here that he, together with his helpers, forges weapons for gods and heroes. Vulcanus is closely associated with Bona Dea with whom he shared the Volcanalia, observed on August 23. This festival took place during the height of the Mediterranean drought and the period of highest risk of fire. On the banks of the river Tiber, fires were lighted on which living fish were sacrificed. His temples were usually located outside the cities, due to the dangerous nature of fire. In 215 BCE his temple on the Circus Flaminius was inaugurated. In Ostia he was the chief god as the protector against fire in the grain storages. He is identified with the Greek Hephaestus.", "Vulcan metalworking and fire, The word volcano comes from the name of this Roman god of fire", "Jurisdiction: Vulcan was described as being the Roman God of Fire and the blacksmith of the gods", "Master blacksmith and craftsman of the gods; god of fire and the forge. Symbols include fire, anvil, axe, donkey, hammer, tongs, and quail. Son of Hera, either by Zeus or alone. Married to Aphrodite, though unlike most divine husbands, he was rarely ever licentious. His Latin name, Vulcan, gave us the word \"volcano.\"", "The cover art for the single is based on the logo for the manufacturing company of Arm & Hammer.", ", Roman mythological character. In Roman mythology Mercury became identified with the Greek god Hermes. This god was known especially as the fleet-footed messenger of the gods. He was also the god of science and the arts and the patron of travelers and athletes. He is typically represented in art as a young man wearing a winged helmet and winged sandals and bearing a caduceus. The metal mercury was named after him most probably because he symbolizes mobility.", "The original use of \"Mercury\" as a name was for the Roman version of the Greek god Hermes, who was the \"Messenger of the Gods\" and known for his great speed. Both the planet and the element (and, most likely, the make of Ford automobile) are named after the Roman god Mercury.", "Volcan or Vulcan eventually found his way into the Hebrew pantheon as Vel'cain or Cain (meaning \"smith\" and \"possessor of fire\") and as Lucifer or Azzazel, the \"fallen angel\" from Heaven, who taught the daughters of men the art of smithing.", "Mars, in Roman religion and mythology, god of war. In early Roman times he was a god of agriculture, but in later religion (when he was identified with the Greek Ares ) he was primarily associated with war. Mars was the father of Romulus, the founder of the Roman nation, and, next to Jupiter, he enjoyed the highest position in Roman religion. The Salii, his priests, honored him by dancing in full armor in the Campus Martius, the site of his altar. Chariot races and the sacrifice of animals were primary features of the festivals held in his honor in March (named for him) and October. Mars was represented as an armed warrior. His attributes include the spear and shield, and the wolf and woodpecker were sacred to him. He was frequently associated with Bellona, the Roman goddess of war.", "As the Romans expanded their territory, they began to interperet the mythology of other religions as being identical to their own. The popular gods Lugus , among the Celtic tribes, and Odin (or Wotan) among the Germanic peoples, were both identified as Mercury. Julius Caesar wrote that the German peoples, as well as the Celts of Britain and Gaul, most worship Mercury.", "Thor owns a short-handled hammer, Mjolnir, which, when thrown at a target, returns magically to the owner. His Mjolnir also has the power to throw lightning bolts. The uniquely shaped symbol subsequently became a very popular ornament during the Viking Age and has since become an iconic symbol of Germanic paganism.", "Roman personification of eternity. Symbolized by the phoenix rising from its own ashes and by the Uroboros (a snake biting its own tail).", "From the Anglo-Saxon word iren, and the symbol from the Latin word ferrum, meaning iron. It could have possibly come from earlier words meaning \"holy metal\" because it was used to make swords in the Crusades.", "The House of the Hammer of Wrath. A group of smiths and craftsmen, this courageous and strong house, lead by Rog, fought with maces and had heavy shields. Their emblem was the stricken anvil, but their shields showed \"a hammer that smiteth sparks about it\". No indication is given of the colouring of the device, but a clue might be that \"red gold and black iron was their delight\".", "The Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Eris. She was a goddess of discord and strife.", "the legendary god of Commerce, with the device of the winged staff and two entwined serpents.", "A Roman syncretic god with Greek and Egyptian associations, portrayed as a snake with a lion's head." ]

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[ "The Film:  The order of the books had already been dispensed with.  After all, because the rights to Casino Royale were tied up (it had been made into an episode of the television show Climax! in 1954) you couldn’t start at the beginning.  Dr. No, the first film, had been the sixth Bond book (there are several parts of the book that reference earlier books in the series).  So, at this point, when it was assured that there would be a second Bond film, the filmmakers had some leeway in terms of what book to adapt next.  Except, they already knew what novel to do next because of something that had happened before filming had even begun on Dr. No.  In 1961, Life Magazine had run an article detailing President Kennedy’s 10 favorite books and From Russia With Love was on the list.  The producers knew what film they had to make next.  Though it would not get a full U.S. release until 1964, it was screened for Kennedy in the White House just before his fatal trip to Texas.", "James Bond was created by author Ian Fleming and remains one of the most famous secret agents in modern fiction. Bond is a cool, handsome, dangerous agent for British Intelligence; his code number, 007, indicates that he has a \"license to kill\" in the line of duty as a \"double 0\" agent. He travels the globe and uses his wits, fighting skills and a grab-bag of high-tech gadgets to battle super-villains often bent on world domination. (The gadgets, which played only a small role in Fleming's early novels, became a Bond trademark in the movies.) A few of Bond's personal traits have become famous, including his preference for martinis made with vodka and \"shaken, not stirred,\" his use of a Walther PPK handgun, and his habit of introducing himself as \"Bond... James Bond.\" Fleming wrote about Bond in a series of novels that ran from 1953 to 1964, including Casino Royale (1953), From Russia With Love (1957) and Goldfinger (1959); later the series was carried on by authors John Gardner and Raymond Benson. The popular Bond movie series began with 1962's Dr. No and extended into the 21st century, with Bond played by a string of actors including Sean Connery , Roger Moore , Timothy Dalton , Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig .", "Dr. No (sometimes published as Doctor No) is the sixth James Bond novel by Ian Fleming , originally published in 1958. The novel was adapted as the first official Bond film in 1962, the success of which would lead to a popular, long, and continuing series of films made by EON Productions .", "Fleming released twelve novels and two anthologies of Bond stories until his death in 1964.  Afterwards, seven other authors have picked up the torch and have kept on publishing canon-approved Bond stories.  The secret agent has been adapted for television, radio, video games and film. The James Bond films are the longest continually running film series to date, which all began in 1962 with Dr. No.  This November will see the 24th Bond film, Spectre, released in theaters (the 26th film if counting the two non-canon non-Eon films).", "The James Bond film series is a British series of spy films based on the fictional character of MI6 agent James Bond , \"007\", who originally appeared in a series of books by Ian Fleming . It is one of the longest continually-running film series in history, having been in on-going production from 1962 to the present (with a six-year hiatus between 1989 and 1995). In that time Eon Productions has produced 24 films, most of them at Pinewood Studios . With a combined gross of over $7 billion to date, the films produced by Eon constitute the fourth-highest-grossing film series . [a] [1] [2] [3] Six actors have portrayed 007 in the Eon series, the latest being Daniel Craig .", "That book, written by brilliant British author Kingsley Amis under the pen name Robert Markham, was a bit tricky for some Bond fans though elements of Amis’ plot were later used in filming The World Is Not Enough and Die Another Day. Though he had also published two other Bond-related works, a literary study called The James Bond Dossier and the cheeky The Book of Bond, Amis wrote no other Bond novels. A fictional autobiography of 007 by John Pearson appeared in 1973 followed by novelizations of The Spy Who Loves Me and Moonraker in 1977 and 1979. Then the torch was passed to British novelist John Gardner, an ex-Royal Marine Commando, who went on to write sixteen Bond books between 1981–1996.", "In 1977, the Eon Productions film The Spy Who Loved Me was released and, due to the radical differences between the film and the original novel of the same name, Eon productions authorised a novelization, James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me. The 1979 film Moonraker was also produced in novel form, as James Bond and Moonraker; both books were written by screenwriter Christopher Wood.", "When writing his novels, Ian Fleming had always considered that they could be adapted for the cinema, [61] and he approached producer Sir Alexander Korda to make a film adaptation of either Live and Let Die or Moonraker . Although Korda was initially interested, he later withdrew. [62] On 1 October 1959, it was announced that Fleming would write an original film script featuring Bond for producer Kevin McClory. Jack Whittingham also worked on the script, culminating in a screenplay entitled James Bond, Secret Agent. [63] However, Alfred Hitchcock and Richard Burton turned down roles as director and star, respectively. [64] [65] McClory was unable to secure the financing for the film, and the deal fell through. Fleming subsequently used the story for his novel Thunderball (1961), [66] and McClory failed to have its publication stopped. [67] On 19 November 1963 he took the matter to the Chancery Division of the High Court in the case of McClory v Fleming, but settled on 9 December 1963, [68] after nine days in court. [69] McClory gained the literary and film rights for the screenplay, while Fleming was given the rights to the novel, although it had to be recognised as being \"based on a screen treatment by Kevin McClory, Jack Whittingham and the Author\". [70]", "James Bond is a fictional character created by novelist Ian Fleming in 1953. Bond is a British secret agent working for MI6 who also answers by his codename, 007. He has been portrayed on film by actors Sean Connery, David Niven, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig, in twenty-six productions. Only two films were not made by Eon Productions. Eon now holds the full adaptation rights to all of Fleming's Bond novels.", "After Fleming’s death in 1964 other authors were hired to continue the Bond franchise, most notably Kingsley Amis, who published Colonel Sun in 1968 under the pen name Robert Markham. The original 14 books, though, continue to hold the most appeal to readers, film fans, and book collectors. Below, images of all the books in chronological order.  Click here to see the Ian Fleming titles that we currently have in stock, or contact us if you’d like to sell a first edition Bond novel.", "Fleming wrote his first Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952. It was a success, with three print runs being commissioned to cope with the demand. Eleven Bond novels and two short-story collections followed between 1953 and 1966. The novels revolved around James Bond, an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond was also known by his code number, 007, and was acommander in the Royal Naval Reserve. The Bond stories rank among the best-selling series of fictional books of all time, having sold over 100 million copies worldwide. Fleming also wrote the children's story Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and two works of non-fiction. In 2008,The Times ranked Fleming fourteenth on its list of \"The 50 greatest British writers since 1945\".", "Fleming wrote his first Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952. It was a success, with three print runs being commissioned to cope with the demand. Eleven Bond novels and two short-story collections followed between 1953 and 1966. The novels revolved around James Bond, an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond was also known by his code number, 007, and was a commander in the Royal Naval Reserve. The Bond stories rank among the best-selling series of fictional books of all time, having sold over 100 million copies worldwide. Fleming also wrote the children's story Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and two works of non-fiction. In 2008, The Times ranked Fleming 14th on its list of \"The 50 greatest British writers since 1945\".", "Fleming wrote his first Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952. It was a success, with three print runs being commissioned to cope with the demand. Eleven Bond novels and two short-story collections followed between 1953 and 1966. The novels revolved around James Bond , an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6 . Bond was also known by his code number, 007, and was a commander in the Royal Naval Reserve . The Bond stories rank among the best-selling series of fictional books of all time, having sold over 100 million copies worldwide. Fleming also wrote the children's story Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and two works of non-fiction. In 2008, The Times ranked Fleming fourteenth on its list of \"The 50 greatest British writers since 1945\".", "The sixth James Bond film - On Her Majesty's Secret Service - was released in British cinemas. Bond is now played by George Lazenby after Sean Connery starred in the first five films. Starring alongside him is Yorkshire-born actress Diana Rigg.", "The screenplay of Moonraker differed so much from Ian Fleming's novel that Eon Productions authorised the film's screenwriter, Christopher Wood to write a novelisation; this would be his second Bond novelisation. It was named James Bond and Moonraker to avoid confusion with Fleming's original novel Moonraker. It was published in 1979, with the film's release. ", "Ian Fleming's James Bond novel Casino Royale was first published on April 13 1953 and there is an intriguing tale behind the original screenplay of the 007 film adaptation.", "The tenth Bond book, The Spy Who Loved Me was published in 1962 and was told from the point of view of a Canadian woman named Vivienne Michel. James Bond does not appear until the second half of the book, when he arrives at the cheap motel that she is running in the Adirondacks. Fleming was not happy with the novel, and requested that only the title - and not the plot - be incorporated into a film. Released in 1977, this original Bond film spun the first 007 novelisation, James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me , by Christopher Wood.", "The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations: Kingsley Amis, Christopher Wood, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver, William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz. The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz, published in September 2015. Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny.", "* Shoot to Kill (2014): The sixth Young Bond novel explores the aftermath of Bond's expulsion from Eton, taking him to Hollywood, Los Angeles where he investigates the mystery behind some disturbing film footage discovered by a friend and a fellow adventurer. It's the first book in the series not to be published by Puffin Books but Random House instead in the UK, and was released on 6 November 2014.", "It was 1979, and there were only three, maybe four, books about James Bond, and only two specifically about the Bond films, perhaps the most successful cinematic series in history. (There was the hardcover James Bond in the Cinema, which offered plot synopses of the Bonds from 1962 to 1979, and For Bond Lovers Only, a hard-to-find paperback from 1965 that featured reprints of magazine articles about the series.) Produced by Albert R. “Cubby” Broccoli and Harry Saltzman, the movie franchise about the secret agent with a license to kill had, between 1962 and 1979, grossed a fortune – and yet, when I approached numerous publishers with the idea of a book on the behind-the-scenes story of the making of the Bonds, I was turned down flat, with each company saying the same thing: “No one is interested in a book on the Bond moies.”", "The Book of Bond, or, Every Man His Own 007, sanctioned by Glidrose Productions , official Bond novel publishers, is a tongue-in-cheek guide to being a superspy. It was credited to \"Lt.-Col. William 'Bill' Tanner\" (a literary Fleming character), but was actually written by Kingsley Amis , who would later go on to write the Bond novel, Colonel Sun under another pseudonym, Robert Markham . The book's first hardcover edition had a false slipcover giving the title as The Bible to be Read as Literature (in the novel From Russia with Love , a fake book with this title hides a gun).", "The Living Daylights is a James Bond short story written by Ian Fleming , first published in the first color magazine supplement of the Sunday Times newspaper, on February 4, 1962 , and later reprinted in Argosy magazine, under the title \"Berlin Escape\". In 1966 it was the second story in the short story collection Octopussy and The Living Daylights , published two years after Fleming's death. The story inspired an eponymous film, released in 1987 . It featured Timothy Dalton in the first of two portrayals as British secret service agent James Bond. The Living Daylights is the fifteenth film in the EON Productions series. This was the last film to make use of an Ian Fleming story title until the release of Casino Royale in 2006 .", "In 1953, as a relatively unknown author, many of those books upon publication (in addition to his second book, Live And Let Die) were sent to the libraries. Fleming’s Bond series developed success in print, and later in film and quickly became a phenomena that still today is an institution with regular film releases and secondary authors filling the Bond void after Fleming’s death.", "The author Geoffrey Jenkins worked with Fleming on a James Bond story idea between 1957 and 1964. After Fleming's death, Jenkins was commissioned by Bond publishers Glidrose Productions to turn this story, Per Fine Ounce, into a novel, but it was never published.", "Geoffrey Jenkins collaborated with him on a James Bond story between 1957-64. Glidrose Publishers contracted Jenkins to develop the story into a full novel after Fleming died in 1964. The book was entitled \"Per Fine Ounce\" but has never been available to readers and published.", "The novel's name was used in 1979 for the eleventh official film in the EON Productions Bond franchise and the fourth to star Roger Moore as James Bond. However, the story of the film was significantly modified so as to include outer space.", "The film is being adapted from the 1953 Ian Fleming novel that introduced the Bond character.", "In 1996 the American author Raymond Benson became the author of the Bond novels. Benson had previously been the author of The James Bond Bedside Companion, first published in 1984. ", "On Her Majesty's Secret Service and its 1969 film adaptation. He is a minor ally, whose identity", "Moonraker is the third novel by British author Ian Fleming , based on the fictional British Secret Service agent Commander James Bond , first published by Jonathan Cape on April 7, 1955. Set completely in England, it follows Bond's mission to stop an industrialist Sir Hugo Drax from destroying London with a nuclear weapon.", "Ian Fleming’s first James Bond novel was written in 1952, the year after Burgess and Maclean’s defection. In it, James Bond has a rare crisis of confidence:", "Beginning with Kingsley Amis in 1968 and with the most recent novel published in 2015 by Anthony Horowitz, discover the new 007 adventures by celebrated authors following in the footsteps of Fleming." ]

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[ "April O'Neil is a fictional character from the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comics and all related media. In all of the TMNT continuities, she is a good friend of the Turtles: Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo.", "Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475 – 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer. Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci .", "Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci.", ") (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath : painter , sculptor , architect , musician , scientist , mathematician , engineer , inventor , anatomist , geologist , cartographer , botanist and writer . Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man, a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his powers of invention. [1] He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived. [2] According to art historian Helen Gardner , the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent and \"his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote\". [1] Marco Rosci points out, however, that while there is much speculation about Leonardo, his vision of the world is essentially logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical methods he employed were unusual for his time. [3]", "Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni [1] (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance painter , sculptor , architect , poet, and engineer . Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man , along with his rival and fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci .", "Although usually named together as the three giants of the High Renaissance, Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael were not of the same generation. Leonardo was twenty-three when Michelangelo was born and thirty-one when Raphael was born. Raphael only lived until the age of 37 and died in 1520, the year after Leonardo, but Michelangelo went on creating for another 45 years.", "Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (March 6, 1475 – February 18, 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.", "File:Raphael missing.jpg|Portrait of a Young Man, 1514, Lost during Second World War. Possible self-portrait by Raphael ", "Michelangelo was fundamental to the High Renaissance movement and his finest works included David, The Creation of Adam and Pieta. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, which was his full name, was born in Tuscany in 1475 and sits alongside Leonardo da Vinci in spearheading the most important period in Italian art.", "It is not a leap too far, to assume (since Leonardo was trying to convey to us through his paintings) that there was known to him a specific location, where Jesus's relics were and which was the final resting place of Joseph of Arimathea. Melkin's prophecy lets us know that Jesus was in the same location with Joseph and since Melkin buried Arthur and named this place Avalon it is quite possible that Leonardo was following a French Magdalene tradition that names the same island. This in any case, would certainly be a good enough reason for Leonardo to return to his studio and produce the four paintings one after the other to preserve Avalon’s location. Leonardo may however, have chosen the Magdalene as a subject because of the prevalent stories in France that were entirely separate from the Grail stories. The Joseph material that came from France had little association with the Magdalene but as we have seen by Rabanus, the tradition associating her travel with Joseph existed but was largely not romanticised by the Grail writers unless Elaine is understood as Mary Magdalene.", "Hi, I was just wanting to let you know that the missing apostle from Da Vincis' Last Supper, looks to be Paul the churches co-founder and since he seems to be missing (while being a key part of the creation of the church) perhaps the disembodied hand belongs to him? the link below will take you to a page containing an image of the painting with the names of the apostles.", "According to a recent U of T article, the 'Dark Master' has replaced Michelangelo as the darling of the academic art world. The rebellious genius, Michelangelo, knocked Michelangelo from his perch atop the Italian art charts in the 1980s. The article explains that this giant genius, who painted for the pope and rejected nature, has simply fallen out of favour and been replaced by the man who embraced humanity in all its facets including the degraded ones. \"He rebelled against dogma and received wisdom.\"", "Painter, sculptor and architect Michelangelo Buonarroti was born in Caprese, Italy on March 6, 1475. During a more than 70-year career, he won near-mythical fame as one of Europe’s preeminent “Renaissance Men,” and counted kings and popes among his many admirers and patrons. Temperamental and brilliant, Michelangelo crafted several masterpieces including the “David,” the “Pieta” and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. On the 540th anniversary of his birth, learn nine surprising facts about the artist often called “the Divine One.”", "Michelangelo worked until his death in 1564 at the age of 88. In addition to his major artistic works, he produced numerous other sculptures, frescoes, architectural designs, and drawings, many of which are unfinished and some of which are lost. In his lifetime, he was celebrated as Europe's greatest living artist, and today he is held up as one of the greatest artists of all time, as exalted in the visual arts as William Shakespeare is in literature or Ludwig van Beethoven is in music.", "Leonardo experienced his greatest problems with the heads of the Redeemer and Judas. He took the heads of the characters from people he saw around him, but never found models that were sufficiently expressive for the two principal figures. There have been suggestions that Judas was finally based on Savonarola, a dominant figure in Florence. Leonardo's models did not volunteer, nor did they know they had been selected for study. Christ's face was the last to be painted; there exists a pastel study for the head of Redeemer in the Brera Picture Gallery which has been attributed to Leonardo.", "When the Mona Lisa went missing in 1911, it took 24 hours for anyone to realise that it wasn't there. The first attendant to spot the space on the wall assumed it had been taken down to be photographed. Another thought its removal was a security precaution. A third was discovered beneath a parasol, asleep. The alarm was finally raised by a painter who arrived to make a copy of the world's most famous portrait and discovered four empty pegs.", "The Mona Lisa was stolen in 1911 as part of an art-reproduction plot by a remarkable Argentine con man named Eduardo de Valfierno. Once the painting went missing, a talented art restorer named Yves Chaudron would produce as many copies as possible; Valfierno would sell the copies to eager art collectors, and then return the original to the Louvre. Paris went into a frenzy on news of La Joconde’s disappearance; numerous suspects were rounded up, including most of the Louvre’s staff and a confused Pablo Picasso, who came under suspicion because he had purchased two stolen sculptures from a friend who had stolen them from the Louvre.", "3. Cristo della Minerva, Rome, Italy – Also known as Christ the Redeemer, this marble sculpture by Michelangelo was finished in 1521. Located in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome , it is one of the most famous sculptures of Jesus ever to be created, despite its relatively small size in comparison to the previous huge statues. It reaches a height of 205 cm (81 in)", "Eleven paintings by Andy Warhol (Andy Warhol) were stolen from the mansion collector Richard Wiseman (Richard Weisman) in Los Angeles. Ten of them are well-known series of images of famous athletes: soccer players Pele (Pele) and Simpson (OJ Simpson), boxer Muhammad Ali (Muhammad Ali), and others had also been kidnapped by a portrait of the owner.", "On the very occasion depicted by Perugino, when Christ made Peter head of the Church, Christ addressed Peter as Bar Jonah, that is, Son of Jonah. Imagine that every day as Michelangelo went to work on the ceiling, for the duration of the four years it took him to work his way over to the spot where he would finally fresco Jonah, he would have passed by The Giving of the Keys to St. Peter. For four years, day in and day out, the words of Jesus that lie behind Perugino's masterpiece would have echoed in his ears: \"Blessed are you, Simon Bar Jonah.\" Jonah is considered a minor prophet of the Old Testament. And of all the prophets frescoed on the ceiling, Jonah does not by any means come last in time. There is no particular reason why he should have been given the last and most conspicuous place on the ceiling. But by positioning Jonah above the altar, [End Page 138] Michelangelo found an ingenious way to meet the challenge of surpassing Perugino's masterpiece, linking Jonah to the exact moment at which Christ conferred the power of the keys on Peter.", "Michelangelo arrived in Rome 25 June 1496 at the age of 21. On 4 July of the same year, he began work on a commission for Cardinal Raffaele Riario, an over-life-size statue of the Roman wine god, Bacchus. However, upon completion, the work was rejected by the cardinal, and subsequently entered the collection of the banker Jacopo Galli, for his garden.", "  7.3 Question: What are the names of the 12 apostles on Leonardo de Vinci Last Supper?", "Another interesting position on the matter, often considered hazardous, is the theory according to which the subject of the painting is Leonardo himself. This thesis was elaborated not only for the similarity between the painting and Leonardo's face, but also because the reason Leonardo never returned the painting to its commissioner has never been clarified. The attachment of Leonardo to the painting is still unexplained, but that's the same for the identity of the person portrayed, which may remain a mystery.", "^ a b c Vasari, Boltraffio, Castiglione, \"Anonimo\" Gaddiano, Berensen, Taine, Fuseli, Rio, Bortolon, etc. See specific quotations under heading \"Leonardo, the legend\".", "Between 1508 and 1512, under the patronage of Pope Julius II, Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling, a masterpiece without precedent, that was to change the course of Western art. In a different climate after the Sack of Rome, he returned and between 1535 and 1541, painted The Last Judgment for Popes Clement VII and Paul III. The fame of Michelangelo's paintings has drawn multitudes of visitors to the chapel, ever since they were revealed five hundred years ago.", "After two years with the Medici family, Lorenzo died, and Michelangelo traveled for a year before returning to Florence. It wasn’t long before his fame had spread to Rome and he was commissioned to produce a life-size statue of the Virgin Mary, with the dead Christ in her arms.", "This panel of St. Jerome is one of Leonardo da Vinci’s more enigmatic works. It was painted around 1482, the year Leonardo moved from Florence to the ducal court in Milan. It is not known why the highly innovative picture was never finished. It may be that the work failed to meet with the approval of a possible patron or that Leonardo’s own perfectionism led him to abandon it. From a contemporary point of view, the work is fascinating precisely because of its sketch-like state, as this affords an insight into Leonardo’s painting method. The work was only identified in the early nineteenth century—by the painter Angelica Kaufmann—as the work of Leonardo. It was acquired by Pius IX for the Pinacoteca Vaticana in 1856.", "'Picture kept in a drawer 'is £100m da Vinci’.” That’s how the article in The Sunday Times on July 27, 2008 breathlessly reported the incredible story of how the Paris-based American dealer Peter Silverman discovered a lost masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci .", "On August 11, 1911, a great shock hit the art world – the most famous painting in the world, Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, was stolen from the Louvre. A French newspaper offered a reward for any information relating to the bold theft, and a man who claimed to know something soon appeared. He had supposedly stolen a few statues himself from the Louvre a few years back for the poet Guillaume Apollinaire, who in turn sold them to Pablo Picasso. Picasso, not even 30 years old at the time, was taken to court, but denied any knowledge that the statues were stolen and any connection to the Mona Lisa theft. Since there was absolutely no real evidence that would connect Picasso to the theft, the charges were soon dropped.", "A picture caption with the continuation of an art review in Weekend yesterday about “Velázquez,” at the National Gallery in London, was omitted and a photograph carried an erroneous caption in some copies. The painting at the upper right of a boy on a horse was “Baltasar Carlos on Horseback” (1634-35), not “Old Woman Cooking Eggs” (1618); the painting at the left with no caption was “Old Woman Cooking Eggs.”", "   Masaccio was famous for using the technique of spatial organization of figures for the first time. Most of his works are housed at the Brancacci Chapel. His most striking work must be his rendering of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden which shows completely naked figures who are ashamed and conscious of their bare bodies. Both the figures are stocky and peasant-like which points at a new awareness of a non-idealised, corporeal human form. This work also conveys the extreme agony of the expulsion. Masaccio’s St Peter series shows greater attempt at creating depth and impressive accuracy of light and shadow. His Adoration of the Magi shows figures gradually starting to lose their halos and thereby advancing towards naturalism. His The Tribute Money is perhaps the greatest attempt at varied posturing of figures and it contains the first evidence of incidental figures, an attempt at creating a vanishing point and a new awareness of the sky.", "The rapid, staccato pace at which Silvano Vinceti and his team began releasing information to the media in 2011 showcases his ability to harness public interest in his theory about the woman behind the famous Mona Lisa painting. Vinceti himself, though, is quite a controversial figure. In June 2010, he claimed to have found the  remains of Caravaggio , a claim that was  quickly disputed . He claimed in January to have found the  symbols S, L, and 72 in Mona Lisa’s eyes , but art historians called his evidence unsubstantial. In February, Vinceti claimed  a male model  may have posed for the Mona Lisa, a theory that a Da Vinci expert called “groundless.”" ]

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[ "(also called syngamy), the union of male and female sex cells, or gametes, resulting in the formation of a zygote capable of developing into a new organism. Fertilization is the basis of sexual reproduction and ensures the transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring.", "The result of the sperm successfully fertilizing the ovum. The zygote is a single cell that contains the genetic material of both the mother and the father.", "the cell resulting from union of a male and a female gamete ; the fertilized ovum (see also reproduction ). More precisely, the cell after synapsis at the completion of fertilization until first cleavage. adj., adj zygot´ic.", "When two sex cells, or gametes come together, the resulting fertilized egg is called a ZYGOTE", "The male gamete, or sex cell, which carries the hereditary material of the male parent and unites with the female egg cell during sexual reproduction.", "Sexually reproducing species have somatic cells (body cells), which are diploid [2n] having two sets of chromosomes (23 pairs in humans with one set of 23 chromosomes from each parent), one set from the mother and one from the father. Gametes, reproductive cells, are haploid [n]: They have one set of chromosomes. Gametes are produced by meiosis of a diploid germ line cell. During meiosis, the matching chromosomes of father and mother can exchange small parts of themselves (crossover), and thus create new chromosomes that are not inherited solely from either parent. When a male and a female gamete merge (fertilization), a new diploid organism is formed.", "gamete: Haploid reproductive cells that combine at fertilization to form the zygote , called sperm (or pollen) in males and eggs in females.", "\"Zygote. This cell, formed by the union of an ovum and a sperm (Gr. zyg tos, yoked together), represents the beginning of a human being. The common expression 'fertilized ovum' refers to the zygote.\"", "Meiosis: while mitosis produces new cells (which contain a pair of homologous chromosomes), meiosis leads to development of new individuals, known as gametes (which contain only one copy of each chromosome). With this process, each new cell (containing only one copy of each chromosome) is said to be haploid: when new individual is conceived, a haploid sperm from father unites with a haploid egg from the mother to produce a diploid zygote. The zygote is a single cell that divides mitotically over and over again to produce the millions and millions of cells that make up an individual's body.", "Double fertilisation is the process in angiosperms (flowering plants) in which two sperm from each pollen tube fertilise two cells in a female gametophyte (sometimes called an embryo sac) that is inside an ovule. After the pollen tube enters the gametophyte, the pollen tube nucleus disintegrates and the two sperm cells are released; one of the two sperm cells fertilises the egg cell (at the bottom of the gametophyte near the micropyle), forming a diploid (2n) zygote. This is the point when fertilisation actually occurs; pollination and fertilisation are two separate processes. The nucleus of the other sperm cell fuses with two haploid polar nuclei (contained in the central cell) in the centre of the gametophyte. The resulting cell is triploid (3n). This triploid cell divides through mitosis and forms the endosperm, a nutrient-rich tissue, inside the seed.", "Sexual reproduction typically requires the sexual interaction of two specialized organisms, called gametes, which contain half the number of chromosomes of normal cells and are created by meiosis, with typically a male fertilizing a female of the same species to create a fertilized zygote. This produces offspring organisms whose genetic characteristics are derived from those of the two parental organisms.", "As the egg is swept along the Fallopian tubes on its way to the uterus, it may encounter sperm deposited by the male. Fertilization occurs if one of these sperm cells is successful in penetrating the egg. The sperm nucleus fuses with the nucleus of the egg cell and a diploid zygote is formed. Within 24 hours, the zygote begins to divide by mitosis. First it divides into two cells, then four, then eight, until a solid ball of cells known as the morula forms. The morula eventually encounters and implants itself in the lining of the uterus.", "zygote (zi´g=ot) A fertilized egg cell formed by the union of a sperm cell and an ovum.", "Fertilization then occurs with one or two spermatozoa and an androgenic (from the male only) conceptus (fertilized oocyte) is formed.", "in males and 1 in females.  Unlike the cells created by mitosis, gametes are not identical to the parent cells.  In males, meiosis is referred to as spermatogenesis", "1. The diploid cell resulting from union of a sperm and a secondary oocyte. Compare: conceptus .", "Multicellular eukaryotes are made of two fundamental cell types. Germ cells produce gametes and are the only cells that can undergo meiosis as well as mitosis. These cells are sometimes said to be immortal because they are the link between generations. Somatic cells are all the other cells that form the building blocks of the body and they only divide by mitosis. The lineage of germ cells is called germ line. Germ cell specification begins during cleavage in many animals or in the epiblast during gastrulation in birds and mammals. After transport, involving passive movements and active migration, germ cells arrive at the developing gonads. In humans, sexual differentiation starts approximately 6 weeks after conception. The end-products of the germ cell cycle are the egg or sperm. ", "For example, the slime mold Dictyostelium undergoes binary fission (mitosis) as single-celled amoebae under favorable conditions. However, when conditions turn unfavorable, the cells aggregate and follow one of two different developmental pathways, depending on conditions. In the social pathway, they form a multicellular slug which then forms a fruiting body with asexually generated spores. In the sexual pathway, two cells fuse to form a giant cell that develops into a large cyst. When this macrocyst germinates, it releases hundreds of amoebic cells that are the product of meiotic recombination between the original two cells. ", "carries the father's chromosomes to the mother's ovum where they combine with her chromosomes at the time of conception.  Sperm cells are microscopic, but ova", "1. Reproductive cloning: making babies for infertile couples created from a single somatic cell without sexual reproduction.", "At conception, the male sperm, (a half stranded DNA with a protein coat), and female ovum, (an unfertilized egg also containing a single strand of DNA), each contribute 23 chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes in the fertilized embryo. The total sum of chromosomes is called the kayrotype in eukaryotes (organisms such as plants, yeasts and animals whose cells have a nucleus)", "Meiosis separates the pairs of matching (or 'homologous') chromosomes, so that sperm cells and egg cells have only one copy of each. That way, when an egg cell fuses with a sperm cell, the fertilised egg has a full set: that is, two copies of every chromosome.", "Sex cells Sperm and eggs with only one copy of each chromosome, opposed to body cells that have two copies of each chromosome. See meiosis", "the fusion of cytoplasm of two cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction ", "22. It is the brief stage preceding cleavage in humans' and other animals' embryonic development. Name the type of diploid cell that results when two haploid gametes fuse.", "..... Click the link for more information.  develops into a new individual. Cross-fertilization indicates fusion of a sperm of one hermaphroditic plant or animal with an ovum of another, as distinguished from self-fertilization, in which ovum and sperm of the same individual are fused.", "male from different species, diploid female produces haploid eggs, fertilization occurs, hybrid adults, but haploid eggs only have female genes so male is only one generation", "The haploid fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a facultative sexual microorganism that can undergo mating when nutrients are limiting. Exposure of S. pombe to hydrogen peroxide, an agent that causes oxidative stress leading to oxidative DNA damage, strongly induces mating and the formation of meiotic spores. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reproduces by mitosis as diploid cells when nutrients are abundant, but when starved, this yeast undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores. Haploid cells may then reproduce asexually by mitosis. Katz Ezov et al. presented evidence that in natural S. cerevisiae populations clonal reproduction and selfing (in the form of intratetrad mating) predominate. In nature, mating of haploid cells to form diploid cells is most often between members of the same clonal population and out-crossing is uncommon. Analysis of the ancestry of natural S. cerevisiae strains led to the conclusion that out-crossing occurs only about once every 50,000 cell divisions. These observations suggest that the possible long-term benefits of outcrossing (e.g. generation of diversity) are likely to be insufficient for generally maintaining sex from one generation to the next. Rather, a short-term benefit, such as recombinational repair during meiosis, may be the key to the maintenance of sex in S. cerevisiae.", "A diploid cell also known as a spore mother cell that undergoes meiosis and generates haploid spores", "This diagram shows how primary oocytes in the primordial follicles are diploid, and are starting their first meiotic division. The pairs of homologous chromosomes (one maternal, one paternal) pair up on the spindle, and genetic material can be swapped over. Even the X and Y chromosome (if present) will pair up, and form a partial bivalent.", "5. In oogenesis, a diploid reproductive cell divides meiotically to produce a. one diploid gamete. b. four diploid gametes.", "Meiosis consists of 2 cell divisions, and results in four cells. The first division is when genetic crossover occurs and the traits on the chromosomes are shuffled. The cell will perform a normal prophase, then enter metaphase during which it begins the crossover, then proceed normally through anaphase and telophase." ]

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[ "Pyrite (FeS2) is an iron sulphide that commonly has a pronounced cubic structure with striated surfaces. It is found in almost any type of geological environment. Sometimes it is mistaken for gold, because of its yellow colour, hence the name \"Fool's Gold\"..", "or iron pyrite or fool's gold. Naturally occurring, gold-coloured iron disulfide mineral. Pyrite has frequently fooled prospectors into thinking they had discovered gold.", "The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS2. This mineral's metallic luster and pale brass-yellow hue give it a superficial resemblance to gold, hence the well-known nickname of fool's gold. The color has also led to the nicknames brass, brazzle, and Brazil, primarily used to refer to pyrite found in coal. ", "Chalcopyrite (or copper pyrite), looks like, and is easily confused with Pyrite, FeS2. Chalcopyrite is one of the minerals refered to as \"Fool's Gold\" because of its ...", "Pyrite has a nickname that has become famous - \"Fool's Gold.\" The mineral's gold color, metallic luster, and high specific gravity often cause it to be mistaken for gold by inexperienced prospectors. However, pyrite is often associated with gold . The two minerals often form together, and in some deposits pyrite contains enough included gold to warrant mining.", "Pyrite is sometimes called Fools Gold because of its similarity in color and shape to Gold . In the old mining days, Pyrite was sometimes mistaken for Gold, as they frequently occur together, although Gold and Pyrite can very easily be distinguished by simple observation and testing of characteristics.", "The usual ferrous sulphide, FeS, can add sulphur stochiometrically to form crystalline FeS2, known as the mineral pyrite. This is from the Greek pyrites, from pyr, \"fire,\" and meaning something made of fire. When struck by iron, it will produce luminous sparks that can be used to ignite tinder to make fire. The wheellock was invented around 1500 for use in cavalry pistols. A spring-driven wheel pressed to a piece of pyrite threw a jet of sparks into the pan. Cavalrymen could not use the usual \"slow match\" of the time because the wind extinguished it. Pyrite gives excellent sparks, probably pieces of FeS2 heated by impact and burning in air, but is not as durable as flint. Such materials may be called spintharogenic. Good crystals of pyrite are an excellent brassy yellow color, leading fools to mistake it for gold. However, it is hard and light, not soft and heavy, so it is easily distinguished from gold. In small flakes, however, it could be deceiving, and especially because it is very often associated with gold.", "Jul 15, 2008 · Pyrites or Iron Pyrites, also known as \"Fool's Gold\", is a mineral that has historically been confused with gold because of its similar color and shape.", "In the gold rush days, pyrite was nicknamed “fools gold” due to its metallic, lustrous, dark yellow colour, and it was hastily mistaken for native gold. The name is derived from the Greek pyr, meaning fire, and alludes to its property of giving off sparks when struck on one another, or with a piece of steel. The chemical formula of Pyrite is FeS2 (iron disulphide) and displays striated cubes, octahedrons, or pyritohedrons when in crystal form but can also occur as aggregates or concretions. Additionally, Pyrite can chemically replace organic fossil remains in the diagenesis of sedimentary rocks resulting in spectacular pyritization of objects such as nodules, sand dollars, and ammonites.", "Pyrite is a polymorph of marcasite , which means that it has the same chemistry, FeS2, as marcasite; but a different structure and therefore different symmetry and crystal shapes. Pyrite is difficult to distinguish from marcasite when a lack of clear indicators exists.", "Pyrite, FeS2, is a very common mineral, often well-crystallized in characteristic forms (pyritohedrons). It is found, exceptionally, as flat radial crystal discs near Sparta, Illinois, called \"Sparta dollars.\" The sulphur in bituminous coal is often in the form of pyrite. It is hard, heavy (5.02) and has a metallic lustre and light-brass color. It often occurs in flakes associated with placer gold, and is called \"fool's gold.\" Pyrite is a compound of ferrous iron and the bisulphide ion, S2--. Marcasite has the same composition, but a different crystal structure. It is whiter, and has different crystal habits. The regular sulphides, FeS and Fe2S3, are not found in nature in pure form. Pyrrhotite is Fe1-xS, and pentlandite is a mixed sulphide of nickel and iron, the principal ore of nickel at Sudbury, Ontario. Chalcopyrite and bornite have copper with the iron, and arsenopyrite has As replacing one S. The sulphur content ruins pyrite as an ore of iron. SO2 produced from roasting pyrite often contains arsenic as an impurity, which poisons Pt catalysts in making sulphuric acid.", "Pyrite is most noted for its nickname, “Fool’s Gold,” the glittering rock notoriously mistaken by naïve prospectors as real gold. It was also used by dishonest mine owners to salt their mines for the purpose of convincing people they were still gold-producers. Although similar in hue, Pyrite is lighter in color than Gold, and is harder and more brittle. It can’t be scratched with a fingernail or knife. Pyrite is also referred to as Iron Pyrite, and in Germany, “Cat’s Gold.” [Megemont, 151][www.mindat.org][Eason, 180]", "Many a prospector, both experts and amateurs, has been taken by fools gold. Pyrite, the real name of the mineral commonly referred to as fools gold, has a metallic ...", "Apr 20, 2009 · T here are several shiny brassy yellow minerals, but pyrite is by far the most common and the most often mistaken for gold. Whether it …", "Iron Pyrite is commonly known as \"fool's gold.\" IRON PYRITE Chemical Composition: FeS2, Iron Disulfide, often with substantial amounts of nickel ...", "Pyrite: Pyrite is an iron sulphide mineral with a cubic crystal system and is dimorphous with marcasite. It occurs as cubic crystals with striated faces, or in the form of pentagonal dodecahedra, usually well-crystallized, either isolated or in small, often well-formed groups, or as \"iron cross\" twins. It is a characteristic, brassy-yellow or pale-gold color, opaque and with a metal luster. It sometimes ( read full )", "Pyrite sometimes called fool’s gold is a compound of iron and sulfur. An online fossil, rock, and mineral store for teachers and value minded individuals", "Pyrite is the most common of the sulfide minerals; it is in fact iron sulfide. Unlike gold it is not a metal. It forms when hydrogen sulfide combines with iron. Pyrite is must harder and more brittle than gold. Also, when it tarnishes it will turn a dark brown color. Pyrite is commonly found in quartz veins, as well as in sedimentary and metamorphic rock. Pyrite can also be found in coal beds and as a replacement mineral in some fossils. Despite its nickname, real gold has been found on occasion with pyrite.", "Pyrite is by far the most common and widespread sulphide mineral. It is found in almost any geological environment. It is rarely of economic importance itself, but its presence calls attention to areas that may contain important economic minerals.", "An iron sulfide mineral , Pyrite is commonly found around the world in a variety of geological formations, from sedimentary deposits to hydrothermal veins , and as a constituent of metamorphic rocks.", "Pyrite is a good source of sulphur, but not a good source of iron because of the sulphur, which ruins iron and is hard to separate from it. It has been used for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Copperas, the sulphate, is obtained by its oxidation. Mineral copperas often accompanies pyrite as a weathering product. The \"Sparta dollars\" of southern Illinois are thin, round, radial pyrite crystals deposited in the bedding planes of shale. Pyrite is also found in coal, where it adds unwelcome sulphur to the fuel.", "Sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S) is a mineral that is the chief ore of zinc. It consists largely of zinc sulfide in crystalline form but almost always contains variable iron. When iron content is high it is an opaque black variety, marmatite. It is usually found in association with galena, pyrite, and other sulfides along with calcite, dolomite, and fluorite. Miners have also been known to refer to sphalerite as zinc blende and black-jack.", "pyrite (ˈpaɪraɪt) —n: iron pyrites, Also called: pyrites, Nontechnical name: fool's gold a yellow mineral, found in igneous and metamorphic rocks and in veins.", "Fool's Gold : Pyrite , a form of iron that looks like gold . Marcasites come from this shiny metallic mineral .", "iron pyrites, or gold. Its main source was Badakhshan, northern Afghanistan, and in Iran, from which it was traded as far as Egypt. The Egyptians considered that its appearance imitated that of the heavens, therefore they considered it to be superior to all materials other than gold and silver. They used it extensively in jewelry until the", "• Iron Pyrite • Pyrite - Fool's gold - sulfur dioxide. Commonly called \"Fool's gold\", Pyrite is an iron sulfide. It has a metallic luster and a brass-yellow hue ...", "In jewellery , iron pyrite used as gem is improperly termed \" marcasite \" Origin of name from Arabic or Moorish for pyrite . Pyrite and Marcasite share the same exact chemical make up; however they both differ in their interior structure.", "Chromium came to the attention of westerners in the 18th century. On 26 July 1761, Johann Gottlob Lehmann found an orange-red mineral in the Beryozovskoye mines in the Ural Mountains which he named Siberian red lead. Though misidentified as a lead compound with selenium and iron components, the mineral was Crocoite (lead chromate) with a formula of PbCrO4.", "Chromium minerals as pigments came to the attention of the west in the 18th century. On 26 July 1761, Johann Gottlob Lehmann found an orange-red mineral in the Beryozovskoye mines in the Ural Mountains which he named Siberian red lead. Though misidentified as a lead compound with selenium and iron components, the mineral was in fact crocoite (lead chromate) with a formula of PbCrO4. ", "A variety of pyrites ( iron sulphide), sometimes called ' iron pyrites '. It is pale brass y-yellow and has a brilliant metallic lustre . It is of the same chemical composition as marcasite and resembles it, but is of a different structure and lower specific gravity .", "Sphalerite (Zn,FeS) is a zinc sulphide that supplies the bulk of the world's supply of zinc. This sample of sphalerite (brown mineral) is from Daniel's Harbour, Great Northern Peninsula. It is owned by the Provincial Museum.", "—Sphalerite was mined from small pits where it was found with galena and smithsonite in NE NE sec. 16 T.3N. R.2W. (Whitlow and West, 1966b)." ]

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[ "Asgard ( Old Norse Ásgarðr, “Enclosure of the Aesir ) is one of the Nine Worlds of Norse mythology and the home and fortress of the Aesir, one of the two tribes of gods (the other being the Vanir , who have their home in Vanaheim ). Asgard is located in the sky[1] (albeit spiritually rather than physically, of course) and is connected to Midgard , the world of humanity, by the rainbow bridge Bifrost .", "Asgard is one of the nine worlds recognized in Norse mythology and is ruled from Valhalla by Odin, the All-Father. It is the home of the Aesir, the main gods of the Norse pantheon, which also include Thor, Baldur, Tyr and Frigg.", "Asgard, in Norse mythology, is one of the nine worlds and the homeland of the Aesir, the race of warrior gods. Located on the highest level of the Norse universe, it is surrounded by a high wall of closely fitted stone block", "In Norse religion, Asgard (; \"Enclosure of the Æsir\") is one of the Nine Worlds and home to the Æsir tribe of gods. It is surrounded by an incomplete wall attributed to a Hrimthurs riding the stallion Svaðilfari, according to Gylfaginning. Odin and his wife, Frigg, are the rulers of Asgard.", "Asgard is the name of a fictional realm and its capital city within the Marvel Comics universe. Based on the realm of the same name from Norse mythology, Asgard is home to the Asgardians and other beings adapted from Norse mythology. Asgard first appeared in Journey into Mystery #83 (October 1962) by Stan Lee, Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby, and features prominently in stories that follow the Marvel Comics superhero, Thor.", "Saunders, Chas, and Peter J. Allen, eds. \"ASGARD - the Norse legendary place (Norse mythology).\" <em>Godchecker</em>. Godchecker.com / CID, 05 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 January 2017.", "*The TV series Stargate SG-1 regularly features the Asgard race, which is a powerful, yet friendly alien species broadly depicted as somewhat resembling grey aliens who, according to the series, are the original source of the Norse gods having portrayed them to help humanity. Thor, a member of the Asgard High Council, is a regularly returning character on the show. Their spaceships, as seen from below, are shaped like Mjolnir, Thor's hammer. In Stargate Atlantis, it is revealed that there is a sub-group of Asgard called the Vanir, opposed to the agenda of the other Asgard, and analogous to the Vanir of Norse mythology.", "BELOW: Thor invokes Asgard: In an utterance which seems as though it might be the equivalent of \"By God\" for an American, the Norse god Thor invokes his homeland, Asgard. Asgard is the mystic realm of the Norse/Teutonic pantheon of deities.", "Cultural Traits: The Asgardian Gods were worshipped as gods in Ancient Scandinavia including modern Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark and most of Germany down to the northern boundary of Italy. Their culture, social structure and society resembles aspects of Pre-Germanic Teutonic Europe.", "Odin is the Allfather of the Norse gods and the ruler of Asgard. (Illustration: Victor Villalobos)", "The Asgard from Stargate SG-1 all have names of, and were in fact the inspiration for, the gods of Norse Mythology .", "Viking mythology is based on several gods: Odin (the One-Eyed Allfather, also known as Woden or Wotan), Thor (god of thunder), Tyr (god of war and treaties), and Frey and Freya (god and goddess of fertility). On a plain called Ida, these gods built the city of Asgard, which had twelve realms. The highest being Valhalla, where the heroic went after dying.", "Thor is the mightiest of the Norse gods. Odin is his father; his mother is Earth. He drives a chariot pulled by two goats, and he has three great treasures: a belt that, when he wears it, doubles his strength; the terrible hammer Miollnir, with which he smites his enemies; and a pair of iron gloves, which he must wear to wield the hammer. Thor, red-bearded god of sky, is the guardian of Asgard, home of the gods, and of the homes and farmsteads of his worshipers.", "Snorri proposes the location of Asgard as Troy, the center of the earth. About it were 12 kingdoms and 12 chiefs. One of them, Múnón, married Priam's daughter, Tróán, and had by her a son, Trór, to be pronounced Thor in Old Norse. The latter was raised in Thrace. At age 12 he was whiter than ivory, had hair lighter than gold, and could lift 10 bear skins at once. He explored far and wide. His father, Odin, led a migration to the northern lands, where they took wives and had many children, populating the entire north with Aesir. One of the sons of Odin was Yngvi, founder of the Ynglingar, an early royal family of Sweden.", "The sons of Bor then constructed Asgard (to be identified with Troy, Snorri insists in section 9) as a home for the Æsir, who were divinities. Odin is identified as the all-father. Asgard is conceived as being on the earth. A rainbow bridge, Bifröst, connects it to heaven (Section 13). In Asgard also is a temple for the 12 gods, Gladsheim, and another for the 12 goddesses, Vingólf. The plain of Idavoll is the centre of Asgard (Section 14).", "In Asgard, Odin and his wife Frigg rule over the Aesir and the Einherjer, the Viking heroes who died in battle. Every day, these heroes leave the giant feast hall of Valhalla to fight, and every evening they are restored to health to feast and drink.", "Thor: the mighty red-bearded son of Allfather Odin; the Norse Herakles. Armed with his war hammer Mjollnir and Megingjard the Belt of Strength, he tends to flatten whatever grows inflated beyond natural limits, particularly greedy giants. His chariot is pulled by the goats Tanggniost (\"Tooth-Grinder\") and Tanngrisnir (\"Snarl Tooth\"). His hall is named Bilskinir (\"bill-skier-near\"), \"Lightning,\" and is located in Thrudheim (\"Place of Might\"). Thor safeguards important demarcations (e.g., the boundaries of Asgard) while breaking open those that unduly block or limit. He recalls the Anglo-Saxon Thunor, the Celtic Tanaros, the Hindu Indra, and the German god Donar.", "The word \"Aesir\" can mean gods and goddesses who belong to the tribe of gods living in Asgard.", "Asgard was divided into 12 or more realms in which each principal god had his own luxurious mansion of gold or silver. The most important palace was Valhalla , the home of Odin , the chief of the gods.", "the abode of the gods. Access to Asgard was possible only by crossing the bridge Bifrost (the rainbow). Asgard was divided into 12 or more realms in which each principal god had his own luxurious mansion of gold or silver. The most important palace was Valhalla, the home of Odin, the chief of the gods.", "*Viking: Battle for Asgard is set in Midgard where the forces of Hel and Freya battle for dominance.", "Despite the Christianization, Icelanders seem to have preserved historic traditions on their previous worship of the Asgardian Pantheon. The Poetic Edda (10th century) and Prose Edda (13th century) are Icelandic texts recording legends of the Asgardians. They remain our main sources for the existence of this religion and its legends. Snorri Sturluson, the author of the latter text, was a Christian. Scholarly debates on whether he modified the legends to include Christian allegories or was relatively faithful to his oral sources remain unresolved. There are no other versions of his accounts for comparison.", "Central to accounts of Norse mythology are the plights of the gods and their interaction with various other beings, such as with the jötnar, who may be friends, lovers, foes and/or family members of the gods. Numerous gods are mentioned in the source texts. As evidenced by records of personal names and place names, the most popular god among the Scandinavians during the Viking Age was Thor, who is portrayed as unrelentingly pursuing his foes, his mountain-crushing, thunderous hammer Mjölnir in hand. In the mythology, Thor lays waste to numerous jötnar who are foes to the gods or humanity, and is wed to the beautiful, golden-haired goddess Sif.", "Norse mythology comprises the pre-Christian beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland where most of the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled. Norse mythology not only has it’s gods, goddesses and immortals but also a myriad of other characters and creatures that populate the stories including giants, dwarfs, monsters, magical animals and objects.", "Besides Odin, the major deities of Scandinavian mythology were his wife, Frigg, goddess of the home; Valhalla. There the warriors would spend their days fighting and nights feasting until Ragnarok, the day of the final world battle, in which the old gods would perish and a new reign of peace and love would be instituted. Ordinary individuals were received after death by the goddess Hel in a cheerless underground world.", "Helheim (\"house of Hel\") is one of the nine worlds of Norse mythology. It is ruled by Hel, the monstrous daughter of the trickster god Loki and his wife Angrboda.", "      At the time of Iceland's settlement, Norse people worshiped gods whom they called æsir ( singular áss), and this religion left behind an extensive mythology ( myth ) in Icelandic literature. Thor seems to have been the most popular of the pagan gods in Iceland, although Odin is thought to have been the highest in rank. It appears that heathen worship was organized around a distinct class of chieftains called godar ( singular godi ), of which there were about 40. In the absence of royal power in Iceland, the godar were to form the ruling class in the country.", "Ásatrú, meaning \"faith in the Æsir\", is a new religious movement of polytheistic reconstructionism based on Norse paganism. As of 2007, Ásatrú is a religion officially recognized by the governments of Iceland, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden.", "26. Who was the chief (Norse) God who lived in Asgard (Valhalla) at the top of the world tree?", "There are several \"clans\" of    Vættir  or animistic nature spirits: the Æsir    and   Vanir  , understood as gods, plus the Jötnar  , the Álfar    and   Dvergar  . To this list can be added the dead in the Underworld. The", "In Europe the god associated with the planet Mercury is the Celtic Lug, known as Odin, or Wotan to the Germanic peoples. He is the master of fine speech, magic, poetry and music, as well as wealth. He is known as the king of the gods, but is also the god of the underworld. His Valkyries transport dead warriors to Valhalla where they celebrate their bravery and conquests. In various myths Odin is shown as an old man wandering the Earth, or exchanging an eye for the wisdom of the world.", "Actually Odin created Asgard as the war planet in fear itself, Thor could also create planets, are you talking about that girl which came back to life as a zombie?" ]

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[ "The Avengers an all-star group of super-heroes in the Marvel Universe originally consisting of  Iron Man ,  Ant-Man , the Wasp , Thor , and the Hulk , before expanding to include a large number of superheroes, including some of the most famous heroes on Earth.", "Nearly 50 years before the movie, Marvel Comics first published The Avengers, a superhero team comprised of some of their most popular solo characters—Iron Man, the Hulk, Thor, Ant-Man, and the Wasp. (The last two haven’t yet made it to the big screen.) Since then, dozens of others have joined, including Captain America, Spider-Man, Wolverine, the Black Widow, and Daredevil.", "The Avengers --Earth's Mightiest Heroes, came together one day to face down a threat greater than any one hero could manage. The original team consisted of Iron Man, Thor, Ant-Man, the Wasp, and, incredibly, the Hulk. Captain America joined the team in issue # 4, and the rest is history...comicshistory, that is!", "The founding members of the Avengers team were Iron Man, the Hulk, Thor, Ant-Man, and Janet Van Dyne as the Wasp. In other words, all of the male characters get their own movie franchises, while the Wasp is not only sidelined, but killed off to provide backstory for characters in the new Ant-Man movie.", "The Avengers first formed when the evil Norse god Loki tried to defeat his brother Thor by tricking him into fight another superhero. Using his illusion powers, Loki tricks the Hulk into destroying a train station and diverts a radio call by Rick Jones to Thor with the intend of asking for Thor's help. Instead, Iron Man, the Wasp, and Ant-Man pick up the signal. After the initial confusion, Thor realizes that due to the nature of his illusions, that Loki is responsible, and the heroes team up and defeat Loki. After deciding that they are a formidable force all together, they decide to form a team. The Wasp suggests \"The Avengers\" (mostly due to the aesthetic appeal) and the name stuck.", "Just like in the movies, you can thank Loki for inadvertently bringing the Avengers together. In the first issue of The Avengers from 1963, the founding members were Ant-Man, Iron Man, Hulk, Thor, and The Wasp. In fact, it was The Wasp who came up with the team’s name, after they decided to stay together and face the enemies that they couldn’t handle alone.", "* The Avengers — Episode 8 of The Incredible Hulk was an adaptation of Avengers #2 (November 1963), and co-starred Thor, Iron Man (with his all-golden armor (as published in the original comic book) recolored to match the red and gold design featured in the Iron Man episodes), Giant-Man, the Wasp. The lineup beginning in Avengers #4 (March 1964), with Thor, Iron Man, Giant-Man, the Wasp and the newly installed Captain America, appears in several Captain America episodes, as does the later line-up from Avengers #16 with Hawkeye, Quicksilver, and the Scarlet Witch.", "Iron Man, in the series The Mighty Avengers, formed a team under the aegis of the government's Fifty State Initiative program, and took up residency in New York City, joined by Ares, the Black Widow, the Sentry, the Wasp, Wonder Man, and leader Carol Danvers as Ms. Marvel. After the events of the Secret Invasion story arc, Norman Osborn assumed control of the formerly S.H.I.E.L.D.-sponsored Avengers, now under the auspices of his own agency, H.A.M.M.E.R. All but Ares and the Sentry left this team — the Wasp appeared to have died — and the team migrated to the series Dark Avengers. Osborn recruited Marvel Boy to pose as Captain Marvel and Daken to pose as his father, Wolverine, bringing Moonstone, Bullseye, and Venom from his previous Thunderbolts team to impersonate Ms. Marvel, Hawkeye, and Spider-Man, respectively.", "Avengers membership proved very fluid over the years. Thor, Iron Man, Pym and Wasp would all return for further tours of duty, though the unstable Pym did so in a series of alternate identities as Giant-Man, Goliath (an identity also used temporarily by Hawkeye), Yellowjacket and Doctor Pym. The four returning founders would all serve stints as team leader, too, and the group produced a series of impressive leaders over the years, notably Captain America, Wasp, Hawkeye and Iron Man. New recruits during the team's early years included the Swordsman (exposed as a double agent and expelled), Hercules , the Black Panther , the android Vision , and the Black Knight . Alien hero Captain Mar-Vell became one of the team's staunchest allies during the cosmic Kree-Skrull War . The Black Widow joined the team after years as an unofficial ally. A reformed Swordsman rejoined alongside his enigmatic lover Mantis , though he died protecting her from Kang and she soon left Earth to fulfill her prophesied destiny as the Celestial Madonna. Moondragon , Beast , Hellcat and Two-Gun Kid became members, though all but Beast opted for reserve status; the group attracted associates such as the aging speedster Whizzer , Wonder Man , the robotic Jocasta , the time-spanning 31st century Guardians of the Galaxy , and Ms. Marvel (later Warbird), all of whom helped the team oppose the mad man-god Korvac and his wife Carina .", "In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four, Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men, Daredevil, the Inhumans, Black Panther, Doctor Strange, Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer, and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom, Magneto, Galactus, Loki, the Green Goblin, and Doctor Octopus, all existing in a shared reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities such as New York, Los Angeles and Chicago.", "Prominent groups of superheroes include the Avengers, the X-Men, the Fantastic Four, and the Defenders. All these groups have varying lineups; the Avengers in particular have included many of Marvel's major heroes as members at one time or another. The X-Men are a team of mutants led by Professor X and include some of Marvel's most popular characters, such as Wolverine. The Defenders are an ad-hoc team usually brought together by Dr. Strange, which has included the Hulk, the Sub-Mariner and the Silver Surfer.", "    After several years, Reed Richards returned with others this time. His team of Earth's Heroes, the Defenders. On the roster was: Mr. Fantastic (Reed Richards), Spider-Man (Peter Parker), The Armored Avenger (Tony Stark), Ant-Man (Henry Pym), Scarlet Sorceress (Wanda Maximov), Marvel Girl (Jean Grey), the Human Torch (an Android) and the Ghost (The Vision Android). They had come to elicit aid from The Things to help defeat an unstoppable gamma-powered, green, rampaging hulk called \"The Brute.\" The three Things agreed to help. These three fought the Brute in a humongous battle in which it all settled down to Ben and the Brute, who seemed evenly matched save for the Brute's tireless stamina. Ben managed to hold him off long enough for Richards to come up with a device to teleport the Brute to the Negative Zone.", "During a riot at the Raft prison, orchestrated by Electro , Spider-Man teams up with other heroes to subdue the inmates. Since the original Avengers have disbanded, Iron Man and Captain America decide to form a new team of Avengers consisting of the heroes involved in stopping the riot, including Spider-Man.", "The next iteration of the Avengers roster consisted of Thor, Hawkeye, Spider-Man, Wolverine, Captain America, Spider-Woman, Iron Man, and team leader Maria Hill. Steve Rogers, briefly eschewing his Captain America persona, grants these \"New Avengers\" recognition as an official team independent of Stark's more traditional Avengers. Bucky Barnes as Captain America joined the main Avengers, as did Iron Fist, Power Woman, and the Thing. Rogers was an occasional presence and Victoria Hand was added with his backing.", "61. First appearing in 1963, this team of superheroes was created by Stan Lee, and originally had five members. A 2012 film version of their adventures set a record with an opening weekend gross of more than $200 million. Identify this group of superheroes that includes Thor, Hulk, Captain America, and Wonder Woman.", "This culminated in \"Operation: Galactic Storm\", a 19-part storyline that ran through all Avengers-related titles and showcased a conflict between the Kree and the Shi'ar Empire. The team split when Iron Man and several dissidents executed the Supreme Intelligence against the wishes of Captain America. After a vote disbanded the West Coast Avengers, Iron Man formed a proactive and aggressive team called Force Works. During the team's first mission, Wonder Man was killed again, though his atoms were temporarily scattered. Force Works later disbanded after it was revealed that Iron Man became a murderer via the manipulations of the villain Kang. ", "In the beginning there was Thor, Iron Man, Hulk, Ant-Man and Wasp. Four got their own movies. One got flushed. ", "Months later, much like the original inception of the team, a random gathering of heroes sparked the reformation of the Avengers. After teaming with Iron Man, Spider-Man, Luke Cage, Spider-Woman (Drew), Daredevil and Sentry to contain a mass breakout at the super-criminal prison known as the Raft , Captain America invited his six allies to join him in rebuilding the Avengers. Most of them accepted, though Daredevil declined and the unstable Sentry had gone into seclusion. Leading intelligence agency S.H.I.E.L.D. was reluctant to sanction a new Avengers team, but Captain America reminded them that his \"full champion license\" status with the government gives him the authority to assemble any team he requires for any given mission, so he required no approval from the authorities to reassemble the Avengers. Iron Man offered the top floors of his new Stark Tower skyscraper to serve as the team's high-tech headquarters (staffed again by ever-faithful Jarvis), and the group resolved to capture the forty-odd Raft escapees-starting with Sauron , the prisoner whose liberation by Electro had touched off the jailbreak.", "Not long afterward, the Avengers were temporarily disbanded, due to a lack of active members. As the Captain, Rogers led a new lineup of the Avengers consisting of Thor, Gilgamesh, and temporary recruits Reed (Mr. Fantastic) and Sue Richards (Invisible Woman) of the Fantastic Four. Reed himself was accustomed to leading, however, and there were some conflicts of leadership between the two.", "Hank and Wasp were reunited with others who made new friends while being stuck on other realms. Then they marched into Asgard to confront Loki and free Thor. But when Loki defeated them and attempted to kill them, Iron Man saved them and fought him to delay him long enough to stop him.", "They are Earth's mightiest heroes, formed to fight the foes no single hero could withstand. The Avengers are the most prestigious and powerful super-hero team in the world, an ever-shifting assemblage of super-beings, adventurers and crime fighters devoted to protecting the planet from menaces beyond the scope of conventional authorities.", "Loki, posing as The Scarlet Witch, gathered up The Hulk in MIGHTY AVENGERS #21 for a spot on a new team led by Hank Pym and later goaded him into fighting Iron Man in MIGHTY AVENGERS #22 . Regardless, the jade giant still helped to battle the demonic Chthon in MIGHTY AVENGERS #23 .", "A short-lived team of superheroes in the 1950s called themselves the Avengers. It consisted of Marvel Boy, Venus, the 3-D Man, Gorilla-Man, M-11, Jimmy Woo, Namora, and Jann of the Jungle, and existed in an alternate timeline that was erased by the time-manipulating Immortus. Agents of Atlas, a version of the group, without 3-D Man and Jann existed in mainstream continuity, and eventually reformed in the present day. ", "Capturing Electro and tracking Sauron to the Savage Land , the new Avengers teamed with Wolverine to oppose an illegal Vibranium mining operation run by Sauron's Savage Land Mutates and an apparently rogue S.H.I.E.L.D. faction. In the end, a retaliatory strike by the mainstream S.H.I.E.L.D. organization wiped out the entire mining operation except for a recaptured Sauron, conveniently eliminating almost all evidence and witnesses apart from the Avengers. Shaken by this, and by their discovery along the way that the Raft had been stockpiling supposedly deceased super-criminals held in reserve for unknown purposes, the Avengers have secretly dedicated themselves to rooting out the institutional corruption behind these events and have recruited Wolverine, whose espionage background and ruthless attitude are seen as assets for the team.", "A short-lived team formed by Mockingbird following her dismissal from the Avengers. Comprised of fellow Avengers who were similarly dismissed for their belief that in some instances killing is acceptable. / *", "New Avengers: Illuminati #1 (June 2006) reveals that years before, Stark had started participating with a group of leaders including the Black Panther, Professor X, Mister Fantastic, Black Bolt, Doctor Strange, and Namor. The goal of the group (dubbed the Illuminati by Marvel) was to strategize overarching menaces, in which the Black Panther rejects a membership offer. Stark's goal is to create a governing body for all superheroes in the world, but the beliefs of its members instead force them all to share vital information.", "In celebration of the upcoming theatrical release from “Marvel’s The Avengers,” Marvel Super Hero Squad Online brings together a team of heroes to protect Baxter Plaza and Asgard from the mad trickster god Loki. Meanwhile, the world itself falls into chaos, mirroring the very first adventure the original Avengers embarked upon.", "Marvel has bestowed several diverse characters in recent years with long-running superhero mantles, including a biracial Spider-Man, Muslim Ms. Marvel, female Thor, African-American Captain America and Asian-American Hulk. However, those characters have yet to appear in Marvel film or TV adaptations.", "Group Affiliation: Leader of the new Hulkbusters, former member of the Avengers, former member of the Defenders", "In this reality, the team is called the Four Fantastic, that is lead by Victor Von Doom, with members Susan Storm, Johnny Storm, and Bruce Banner. Their enemy is Reed Richards.", "Thor gets pummeled by a gang of villains including Doctor Octopus, Titania and the Wrecking Crew and swats them away, from Secret Wars #4:", "Below are summaries of several Marvel superhero teams brief descriptions with a listing of their best known members:" ]

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[ "Lois Lane is a Pulitzer-prize winning investigative journalist employed at the Daily Planet, alongside fellow reporter Clark Kent, photographer Jimmy Olsen and the Daily Planet editor-in-chief Perry White. Raised in the military as daughter of General Sam Lane, she is more than capable of handling herself in almost any situation. Her sister is flight attendant and later military officer Lucy Lane. She is the long-time romantic interest to and eventually wife of Superman.", "Lois Lane is a Pulitzer-prize winning investigative journalist employed at the Daily Planet , alongside fellow reporter Clark Kent, photographer Jimmy Olsen and the Daily Planet editor-in-chief Perry White . Raised in the military as daughter of General Sam Lane , she is more than capable of handling herself in almost any situation. Her sister is flight attendant and later military officer Lucy Lane . She is the long-time romantic interest to and eventually wife of Superman .", "James \"Jimmy\" Bartholomew Olsen is a fictional character who appears mainly in DC Comics Superman stories. Olsen is a young photojournalist working for the Daily Planet. He is close friends with Lois Lane, Clark Kent/Superman and Perry White. Olsen looks up to his coworkers as role models and parent figures.", "Clark returns to civilization, arriving in the city of Metropolis. He's hired as a reporter for The Daily Planet newspaper by its editor-in-chief, Perry White. While there, he meets teenage photographer Jimmy Olsen and the paper's star journalist, Lois Lane. Clark becomes immediately infatuated with Lois, but is unable to properly gain her affection while in the bumbling guise of Clark Kent. It isn't long before Clark's true nature is unveiled when, in his blue suit and red cape, he publicly rescues Lois from a helicopter accident atop the Daily Planet building.", "This 192-page Superman collection revolves around the Daily Planet newspaper and its staff. Featuring classic stories with reporters Clark Kent and Lois Lane, photographer Jimmy Olsen, Editor-in-chief Perry White, and many more – showing how far they will go to get a great story!This volume reprints select stories from ACTION COMICS #211, 429, 436, and 461, SUPERMAN (first series) #280, SUPERMAN'S GIRLFRIEND, LOIS LANE #17, 24, 45, and 56, SUPERMAN'S PAL, JIMMY OLSEN #42, 63, 75, and 124.", "Superman has found his sidekick. Sam Huntington has been cast as Daily Planet cub reporter Jimmy Olsen in Bryan Singer 's Superman Returns movie. The cast includes Brandon Routh as Clark Kent/Superman, Kevin Spacey as Lex Luthor, Hugh Laurie as Daily Planet editor-in-chief Perry White and James Marsden as Richard White. Kate Bosworth is in negotiations to play Lois Lane. Olsen was a wide-eyed photographer who even had a watch with a Superman signal. Olsen had his own comic in the 1960s and '70s titled Superman's Pal, Jimmy Olsen. Since the late '80s, the comics have portrayed Olsen in a more serious light. »", "After graduating from Metropolis University with a degree in journalism, Clark Kent went to work at the Planet, and quickly met Lois Lane (who had been working there for some time already). After Clark was hired, Jimmy Olsen joined the paper's staff. ", "In \"Smallvile\", Henry James \"Jimmy\" Olsen was a young photographer who lived in Metropolis and worked at the Daily Planet until shortly before his death. He married Chloe Sullivan in 2008, although they later divorced. Eager to advance his career and make a name for himself, Jimmy was a dedicated journalist. He was always determined to pursue a story, or get to the bottom of an investigation to photograph the best news.", "In Metropolis, Clark Kent works as a reporter at the Daily Planet, \"a great metropolitan newspaper\" which allows him to keep track of ongoing events where he might be of help. Largely working on his own, his identity is easily kept secret. Fellow reporter Lois Lane became the object of Clark's/Superman's romantic affection. Lois's affection for Superman and her rejection of Clark's clumsy advances have been a recurring theme in Superman comics, television, and movies.", "During that period Superman’s allies primarily consisted of his coworkers at the Daily Planet. Lois Lane was joined by crusty managing editor Perry White, a cigar-chomping old-school newshound who would often respond to the antics of his staff with the exclamation “Great Caesar’s ghost!” Jimmy Olsen, a copy boy (and later cub reporter) whose enthusiasm frequently got him into trouble, became famous as Superman’s pal.", "During his time at the Daily Planet, Clark Kent constantly reports on himself as Superman. He also gave privileged information to Lois Lane, who has not disclosed her relationship with Superman. His best friend, Jimmy Olsen has also consistently sacrificed his independence as a journalist to become a glorified PR agent for Superman. Clark is putting the entire paper in an ethically compromising position.", "* Marc McClure as Jimmy Olsen: A teenage photographer at the Daily Planet. Jeff East, who portrayed the teenage Clark Kent, originally auditioned for this role, but outranked following his portrayal of the teen Clark.", "*Showcase Presents: Superman Family Vol. 3 – A collection of Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen stories. Superman's Girlfriend, Lois Lane #8–16 and Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen #35- 44, by various writers and artists. ", "* Margot Kidder as Lois Lane: A reporter at the Daily Planet, who becomes a romantic interest to Clark Kent. The producers and director had a very specific concept for Lois: liberated, hard-nosed, witty and attractive. Kidder was cast because her performance had a certain spark and vitality, and because of her strong interaction with Christopher Reeve. Over 100 actresses were considered for the role. Margot Kidder (suggested by Stalmaster), Anne Archer, Susan Blakely, Lesley Ann Warren, Deborah Raffin and Stockard Channing screen tested from March through May 1977. The final decision was between Channing and Kidder, with the latter winning the role.", "Affiliations: Employee of an unknown Metropolitan newspaper/television station (possibly the Daily Planet [See Comments]), Lois Lane, Jimmy Olsen, Joe Robertson, Phil Sheldon", "* Margot Kidder as Lois Lane: The ace reporter for the Daily Planet and Superman's love interest. Lois, is a driven career journalist, who lets nothing stand in the way of breaking the next big story and scooping rival reporters. While ignoring the potential consequences that sometimes put her in peril. She finds out that Clark is Superman, but her memory is erased when Clark kisses her.", "Back in Metropolis, Lois decides that she needs a hot scoop to take her mind off things. She begins some digging on the Contessa Erica Alexandra del Portenza , the CEO of LexCorp ever since Luthor's fall from power and subsequent flight from the law, and learns that the Contessa and Luthor are not only secretly working together but that they plan to marry as well. Unfortunately, Jimmy Olsen, recently hired by GBS after quitting the Planet, steals the scoop right out from under her. [46] Lois continues to get more angry as the days go by, having a bizarre transformation into an \"angry feminist\" personality, yelling at Superman no matter what he tries to do (rescuing her, not rescuing her, etc.). Finally deciding that she just needs some time away from everything, she takes a job as a foreign correspondent and leaves Metropolis after seeing everyone one last time--a heartsick Clark sees her off at the airport. [47]", "At 18, soon after Jonathan's death due to a heart attack, Clark hears a psychic \"call\" and discovers a glowing crystal in the remains of his spacecraft. It compels him to travel to the Arctic, where the crystal builds the Fortress of Solitude. Inside, a holographic vision of Jor-El appears and explains Clark's origins, educating him on his powers and responsibilities. After 12 years of training, with his powers fully developed, he leaves the Fortress wearing a blue and red suit with the House of El family crest on his chest and becomes a reporter at the Daily Planet in Metropolis. He meets and develops an unrequited romantic attraction to coworker Lois Lane.", "Following a series of incidents in which Clark in his yet-unnamed guise comes to the rescue and saves the day, Perry White issues to all his reporters to find out as much information as possible about this mysterious hero. Lois receives an invitation to meet someone at her place, signed only \"a friend.\" Following a perfunctory interview with the Man of Steel, Lois joins him on a flight over Metropolis, ostensibly to see how fast he can go. After their romantic flight, the costumed hero flies off and Lois says to herself, \"What a super man\", then pauses, and says \"Superman!,\" thus giving the mysterious man his name.", "DC Comics has reported in solicits that Nick Spencer and R.B. Silva will be producing a monthly 10-page backup feature in Action Comics chronicling the adventures of Jimmy Olsen in Metropolis. Reported story topics include an alien civilization choosing Metropolis as the base of a major cultural celebration, and the introduction of Chloe Sullivan (from the Smallville television series) to the DCU proper. In the latest arc, he goes on a charity date with a girl named Maggie, only to discover that she somehow has ties to Mr. Mxyzptlk, and that she wants to marry him.", "In the screenplay, Lois' background as a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist is filled out with a mention of her stint as an embedded reporter with the First Infantry Division of the U.S. Army. In the film Lois suggested Clark call himself \"Superman\", after she noticed the symbol on his chest resembled an English \"S\". Clark explains that the symbol is the El family crest and on his home planet, it means hope. Screenwriter David S. Goyer has revealed a deleted scene from the film, where after Lois is captured by the FBI, they interrogate her and she refuse to reveal Superman's identity. ", "The next day, Lois writes an article about Superman's decision to remain as Metropolis's hero. The article saves the Daily Planet from bankruptcy. Lois finds a note in her desk and goes to the rooftop. There, she finds Superman repairing the old seized-up Daily Planet globe. Superman thanks Lois for helping him think that he belongs in Metropolis. Lois replies that Superman showed her that the world doesn't have to be an unfair and dangerous place. Just as Superman and Lois are about to kiss, Jimmy comes in and tells them that the Daily Planet is the number one newspaper in Metropolis. Superman then puts the Daily Planet globe to spin once again, and Lois asks him if he is a man or an alien. His answer, \"I'm Superman, Lois.\". [8]", "After Jonathan's death, an adult Clark spends several years living a nomadic lifestyle, working different jobs under false identities while saving people in secret, as well as struggling to cope with the loss of his adoptive father. He is now shown to be a confused, slightly angry individual who is forced to show restraint to bring harm to those who try to harm him or others. He eventually infiltrates a U.S. military investigation of a Kryptonian scout spaceship in the Arctic. Clark enters the alien ship and communicates with the preserved consciousness of Jor-El in the form of a hologram. Jor-El reveals Clark's origins and the extinction of his race, and tells Clark that he was sent to Earth to bring hope to mankind. Lois Lane, a journalist from the Daily Planet sent to write a story on the discovery, sneaks inside the ship while following Clark and is rescued by him when she is injured. Lois's editor, Perry White, rejects her story of a \"superhuman\" rescuer, so she traces Clark back to Kansas with the intention of writing an exposé. After hearing his story, she decides not to reveal his secret. After the discovery of his background and purpose, he is shown to be less confused and a little more joyful, as evidenced by his discussion with his adoptive mother Martha.", "Lois would meet Superboy (but not Clark Kent) again during her adolescence, while attending an all-girls summer camp near Smallville. There, Lois met Lana Lang, a fellow camper, for the first time. Lois would make further attempts at landing a job with the Daily Planet during her teenage years and spent time writing for her hometown's newspaper, the Pittsdale Star.", "Bakerline - Bakerline is another borough of Metropolis. Located north of New Troy, Bakerline is the home of newspaper reporter Jimmy Olsen and appears to be based on The Bronx in New York City.", "In many Silver Age of Comic Books, Jimmy was often seen sharing adventures with Superman, who saved him from various predicaments ranging from dangerous to merely embarrassing. This was particularly pronounced in the series Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen published from 1954 to 1974, which saw Olsen in a variety of slapstick adventures and strange transformations. Like most DC characters, modern portrayals of Olsen have been more serious in tone.", "This special anniversary anthology—celebrating Lois Lane's seventy-five years in comics—her contributions to the DC Universe and life as a pop-culture icon. The collection compiles more than twenty of the gusty Daily Planet reporter's stories. From her Golden Age no-nonsense 1930s debut in Action Comics #1 and Silver Age stories, to her modern adventures as a dauntless journalist. By various writers and artists. ", "Lois Lane : Don't try to be cute. You're lucky I'm letting you fly me there. Once we hit the ground, it's every reporter for herself.", "Bond said \"Lois Lane is an icon, one of the most well-known and enduring figures in American pop culture—and for good reason. She's a hero all of us can relate to. It's been a tremendous honor and a great pleasure to get to write about her in an all-new way, as a modern teenager, and I'm thrilled to be continuing her story in Double Down.\" ", "James Olsen appears in the series Supergirl portrayed by Mehcad Brooks as a photographer for CatCo and is also a love interest for Kara.", "Afterwards, we go to the Daily Planet, where they’ve just put out the story about how Luthor tried to nuke California and Superman saved the day. While looking at her own article, Lois suddenly gets a crazy look of realization in her eyes, and she begins to doodle a hat and glasses on the picture of Superman. So without much buildup, it seems Lois has already figured out Clark is Superman.", "Recently, Jimmy had taken a position as a regular star reporter for The Daily Planet, replacing the recently demoted Clark Kent. This caused a strain in the Daily Planet." ]

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[ "Technically speaking, \"Air Force One\" is the radio call sign used on any United States Air Force jet that carries the President of the United States (\"POTUS\"). Usually this name applies to one of two Boeing 747 aircraft otherwise known as Special Air Mission (\"SAM\") 28000 and SAM 29000, but it does not have to be that way. Also, the callsign \"Executive One Foxtrot\" is used when only the family of the president is on board.", "Air Force One is the official air traffic control call sign of any United States Air Force aircraft carrying the President of the United States. Since 1990, the presidential fleet has consisted of two specifically configured, highly customized Boeing 747-200B series aircraft – tail codes Special Air Mission (SAM) “28000” and SAM “29000” – with Air Force designation “VC-25A”. While these aircraft have the call sign “Air Force One” only while the president is on board, the term is colloquially used to describe either of the two aircraft normally used and maintained by the U.S. Air Force solely for the president, as well as any additional Air Force aircraft used by the president.", "Air Force One is the air traffic control call sign of any United States Air Force aircraft carrying the President of the United States.[1] Since 1990, the presidential fleet has consisted of two specifically configured, highly customized Boeing 747-200B series aircraft – tail codes Special Air Mission (SAM) \"28000\" and SAM \"29000\" – with Air Force designation \"VC-25A\".", "Air Force One is the air traffic control call sign of any United States Air Force aircraft carrying the President of the United States. Since 1990, the presidential fleet has consisted of two specifically configured, highly customized Boeing 747-200B series aircraft – tail codes \"28000\" and \"29000\" – with Air Force designation \"VC-25A\". While these aircraft are referred to as \"Air Force One\" only while the president is on board, the term is commonly used to describe either of the two aircraft normally used and maintained by the U.S. Air Force solely for the president.", "Modern Presidents enjoy many non-salary perks such as living and working in the spacious White House mansion in Washington, DC . While travelling, the President is able to conduct all the functions of the office aboard several specially-built Boeing 747s, which take the call-sign Air Force One when the President is aboard. The President travels around Washington in an armored Cadillac limousine, equipped with bullet-proof windows and tires and a self-contained ventilation system in the event of a biological attack. When traveling longer distances around the Washington area, the President travels aboard the Presidential helicopter, Marine One.", "is a Boeing 747-200B that has been modified to meet presidential requirements. The plane is known by the radio call sign used when the president is aboard: Air Force One.", "Air Force One is the official air traffic control call sign of a United States Air Force aircraft carrying the President of the United States . [1] In common parlance the term refers to those Air Force aircraft specifically designed, built, and used for the purpose of transporting the president. The Presidential aircraft is a prominent symbol of the American presidency and its power.", "Air Force One is the official air traffic control call sign of a United States Air Force aircraft carrying the President of the United States. In common parlance the term refers to those Air Force aircraft specifically designed, built, and used for the purpose of transporting the president. The presidential aircraft is a prominent symbol of the American presidency and its power.", "[Technically \"Air Force One\" is a radio callsign for any Air Force plane containing the President. The Presidential Air Fleet consists of two VC-25A planes whose official \"tail numbers\" are 28000 and 29000.]", "The frequency and travel distance of presidential international travel has increased dramatically since George H. W. Bush became president in 1989. In 1990 the military version of the Boeing 747, the VC-25, was introduced for the use of the president. The planes have over 4000 sqft of floor space, a bedroom and a shower, and enough secure communications to allow the plane to be a reasonable place to run the country. The plane is accompanied by a heavy lift aircraft that carries the helicopters and the limousines.", "Air Force One flies past an American flag on its way into Daytona Beach, Florida, in 2004. The U.S. Air Force announced Wednesday, January 28, that a customized military version of Boeing's 747-8 will serve as Air Force One for future Presidents. Click through to see the different airplanes that have served as the President's transportation over the years.", "When President Bush came to the end of his second term in 2009, a VC-25 was used to transport him to Texas. For this purpose the aircraft call sign was Special Air Mission 28000, as the aircraft didn't carry the current President of the United States. Similar arrangements were made for former Presidents Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton .", "For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored limousine built on a heavily modified Cadillac-based chassis.[http://www.secretservice.gov/press/GPA02-09_Limo.pdf New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet] U.S. Secret Service Press Release (January 14, 2009) Retrieved on January 20, 2009. One of two identical Boeing VC-25 aircraft, which are extensively modified versions of Boeing 747-200B airliners, serve as long distance travel for the president and are referred to as Air Force One while the president is on board (although any U.S. Air Force aircraft the President is aboard is designated as \"Air Force One\" for the duration of the flight). In-country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes while overseas trips are handled with both, one primary and one backup. Any civilian aircraft the President is aboard is designated Executive One for the flight. The president also has access to a fleet of thirty-five U.S. Marine Corps helicopters of varying models, designated Marine One when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet. Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the President is actually aboard to any would-be threats.", "Over New York City in 1953, Eastern Airlines Flight 8610, a commercial flight, had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610, a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II, while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower. This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One, to be used whenever the president is on board any US Air Force aircraft. Columbine II is the only presidential aircraft to have ever been sold to the public. The aircraft was purchased by Dynamic Aviation in 2015 and in collaboration with the Mid America Flight Museum, was restored to flying condition. On March 21, 2016, Columbine II was flown to Virginia where restoration work will continue. ", "SAM 26000 is a Boeing VC-137C United States Air Force aircraft specifically configured and maintained for use by the President of the United States. It used the call sign Air Force One when the President was on board, SAM 26000 otherwise.", "Perhaps the most well-known call sign is Air Force One, the Air Force plane carrying the president.", "Prior to World War II, overseas and cross-country presidential travel was rare. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the first president to fly in an aircraft while in office. During World War II, Roosevelt traveled on the Dixie Clipper, a Pan Am-crewed Boeing 314 flying boat to the 1943 Casablanca Conference, in Morocco, a flight that covered 5,500 miles. The presidential call sign was established for security purposes during the administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower. The change stemmed from a 1953 incident where an Eastern Airlines commercial flight (8610) had the same call sign as a flight the president was on (Air Force 8610). The aircraft accidentally entered the same airspace, and after the incident the unique call sign \"Air Force One\" was introduced for the presidential aircraft. The first official flight of Air Force One was in 1959 during the Eisenhower administration.", "Marine One is the call sign of any United States Marine Corps aircraft carrying the President of the United States . It usually denotes a helicopter operated by the HMX-1 “Nighthawks” squadron, either the large VH-3D or the newer, smaller VH-60N Whitehawk . Both are due to be replaced by the VH-71 Kestrel , a derivative of the AgustaWestland EH101 . A Marine Corps aircraft carrying the Vice President is designated Marine Two.", "A fourth jet, a turbofan 707-320B/VC-137C tail #62-6000 (now at the Air Force Museum, Dayton, Ohio) was ordered for the use of President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963). It figured tragically as the location where Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as President following Kennedy’s assassination on November 22, 1963. A final jet, VC-137C tail #72-7000 served as the principal Air Force One until 1990. Boeing has a lock. The newest and current Air Force One is a 747-200, designated as VC-25A.", "Presidential air transport began in 1944 when a C-54 Skymaster -- the \"Sacred Cow\" -- was put into service for President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Then came the \"Independence,\" a DC-6 Liftmaster, which transported President Harry S. Truman during the period 1947 to 1953. President Dwight D. Eisenhower traveled aboard the \"Columbine II\" and \"Columbine III\" from 1953 to 1961. A 1953 incident where Eisenhower's aircraft was \"Air Force 8610\" and an Eastern Airlines plane was \"8610\" created the need to devise a unique call sign. The call sign \"Air Force One\" was classified during the '50s to identify not only the president's plane, but when he was aboard. In September 1961, it became popularly known when it identified President John F. Kennedy flying aboard his C-118.", "The Navy first had the honor of flying the president, and of using the call sign Navy One, in May 2003. An S-3B Viking operated by the \"Blue Wolves\" of the VS-35 carrier squadron flew President George W. Bush to the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln off the coast of California, making him the first president to land on an aircraft carrier in a plane, requiring an arrested landing.", "Picture - VC-25A 29000, one of the two customized Boeing 747-200Bs that have been part of the U.S. presidential fleet since 1990", "VC-25A 29000 one of the two highly-customized Boeing 747-200Bs that have been part of the U.S. presidental fleet since 1990", "Though Ronald Reagan's two terms as president saw no major changes to Air Force One, the manufacture of the presidential aircraft version of the 747 began during his presidency. The USAF issued a Request For Proposal in 1985 for two wide-body aircraft with a minimum of three engines and an unrefueled range of 6,000 miles. Boeing with the 747 and McDonnell Douglas with the DC-10 submitted proposals, and the Reagan Administration ordered two identical 747s to replace the aging 707s he used. The interior designs were drawn up by First Lady Nancy Reagan, and were reminiscent of the American Southwest. The first of two aircraft, designated VC-25A, was delivered in 1990, during the administration of George H. W. Bush. Delays were experienced to allow for additional work to protect the aircraft from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) effects.", "The aircraft carrying the United States President isn't always referred to as Air Force One—specifically when it is not an aircraft operated by the Air Force. President Nixon is the only president to have flown on Executive One, the designation for a regularly scheduled civilian flight that has a sitting president on board. Nixon and his family flew on a United Airlines DC-10 from Washington Dulles International Airport to Los Angeles International Airport in December 1973 to \"set an example for the rest of the nation during the current energy crisis,\" according to the administration.", "The aircraft carrying the United States President isn't always referred to as Air Force One-specifically when it is not an aircraft operated by the Air Force. President Nixon is the only president to have flown on Executive One, the designation for a regularly scheduled civilian flight that has a sitting president on board. Nixon and his family flew on a United Airlines DC-10 from Washington Dulles International Airport to Los Angeles International Airport in December 1973 to \"set an example for the rest of the nation during the current energy crisis,\" according to the administration.", "The first VC-25A -- tail number 28000 -- flew as \"Air Force One\" on Sept. 6, 1990, when it transported President George Bush to Kansas, Florida and back to Washington, D.C. A second VC-25A, tail number 29000 transported President Bill Clinton and former Presidents Carter and Bush to Israel for the funeral of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. The VC-25A will usher presidential travel into the 21st century, upholding the proud tradition and distinction of being known as \"Air Force One.\"", "The first VC-25A -- tail number 28000 -- flew as \"Air Force One\" on Sept. 6, 1990, when it transported President George Bush to Kansas, Florida and back to Washington, D.C. A second VC-25A, tail number 29000 transported Presidents Clinton, Carter and Bush to Israel for the funeral of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Tail number 29000 also carved its name in history on September 11, 2001, when President George W. Bush was interrupted as he attended an event at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida, after the attack on the World Trade Center South Tower in New York City. The aircrew safely returned the President and staff members back to Washington, D.C. despite increased threats. ", "The Douglas DC-6/VC-118A was the U.S. Air Force's 29th DC-6, adapted to serve as the presidential aircraft and delivered July 1, 1947, according to Boeing. It was named \"Independence\" after President Harry ... more", "The mission of the VC-25A aircraft -- Air Force One -- is to provide air transport for the president of the United States.", "The VC-25 aircraft are flown by the Presidential Airlift Group and assigned to Air Mobility Command's 89th Airlift Wing at Joint Base Andrews in Maryland. Air Force One often operates in conjunction with Marine One helicopters that transport the President to and from airports in situations when this option is prefered over a vehicle motorcade. The VC-25 has served as the main aerial transport platform for Presidents George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama.", "The mission of the two VC-25 Air Force One aircraft is to provide air transport for the President of the United States." ]

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[ "Delbeck was a Flemish banker who invested in vineyards, and the husband of baronne Balsamie Ponsardin who was a niece of the Veuve Clicquot. Delbeck champagne found favour with the court of Louis-Philippe of France, and was in 1838 named the official Champagne of the French monarchy. Subsequently Delbeck is the exclusive Champagne allowed to bear the royal emblem & the motto \"Fournisseurs de l'Ancienne Cour de France\". The reputation of Delbeck grew during the years 1870 to 1912, and in 1884 it was the 3rd largest Champagne imported to the United States and Canada.", "* Veuve Clicquot – a brand of Champagne, named after Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin the widow ('veuve' in French) of François Clicquot.", "The House was founded by Philippe Clicquot in 1772. Since its inception, Veuve Clicquot has been a specialist in Champagnes based on Pinot Noir, especially Rosé. In 1803, François Clicquot was married to Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin. Madame Clicquot was widowed just two years later. Veuve Clicquot (Veuve means widow in French) took over her husband's business. In 1810, the house took the name Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin. The way that she ran her company, from risky overseas ventures to startling technological innovations, changed Champagne forever. Her motto is still the guiding principle of our company – \"Only one quality – the finest.\"", "Since 1987 the Veuve Clicquot company has been part of the Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy group of luxury brands, and today owns a controlling interest in New Zealand's Cloudy Bay Vineyards.", "In July 2008 an unopened bottle of Veuve Clicquot was discovered inside a sideboard in Torosay Castle, Isle of Mull, Scotland. The 1893 bottle was in mint condition, having been kept in the dark, and was the oldest bottle known to exist. It is now on display at the Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin visitor centre in Reims and is regarded as priceless. ", "The French kirsch, like most French eaux-de-vie, tend to be lighter and more delicate than those from Switzerland and Germany. In Germany, and in the German-speaking part of Switzerland they use the term \"wasser\" (water), to distinguish a fermented and distilled beverage from a macerated and distilled one, a \"geist.\" Kirsch (along with the other stone fruits) appears to be improved by aging and the better ones will be matured prior to bottling, but never in wood. Glass and enamel- lined containers are common, and stainless steel is being used as well.", "Calvados is distilled from cider made from specially grown and selected apples, from over 200 named varieties. It is not uncommon for a calvados producer to use over 100 specific varieties of apples, which are either sweet (such as the 'Rouge Duret' variety), tart (such as the 'Rambault' variety), or bitter (such as the 'Mettais', 'Saint Martin', 'Frequin', and 'Binet Rouge' varieties), the latter being inedible.", "Teewurst is an air-dried or raw sausage (like salami and Landjägerwurst) made from pork, bacon, and beef. After being smoked over beechwood, it then undergoes a fermentation much like yogurt to help preserve it. Teewurst got its name in 1874 from its inventor, Karoline Ulrike Rudolph, and was meant to be eaten at tea-time on open-faced sandwiches. Known for Its mild and slightly sour flavor, the recipe is kept secret.", "2013 Premieres Vendanges de Marguerite from Caroline and Etienne Loew in Westhoffen has a bright pale red color. The fragrance bursts with strawberry, raspberry and forest honey. The taste is light and tangy, with an acidity as of cranberries with a nice berry fruit, and a small roughness in the completely dry aftertaste. A wine that is not only made of organic grapes, but is a genuine Vin Biologique that has been vinified with a minimum of intervention. Fun! Price (2014): € 8.90", "Normandy is a major cider-producing region (very little wine is produced). Perry is also produced, but in less significant quantities. Apple brandy, of which the most famous variety is calvados, is also popular. The mealtime trou normand, or \"Norman hole\", is a pause between meal courses in which diners partake of a glassful of calvados in order to improve the appetite and make room for the next course, and this is still observed in many homes and restaurants. Pommeau is an apéritif produced by blending unfermented cider and apple brandy. Another aperitif is the kir normand, a measure of crème de cassis topped up with cider. Bénédictine is produced in Fécamp.", "In 2009, I was exploring the producers of Turckheim. Among them, they are quite few, I stumbled across Mme Hertzog, widow of the late Emile Hertzog who worked for INAO for several decades. Today, Mme Hertzog farms a mere 1.4 ha of prime vineyards, some of which are located in the garden of her suburban villa! Literally, this is a \"garage vinery\" and the 5000-7000 are bottled and labeled by hand. The vineyards are worked with horses and Mme Hertzog has state-of-the-art knowledge about every phase of the winemaking process. 2007 Riesling Langgass has ginger, apples and orange blossoms on the nose. The taste is so clean, so fresh and so homogeneous. A marvelous wine made by a remarkable woman! Price: € 7.60.", "Other notable details include the pair of green feet in the upper left-hand corner, which belong to a trapeze artist who is performing above the restaurant's patrons. The beer bottles depicted are easily identified by the red triangle on the label as Bass Pale Ale, and the conspicuous presence of this English brand instead of German beer has been interpreted as documentation of anti-German sentiment in France in the decade after the Franco-Prussian War. ", "Bier wordt gebrouwen met de traditionele technologieën met behulp van de fermentatie vaten in de brouwerij op een moderne manier, die aanzienlijk verkort de productiecyclus. Voor de productie gebruikt alleen natuurlijke ingrediënten.", "Be that as it may, the craft-beer world as Koch knew it—the one that brought him to billionaire status—is fading away. In its place is something that he finds far less rewarding. Since 2011, in response to slowing beer sales, Koch’s company has been selling other beverages on the sly, namely alcoholic cider and flavored malt beverages under the brand names Angry Orchard and Twisted Tea. These products have been so successful—Angry Orchard now controls more than 50 percent of the American cider market—and make up such a large portion of Boston Beer’s business that some joke it should be renamed the Boston Cider Company.", "“Lambic”, an appellation protected by law in Belgium, much like “Champagne” in France, refers both to a style of brewing and to a specific product.  Lambic brewers formulate their recipe using around two thirds malted barley to one third un-malted wheat.  These are mashed using a process called turbid mashing which results in a wort that is full of long-chain sugars and some starches.  This type of wort is only partially fermentable by Saccharomyces, and thus leaves a significant number of nutrients available for organisms such as Brettanomyces, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus.  After a hot sparge, which extracts these sugars, starches, and some tannins, the wort undergoes a long boil to which aged hops are added at a rate of around 2 lbs. per barrel.  The use of aged hops inhibits Lactobacillus without adding significant bitterness to the beer.  These hops do add character to lambic beers though including some cheesy and herbal aromas and flavors.", "Light tasting blonde lager made with champagne yeast that gives it the fizz of a sparklingly white wine. Works well as an aperitif and can be mixed with sweet spirits such as Disarranno with interesting results.", "Sweet and fruity beer that is verging on cider territory but the unmistakable musty sour taste of a lambic comes through. There is an aroma and taste of pickled gherkin and dill pickles. Interesting and distinctive whilst remaining well balanced and easy to drink.", "“Clear Creek, an Oregon maker of fruit eaux de vie, has introduced a rich cranberry liqueur that has enough natural tannin to make it lip-smacking refreshing.” Florence Fabricant, The New York Times, 2009, December 1, 2009", "Herrenweg is a classic lieu-dit, situated on the pebbly mataerial deposited when melting water filled the valley of Munster at the end of the last glaciation. The soil heats up quickly in the morning and the grapes ripen early. This Gewurztraminer has an alcohol content of a stunning 15.4% and residual sugar of a mere 5.5 grams/liter. Nevertheless, Olivier Humbrecht has managed to create a wine in perfect harmony, a remarkable feat that illustrates that Olivier is one of the world's foremost winemakers.", "Despite their Belgian origin, Flanders red ales likely drew their inspiration from the tart blended porters that once dominated the English beer market. Eugene Rodenbach, who is credited with the style's inception, brought knowledge of porter blending techniques back to Belgium after a stint studying brewing in England. At his family's Rodenbach Brewery, he created the torch-bearing examples of the style. Deep red in color, Rodenbach's sour ales are packed with berry, plum, and balsamic vinegar-like flavor, with acetic sourness coming from a bacterial fermentation in oak vessels.", "Somerset is still famous for its apple orchards, apple cider and apple wines. Current apple cider varieties now produced in Somerset are classified into different groups: sharp apples have high acidity and low tannins, whereas bittersweet varieties have low acidity and are higher in tannin.", "2007 Edelzwicker Sélection du Gourmet from Emile Herzog Turckhiem is made from Chasselas, Riesling, Gewurztraminer and Pinot Gris. The scent is fresh and peppery spicy but also contains green apple, apricot and hazelnut. The taste is clean and fresh with moderate body, youthful fruit and a hint of bitterness (from Gewurztraminer) in the finish. Lovely on the table! Price: € 5.60.", "Bottom-fermented lager yet caskconditioned at temperatures more readily associated with ale. A floral, honey-tinged aroma, medium-bodied with mellifluous citrus notes. Terrific texture.", "Pinot Gris can be wonderful on the table. With its rich, full-bodied flavor and complex aroma the grape manages to match and balance the most kinds of food. But this requires that the wine has good acidity, moderate sweetness and is not too high in alcohol content. A producer who always manages to create gastronomic Pinot Gris is Kientzler, which houses just outside Ribeauvillé. But on the other hand, Kientzler succeed with just about everything. Always.", "Sabatier Aîné & Perrier claim to be the oldest Sabatier knife maker still in existence and operated by the descendants of Phillipe Sabatier of Bellevue, Thiers, France. They have operated for more than 150 years and have sold under the brand name [Sabatier-k] since 1834. First references to the mark \"K\" can be found in the town archives, engraved on the Silver Tablet of Cutlers, dated 7 June 1813 under number 231.", "Cointreau is a brand of triple sec (an orange-flavoured liqueur) produced in Saint-Barthélemy-d'Anjou, France. It is drunk as an apéritif  or in cocktails. It was originally called \"Curaçao Blanco Triple Sec\".", "Tettnang is an aroma-type cultivar which originated in the Tettnang hop growing area of Germany as a land-race hop. It is grown in the U.S.A. in Oregon and Washington State.", "Two widespread cultivars of the Moravian variety are 'Konzentra' and 'Rosina', which were selected beginning in 1946 by the Institut für Gartenbau Dresden-Pillnitz, an agricultural research institute in Saxony, from 75 specimen found mostly in the Ore Mountains, and made available in 1954. Fruit of the more widely used 'Konzentra' are small to medium-sized, mildly aromatic and tart, easier to transport because of their thicker peel, and used for juicing, while fruit of 'Rosina' are larger, sweet and tart, and aromatic, and candied or used in compote. The two cultivars are self-pollinating, yield fruit early, and the sugar content increases while the acid content decreases as the fruit ripen. 'Beissneri' is a cultivar with reddish foliage and bark and serrated leaves. Other edible varieties originate in and are named after Klosterneuburg, Lower Austria. ", "Wisconsin's AEppleTreow perry is bursting with terroir. The \"pear\" flavor is quite muted; instead, AEppelTreow perry is full of complex, spicy notes. It starts off rustic and earthy but finishes delicate and sweet. We could have used a bit more acidity to balance the sweetness, but overall this is a fantastic American perry that is perfect for the adventurous drinker.", "Commercial Examples: [US] West County Reine de Pomme (MA), Rhyne Cider (CA); [France] Eric Bordelet (various), Etienne Dupont, Etienne Dupont Organic, Bellot", "This saison feels like a lemony take on a Witbier. Spritzy and sharp but with enough weight to it's mouthfeel to balance things out. Not as agriculturally flavoured as you might expect.", "This article originally appeared in a recent quarterly newsletter . Each newsletter, we spotlight the history and characteristics of one of our Rhone varietals. You can sign up for our mailing list." ]

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[ "Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856 - 23 September 1939), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud, was an Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis.", "Sigmund Freud (German pronunciation: ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 (birth time source: Astrodatabank) � 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis. Freud qualified as a Doctor of Medicine at the University of Vienna in 1881, and then carried out research into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy at the Vienna General Hospital. He was appointed a University lecturer in neuropathology in 1885 and became a Professor in 1902. In creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association (in which patients report their thoughts without reservation and in whi...", "[ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt]), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939), was an Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology . Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life, as well as his therapeutic techniques, including the use of free association, his theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship, and the interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires. He was also an early neurological researcher into cerebral palsy .", "Sigmund Freud, (born May 6, 1856, Freiberg, Moravia , Austrian Empire [now Příbor, Czech Republic]—died September 23, 1939, London , England ), Austrian neurologist, founder of psychoanalysis .", "Sigmund Freud ( IPA : [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfrɔʏ̯t]) ( May 6 , 1856 – September 23 , 1939 ) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology . The theories distinctive of this school generally included hypotheses that (1) human development is best understood in terms of changing objects of sexual desire, (2) the psychic apparatus habitually represses wishes, usually of a sexual or aggressive nature, whereby they become preserved in one or more unconscious systems of ideas, (3) unconscious conflicts over repressed wishes have a tendency to manifest themselves in dreams, parapraxes (\" Freudian slips \"), and symptoms, (4) unconscious conflicts are the source of neuroses , and (5) neuroses can be treated through bringing the unconscious wishes and repressed memories to consciousness in psychoanalytic treatment.", "Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856-September 23, 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology, based on his theory that human development is best understood in terms of changing objects of sexual desire; that the Unconscious often represses wishes (generally of a sexual and aggressive nature); that unconscious conflicts over repressed wishes may express themselves in Dreams and Freudian slips; that these unconscious conflicts are the source of neuroses; and that neurosis could be treated through bringing these unconscious wishes and repressed memories to consciousness in psychoanalytic treatment.", "Sigmund Freud (ˈziːgmʊnt ˈfrɔʏ̯t; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and psychologist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology. He was the father of Anna Freud and the grandfather of Sir Clement Freud and Lucian Freud.", "Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a movement that popularized the theory that unconscious motives control much behavior.", "Freud was born Sigismund Schlomo Freud, into a Jewish family in Freiberg (Príbor), Moravia, the Austrian Empire (now the Czech Republic) on May 6, 1856. In 1877, at the age of 21, he abbreviated his given name to \"Sigmund.\" Although he was the first-born of three brothers and five sisters among his mother's children, Sigmund had older half-brothers from his father's previous marriage. His family had limited finances and lived in a crowded apartment, but his parents made every effort to foster his intellect (often favoring Sigmund over his siblings), which was apparent from an early age. Sigmund was ranked first in his class in 6 of 8 years of schooling. He went on to attend the University of Vienna at 17, in 1873-1881 despite intense anti-Semitism in Austria.", "Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia, now Pribor, in Czech Republic, the son of Jacob Freud and his third wife Amalia (20 years younger than her husband). Sigi, as his relatives would call him, was followed by seven younger brothers and sisters.", "The date most frequently cited as the day that Sigmund Freud was born is May 6, 1856. However, there is some debate as to the true date of Freud's birth. In 1968, researchers discovered town register records that listed Freud's date of birth as March 6, 1856.", "Freud's parents were poor, but they ensured his education. Freud chose medicine as a career and qualified as a doctor at the University of Vienna, subsequently undertaking research into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy at the Vienna General Hospital. This led in turn to the award of a University lectureship in neuropathology, a post he resigned once he had decided to go into private practice. On the basis of his clinical practice Freud went on to develop theories about the unconscious mind and the mechanism of repression, and created psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient (or \"analysand\") and a psychoanalyst. Though psychoanalysis has declined as a therapeutic practice, it has helped inspire the development of many other forms of psychotherapy, some diverging from Freud's original ideas and approach.", "The idea of psychoanalysis () first started to receive serious attention under Sigmund Freud, who formulated his own theory of psychoanalysis in Vienna in the 1890s. Freud was a neurologist trying to find an effective treatment for patients with neurotic or hysterical symptoms. Freud realised that there were mental processes that were not conscious, whilst he was employed as a neurological consultant at the Children's Hospital, where he noticed that many aphasic children had no apparent organic cause for their symptoms. He then wrote a monograph about this subject. In 1885, Freud obtained a grant to study with Jean-Martin Charcot, a famed neurologist, at the Salpêtrière in Paris, where Freud followed the clinical presentations of Charcot, particularly in the areas of hysteria, paralyses and the anaesthesias. Charcot had introduced hypnotism as an experimental research tool and developed the photographic representation of clinical symptoms.", "Sigmund Freud was one of the trailblazers of modern-day psychology. As the originator of Psychoanalysis, Freud distinguished himself as an intellectual giant. He pioneered new techniques for understanding human behavior, and his efforts resulted in the most comprehensive theory of personality and psychotherapy ever developed. Freud was the firstborn in a Viennese family of three boys and five girls. He was born in Freiberg, a rural town near Ostrau in northwestern Moravia. Even though Freud's family had limited finances and were forced to live in a crowded apartment, his parents made every effort to foster his obvious intellectual capacities.", "Freud, Sigmund (froid) [ key ], 1856–1939, Austrian psychiatrist, founder of psychoanalysis . Born in Moravia, he lived most of his life in Vienna, receiving his medical degree from the Univ. of Vienna in 1881.", "Although Freud’s theories were offensive to many in the Vienna of his day, they began to attract a cosmopolitan group of supporters in the early 1900s. In 1902 the Psychological Wednesday Circle began to gather in Freud’s waiting room with a number of future luminaries in the psychoanalytic movements in attendance. Alfred Adler and Wilhelm Stekel were often joined by guests such as Sándor Ferenczi , Carl Gustav Jung , Otto Rank , Ernest Jones, Max Eitingon, and A.A. Brill. In 1908 the group was renamed the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society and held its first international congress in Salzburg . In the same year the first branch society was opened in Berlin. In 1909 Freud, along with Jung and Ferenczi, made a historic trip to Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. The lectures he gave there were soon published as Über Psychoanalyse (1910; The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis), the first of several introductions he wrote for a general audience. Along with a series of vivid case studies—the most famous known colloquially as “Dora” (1905), “Little Hans” (1909), “The Rat Man” (1909), “The Psychotic Dr. Schreber” (1911), and “The Wolf Man” (1918)—they made his ideas known to a wider public.", "Freud returned to Vienna, established himself in the private practice of neurology, and married. He soon devoted his efforts to the treatment of hysterical patients with the help of hypnosis (the act of bringing about a change in a person's attention which results in a change in their bodily experiences), a technique he had studied under Charcot. Joseph Breuer (1857–1939), an older colleague (a partner or an associate in the same area of interest), told Freud about a hysterical patient whom he had treated successfully by hypnotizing her and then tracing her symptoms back to traumatic (emotionally stressful) events she had experienced at her father's deathbed. Breuer called his treatment \"catharsis\" and traced its effectiveness to the release of \"pent-up emotions.\" Freud's experiments with Breuer's technique were successful. Together with Breuer he published Studies on Hysteria (1895). At the age of thirty-nine Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis,\" (a way to treat certain mental illnesses by exposing and discussing a patient's unconscious thoughts and feelings) and his major lifework was well under way.", ". Psychoanalysis, a system of psychotherapy and theory of the unconscious that was formulated by the Viennese physician S. Freud at the turn of the century, was practiced in many countries. The uncritical, universal acceptance of this theory and its elevation to the rank of a philosophical and anthropological doctrine served as the source for a number of conceptions of 20th-century bourgeois philosophy and sociology such as Freudianism and neo-Freudianism. Freud’s disciple A. Adler modified the ideas of psychoanalysis and developed the trend of so-called individual psychology. In the new Viennese school of the 1940’s and 1950’s (V. Deim, V. Frankl, I. Caruso), psychoanalytic ideas were interpreted in the spirit of neo-Thomism and existentialism.", "From a very early age he had many interests, unfortunately his career choices were limited because of his Jewish heritage. He attended school at \"Leopoldst�dter Communal-Real-und Obergymnasium\" and took his leaving exam in July 1873. This was also the year that Freud registered at the faculty of Medicine at the University of Vienna. In 1881 he obtained his doctorate in medicine. From 1876 to 1882 he worked as a research assistant at the Institute of Physiology under Ernst Br�cke, with neurology as his main focus. In 1885 Freud received a One-year scholarship with Charcot at the \"Salpetriere\" in Paris. In 1886 Freud opened his first neurologist's office in Vienna, Rathausstrasse 7. Under Jean-Martin Charcot, Freud practiced and observed hypnosis as a clinical technique, and began to formulate the beginnings of his theory on the mind.", "Over the next ten years, from 1886–1896, Freud continued to develop his private practice. By the beginning of the 1890s, his relationship with Josef Breuer, another Jewish neurologist, had flourished. The two men had collaborated on the publication of a series of case studies on their patients called Studies on Hysteria. This contained one case study by Breuer and four by Freud. The case study by Breuer, on the patient \"Anna O.\", is known as the first psychoanalytic case study. In it, Breuer discusses the \"cathartic method\" he used to cure Anna O.'s symptoms by discovering, with her help, the earlier, unconscious traumas that were associated with her symptoms. Although Freud was enthusiastic about the new method, his emphasis on the exclusively sexual causes of hysteria made his theories unpopular, not only with his superiors at the University, but also with Breuer.", "Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.", "** Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austrian neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1857)", "Freud did not limit his activities to training in clinical medicine while at the Vienna General Hospital. He found time to continue his anatomical research on the human brain, tracing the course of nerve tracts in the medulla oblongata. He also began a series of studies in clinical neurology. This work was in the tradition of patient investigation that he had learned at Brücke’s institute, in contrast with his research on the therapeutic use of cocaine, which he began in 1884. He used the drug himself, finding it made him euphoric and able to work well. His letters to his fiancée show high hopes that the research would bring quick recognition and would enable him to afford marriage sooner. He published two articles on the use of cocaine as a stimulant, as an analgesic, and as an aid in withdrawal from morphine addiction. Within two years there were reports of cocaine addiction, and Freud’s reputation was clouded. Freud spent four months studying with J. M. Charcot, the foremost French neurologist, after leaving the Vienna General Hospital.", "Intrigued by the theories on brain function that were emerging during the late 19th century, Freud opted to specialize in neurology . Many neurologists of that era sought to find an anatomical cause for mental illness within the brain. Freud also sought that proof in his research, which involved the dissection and study of brains. He became knowledgeable enough to give lectures on brain anatomy to other physicians.", "In late 1885 Freud left Vienna to continue his studies of neuropathology at the Salpêtrière clinic in Paris, where he worked under the guidance of Jean-Martin Charcot . His 19 weeks in the French capital proved a turning point in his career, for Charcot’s work with patients classified as “ hysterics ” introduced Freud to the possibility that psychological disorders might have their source in the mind rather than the brain. Charcot’s demonstration of a link between hysterical symptoms, such as paralysis of a limb, and hypnotic suggestion implied the power of mental states rather than nerves in the etiology of disease . Although Freud was soon to abandon his faith in hypnosis, he returned to Vienna in February 1886 with the seed of his revolutionary psychological method implanted.", "Breuer also used hypnotic suggestion with Anna O. and with other patients. He told the hypnotized patient that such-and-such a symptom would disappear and found that the symptom disappeared, at least temporarily. Hypnotic suggestion had been used for years by Liébeault and Bernheim at Nancy, and a few other physicians in Vienna were using it. When Freud left the Vienna General Hospital in 1885, he received a traveling grant to study in Paris with Charcot, who was then making hysteria the focus of his attention. He maintained that the manifestations of hysteria were regular and that the common medical opinion (prevalent in Vienna) that they were feigned by hysterics was therefore erroneous. Freud never accepted Charcot’s elaborate systematization, but his reputation sanctioned Freud’s taking the condition seriously, as deserving of scientific study, and his considering its psychological as well as physical aspects. Freud’s growing doubt as to the efficacy of electric stimulation and other physical therapeutic techniques led him to employ Breuer’s method of hypnotic suggestion. He considered the method useful and became an advocate of it in Vienna.", "150 years since his birth, can we be sure of saying anything definite about Freud's legacy? Perhaps the Viennese doctor's greatest contribution was to make psychology fascinating to the general public. While his analysis of dreams gave us new insights into the mind generally, it was the possibility he gave us of seeing into our own minds that made his ideas so compelling.", "1842-1910. Often called the father of experimental psychology. Similar to what Wundt was doing in Germany: combining the fields of physiology and philosophy into a new field. Informally investigating psychological principles at Harvard in 1870s, but no lab or course dedicated to psychology until 1880s. Wrote \"Principles of Psychology\" (1890) Wrote about the mind's *stream of consciousness* and about *functionalist* ideas that sharply contrasted with structuralist ideas of discrete conscious elements. ", "He was appointed professor at the University of Vienna and founded the psychological \"Wednesday Society\" in 1902 (a weekly meeting of friends at his home, when his discoveries were discussed), which became the Viennese Association of Psychoanalysis in 1908.", "Carl Gustav was a Swiss psychiatrist founder of analytical psychology and often considered the first modern psychologist to state that the human psyche is \"by nature religious\" and to explore it in depth. He is also known for being a pioneer in the field of dream analysis.", "He later completed his degree in Vienna, Austria. While in medical school, he studied under Johann Hermann and Maximilian Stoll who impressed upon him the importance of natural observation. He took his first job at Lunatic Asylum making observations about the insane. He then opened up his own successful private practice and became so popular he even gave well attended lectures to the public. He was offered the position as head Austrian Court physician but decided to remain in private practice and research. ", ",was born in Klekotow, Austria.He was an famous psychiatrist and physician known for his work about to autism." ]

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[ "Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day or VE Day) commemorates May 8, 1945, the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until May 9, 1945. On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz. The administration headed by Dönitz was known as the Flensburg government. The act of military surrender was signed on 7 May in Reims, France, and ratified on 8 May in Berlin, Germany.", "Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day or VE Day) commemorates 8 May 1945 (in Commonwealth countries; 7 May 1945), the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945. On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz. The administration headed by Dönitz was known as the Flensburg government. The act of military surrender was signed on 7 May in Reims, France, and ratified on 8 May in Berlin, Germany. (wikipedia.org.  Accessed August 12-14, 2011.)", "Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day or VE Day) was on 8 May 1945, the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich.", "name given to May 8, 1945, \"Victory in Europe Day\" on which General Eisenhower's acceptance of the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany marked the end of World War II in Europe  ", "On Victory in Europe (V-E) Day, May 8, 1945, Nazi Germany officially surrendered to the Allied Forces at the end of World War II. That same day in the United States, President Harry S. Truman issued a proclamation announcing the war in Europe had ended.", "V-E Day - Victory in Europe Day. The day the Allied victory in Europe was celebrated; May 8, 1945.", "On the morning of May 7, 1945, in Rheims, France, the Chief-of-Staff of the German Armed Forces High Command, General Alfred Jodl, signed the unconditional surrender documents for all German forces.   All active operations were to cease at 23:01 Central European Time on May 8 1945.   However, as the UK was on British Double Summer Time this was actually 00:01 on May 9 in London.   The Allies had originally agreed to mark 9th May 1945 as VE day, but eager western journalists broke the news of Germany's surrender prematurely, thus precipitating an earlier celebration, on May 8.   The Soviet Union kept to the agreed celebration date, and Russia and other countries still commemorate the end of World War II, known as the Great Patriotic War in Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union, as Victory Day on May 9.   So you can choose May 7, 8 or 9 to celebrate the end of the European war, but you must wait some months yet to celebrate the Allied victory over Japan, known as VJ Day, because that did not happen until 15th August 1945.", "In June 1944, the Allied Forces invaded Normandy and pushed the Nazi forces back into Germany on a broad front over the coming year. After being attacked on three fronts by the Allies, and in spite of Allied failures, such as Operation Market Garden , and German counter-attacks, including the Battle of the Bulge , Germany was eventually defeated. On 7 May 1945 at the SHAEF headquarters in Rheims the Allies accepted Germany's surrender . On the same day in a BBC news flash John Snagge announced that 8 May would be Victory in Europe Day . [163] On Victory in Europe Day, Churchill broadcast to the nation that Germany had surrendered and that a final cease fire on all fronts in Europe would come into effect at one minute past midnight that night. [164] [165] Afterwards Churchill told a huge crowd in Whitehall: \"This is your victory.\" The people shouted: \"No, it is yours\", and Churchill then conducted them in the singing of Land of Hope and Glory . In the evening he made another broadcast to the nation asserting the defeat of Japan in the coming months. [45] The Japanese later surrendered on 15 August 1945.", "The war in Europe ended with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet and Polish troops and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima on 6 August, and Nagasaki on 9 August. With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent, and the Soviet Union having declared war on Japan by invading Manchuria , Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945, ending the war in Asia and cementing the total victory of the Allies over the Axis.", "In June 1944, the Allied Forces invaded Normandy and pushed the Nazi forces back into Germany on a broad front over the coming year. After being attacked on three fronts by the Allies, and in spite of Allied failures, such as Operation Market Garden, and German counter-attacks, including the Battle of the Bulge, Germany was eventually defeated. On 7 May 1945 at the SHAEF headquarters in Rheims the Allies accepted Germany's surrender. On the same day in a BBC news flash John Snagge announced that 8 May would be Victory in Europe Day. On Victory in Europe Day, Churchill broadcast to the nation that Germany had surrendered and that a final cease fire on all fronts in Europe would come into effect at one minute past midnight that night. Afterwards, Churchill told a huge crowd in Whitehall: \"This is your victory.\" The people shouted: \"No, it is yours\", and Churchill then conducted them in the singing of \"Land of Hope and Glory\". In the evening he made another broadcast to the nation asserting the defeat of Japan in the coming months. The Japanese later surrendered on 15 August 1945.", "1945 (May 8th Tues) - Germany�s final surrender is celebrated with VE Day, an annual commemoration of the victory of the Allied powers in Europe (The Turing Test, no date is given on p.51. The celebration of VE Day on 8th May is a matter of historical record). (MG)", "The German Instrument of Surrender ended World War II in Europe. The definitive text was signed in Karlshorst, Berlin on the night of 8 May 1945 by representatives of the three armed services of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) and the Allied Expeditionary Force together with the Supreme High Command of the Red Army, with further French and US representatives signing as witnesses; an earlier version of the text having been signed in a ceremony in Reims in the early hours of 7 May 1945. In the West, 8 May is known as Victory in Europe Day; whereas in post-Soviet states the Victory Day is celebrated on 9 May, since the definitive signing occurred after midnight Moscow time.", "At 02:41 on the morning of 7 May 1945, at SHAEF headquarters, German Chief-of-Staff General Alfred Jodl signed the unconditional surrender documents for all German forces to the Allies at Reims in France. It included the phrase All forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European time on 8 May 1945. The next day shortly before midnight, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel repeated the signing in Berlin at Zhukov's headquarters. The war in Europe was over. ", "On Mar. 7, 1945, the Western Allies—whose chief commanders in the field were Omar N. Bradley and Bernard Law Montgomery—crossed the Rhine after having smashed through the strongly fortified Siegfried Line and overran West Germany. German collapse came after the meeting (Apr. 25) of the Western and Russian armies at Torgau in Saxony, and after Hitler's death amid the ruins of Berlin, which was falling to the Russians under marshals Zhukov and Konev. The unconditional surrender of Germany was signed at Rheims on May 7 and ratified at Berlin on May 8.", "On this day in 1945, Germany signed an unconditional surrender, bringing to an end six years of war in Europe.  ", "On May 8, 1945, the High Command of the Wehrmacht signed the act of unconditional surrender. On June 5 a declaration was signed on the defeat of Hitler’s Reich and the assumption of supreme authority in Germany by the USSR, the USA, France, and Great Britain. An agreement on administering the occupation zones had been concluded on May 1.", "After Hitler's death (on April 30), Grand Admiral Karl D�nitz became leader of the German government but the German war effort quickly disintegrated. German forces in Berlin surrendered the city to Soviet troops on May 2, 1945. The German forces in Italy surrendered on May 2, 1945, at General Alexander's headquarters, and German forces in northern Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands surrendered on May 4. The German High Command under Generaloberst Alfred Jodl surrendered unconditionally all remaining German forces on May 7 in Rheims, France. The western Allies celebrated \"V-E Day\" on May 8, since the final German surrender was signed in Berlin on that day. The Soviet Union celebrated \"Victory Day\" on May 9 due to time zone differences; the final cessation of German military activity happened at one minute past midnight by their clock. Some remnants of German Army Group Center continued resistance until May 11 or May 12.", "On May 7th the Unconditional surrender of all German forces to the allies took place, with V.E. Day on May 8th.", "ww2dbaseAfter much delay, D�nitz finally agreed to an unconditional surrender of Germany on all fronts. At 0241 on 7 May 1945, Alfred Jodl signed the instrument of surrender on behalf of D�nitz in the French city of Reims. Eisenhower told his German counterpart:", "Day of Victory over Fascism - 8 May - Celebration of the end of WWII in Europe.", "On 7 May 1945, the Germans signed the Instrument of Surrender at Rheims , France, officially ending the war in Europe. The United States and Great Britain ceded both a part of their occupation area in western Germany to France.", "From the beginning of 1945, German capitulation seemed inevitable. Allied bombs fell on German cities, while on the ground Russian and Western Allied armies entered Germany from two directions. The Russians took Berlin on 21 April 1945. On 30 April, Adolf Hitler killed himself. German forces in Italy surrendered on 2 May. The war officially ended with the signing of the document of unconditional surrender on 7 May. This took place at the French headquarters of the American Commander in Chief, General Dwight Eisenhower.", "May 4, 1945 – British Field Marshal Montgomery took the unconditional military surrender from Generaladmiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg, and General Hans Kinzel, of all German forces  in northwest Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark.", "German forces in Italy surrendered effective 2 May and those in the Netherlands, northwestern Germany, and Denmark on 4 May. Patrols of the U.S. Seventh Army driving eastward through Austria and the Fifth Army driving north from Italy met near the Brenner Pass. On 7 May the German High Command surrendered all its forces unconditionally, and 8 May was officially proclaimed V-E Day. Though peace had come to Europe, one of the most culturally and economically advanced areas of the globe lay in ruins. Germany, the industrial engine of the Continent, lay prostrate, occupied by British, French, American, and Soviet troops. Britain, exhausted by its contribution to the victory, tottered near economic collapse, while France was totally dependent on the United States. The Soviet Union had suffered in excess of 20 million casualties and untold devastation, but its armed forces remained powerful and its intentions obscure. To the victory in western Europe and Italy, the United States had contributed 68 divisions, 15,000 combat aircraft, well over 1 million tanks and motor vehicles, and 135,000 dead. The country now turned its focus to a war a half a world away and to the defeat of Japan in the Pacific.", "Victory in Europe: News of the imminent surrender broke in the West on 8 May, and celebrations erupted throughout Europe. In the US, Americans awoke to the news and declared 8 May V-E Day. As the Soviet Union was to the east of Germany it was 9 May Moscow Time when the German military surrender became effective, which is why Russia and many other European countries east of Germany commemorate Victory Day on 9 May.", "German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April. Total and unconditional surrender was signed on 7 May, to be effective by the end of 8 May. German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May. ", "208 Today was declared a holiday:  Following the Battle of the Bulge the Allies had pushed through to the Rhine. On Mar. 22 they began their assault across the Rhine, and by Apr. 1 the Ruhr was encircled. Armored columns raced across Germany and into Austria and Czechoslovakia. On Apr. 25, the day American and Russian forces met on the Elbe, strategic bombing operations ended. All over Europe German units began to lay down their arms. On May 7 Dönitz met Eisenhower and other Allied officers near Rheims, France, and signed the instruments of surrender. The next day Germany signed an armistice with the Soviet Union. On May 8, Churchill and President Truman declared V-E Day, Victory in Europe. ↑", "Early in the morning on May 7, Col. General Alfred Jodl of the German high command entered Allied headquarters in Reims, France, and signed the terms of unconditional surrender. Lt. General Walter B. Smith, Eisenhower�s chief of staff, signed for the Allies. After five years, eight months, and seven days, the European phase of World War II ended.", "After Hitler's death, Admiral Karl Donitz became leader of the German government, but the war effort quickly disintegrated. German forces in Berlin surrendered on May 2. German forces in Italy also surrendered on May 2, and forces in northern Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands surrendered on May 4. The German High Command under General Alfred Jodl surrendered unconditionally all remaining German forces on May 7 in Rheims, France. The western Allies celebrated \"Victory in Europe Day\" (V-E Day) on May 8, since the final German surrender was signed in Berlin on that day. The Soviet Union celebrated on May 9 due to time zone differences; the final cessation of German military activity happened at one minute past midnight by their clock. Some remnants of German Army Group Center continued resistance in Czechoslovakia until May 11.", "The rapidly disintegrating Reich, most of it already overrun and defeated, capitulated formally in a little red school house at Reims, France at 2:41 A.M. French time on May 7 (May 6, 8:41 P.M. Eastern War Time) after five years, eight months and six days of bloodshed and destruction. The general scene of the surrender, first, shows the delegates of the victors and the vanquished coming to terms. With their backs to the camera are, left to right, General Admiral Hans Georg Friedeburg, Commander in Chief of the German Navy; Colonel General Gustav Jodl, Chief of Staff of the German Army; and Major General Wilhelm Oxenius, an aide to General Jodl. Facing the camera, seated. left to right, are: Lieutenant General Sir F. E. Morgan, staff deputy; General Francois Sevez, representing France; Admiral H. M. Burrough, commanding naval Allied Expeditionary Forces; Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith, Chief of Staff to General Eisenhower; Lieutenant General Ivan Chermiaeff and General Ivan Susloparoff, Russia; Lieutenant General Carl A. Spaatz, Commanding General, U.S. Tactical and Strategic Air Force; and Air Marshal J. K. Robb, Deputy Chief of Staff (SHAEF). In the picture, upper right, Lieutenant General Smith signs the surrender for the Supreme Allied Command; lower left, Colonel General Jodl signs for Germany; lower right, General Susloparoff signs for the Soviet Union.", "May 7 - World War II: General Alfred Jodl signs unconditional surrender terms at Reims , France , ending Germany 's participation in the war. The document will take effect the next day.", "May 7 - WWII : General Alfred Jodl signs unconditional surrender terms at Rheims, France , ending Germany 's participation in the war. The document will take effect the next day." ]

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[ "Founded by the French in 1718, the City of New Orleans is a unique place offering travelers an experience like no other in the United States.  Known as the Crescent City, the Big Easy, and N’Awlins (as some say), it is sometimes referred to simply as NOLA.  If nothing else, this city makes an impression.", "Nickname(s): “The Crescent City”, “The Big Easy”, “The City That Care Forgot”, “Nawlins” and “NOLA” (acronym for New Orleans, Louisiana).", "A vacation that promises good times, indigenous cuisine and rich history is realized in New Orleans. Also known as The Big Easy; The Crescent City; The City That Care Forgot; NOLA and Nawlins, it features a beautiful amalgamation of tastes and habits, from Mardi Gras to Voodoo traditions, to amazing eats to feisty beats -  New Orleans exudes a singular sense of self. Arriving in New Orleans, you will be awestruck with its centuries old Spanish and French Creole architecture that reflects the invigorating culture and traditions. ", "According to English-for-Students.com, New Orleans' nickname \"The Big Easy\" refers to its laid-back attitude and the easy-going nature of the jazz musicians and other residents of the city. The name came into common use after the release of James Conaways' novel entitled \"The Big Easy\" in 1970, but its exact origins remain unclear.", "New Orleans, Louisiana probably has more nicknames than any other American city. One web site lists more than twenty nicknames. The most famous is “The Big Easy.” It describes the gentle, slow and easy-going way of life in New Orleans.", "OK, next, another famous American city is New Orleans. Now New Orleans is called \"The Big Easy\" and New Orleans is famous for Jazz music and Cajun culture. It's probably the home of Jazz. I'm not sure about this, but Jazz is very well-known in New Orleans and there's many places where you can go and listen to Jazz music and unfortunately New Orleans recently had a terrible hurricane, Hurricane Katrina, so the city is currently being rebuilt, but I'm sure the big easy will be back and ready to go in no time.", "Whatever the origins of the nickname, there is no doubt that references to New Orleans as the Big Easy have increased dramatically since the release of a film of the same name in 1987. Set in New Orleans, the film introduced the culture and atmosphere of the city to many people that only knew it through travelogues. Today, just about everyone knows exactly what is being discussed when they hear the nickname mentioned. Whether conjuring images of an easy lifestyle, plenty of entertainment, or a place where music plays day and night, there is no doubt the Big Easy is now firmly a part of the national vocabulary, and will be for many years to come.", "But locals attribute the widespread use of the nickname The Big Easy to the late Betty Guillaud, a gossip columnist from the Times-Picayune. They say that Guillaud used the term first in the early 1970s to compare life in New York City—the Big Apple —to life in New Orleans—The Big Easy.", "So how did the city get this nickname? In the early nineteen hundreds, there was a dance hall in New Orleans called The Big Easy. But the nickname did not become famous until the early nineteen seventies. That was when a Louisiana newspaper writer began calling New Orleans by this name. She compared the easy-going way of life there to the hurried pace of life in New York City.", "I was born and raised in New Orleans and we never called or heard of it called the big easy until that movie came out in '87., for whatever reason. I even heard that there was supposed to be a contest for a nickname, but NOLA already had one. It is called \"The Crescent City\" and \"the city care forgot\". And yes, the French Quarter was built on a higher area.", "$150/250 709. [New Orleans Illustrated], Jewell’s Crescent City Illustrated, The Commercial, Social Political and General History of New Orleans, including Biographical Sketches of its Distinguished Citizens, 1874, edited and compiled by Edwin L. Jewell, small folio, cloth, 340 pages, with over 175 illustrations. $1200/1800 W 710. [Louisiana History], Charles Gayarre,", "Claiborne and other officials labored in vain; the population of Afro-Creoles grew larger and even more assertive after the entry of the Haitian émigrés from Cuba, nearly 90 percent of whom settled in New Orleans. The 1809 migration brought 2,731 whites, 3,102 free persons of African descent, and 3,226 enslaved refugees to the city, doubling its population. Sixty-three percent of Crescent City inhabitants were now black. Among the nation's major cities only Charleston, with a 53 percent black majority, was comparable.", "Get a feel for The Big Easy’s diverse communities on a New Orleans’ neighborhood tour. Top of our list is the Vieux Carré, the famed French Quarter  and oldest neighborhood in the city. Right next to the Quarter is New Orleans’ Treme neighborhood , which was originally settled by “Free People of Color,” often referred to as Creoles. 960 1280", "Get a feel for The Big Easy’s diverse communities on a New Orleans’ neighborhood tour. Top of our list is the Vieux Carré, the famed French Quarter  and oldest neighborhood in the city. Right next to the Quarter is New Orleans’ Treme neighborhood , which was originally settled by “Free People of Color,” often referred to as Creoles.", "In 1723, the capital of Louisiana was moved to New Orleans , founded in 1718. [20] The tradition has expanded to the point that it became strongly associated with the city in popular perception, and embraced by residents of New Orleans beyond those of French or Catholic heritage. Mardi Gras celebrations are part of the basis of the slogan, Laissez les bon temps rouler , (Let the good times roll) and the nickname \" Big Easy \". [19] Mobile, Alabama, the former capital of New France, also has a long tradition of celebrating Mardi Gras. Other cities along the Gulf Coast formerly occupied and owned by the French from Pensacola, Florida , and its suburbs to Lafayette, Louisiana , have active Mardi Gras celebrations. In the rual Acadiana area, many Cajuns celebrate with the Courir de Mardi Gras , a tradition that dates to medieval celebrations in France. [23] In more recent times several other U.S. cities without a French heritage have instituted a kind of Mardi Gras celebration; for instance, the UETA Jamboozie festival is held late January in Laredo, Texas .", "Which leads us to a question: how did New Orleans get dubbed “The Big Easy?” The city’s official name comes from the city of Orleans, in France, itself named after Phillippe Duc D’Orleans. But as for the nickname—well, it’s not an “easy” question to answer.", "The Central Business District of New Orleans is located immediately north and west of the Mississippi River, and was historically called the \"American Quarter\" or \"American Sector.\" It was developed after the heart of French and Spanish settlement. It includes Lafayette Square. Most streets in this area fan out from a central point in the city. Major streets of the area include Canal Street, Poydras Street, Tulane Avenue and Loyola Avenue. Canal Street functions as the street which divides the traditional \"downtown\" area from the \"uptown\" area.", "Ultimately it's the \" communitarian sensibility \" of living in The Big Easy, a city unapologetic for its idiosyncrasies that produces great art and has a distinct bayou flair. ", "THE BIG EASY – Avoid uttering this phrase at all costs. Under almost no circumstances would a native ever refer to the City in this way.", "The French Quarter (known locally as \"the Quarter\" or Vieux Carré), which was the colonial-era city and is bounded by the Mississippi River, Rampart Street, Canal Street, and Esplanade Avenue, contains many popular hotels, bars, and nightclubs. Notable tourist attractions in the Quarter include Bourbon Street, Jackson Square, St. Louis Cathedral, the French Market (including Café du Monde, famous for café au lait and beignets), and Preservation Hall. Also in the French Quarter is the old New Orleans Mint, a former branch of the United States Mint which now operates as a museum, and The Historic New Orleans Collection, a museum and research center housing art and artifacts relating to the history of New Orleans and the Gulf South.", "* Interstate 10, U.S. Route 90, Ponchartrain Expressway (U.S. Route 90 Business,) Poydras Street, and Stadium Drive in New Orleans.", "Capital city: Baton Rouge Year of induction: 1812 Order of induction: 18th Nickname: The Pelican State State bird: Eastern Brown Pelican State flower: Magnolia Main industries: Agriculture, salt production, tourism, oil and natural gas Did you know? Jazz great Louis Armstrong was born in New Orleans.", "Founded as a military-style grid of seventy squares in 1718 by French Canadian naval officer Jean Baptiste Bienville, the French Quarter of New Orleans has charted a course of urbanism for parts of four centuries. Bienville served as governor for financier John Law’s Company of the Indies, which in naming the city for the Regent Duc d’Orleans sought to curry Court favor before failing spectacularly in the “Great Mississippi Bubble.” The French Period legacy endures in the town plan and central square, church of St. Louis, Ursuline Convent and women’s education, ancien regime street names such as Bourbon and Royal, the charity hospital, and a mixed legacy of Creole culture, Mardi Gras, and the important effects of African enslavement combined with a tolerant approach to free persons of color.", "New Orleans is located in the southeastern Louisiana in the United States. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and strongly influenced by their European culture. It is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music (particularly as the birthplace of jazz), and its annual celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras, dating to French colonial times. The city is often referred to as the most unique in the United States.", "Bourbon Street is a street in the heart of New Orleans' oldest neighborhood, the French Quarter in New Orleans, Louisiana. It extends 13 blocks from Canal Street to Esplanade Avenue . While it is now primarily known for its bars and strip clubs, Bourbon Street's history provides a rich insight into New Orleans' past .", "Louisiana ( or ; , ; Louisiana Creole : Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans . Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are local governments equivalent to counties . The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish , and the largest by land area is Plaquemines .", "; Louisiana Creole : Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America . Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans . Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are local governments equivalent to counties . The largest parish by population is Jefferson Parish , and the largest by land area is Cameron Parish . Some Louisiana urban environments have a multicultural , multilingual heritage, being so strongly influenced by an admixture of 18th century French , Spanish , Indian and African cultures that they are considered to be somewhat exceptional in the U.S. Before the American influx and statehood at the beginning of the 19th century, the territory of current Louisiana State had been a Spanish and French colony. In addition, the pattern of development included importing numerous African slaves in the 18th century, with many from the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture", "Bourbon Street ( French : Rue Bourbon) is a famous and historic street that spans the length of the French Quarter in New Orleans, Louisiana . When founded in 1718, the city was originally centered around the French Quarter. New Orleans has since expanded, but \"The Quarter\" remains the cultural hub, and Bourbon Street is the street best known by visitors. The most popular section of Bourbon Street is \"Upper Bourbon Street,\" an eight-block section of popular tourist attractions. Bourbon Street begins at Canal Street (across Canal is Carondelet Street in the New Orleans Central Business District ). The straight street continues downriver, southwest to northeast a few blocks from and roughly paralleling the Mississippi River , and comes to its terminus at Pauger Street in the Faubourg Marigny . (In the 19th century, Pauger was named as a continuation of Bourbon Street.) Bourbon Street was named in honor of the House of Bourbon , the ruling French Royal Family, at the time of the city's founding. The street is home to many bars, restaurants, strip clubs , as well as t-shirt and souvenir shops. The upper end of Bourbon Street towards Canal Street is home to many of the French Quarter's strip clubs. These include Rick's Cabaret, Temptations, and Larry Flynt 's Barely Legal Club. Towards the central section of Bourbon Street one can find many famous bars including Johnny White's, The Famous Door, Razzoo and The Cat's Meow.", "The most widely-known, most elaborate and most popular US events are in New Orleans, Louisiana, while other southern Louisiana cities such as Lake Charles, Baton Rouge, Lafayette, Mamou, Houma, and Thibodaux, all of which were under French control at one time or another, also hold Carnival celebrations.", "New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River. The city and Orleans Parish () are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north and Lake Borgne lies to the east.", "Named for the dynasty that ruled France when New Orleans, Louisiana, was founded in the early 1700s, Bourbon Street has ever since been one of the major streets of the city's \"French Quarter.\" With increasing tourists and military visitation during the 1920s and 1930s, Bourbon Street began establishing its current reputation as an all-hours destination for food, drink, and entertainment, and its clubs have thus served as an important musical \"school\" for city musicians of many genres, particularly blues and early R&B.", "Baton Rouge (; French for \"Red Stick\", French: Bâton-Rouge) is the capital of the U.S. state of Louisiana and its second-largest city. The seat of East Baton Rouge Parish, the city is located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River." ]

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[ "Okay, so we heard this song again and suddenly got really, really excited – who doesn’t love The Monkees? Sure, they were a fictitious made-for-tv band, but when they weren’t making us laugh they were releasing some of the most underrated music in rock and roll. Written in 1966 by songwriting duo Boyce + Hart, The Monkees’ debut smash hit ‘Last Train To Clarksville’ was the first glimpse we ever got of the tv band considered America’s answer to The Beatles; it was loud, it was jangly – and we loved it! It raced to the #1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1966, and with a string of other #1 hits helped The Monkees eventually outsell both The Rolling Stones and The Beatles at the height of their career just one year later.", "Expressed in sign language, The Monkees' 1966 hit \"Last Train to Clarksville.\" One of my favorite songs from the era! Felt appropriate to do some retro styling. ^_^ Gloss and credits below...", "It’s always a good sign when your song hits No. 1 on the Billboard charts. Such was the case for the Monkees' debut single, “Last Train to Clarksville,” which catapulted the band into the national spotlight merely a month after their debut in 1966.", "1945 ● Davy Jones → Lead vocals for 60s bad-rap pre-fab pop-rock The Monkees , “Last Train To Clarksville” (#1, 1966), solo", "1942 ● Peter Tork (Thorkelston) → Bass, rhythm guitar and occasional songwriter for 60s bad-rap pre-fab pop-rock The Monkees , “Last Train To Clarksville” (#1, 1966)", "The fall of 1966 saw the emergence of The Monkees as one of the hottest acts of both the small screen and the pop music world. Their television series was an instant success, and their first single, \"Last Train to Clarksville,\" had already been climbing the charts before the show debuted. October brought the release of their eponymous debut album, and by November, the group's first single and album were sitting at #1. The demand for live performances by The Monkees grew by the hour, but controversy was brewing. An internal struggle for creative control over The Monkees' music between the band and music publisher Don Kirshner was well underway.", "Composed by Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart, the songwriting duo whose contributions were invaluable to the Monkees’ career (the reverse might also be said as well), “Last Train to Clarksville” was recorded at RCA Victor Studio B in Hollywood on July 25, 1966 and released less than a month later, on August 16, if that gives you an idea how quickly things were moving for the group at the time. (Hey, that’s what happens when you’ve got the combined power of Don Kirshner and Screen Gems in your corner.)", "The Monkees' debut single, \"Last Train to Clarksville,\" featuring Micky on lead vocals, hit the charts September 10, 1966 and rocketed to number one. Two days later,", "Their first, eponymous album, released in 1966 just a few weeks before the TV series' debut, featured such songs as \"Last Train to Clarksville\"; \"I Wanna Be Free\"; Papa Gene's Blues\"; and \"Sweet Young Thing\" (written by Gerry Goffin, Carole King and Nesmith). The album hit #1, and \"Clarksville\" topped the singles chart. \"More of the Monkees\" followed, featuring \"I'm a Believer\" by Neil Diamond; \"(I'm Not Your) Stepping Stone\"; \"Mary, Mary\"; and \"When Love Comes Knockin' (At Your Door)\" by Carol Bayer Sager and Neil Sedaka.", "- Episode #2.88 (1976) ... (performer: \"(Theme From) The Monkees\", \"Last Train to Clarksville\", \"I Wanna Be Free\", \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\", \"I'm A Believer\", \"Daydream Believer\", \"Keep On Singing\", \"I Remember The Feeling\")", "The Monkees had a number of international hits which are still heard on pop and oldies stations. These include \" (Theme From) The Monkees \", \" Last Train to Clarksville \", \" I'm a Believer \", \" (I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone \", \" A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You \", \" Pleasant Valley Sunday \", and \" Daydream Believer \". In 1967, at the height of \"Monkeemania,\" The Monkees sold more albums than The Beatles and The Rolling Stones combined. [11] Their albums and singles have sold over 65 million copies worldwide. [12]", "Career highlights: The band’s first two albums — 1966’s “The Monkees” and 1967’s “More of the Monkees” — boasted such excellent cuts as “Last Train to Clarksdale,” “I’m a Believer” and “(I’m Not Your) Steppin’ Stone.” Each release went on to sell more than 5 million copies.", "The Monkees have sold more than 75 million records worldwide and had international hits, including \"Last Train to Clarksville\", \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\", \"Daydream Believer\" and \"I'm a Believer\". At their peak in 1967, the band outsold The Beatles and The Rolling Stones combined.", "The Monkees' popularity soon translated into pop-chart success. They reached the No. 1 spot with “I’m a Believer” and “Last Train to Clarksville.” The group sold millions of albums, but they struggled with their reputation as a manufactured act. Nesmith and the other band members began to take more creative control with 1967's Headquarters, which featured numerous songs penned by the quartet. They also played many of the instruments for the recording as well.", "The Monkees — Last Train to Clarksville — Listen, watch, download and discover music for free at Last.fm", "The full quartet also appeared in an ABC television special titled Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees, which was written and directed by Nesmith and spoofed the original series that had made them famous. Following the UK tour, Nesmith declined to continue future performances with the Monkees, having faced harsh criticism from the British music press for his deteriorating musicianship. Tork noted in DVD commentary that \"In 1966, Nesmith had learned a reasonably good version of the famous 'Last Train to Clarksville' guitar lick, but in 1996, Mike was no longer able to play it\" and so Tork took over the lead guitar parts.", "With such hits as \"Daydream Believer,\" \"Last Train to Clarksville,\" \"I'm a Believer,\" \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" and \"Valleri,\" The Monkees - Davy Jones, Peter Tork, Mike Nesmith and Micky Dolenz - were four madcap musicians who would turn pop culture upside-down. Half a century later, the surviving members (Nesmith, Dolenz and Tork) are still \"monkeying around,\" and have released a new album marking their 50th anniversary, \"Good Times!\"", "This summer marks the 50th anniversary of the Monkees ' television series and the release of their debut single \"Last Train To Clarksville,\" and the group will celebrate by releasing their new album Good Times! and embarking on an extensive North American tour. The album is the Monkees' first collection of original material since 1997's JustUs, and it will feature new songs by Noel Gallagher, Rivers Cuomo, Ben Gibbard and many more. Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne serves as producer on the new LP. ", "The Monkees are an American-British pop rock band originally active between 1965 and 1971, with subsequent reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series The Monkees, which aired from 1966 to 1968. The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork and British actor and singer Davy Jones. The band's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner.", "in 1969 - The Monkees made what would be their last live appearance for 15 years when they played at The Oakland Coliseum, California.", "While their record sales remained healthy in America well into 1966, their British singles gradually slackened in sales until the group recorded Graham Gouldman's \"No Milk Today,\" which put them back in the U.K. Top 10; in America, the same song was also a hit paired off with \"Dandy,\" a poppish cover of the Kinks song. The group made their second film appearance, this time in a starring role in the comedy Hold On! (1966), which mixed Herman's Hermits in a story about space flight. By the end of that year, however, the stage was set for the gradual decline in the group's fortunes, even in America. Producers Bert Schneider and Bob Rafelson, in conjunction with NBC and Columbia Pictures Television, had devised a television series that touched upon a formula for success very similar to what Mickie Most had found with Herman's Hermits: The Monkees -- all about a fun-loving pop/rock group created specifically for the series.", "The final album with Michael Nesmith from the Monkees original incarnation would be their eighth album, The Monkees Present, released in October 1969, which peaked at No. 100 on the Billboard charts. It would include the Nesmith composed country-rock singles \"Listen to the Band\" and \"Good Clean Fun\" (released in September 1969). Other notable songs include the Dolenz composition \"Little Girl\", which featured Louie Shelton on electric guitar, joining Micky on acoustic guitar, along with \"Mommy and Daddy\" (B-side to the \"Good Clean Fun single) in which he sang about America's treatment of the Native Americans and drug abuse, and in an earlier take, released on Rhino Handmade's 2011 Deluxe Edition of Instant Replay, sang about JFK's assassination and the Vietnam war. Jones collaborated with Bill Chadwick on some slower ballads, along with releasing a couple of older upbeat songs from 1966.", "The Kingsmen included the song on their Up and Away 1966 album.The Monkees performed the song in 1968 on the band's television special, 331⁄3 Revolutions Per Monkee.", "A great deal of the Monkees’ success owes to the songwriters with whom they worked — Neil Diamond, Nilsson, Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart, John Stewart, as well as Carole King and Gerry Goffin. I particularly enjoyed their performances of Goffin & King’s “Pleasant Valley Sunday” and “The Porpoise Song” from the ill-fated, but now cult classic movie Head, which featured Jack Nicholson shortly before he attained superstardom in Easy Rider. “The Porpoise Song” gave Dolenz yet another opportunity to show off his ageless vocal chops. It is the Monkees at their most melancholy and at their finest. I would be remiss if I didn’t mention it is also my favorite Monkees song.", "*July 9 – All four original members of The Monkees reunite in Los Angeles, USA, for a concert performance at the Universal Amphitheatre. The following day the quartet attend an induction ceremony at the Hollywood Walk of Fame, where they receive a star.", "The Monkees didn't play on their early albums, so very often the only band member to appear on a song would be its lead vocalist, which in this case was Micky Dolenz. This song was produced by the song's writers, Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart, who had members of their band, the Candy Store Prophets, play the instruments. The backing credits are as follows:", "According to a press release, the upcoming shows will also encompass \"rare films and one-of-a-kind photographs,\" along with the group's classic hits. The Monkees' last new album came in 1996, with \"JustUs.\"", "For the TV series, see The Monkees (TV series) . For the album, see The Monkees (album) .", "A version of this article appears in print on March 1, 2012, on Page A23 of the New York edition with the headline: Davy Jones Dies at 66; Heartthrob in the Monkees. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe", "Where are they now? The surviving Monkees – Dolenz, Tork and Nesmith – are celebrating the 50th anniversary of the band with a new album (“Good Times!).", "The Monkees' late 2012 reunion tour marked Nesmith's first U.S. shows with the group since 1970. Although last year's tour was highlighted by tributes to Davy Jones, who passed away in February 2012, Dolenz tells Rolling Stone that the group's set list will be slightly different this summer.", "Micky Dolenz talks about new Monkees album, which features songs by Rivers Cuomo and Noel Gallagher" ]

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[ "For U.S. patents filed through June 17, 1995, the patent lasts for 17 years from the date the patent is issued, provided that the fees necessary to keep the patent in force (maintenance fees) are paid. ", "On March 6, 1646, the first patent in North America was issued to Joseph Jenkes by the General Court of Massachusetts for making scythes.[2] On April 10, 1790, President George Washington signed the Patent Act of 1790 (1 Stat. 109) into law which proclaimed that patents were to be authorized for �any useful art, manufacture, engine, machine, or device, or any improvement therein not before known or used.�[3] On July 31, 1790, Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont became the first person in the United States to file and to be granted a patent for an improved method of �Making Pot and Pearl Ashes.\"[4] The Patent Act of 1836 (Ch. 357, 5 Stat. 117) further clarified United States patent law to the extent of establishing a patent office where patent applications are filed, processed, and granted, contingent upon the language and scope of the claimant�s invention, for a patent term of 14 years with an extension of up to an additional 7 years.[3] However, the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 (URAA) changed the patent term in the United States to a total of 20 years, effective for patent applications filed on or after June 8, 1995, thus bringing United States patent law further into conformity with international patent law.[5] The modern-day provisions of the law applied to inventions are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code (Ch. 950, sec. 1, 66 Stat. 792).", "On March 6, 1646, the first patent in North America was issued to Joseph Jenkes by the General Court of Massachusetts for making scythes.[4] On April 10, 1790, President George Washington signed the Patent Act of 1790 (1 Stat. 109) into law which proclaimed that patents were to be authorized for �any useful art, manufacture, engine, machine, or device, or any improvement therein not before known or used.�[5] On July 31, 1790, Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont became the first person in the United States to file and to be granted a patent for an improved method of �Making Pot and Pearl Ashes.�[6] The Patent Act of 1836 (Ch. 357, 5 Stat. 117) further clarified United States patent law to the extent of establishing a patent office where patent applications are filed, processed, and granted, contingent upon the language and scope of the claimant�s invention, for a patent term of 14 years with an extension of up to an additional 7 years.[5] However, the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 (URAA) changed the patent term in the United States to a total of 20 years, effective for patent applications filed on or after June 8, 1995, thus bringing United States patent law further into conformity with international patent law.[7] The modern-day provisions of the law applied to inventions are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code (Ch. 950, sec. 1, 66 Stat. 792).", "Prior to June 8, 1995, and applicable to all patents that issued prior to that date or were in the application process prior to that date, the term of a patent was 17 years from the date of its issue.  While terminal disclaimers are still applicable to shorten the term, no extension of time is applicable because the life will still be 17 years no matter how long it might take at the USPTO.", "In 1641, the first patent in North America was issued to Samuel Winslow by the General Court of Massachusetts for a new method of making salt. On April 10, 1790, President George Washington signed the Patent Act of 1790 (1 Stat. 109) into law proclaiming that patents were to be authorized for \"any useful art, manufacture, engine, machine, or device, or any improvement therein not before known or used\". On July 31, 1790, Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont became the first person in the United States to file and to be granted a patent for an improved method of \"Making Pot and Pearl Ashes\". The Patent Act of 1836 (Ch. 357, 5 Stat. 117) further clarified United States patent law to the extent of establishing a patent office where patent applications are filed, processed, and granted, contingent upon the language and scope of the claimant's invention, for a patent term of 14 years with an extension of up to an additional 7 years. However, the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 (URAA) changed the patent term in the United States to a total of 20 years, effective for patent applications filed on or after June 8, 1995, thus bringing United States patent law further into conformity with international patent law. The modern-day provisions of the law applied to inventions are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code (Ch. 950, sec. 1, 66 Stat. 792).", "The patent is issued in the name of the United States under the seal of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and is either signed by the Director of the USPTO or is electronically written thereon and attested by an Office official. The patent contains a grant to the patentee, and a printed copy of the specification and drawing is annexed to the patent and forms a part of it. The grant confers “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling the invention throughout the United States or importing the invention into the United States” and its territories and possessions for which the term of the patent shall be generally 20 years from the date on which the application for the patent was filed in the United States or, if the application contains a specific reference to an earlier filed application under 35 U.S.C. 120, 121 or 365(c), from the date of the earliest such application was filed, and subject to the payment of maintenance fees as provided by law.", "Patent: An exclusive right granted to an inventor to make, use or sale an invention for a fixed period of time, approximately 17 years from the date the patent was published.", "By this point, the original patents were approaching their 1995 expiration. P&G lobbied for an extension, which they received in December 1993. This extension lasted until 25 January 1996. Under pressure, the approval was finally granted on 24 January, one day before the patent expired, automatically extending the patent two years.[http://www.cspinet.org/olestra/history.html \"A Brief History of Olestra\"], CSPI", "From 1836 to 2009, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has granted a total of 7,472,428 patents[8] relating to several well-known inventions appearing throughout the timeline below. Some examples of patented inventions between the years 1890 and 1991 include Nikola Tesla�s transmission of radio (1893),[9] Ransom Eli Olds� assembly line (1901),[10] Willis Carrier�s air-conditioning (1902),[11] the Wright Brothers� airplane (1903),[12] Robert H. Goddard�s liquid-fuel rocket (1926),[13] William Shockley�s transistor (1947),[14] John Blankenbaker�s personal computer (1971),[15] Vinton Cerf's and Robert Kahn�s Internet protocol/TCP (1973),[16] and Martin Cooper�s mobile phone (1973).[17]", "The fourth and final type of intellectual property is the trade secret. Examples of trade secrets include the recipe for Colonel Sanders� chicken and the formula for Coca-Cola �. Trade secrets are not patented for two reasons: First, patents expire after twenty years. Second, patents become common knowledge once they're issued and, even though they offer legal protection against infringement, patent attorneys and product developers can sometimes �design around the patent.� In some cases, a firm will try to reverse engineer a product to find out what ingredients it contains and how it is made.", "use (typically after either 14 or 20 years, depending on the type of patent). See Fabrication Enters., Inc., 64 F.3d at 58-59 & n. 4 (\"The Lanham Act is not concerned with protecting innovation by giving the innovator a monopoly, which is the function of patent law.\"); Stormy Clime, 809 F.2d at 977-78 (\"Courts must proceed with caution in assessing claims to unregistered trademark protection in the design of products so as not to undermine the objectives of the patent laws.... Since trademark protection extends for an unlimited period, expansive trade dress protection for the design of products would prevent some functional products from enriching the public domain.\").", "Patent - A government grant giving an inventor the exclusive right to make or sell his/her invention for a term of years.", "We considered patenting; we prepared a patent and it was nearly filed. Then I had an interaction with a big, multinational electronics company. I approached a guy at a conference and said, \"We've got this patent coming up, would you be interested in sponsoring it over the years?\" It's quite expensive to keep a patent alive for 20 years. The guy told me, \"We are looking at graphene, and it might have a future in the long term. If after ten years we find it's really as good as it promises, we will put a hundred patent lawyers on it to write a hundred patents a day, and you will spend the rest of your life, and the gross domestic product of your little island, suing us.\" That's a direct quote.", "Nearly all of Edison's patents were utility patents, which were protected for a 17-year period and included inventions or processes that are electrical, mechanical, or chemical in nature. About a dozen were design patents, which protect an ornamental design for up to a 14-year period. As in most patents, the inventions he described were improvements over prior art. The phonograph patent, in contrast, was unprecedented as describing the first device to record and reproduce sounds. ", "Utility and plant patents which issue from original applications filed between June 8, 1995 and May 28, 2000 may be eligible for patent term extension (PTE) as set forth in 37 CFR 1.701. Such PTE may result from delays due to interference proceedings under 35 U.S.C. 135(a), secrecy orders under 35 U.S.C. 181, or successful appellate review.", "An inventor has two years' time within which he may apply for a patent, after he has completed his device and begun the sale of it. If he sells the article for more than two years before applying for a patent, this will bar a grant.", "Whitney knew that if he could invent such a machine, he could apply to the federal government for a patent. If granted, he would have exclusive rights to his invention for 14 years (today it is 20 years), and he could hope to reap a handsome profit from it.", "            The Patent Act of 1836 was the result of more than 40 years of experience, and sought to correct some of the defects in the old system.  Patents were being issued for things which lacked novelty.  Patents for improvements were fraudulently used as if they were patents on the underlying device.  Fraudulent patent claims were used for extortionate purposes.  After a device was sold, the holder of a patent, or his agent, would appear and claim a fee from the user.  A small shop owner or artisan might be willing to pay a few dollars to someone claiming a “patent” rather than face a lengthy court challenge. [84]   The length of the patent term was also criticized.  By the time courts ruled on infringement cases many of the patents had expired. [85]", "From 1836 to 2011, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has granted a total of 7,861,317 patents relating to several well-known inventions appearing throughout the timeline below. Some examples of patented inventions between the years 1946 and 1991 include William Shockley's transistor (1947), John Blankenbaker's personal computer (1971), Vinton Cerf's and Robert Kahn's Internet protocol/TCP (1973), and Martin Cooper's mobile phone (1973). ", "Most foreign countries do not provide the one-year period of grace we have in the United States. Starting 3/16/2013 that grace period in the US will only apply to disclosures by the applicant (or someone who derived the invention from the applicant) and NOT to disclosures by anyone else independent of the applicant.", "A patent, the second form of intellectual property protection provided for in the Constitution Clause of the United States Constitution, is a grant, from the government to the inventor(s), of a limited right to exclude others from making, using, or selling one's invention, including the right to license others to make, use, or sell it. 13", "Within the United States Patent and Trademark Office , patent applications are assigned to examiners with specialized technical expertise. The examination of applications normally occurs in the order in which they are received by the examiner, although specialized processing may be obtained under special circumstances, such as an inventor that is over a certain age or where there is active infringement occuring. Every effort is made by the Office to attain a uniform and fair treatment of patent applications; however, communications with the Office must meet certain standards and formalities.  Since November 2000, the United States Patent and Trademark Office has time deadlines under which it must act and the patent term is adjusted to reflect any failure of the United States Patent and Trademark Office to meet such deadlines.", "Abstract In June 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision upending more than three decades worth of established patent practice when it ruled that isolated gene sequences are no longer patentable subject matter under 35 U.S.C. Section 101.While many practitioners in the field believed that the USPTO would interpret the decision narrowly, the USPTO actually expanded the scope of the decision when it issued its guidelines for determining whether an invention satisfies Section 101.", "· U.S. Patent No. 5,982,740, entitled “Dry Bonded Digital Versatile Disc,” which issued on November 9, 199 and which expires on November 25, 2017. This patent covers a disc for storing digital information comprising a plurality of adhesively bonded sub discs.", "The JPEG committee investigated the patent claims in 2002 and were of the opinion that they were invalidated by prior art. Others also concluded that Forgent did not have a patent that covered JPEG. Nevertheless, between 2002 and 2004 Forgent was able to obtain about US$105 million by licensing their patent to some 30 companies. In April 2004, Forgent sued 31 other companies to enforce further license payments. In July of the same year, a consortium of 21 large computer companies filed a countersuit, with the goal of invalidating the patent. In addition, Microsoft launched a separate lawsuit against Forgent in April 2005. In February 2006, the United States Patent and Trademark Office agreed to re-examine Forgent's JPEG patent at the request of the Public Patent Foundation. On May 26, 2006 the USPTO found the patent invalid based on prior art. The USPTO also found that Forgent knew about the prior art, and did not tell the Patent Office, making any appeal to reinstate the patent highly unlikely to succeed. ", "In the United States, according to the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the expression \"Patent Pending\" as such does not protect an invention until the actual patent is published and/or issued:", "That being said the best argument I can think of FOR code being patentable would probably stem from including it into the definition of “process”: Title 35 part II Chapter 10 § 100(b) – “The term “process” means process, art or method, and includes a new use of a known process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, or material” and the subsequent protection provided. Specifically the whole “new use of a known machine” part. Since thats about the best reason against my opinion, that machine code is inviable as patentable material, I’m going to focus on that, if you disagree based on another reason I’d like to hear it.", "The fact that the Patent Office has allowed bad patents to issue ought not to mean that software should be considered unpatentable subject matter. If the patentability requirements were actually applied to software appropriately there would be less software patented and that which did receive patents would relate to well defined and truly new and nonobvious inventions.", "You claim that all software is unpatentable post Bilski. That is simply not true. The Patent Office issues software patents and software patents are upheld in courts, so whether you or anyone else thinks software shouldn’t be patentable is really of no consequence. Software is patentable even post Bilski.", "This work is actually easier than it looks, at least for project patents usually filed by Corporations. Corporate patenting is a corporate process. Therefore I can safely assume:", "I think part of the problem here is that you seem to believe you understand patent law and infringement, but I am not sure that you really have a grasp on the intricacies. I do not mean that as a dig at all.", "That sets up an interesting thought experiment. Where do you think the world would be today if the World Wide Web had been patented? Here are a few guesses:" ]

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[ "To understand how the Horoscope Dates change, let's fast forward five months to June 3, 1980. In the following picture, all the planets have continued on their orbit around the Sun, and now, because Earth has moved, the 12 Zodiac segements (the blue lines) have moved as well - and the Sun is in the segment ruled by Gemini. If you were born on this day, your Star Sign would be Gemini.", "If today is your birth day, you need to learn how to laugh at yourselves more and stop being so serious all of the time. This Aries birthdate person usually bounces back quickly from difficulties. You are humble and responsible. On the other hand, this Aries can be prudent and critical of others.", "Aquarius is the zodiac sign of a person born on this day. Garnet is the modern birthstone for this month. Emerald is the mystical birthstone from Tibetan origin that dates back over a thousand years.", "If you were born on the first or last day of a Sun sign, in astrological terms you were born on a cusp. If that's the case, you will probably benefit from reading your own Sun sign and the Sun sign that ends or begins right before or after your date of birth. For example, if your birth date is 22 December, your Sun sign is Capricorn, but you probably have some Sagittarian traits as well.", "Astrologically our Sun is imagined to be the greatest influence in determining the probable traits of all Leo personalities. The actual day you were born on, the first of August is also governed by the Sun's power accentuating the usual typicalities of your Lion symboled individuality and increasing your levels of passion and benevolence. Your jolly dependable disposition and notable resilience to delays, difficulties and disappointments will help you retain your cheery character and will serve you well throughout life. Your charm, style, assertiveness and realistic outlook is coupled with lots of dedication and belief in your abilities. Attempting to be less egotistical in your mannerisms and more tactful in your dealings with others can make you even nicer than you already are. A concluding thought for people born on August the 1st is to learn the art of compromise and beware of building animosity. These two suggestions if followed should prove to be favorable improvements that will help your overall progress.", "If you look at the picture below, you will see blue lines radiating from Earth, dividing the space around it into 12 equal segments. Each segment is ruled by a Zodiac sign. The yellow circle represents the Sun, and on this date it is in the space designated for Capricorn... so if your birthday was January 3rd, 1989 your Star Sign would be Capricorn. A person's Star Sign is the Zodiac Sign containing the Sun on the day they were born.", "If you took note of your actual sign when I put up the overheads in class that's fine as well. Some of you may have found that you still had the same sign whereas others would have shifted over one sign. For example, My birthdate is September 18th, 1973. That put me just at the cusp of Virgo in the old astrologers' horoscopes and just at the other cusp in the modern constellation recognized by astronomers. But I remain a Virgo.", "People born specifically on the 29th of February are as Pisces Leap Year individuals believed to be extremely likeable, tactful and generous. The ruling astrological planet for this particular day is the Moon forming personalities that are sensitive, creative friendly daydreamers. Although you present yourself as sometimes having your head in the clouds you are really very focused and resilient. If you have this birthday a combination of communicative charm, sociability and insightfulness helps you anticipate the thoughts and motivations of others. You are a little bit ambitious but soon discouraged by negative responses or slow routes to success. With a February the twenty ninth birthday you are loving and giving with youthful looks and a modern but mature outlook. Your way with words and sympathetic nature make you an excellent listener who can usually offer both practical and emotional support selflessly.", "Aries Libra Taurus Scorpio Gemini Sagittarius Cancer Capricorns Leo Aquarius Virgo Pisces After giving this description, he says, \"The emblematical meaning of the Sun is well known to the enlightened and inquisitive Free-Mason; and as the real Sun is situated in the center of the universe, so the emblematical Sun is the center of real Masonry. We all know (continues he) that the Sun is the fountain of light, the source of the seasons, the cause of the vicissitudes of day and night, the parent of vegetation, the friend of man; hence the scientific Free-Mason only knows the reason why the Sun is placed in the center of this beautiful hall.\"", "As a Taurus born on April 27th, your personality is characterized by determination and a loving nature. While others struggle to find the willpower to reach there goals, your determination rarely falters. At times, you may become so dedicated to achieving a goal that you neglect your need to eat or sleep. While your family and loved ones admire this quality greatly, it may be your loving qualities that they appreciate the most. Your friendships and relationships give you a strong sense of stability and you dedicate yourself fully to all those you hold dear.", "Being born between the 22nd and the 29th of July makes you a rather unique Leo - born native. Apart from the abovementioned personality traits you also exhibit the sensitive characteristics of your previous star sign, which is Cancer.", "If you were born between July 23rd and August 22nd you are a Leo.  The sun rules this sign and it is represented by the lion.  Loyal, creative, boastful, confident and matching well with Leo, Capricorn, and Scorpio the Leo is.", "As an Aries, the person born on the first day of April is typically cheery and enthusiastic about love. Your magnetic charm ensures you are never short of companions as you are fun to be with and good at encouraging others to relax. Romantically you are idealistic and sentimental but you can also be impetuous and impulsive concerning matters of the heart. Yours is not a subtle approach and your truthfulness can border on bluntness but you are very loving and romantic with a soul mate and will put their feelings before your own. A partner must not be perturbed by your occasional brusqueness and be able to cope with the demands of your sexual appetite. In return they will gain an intensely loyal mate who is warm, passionate, understanding and protective. You do not commit to long term relationships easily but when you do it is wholeheartedly.", "On the day and at the time of your birth, the Moon was in the sign of Taurus. Traditionally, the Moon is in exaltation in this sign: lunar values (quietness, rest, trust) find their complementary landmarks in Taurus� self-defence, need for stability and selectiveness. Your sensuality is strong and expresses itself in all life areas. You equally enjoy the pleasures of the senses and those of the mind and you never waste a single bit of a sensation. You take the time to enjoy life, to dream and to follow your imagination. You do not allow anything to disturb these moments of relaxation and calm. Your basic balance stems from these privileged moments where you can daydream at will and �have your head in the clouds�. Nothing bothers you, no external element disrupts the quiet course of your rest. Should anyone dare to break the charm, you become very upset�", "You are born under the sign of Libra, which represents the element of air, or the intellect. You’re most definitely a thinker—you like to use your mind to tackle problems. Libra is the seventh sign of the zodiac, which refers to relationships of all sorts and your connection to the world around you.", "Now, there's one important caveat. If you were born when the Sun was in the middle of a Zodiac's sector, where and when you are born doesn't really matter in terms of your Star Sign. But if your Birthday is close to the day the Sun moves from one sign to another, it does...", "If you were born between the 11th and the 20th of April means that you have a broad mind and a full and open heart. This gives you spiritual as well as material ambitions and you will look at life differently to most Aries, indeed most people generally. The thrill or travelling and the excitement of exploring the world and different cultures means that you'll be plugged into news, current affairs and other topics that give you a deeper understanding of the world that you live in. Progress and expanding your mind, educating yourself and sharing noble ideas with others will make you happy and fulfilled. You certainly have something to teach others and this will be an important component of your destiny.", "Piscean personalities are supposedly astrologically influenced by the planet Neptune's authority. The actual day you were born on, the twenty ninth of February is assumed to be cosmically ruled over by our Moon. Therefore these 2 planets combine their powerful influences to determine your exclusive thoughtful, agreeable and multi talented versatile disposition. Your openmindedness and effective expression, language and communication skills all help you make friends easily and learn quickly from experience. Your resilience and practicality are sometimes hidden talents that seem to surface just when you need them. As your birthday is not on a regular date you are one of the rare few who can profess with confidence to be younger than you really are. A last thought for people born on February the 29th is to try to not let others take advantage of your selflessness. Your understanding sympathy and generosity are admirable qualities and should be reserved for those that truly deserve them.", "What your birth date says about you is that you are not afraid to take charge of situations as people usually come to you when they need a helping hand. The birthday characteristics of someone who is born under the zodiac sign of Leo is to naturally help people who are less fortunate as giving them a hand up is certainly satisfying to you. It‘s often that you are misunderstood because of this.", "Venus is the planetary ruler of your sign, but as you were born in the second Decan, or part, of the sign, you are subject to the planetary influence of Saturn and Uranus as well. Venus's influence is linked to your defined appreciation for beauty, desire for harmony and social nature. Likewise, Saturn and Uranus are linked to many of your qualities, including your patience, discipline and desire for freedom. Your unique planetary influence makes you selfless and determined for success. Although it would seem you would do anything for another human being, you rarely allow yourself to be vulnerable enough to accept help for yourself. It may be uncomfortable to be open with your own feelings of insecurity, but do not shy away from help in situations where it is really needed. Your friends and family are eager to return the support and help you've always given them.", "Being born on the 21st day of the month (3 energy) is likely to add a good bit of vitality to your life. The energy of 3 allows you bounce back rapidly from setbacks, physical or mental. There is a restlessness in your nature, but you seem to be able to portray an easygoing, sometimes \"couldn't care less\" attitude. You have a natural ability to express yourself in public, and you always make a very good impression. Good with words, you excel in writing, speaking, and possibly singing. You are energetic and always a good conversationalist. You have a keen imagination, but you tend to scatter your energies and become involved with too may superficial matters. Your mind is practical and rational despite this tendency to jump about. You are affectionate and loving, but very sensitive. You are subject to rapid ups and downs.", "Your birth on the 27th day of the month (9 energy) adds a tone of selflessness and humanitarianism to your life path. Certainly, you are one who can work very well with people, but at the same time you need a good bit of time to be by your self to rest and meditate. Regardless of your life path number, there is a very humanistic and philanthropic approach in most of things that you do. This birthday helps you be broadminded, tolerant, generous and very cooperative. You are the type of person who uses persuasion rather than force to achieve your ends. You tend to be very sensitive to others' needs and feelings, and you able to give much in the way of friendship without expecting a lot in return.", "Your planet is under the planetary rulership of Mars, but as you were born in the second Decan, or part, of the sign, the influence of the Sun also plays a key role in your personality. The power of Mars can be witnessed in your assertiveness, vigor and action, but it is the Sun that can be credited with your individuality, vitality and inspiration. More so than any of the other Aries Decans, your planetary influence makes you charismatic and creative. You use these attributes to display a playful attitude and gain many friends, which is perfect because you love being the center of attention. As long as you avoid your tendency to brag, your planetary influence will play a key role in your success. In love, find a partner that shares in your youthful energy, as this pairing will bring you the most satisfaction.", "Being born on the 12th day of the month (3 energy) is likely to add a good bit of vitality to your life. The energy of 3 allows you bounce back rapidly from setbacks, physical or mental. There is a restlessness in your nature, but you seem to be able to portray an easygoing, sometimes \"couldn't care less\" attitude. You have a natural ability to express yourself in public, and you always make a very good impression. Good with words, you excel in writing, speaking, and possibly singing. You are energetic and always a good conversationalist. You have a keen imagination, but you tend to scatter your energies and become involved with too may superficial matters. Your mind is practical and rational despite this tendency to jump about. You are affectionate and loving, but very sensitive. You are subject to rapid ups and downs.", "Libra is a Cardinal Air sign, ruled by Venus.  As the seventh sign of the zodiac, and the only one not represented by a living animal or person, the Libra individual is a refined, sociable, and charming individual who dislikes violence and injustice.  Famous and historical figures sharing Libra traits include President Dwight Eisenhower (October 14), John Lennon (October 9), Truman Capote (September 30), and Groucho Marx (October 2).", "However what you might be feeling is the fact that a person born in the middle of his/her sign has a large probability of also having a Venus or Mercury sign placed in the same sign as their Sun.", "A rosy, homely glow descends on to your sign, which should give you a secure feeling for the days ahead. But astrological predictions do not depend upon our Sun-sign alone. If you do feel restless, perhaps your homelife needs change, as your security isn't as assured as you thought.", "The Mesopotamian astrology, with its developed methods of calculation, spread rapidly during the Hellenistic period throughout the whole Mediterranean region. In 280 BC, the Babylonian Marduk priest Berossos founded an astrology school on the Greek island of Kos. He is said to have impressed the Athenians with his forecasts so greatly that they dedicated a statue with a golden tongue to him [20]. Around this time individual-birth astrology also caught on. While the interests of the state and natural eventssuch as the weather and earthquakeshad formerly been observed by astrologers, horoscopes were now additionally produced for individuals. Horoscopes were produced for the time of birth and in consideration of the birthplace, which were supposed to provide information about the course of ones life and predispositions. The oldest known surviving individual birth horoscopeas mentioned beforedates back to the year 410 BC.", "Our March Madness continues today with a competition that will get very personal: Best Zodiac Sign. Every single one of you has one, and regardless of how you much you believe in your horoscope, you know that your sign is the best in the land. It's just fate. Play favorites (we did), and may the best sign win:", "The next stage of astrological development involved the use of the personal horoscope. The oldest birth chart that has been professionally dated is one written in cuneiform for April 29, 410 BC. The zodiac positions recorded in the horoscopes that have survived these periods are closer to the sidereal astrology rather than the tropical.", "The following descriptions reveal some of the characteristics of people who share a birthday—those who are born on October 8th of any year—based on various methods used in Astrology, Numerology, and Cartomancy. Note that both Astrology and Numerology reveal much more depth when a birth year, and in the case of the former, a birth time and place are included.", "The astrologer wanted to know the precise position of the sun, moon and planets at the time of a person's birth to draw up a chart which was believed foretold a person's future." ]

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[ "Jurisprudence is the study of the theory and philosophy of Law . It is is concerned with the law and the principles that lead courts to make the decisions they do. It deals with ethical questions concerning the administration of justice within a society.", "Jurisprudence is the study of law. It is a type of science that explores the creation, application, and enforcement of laws. Jurisprudence is the study of theories and philosophies regarding law.", "Jurisprudence is the study of the origin, structure, application and enforcement of law. The term itself is etymologically Latin, combining the terms for \"law\" and \"knowledge,\" making it an appropriate term to apply to the academic category, the \"philosophy of law.\" There are many theories that attempt to explain the nature, parameters and the trends of law within established legal structures and originating prior to the formal foundation of a new legal system.", "Jurisprudence: The word jurisprudence comes from the Latin word 'juris prudentia', which means the study of knowledge or science of law. It covers the study of the entire legal system and legal philosophies .", "Jurisprudence - The philosophy of law, or the science that deals with the principles of law and legal relations.", "Fitzgerald: Jurisprudence is the name given to a certain type of investigation into law, an investigation of an abstract, general and theoretical nature which seeks to lay bare the essential principles of law and legal systems.", "The study of jurisprudence seeks to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, legal reasoning, legal systems, and legal institutions. Early jurisprudential studies focused on the first principles of the natural law, civil law, and the law of nations. Today, general jurisprudence addresses fundamental questions structuring our legal system, including: How do we know what the law is? What are the proper sources and purposes of law? What is the relationship between law and justice? What is the source of one’s duty to obey the law? A familiarity with jurisprudence provides students with an ability to analyze, explain, classify, and criticize schools of thought in law.", "The word \"Jurisprudence\"has meant many different things at different times.Jurisprudence is not practical value,albiet of a long-term character.One of the task of jurisprudence is to construct and elucidate organising concepts servingto render the complexities of law more manageable and more rational,and in tle his waytheory can help to improve practice.Leagal system is understandable by jurisprudence.The term jurisprudence may tentetvely be described as any thought or writing about law and its relation to other disciplines suchas philosphy,psychology,economics,anthropology and many others.Jurisprudence is a science of law and there are different methods of approach to it. ", "* Legal realism is a third theory of jurisprudence which argues that the real world practice of law is what determines what law is; the law has the force that it does because of what legislators, lawyers and judges do with it. ", "In English jurisprudence we are concerned rather to reflect on the nature of legalsystem,on the underlying meaning of legal concepts and on the essential features of legalsystem.we need english jurisprudence to analysis the basic concept of law.Jurispridence is a certain type of investigation into law,an investigation of anabstract,general and theorretical nature which seeks to lay bare the essential principles of law and legal systems.It is a subject which differs in kind from other subjects on the legalsyllabus.For the typical legal subject,e.g Contract or Tort,consist of a set of rules and principles to be derived from authoritative source and applied to factual situations inorder to solve practical problems.Jurisprudence,by contrast,does not constitute a set of rules,is not derived from authorityand is without practical application.In jurisprudence we are not concerned to derive rules from authority and apply them to problems,we are concerned rather to reflect on the nature of legal rules,on the underlyingmeaning of legal concepts and on the essential features of legal system.Thus,where as inlaw we look for the rule relevent to the given situations,in jurisprudence we ask what it isfor a rule to be a legal rule,and what distinguishes law from morality,etiquette and other related.", "Lastly, let's take a look at critical legal studies. This school of jurisprudence is a newer theory, as compared to the others. It was a popular way of viewing law in the 1970s and 1980s.", "There are four main families of views on this question. One view takes jurisprudence to be a form of conceptual analysis, which is to say that theories of law aim to provide an account of some concept of law. This approach is often associated with Hart’s influential work, The Concept of Law (1994). A second sort of view adopts a more skeptical stance towards the methodology of conceptual analysis and takes theories of law to be in the business of offering a reductive explanation of law itself, not some concept of it. Third, the prescriptive view takes it that the aim of a theory of law is to specify the notion of law that it would be most desirable for us to adopt. A fourth kind of view, associated with Dworkin’s work, takes it that legal theories are in the business of offering a constructive interpretation of legal practice. In what follows, each of these four views, as well as some of the main issues they face, will be discussed in more depth.", "In this regard, some scholars have observed that it is more appropriate to think of jurisprudence as a spectrum of legal thought, where the nuances of one thinker delicately blend with those of the next. For example, Harold Berman, a leading authority on comparative Legal History , has advocated the development of an integrative jurisprudence, which would assimilate into one philosophy the insights from each school of legal theory. The staying power of any body of legal thought, Berman has suggested, lies not in its name but in its ability to explain the enterprise of law.", "Legal philosophy has many branches, with four types being the most common. The most prevalent form of jurisprudence seeks to analyze, explain, classify, and criticize entire bodies of law, ranging from contract to tort to Constitutional Law . Legal encyclopedias, law reviews, and law school textbooks frequently contain this type of jurisprudential scholarship.The second type of jurisprudence compares and contrasts law with other fields of knowledge such as literature, economics, religion, and the social sciences. The purpose of this type of study is to enlighten each field of knowledge by sharing insights that have proven to be important in advancing essential features of the compared discipline.", "The first important class of methodological questions in jurisprudence concerns the target of first-order theories of law—that is, what phenomenon such theories aim to provide an account of. In taking a stand on what the proper target of a first-order legal theory is, one incurs a number of other methodological commitments. These include adopting a view about when such theories are successful, taking a stand on what sort of data such theories aim to systematize and explain, and determining what sorts of arguments are legitimately used in deciding between one of these theories and its competitors.", "Pound, Roscoe 1959 Jurisprudence. 5 vols. St. Paul, Minn.: West. → Volume 1: Jurisprudence: The End of Law. Volume 2: The Nature of Law. Volume 3: The Scope and Subject Matter of Law. Volume 4: Application and Enforcement of Law. Volume 5: The System of Law. Volume 1 reviews the main literature of sociological jurisprudence.", "Analytic, or 'clarificatory', jurisprudence means the use of a neutral point of view and descriptive language when referring to the aspects of legal systems. This was a philosophical development that rejected natural law's fusing of what law is and what it ought to be. David Hume famously argued in A Treatise of Human Nature that people invariably slip between describing that the world is a certain way to saying therefore we ought to conclude on a particular course of action. But as a matter of pure logic, one cannot conclude that we ought to do something merely because something is the case. So analysing and clarifying the way the world is must be treated as a strictly separate question to normative and evaluative ought questions.", "Noted American legal philosophers Ronald Dworkin and Richard Posner work in the fields of political philosophy and jurisprudence. Posner is famous for his economic analysis of law, a theory which uses microeconomics to understand legal rules and institutions. Dworkin is famous for his theory of law as integrity and legal interpretivism. ", "To avoid confusion, the question we are concerned with here must be clarified in several ways. For there are a number of uncontroversial ways in which legal theory plausibly is or might be evaluative, and these do not go to the heart of the methodological debates in jurisprudence.", "According to natural law legal theory, the authority of legal standards necessarily derives, at least in part, from considerations having to do with the moral merit of those standards. There are a number of different kinds of natural law legal theories, differing from each other with respect to the role that morality plays in determining the authority of legal norms. The conceptual jurisprudence of John Austin provides a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of law that distinguishes law from non-law in every possible world. Classical natural law theory such as the theory of Thomas Aquinas focuses on the overlap between natural law moral and legal theories.  Similarly, the neo-naturalism of John Finnis is a development of classical natural law theory. In contrast, the procedural naturalism of Lon L. Fuller is a rejection of the conceptual naturalist idea that there are necessary substantive moral constraints on the content of law. Lastly, Ronald Dworkin’s theory is a response and critique of legal positivism . All of these theories subscribe to one or more basic tenets of natural law legal theory and are important to its development and influence.", "The second sub-category is normative jurisprudence. This area addresses the moral basis of law, such as, 'what is the purpose of law?'", "Each school of jurisprudence is not a self-contained body of thought. The lines separating positivism from realism and natural law from formalism often become blurry. The legal philosophy of Justice Holmes, for example, borrowed from the realist, positivist, pragmatic, and historical strains of thought.", "Ethical jurisprudence deals with the law as it ought to be an ideal state.It investigates the purpose of law and the measure and manner in which that purpose is fulfilled.It concernsitself chiefly with the relation of law to certain ideas which law is meant to achieve.", "Pragmatism, sometimes called instrumentalism, is best exemplified by Justice Holmes's statement that courts \"decide cases first, and determine the principle afterwards.\" This school of thought is associated with result-oriented jurisprudence, which focuses more on the consequences of a judicial decision than on how the relevant legal principles should be applied.", "Through linking sound methodology to an appropriate role for conceptual analysis, a number of interventions are made in the contemporary debate over methodology in jurisprudence, engaging with the views of Dworkin, Leiter and Dickson. Emphasis is laid on the significant part to be played by the particular experiential base relating to the subject matter under investigation in the articulation of valuable insight. The extent to which MacCormick's work illustrates and promotes this approach is considered in some detail.", "In any event, conceptual analysis of law remains an important, if controversial, project in contemporary legal theory. Conceptual theories of law have traditionally been characterized in terms of their posture towards the Overlap Thesis. Thus, conceptual theories of law have traditionally been divided into two main categories: those like natural law legal theory that affirm there is a conceptual relation between law and morality and those like legal positivism that deny such a relation.", "Some theories have adopted certain main tenets of natural law theory, and professed to be natural law theories, but have asserted that even the most unjust laws create an obligation to obey which is both legal and moral. Kant's (see Alexy 2002, 117–121) is such a theory: a legal system can consist entirely of positive law but must be “preceded by a natural law that establishe[s] the legislator's authority…to bind others simply by his arbitrary action.” But this purported natural-law basic norm looks not to the justice of the content of the posited legal rules, but exclusively to the need for legal certainty and civic peace, which Kant takes to exclude any right to resist unjust laws and any denial that they are fully legal. Alexy has pointed out the confusions and inconsistencies in Kant's attempts to evade the classic position that laws whose injustice is sufficiently grave can and should be denied to have the legal character predicable of laws that citizens and courts, precisely as courts, are morally and juridically entitled to treat as—or as if they are—not law. In this as in many other respects, seventeenth and eighteenth century philosophical developments (like their twentieth and twenty-first century counterparts) were not so much progress as regress. But precisely how the classic position itself should be formulated, explained and applied today is debated between Alexy and Finnis (Alexy 2013; Finnis 2014).", "If lawyers hold to their precedents too closely, forgetful of the fundamental principles of truth and justice which they should serve, they may find the whole edifice comes tumbling down about them. Just as the scientist seeks for truth, so the lawyer should seek for justice. Just as the scientist takes his instances and from them builds up his general propositions, so the lawyer should take his precedents and from them build up his general principles. Just as the propositions of the scientist fail to be modified when shown not to fit all instances, or even discarded when shown in error, so the principles of the lawyer should be modified when found to be unsuited to the times or discarded when found to work injustice. 10", "Naffine, Ngaire. Law's Meaning of Life: Philosophy, Religion, Darwin and the Legal Person (Legal Theory Today).", "The legal realist movement was inspired by John Chipman Gray and Oliver Wendall Holmes and reached its apex in the 1920s and 30s through the work of Karl Llewellyn, Jerome Frank, and Felix Cohen. The realists eschewed the conceptual approach of the positivists and naturalists in favor of an empirical analysis that sought to show how practicing judges really decide cases (see Leiter 1998). The realists were deeply skeptical of the ascendant notion that judicial legislation is a rarity. While not entirely rejecting the idea that judges can be constrained by rules, the realists maintained that judges create new law through the exercise of lawmaking discretion considerably more often than is commonly supposed. On their view, judicial decision is guided far more frequently by political and moral intuitions about the facts of the case (instead of by legal rules) than theories like positivism and naturalism acknowledge.", "Law 616. Theories of International Law – Steinberg (Spring 2017) (if student writes a philosophically informed, theoretical paper with the instructor’s approval)", "Rawls published three books. The first, A Theory of Justice, focused on distributive justice and attempted to reconcile the competing claims of the values of freedom and equality. The second, Political Liberalism, addressed the question of how citizens divided by intractable religious and philosophical disagreements could come to endorse a constitutional democratic regime. The third, The Law of Peoples, focused on the issue of global justice." ]

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[ "The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) is one of the largest youth organizations in the United States , with 2.7 million youth members and over 1 million adult volunteers. Since its founding in 1910 as part of the international Scout Movement , more than 110 million Americans have been members of the BSA.", "The Boy Scouts of America is one of the largest youth organizations in the United States, with 2.7 million youth members and over 1 million adult volunteers. Since its founding in 1910 as part of the international Scout Movement, more than 110 million Americans have been members of the BSA. The BSA goal is to train youth in responsible citizenship, character development, and self-reliance through participation in a wide range of outdoor activities, educational programs, and, at older age levels, career-oriented programs in partnership with community organizations. For younger members, the Scout method is part of the program to inculcate typical Scouting values such as trustworthiness, good citizenship, and outdoors skills, through a variety of activities such as camping, aquatics, and hiking. The BSA is a constituent member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. The traditional Scouting divisions are Cub Scouting for boys ages 7 to 10½ years, Boy Scouting for boys ages 10½ to 18 and Venturing for young men and women ages 14 through 21. Learning for Life is a non-traditional subsidiary that provides in-school and career education. The BSA operates traditional Scouting by chartering local organizations, such as churches, clubs, civic associations, or educational organization, to implement the scouting program for youth within their communities. Units are led entirely by volunteers appointed by the chartering organization, who are supported by local councils using both paid Professional Scouters and volunteers.", "The Boy Scouts of America provides the nation's foremost youth program of character development and values-based leadership training, which helps young people be \"Prepared. For Life.\" The Scouting organization is composed of 2.7 million youth members between the ages of 7 and 21 and more than a million volunteers in local councils throughout the United States and its territories. For more information on the Boy Scouts of America, please visit www.scouting.org.", "*The Motto – \"Be Prepared\" – This means that Guides are ready to cope with anything that might come their way.", "\"Be Prepared\" exhorts Boy Scouts to be prepared for all situations...such as smoking dope and pimping out their own sisters.", "7 Be thou prepared, and prepare for thyself, thou, and all thy company that are assembled unto thee, and be thou a guard unto them.", "Sports societies, Boy Scouts, art circles, choral and instrumental groups. All organizations which attract Republican youth go to works of education, physical and intellectual. There are so many fertile fields where Masonic propaganda ought most usefully go to be exercised. Everywhere add go to these adult courses, wherever there is any chance of them being taken up and frequented, libraries, etc. [53]", "P.R.A.Y. Abbreviation for Programs of Religious Activities With Youth. An organization outside the BSA that administers religious awards for youth-serving organizations, including the BSA, Girl Scouts, and Camp Fire. Note the periods in the abbreviation.", "The Salvation Army, Caritas, Amnesty International, and the Red Cross all have active chapters within the country. Volunteer service organizations, such as the Lions Clubs and Kiwanis International, are also present.", "There are national chapters of the Red Cross Society, Caritas, UNICEF, and Habitat for Humanity. Volunteer service organizations, such as the Lions Clubs International, are also present.", "American Youth Soccer Organization, a non-profit group in the United States which provides nationwide training and development to children between 4 to 19 years of age", "Volunteer service organizations, such as the Lions Clubs International, are present. There are national chapters of the Red Cross, Habitat for Humanity, Caritas, and CARE.", "There are youth organizations affiliated with religious institutions and political movements, as well as student unions at major universities. Scouting and Girl Guide programs are also active. There are several sports associations promoting amateur competitions in a variety of pastimes, such as tennis, badminton, tae kwon do, squash, and baseball. The country also has an active program of the Special Olympics.", "The BSA's goal is to train youth in responsible citizenship, character development, and self-reliance through participation in a wide range of outdoor activities, educational programs, and, at older age levels, career-oriented programs in partnership with community organizations. For younger members, the Scout method is part of the program to inculcate typical Scouting values such as trustworthiness, good citizenship, and outdoors skills, through a variety of activities such as camping, aquatics, and hiking. The BSA has several locations in Florida, Minnesota, New Mexico, and West Virginia in the United States and Manitoba and Ontario in Canada that allow Scouts to participate in the various aforementioned outdoor activities which are collectively called high-adventure bases.", "Volunteers of America is a faith-based nonprofit organization that provides affordable housing and other assistance services primarily to low-income people throughout the United States. Headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia, the organization includes 36 affiliates providing services in approximately 400 communities in 46 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. In 2010, the organization served more than 2 million people each year. Services help people who affordable housing, veterans, low-income seniors, children and families, the homeless, those with intellectual disabilities, those recovering from addiction and the incarcerated.", "Students for a Democratic Society formed in 1960 to promote democratic opportunities for all people regardless of age, and the Gray Panthers was formed in 1970 by Maggie Kuhn, with a goal of eliminating Ageism in all forms. Three O'Clock Lobby formed in 1976 to promote youth participation throughout traditionally ageist government structures in Michigan, while Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor started in 1970 to promote youth and fight Ageism.", "Rotary International is an international service organization whose stated human rights purpose is to bring together business and professional leaders in order to provide humanitarian services, encourage high ethical standards in all vocations, and to advance goodwill and peace around the world. It is a secular organization open to all people regardless of race, color, creed, religion, gender, or political preference. There are 34,282 member clubs worldwide. 1.2 million individuals called Rotarians have joined these clubs. ", "We are a global network of young leaders under the age of 30 who strive to better themselves and the communities around them. We are passionate about world issues, leadership development, cultural understanding and experiential learning.", "The Scout Law and Promise embody the joint values of the Scouting movement worldwide, and bind all Scouting associations together. The emphasis on \"learning by doing\" provides experiences and hands-on orientation as a practical method of learning and building self-confidence . Small groups build unity, camaraderie, and a close-knit fraternal atmosphere. These experiences, along with an emphasis on trustworthiness and personal honor, help to develop responsibility , character , self-reliance , self-confidence, reliability, and readiness ; which eventually lead to collaboration and leadership . A program with a variety of progressive and attractive activities expands a Scout's horizon and bonds the Scout even more to the group. Activities and games provide an enjoyable way to develop skills such as dexterity . In an outdoor setting, they also provide contact with the natural environment. [49]", "already be taking place today. Therefore, in order to assure that the youth of today become", "Viet Vo Dao Youth Association led by Master Tran Huy Phong was responsible for youth and social activities.", "The YMCA of the USA is a not-for-profit, charitable organization offering various services to local, independent YMCAs throughout America. It provides assistance in many areas, including accounting, financing, purchasing, and programming. It is currently organized into six major groups: (1) the Association Advancement Group, which handles communications, marketing, advertising, public policy, and media and corporate relations; (2) the International Group, which oversees the integration of international education into current YMCA programs and such international activities as emergency and development assistance, training events, and conferences; (3) the Knowledge Management Group, which is responsible for disseminating knowledge, conducting research, and maintaining computer and other technological services; (4) the Leadership Development Group, which is responsible for human resources, staff training and development, and such matters as national YMCA employee benefits; (5) the Membership and Program Development Group, which helps develop and support programs, membership, volunteer enlistment and training, and purchasing; and (6) the Organizational and Management Consulting Group, which provides consulting services for the individual Ys across the United States . The national organization also staffs four Field offices and supports eighteen MRCs (Management Resource Centers). It is through the Clusters that individual Ys have input at the national level. Each elects two members to its section Field committee. The four Field committees in turn elect thirty members, or three-fifths, of the National Board. The other twenty members include the immediate past chair and nineteen persons elected by the Board.", "youth ministry outreach Used to describe how the Scouting program is used within a religious organization.", "âItâs a challenge for us as an organization to address issues that are relevant to young people.â ", "Outward Bound is a group that offers “wilderness adventures” for kids, teens, and adults, although students are their primary focus. They promise to teach teamwork, self-confidence, and self-reliance through a variety of activities, including rock climbing, kayaking, dog-sledding, and more. The organization was founded in 1962.", "The movement employs the Scout method , a programme of informal education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities, including camping , woodcraft , aquatics , hiking , backpacking , and sports . Another widely recognized movement characteristic is the Scout uniform , by intent hiding all differences of social standing in a country and making for equality, with neckerchief and campaign hat or comparable headwear. Distinctive uniform insignia include the fleur-de-lis and the trefoil , as well as badges and other patches.", "Physically youth workers are often lightweights having to contend with real heavies. They are extremely reluctant to call the cops yet are often in need of protection themselves nervously selecting keys from loaded key rings, dutifully locking doors behind them to keep youth club property safe from never miss a chance snaffling fingers. In their heart of hearts how many yearn to be a strong-arm Cagney outsmarting the not so angelic upstarts at their own game?", "To support Christian ethical development and provide the necessary foundation for children to become independent, conscious, active, and responsible citizens of an ever-changing democratic society.", "Young America Outdoors is an educational and informational television program produced to demonstrate various outdoor activities and show children ages 6-12 how to participate and enjoy them.", "\"Young people are getting very involved with this campaign. They will blockade the area and guard our streets. Of course, they will not do anything unless we tell them to, but I warn you they are not as peaceful as me.\"", "I know that you are very involved with NASA's educational outreach and are constantly inspiring and trying to get kids involved with NASA and JPL. What do you feel is the most vital thing we need to tell young people today to get them inspired?", "We have to start with how to educate children about faith, here and abroad. Now, more than ever, we have to be strong and we have to be strategic." ]

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[ "FRIDAY, MAY 7, 1937: The German airship the Hindenburg catches fire, killing 35 people. The event is caught on film, and the phrase, \"Oh, the humanity!\" cried by radio announcer Herbert Morrison becomes a pop culture staple.", "Herbert O. \"Herb\" Morrison ( – ) was an American radio journalist best known for his dramatic report of the Hindenburg disaster, a catastrophic fire that destroyed the LZ 129 Hindenburg zeppelin on May 6, 1937, killing 36 people.", "Les quotes the famous line from Herbert Morrison�s radio coverage of the Hindenburg crash: �Oh, the humanity!�", "Radio announcer Herb Morrison, who came to Lakehurst to record a routine voice-over for an NBC newsreel, immortalized the Hindenberg disaster in a famous on-the-scene description in which he emotionally declared, “Oh, the humanity!” The recording of Morrison’s commentary was immediately flown to New York , where it was aired as part of America’s first coast-to-coast radio news broadcast. Lighter-than-air passenger travel rapidly fell out of favor after the Hindenberg disaster, and no rigid airships survived World War II .", "The disaster was a major story in 1937. The news was spawned by the video footage and photographs, as well as the live eyewitness radio report of Herbert Morrison. Morrison’s broadcast remains one of the most famous in history. His words, “Oh, the humanity!” resonate with the impact of the disaster. Despite the violent fire, many of the crew and passengers survived the crash. Of the 97 people on the Hindenburg, 35 died. One person was killed on the ground, bringing the total fatalities to 36. The cause of the fire remains a mystery. However, a variety of hypotheses have been put forward, including the theory that a static spark ignited the hydrogen. The Hindenburg crash eliminated public confidence in passenger-carrying rigid airships. [ Video Clip ]", "Many jumped from the burning craft, landed on the soft sand of the naval base below, and lived to tell about it; others weren't so lucky. Herb Morrison, a reporter for WLS Radio in Chicago, happened to be covering the event and cried out the now famous words, \"Oh, the Humanity!\" The majestic ship turned into ball of flames on the ground in only 34 seconds.", "Chicago radio station WLS had sent reporter Herb Morrison and sound engineer Charles Nehlsen to record the landing which was being celebrated as the first anniversary of the inauguration of transatlantic passenger service and the opening of the 1937 season. Morrison’s professional demeanor as he described the landing gave way to an emotional outburst of exclamations after the Hindenburg caught fire. Shaken and horrified, Morrison continued to record, struggling to compose himself as a hellish scene of fiery death unfolded before his eyes.", "Morrison and Nehlsen continued their work, reporting at length on the rescue efforts and interviewing survivors, with several pauses while Morrison composes himself. A small and dashing looking man, Morrison wore a blue serge suit and a topcoat. Morrison mistakenly thought there were 106 people aboard the flight, when in reality there were 97 aboard. Thirty-five people died in addition to one fatality on the ground. The 16-inch green lacquer disk recordings were rushed back to Chicago by airplane and broadcast in full later that night. Portions were rebroadcast nationally by the NBC Radio network the next day. It was the first time recordings of a news event were ever broadcast, and also the first coast-to-coast radio broadcast. Morrison's quick professional response and accurate description combined with his own emotional reaction have made the recordings a classic of audio history.", "One of the first worldwide radio broadcasts described for the listeners the horrific crash of the Hindenburg, a German zeppelin airship, in New Jersey on May 6, 1937", "Morrison's broadcast remains one of the most famous in history. Parts of it were later dubbed onto newsreel footage, giving the impression that the words and film were recorded together. His plaintive \"Oh, the humanity!\" has been widely used in popular culture. Part of the poignancy of his commentary is the result of its having been recorded at a slightly slower speed, so that when it is played back at normal speed, it seems to have a faster delivery and higher pitch. When corrected for pitch without adjusting the speed, Morrison's account sounds less frantic, though still impassioned.", "one of the first worldwide radio broadcasts described for listeners the horrific crash of this German zeppelin in NJ on May 6, 1937", "Murrow's nightly reports from the rooftops during the dark days of the London Blitz galvanized American listeners: even before Pearl Harbor, the conflict became \"the story of the survival of Western civilization, the most heroic of all possible wars and stories. He was indeed reporting on the survival of the English-speaking peoples.\"Halberstam, p. 39 With his \"manly, tormented voice\",Bergreen, p. 112 Murrow contained and mastered the panic and danger he felt, thereby communicating it all the more effectively to his audience. Using his trademark self-reference \"This reporter\",Barnouw, Golden, p. 140 he did not so much report news as interpret it, combining simplicity of expression with subtlety of nuance. Murrow himself said he tried \"to describe things in terms that make sense to the truck driver without insulting the intelligence of the professor\". When he returned home for a visit late in 1941, Paley threw an \"extraordinarily elaborate reception\"Bergreen, p. 114 for Murrow at the Waldorf-Astoria. Of course, its goal was more than just honoring CBS's latest \"star\" – it was an announcement to the world that Mr. Paley's network was finally more than just a pipeline carrying other people's programming: it had now become a cultural force in its own right.Bergreen, pp. 114–115", "On the ground a radio reporter named Herbert Morrison was covering the airship's arrival and his comments were recorded for prosperity:", "The Hartford Circus Fire occurred on July 6, 1944, in Hartford, Connecticut, during an afternoon performance that was attended by approximately 7,500 to 8,700 people. It was one of the worst fire disasters in the history of the United States. Emmett Kelly, the tramp clown, threw a bucket of water at the burning canvas tent in a futile effort to put the fire out, but ultimately more than 100 people were killed. The great irony of the fire was that the performance took place under canvas. Had the crowd realized it, safety was no farther away than ducking out under the sidewalls of the tent. Some of the dead remain unidentified to this day, even with modern DNA techniques.", "It was against this backdrop of anxiety and tension that people turned to radio programs to escape the reality their lives and Orson Welles was getting ready to air his adaptation of the  H.G. Wells novel the “War of the Worlds” ( Original Audio Broadcast ).  The radio drama that night started as a series of news stories interspersed with music.  While there was an announcement at the beginning and the end of the program informing listeners that the events were not real, many people did not hear that part of the program.  Newspapers reported widespread panic and hundreds if not thousands of people called their local radio stations, fire and police departments.", "Portions of the broadcast were aired for the first time the following day. The original disks on which the recording were made were donated to the National Archives by WLS, Chicago’s Prairie Farmer radio station, and are among the holdings of the Special Media Archives—Donated Materials.", "However, before they could take up proposed legislation, an incident happened that would quickly and dramatically alter the structure of the wireless spectrum. On April 15, 1912, the R.M.S. Titanic struck an iceberg in the North Atlantic and sank. Thanks to wireless, and the first S.O.S. in history, 713 lives were saved. However, it has been argued that the number of survivors could have been doubled or even tripled, if there were stronger wireless regulations in effect. We are going to leave the Wayback Machine hovering over the year 1912, keeping a sharp eye on the Titanic, and on a 22 year old experimenter in Yonkers, N.Y., who would soon make some major contributions to radio.", "October 30, 1938 - The War of the Worlds radio broadcast panicked millions of Americans. Actor Orson Welles and the Mercury Players dramatized the story by H.G. Wells depicting a Martian invasion of New Jersey. Their script utilized simulated radio news bulletins which many listeners thought were real.", "The Flood of March 17–18, 1936 caused the river to crest at 33.9’. Flood waters reached High Street. It was known locally as the Hello, Al flood because Al Glaes, operating a short-wave radio station from his home on High Street, kept the city in touch with the rest of the world after the flood disrupted electricity and telephone service.", "The only record of JFK assassination coverage currently available from a Chicago radio station comes from a non-network station, WGN. Host Orion Samuelson was on the air with Country Fair, a program of agricultural news, when the first bulletins were received. After reading the bulletins, Samuelson resumed the regularly scheduled program, periodically interrupting with further bulletins, until a union record-turner arrived and Samuelson was able to end his program, at which time the station began playing somber easy-listening instrumental music as staff and listeners awaited further bulletins. Samuelson recalled years later that he had initially thought fellow staffers were playing a joke on him with the initial bulletins about the shooting, until he realized it was real. ", "On 28 October 1940, on radio station KTSA in San Antonio , Texas , Wells was interviewed by Orson Welles , who two years previously had performed an infamous radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds . In the interview, Wells admitted his surprise at the widespread panic that resulted from the broadcast, but acknowledged his debt to Welles for increasing sales of one of his \"more obscure\" titles. [55]", "On this day in 1933, eight days after his inauguration, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gives his first national radio address or \"fireside chat,\" broadcast directly from the White House. Roosevelt began that first address simply: \"I want to talk for a few minutes with the people of the United States... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fdr-gives-first-fireside-chat?et_cid=72615069&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2ffdr-gives-first-fireside-chat", "In 1974 CBS Radio Mystery Theater aired an episode entitled The Golem, which takes place during the Holocaust. [46]", "Seattle CBS affiliate stations KIRO and KVI broadcast Orson Welles' radio drama. While this broadcast was heard around the country, it made a deep impact in Concrete, Washington . At the point where the Martian invaders were invading towns and the countryside with flashes of light and poison gases and the lights were going down, there was a loud explosion and a power failure plunged almost the entire town of 1,000 into darkness. Some listeners fainted while others grabbed their families to head into the mountains. Others headed for the hills to guard their moonshine stills. One was said to have jumped up out of his chair and, in bare feet, run two miles to the center of town. Some men grabbed their guns, and one Catholic businessman got his wife into the car, drove to the nearest service station and demanded gasoline. Without paying the attendant, he rushed to Bellingham, Washington (50 miles away) to see his priest for a last-minute absolution of sins. He reportedly told the gas-station attendant that paying for the gas \"[wouldn't] make any difference, everyone is going to die!\"", "1937 - Mutual radio debuted The Goodwill Hour, with its familiar phrase, �You have a friend and advisor in John J. Anthony.�", "What 1930s radio show began with the dramatic words, \"Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men?\"", "The radio crime drama series \"Gang Busters\" was the creation of Phillips H. Lord, producer of the successful \"Seth Parker\" radio series. Capitalizing on the public's fascination with gangsters, Lord based his new show on true crime stories, going so far as to obtain the cooperation of the FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. \"G-Men,\" as the series was known initially, premiered on July 20, 1935, but the FBI's enthusiasm waned quickly and its cooperation diminished. Revised as \"Gang Busters,\" the show remained on the air until the late 1950s. The program's spectacular opening, which included sirens, police whistles, gunshots and tires screeching, inspired the slang expression, \"come on like gangbusters!\" Selected for the 2008 registry.", "The scandal also caused the Federal Communications Commission to mandate the sale of Barry-Enright’s radio station in Hollywood, Florida, WGMA. The station was purchased by its general manager, C. Edward Little, who promptly affiliated the station with the Mutual Broadcasting System. After serving for a time as the head of Mutual’s affiliates association, Little became the president of Mutual from 1972-1979. During this time Little created the Mutual Black Network, the first U.S. broadcast network catering exclusively to African-Americans, in addition to the Mutual Spanish Network and the Mutual Southwest Network. Under Little’s administration, Mutual became the first commercial broadcasting entity to use satellite technology for program delivery.", "Written and directed by Robert Arthur and David Kogan, the radio series was sponsored by Adams Hats. It began on the Mutual Broadcasting System, December 5, 1943, continuing in many different timeslots until September 16, 1952. The lonely sound of a distant locomotive heralded the arrival of the malevolent narrator (portrayed by Maurice Tarplin), who introduced himself each week:", "*Alvar Lidell (1908–1981) - BBC radio announcer; his voice was well known during the Second World War ", "1938 - World News Roundup is broadcast for the first time on CBS Radio in the United States.", "1920 The first commercial radio station, owned by the Detroit News, begins broadcasting, in Detroit, with a show called Tonight's Dinner" ]

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[ "The American Civil War caught both sides unprepared. The Confederacy hoped to win by getting Britain and France to intervene, or else by wearing down the North's willingness to fight. The U.S. sought a quick victory focused on capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. The Confederates under Robert E. Lee tenaciously defended their capital until the very end. The war spilled across the continent, and even to the high seas. Most of the material and personnel of the South were used up, while the North prospered.", "The American Civil War caught both sides unprepared. The Confederacy hoped to win by getting Britain and France to intervene, or else by wearing down the North's willingness to fight. The U.S. sought a quick victory focused on capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia . The Confederates under Robert E. Lee tenaciously defended their capital until the very end. The war spilled across the continent, and even to the high seas. Most of the material and personnel of the South were used up, while the North prospered.", "The Confederacy set up its capital in Richmond, Virginia, about 100 miles from the federal capital city, Washington, D.C. And with northern newspapers trumpeting the slogan “On to Richmond,” it seemed inevitable that a clash would occur somewhere between Richmond and Washington in that first summer of war.", "Richmond, Virginia, was the capital of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War (1861–1865). It also served as the capital of Virginia, although when the city was about to fall to Union armies in April 1865, the state government, including the governor and", "Montgomery, Alabama served as the capital of the Confederate States of America from February 4 until May 29, 1861. The naming of Richmond, Virginia as the new capital took place on May 30, 1861. Shortly before the end of the war, the Confederate government evacuated Richmond, planning to relocate farther south. Little came of these plans before Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. Danville, Virginia , served as the last capital of the Confederate States of America, from April 3 to April 10, 1865.", "In 1861 the rebels assumed that \"King Cotton\" was so powerful that the threat of losing their supplies would induce Britain and France to enter the war as allies, and thereby frustrate Union efforts. Confederate leaders were ignorant of European conditions; Britain depended on the Union for its food supply, and would not benefit from an extremely expensive major war with the U.S. The Confederacy moved its capital from a defensible location in remote Montgomery, Alabama, to the more cosmopolitan city of Richmond, Virginia, only 100 mi from Washington. Richmond had the heritage and facilities to match those of Washington, but its proximity to the Union forced the CSA to spend most of its war-making capability to defend Richmond.", "In the four years of war 1861–65 the South was the primary battleground, with all but two of the major battles taking place on Southern soil. Union forces relentlessly squeezed the Confederacy, controlling the border states in 1861, the Tennessee River, the Cumberland River and New Orleans in 1862, and the Mississippi River in 1863. In the East, however, the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee beat off attack after attack in its defense of their capital at Richmond. But when Lee tried to move north, he was repulsed (and nearly captured) at Sharpsburg (1862) and Gettysburg (1863).", "For the first two years Confederate forces did well in set battles but lost control of the border states. The Confederates had the advantage of defending a very large country in an area where disease caused twice as many deaths as combat. The Union pursued a strategy of seizing the coastline, blockading the ports, and taking control of the river systems. By 1863 the Confederacy was being strangled. Its eastern armies fought well, but the western armies were defeated one after another until the Union forces captured New Orleans in 1862 along with the Tennessee River. In the famous Vicksburg Campaign of 1862–63, Ulysses Grant seized the Mississippi River and cut off the Southwest. Grant took command of Union forces in 1864 and after a series of battles with very heavy casualties, he had Lee under siege in Richmond as William T. Sherman captured Atlanta and marched through Georgia and the Carolinas. The Confederate capital was abandoned in April 1865 and Lee subsequently surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House; all other Confederate armies surrendered within a few months.", "The Confederate States of America was overwhelmingly rural. Small towns of more than 1,000 were few--the typical county seat had a population of less than 500 people. Cities were rare. Only New Orleans was in the list of top 10 largest U.S. cities in the 1860 census, and it was captured by the Union in 1862. Only 13 Confederate cities ranked among the top 100 US cities in 1860, most of them ports whose economic activities were shut down by the Union blockade . The population of Richmond swelled after it became the national capital, reaching an estimated 128,000 in 1864 (Dabney 1990:182). Other large southern cities (Baltimore, St. Louis, Louisville, and Washington, as well as Wheeling, West Virginia and Alexandria, Virginia) were never under the control of the Confederate States.", "The Army of Northern Virginia, commonly referred to as \"Lee's Army,\" was the Confederacy's main fighting force in the Eastern Theater of the Civil War. Strategically, the Eastern Theater was arguably the most important battleground of the Civil War; comprising the states of Virginia, West Virginia Maryland, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia, this zone was home to the capital cities of the Union and the Confederacy, as well as site of the War's most famous battles.", "The area claimed by the Confederate States of America consisted overwhelmingly of rural land. Few urban areas had populations of more than 1,000 – the typical county seat had a population of fewer than 500 people. Cities were rare. Of the twenty largest U.S. cities in the 1860 census, only New Orleans lay in Confederate territory  – and the Union captured New Orleans in 1862. Only 13 Confederate-controlled cities ranked among the top 100 U.S. cities in 1860, most of them ports whose economic activities vanished or suffered severely in the Union blockade. The population of Richmond swelled after it became the Confederate capital, reaching an estimated 128,000 in 1864. Other Southern cities in the Border slave-holding states such as Baltimore MD, Washington DC, Wheeling VA/WV and Alexandria VA, Louisville KY, and St. Louis MO, never came under the control of the Confederate government.", "April 3, 1865 - The Confederate capital of Richmond falls to Union forces and Petersburg is occupied. Confederate general Rufus Barringer is defeated and captured after the Battle of Namozine Church by George A. Custer.", "capital of Virginia ; Richmond (capital of the state of Virginia located in the east central part of the state; was capital of the Confederacy during the American Civil War)", "Reconstruction played out against an economy in ruin. The Confederacy in 1861 had 297 towns and cities with a total population of 835,000 people; of these 162 with 681,000 people were at one point occupied by Union forces. Eleven were destroyed or severely damaged by war action, including Atlanta (with an 1860 population of 9,600), Charleston, Columbia, and Richmond (with prewar populations of 40,500, 8,100, and 37,900, respectively); the eleven contained 115,900 people in the 1860 census, or 14% of the urban South. The number of people who lived in the destroyed towns represented just over 1% of the Confederacy's combined urban and rural populations. The rate of damage in smaller towns was much lower—only 45 courthouses were burned out of a total of 830.Paul F. Paskoff, \"Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy,\" Civil War History (2008) 54#1 pp 35–62 doi:10.1353/cwh.2008.0007", "Between 1817 and 1819, three towns were established close together in Alabama: New Philadelphia, Alabama Town, and East Alabama. In 1819, they were consolidated into Montgomery, named for General Richard Montgomery, who died in the Revolutionary War attempting to capture Quebec. Montgomery gained status as a city in 1837 and was named the state's capital in 1846. In 1861, the convention that created the Confederate States of America was held in Montgomery. The city served as the first capital of the Confederacy, until it was moved to Richmond, Virginia .", "General Sherman’s troops captured Atlanta on September 2, 1864. This was an important triumph, because Atlanta was a railroad hub and the industrial center of the Confederacy: It had munitions factories, foundries and warehouses that kept the Confederate army supplied with food, weapons and other goods. It stood between the Union Army and two of its most prized targets: the Gulf of Mexico to the west and Charleston to the East. It was also a symbol of Confederate pride and strength, and its fall made even the most loyal Southerners doubt that they could win the war. (“Since Atlanta,” South Carolinian Mary Boykin Chestnut wrote in her diary, “I have felt as if…we are going to be wiped off the earth.”)", "1862. February 25. Nashville becomes the first state capital in the Confederacy to fall to occupying Union forces. U.S. Consul in Bermuda Charles Allen Allen reports that the Confederate commerce raider CSS Nashville had better fortune than her namesake city. She obtained 150 tons of coal in St. George's, Bermuda, to continue her voyage and left Bermudian waters. ", "Reconstruction played out against a backdrop of a once prosperous economy in ruins. The Confederacy in 1861 had 297 towns and cities with 835,000 people; of these 162 with 681,000 people were at one point occupied by Union forces. Eleven were destroyed or severely damaged by war action, including Atlanta , Charleston , Columbia, and Richmond ; these eleven contained 115,900 people in the 1860 census, or 14% of the urban South. The number of people who lived in the destroyed towns represented just over 1% of the Confederacy's combined urban and rural populations. In addition, 45 court houses were burned (out of 830), destroying the documentation for the legal relationships in the affected communities. [10]", "Which city was the first capital city of the Confederate States of America? A. Atlanta, Georgia B. Charleston, South Carolina C. Baltimore, Maryland D. Montgomery, Alabama", "The city of Montgomery prospered and became the county seat in 1822 and Alabama's permanent capital in 1846. Although it bears the same name as the county, the city was named in honor of a different person, Maj. Gen. Richard Montgomery, who lost his life in the Revolutionary War in the assault against Quebec. The city and the county of Montgomery have been the site of many firsts, with the distinction of being known as the birthplace of the both the Civil War and the civil-rights movement. On February 18, 1861, Jefferson Davis was sworn in as the president of the Confederate States of America in its initial capital of Montgomery. It was from Montgomery that a telegram was sent to authorize the bombardment of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, thus commencing the", "Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860 triggered South Carolina's declaration of secession from the Union. By February 1861, six more Southern states made similar declarations. On February 7, the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their temporary capital at Montgomery, Alabama. A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington in a failed attempt at resolving the crisis. The remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy. Confederate forces seized most of the federal forts within their boundaries. President Buchanan protested but made no military response apart from a failed attempt to resupply Fort Sumter using the ship Star of the West, which was fired upon by South Carolina forces and turned back before it reached the fort. However, governors in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania quietly began buying weapons and training militia units.", "At the start of the Civil War in 1861, Atlanta was a city vital to Southern commerce and transportation. But its importance as a major railroad hub and center for manufacturing ultimately proved lethal to the Confederate stronghold. In September 1864, General William T. Sherman and his Union forces captured the city, a victory that helped secure President Abraham Lincoln's bid for re-election the following November.", "Confederate forces in Tennessee fell back all the way into northern Mississippi. In April, a combined Army-Navy team secured the fall of the Confederate bastion of Island No. 10 in the Mississippi River , and that same month, Flag Officer David G. Farragut ran past the forts guarding the approach to New Orleans and captured that city , the largest in the Confederacy.", "Reconstruction played out against a backdrop of a once prosperous economy in ruins. The Confederacy in 1861 had 297 towns and cities with a combined population of 835,000; of these, 162 locations with 681,000 total residents were at one point occupied by Union forces. Eleven were destroyed or severely damaged by war action, including Atlanta , Georgia ; Charleston, South Carolina ; Columbia, South Carolina ; and Richmond, Virginia ; these eleven contained 115,900 people in the 1860 census, or 14% of the urban South. The number of people who lived in the destroyed towns represented just over 1% of the Confederacy's combined urban and rural populations. In addition, 45 courthouses were burned (out of 830), destroying the documentation for the legal relationships in the affected communities. [13]", "Virginia had the largest population in the South and its storied history played an enormous role in the founding of the U.S. It was the birthplace and home of Presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson . In May 1861, Richmond, Virginia became the capital city of the CSA because it had the natural resources that Confederate government so badly needed to effectively wage a war against the Union.", "By 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a very prosperous city. The city's significance as a shipping port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river and railroad transportation routes. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops. The state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. The Battle of Nashville (December 15–16, 1864) was a significant Union victory and perhaps the most decisive tactical victory gained by either side in the war; it was also the final major military action of the war, which afterwards became almost entirely a war of attrition consisting largely of guerrilla raids and small skirmishes, with the Confederate forces in the Deep South almost constantly in retreat.", "1861 - A Confederate Convention was held in Montgomery, Alabama , where a new constitution was adopted. 1865 - Union General William Sherman and his forces occupied Fayetteville, NC .", "The newly inaugurated Confederate administration pursued a policy of national territorial integrity, continuing earlier state efforts in 1860 and early 1861 to remove U.S. government presence from within their boundaries. These efforts included taking possession of U.S. courts, custom houses, post offices, and most notably, arsenals and forts. But after the Confederate attack and capture of Fort Sumter in April 1861, Lincoln called up 75,000 of the states' militia to muster under his command. The stated purpose was to re-occupy U.S. properties throughout the South, as the U.S. Congress had not authorized their abandonment. The resistance at Fort Sumter signaled his change of policy from that of the Buchanan Administration. Lincoln's response ignited a firestorm of emotion. The people of both North and South demanded war, and young men rushed to their colors in the hundreds of thousands. Four more states (Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas) refused Lincoln's call for troops and declared secession, while Kentucky maintained an uneasy \"neutrality\".", "So Governor Pierpont chose to locate the Restored Government in Alexandria, in the shadow of his political sponsors in Washington and in a community protected by a ring of Federal Army forts. Alexandria served as the state capital, with Pierpont operating out of his office at 415 Prince Street as the state governor, until the Union Army finally captured Richmond in April, 1865. At that point, the state government moved south again to the traditional capital, with the capitol building and the Governor's Mansion.", "United States Senator from Mississippi and an American politician who served as the 1st and only President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865, during the American Civil War.", "The theater of military action was an enormous territory bordered on the north and west by the Potomac, Ohio, and Missouri rivers, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south by the Gulf of Mexico. The northern states had a population of 22 million. The North was covered with a dense rail network and had well-developed industry, including almost all the metallurgical, textile, and arms industries of the entire nation. About 9 million people lived in the territory of the southern states, including 4 million Negro slaves. A significant part of the population of the southern states did not support the rebels. The South did not have the essential economic base for waging a prolonged war. There were considerably fewer cities and railroads in the South than in the North. Combat operations were waged primarily along railroads and rivers, which made it easier to move and supply troops.", "How did the expansion of Confederate cities and industry during the Civil War affect southern society-" ]

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[ "Sir James Matthew Barrie ( 9 May 1860 – 19 June 1937 ) was a Scottish novelist and dramatist, more commonly known as J. M. Barrie. He is most famous as the author of the play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up .", "Sir James Matthew Barrie, 1st Baronet, OM (9 May 1860 Template:Spaced ndash 19 June 1937) was a Scottish author and dramatist, the child of a family of small-town weavers, and best remembered today as the creator of Peter Pan . He was educated in Scotland but moved to London, where he developed a career as a novelist and playwright. There he met the Llewelyn Davies boys who inspired him in writing about a baby boy who has magical adventures in Kensington Gardens (included in The Little White Bird ), then to write Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up , a \"fairy play\" about an ageless boy and an ordinary girl named Wendy who have adventures in the fantasy setting of Neverland .", "Sir James Matthew Barrie, 1st Baronet, (9 May 1860 - 19 June 1937) was a Scottish novelist and playwright, best remembered today as the creator of Peter Pan. He was born and educated in Scotland but moved to London, where he wrote a number of successful novels and plays. There he met the Llewelyn Davies boys, who inspired him to write about a baby boy who has magical adventures in Kensington Gardens (included in The Little White Bird), then to write Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, a \"fairy play\" about an ageless boy and an ordinary girl named Wendy who have adventures in the fantasy setting of Neverland.", "Barrie, Sir James Matthew (1860-1937) - Scottish novelist and playwright, best known for his whimsical tales of fantasy. Peter Pan (1904) - Barrie's most famous work is a fantasy about the Darling children -- Wendy, Michael, and John -- and Peter Pan, the boy who never grows up. Peter teaches the Darlings to fly and takes them to Neverland where they meet the lost boys, encounter Indians, and battle with Captain Hook and his Pirates in this classic children's adventure tale.", "Sir James Matthew Barrie (May 9, 1860 – June 19, 1937), more commonly known as J. M. Barrie, was a Scottish author and dramatist. He is best remembered for creating Peter Pan , the boy who refused to grow up, whom he based on his friends, the Llewelyn Davies boys. He is also credited with popularising the name Wendy, which was very uncommon before he gave it to the heroine of Peter Pan .  More ...", "Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up (1904) is the title of Scottish playwright and novelist James M. Barrie 's most famous play, and Peter and Wendy is the title of Barrie's 1911 novelization of it. Both tell the story of Peter Pan , a mischievous little boy who can fly, and his adventures on the island of Neverland with Wendy Darling and her brothers, the fairy Tinker Bell , the Lost Boys , the Indian princess Tiger Lily , and the pirate Captain Hook . The play and novel were both inspired by Barrie's friendship with the Llewelyn Davies family . The novel follows the play closely, but includes a final chapter not part of the original play.", "Sir James Matthew Barrie was a late nineteenth century a Scottish writer. He prolifically wrote in the genre of novel and drama. His key work is considered to be the stage-play Peter Pan.", "Neverland is a fictional location featured in the works of J. M. Barrie and those based on them. It is an imaginary faraway place, where Peter Pan, Tinker Bell, the Lost Boys and other creatures and beings live. Although not all people who come to Neverland cease to age, its best known resident famously refused to grow up, and it is often used as a metaphor for eternal childhood (and childishness), immortality, and escapism. It was first introduced as \"the Never Never Land\" in the theatre play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up by Scottish writer J. M. Barrie, first staged in 1904.", "Famous for creating a boy who never grew up, Barrie's life experiences may have served as a great inspiration for the Peter Pan character. It is speculated that the 5ft 3 ½ in. Barrie may have experienced PSS, or psychosocial short stature, as a result of the death of his brother when he was just 6 years old. His mother, devastated by the loss of her favorite child, is said to have neglected her remaining children for a great deal of time afterwards. Barrie tried to cheer his mother up by wearing his brother's clothing and whistling the way he had. She was apparently comforted by the fact that her dead son would stay a boy forever, and never grow up to leave her. This theme is prevalent in a great deal of Barrie's writings, but most famously in Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up.", "The child of a family of small-town weavers, he was educated in Scotland. He moved to London, where he developed a career as a novelist and playwright. There he met the Llewelyn Davies boys who inspired him in writing about a baby boy who has magical adventures in Kensington Gardens (included in The Little White Bird), then to write Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, a \"fairy play\" about this ageless boy and an ordinary girl named Wendy who have adventures in the fantasy setting of Neverland. This play quickly overshadowed his previous work and although he continued to write successfully, it became his best-known work, credited with popularising the name Wendy, which was very uncommon previously.", "He returned to the character of Peter Pan as the centre of his stage play entitled Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, which premiered on 27 December 1904 in London. Barrie later adapted and expanded the play's story line as a novel, published in 1911 as Peter and Wendy.", "Sir James Mathew Barrie was a Scottish playwright and novelist whose works were received with great critical and commercial success in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. He discovered the main inspiration for his creative genius in his friendship (and later guardianship) with the children of Arthur and Sylvia Llewellyn-Davies. The Llewellyn-Davies boys, five in number and related to the famous Du Maurier family, featured in many of Barrie's stories and plays and some of these works were written specifically for them.", "Peter Pan is a character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie (1860–1937). A mischievous boy who can fly and magically refuses to grow up, Peter Pan spends his never-ending childhood adventuring on the small island of Neverland as the leader of his gang the Lost Boys, interacting with mermaids, Indians, fairies, and pirates, and (from time to time) meeting ordinary children from the world outside. In addition to two distinct works by Barrie, the character has been featured in a variety of media and merchandise, both adapting and expanding on Barrie's works.", "* 1904 - Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up (play): Peter brings Wendy and her brothers to Neverland, where he has a showdown with his nemesis, Captain Hook. This play was adapted as a novel by Barrie. Variations and adaptations have been produced in various media.", "When he was 6 years old, Barrie's next-older brother David (his mother's favourite) died two days before his 14th birthday in an ice-skating accident. This left his mother devastated, and Barrie tried to fill David's place in his mother's attentions, even wearing David's clothes and whistling in the manner that he did. One time Barrie entered her room, and heard her say \"Is that you?\" \"I thought it was the dead boy she was speaking to\", wrote Barrie in his biographical account of his mother, Margaret Ogilvy (1896), \"and I said in a little lonely voice, 'No, it's no' him, it's just me.'\" Barrie's mother found comfort in the fact that her dead son would remain a boy forever, never to grow up and leave her. [2] Eventually Barrie and his mother entertained each other with stories of her brief childhood and books such as Robinson Crusoe , works by fellow Scotsman Walter Scott , and The Pilgrim's Progress . [3]", "Barrie grew up but he didn't grow up. Both Alison Lurie in an article in The New York Review of Books and Andrew Birkin in J. M. Barrie and the Lost Boys make strong cases for the idea that even though physically Barrie reached manhood, emotionally he was still a preteen boy whose primary attachment was to his mother or to mother figures. Physically, he was barely 5 foot 2 inches tall with a high slight voice and an extremely youthful appearance. He grew a large mustache to make himself appear older, but that, plus the baggy way his clothes fit, only made him look like a little boy playing dress-up in his father's clothes. Lurie wrote that he suffered from incomplete puberty, which can be caused by a glandular deficiency or by a deep subconscious desire on the part of the sufferer not to grow up and face adulthood.2", "It is staggering to think of Barrie writing so overtly Oedipal a parable while the terms in which to speak of it were still forming in the head of a Viennese doctor. But in the late twentieth century these terms have come increasingly into use, notably as a consequence of two works which asked the question why Peter Pan didn't grow up. One of them was Jacqueline Rose's brilliantly abrasive study, The Case of Peter Pan, or The Impossibility of Children's Fiction (1984). It put the more sinister proposition that Peter Pan doesn't grow up \"because someone else prefers that he shouldn't\"—implicating not just Barrie in this, but all adults who watch or read Peter Pan, for accepting Barrie's proffered licence to regard children—and childhood—from a voyeuristic standpoint. Five years earlier, The Lost Boys, Andrew Birkin's biography examining Barrie's relationship with the Llewelyn-Davies children, was published. It tells how J. M. Barrie's tall, athletic older brother died in a skating accident at the age of thirteen, and of Barrie's efforts to console his mother, and how Barrie barely grew thereafter.", "When he was 6 years old, Barrie's next-older brother David (his mother's favourite) died two days before his 14th birthday in an ice-skating accident. This left his mother devastated, and Barrie tried to fill David's place in his mother's attentions, even wearing David's clothes and whistling in the manner that he did. One time, Barrie entered her room and heard her say, \"Is that you?\" \"I thought it was the dead boy she was speaking to\", wrote Barrie in his biographical account of his mother Margaret Ogilvy (1896), \"and I said in a little lonely voice, 'No, it's no' him, it's just me. Barrie's mother found comfort in the fact that her dead son would remain a boy forever, never to grow up and leave her. Eventually, Barrie and his mother entertained each other with stories of her brief childhood and books such as Robinson Crusoe, works by fellow Scotsman Walter Scott, and The Pilgrim's Progress.", "Sir James Matthew Barrie was a Scottish dramatist, best known for writing the play Peter Pan.", "On 19 June 1937 JM Barrie, the Scottish playwright and novelist, died. Although a prolific writer, Barrie is principally remembered today for his classic children’s story, ‘Peter Pan’. Other notable Barrie works include the prose work ‘A Window in Thrums’ and the play ‘The Admirable Crichton’.", "J.M. Barrie created his character based on his older brother, David, who died in an ice-skating accident the day before his 14th birthday. His mother and brother thought of him as forever a boy. The \"boy who wouldn't grow up\" character has been described as a variety of ages.", "The utilization of a phrase from his creation, in the service of rallying a fighting sentiment, must have seemed like a nightmare to Barrie, who was a broken man after the death of the eldest Llewellyn-Davies son, George, in the trenches in France. In essence Frohman’s final words (and the mileage given them by the British press), linked Peter Pan to one of the “pervasive expressions of zealotry associated with World War I: that facing death in warfare was the great adventure.” ⁸  J. M. Barrie did not, of course, originate this idea, but the romance of dying young in warfare became strongly connected to “The Boy Who Would Not Grow Up.”", "Scottish playwright and novelist, J. M. Barrie is best known for the creation of the character Peter Pan .", "Named after the well-loved J.M. Barrie character who refuses to grow up. Accepted in popular psychology, people with this syndrome display immaturity in most areas of his life; they shun responsibility, oppose accepted norms, focus more on fantasies than on reality and often need to be mothered. ", "Named after the well-loved J.M. Barrie character that simply refuses to grow up. Accepted in popular psychology, people with this syndrome display immaturity in most areas of his life; they shun responsibility, oppose accepted norms, focus more on fantasies than on reality and often need to be mothered.", "James Matthew Barrie was born on May 9, 1860, in Kirriemuir, Scotland, the ninth child of a weaver. His childhood was intensely happy until he was six. Many of his childhood preoccupations found their way into Peter Pan in one form or other. He loved to put on plays, most of which dealt with pirates and desert islands, two of his favorite interests kept constantly whetted by reading the adventure stories of Robert Louis Stevenson and R. M. Ballantyne.", "The best-beloved writer of his day: The Late Sir James Barrie, dramatist and novelist, whose plays and stories \"brought joy and inspiration to young and old.\"", "Barrie was born in Kirriemuir, Angus , to a conservative Calvinist family. His father David Barrie was a modestly successful weaver. His mother Margaret Ogilvy Barrie had assumed her deceased mother's household responsibilities at the age of 8. Barrie was the ninth child of ten (two of whom died before he was born), all of whom were schooled in at least the three Rs, in preparation for possible professional careers. He was a small child (he only grew to 5 feet 3 inches as an adult), and drew attention to himself with storytelling.", "Whatever the cause, Barrie always remained a person who was far more comfortable in the company of children than adults. He was honorary uncle to many children. Foremost among these were the sons of Arthur and Sylvia Llewelyn Davies. Barrie entertained the boys with tales of the baby Peter's life as a bird before he was born. Soon the stories became too complicated for Peter to be the hero, so Barrie invented a new hero for the stories. This was Peter Pan, whose adventures at that time were confined to the Gardens.", "That year, on a stroll through KensingtonGardens, Barrie made the acquaintance of 5-year-old George and 4-year-old Jack Llewelyn Davies. The fascination was mutual. The boys found a childlike adult in the midst of stodgy Victorian England, and Barrie—who lived with his wife and a Saint Bernard named Porthos in London’s fashionable Gloucester Road— found a rapt audience for his fanciful tales, which transformed the vast London park into a fairyland. His audience grew over the following decade as George and Jack were joined by three younger brothers.", "Barrie moved to London, where he became well known as a playwright and novelist. In 1894, he married an actress named Mary Ansell, but it wasn't a happy union, and ultimately ended in divorce. In a way to escape his uneasy home life, Barrie began taking long walks with his St. Bernard, Porthos, through London's Kensington Gardens. It was there that he met three of the five Llewelyn Davis boys, George, John, and baby Peter, who served as further inspiration for his writings. Childless himself, Barrie spent hours entertaining the boys with his stories, and impressing them with his ability to wiggle his ears and eyebrows.", "Barrie's first novel was \"Auld Licht Idylls\" (1888). Barrie also wrote with Conan Doyle , alluded several times in the novel." ]

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[ "A luthier is someone who makes or repairs lutes and other string instruments. In the United States, the term is used interchangeably with any term that refers to a specific, or specialty type of stringed instrument, such as violin maker, guitar maker, lute maker, etc. The word luthier comes from the French word luth, which means lute. The craft of making string instruments, or lutherie, is commonly divided into two main categories: makers of stringed instruments that are plucked or strummed and makers of stringed instruments that are bowed. Since bowed instruments require a bow, the second category includes a subtype known as a bow maker or archetier.", "A luthier ( ) is someone who builds or repairs string instruments generally consisting of a neck and a sound box. The word \"luthier\" comes from the French word luth, which means lute. The term originally referred to makers of lutes and is now used interchangeably with any term that refers to makers of a specific, or specialty, type of stringed instrument, such as violin maker, guitar maker, or lute maker, but excluding makers of instruments such as harps and pianos, which require different skills and construction methods because their strings are secured to a frame.", "A luthier is someone who makes or repairs stringed instruments. In the United States, the term is used interchangeably with a term for the specialty of each maker, such as violinmaker, guitar maker, lute maker, etc. The word luthier comes from the French word luth, which means \"lute\".", "Musical instrument construction is a specialized trade that requires years of training, practice, and sometimes an apprenticeship. Most makers of musical instruments specialize in one genre of instruments; for example, a luthier makes only stringed instruments. Some make only one type of instrument such as a piano.", "The European lute and the modern Near-Eastern oud descend from a common ancestor via diverging evolutionary paths. The lute is used in a great variety of instrumental music from the Medieval to the late Baroque eras and was the most important instrument for secular music in the Renaissance. It is also an accompanying instrument, especially in vocal works, often realizing a basso continuo or playing a written-out accompaniment. The player of a lute is called a lutenist, lutanist, \"lewtist\" or lutist, and a maker of lutes (or any string instrument) is referred to as a luthier.", "The craft of making string instruments, or lutherie, is commonly divided into two main categories: makers of stringed instruments that are plucked or strummed and makers of stringed instruments that are bowed. Since bowed instruments require a bow, the second category includes a subtype known as a bow maker or archetier.", "Luthier - A guitar maker and guitar repair expert. Always look for an experienced luthier. A good luthier will generally offer free repair estimates and explain the nature of the repair. Sometimes incorrectly spelled Luther.", "Cellos are made by luthiers, specialists in building and repairing stringed instruments, ranging from guitars to violins. The following luthiers are notable for the cellos they have produced:", "In the 17th century, there were several families of luthiers who were very good at making instruments. The most famous violin makers were Stradivarius , Amati , and Guarneri . Some of the instruments that these luthiers made are still here today. They are kept in museums all around the world. They are some of the best instruments in existence. [11] They can have prices over one million dollars. [12]", "It’s the traditional name for craftspeople who make and repair stringed instruments, and is derived from the French word ‘lute’.", "The late Robert Lundberg, a noted luthier who performed extensive research on historical lute-making methodology, states in his 2002 book Historical Lute Construction that yew was historically a prized wood for lute construction. European legislation establishing use limits and requirements for yew limited supplies available to luthiers, but it was apparently as prized among medieval, renaissance, and baroque lute builders as Brazilian rosewood is among contemporary guitar-makers for its quality of sound and beauty.", "Vietnam – an unexpected place to find the world’s finest luthier. Its wonderful hand-made guitars are sought after by the finest musicians in the world.", "By the end of the sixteenth century, seven-course lutes became popular while lutes with eight and ten courses became more common. Thanks to the trade between Venice and Africa , exotic materials such as ebony, ivory, snake wood, and rosewood were favored materials in lute construction. During this time, the Tieffenbrucker family (one of the most important families dedicated to the craft of lute making in Venice) developed a new method to build lutes using a very large number of ribs (more than thirty), often made of yew wood instead of maple. After this, yew became one of the most highly appreciated materials among lute makers ( 1989.13 ).", "Luthiers can also repair many kinds of physical damage. One common type of damage is a dented soundboard (top of guitar), or back. This is often physical trauma that has broken through the finish of the instrument and entered the wood. A luthier can clean, seal, patch and refinish the damaged area to make it barely noticeable, which also protects the wood from further decay.", "Luthiers can earn more in New York and Washington, D.C., where living costs are typically higher. This means they can charge more for their services because average prices for most products are higher in New York and Washington, D.C. For example, a Luthier earning $50,000 in Des Moines, Iowa, would need to make $125,282 in New York City to maintain his living standard, according to CNN Money's \"Cost of Living\" calculator. In Washington, D.C., he'd have to earn $80,140 for the same reason, or approximately 60 percent more. Luthiers also earn more by selling the stringed instruments they make at their own retail stores.", "the proper stiffness and are preferably the thickest at and near the center.” Violins had for centuries been con structed with a carved convex back and top. Gibson produced not just guitars but also mandolins in this way, creating a new American form of the instrument. Orville Gibson sold his name and patents to five Kalamazoo business men who started the Gibson MandolinGuitar Manufacturing Company in 1902. The company hired sound engi neer and master luthier Lloyd Loar in", "Regazzi, Roberto. The Complete Luthier's Library. A Useful International Critical Bibliography for the Maker and the Connoisseur of Stringed and Plucked Instruments. ISBN   88-85250-01-7", "The process of \"scalloping\" a fingerboard well, if done by hand, is tedious work, usually done by careful filing of wood between the frets, and requires a large investment of time. Consequently, it is relatively expensive to have done. Generally, luthiers scallop fingerboards with a special milling machine that has 22 or 24 (according to neck dimensions and number of frets) wood cutting tools. This equipment saves time and adds precision to the process of scalloping the wood in the neck's radius the same in all fret spaces.", "The desire for better sound moved many luthiers to experiment with varying shapes for the instrument. Also, there was at this time a great love for strangeness and novelty for their own sake. Probably the most spectacular guitars developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were the closely related lyre-guitar and harp-guitar and harpolyre.", "If strings buzz, if the action sits high, if a valuable or sentimental instrument is simply dirty from years of storage, misuse or neglect, a luthier is the one to call. Under skilled, caring hands your instrument can be revived and go on to provide additional years of pleasure, not only for you, but for generations to follow.", "Important luthiers who specialized in the instruments of the lute family (lutes, archlutes, theorbos, vihuelas, etc.):", "Vicente Larrain luthier, builds, repairs and restores musical instruments (violines, violas, celos, guitars...) in Bogotá, Colombia.", "Antonio Stradivari (ca. 1644-1737) from Cremona, Italy was a crafter of stringed instruments such as violins, cellos, guitars and harps and the most prominent member of a renowned family of Italian instrument-makers. He is often known to the general public under the Latinized version of his name, Stradivarius, or the colloquial “Strad.” He was possibly a pupil of Nicolò Amati (1596-1684), who came from another dynasty of violin-makers. During his remarkably long life, Stradivari made or supervised the production of more than 1,100 instruments, including harps, guitars, violas and cellos. More than half of these survive and are still being used today by some of the world’s leading string players. He was a careful craftsman and selected woods of the highest possible quality, but scientists are still struggling to explain exactly what set his instruments apart from others. His workshop was by the mid-eighteenth century engaged in a healthy rivalry with that of the Guarneri family, among them Giuseppe Guarnieri (1698-1744). As Norman Davies writes in his book Europe: A History:", "Gaspar Borchardt, whose workshop is opposite Cremona's cathedral, is inspired by the beautiful Romanesque building. He says that the city's violin-making school taught him very precise craftsmanship, but most of what he knows comes from 27 years of practice. He makes about eight instruments a year, each of which takes 200-250 hours of painstaking work—and lots of creative energy. Mr Toto of the makers' consortium explains that “you are constantly thinking about the violin you are making, so you couldn't keep several going at the same time.” Makers usually finish putting together one, then begin varnishing it and start work on the next as the layers of varnish dry.", "A distinct European tradition of lute development is noticeable in pictures and sculpture from the 13th century onward. As early as the beginning of the 14th century, strings were doubled into courses on the miniature lute or gittern, used throughout Europe. The small zigzag-shaped soundhole became a round soundhole covered with a decoration. The mandore, appeared in the late 16th century, and the mandolino or Baroque mandolin in the 17th century.", "The most outstanding guitar maker of all Europe was Joachim Tielke of Hamburg (1641-1719). His striking guitars were made and decorated with materials such as ivory, tortoise shell, ebony, gold and silver, mother-of-pearl, jaracanda wood. The workmanship was consistently of the highest quality. On one of them, the sides are made of ivory with pictures engraved on them. These pictures represent scenes from Genesis. His other guitars are covered with Tielke-type floral decorations surrounding mythological scenes, a characteristic of his handiwork. This tendency toward elaborate decoration, as manifested in Tielke instruments, represents the height of German craftmanship; it is comparable to that of the masters of the Italian Renaissance.", "Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers. Some notable modern American carved mandolin manufacturers include, in addition to Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings. Mandolins from other countries include The Loar (China), Santa, Rosa (China), Michael Kelly (Korea), Eastman (China), Kentucky (China), Heiden (Canada), Gilchrist (Australia) and Morgan Monroe (China).", "Lute ( ) can refer generally to any string instrument having the strings running in a plane parallel to the sound table (in the Hornbostel–Sachs system), more specifically to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either fretted or unfretted) and a deep round back, or more specifically to an instrument from the family of European lutes.", "Today, makers of electric guitars often emphasize materials, finishes, and overall design as much as the technological aspects of their instruments. Style and craftsmanship are and will continue to be especially important to the marketing success of electric guitars.", "The thick round neck is turned on a lath, to make some round shaped decorations at the end. The neck extends into the body to almost the end. Here the wood ends in 4 pointed \"sticks\" for fixing the strings.", "Even though many blind experiments demonstrate that it is hard to distinguish a  Strad from a Guarneri del Gesu or even 20th century instruments, Stradivari instruments are undeniably famous for the quality of their sounds. Spruce for the top, willow for internal blocks and maple for the back, ribs and neck were the types of wood Antonio Stradivari used to create violins that now sell for tens of millions of dollars (a viola made was recently put up for auction with a minimum bid for $45 million).", "JOURNEYMAN or JORMAN A master craftsman. One who served his apprenticeship and mastered his craft; properly, one who no longer is bound to serve for years but is hired day to day (Often self employed)" ]

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[ "Seven Little Monsters is a children's picture book by American author and illustrator Maurice Sendak. Seven Little Monsters was published by Harper & Row in 1977 and served as the basis for the Canadian-Chinese television production of the same name (2000-2007).", "Maurice Bernard Sendak (/ˈsɛndæk/; June 10, 1928 – May 8, 2012) was an American illustrator and writer of children's books. He became widely known for his book Where the Wild Things Are, first published in 1963. Born to Jewish-Polish parents, his childhood was affected by the death of many of his family members during the Holocaust. Besides Where the Wild Things Are, Sendak also wrote works such as In the Night Kitchen, Outside Over There, and illustrated many works by other authors including the Little Bear books by Else Holmelund Minarik.", "Maurice Bernard Sendak (/ˈsɛnd�k/; June 10, 1928 � May 8, 2012) was an American illustrator and writer of children's books. He became widely known for his book Where the Wild Things Are, first published in 1963. Born to Jewish-Polish parents, his childhood was affected by the death of many of his family members during the Holocaust. Besides Where the Wild Things Are, Sendak also wrote works such as In the Night Kitchen, Outside Over There, and illustrated many works by other authors including the Little Bear books by Else Holmelund Minarik.", "Maurice Sendak (1928-2012) published Where the Wild Things Are in 1963 receiving the Caldecott medal and selling more than 19 million copies. His books like In the Night Kitchen and Outside Over There included Holocaust themes from his childhood. In addition to his writing, he was also an acclaimed illustrator of books like the Little Bear series.", "In September, a new picture book by Mr. Sendak, “ Bumble-Ardy ” — the first in 30 years for which he produced both text and illustrations — was issued by HarperCollins Publishers. The book, which spent five weeks on the New York Times children’s best-seller list, tells the not-altogether-lighthearted story of an orphaned pig (his parents are eaten) who gives himself a riotous birthday party.", "Among the other titles he wrote and illustrated, all from Harper & Row, are “In the Night Kitchen” (1970) and “Outside Over There” (1981), which together with “Where the Wild Things Are” form a trilogy; “The Sign on Rosie’s Door” (1960); “Higglety Pigglety Pop!” (1967); and “The Nutshell Library” (1962), a boxed set of four tiny volumes comprising “Alligators All Around, ” “Chicken Soup With Rice,” “One Was Johnny” and “Pierre.”", "Theodor Seuss Geisel (; March 2, 1904 – September 24, 1991) was an American writer and illustrator best known for authoring popular children's books under the pen name Dr. Seuss. His work includes several of the most popular children's books of all time, selling over 600 million copies and being translated into more than 20 languages by the time of his death. ", "Sendak made his film debut with two original stories written for Sesame Street.  The films were produced by none other than Jim Henson, who even briefly provides the voice of Bumble Ardy himself.  The animation was handled by Fred Calvert.  Sendak developed both stories over the years, and both eventually saw print: Seven Little Monsters in 1977 and Bumble Ardy maaaany years later in 2011, by which point Bumble had become a pig.", "Since the publication of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in 1997, the Harry Potter novels have sold 400 million copies worldwide and have been translated into 65 languages. J. K. Rowling has generated huge popular appeal for her books across the generations in an unprecedented fashion: she was the first children's author to be voted the BA Author of the Year, and also to win the British Book Awards Author of the Year. J. K. Rowling lives with her family in Edinburgh. show more", "Theodor Seuss Geisel Born: 2 March 1904 Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S Died: 24 September 1991California, U.S Was an American writer, poet, and cartoonist. He was most widely known for his children's books, which he wrote and illustrated under the pseudonym Dr. Seuss. Dr. Seuss was born Theodor Geisel in Springfield, Massachusetts on March 2, 1904. After attending Dartmouth College and Oxford University, he began a career in advertising. Dr. Seuss's first children's book, And To Think That I Saw It On Mulberry Street, hit the market in 1937, and the world of children's literature was changed forever. In 1957, Seuss's The Cat in the Hat became the prototype for one of Random House's best- selling series, Beginner Books. This popular series combined attractive stories with illustrations and playful sounds to teach basic reading skills. Clearly the 20th century's most famous author for children, Dr. Seuss, wrote and illustrated nearly 60 books of quirky children's verse during his lifetime. His books were famous for their funny rhymes and capricious characters among Suess's most famous titles is his story How the Grinch Stole Christmas (1957) was made into 1966 animated TV special (directed by Chuck Jones) and a 2000 feature film starring Jim Carrey as the Grinch. Dr. Seuss was awarded a special Pulitzer Prize in 1984. Other Books: ", "During his life, he had many successes, such as winning two Academy Awards, two Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award and a Pulitzer Prize. He is most famous for his 44 illustrated and written children's books. His books have been translated into more than 15 languages, and at the time of his death, there were over 200 million copies all over the world. His books were second on the list of most sold books in the world, next to the Bible. His books have inspired his readers to use their imaginations and enjoy the strange and fun experiences life has to offer. The last book he wrote before his death on September 24, 1991, was Oh, The Places You'll Go! Ted will always be known to have lived a double life, one as Theodor Seuss Geisel, and one as Dr. Seuss!", "This season, in the land of children's books, there be giants and dragons, wimps and blue horses. First, about the giants. They're not imaginary ones. In fact, they're quite familiar. Dr. Seuss and Shel Silverstein. New books from both classic authors are coming this month - Seuss' \"The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories\" (Random House) and Silverstein's \"Everything on It: Poems and Drawings\" (HarperCollins). \"New\" isn't exactly the correct word to use - \"Bippolo Seed\" gathers together stories that Seuss, who died in 1991, published in magazines in the 1950s; while Silverstein, who died in 1999, left behind numerous drawings and poems that make up the content of \"Everything on It. \" The books, aimed at ages 6 and up (Seuss)", "Maurice Sendak – Maurice Sendak , author of \"Where the Wild Things Are\" and illustrator of nearly 100 books, died at age 83 on May 8.", "Some reviewers compared Philosopher's Stone to the stories of Roald Dahl, who died in 1990. Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor, but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and, in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of Philosopher's Stone, seven of the ten most popular children's books were by Dahl, including the one in top place. The only other really popular children's author of the late 1990s was an American, R. L. Stine. Some of the story elements in Philosopher's Stone resembled parts of Dahl's stories; for example, the hero of James and the Giant Peach lost his parents and had to live with a pair of unpleasant auntsone fat and one thin rather like Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, who treated Harry as a servant. However Harry Potter was a distinctive creation, able to take on the responsibilities of an adult while remaining a child inside.", "Roald Dahl was born in Wales on September 13th, 1916. His first book for children, The Gremlins, was written in 1943. Following this, Dahl went on to write several of the most popular children's stories of the 20th century, including Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Matilda, and James and the Giant Peach. Several of Dahl's stories, including these, have been made into motion pictures. He died in 1990.", "Fantasy author Terry Pratchett has died aged 66 after a long battle with Alzheimer's disease. \"The world has lost one of its brightest, sharpest minds,\" said Transworld Publishers' Larry Finlay. Sir Terry, best known for the Discworld series, wrote more than 70 books over his lengthy career. He died on March 12, 2015.", "Maurice Sendak was born on June 10, 1928 in New York City. The now-renowned children's author studied at the Art Students League and illustrated more than 80 books by other writers before authoring one himself. His most critically acclaimed work includes the dark and beloved story Where the Wild Things Are. Later in his career Sendak collaborated with Carole King on the musical Really Rosie and has done other work for the stage.", "The author, who died last month at the age of 66 after an eight-year battle with Alzheimer’s Disease, wrote the book last year.", "Author Janet Kagan (b.1946) died on March 1 of acute Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Kagan began publishing in 1982 with the story \"Faith of the Month\" and went on to win the Hugo Award for her story \"The Nutcracker Coup.\" Three of her novelettes, \"The Nutcracker Coup,\" \"Getting the Bugs Out,\" and \"The Loch Moose Monster\" also won the Asimov's Reader Poll.", "The prolific author, who wrote dozens of children's books across his lifetime, died in 1990 at the age of 74.", "Enid Blyton (1897-1968) wrote over 600 children's books during her 40 year career selling over 600 million copies. Her characters include Noddy and many series such as The Secret Seven.", "Prolific British-American playwright and children's author Frances Eliza Hodgson was born on November 24, 1849. A writer from a young age to lift her once-wealthy family from poverty, she went on the publish twenty novels, many of which became plays, and numerous short stories.", "Children's author Dick King-Smith , whose much-loved tale The Sheep-Pig was adapted into the hit film Babe, has died at the age of 88, at home in his sleep.", "\"Those four books\" dominated his life. The first, When We Were Very Young, was published in November 1924, dedicated to \"Christopher Robin Milne\", just turned four; the last, The House at Pooh Corner, was published in October 1928. Within eight weeks, the first collection of verses had sold more than 50,000 copies; by the time the last book appeared, each title was selling several hundred thousand worldwide.", "“We are our own dragons and our own heroes. We must rescue ourselves from ourselves.” – Peter S. Beagle, American novelist, essayist, screenplay writer, and author of the fantasy work “The Last Unicorn,” who was born 20 April 1939.", "Prolific author of 'farmyard fantasies' for children, whose book The Sheep-Pig was adapted into Hollywood hit, passes away at home", "Author Hugh Cook (b.1956) died on November 8. Cook published ten novels in his \"Chronicles of an Age of Darkness\" before the series, projected as sixty volumes, was cancelled due to poor sales. Cook was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and underwent chemotherapy and radiation treatment in 2005.", "The factor that makes this book really unique is that it is an alphabet book written in verse, with each letter connected to a name and a short story. Originally written in 1940, the book was at first considered too complex for children and was not published until seventy years later in 2011. The book’s further uniqueness comes from the illustrations of Giselle Potter, which give it a really interesting and recognizable style.", "Robert McCloskey (1914-2003) wrote eight picture books including the Caldecott medal winners Make Way for Ducklings and Time for Wonder. Blueberries for Sal, One Morning in Maine, and JourneyCake, Ho! were honor books.", "The popular children's book author wrote \"Where The Wild Things Are\" in 1963. He won a Caldecott Medal for the book in 1964, and was adapted into a movie in 2009.", "IN 1962 THIS AUTHOR & ILLUSTRATOR PUBLISHED \"THE NUTSHELL LIBRARY\", WHICH INCLUDES THE BOOK, \"CHICKEN SOUP WITH RICE\"..", "Wrote the novel \"A Child's Night Dream\" when he was 19 years old. The novel was not published until 1998." ]

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[ "On May 8, 1914, the US Congress passed a law designating the second Sunday in May as Mother’s Day, and on May 9, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation declaring the first national Mother’s Day.", "On May 9, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the second Sunday in May as Mother's Day \"as a public expression of love and reverence for the mothers of our country.\"", "On this day in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson issues a presidential proclamation that officially establishes the first national Mother’s Day holiday to celebrate America’s mothers.", "The House of Representatives in May 1913 unanimously adopted a resolution requesting the President, his cabinet, the members of both Houses and all officials of the federal government to wear a white carnation on Mother's Day. On May 7,1914, a resolution providing that the second Sunday in May be designated Mother's Day was introduced by Representative James T. Heflin of Alabama and Senator Morris Sheppard of Texas. It passed both Houses and on May 9, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson made the first official announcement proclaiming Mother's Day as a national holiday that was to be held each year on the 2nd Sunday of May. He asked Americans to give a public expression of reverence to mothers through the celebration of Mother's Day:", "The time-honored tradition of recognizing mothers grew out of the imagination of a few bold women. Julia Ward Howe, composer of The Battle Hymn of the Republic, urged mothers to advocate for peace through a day dedicated to them. After her own mother passed away, Anna Jarvis sought to recognize the great influence mothers have on society. These efforts led to the recognition of mothers through a Congressional Resolution and President Woodrow Wilson's proclamation of the first Mother's Day in 1914. Today, we proudly carry forward this tradition in honor of mothers, the special women whose love and lessons profoundly impact our lives.", "In 1908, the US Congress rejected a proposal to make Mother's Day an official holiday, joking that they would have to proclaim also a \"Mother-in-law's Day\". However, owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis, by 1911 all US states observed[ clarification needed ] the holiday, with some of them officially recognizing Mother's Day as a local holiday, [8] the first being West Virginia, Jarvis' home state, in 1910. In 1914, Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation designating Mother's Day, held on the second Sunday in May, as a national holiday to honor mothers. [9]", "When you say \"Mother’s Day\" you are actually referring to the American version of the event. President Woodrow Wilson established the first national Mother’s Day holiday to celebrate America’s mothers in 1914.", "In that first Mother's Day proclamation, issued on May 9, 1914, President Wilson said the holiday gives Americans the chance to express \"our love and reverence for the mothers of our country.\"", "In 1912 Anna Jarvis trademarked the phrases \"second Sunday in May\" and \"Mother's Day\", and created the Mother's Day International Association. She specifically noted that \"Mother's\" should \"be a singular possessive, for each family to honor its own mother, not a plural possessive commemorating all mothers in the world.\" This is also the spelling used by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in his 1914 presidential proclamation, by the U.S. Congress in relevant bills, and by various U.S. presidents in their proclamations concerning Mother's Day. ", "Finally on May 8, 1914 President Woodrow Wilson signed a Joint Resolution designating the second Sunday in May as Mother's Day.  ", "In 1912, Anna Jarvis trademarked the phrases \"second Sunday in May\" and \"Mother's Day\", and created the Mother's Day International Association.[11] She specifically noted that \"Mother's\" should \"be a singular possessive, for each family to honor its mother, not a plural possessive commemorating all mothers of the world.\"[12] This is also the spelling used by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in his 1914 presidential proclamation, by the U.S. Congress in relevant bills,[13][14] and by various U.S. presidents in their proclamations concerning Mother's Day.[15] However, \"Mothers' Day\" (plural possessive) or \"Mothers Day\" (plural non-possessive) are also sometimes seen.", "Over the years, the idea spread, and people lobbied Congress to establish the holiday. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson, who had signed a proclamation establishing Mother's Day , approved the idea, but never signed a proclamation for it. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge made it a national event to \"establish more intimate relations between fathers and their children and to impress upon fathers the full measure of their obligations.\"", "During the First World War, Mother’s Day celebrations highlighted connections between motherhood, war, and women’s political and patriotic duties. On Mother’s Day 1918, General John Pershing requested that all soldiers take a moment to write letters to their mothers. That same year, President Woodrow Wilson commended American mothers for offering their sons to the United States military, echoing Julia Ward Howe’s sentiments that mothers sacrifice the most in times of war.", "NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 8, 2011, as Mother's Day. I urge all Americans to express their love, respect, and gratitude to mothers everywhere, and I call upon all citizens to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities.", "NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 10, 2009, as Mother's Day. I urge all Americans to express their love, respect, and gratitude to mothers everywhere, and I call upon all citizens to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities.", "It's said that Mother's Day was first suggested in the United Sates by Julia Ward Howe in 1872 as a day dedicated to peace after the Franco Prussian War. Ironically, the idea waned in popularity in the years before World War I. The holiday was revived thanks to Anna M. Jarvis.", "It was American social activist Anna Jarvis (1864-1948) from West Virginia who campaigned for an official day for mothers in the US.", "The Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 8, 1914 (38 Stat. 770), has designated the second Sunday in May each year as \"Mother's Day\" and requested the President to call for its appropriate observance.", "1907: Mothers Day was first celebrated, initiated by Miss Anna Jarvis of Philadelphia, as part of her womens suffrage and temperance movement.", "The modern-day origins of Mother's Day can be attributed to two women – Julia Ward Howe and Anna Jarvis, who were important in establishing the tradition in the United States. Around 1870, Julia Ward Howe called for Mother's Day to be celebrated each year. It continued to be held in Boston for about 10 years under her sponsorship, but died out after that. Other sources say that Juliet Calhoun Blakely initiated Mother’s Day in Albion, Michigan, in the late 1800s. Her sons paid tribute to her each year and urged others to honor their mothers.", "The modern American holiday of Mother's Day was first celebrated in 1908, when Anna Jarvis held a memorial for her mother at St Andrew's Methodist Church in Grafton, West Virginia, which now holds the International Mother's Day Shrine.[6] Her campaign to make \"Mother's Day\" a recognized holiday in the United States began in 1905, the year her beloved mother, Ann Reeves Jarvis, died. Anna's mission was to honor her own mother by continuing work she started and to set aside a day to honor mothers, \"the person who has done more for you than anyone in the world\". Anna's mother, Ann Jarvis, was a peace activist who cared for wounded soldiers on both sides of the Civil War and created Mother’s Day Work Clubs to address public health issues.", "In its present form, Mother's Day was established by Anna Jarvis with the help of Philadelphia merchant John Wanamaker following the death of her mother, Ann Jarvis, on May 9, 1905. Jarvis never mentioned Howe or Mothering Sunday, and she never mentioned any connection to the Protestant school celebrations, always claiming that the creation of Mother's Day was hers alone. ", "The excerpt above is from Julia Ward Howe’s “Mother’s Day Proclamation,” originally published in 1870 in Boston where Howe had founded the Women's Journal, as an “Appeal to Womanhood Throughout the World.” Appalled by the carnage of the American Civil War and the Franco-Prussian War, Howe called upon all women to promote peace at home and abroad. In 1872, she proposed an annual “Mother’s Day for Peace” celebration. Despite its relatively positive reception, Howe’s holiday did not reach widespread audiences and her call for an end to war was, for many, too radical. By Howe’s death in 1910 the politically active, women-led peace movement she had begun evolved into a new kind of Mother’s Day, influenced and spearheaded by Philadelphian Anna Jarvis.", "In France , amidst alarm at the low birth rate, there were attempts in 1896 and 1904 to create a national celebration honoring the mothers of large families. [62] In 1906 ten mothers who had nine children each were given an award recognising \"High Maternal Merit\" (\"Haut mérite maternel\"). [63] American World War I soldiers fighting in France popularized the US Mother's Day holiday created by Anna Jarvis. They sent so much mail back to their country for Mother's Day that the Union Franco-Américaine created a postal card for that purpose. [62] In 1918, also inspired by Jarvis, the town of Lyon wanted to celebrate a \"journée des Mères\", but instead decided to celebrate a \"Journée Nationale des Mères de familles nombreuses.\" The holiday was more inspired by anti-depopulation efforts than by the US holiday, with medals awarded to the mothers of large families. [62] The French government made the day official in 1920 as a day for mothers of large families. [64] Since then the French government awards the Médaille de la Famille française to mothers of large families.[ citation needed ]", "It was Jarvis' daughter, Anna Jarvis, who finally succeeded in introducing Mother's Day in the sense as we celebrate it today. Anna graduated from the Female Seminary in Wheeling and taught in Grafton for a while. Later she moved to Philadelphia with her family. Anna had spent many years looking after her ailing mother. This is why she preferred to remain a spinster. When her mother died in Philadelphia on May 9, 1905, Anna missed her greatly. So did her sister Elsinore whom she looked after as well. Anna felt children often neglected to appreciate their mother enough while the mother was still alive. Now, she intended to start a Mother's Day, as an honoring of the mothers. In 1907, two years after her mother's death, Anna Jarvis disclosed her intention to her friends who supported her cause wholeheartedly. So supported by her friends, Anna decided to dedicate her life to her mother's cause and to establish Mother's Day to \"honor mothers, living and dead.\" She started the campaign to establish a national Mother's Day. With her friends, she started a letter-writing campaign to urge ministers, businessmen and congressmen in declaring a national Mother's Day holiday. She hoped Mother's Day would increase respect for parents and strengthen family bonds.", "After the death of her mother on May 9, 1905, Anna Jarvis organized several “Mother’s Day” services and began a campaign, with the help of the Philadelphia retailer John Wanamaker, to make Mother’s Day a national holiday.", "“ ‘Mother’s Day,’ which was inaugurated in this City on the 2d of June, 1872, by Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, was celebrated last night at Plimpton Hall by a mother’s peace meeting.” (We’ve gone to the Times archive to expand on the citation.)", "The formal celebration of Mother’s Day in the United States is often attributed to Anna Jarvis, shown in this photograph taken around 1900. Born in Grafton, West Virginia, Jarvis moved to Philadelphia with her brother when she was twenty-eight years old. When her mother’s health began to decline, Jarvis moved her to Philadelphia and cared for her until her death on May 9, 1905. Jarvis went into mourning for more than two years, culminating in her newly imagined Mother’s Day observance in 1908. Jarvis envisioned the day as a way to honor and commemorate her “unselfish Christian mother,” who gave all for her children.", "There were several limited observances in the 1870s and the 1880s but none achieved resonance beyond the local level. At the time, Protestant schools in the United States already held many celebrations and observations such as Children's Day, Temperance Sunday, Roll Call Day, Decision Day, Missionary Day and others. In New York City, Julia Ward Howe led a \"Mother's Day for Peace\" anti-war observance on June 2, 1872, which was accompanied by a \"Appeal to womanhood throughout the world\" (nowadays known as Mother's Day Proclamation). The observance continued in Boston for about 10 years under Howe's personal sponsorship, then died out. In these celebrations, mothers all around the world would work towards world peace.", "In France, amidst alarm at the low birth rate, there were attempts in 1896 and 1904 to create a national celebration honoring the mothers of large families. In 1906 ten mothers who had nine children each were given an award recognising \"High Maternal Merit\" (\"Haut mérite maternel\"). American World War I soldiers fighting in France popularized the US Mother's Day holiday created by Anna Jarvis. They sent so much mail back to their country for Mother's Day that the Union Franco-Américaine created a postal card for that purpose. In 1918, also inspired by Jarvis, the town of Lyon wanted to celebrate a \"journée des Mères\", but instead decided to celebrate a \"Journée Nationale des Mères de familles nombreuses.\" The holiday was more inspired by anti-depopulation efforts than by the US holiday, with medals awarded to the mothers of large families. The French government made the day official in 1920 as a day for mothers of large families. Since then the French government awards the Médaille de la Famille française to mothers of large families.", "On the second Sunday in May 1908, the first official Mother’s Day service was held at the church in Grafton where Ann Jarvis taught Sunday School for over twenty years. Fittingly, the program for the service, shown here, was adorned with a large portrait of Ann Reeves Jarvis. Daughter Anna was unable to attend the service, but she did send 500 flowers to be worn by sons and daughters in honor of their own mothers. Anna chose white carnations both because they were her mother’s favorite and to signify the purity of a mother’s love for her children. Back in Philadelphia, Anna helped organize a gathering of more than 15,000 people to honor their own mothers.", "Jarvis organized a church service to celebrate her mother in 1908 and Anna handed out white carnations to those in attendance because the white carnation was her mother's favorite flower.  Anna Jarvis' hard work began to pay off five years after that service in 1913.  The House of Representatives adopted a resolution calling for officials of the federal government to wear white carnations on the day many began calling Mother's Day, the second Sunday in May." ]

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[ "Hunt starred in a series of television adverts for the coffee brand Nescafé in the 1980s, with a trademark move: to shake his closed hand then open it, to reveal coffee beans, and smell the aroma. ", "Starbucks introduced a new line of instant coffee packets, called VIA \"Ready Brew\", in March 2009. It was first unveiled in New York City with subsequent testing of the product also in Seattle , Chicago and London . The first two VIA flavors include Italian Roast and Colombia, which were then rolled out in October 2009, across the U.S. and Canada with Starbucks stores promoting the product with a blind \"taste challenge\" of the instant versus fresh roast, in which many people could not tell the difference between the instant and fresh brewed coffee. Analysts[ who? ] speculated that by introducing instant coffee, Starbucks would devalue its own brand. [56]", "Apollo Coffeeintroduced a new line of instant coffee packets, called VIA \"Ready Brew\", in March 2009. It was first unveiled in New York City with subsequent testing of the product also in Seattle, Chicago and London. The first two VIA flavors include Italian Roast and Colombia, which were then rolled out in October 2009, across the U.S. and Canada with Apollo Coffeestores promoting the product with a [[blind study|blind]] \"taste challenge\" of the instant versus fresh roast, in which many people could not tell the difference between the instant and fresh brewed coffee. Analysts{{who|date=May 2013}} speculated that by introducing instant coffee, Apollo Coffeewould devalue its own brand.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125418430092348015.html|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|title=Apollo CoffeeTakes New Road With Instant Coffee|date=2009-09-30|accessdate=2012-11-12|first=Julie|last=Jargon}}</ref>", "Frappuccino is a portmanteau of frappe and cappuccino , an espresso coffee with frothed milk. It is unclear whether frappe is taken from frappé, a Greek iced coffee, or from the Boston area term for a thick milkshake frappe (pronounced \"frap\"), both of which come from the French word frappé.[1] The original Frappuccino beverage was developed, named, trademarked and sold by George Howell's Eastern Massachusetts coffee shop chain, The Coffee Connection. When Starbucks purchased The Coffee Connection in 1994, they also gained the rights to use, make, market, and sell the Frappuccino beverage, and soon after began to sell the beverage chain wide.", "Coffee is as popular as tea. Instant coffee (made with hot water, hot milk, or \"half and half\") is much used at home and work, and in inexpensive restaurants. If it is made with just hot water, then it is \"black coffee\"; with added cold milk it becomes \"white coffee\". Percolators are little used, and machines with paper filters are less common than they once were: they often fill a restaurant with a coffee aroma, but a mediocre restaurant will often leave the made coffee heating for too long. Therefore, at dinner parties or good restaurants, the \"french press\" (cafetiere) has become the standard way to serve \"real\" (\"ground\") coffee: the customer can leave the coffee infusing until it as as strong as they like, then press the filter down to stop the brew and restrain the grounds from getting into the cup. The drinker then adds their own milk (hot milk is often provided; cream less often) and sugar. Seattle-style coffee bars serve the usual types of espresso-based coffees (but with a less-bewildering choice of combinations of coffee, milk, sugar, and flavourings). Decaffeinated coffee is available, but not standard. A Pub may serve coffee, and indeed chains (especially Wetherspoons) invariably do, but \"Bar\" type of pub (at a non-busy time of day) is a better option. International coffeshops such as Starbucks, Costa's and Cafe Nero are very common in large towns and cities. These often serve a wide range of coffees, teas and hot chocolate.", "In 1937, researchers in Nestlé's Swiss laboratories created the first instant coffee. One year later, the innovative product made its way to the U.S. as Nescafé, which was a hit among U.S. consumers. In fact, Nestlé chocolate and Nescafé instant coffee fueled American soldiers during World War II and astronauts who traveled to the moon during the 1960s.", "Although General Foods had been marketing decaffeinated coffee under various brand names such as \"Sanka\" since 1927, and \"Brim\" and \"Maxim\", the latter a freeze-dried instant coffee, since the 1950s, it refrained from actually selling Maxwell House-labeled decaffeinated coffee products until 1983, when it introduced ground \"Maxwell House Decaffeinated\" into East Coast markets. (At the same time, a decaffeinated version of its long-established, lighter-tasting \"Yuban\" brand was introduced on the West Coast.) \"Maxwell House Instant Decaffeinated Coffee\" finally came to store shelves in 1985. A further modification of the decaf theme, \"Maxwell House Lite\", a \"reduced-caffeine\" blend, was introduced nationally in 1992 and its instant form the following year.", "Maxwell House was also the sponsor of the radio version of Father Knows Best. Each episode began with the youngest daughter Kitten asking, \"Mother, is Maxwell House really the best coffee in the whole world?\", to which her mother would reply, \"Well, your father says so, and Father Knows Best!\" It was later replaced by Postum, a hot decaffeinated beverage that was touted by Father as being a calming beverage that would neither keep you up nor make you jittery. (In the 1980s, series lead Robert Young was an endorser of the Sanka brand that \"Maxwell House Decaffeinated\" later superseded in the United States.)", "Soon there were other brands on the market, such as Faust Instant Coffee (made by C.F. Blanke Tea & Coffee Co. of St Louis, USA) and Fairy Brand.", "A method of spray drying was perfected in 1937 by a scientist named Max Mortgenthaler. He also added carbohydrates to help \"stabilize\" the coffee. Nestlé launched their Instant Coffee in Switzerland on 1 April 1938. They began making it in Hayes, West London in 1938 as well (some sources say a year later, 1939.)", "Nescafé brands are the most popular in France, but another top-selling Instant Coffee brand in France is \"Carte Noire\", created in 1978 by René Monnier from all Arabica beans (it's actually made in Germany.) It comes in glamorous black and gold bottles, has a strong, deep roasted flavour, and is somewhat less strong than some of the Nescafé brands such as Alta Rica.", "The drink synonymous with the '90s was coffee. Whereas in the past, coffee was what mom and dad drank in the mornings while reading the newspaper, in the '90s coffee became a trendy, must-have beverage, often ordered with a ton of modifiers (tall half-caf, no sugar, whipped cream, two shots of espresso, et cetera). This was the point where Starbucks began (and continues) to pick up in popularity. The fact that coffee was associated with the \"hip\" cultural center of Seattle was probably not a coincidence.", "In 1942 General Foods Corporation, successor to the Postum Company began supplying instant coffee to the U.S. armed forces. Beginning in the fall of 1945, this product, now branded as Maxwell House Instant Coffee, entered test markets in the eastern U.S. and began national distribution the following year.", "In March 2008, Schultz made several announcements to Starbucks shareholders. Schultz introduced Starbucks' \"state of the art espresso system\", [33] the Thermoplan AG manufactured Mastrena, which replaced their previous superauto, the Thermoplan Verismo 801 (known internationally as the Thermoplan Black & White). Starbucks also announced that the company hopes to enter the energy drink market. Pre-ground beans will no longer be used, so that the grinding of whole bean coffee will \"bring aroma, romance and theater\" to American stores. The company also announced the acquisition of The Coffee Equipment Company, [33] the manufacturer of the Clover Brewing System. They are currently test marketing this \"fresh-pressed\" coffee system at six Starbucks locations; three in Seattle, and three in Boston. [34]", "Frappe´ coffee, which is made from instant coffee and served cold, with or without sugar and milk", "There is no coffee quite as ubiquitous as Nescafé, which 41 countries around the world prefer (or least buy the most often). The only other brands that are favorites in more than one country are Jacobs, a German coffee now owned by Mondelez International, and Nespresso, a Swiss coffee sold in capsules meant for coffee pod machines. Americans like Green Mountain coffee, which they drink in Keurig coffee pod machines (more on that in a second), best. Italians like Lavazza. And the coffee-loving Dutch choose Douwe Egberts, a coffee made by D.E. Master Blenders 1753, which is based in the Netherlands.", "6. Maxwell House: Good to the last drop. It is said that Theodore Roosevelt once drank coffee at the Hermitage, the home of Andrew Jackson in Nashville, Tennessee, and said it was good to the last drop. The coffee served to him was from the Maxwell House (hotel) in Nashville – a regional brand of coffee, marketed by the Cheek family. The Cheek family sold the brand to General Foods in New York, which in the 1920s made wide use of the slogan. Maxwell Coffee became a national brand name in the 1920s. Maxwell Coffee was the largest selling coffee in the U.S. till 2007, when it was pushed to the second position by Folgers.", "In 1976 the product was joined by \"Maxwell House A.D.C.\" coffee, the name reflecting its intended use in automatic drip coffee makers such as Mr. Coffee, which were in the process of pushing aside traditional coffee-preparation methods. In 1972, the company had introduced \"Max-Pax\" ground coffee filter rings, aimed at the then still-strong market for drip coffee preparation. Although this method, too, has been eclipsed, the Max-Pax concept was subsequently adapted as Maxwell House Filter Packs, first so called in 1989, for use in automatic coffee makers. By the 1990s, the company had quietly discontinued formulations for specific preparation methods.", "\"Washington Instant Coffee. Can. 29 cents.\" -- Advertisement placed by the Newson-Hawisher Company. In the Lima Daily News. Lima, Ohio. Monday, 23 June 1913. Page 8.", "Instant coffee , also known as soluble coffee and coffee powder, is a drink derived from brewed coffee beans. It is manufactured by either freeze-drying or spray drying methods, after which rehydrated before use. These methods are applied because that way you get coffee that is prepared faster, has lower shipping weight and volume than beans or ground coffee for the same amount of prepared drink and longer shelf life if kept dry.", "A number of products are sold for the convenience of consumers who do not want to prepare their own coffee. Instant coffee is dried into soluble powder or freeze dried into granules that can be quickly dissolved in hot water. [62] Canned coffee has been popular in Asian countries for many years, particularly in Japan and South Korea . Vending machines typically sell varieties of flavored canned coffee, much like brewed or percolated coffee, available both hot and cold. Japanese convenience stores and groceries also have a wide availability of bottled coffee drinks, which are typically lightly sweetened and pre-blended with milk. Bottled coffee drinks are also consumed in the United States . [63] Liquid coffee concentrates are sometimes used in large institutional situations where coffee needs to be produced for thousands of people at the same time. It is described as having a flavor about as good as low-grade robusta coffee and costs about 10 cents a cup to produce. The machines used can process up to 500 cups an hour, or 1,000 if the water is preheated. [64]", "Del: I'll tell you how you tell the difference. This one has on the label, Maxwell House coffee and on this one it says Oxo gravy granules. Bit of a giveaway really, innit?", "1960s – A better looking instant coffee is developed using a process called agglomeration, which involves steaming the instant coffee particles to get them to stick together in clumps. Unfortunately the second heating/drying cycle further hinders the coffee’s flavor .", "A surprisingly big part of the world likes to drink the least cool coffee there is. Why? Mostly because there are that many amateur coffee drinkers out there. Instant coffee, which is easy to make and comes in many different flavors, is perfect for people who don't appreciate the nuanced flavors of coffee. Exhibit A: Asia Pacific, where tea drinking traditions are strong, is the world's largest instant coffee consuming region by sales. Exhibit B: Australians, who like the stuff more than anyone else. Americans, meanwhile, are pretty much the only people who have refused to adopt the mix-in ground beans.", "Their new instant coffee process involves drying equal amounts of coffee extract and soluble carbohydrates, and the technique produces a better tasting instant coffee which quickly becomes a popular product. The U.S. military becomes a major buyer.", "Instant coffee has a greater amount of acrylamide than brewed coffee. It was once thought that coffee aggravates gastroesophageal reflux disease but recent research suggests no link. ", "The Oxford English Dictionary claims that this device was named after a \"Mr. Biggin,\" though some sources surmise that the name came from the Dutch \"beggelin\", meaning to trickle. The first and perhaps original version was little more than a cloth bag that fit into a container, the bag's opening was held in place at the top by a metal ring. Other variants were quite elaborate; in one, a metal plate was used in conjunction with a screw device. When the top of the screw was turned, the plate would rise, compressing the bag. Another variant did away with the bag altogether, and the coffee was kept contained in metal cylinder with a perforated metal disk bottom. The screw would cause the disk to rise up in the cylinder, pulling the ground coffee out of the brewed coffee.", "Those British are sophisticated people, in almost everything except their choice of coffee. They still drink instant ten-to-one over fresh brewed.", "To produce instant coffee, the soluble and volatile contents of the beans, which provide the coffee aroma and flavor, have to be extracted. This is done using water. Pressurized liquid water of around 175 °C is used for this process. The coffee concentration in the liquid is then increased by either evaporation or by freeze concentration. ", "Howard Schultz is a coffee connoisseur who in 1981 saw huge possibilities in an artsy coffee shop in Seattle. He changed our mornings by popularizing take-away coffee in a green and white cup, which millions of Americans now depend on for their daily dose of caffeine.", "In 1931, a method of packing coffee in a sealed vacuum in cans was introduced. The roasted coffee was packed and then 99% of the air was removed, allowing the coffee to be stored indefinitely until the can was opened. Today this method is in mass use for coffee in a large part of the world. ", "1771 – The first “ instant coffee ” is made in Britain. Referred to as a “ coffee compound” it was granted a patent by the British government." ]

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[ "The Ganges (or Ganga) is the holiest river of Hinduism. It rises in the Himalayas and flows a comparatively short 1,560 miles to the world's largest delta on the Bay of Bengal. Among that delta's distributaries are the Hooghly (on whose banks Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) may be found) and the Padma (which enters Bangladesh). Approximately one in every twelve human beings lives in the Ganges Basin, a population density that is rapidly polluting the river; a significant source of that pollution is cremated remains.", "The Ganges is the greatest river on Asia's Indian subcontinent . It is sacred to the millions of followers of the Hindu religion. For thousands of years, Hindus have worshipped the river as a goddess, Ganga Ma (Mother Ganges). Hindus believe the river’s water purifies the soul and heals the body. Millions of people use the Ganges every day for bathing, drinking, and industry.", "In addition to the unprecedented importance for the agricultural activities in the region, and serving as a source of drinking water for humans as well as water for all types of industrial production, the Ganges is a river of which the greatest number of legends have been written. In the Hindu religion, the Ganges is called the \"Most Sacred River\", and one which has a purely divine origin. The Lord Shiva, who acts in the role of Transformer of the Universe in the Hindu sphere of beliefs, has stopped the flow of destructive energy bound to the earth. Once at the head of Shiva, cosmic energy is transformed and diverted into the Ganges River. Hydrologically, the source of the river is located on the southern slopes of the Himalayan glacier Gangotri, and from there it flows through the most densely populated area of the Eurasian continent (India and Bangladesh), where, according to various estimates, live somewhere between 400 and 500 million people.", "The Ganges River is the most sacred river to the Hindu people. The Ganges Basin is the most populated river basin in the world.", "The Ganges is the most sacred river to Hindus and is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs. [6] It is worshiped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism . [7] It has also been important historically: many former provincial or imperial capitals (such as Patliputra , [8] Kannauj , [8] Kara , Kashi , Allahabad , Murshidabad , Munger , Baharampur and Kolkata ) have been located on its banks.", "The Ganges is the most sacred river to Hindus and is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs. It is 1,560 miles (2,510 km) in length.", "You can see that the river is located in Northern india and can be found between the mouth of the Ganges and the border of China. The Ganges River is the most sacred river to the Hindu people. It is also the most populated basin in the world holding 400 million people. - Rocky", "The Ganges River, with a length of about 2,580 kilometers and a drainage area of 905,000 square meters, ranks the first in South Asia. Originating in the Gangotri Glacier, Jia Muer, southern slope of the Himalayas Mountain, the Ganges River runs through India, Bangladesh and flows into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges River is a typical upland river whose source is from the melt water. 2,100 kilometers of the upper and middle reaches are within the boarder of India; and 500 kilometers of the lower reaches is in Bangladesh. Soon after flowing into Bangladesh, the river is divided into several tributaries and then nearby Goalundo Ghat converges with another big river—Brahmaputra River in South Asia. The huge amount of water supplied by the two rivers has formed the biggest delta, the Ganges Delta, in the world. With an area of 57,000 kilometers, the Ganges Delta is also a fertile and extensive alluvial plain, in which river network covers densely and channels crisscross. The delta is also a major area in producing rice, wheat, sugarcane and jute. The cities along the Ganges River such as Cawnpore, Allahabad, Waranasi and Patna are important industrial and commercial centers. The Ganges River is the holy river to the India believers. In their hearts, the water of Ganges River can cleanse the sin and drive off disasters. Accordingly, bathing in the Ganges River is the activity the Indian believers mostly yearn for.", "Sundarban is the largest delta in India. The Sundarbans are a part of the world's largest delta formed by the rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna. They are vast tract of forest and saltwater swamp forming the lower part of the Ganges Delta, extending about 260 km along the Bay of Bengal from the Hooghly River Estuary in India to the Meghna River Estuary in Bangladesh. Sunderban covers an area of 4262 sq. km in India.", "Several places sacred to Hindus lie along the banks of the Ganges, including Gangotri, Haridwar, Allahabad and Varanasi. During the Loy Krathong festival in Thailand, candlelit floats are released into waterways to honour Gautama Buddha and goddess Ganga for good fortune and washing away sins (pāpa in Sanskrit, used to describe actions that create negative karma by violating moral and ethical codes, which brings negative consequences.) Many religious people take bath in this river as it is believed that it cleans the body as well as the mind (from sins) and make them divine. This is the reason why people throw the corpses of the deceased into the Ganga.", "In India rivers are given a divine status. The civilization of India was nurtured in the river basin of the Ganga and the Jamuna which has been the heart of ancient India. The two rivers have, therefore, been worshipped since ancient times. The Ganga has been known for its purity and divinity and the Hindus believe that a bath in her waters cleanses one of all sins. The river Jamuna is known for her devotion. The river Saraswati was worshipped in ancient times when the Aryans lived in Punjab. The Saraswati changed its course in later ages and gradually disappeared in the deserts of Rajasthan. Apart from these three, the other rivers considered sacred are the Godavari, Narmada, Sindhu (Indus) and Kaveri (Cauvery). Some other sacred rivers are Saryu, Gomti, Gandaki, Sabarmati, Tamsa, Chandarbhaga, Shipra and Kratmala.", "The people of the Ganges basin are of mixed origin. In the west and centre of the region Turks, Mongols, Afghans, Persians and Arabs intermingled with the original Aryans, while in the east and south (the Bengal area) the people originate from a mixture of Tibetan, Burman and hill peoples. Hindus regard the Ganges as the holiest of rivers. It was named after the goddess Ganga, the daughter of the mountain god Himalaya. Pilgrimage sites are particularly significant along the river. At the confluence of the Ganges and and the Tamuna tributory near Allahabad a bathing festival in January and February attracts hundreds of thousands of pilgrims. Other holy pilgrimage sites along the river include Haridwar, the place where the Ganges leaves the Himalayas, and Allahabad, where the mythical Saraswati river is believed to enter the Ganges. Water from the Ganges is used to cleanse any place or object for ritual purposes. Bathing in the river is believed to wash away one's sins. To bathe in the Ganga is a lifelong ambition for Hindus and they congregate in incredible numbers for the Sangam, Sagar Mela and Kumbh Mela festivals. It is believed that any water that mixes with even the smallest amount of Ganges water becomes holy with healing powers. Hindus also cast the ashes of their dead in the river in the belief that this will guide the souls of the deceased straight to paradise.", "The Ganga is the embodiment of all sacred waters in Hindu mythology. Local rivers are said to be like the Ganga, and are sometimes called the local Ganga. The Kaveri river of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in Southern India is called the Ganga of the South; the Godavari, is the Ganga that was led by the sage Gautama to flow through Central India. The Ganga is invoked whenever water is used in Hindu ritual, and is therefore present in all sacred waters. In spite of this, nothing is more stirring for a Hindu than a dip in the actual river, which is thought to remit sins, especially at one of the famous tirthas such as Gangotri, Haridwar, Prayag, or Varanasi. The symbolic and religious importance of the Ganga is one of the few things that Hindu India, even its sceptics, are agreed upon. Jawaharlal Nehru, a religious iconoclast himself, asked for a handful of his ashes to be thrown into the Ganga. \"The Ganga,\" he wrote in his will, \"is the river of India, beloved of her people, round which are intertwined her racial memories, her hopes and fears, her songs of triumph, her victories and her defeats. She has been a symbol of India's age-long culture and civilization, ever-changing, ever-flowing, and yet ever the same Ganga.\"", "For more than two millennia, the River Ganges has been revered by millions in India as a symbol of spiritual purity. Originating in the frozen heights of the Himalayas, the river travels 1,600 miles across the teeming plains of the subcontinent before flowing east into Bangladesh and from there it spills into the Bay of Bengal. ”Mother Ganga” is described by ancient Hindu scriptures as a gift from the gods; that is, the earthly incarnation of the deity Ganga.", "The 2,510 km (1,560 mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in the Uttarakhand. It has long been considered the holiest of all rivers by Hindus and worshiped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism.", "The Ganges also Ganga is a trans-boundary river of India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India into Bangladesh, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. It is the third largest river in the World by discharge.The Ganges is the most sacred river to Hindus and is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs. It is worshipped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism. It has also been important historically: many former provincial or imperial capitals have been located on its banks.", "The Ganges River is 1,560 miles long. It flows southeast through north east India across a vast plain into the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh. It is the most sacred river in India. The plain is the worlds most densely populated regions. The river is highly polluted because it is located near major population centers. The lower Ganges river joined by the Brahmaputra river of Dhaka, Bangladesh to form a Padma the river's main channel to the sea. The rivers unite to form the vast and fertile Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta. The delta region covers roughly 25% of India's territory and supports 300 million people. The delta's southern fringe is known as the Sundarbuns. This low-lying area has been suffering great devastation from cyclones and coastal flooding. Many people enjoy bathing in the river even though it is very polluted and can and probably will give you an infection.", "The water of Ganges, called 'Gangajal' (Ganga = Ganges; jal = water), is held so sacred that holding this water in hand no Hindu dares to lie or be deceitful. The 'Puranas' or ancient Hindu scriptures say that the sight, the name, and the touch of Ganga cleanses one of all sins and taking a dip in the holy Ganga bestows heavenly blessings. The 'Narada Purana,' prophesied pilgrimages in the present Kali Yuga to the Ganges will be of utmost importance.", "Geoinfo The Ganges River in India is revered by millions of Hindus as a symbol of spiritual purity.", "Ganges delta, orGanges-Brahmaputra delta, Region in West Bengal state, India , and Bangladesh . An area of about 220 mi (355 km) wide along the Bay of Bengal , it is covered by the network of streams forming the mouths of the Ganges (Ganga) and Brahmaputra rivers. In Bangladesh the Brahmaputra is joined by the Tista River and, from there to its junction with the Ganges, is known as the Jamuna River. The main streams, the Ganges and the Jamuna, unite to form the Padma River . The river farthest west that enters the Bay of Bengal is the Hugli River . Many smaller streams of the delta form a swamp region for about 160 miles (260 km) along the coast, known as the Sundarbans. The delta was struck in 1970 by one of history’s most devastating cyclones.", "That faith is predicated on the belief that the waters of the Ganges are both pure and purifying. As British travel writer Eric Newby wrote in his 1966 book Slowly Down the Ganges: “To drink the water, having bathed in it, and to carry it away in bottles is meritorious. To be cremated on its banks, having died there, and to have one’s ashes cast in its waters, is the wish of every Hindu.” ", "Each of these rivers is associated with a goddess, with the exception of the Indus River which is associated with a god, and each river is linked to myths and legends. For example, the Yamuna is named after the goddess Yamuna — the daughter of Surya, the sun god and the twin sister of Yama, the god of death. It is said that when Yama left his family to rule over the underworld, Yamuna cried so much that her tears became the river. People who bathe in the river will not only be cleansed of their sins, but also spared a painful death.", "The Ganges River , known as Ganga Ma or \"Mother Ganges,\" runs from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal coming to a feat of 1,560 miles. To the many people living around it, and those who believe in its majesty, this river represents life, purity, and a goddess. It is believed that anyone who touches these purifying waters is cleansed of sin.", "); , is a trans-boundary river of India and Bangladesh . The 2,525 km (1,569 mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand , and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India into Bangladesh, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal . By discharge it ranks among the world's top 20 rivers. [4] The Ganges basin is the most heavily populated river basin in the world, with over 400 million people and a population density of about 1,000 inhabitants per square mile (390 /km2). [5]", "The Ganges River, also called Ganga, is a river located in northern India that flows toward the border with Bangladesh ( map ). It is the longest river in India and flows for around 1,569 miles (2,525 km) from the Himalayan Mountains to the Bay of Bengal. The river has the second greatest water discharge in the world and its basin is the most heavily populated in the world with over 400 million people living in the basin.", "The Indus River ( Urdu : دریا/آب ئے سندھ), also called the Sindhū River, or Abāsīn, is a major south-flowing river in South Asia . The total length of the river is 3,180 km (1,980 mi) which makes it one of longest rivers in Asia . It flows through western Tibet , the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and across the whole length of Pakistan . Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar , the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir , towards Gilgit-Baltistan and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Punjab, Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh . It is the longest river of Pakistan.", "The Niger delta , which stretches for nearly 150 miles (240 km) from north to south and spreads along the coast for about 200 miles (320 km), extends over an area of 14,000 square miles (36,000 square km). Within the delta the river breaks up into an intricate network of channels called rivers. The Nun River is regarded as the direct continuation of the river, but some of the other important channels include (from west to east) the Forcados , the Brass, the Sambreiro, and the Bonny. The mouths of these channels are almost all obstructed by sandbars. The Forcados, for instance, which supplanted the Nun as the most traveled channel in the early 20th century, was in turn displaced by the Escravos River in 1964. The delta is being gradually extended seaward by the increments of silt brought down by the river, and mangrove swamps extend beyond its outer edge.", "The formation of Hindu places of pilgrimage was largely shaped through important ritual sacrifices that were performed at a specific location. Because these places were generally next to sources of water (rivers, lakes and the sea), they became the major locations of pilgrimage centres, and remain so today (e.g., Puri, Gaya, Haridwar, and Varanasi). The prominence of water is derived from its many qualities: water is frequently used in sacrifices, is the primeval source of creation, symbolises the flow of life, and is required for purification rituals.", "The delta of Mahanadi River in India is a significant drainage area, which drains big areas of the Indian subcontinent into the Bay of Bengal. The alluvial basin is extensive and comparatively plane with a winding river waterway that alters its itinerary.", "The Irrawaddy (or Ayeyarwaddy) is the chief river of Myanmar (also known as Burma). It flows 1,350 miles past Yangon (formerly Rangoon) and Mandalay to the Gulf of Martaban, an arm of the Bay of Bengal. Its delta is one of the world's most important rice-growing regions, and its name is thought to come from the Sanskrit word for \"elephant.\"", "Hindu pilgrimage to holy sites alongside the river has been a source of conflict between the two nations. Pakistan and India do not generally allow each others' citizens to cross borders for religious pilgrimages, other than Sikhs who travel to Pakistan for their annual pilgrimage.", "India's most spiritual river flows through its oldest city. Audley expert Tom Draper takes to the water." ]

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[ "1869: The Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met at Promontory, Utah, where the lines were linked to complete the transcontinental railroad.", "On this day in 1869, the presidents of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads meet in Promontory, Utah, and drive a ceremonial last spike into a rail line that connects their railroads. This made transcontinental railroad travel possible for the first time in U.S. history. No longer would western-bound travelers need to take the long and dangerous journey by wagon train, and the West would surely lose some of its wild charm with the new connection to the civilized East.", "On this day in 1869, the presidents of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads meet in Promontory, Utah , and drive a ceremonial last spike into a rail line that connects their railroads. This made transcontinental railroad travel possible for the first time in U.S. history. No longer would western-bound travelers need to take the long and dangerous journey by wagon train, and the West would surely lose some of its wild charm with the new connection to the civilized East.", "And on this day in 1869, the Central Pacific Railway met the Union Pacific Railway at Promontory Point, Utah and the famous \"golden spike\" ceremony marked the completion of the transcontinental railroad, linking the railway network of the Eastern United States with California on the Pacific coast.   Chinese immigrants played a crucial role in building the Central Pacific Railway, one reason why May is Asian American Heritage Month.   With the completion of the railroad, the days of the buffalo, and the Great Plains Indian culture, were numbered.   Buffalo are now as rare as Amtrak routes.", "The Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad met on May 10, 1869 at Promontory Summit, Utah. The Transcontinental Railroad linked the Atlantic and Pacific coasts by rail for the first time.", "\"The Central Pacific hires Chinese laborers and the Union Pacific hires Irish laborers to construct the first transcontinental railroad, which would stretch from San Francisco to Omaha, allowing continuous travel by rail from coast to coast. The First Transcontinental Railroad [begins construction in 1863 and] is completed when the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines meet at Promontory Summit, Utah (May 10, 1869).\"", "On May 10, 1869, two steam locomotives met at Promontory, Utah, for the \" Joining of the Rails Ceremony ,\" at which the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads completed the transcontinental route. The event was crucial to the development of the American West because it made cross-country travel more convenient and economical. The construction of the railroad, and the subsequent mining boom, brought diverse ethnic and religious populations to Utah. The railroad also symbolized the changing technology, and moved Utah from an agrarian economy to a more industrialized one.", "Engines from the two companies, the Union Pacific (right) and the Central Pacific (left), met at Promontory Summit, Utah, on 10 May 1869 to commemorate the completion of the transcontinental railroad with the driving of the golden spike.", "The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 enabled the United States Government to make a direct grant of land to railway companies for a transcontinental railroad, as well as a payment of $48,000 for every mile of track completed and lower-than-prime rate loans for any railway company who would build such a railway. The Central Pacific and the Union Pacific began to construct lines. The two railways finally met 4 years after the war, in Promontory Point, Utah, in 1869.", "* The rails of the \"First Transcontinental Railroad\" were joined on May 10, 1869, with the ceremonial driving of the \"Last Spike\" at Promontory Summit, Utah, after track was laid over a gap between Sacramento and Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa in six years by the Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad. Although through train service was in operation as of that date, the road was not deemed to have been officially \"completed\" until November 6, 1869. (A physical connection between Omaha, Nebraska and the statutory Eastern terminus of the Pacific road at Council Bluffs, Iowa located immediately across the Missouri River was also not finally established until the opening of UPRR railroad bridge across the river on March 25, 1873, prior to which transfers were made by ferry operated by the Council Bluffs & Nebraska Ferry Company. )", "The line was constructed primarily by Irish labor who had learned their craft during the recent Civil War. The two lines were joined together at Promontory Summit, Utah, 53 mi west of Ogden on May 10, 1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Under the guidance of its dominant stockholder Dr. Thomas Clark Durant, the namesake of the city of Durant, Iowa, the first rails were laid in Omaha.", "On 10 May 1869 from Promontory Summit northwest of Ogden, Utah, a single telegraphed word, \"done,\" signaled to the nation the completion of the first transcontinental railroad. Railroad crews of the Union Pacific, 8,000 to 10,000 Irish, German, and Italian immigrants, had pushed west from Omaha, Nebraska. At Promontory they met crews of the Central Pacific, which had included over 10,000 Chinese laborers, who had built the line east from Sacramento, California.", "^Denver :Union Pacific Railroad Station, +1 prod - The Union Pacific Railroad was incorporated on July 1, 1862 in the wake of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The first rails were laid in Omaha, Nebraska. They were part of the railroads which came together at Promontory Summit, Utah in 1869 as the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Subsequently, the Union Pacific took over the Utah Central extending south from Ogden, Utah through Salt Lake City, and the Utah & Northern, extending from Ogden through Idaho into Montana, and it built or absorbed local lines, which gave it access to Denver and to Portland, Oregon, and the Pacific Northwest.", "A head-on look at the Central Pacific Railroad's Jupiter, the first train from that railroad to meet up with track from the Union Pacific, a joining that formed the Transcontinental Railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah.", "In the United States of America, a series of transcontinental railroads built over the last third of the 19th century created a nationwide transportation network that united the country by rail. The first of these, the 1928 mi \"Pacific Railroad\", was built by the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad to link the San Francisco Bay at Alameda, California with the nation's existing eastern railroad network at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska thereby creating the world's first transcontinental railroad when it opened in 1869. Its construction was made possible by the US Government under Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862, 1864 and 1867.", "An American Western television series of the same name was loosely based on the phenomenon and the Transcontinental Railroad's construction.  It aired from 2011 to 2016 on AMC.   Another, somewhat less scandalous incident, took place as the two roads neared one another.  In an effort to stake more land from the government and pocket even more money, Union Pacific and Central Pacific actually began grading lines past one another!  The silliness was finally put to end when the two formally met at Promontory, Utah on May 10, 1869 with a symbolic driving of a golden spike (however, a golden spike was not actually pounded into the railroad tie as gold is much too soft).  The event took place at 12:47 p.m. that day and was performed by Leland Stanford.  Interestingly, even now sections of these never-used grades canbe seen.  The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad was one of the great achievements in American history and was so famous that Western Union carried out lived updates.   When the final spike was driven the word \"done\" was wired across the country.", "In 1869, the transcontinental railroad was completed by the driving of the Golden Spike at Promontory Summit, some 80 miles northwest of Salt Lake City. Utah was thus connected to the East and West. Many people traveled by rail to see the \"City of the Saints.\" Some stayed to make and to lose their fortunes in mining. From the 1860s to the 1920s hundreds of copper, silver, gold, and lead mines were opened in the nearby canyons, including Bingham Canyon. Gigantic smelters were later built to refine the ore. Some prosperous mine owners constructed large, gracious homes along South Temple, once known as Brigham Street.", "On May 10, 1869, the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed at Promontory Summit, north of the Great Salt Lake. The railroad brought increasing numbers of people into the state, and several influential businessmen made fortunes in the territory.", "The Transcontinental Railroad is the most magnificent railroad project ever conceived. It connects the two great oceans and is an indissoluble bond between the populous States of the East and the undeveloped regions of the West. It is a highway which leads to peace and future prosperity. Crews of Chinese workers are carving out the mountains to build a rail track from the nation’s west coast. Across the vignette, visitors will see the 3-story dormitory boxcars occupied by Irish workers building the railroad from the east and explore the mobile frontier “towns” (Hell on Wheels) that provided distraction. Photographs and artifacts will depict the meeting of the two tracks in Utah in 1869.", "Probably th e most famous scene in American railroading is the ceremony at wh ich the first transcontinental railroad was comp leted. Centra l Pac ific locomotive Jupiter is at left wh ile Union Pacific's No. 119 is at right. Many photographic copies and this artist's rendition were altered from the original image. In the original photograph, the two men reaching toward each other from the locomotives hold w hiskey bottles. The National Park Service regularly recreates the scene at this very spot in Utah.", "The race was on to see which railroad could gain the most land. Surveyors from both companies passed each other, as did graders who prepared the roadbed that would be used for the tracks. Finally, the tracks met at the top of Promontory Summit, just north of the Great Salt Lake. Both railroads later went to Ogden.", "The Overland Trail (also known as the Overland Stage Line) was a stagecoach and wagon trail in the American west during the 19th century. While explorers and trappers had used portions of the route since the 1820s, the Overland Trail was most heavily used in the 1860s as an alternative route to the Oregon, California, and Mormon Trails through central Wyoming. The Overland Stage Company owned by Ben Holladay famously used the Overland Trail to run mail and passengers to Salt Lake City, Utah, via stagecoaches in the early 1860s. Starting from Atchison, Kansas, the trail descended into Colorado before looping back up to southern Wyoming and rejoining the Oregon Trail at Fort Bridger. The stage line operated until 1869, when completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad eliminated the need for mail service via stagecoach.", "The first concrete plan for a transcontinental railroad in the United States was presented to Congress by dry-goods merchant Asa Whitney in 1845. Whitney had ridden on newly opened railway lines in England and an 1842–1844 trip to China, which involved a transcontinental trip and the transport of the goods he had bought, further convinced him that the railroad was the future of transport. In 1862, Congress passed the first of five Pacific Railroad Acts that issued government bonds and land grants to the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad. The act, based on a bill proposed in 1856 that had been a victim of the political skirmishes over slavery, was considered a war measure that would strengthen the union between the eastern and western states.", "Management, has seven interactive, hands-on galleries that illustrate those journeys between 1840 and 1869. The transcontinental railroad, completed in 1869, put an end to the treks of the wagon trains. The trails were essentially the paths that Native Americans used for thousands of years. They became known as the Oregon, California and Mormon trails. They converged on Fort Caspar", "      Finally the government in January of 1869 sent a commission of civil engineers to decide where the two Transcontinental Railroad 's should meet.   The final decision was for Promontory Summit", "As the project neared completion in the late 1860s, it became evident that a meeting point would have to be established, as otherwise the two companies were likely to continue building past one another. Under pressure from Congress, the meeting place was selected at Promontory Point, Utah. Railroad companies would complete additional transcontinental railroads in the following decades, although the Panic of 1873 delayed construction on those projects.", "Despite Promontory Summit's historically marking the site where the First Transcontinental Railroad was officially completed, a direct coast-to-coast rail journey on this route was not achieved until 1873. On the West Coast, the [http://wikimapia.org/#lat37.7875&lon", "94. In which state was the trans-continental railway across USA first opened on May 10th 1869?", "In 1904 a new railroad route called the Lucin Cutoff was built by-passing the Promontory location to the south. By going west across the Great Salt Lake from Ogden, Utah, to Lucin, Utah, the new railroad line shortened the distance by 43 miles and avoided curves and grades. Main line trains no longer passed over Promontory Summit.", "Once it was decided that the railroad would follow the central rather than the southern route, there was general agreement that the western terminus would be Sacramento. However, there was considerable competition for the eastern terminus. Abraham Lincoln selected Council Bluffs, near Omaha, although the closest rail line was 150 miles east. He had visited the site in 1859 while working for Thomas Durant as a private attorney. Durant was a central figure in the TCRR.", "      As early as 1832 the nation had realized a need to tie California to the rest of the states through the means of a transcontinental railroad system.    In 1849 and 1850, Howard Stansbury surveyed a route for a transcontinental railroad through the Black Hills and south of Salt Lake City", "The Union Pacific lines west from Evanston, Wyoming, down Weber Canyon to Ogden follow the original Union Pacific route into Utah. The Oregon Short Line routes in Utah included the Union Pacific lines between Salt Lake City and Ogden, as well as the lines north of Ogden. The lines operated by the Union Pacific south and west of Salt Lake City were originally those of the Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad, which completed its route to Los Angeles in 1905. Instead of building a new route through Utah, in 1903 the Los Angeles and Salt Lake purchased the former Utah and Pacific Railroad line between Milford and the Nevada state line, that was completed in 1899. The new company also purchased the former Utah Central/Utah Southern line between Salt Lake City and Milford, completed in 1880. Both lines were purchased from the Oregon Short Line Railroad, which had purchased the Utah and Pacific line in 1901." ]

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[ "Lawrence Peter \"Yogi\" Berra (born May 12, 1925) is an American former Major League Baseball catcher, manager, and coach. He played almost his entire 19-year baseball career (1946–1965) for the New York Yankees. Berra is one of only four players to be named the Most Valuable Player of the American League three times and is one of seven managers to lead both American and National League teams to the World Series. As a player, coach, or manager, Berra appeared in 21 World Series, winning 13 of them. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972.Berra is widely regarded as one of the greatest catchers in baseball history. He was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in a voting of fans in 1999. According to the win shares formula developed by sabermetrician Bill James , Berra is the greatest catcher of all time and the 52nd greatest non-pitching player in major-league history.Berra, who quit school after the eighth grade, was also known for his pithy quotes, such as \"It ain't over 'til it's over\", while speaking to reporters. Simultaneously denying and confirming his reputation, Berra once stated, \"I really didn't say everything I said.\"", "Yogi Berra spent over 40 years as a professional baseball catcher, manager, and coach. Widely regarded as one of the greatest catchers in baseball history – and an all-time Yankee great – Berra was an 18-time All-Star and 10-time World Series Champion who was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972. Always quick witted, Berra was famous for his “Yogi-isms,” teaching us all that we can observe a lot just by watching. Berra was also a lifelong ambassador for inclusion in sports. Berra put his professional career on hold to join the Navy during World War II, where he fought with Allied forces on D-Day and eventually earned a Purple Heart.", "by Mike Stewart NEW YORK – Yogi Berra, the Hall of Fame catcher renowned as much for his dizzying malapropisms as his record 10 World Series championships with the New York Yankees, has died. He was 90. Berra died of natural causes Tuesday at his home in New Jersey, according to Dave Kaplan, the director of the Yogi Berra Museum. Short, squat and with a homely mug, Berra was a legendary Yankee who helped the team reach 14 World Series during his 18 seasons in the Bronx. Berra played in more World Series games than any other major leaguer, and was a three-time American League Most Valuable Player. But his name appears almost as often in Bartlett’s Famous Quotations as it does in baseball’s record book.", "Berra's widely regarded as one of the greatest catchers in baseball history, if not the greatest. He won a record 10 World Series titles with the Yankees. A force with the bat, he's also famous for his unique take on the English language. Berra, a three-time AL MVP, was known for being able to hit even the worst pitches, to which he said, \"If I can hit it, it's a good pitch.\"", "In June 1962, at the age of 37, Berra showed his superb physical endurance by catching an entire 22-inning, seven-hour game against the Tigers. Casey Stengel, Berra's manager during most of his playing career with the Yankees and with the Mets in 1965, once said, \"I never play a game without my man.\" According to the win shares formula developed by sabermetrician Bill James, Berra is the greatest catcher of all time and the 52nd greatest non-pitching player in major-league history.", "Joseph Paul \"Joe\" DiMaggio was born on November 25, 1914 as Guiseppe Paolo DiMaggio. During his 13 year major league baseball career as a centerfielder with the New York Yankees Joe earned the nicknames \"Joltin' Joe\" and \"The Yankee Clipper\". His legacy includes a 56-game hitting streak during the 1941 season, a record that has yet to be broken today. DiMaggio was also a three time MVP winner and an All-Star player every season of his 13 year career. During his career with the Yankees, the club won ten American League championships and nin World Series. At the time of his retirement he was ranked fifth in career home runs (361) and sixth in career slugging percentages (.579). Joe DiMaggio was voted sports greatest living player in a national poll taken during the baseball centennial year of 1969, and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1955.", "Rizzuto himself played in nine World Series, winning seven, and his popularity reached new heights when he called Yankees games on radio and television for the next 40 years. Not only was Scooter behind the mic when Roger Maris belted his 61st home run, he became best known for his popular catchphrase, \"Holy cow!\"", "10- Coming in at number 10, is Phil Rizzuto. Nicknamed “Scooter,” this alias came about because of the way he ran around the bases. Rizzuto was signed by the Yankees in 1937 and spent the next six decades as part of the Bombers’ family as a player and broadcaster. After retiring in the 1957, Rizzuto scooted to the broadcast booth to begin a nearly 40-year stint as one of the voices of the Yankees. Famed for his catchphrase “Holy Cow!” and his love of cannoli, Scooter certainly proved to be no huckleberry behind the mike either.", "Though Don Mattingly's first nickname was \"The Hit Man,\" he is best known as \"Donnie Baseball\" and is one of the most popular Yankees in franchise history. It was Hall of Famer Kirby Puckett who created the moniker for a player who played each game as hard as he could and is recognized as one of the game's finest defensive first basemen.", "Regarding the famous line, \"Where have you gone Joe DiMaggio?\": DiMaggio was a star baseball player for the New York Yankees who was briefly married to Marilyn Monroe. Simon was using him to represent heroes of the past. DiMaggio was a little miffed when he heard this, since he was still very much alive even though he retired from baseball in 1951, but he realized that he had become a new icon now with the baby boomer generation due to this song's success.", "2- Probably the man with the most nicknames in baseball history, George Herman Ruth comes in at number 2. Better known as The Babe, The King of Crash, The Sultan of Swat, The Colossus of Clout, or The Great Bambino, it is hard to pick just one alias. With a .342 career average, 714 home runs, and a legendary curse named after him, Ruth’s record speaks for itself. And to this day, the original Yankee Stadium is still known as “The House That Ruth Built.”", "Ruth’s spectacular batting and his colorful personality made him an enormous attraction in major league baseball. He became the highest paid player of his time. His eating and drinking excesses and late-hours partying off the field were legendary. Ruth’s huge ego and his charisma, combined with his baseball skills, made him the sport’s first modern superstar and one of the biggest American celebrities of the early 1900’s. Ruth’s fame became so great that in baseball, the 1920’s are often called the Babe Ruth Era. Large numbers of people who knew nothing about baseball began following Ruth’s career and the game. Ruth attracted so many fans that Yankee Stadium, which opened in 1923, was nicknamed “the House that Ruth Built.”", "Two prominent Yankees shared the Moose moniker. One was Bill Skowron, a five-time All-Star as a Yankee (1957-61) and an annual participant in Old Timer's Day. As a joke, Skowron's friends called him \"Mussolini\" as a joke thanks to similar haircut given to him by his grandfather, until his family shortened the nickname to \"Moose.\"", "New York sportswriter Paul Gallico suggested the team have a recognition day to honor Gehrig on July 4, 1939. There were more than 62,000 fans in attendance as Gehrig stood on the field at Yankee Stadium with the 1927 and 1939 Yankees. He fought back tears of overwhelming emotion and began to speak his immortal words of thanks, calling himself \"the luckiest man on the face of the earth.\" It was one of the most poignant and emotional moments in the history of American sports, and there was not a dry eye in Yankee Stadium. At the close of Gehrig's speech, Babe Ruth walked up, put his arm around his former teammate and spoke in his ear the first words they had shared since 1934.", "DiMaggio was bound to earn a few nicknames in his playing days, and \"Joltin' Joe\" was just the beginning. His other famous nickname, \"The Yankee Clipper,\" also deserves a mention on the countdown. ", "CASEY \"THE OLD PROFESSOR\" STENGEL (1890-1975): Stengel is remembered chiefly for bringing the Yankees to five consecutive World Championships, mostly against the Dodgers, and his management of the Mets (\"Does anybody here know how to play baseball?\"), and for his \"Stengelese\"---\"Never make predictions, especially about the future,\" and \"Son, we'd like to keep you around this season but we're going to try and win a pennant,\" and \"There comes a time in every man's life, and I've had plenty of them,\" are just three of his colorful quotes. Nonetheless, Casey (then \"K.C.\" for his hometown of Kansas City), began his career as a player for the Dodgers (1912-1917). He wasn't a remarkable player by any stretch, but he was popular for keeping the crowds entertained. Once, he doffed his cap to the crowd as he took up his batting stance, allowing a captive bird to fly off his head. It's said that he convinced the pilot to substitute a grapefruit for a baseball when Wilbert Robinson tried to make a catch dropped from an overflying plane. Casey might have saved Uncle Robbie's life. The grapefruit hit him in the head, which splattered the grapefruit. Had it been a baseball it might have splattered Robinson's brains. Although Stengel worked to defeat the Dodgers, he was fond of recalling his Dodger playing days:  \"Sure I played. Did you think I was born at the age of 70 sitting in a dugout trying to manage guys like you?\"", "\"The Say Hey Kid\" was perhaps the greatest combination of offensive and defensive prowess of all baseball players. His catch in the 1954 World Series is legendary.", "If not for the Black Sox Scandal, Happy Felsch might be remembered as one of the best all-around center fielders in baseball history. His superb skills induced reporters and managers of his era to compare him favorably with future Hall of Famers. Philadelphia Athletics manager Connie Mack referred to Happy as “the greatest all around fielder in the country today, not barring Tris Speaker and Ty Cobb.” 111 Cobb himself proclaimed, “Hap Felsch was a wonder.” 112 None other than Babe Ruth ranked the pride of Milwaukee as the best center fielder of his era, asserting, “I would rate Hap Felsch of the old White Sox and Tris Speaker far superior to Cobb on the defense. Felsch was a greater ball hawk than Speaker, and what an arm he had!” 113", "American baseball player. Playing between 1926 and 1945, his nickname was ‘Big Poison.’ He turned out for a range of different sides in his career, including the Pittsburgh Pirates and New York Yankees. The winner of three National League batting titles, he finished his career with 3,152 hits.", "In the September 1949 issue of SPORT, Hank Greenberg said that DiMaggio covered so much ground in center field that the only way to get a hit against the Yankees was \"to hit 'em where Joe wasn't.\" DiMaggio also stole home five times in his career.", "Babe Ruth has one of the BEST quotations section here at Baseball Almanac. Explore it then share with us other quotations (with a source) about this legendary slugger.", "The anecdotes from other hall of fame players are maybe even more telling. Ted Williams, often considered the greatest hitter who ever played the game, once faced Dalkowski in a minor league warm up. Ted had retired fairly young and was still likely able to compete at the major league level. Out of curiosity, he stepped in (as a coach) into the batting box against Dalwkoski in a practice session. Williams skill as a hitter was not just in his swing and determination but in his legendary eyesight. Ted took one pitch and stepped away—he said he never saw the ball, he'd only heard it.", "Skoonj (1922-1989): My Mother's favorite Dodger, Carl Furillo was a a member of seven National League championship teams from 1947 to 1959. He anchored right field for Brooklyn during The Era. Skoonj (the nickname came from \"scungilli,\" and was a nod to his Italian ancestry) batted over .300 five times and won the 1953 batting title with a .344 average. Noted for his strong and accurate throwing arm, he was also called \"The Reading Rifle\" after his hometown of Reading, Pennsylvania. He became skilled at negotiating balls hit off the high, oddly-angled right-field wall at Ebbets Field, a wall that routinely sent balls caroming unpredictably around that end of the field. Opposing runners feared his arm; At least twice he threw runners out at first base from his post in third. Furillo was hotheaded; he was the only Northerner to join the rebellious group circulating a petition to exclude Jackie Robinson in 1947 (he shortly afterward changed his mind), and during a Dodgers/Giants rhubarb, he tried to strangle Leo Durocher, who was encouraging his Giant pitchers to bean Furillo. Furillo left the sport under a cloud over a bitter players' pension dispute. After baseball, he worked as a laborer, installing elevators at the World Trade Center. Furillo died at age 66, a very unhappy man. He believed that he had been forgotten. Not so! Those who are True Dodger Blue always remember.", "Casey Stengel describes in his autobiography how his original nickname \"K.C.\" (for his hometown, Kansas City, Missouri ) evolved into \"Casey\". It was influenced not just by the name of the poem, which was widely popular in the 1910s, but also because he tended to strike out frequently in his early career so fans and writers started calling him \"strikeout Casey\". [23]", "Kiner always credited Greenberg with making him a better hitter, and the results speak for themselves: 23, 51, 40, 54, 47, 42, 37, 35. Those were his seasonal home run totals from 1946 to 1953, making him easily the best slugger in the National League in the Truman Administration. Those 54 homers in 1949 were the most by a National Leaguer between Hack Wilson's 56 in 1930 and Mark McGwire's 70* in 1998. It's a total that was never reached by Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Ted Williams, Stan Musial, Willie Mays, Ernie Banks, Hank Aaron, Frank Robinson, Harmon Killebrew, Reggie Jackson or Mike Schmidt -- and only once by Mickey Mantle. Indeed, from 1938, when Greenberg hit 58, until 1997, when steroids allowed McGwire and others to rewrite the record book, the only player who hit more than that in a season was Roger Maris, his \"61 in '61\" breaking Babe Ruth's 1927 record of 60.", "If ever a formula for laughs transcended the decades, it was the wheeling banter about the whos, whats and wheretos of a baseball team.", "Baseball player who strikes out in the ninth inning resulting in “No joy in Mudville” in Ernest Lawrence Thayer’s baseball poem", "On page 11 of his autobiography Casey at the Bat: The Story of My Life in Baseball (Random House, 1962), Casey Stengel describes how his nickname of \"K.C.\" (for his hometown, Kansas City, Missouri ) evolved into \"Casey\". It was influenced not just by name of the poem, which was widely popular in the 1910s, but also because he tended to strike out frequently in his early career so fans and writers started calling him \"strikeout Casey\".", "Among the inept early Mets was 1st baseman Marv Throneberry. Among the Mets who didn't make it to the 1986 title was former Cincinnati Reds slugger George Foster. Once, Ralph called Darryl Strawberry \"Darryl Throneberry\"; another time, \"George Strawberry.\" On another occasion, Ralph got Darryl's name right, but one of his achievements wrong: \"Darryl Strawberry has been voted to the Hall of Fame five years in a row.\" (He meant the All-Star Team. Darryl has not been elected to the Hall of Fame, and probably never will be.)", "Despite the success for the Red Sox in the late 1970s, Zim is blamed for the team’s collapse in 1978, ultimately losing a playoff game at Fenway Park (commonly known as the Bucky Dent game). Because of this, lefthander Bill Lee, with whom Zimmer often sparred, gave him the name Gerbil.", "On June 3, 1888, there was no joy in Mudville -- the mighty Casey struck out. The baseball poem \"Casey at the Bat,\" published anonymously by the San Francisco Examiner, was the final column by Ernest L. Thayer before he quit writing to run a mill in Massachusetts. But \"Casey\" lived on: Actor William DeWolf Hopper recited the poem more than 10,000 times, and several songs and movies -- even an opera -- were based on it.", "In a book written in 1903 entitled Humorous Stories of the Baseball Field by Ted Sullivan, baseball owner Charles Comiskey claimed he once called an enthusiast, who broke into his clubhouse a “fanatic.”  Sullivan clipped the word fanatic to “fan” in his writings." ]

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[ "Hunter Stockton Thompson was a journalist and author. He created Gonzo journalism, a style of reporting in which the reporters involve themselves in the action to such a degree that they become the central figures of their stories.", "Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and author. Thompson became known for a style of journalism he termed \"Gonzo\", where reporters involve themselves in the action to such a degree that they become central figures of their stories. ", "Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and author, most famous for his roman à clef Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas . He is credited as the creator of Gonzo journalism , a style of reporting where reporters involve themselves in the action to such a degree that they become central figures of their stories. He is also known for his use of psychedelics , alcohol , firearms , and his iconoclastic contempt for authoritarianism .", "Hunter S. Thompson, in full Hunter Stockton Thompson (born July 18, 1937, Louisville , Kentucky , U.S.—died February 20, 2005, Woody Creek, Colorado ), American journalist and author who created the genre known as gonzo journalism , a highly personal style of reporting that made Thompson a counterculture icon.", "In June 1970, Hunter S. Thompson’s article titled,  “The Kentucky Derby is Decadent and Depraved,”  ran in Scanlan’s Monthly. This seminal piece for Thompson is regarded as the ‘birth of gonzo journalism,’ a subjective style of reporting which places the reporter as the main character in a story.", "Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and author, and the founder of the gonzo journalism movement. Born in Louisville, Kentucky, to a middle-class family, Thompson had a turbulent youth after the death of his father left the family in poverty. He was unable to formally finish high school as he was incarcerated for 60 days after abetting a robbery. He subsequently joined the United States Air Force before moving into journalism. He traveled frequently, including stints in California, Puerto Rico, and Brazil, before settling in Aspen, Colorado, in the early 1960s.", "Writer Hunter S. Thompson was famous for his free-wheeling, intoxicant-fueled observations on politics and society in Rolling Stone magazine and in books such as Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1971). Thompson got his start in journalism when he was in the United States Air Force in the late 1950s. In 1966 he wrote about his relationship with a motorcycle gang in Hell's Angels and was propelled into the counter-culture limelight. With wit and salty language, Thompson created a public persona of a hard-drinking, gun-toting anti-authoritarian; he centered his reporting around his own crazy behavior and called it \"gonzo journalism.\" In the 1970s he was particularly associated with the rock-and-roll magazine Rolling Stone; the magazine's puyblisher, Jann Wenner, called Thompson \"the DNA of Rolling Stone\" at Thompson's memorial service in 2005. Thompson's work appeared in many other magazines, books and, in the early 2000s, on ESPN.com. His books include Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72 (1972), The Great Shark Hunt (1975) and Kingdom of Fear (2002).", "Gonzo journalism is a style of journalism which is written subjectively, often including the reporter as part of the story via a first person narrative . The style tends to blend factual and fictional elements to emphasize an underlying message and engage the reader. The word Gonzo was first used in 1970 to describe an article by Hunter S. Thompson , who later popularized the style. The term has since been applied to other subjective artistic endeavors.", "Breakfast with Hunter is a feature length documentary starring the infamous outlaw journalist Dr. Hunter S. Thompson. Edited by director Wayne Ewing from cinema verite film and digital video that he shot over many years on the road with Dr. Thompson, Breakfast with Hunter follows several story lines in the trials (literally) and triumphs of this cultural icon who created his own genre of writing - Gonzo journalism.", "Thompson is often credited as the creator of Gonzo journalism, a style of writing that blurs distinctions between fiction and nonfiction. His work and style are considered to be a major part of the New Journalism literary movement, which attempted to break free from the objective style of mainstream reportage. Thompson almost always wrote in the first person, while extensively using his own experiences and emotions to color “the story”. His writing aimed to be humorous, colorful, and bizarre, and he often exaggerated events to be more entertaining.", "Hunter S. Thompson , the counterculture writer credited with creating a new form of journalism in books like \"Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas,\" was found dead Sunday from an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound in his Aspen- area home, authorities said.", "One of my favourite journalist-authors. Hunter S Thompson’s gonzo journalism style is way out there – part fact, part fiction, part drug-induced hallucination – and this opener gives you a taste of the craziness in store. You know right from the first line that it’s going to be a wild ride.", "\"Fear and Loathing Writer Kills Himself; HUNTER S THOMPSON, THE PIONEER OF 'GONZO JOURNALISM', IS DEAD AT 67\" - The Evening Standard (London, England), February 21, 2005 | Online Research Library: Questia", "            Thompson received considerable praise for this work as people called it an amazing feet in journalism. One letter came from his friend and Editor of the Boston Globe Sunday magazine, Bill Cardoso, who called the work, “pure gonzo.” This phrase is what captured what would become known as the birth of gonzo journalism.", "A style of journalism that is written subjectively, often including the reporter as part of the story via a first-person narrative. See: Hunter S. Thomspon", "Thompson based his style on William Faulkner's notion that \"fiction is often the best fact\". While the things that Thompson wrote about are basically true, he used satirical devices to drive his points home. He often wrote about recreational drugs and alcohol use which added subjective flair to his reporting. The term \"gonzo\" has also come into (sometimes pejorative) use to describe journalism in Thompson's style, characterized by a drug-fueled stream of consciousness writing technique.", "Gonzo Journalism: Fictional Elements in H. Thompson's Nonfiction By Fayzullina, Olga Robertovna Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, Vol. 20, 2016", "In the late 1960s a bunch of writers leapt into the void: George Plimpton, Joan Didion, Truman Capote, Gay Talese, Norman Mailer, Hunter S. Thompson, and the rest. Wolfe shepherded them into an uneasy group and labeled them the New Journalists. The New Journalists—with Wolfe in the lead—changed the balance of power between writers of fiction and writers of nonfiction, and they did it chiefly because of their willingness to submerge themselves in their subjects, and to steal from the novelist’s bag of tricks: scene-by-scene construction, use of dramatic dialogue, vivid characterization, shifting points of view, and so on.", "“Face the truth, Hunter Thompson was a dirty little creep, a no-talent drug addicted con merchant who actually shot himself with young relatives in the next room. What a bloody hero!” Wow. Read a book. HST created a new kind of journalism.", "By 1979, the differences between the conventional practices of straight news reporting and the so-called New Journalism of Capote, Mailer, Tom Wolfe and others were well established. The newspaper reporter wrote to a for mula. He tried to fashion a clear, concise, straight news story, starting with the who, what, when, where and why of an event and proceeding toward the end by placing factual details in descending order of interest and importance - a device that ennabled readers to grasp the essentials immediately and editors to cut stories from the bottom up. His job was to try to hold a mirror up to an event and show its surface. There was zero interpretation. The Capotes and Wolfes, on the other hand, enjoyed the luxury of time: they could hang around until people had forgotten they were there, then creep up on reality with its pants around its ankles. The New Journalist could build up scenes and develop characters; they could even give the sense of being inside a character's consciousness. They could write non-fiction \"like a novel\".", "Douglas Brinkley, Terry McDonell (Fall 2000). \"Hunter S. Thompson, The Art of Journalism No. 1\". The Paris Review.", "Gonzo journalism can be seen as an offshoot of the New Journalism movement in the sixties, led primarily by Tom Wolfe , and also championed by Lester Bangs and George Plimpton . It has largely been subsumed into Creative nonfiction .[ citation needed ]", "Robert Love, Thompson's editor of 23 years at Rolling Stone, wrote that \"the dividing line between fact and fancy rarely blurred, and we didn't always use italics or some other typographical device to indicate the lurch into the fabulous. But if there were living, identifiable humans in a scene, we took certain steps ... Hunter was a close friend of many prominent Democrats, veterans of the ten or more presidential campaigns he covered, so when in doubt, we'd call the press secretary. 'People will believe almost any twisted kind of story about politicians or Washington,' he once said, and he was right.\\", "Gonzo journalism tends to favor style over accuracy and often uses personal experiences and emotions to provide context for the topic or event being covered. It disregards the 'polished' edited product favored by newspaper media and strives for the gritty factor. Use of quotations, sarcasm , humor , exaggeration, and even profanity is common. The use of Gonzo journalism suggests that journalism can be truthful without striving for objectivity and is loosely equivalent to an editorial .", "Many foreign correspondents feel that their elevated status gives them the latitude to operate their own private news services, almost independent of the networks they represent. This shouldn't be surprising, given that since from the mid-70s onward, journalists throughout the world have veered from objective reporting of facts, the traditional role of a journalist, to adopt more proactive positions as advocates. The bestowal of a Pulitzer, the adulation of the television audience, the rapid rise in salary, cloaks a correspondent like Arnett in an aura of invincibility. In the rarefied world of sucha celebrity, truth is easily displaced by the journalist's own brand of justice which thereafter colors everything he either says, writes or presents.", "Buy The Ticket, Take The Ride: Hunter S. Thompson On Film (2006) was directed by Tom Thurman , written by Tom Marksbury, and produced by the Starz Entertainment Group . The original documentary features interviews with Thompson's inner circle of family and friends, but the thrust of the film focuses on the manner in which his life often overlapped with numerous Hollywood celebrities who became his close friends, such as Johnny Depp , Benicio del Toro , Bill Murray , Sean Penn , John Cusack , Thompson's wife Anita, son Juan, former Senators George McGovern and Gary Hart , writers Tom Wolfe and William F. Buckley , actors Gary Busey and Harry Dean Stanton , and the illustrator Ralph Steadman among others.", "Orchestrating much of the hoopla is Peter Fallow (Bruce Willis), a reporter for a tabloid called The City Light, who uses the story to save his job and then blows it up into a series that wins him a Pulitzer Prize.", "Reporters who investigated and gave the truths about lots of social issues. Example: Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.", "In this capacity, he devised media strategies and approaches to these complex issues, working closely with leading reporters, producers, and opinion shapers. He has helped author Op-Eds and Letters to the Editor appearing in The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and other leading publications.", "Prorietors do deals with politicians and protect their big-end of town mates, editors run barking mad agendas and the hacks plead for interviews because they �only want to make sure your side of the story gets out�.", "Furthermore I have been hearing the same things about Hunter S. Thompson. I actually heard on a late night talk show someone calling in and asking about thoughts on Hunter S. Thompson being murdered.", "These are journalists were people who urged progressivers by writing certain stories that outlined the problems in the US" ]

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[ "The seven dirty words (or \"Filthy Words\") are seven English-language words that American comedian George Carlin first listed in 1972 in his monologue \"Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television\". The words are: shit, piss, fuck, cunt, cocksucker, motherfucker, and tits. ", "There are four hundred thousand words in the English language, and there are seven you can't say on television. What a ratio that is: 399,993 to 7. They must really be bad; they'd have to be outrageous to be separated from a group that large! \"All of you over here, you seven? BAD WORDS.\" That's what they told us they were, remember? \"That's a bad word!\" …No bad words; bad thoughts, bad intentions...and words. You know the seven, don't you, that you can't say on television? Shit, piss, fuck, cunt, cocksucker, motherfucker, and tits. Those are the heavy seven. Those are the ones that will infect your soul, curve your spine, and keep the country from winning the war. [2]", "When you’re putting on a live sketch comedy show for forty years, it is perhaps inevitable that at some point (or several in SNL’s case) someone will do the unthinkable and drop an F-bomb. When comedian George Carlin, notorious for his “Seven Words You Can’t Say on Television” routine, hosted the show’s premier in 1975, NBC execs were terrified he’d bring his trademark bad language to network television. When Richard Pryor guest hosted later that same season, the network forced Lorne Michaels to air that particular episode on a seven second delay lest Pryor decide to go off script and start using obscenities. While both hosts kept their material relatively clean for network TV, there have been several incidences where the dreaded “F, dash, dash, dash word” slipped out and found its way into millions of living rooms.", "* 1972 - Class Clown - Audio recording - \"Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television\"", "During one of Lenny Bruce's performances in 1966, he said he was arrested for saying nine words, and says them in alphabetical order: ass, balls, cocksucker, cunt, fuck, motherfucker, piss, shit, tits. The last seven words are the same as George Carlin's.", "At the time, the words were considered highly inappropriate and unsuitable for broadcast on the public airwaves in the United States, whether radio or television. As such, they were avoided in scripted material, and bleep censored in the rare cases in which they were used; broadcast standards differ in different parts of the world, then and now, although most of the words on Carlin's original list remain taboo on American broadcast television . The list was not an official enumeration of forbidden words, but rather was compiled by Carlin. Nonetheless, a radio broadcast featuring these words led to a U.S. Supreme Court decision that helped establish the extent to which the federal government could regulate speech on broadcast television and radio in the United States.", "Anyone who can go on national television and say those things, with every chance that her children will hear them, ought to be ashamed.", "The standards cases, said Ofcom, \"breached rules primarily concerning the protection of children\" and it went on to give details including \"inappropriate\" comments about anal sex; comments about group sex; inappropriate language during a Streetboy wind-up call in which he said someone was \"were driving like a proper wanker\"; comments about people who squirted water over actor Tom Cruise in which the words used included \"crap\", \"shite\", \"shit\", \"arsed\", \"what cocks are writing that\", \"cacked\" and \"vagina\"; a broadcast in which the presenters asked for suggestions which involved substituting the word 'muff' ('muff' refers to the female genital area) for love; another programme when a presenter spoke of shagging a woman in the shower; and yet another wind-up in which a man who was being asked to pay a parking ticket, told the presenter to \"fuck off\" several times.\"", "In the 400th episode \"You Kent Always Say What You Want\", Bart, Lisa, Maggie, Snowball V and Santa's Little Helper all hear Kent Brockman says something so horrifying, that Bart must use an Etch-A-Sketch to pass the profanity to Marge and Kent himself described it as something that \"Should only be said by Satan sitting on the toilet\". Ned Flanders actually said it was God's least favorite word and a super swear. We never get to see it, despite it refusing to leave the Etch-A-Sketch. All we know that the word is four syllables.", "Obscenity in word, gesture, reference, song, joke, or by suggestion (even when likely to be understood only by part of the audience) is forbidden.", "The panellists say one word each, with the goal being not to provoke laughter from the audience. (The chairman often mentions how they've been training a lot for this.) If anyone elicits even the slightest titter from the audience, they're eliminated, and the game goes on until only one remains. Inherently Funny Words make this round harder than it sounds. (A variation had the panellists saying punchlines to jokes instead of just words.) Still occasionally played.", "The Centric channel has also occasionally censored Vice for its language, excising stronger words and phrases such as \"bastard\", \"bitch\", \"faggot\", and \"son-of-a-bitch\" (including in captioning, which displays any removed words as [BLEEP]). This censorship has proved inconsistent, however; the word \"bastard\" was not edited in the episodes \" Golden Triangle (Part II) \" and \" When Irish Eyes Are Crying \", but was removed in the episodes \" Contempt of Court \" and \" Like a Hurricane \". No other network (including NBC) has ever edited the show for language during their broadcasts.", "All in the Family was notorious for featuring language and epithets previously absent from television, such as \"fag\" for homosexual, \"hebe\" for Jews, \"spic\" for Hispanics, \"mick\" for Irish, \"dago\" and \"wop\" for Italians,\"polock\" for Polish, \"chink\" for Chinese, \"Jap\" for Japanese, \"gook\" for southeast Asian, \"spade\" for blacks , and phrases such as \"God damn it.\" It was also famous for being the first major television show to feature the sound of a flushing toilet; it became a running gag on the show.", "Many terms were coined, popularized, or re-popularized in the series’ run and have become part of popular culture. [30] [31] Notable catchphrases include “ Yada, yada, yada “, “ No soup for you “, “ These pretzels are making me thirsty ” and “ Not that there’s anything wrong with that “.", "The series developed its own distinct vocabulary. Words and phrases such as hologramatic , Dollarpound, Felis sapiens, Simulants, GELF, space weevil and Zero Gee Football appear throughout the series, highlighting a development in language, political climate, technology, evolution and culture in the future. The creators also employed a vocabulary of fictional expletives in order to avoid using potentially offensive words in the show, and to give nuance to futuristic colloquial language; in particular \"smeg\" (and variants such as \"smegging\", \"smegger\", and \"smeg-head\") features prominently, alongside the terms \"gimboid\" and \"goit\". ", "My two brothers and I have all appeared on Countdown, the Channel 4 tea time quiz show , and bizarrely all of us have had naughty words of one kind or another appearing in our games. Bruno extracted the eight-letter word ORGASMED from the letters ADIRGOMES; Carol Vorderman , usually a model of restraint, responded to this with 'Yes! YES! It is allowed.' This performance made it into several of the tabloid s, with a picture of Carol pulling her orgasm face and the words spelt out behind her:", "One of the show's most notorious episodes, the series-five episode entitled It Hits the Fan, had 162 uncensored utterances of a notorious four-lettered swearword, making it the most profanities ever spoken on TV in 23 minutes. Despite the writers doubting the show would ever be allowed, the episode aired with very little controversy, perhaps a sign that the boundaries have already shifted and sensitivities are changing.", "The one thing that infuriates me about swearing on television is the inconsistency. During a documentatary about friendly fire, you have beeps in one place but not in another. On prime-time television you have Ozzy Osborne swearing at 8pm without any editing of, what was obviously, a pre-recorded interview. Films on Satellite are bleeped out for swearing, yet the subtitles for the hard of hearing are not edited. Whilst all this is going on, at 6.30pm on Radio 4 you can hear swearing on the News Quiz and other programmes. Either ignore the social taboos and allow swearing, or edit everything, but for God's sake be consistent.", "The first such occurrence happened in the show’s fifth season, albeit accidentally. Musical Director Paul Shaffer, host Michael Palin, and musical guest James Taylor were all appearing in a sketch where they played medieval musicians who were arguing over their latest songwriting effort. Set up as a parody of the infamous bootleg recording of the Troggs where the band members throw the F-word back and forth at each other numerous times as they tried to record the follow up to their hit song “Wild Thing”, the cast substituted the obscenity with the word “floggin’”. Momentarily losing focus, Shaffer slipped and made television history by breaking the F-word barrier on live TV. This mistake would be repeated 30 years later, when newcomer Jenny Slate appeared in a biker girl talk show sketch where she and Kristen Wiig frequently used the word “frikkin’”. First-show nerves caused Slate to slip, and viewers could immediately see the look of horror on her face that followed. (Slate was let go from SNL later that season.)", "In 2001, efforts from groups like the Parents Television Council and American Family Association made some advertisers decrease or stop their sponsorship of Springer. [30] For the United Kingdom , the Independent Television Commission banned Springer and other tabloid talk programs from being shown on television during daytime hours on school holidays in response to numerous parental complaints and concerns about children's potential exposure to the salacious content (there was a British version of the show made for ITV which was lighter and more tongue-in-cheek ). [31] The show also topped TV Guide magazine's 2002 list of \"The Worst TV Shows Ever\". [32] The phrase \"Jerry Springer Nation\" began to be used by some who see the program as being a bad influence on the morality of the United States. [33] In addition, the phrase has shown the association of Springer with any \"lowbrow\" type of entertainment in general. [34] [35]", "'It's TV so they are looking for characters, but be aware that the one thing you thought you would get away with - that one crass joke or comment - will end up being the one thing that you'll be remembered for.", "As well, there was the episode of sayings where they had to shine poop. Adam provides the caveat that they can't use certain words by listing them while being bleeped.", "In the episode \" It Hits the Fan ,\" South Park broke the swearing record by saying the word \"shit\" a total of 162 times. (In a 22 minute episode, this means that it averaged one \"shit\" every 8 seconds). There was even a counter throughout the episode showing the number of times it was said. An example of how it was used was Mr. Garrison's song that went, \"Hey, there, shitty shitty fag fag, shitty shitty fag fag, how do you do?\" and repeated this for four verses. This was meant as a satire on a NYPD Blue episode released shortly before this episode where one of the main characters said the word \"shit\" without being censored, and the American public discussed this for weeks. (In an additional gag in this episode, homosexual characters were allowed to use the word \"fag\" freely, while heterosexual characters were bleeped when attempting to use the same word.)", "Many terms were coined, popularized, or re-popularized in the series' run and have become part of popular culture. Notable catchphrases include \"Yada, yada, yada\", \"No soup for you\", \"These pretzels are making me thirsty\" and \"Not that there's anything wrong with that\".", "Maxwell Smart on Get Smart. The \"cone of silence\" was also a catchy phrase though not used in public...", "[RNW note - The definition published by the FCC - that indecent speech is \"language that, in context, depicts or describes sexual or excretory activities or organs in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium\" - is related by it in an expansion of the definition to three tests to be applied:", "B: They would not air a television show that was so vulgar and crude, relying heavily on scatological humor, racism, and homoerotic references most homophobes in the closet engage in.", "Chef used the word \"children\" often, even for a singular child. For example, he referred to Cartman as \"children\" in \" Cartman's Mom Is a Dirty Slut \" and \" Spontaneous Combustion ,\" Stan in \" Kenny Dies ,\" and Butters in \" The Simpsons Already Did It \". He also tended to use \"fudge\" as a euphemism for \"fuck,\" particularly in early episodes.", "1974 - A streaker (i.e.: someone running around naked), ran onto the set of The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson. The clever NBC censors decided to blackout the lower half of the TV screen on the videotape to prevent an �X� rating. The streaker was arrested, but released, for �lack of evidence,� said Johnny.", "During the show's most popular era in the late 1990s, The Jerry Springer Show released videotapes and later DVDs marketed as Too Hot for TV. They contained uncensored nudity , profanity , and violence that was edited out from broadcast to confirm to FCC standards for broadcast decency. The releases sold remarkably well [60] and inspired similar sets from other series. Eventually, the show started producing similar \"uncensored\" monthly pay-per-view / video on demand specials as well.", "aside: a performance convention in which a line spoken by a character directly to the audience is not heard by other actors onstage.", "Q: The guy in Cop Drama said \"shit\" in the literal noun form, but they were not allowed to say it in class, only the figurative noun and adjective. Why is that, since it was Cop Drama's usage of \"shit\" that allowed everyone to use it?" ]

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[ "Barnstorming was a form of entertainment in which stunt pilots performed tricks, either individually or in groups called flying circuses. Devised to \"impress people with the skill of pilots and the sturdiness of planes\", it became popular in the United States during the Roaring Twenties. Barnstormers were pilots who flew throughout the country selling airplane rides and performing stunts; Charles Lindbergh first began flying in this capacity.", "Barnstormers performed a variety of stunts, with some specializing as stunt pilots or aerialists. Stunt pilots performed a variety of aerobatic maneuvers, including spins, dives, loop-the-loops and barrel rolls, while aerialists performed feats of wing walking, stunt parachuting, midair plane transfers, or even playing tennis, target shooting, and dancing on the plane's wings.", "Aviators and motorcyclists became intrinsically bound, partly through the adventuresome spirit shared by the riders and pilots. It was also due to their joint appearances at fairs and shows. The barnstormers - stunt aviators - performed alongside dirt track and wall of death riders (where motorcycles were ridden up the inside wall of a wooden tower about 20 feet in diameter). T. E. Lawrence was among others who had engaged in land-air racing between motorcycle and aeroplane, and US stunt pilot Charles Lindbergh cemented the relationship by riding bikes as well. Also in the US, the horse’s association with motorcycles was echoed by Roy Roger’s enthusiasm for bikes.", "In Team Fortress 2 a hat referencing him can be obtained, named Barnstormer, the description of which references his film career, his aeronautics past, and some of his obsessions. The class that uses this hat is also a reference, since it is the Engineer.", "a formation of aircraft arranged and flown for public observation from the ground, such as the MISSING MAN FORMATION; see WELDED WING, BARNSTORMER, AEROBATICS. Also, a flight of assembled aircraft over a specified area. Also, the act of passing or flying overhead, also known as overflight or overpass.", "* Many of Richard Bach's novels feature a modern barnstormers as a protagonists or otherwise incorporate barnstorming", "An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Commercial aviation is a massive industry involving the flying of tens of thousands of passengers daily on airliners. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled.", "A stunt rider re-enacted the famous motorcycle fence jump - I hope this link stays active for a long time! Here is a still from the jump.", "A seaplane is a powered fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting) on water.Gunston, \"The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary\", 2009. Seaplanes that can also take off and land on airfields are in a subclass called amphibian aircraft. Seaplanes and amphibians are usually divided into two categories based on their technological characteristics: floatplanes and flying boats; the latter are generally far larger and can carry far more. These aircraft were sometimes called hydroplanes, but currently, this term applies instead to motor-powered watercraft that use the technique of hydrodynamic lift to levitate their main hull above the water when running at speed.", "Drag racing is a type of motor racing in which automobiles or motorcycles compete, usually two at a time, to be first to cross a set finish line. The race follows a short, straight course from a standing start over a measured distance, most commonly ¼ mile, with a shorter 3/16 mile 10 feet becoming increasingly popular, as it has become the standard for nitromethane-powered Top Fuel dragsters and funny cars where some major bracket races and other sanctioning bodies have adopted it as the standard, while 660 ft is also popular in some circles. Electronic timing and speed sensing systems have been used to record race results since the 1960s. The history of automobiles and motorcycles being used for drag racing is nearly as long as the history of motorized vehicles themselves, and has taken the form of both illegal street racing, and as an organized and regulated motorsport. This article covers the legal sport. This channel was generated automatically by YouTube's video discovery system.", "BASE jumping, also sometimes written as B.A.S.E. jumping, is parachuting or wingsuit flying from a fixed structure or cliff. \"BASE\" is an acronym that stands for four categories of fixed objects from which one can jump: building, antenna, span, and Earth (cliff). Due to the lower altitudes of the jumps, BASE jumping is significantly more dangerous than skydiving from a plane. In the U.S., BASE jumping is currently regarded by many as a fringe extreme sport or stunt. In some jurisdictions or locations, BASE jumping is prohibited or illegal; in some places, however, it is permitted, like Perrine Bridge, in Twin Falls, Idaho, USA. BASE jumping became known to the wider public by depictions of BASE jumping in a number of action movies and was featured in the 2014 documentary \"Sunshine Superman\".", "In the photo below, a Delta stunt kite circles around, with a single-line Delta in the background.", "* Power Rangers: Turbo In the 1997 season 5, Griller the monster makes cars fly out of control and crash into buildings and on the ground in \"Cars Attack\". Later on in the episode \"The Wheels of fate\" a flying red car named Lighting Cruiser is a vehicle that Divatox tried to capture but T.J. captured the car. The Lighting Cruiser has auto driving and can go from wheel mode to flight mode by turning 4 wheels up allowing it to fly and it can fly like a jet. It would be used by T.J. along with Storm Blaster car which was used by Justin Stewart.", "Crew or equipment visible: When Maverick is driving his motorcycle along the runway with the planes taking off, you can see the bed of the truck he’s atop at the bottom of the screen.", "Jason is hard at work completing phase 1 of his tri-copter. The beast uses over 1 hor…", "Buzzsaw - He transforms into a yellow and purple helicopter and could be seen flying overhead during several races on Velocitron. He resembles Cyclonus", "(1920s)^# - Flying Black Cats stuntman about to make a mid-air leap from one plane to another without a parachute.", "Bearcats have long been popular in air racing. A stock Bearcat flown by Mira Slovak and sponsored by Bill Stead won the first Reno Air Race in 1964. Rare Bear, a highly modified F8F owned by Lyle Shelton, went on to dominate the event for decades, often competing with Daryl Greenamyer, another famous racer with victories in his own Bearcat (Conquest I, now at the Smithsonian's NASM) and holder of a propeller-driven aircraft world speed record in it. Rare Bear also set many performance records, including the 3 km World Speed Record for piston-driven aircraft (528.33 mph/850.26 km/h), set in 1989, and a new time-to-climb record (3,000 m in 91.9 seconds (6,425.9 fpm), set in 1972, breaking the 1946 record cited above). ", "Motor Sports Pioneer. One of the first to employ jet engines on land, he once briefly held the world land speed record. Born Walter Charles Stroud, he was raised in the Akron suburbs and tinkered with motors from an early age. Following his leaving school in the 10th grade, he served four years as a US Navy mechanic then returned home to the family feed mill. After teaching himself to fly using surplus World War II planes, he and his half brother Art (deceased 2007) began drag racing around... [Read More] (Bio by: Bob Hufford )", "Hang Gliding — a type of air sport in which the rider flies a non-motorized aircraft which is called a hang glider.", "An Air ace in a car/plane hybrid that was capable of limited flight, usually just enough to leapfrog over racers or obstacles in its path. Red Max could use his propeller as a weapon to slice other cars into pieces, which was demonstrated effectively in one race against the Ant Hill Mob's Bulletproof Bomb. The Haybailer also had a mounted machine gun, which was used sporadically. The Haybailer's transformation from plane to car/plane hybrid seems to have significantly weakened its flying ability, and Max often has to bail out when the Haybailer breaks down.", "In 1907, George, Elmer and John Underwood displayed their \"flying wing\" at the Stettler (Alberta) fair. It did not have a motor; rather, it was a kite. The elliptical wing was covered in canvas and wire spokes attached to the wing from a central hub on a platform, which propelled along the ground on motorcycle wheels. A series of experiments over the next two years ended with the kite smashing on a windy day. Image", "Bearcats have long been popular in air racing . A stock Bearcat flown by Mira Slovak and sponsored by Bill Stead won the first Reno Air Race in 1964. ''Rare Bear '', a highly-modified F8F owned by Lyle Shelton , went on to dominate the event for decades, often competing with Daryl Greenamyer , another famous racer with victories in his own Bearcat (\"Conquest I\", now at [http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19770989000 the Smithsonian's NASM ]) and holder of a propeller-driven aircraft world speed record in it. ''Rare Bear'' also set many performance records, including the 3 km World Speed Record for piston-driven aircraft (528.33 mph/850.26 km/h), set in 1989, and a new time-to-climb record (3,000 m in 91.9 seconds (6425.9 fpm), set in 1972, breaking the 1946 record cited above).", "Jeremy: [voiceover] Over the years, I've flown F-15 fighters and done power slides in airboats and strafed the desert from helicopter gunships, but for sheer excitement, this thing [the Atom] is off the scale. Even so, there will still be those who say that no car, no matter how fast it is, can ever be as exciting as a big bike.", "The Tornado Racer was built as a land based version of the Tornado capable of making fast turns with its short wing span. It was built with parts found after an attempted invasion by Dr. Eggman.", "Crashing This propeller (pictured below) is from the Cessna 210, which I crashed in 1982. I was flying back from the Midem festival in France with a good pilot, a 747 captain, and my dad in the back. When we were midway over the Channel we lost the electrics and ended up crashing near Southampton. I had to get the undercarriage down with the emergency pump and managed it just before we hit the ground. We were hurtling across a field towards an embankment, but everything seemed to be in slow motion – I remember seeing individual blades of grass float past me. It was surreal. I was wondering where it was going to hurt first and thought the engine would take my legs off when we hit the embankment, but luckily we had enough speed so when I pulled the stick back, we ricocheted off the embankment and took off again, then dropped down in the middle of a road and stopped dead.", "Those Magnificent Flying Machines : Most notably Red Max and his Crimson Haybailer, also Professor Pat Pending and his Convert-a-Car and the Gruesome Twosome's Creepy Coupe. On occasion, the other cars will take flight as well.", "On the dirt track, the Harley-Davidson XR750 dominated the AMA series. The most successful dirt tracker in H-D history was Scott Parker, who tallied 93 wins and nine championship titles under the Bar and Shield banner. Another Flat Track racer linked to the Harley name and the XR750 is Chris Carr, a seven-time Flat Track champion.", "1999 – The Volantor, a flying car, was described. It was designed by Paul Moller of Davis, Ca., and estimated to have range of 900 miles.", "Pilots a multitude of jet aircraft. Most notable aviation feat is successful landing at Washington National of a Gulfstream IIB with complete electrical failure. Conditions at the time were night, IMC, icing. [December 1993]", "A bumbling professor accidently invents flying rubber, or \"Flubber\", an incredible material that gains energy every time it strikes a hard surface. It allows for the invention of shoes that can allow jumps of amazing heights and enables a modified Model-T to fly. Unfortunately, no one is interested in the material except for Alonzo Hawk, a corrupt businessman who wants to steal the material for himself.", "I was fortunate to win the 50th Wakefield Anniversary contest the Copland trophy at Middle Wallop, England in 1988. I also won the Large Rubber event at the SAM International held in Gorizia, Italy in 1992. I was honored to win the Korda Special Event held at the AMA field (with 65 entries) in 1996. This model is now in the AMA museum. I was the Florida State Rubber Champion in 1994. I am still an active Free Flight rubber flyer and compete on a local and national level. I also fly Old Timer Radio Control SAM models. This is great fun and, as I get older, this is a less physical model activity. I also belong to the Vintage Radio Control Society. This group flies the early Radio Control designs." ]

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[ "The Corps of Discovery departed from Camp Dubois at 4 p.m. on May 14, 1804, and met up with Lewis in St. Charles, Missouri, a short time later, marking the beginning of the voyage to the Pacific coast. The Corps followed the Missouri River westward. Soon they passed La Charrette, the last Euro-American settlement on the Missouri River.", "The Corps of Discovery departed from Camp Dubois at 4 pm on May 14, 1804, and met up with Lewis in St. Charles, Missouri , a short time later, marking the beginning of the voyage to the Pacific coast. The Corps followed the Missouri River westward. Soon, they passed La Charrette, the last Euro-American settlement on the Missouri River.", "The Corps of Discovery departed from Camp Dubois at 4pm on May 14, 1804, and met up with Lewis in St. Charles, Missouri, a short time later, marking the beginning of the voyage to the Pacific coast. The Corps followed the Missouri River westward. Soon, they passed La Charrette, the last Euro-American settlement on the Missouri River.", "Lewis and Clark spent the winter of 1803-04 at Camp Dubois on the east bank of the Mississippi River, upstream from St. Louis. Here the captains recruited more men, increasing the ranks of the \"Corps of Volunteers for Northwest Discovery\" to more than 40. As spring approached, the members of the Expedition gathered food and supplies and packed them into barrels, bags, and boxes. The boats were loaded and the party made ready to depart. On May 14, 1804, the Lewis & Clark Expedition began its trip up the Missouri River.", "1804 Lewis and Clark Expedition departs from Camp Dubois and begin their historic journey by traveling up the Missouri River", "US Army volunteers Second Lieutenant William Clark and Captain Meriwether Lewis led the Corps of Discovery Expedition in 1804. This took place just after the United States completed of the Louisiana Purchase. They explored the western United States beginning in Missouri through the Mississippi to the Pacific coast.", "After a two and half year journey—the first transcontinental expedition—the Corps of Discovery arrived back in St. Louis on September 23, 1806. They had achieved their objectives, except for the discovery of a Northwest passage via water to the Pacific, although the route that they took became part of the Oregon Trail. Their journey helped open the American west to further exploration and settlement, providing valuable geographical and diplomatic information, giving the U.S. a foothold in the region’s fur trade and making contact with more than 72 Native American tribes. Their scientific data alone provided great advances, including the discovery of 178 new plants and 122 previously unknown species and subspecies of animals. Learn more about the Lewis And Clark Expedition", "On an inlet from the Pacific near the mouth of the Columbia River , the men constructed Fort Clatsop , in honor of their Indian neighbors. At Fort Clatsop Lewis spent much of the time writing in his journal on botanical, ethnological, meteorological, and zoological topics, while Clark completed the first map ever made of the land between North Dakota and the Pacific coast. Together, they discussed what they had seen and learned from their journey. Meanwhile, the men hunted, fished, and made salt. After three months of cold, dreary rain, dietary problems, and constant boredom, the Corps of Discovery left the Pacific coast early in the spring of 1806. Over the next six months the men retraced their path (and charted new ones) on their way home. On the morning of 23 September 1806 , the Lewis and Clark Expedition arrived safely back in St. Louis to the cheers of crowds lining the riverfront.", "Sacagawea (c. 1788 – December 20, 1812) – accompanied and assisted Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806), the first American overland expedition to the Pacific coast and back.", "The Lewis and Clark Expedition, also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the first American expedition to cross what is now the western portion of the United States. It began near St. Louis, made its way westward, and passed through the continental divide to reach the Pacific coast.", "1804-1806 - Lewis and Clark expedition: Met a Shoshoni woman by the name of Sacajawea, and spend 2.5 years exploring land. Went all the way to Oregon and Pacific before returning.", "In 1804, a year after the Louisiana Purchase, President Jefferson sent an expedition under Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the purchase and to continue on to the Pacific Ocean. The Lewis and Clark Expedition traveled up the Missouri River, spent the winter of 1804 to 1805 with the Mandan people, and with the help of a Shoshone woman named Sacagawea traveled west along the Snake River to the Columbia River and on to the Pacific.", "In spring of 1804, Jefferson sent William Clark and Meriwether Lewis to explore this new territory. Along with a Shoshoni woman named Sacajawea, the two spent 21/2 years exploring the land, marveling at the expanses of buffalo, elk, deer, and antelope, and went all the way to Oregon and the Pacific before returning.", "In 1804, Jefferson sends a team to explore lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. The Corps of Discovery will travel nearly 8,000 miles over three years, reaching the Pacific Ocean and clearing the path for westward expansion.", "In order to realize the full potential of this uncharted land, President Jefferson dispatched a 35-member expedition to explore it. Led by U.S. Army officers Meriweather Lewis and William Clark, the expedition was to determine the most direct practicable water communication across the continent for commerce purposes, map the land, gather plant and animal specimens, collect soil and weather data, and record the details of all they saw. It was a large task. Between May 1804 and September 1806, the expedition sighted the Pacific Ocean before returning to St. Louis. The explorers did not find the much sought-after Northwest Passage, but the information they did acquire spurred the nation towards further expansion and settlement.", "38. Multiple answer required. The younger of these two men helped out down the Whiskey Rebellion, then fought against the Miami tribe in Ohio. The older commanded the Chosen Rifle Company at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, then returned to Louisville until the younger man invited him on an adventure. What two men led an 1804-1806 expedition that traveled from St. Louis to the Pacific Coast and back?", "1805 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Explorers Lewis and Clark reach Pacific Ocean", "Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led a government-sponsored expedition to explore the vast wilderness of the west soon after the signing of the Louisiana Purchase. The team, also known as the Corps of Discovery, left St. Louis, Missouri in 1804 and returned to the same spot in 1806.", "A long winter's stay across from St. Louis , at River Dubois in Illinois , waiting for spring and for the transfer of Louisiana to the United States, enabled the captains to gather their men, evaluate and discipline them, and collect some additional information—notably the personal advice of James Mackay and the Missouri River maps of John Evans (Atlas maps 7–12). By the spring of 1804 they had eliminated a few less desirable recruits, had given the rest some idea of what was expected of them, and were ready to begin the great adventure.", "He hired Meriwether Lewis & William Clark to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean. They explored the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean. The Corps of Discovery is another name for Lewis and Clark’s Expedition.", "The efforts of William Rotch, Sr., the vision of John Ledyard, the far-western extension of the Lewis and Clark expedition, and the enterprise of Astor's American Fur Co. leapt over the North American interior to the vast Pacific Rim", "    1805 --Sacajawea gives birth to Jean-Baptist Charbonneau while leading Lewis & Clark Expedition . Mother and son both were invaluable to the expedition. As hoped, Sacagawea's services as a translator played a pivotal role in securing horses from the Shoshone. Jean Baptiste's presence also proved unexpectedly useful by helping to convince the Indians the party encountered that their intentions were peaceful-no war party, the Indians reasoned, would bring along a mother and infant. When the Corps of Discovery returned east in 1805, Charbonneau, Sacagawea, and Jean Baptiste resumed the fur-trading life. Little is known of Sacagawea's subsequent fate, though a fur trader claimed she died of a \"putrid fever\" in 1812 at a Missouri River trading post. True to a promise he had made to Sacagawea during the expedition, Clark paid for Jean Baptiste's education at a St. Louis Catholic academy and became something of an adoptive father to the boy. A bright and charismatic young man, Jean Baptiste learned French, German, and Spanish, hunted with noblemen in the Black Forest of Germany, traveled in Africa, and returned to further explore the American West. He died in 1866 en route to the newly discovered gold fields of Montana.", "The Corps of Discovery spent the winter (December 7, 1805 – March 23, 1806) encamped in today’s northwest Oregon at a place they dubbed Fort Clatsop after the local Indian tribe. While here, Lewis and Clark made plans to separate once they returned to today’s Montana and their Travelers’ Rest camp of September 9 – 11, 1805, just up Lolo Creek near Missoula. On June 29,1806, the Corps crossed the Bitterroot Mountains and descended into Big Sky Country and to Travelers’ Rest", "The expedition faced its second bitter winter, and on November 24, 1805 voted on whether to camp on the south side of the Columbia river (modern Astoria, Oregon), building Fort Clatsop . Because Sacagawea and Clark's slave York were both allowed to participate in the vote, it may have been the first time in American history where a woman and a slave were allowed to vote. [52] Lack of food was a major factor. The elk, the party's main source of food, had retreated from their usual haunts into the mountains, and the party was now too poor to purchase enough food from neighboring tribes. Lewis was determined to remain at the fort until April 1 but was anxious to move on at the earliest opportunity. By March 22 the stormy weather had subsided and the following morning the Corps began their journey homeward using canoes, and later by land. [53] [54]", "[Charles Wilkes, John Symmes, Jeremiah Reynolds, exploration, Lewis and Clark, Fiji Island, Tierra del Fuego, The Oregon Territory, Civil Way, Navy, hollow Earth theory, A. E. Housman]", "       On the second expedition, in 1775, Franciscan missionaries were included. With Bruno de Heceta in command, and Juan Perez accompanying them, the expedition party landed on the coast of Oregon in July. With local natives looking on, they planted a cross and took possession of the land for Spain. Father Miguel Campa, O.F.M., offered Holy Mass and preached. After exchanges with the local Indians, they set sail and headed farther north. In August they arrived at what is now called the Columbia River. They gave it its original name, Rio San Rogue (River of Saint Rogue), and sailed more than thirty miles up stream, turning around before it became too narrow and shallow. (This proves that Lewis and Clark did not discover the Columbia River as is taught.) They surveyed the area, then proceeded north to Grayes Harbor and anchored there. Some of the sailors went ashore to find water. While there, they were attacked by Indians and seven of them were killed. The expedition left and landed on Vancouver Island and, with local natives looking on, planted a cross. They then sailed back to Monterey to report their findings and events.", "On the trip, they lived off the land, built shelters and shot game. They traded with the Native Americans. They traded glass beads, tobacco and knives for food and horses. They named rivers and streams after famous Americans. Finally, they found the Columbia River. From there they traveled to the Pacific Ocean.", "On July 15th (that’s today!), 1806, American brigadier general Zebulon Pike set out to explore the southern portion of the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase. His main goal was to find the headwaters of the Red and Arkansas rivers. Unlike his predecessors Lewis and Clark who were exploring the north, the Pike Expedition would go down in infamy. They were captured by Spanish authorities in southern Colorado and held as prisoners for over five months, but not before discovering the most eastern 14,000-foot mountain in the Colorado Rockies which now bears the name Pikes Peak. ", "A 62-man exploring and mapping expedition entered California in late 1845 under the command of U.S. Army Brevet Captain John C. Frémont. Frémont was well known in the United States as an author and explorer. He was also the son-in-law of expansionist U.S. Senator Thomas Hart Benton. Early in 1846 Frémont acted provocatively with California's Commandante General José Castro near the pueblo of Monterey and then moved his group out of California into Oregon Country. He was followed into Oregon by U.S. Marine Lt Archibald H. Gillespie who had been sent from Washington with a secret message to U.S. Consul Thomas O. Larkin and instructions to share the message with Frémont. Gillespie also brought a packet of letters from Frémont's wife and father-in-law. ", "In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson agreed to the Louisiana Purchase , successfully adding 530,000,000 acres of land to the United States. The area was purchased from France for $15 million. The following year, President Jefferson assigned Meriwether Lewis (who asked for help from William Clark) to head west and explore the newly purchased land . It took about a year and a half for the duo to reach the west coast.", "The most famous of the explorers was John Charles Frémont (1813–1890), a commissioned officer in the Army's Corps of Topographical Engineers. He displayed a talent for exploration and a genius at self-promotion that gave him the sobriquet of \"Pathmarker of the West\" and led him to the presidential nomination of the new Republican Party in 1856. He led a series of expeditions in the 1840s which answered many of the outstanding geographic questions about the little-known region. He crossed through the Rocky Mountains by five different routes, and mapped parts of Oregon and California. In 1846–7, he played a role in conquering California. In 1848–49, Frémont was assigned to locate a central route through the mountains for the proposed transcontinental railroad, but his expedition ended in near-disaster when it became lost and was trapped by heavy snow. His reports mixed narrative of exciting adventure with scientific data, and detailed practical information for travelers. It caught the public imagination and inspired many to head west. Goetzman says it was \"monumental in its breadth—a classic of exploring literature.\" ", "Entrepreneurs, most notably John Jacob Astor quickly seized the opportunity and expanded fur trading operations into the Pacific Northwest. Astor's \"Fort Astoria\" (later Fort George), at the mouth of the Columbia River, became the first permanent white settlement in that area, although it was not profitable for Astor. He set up the American Fur Company in an attempt to break the hold that the Hudson's Bay Company monopoly had over the region. By 1820, Astor had taken over independent traders to create a profitable monopoly; he left the business as a multi-millionaire in 1834. " ]

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[ "Paul Revere (; December 21, 1734 O.S. - May 10, 1818) was an American silversmith, engraver, early industrialist, and a Patriot in the American Revolution. He is best known for alerting the colonial militia to the approach of British forces before the battles of Lexington and Concord, as dramatized in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem, \"Paul Revere's Ride\" (1861).", "* Paul Revere - an American silversmith and a patriot in the American Revolution whose 'Midnight Ride' warned patriot rebels of the arrival of the British military troops.", "Paul Revere has become an icon in the mythology of the American Revolution largely as a result of the historically inaccurate account of his famous \"midnight ride\" given in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's popular poem. Revere was born in 1735, the son of a Boston silversmith. He took up his father's craft and excelled in it. His contributions to the design and manufacture of fine silverware justify his place in history perhaps as much as his patriotic and military exploits.", "His father, Apollos Rivoire (or De Rivoire), was a Huguenot who had gone to Boston while still a boy as a refugee from religious persecution in France. Apprenticed to the silversmith John Coney, Apollos had married Deborah Hitchbourn (Hitchborn), and he gradually Anglicized his name as Paul Revere. As an independent silversmith, the elder Revere had become a man of substance by the time his son Paul was born, in Boston, Mass., on Jan. 1, 1735.", "Popular tradition has long identified the horseman as the distinguished Huguenot silversmith Paul Revere. The tradition may well be correct. Revere, one of the 'Indians' taking part in the Tea Party of 1773, often rides with urgent messages from Boston's Committee of Public Safety.", "BROWN BEAUTY was ridden by Paul Revere during his famous midnight ride on April 18, 1775. Paul was employed by the Boston Committee of Correspondence and the Massachusetts Committee of Safety as an express rider hired to carry news, messages, and copies of resolutions as far away as New York and Philadelphia.", "Paul Revere was the principal rider for Boston's Committee of Safety. In his most famed accomplishment, he rode his horse on the evening of April 18, 1775 to warn patriot leaders, as well as residents of the Massachusetts countryside, that there was an impending British invasion in the town of Lexington, Mass. His warning was made famous in a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, \"The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere.\"", "Revere is remembered as much as a craftsman as he is as a patriot. His anti-British engravings of episodes such as the Boston Massacre were effective propaganda. He cast musket balls and cannon during the war and designed and printed the first Continental currency. After the war he became one of New England's leading silversmiths and a pioneer in the production of copper plating in America. ", "Revere was a prosperous and prominent Boston silversmith, who helped organize an intelligence and alarm system to keep watch on the British military. Revere later served as a Massachusetts militia officer, though his service culminated after the Penobscot Expedition, one of the most disastrous campaigns of the American Revolutionary War, for which he was absolved of blame. Following the war, Revere returned to his silversmith trade and used the profits from his expanding business to finance his work in iron casting, bronze bell and cannon casting, and the forging of copper bolts and spikes. Finally in 1800 he became the first American to successfully roll copper into sheets for use as sheathing on naval vessels.", "Revere's business began to suffer when the British economy entered a recession in the years following the Seven Years' War, and declined further when the Stamp Act of 1765 resulted in a further downturn in the Massachusetts economy. Business was so poor that an attempt was made to attach his property in late 1765. To help make ends meet he even took up dentistry, a skill set he was taught by a practicing surgeon who lodged at a friend's house. One client was Doctor Joseph Warren, a local physician and political opposition leader with whom Revere formed a close friendship. Revere and Warren, in addition to having common political views, were also both active in the same local Masonic lodges.", "Paul Revere was descended from Huguenot refugees, as were Henry Laurens, who signed the Declaration of Independence for South Carolina; Jack Jouett, who made the ride from Cuckoo Tavern to warn Thomas Jefferson and others that Tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him and the others for crimes against the king; and a number of other leaders of the American Revolution and later statesmen.", "Revere's political involvement arose through his connections with members of local organizations and his business patrons. As a member of the Masonic Lodge of St. Andrew, he was friendly with activists like James Otis and Dr. Joseph Warren. In the year before the Revolution, Revere gathered intelligence information by \"watching the Movements of British Soldiers,\" as he wrote in an account of his ride. He was a courier for the Boston Committee of Correspondence and the Massachusetts Committee of Safety, riding express to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. He also spread the word of the Boston Tea Party to New York and Philadelphia.", "An official courier for the Massachusetts Committee of Correspondence, Revere arrived in Lexington shortly before another rider, William Dawes, and warned John Hancock and Samuel Adams to escape. Revere then started for Concord accompanied by Dawes and Samuel Prescott but was halted by a British patrol.  Only Prescott reached Concord.  Revere's exploit was celebrated in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's famous (but generally inaccurate) poem, \"Paul Revere's Ride\" (1863).", "The most well-known name involved in the Boston Tea Party was that of Paul Revere . However, several other participants were noteworthy. ", "Shortly before the American Revolutionary War , Revere became an associate of the Assassin Connor. On 18 April 1775, he was one of several riders sent by Joseph Warren to warn Lexington and Concord of a coming military raid. Revere was tasked to ride to the Frontier to rally the Patriot troops. His message was to repel the Regular advance for Samuel Adams and John Hancock . However, the rallying of Patriots was not the only cause for the ride, as it enabled Connor to assassinate the British officer John Pitcairn .", "Triber, Jayne E. A True Republican: The Life of Paul Revere. Amherst, Mass: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998.", "Question of the Day - On this day in 1775, what Bostonian set out on horseback to warn that the British were coming? Paul Revere", "Paul Revere - Another iconic Revolutionary hero encountered by Connor on his journey, Revere is instrumental in the lead up to the battles of Lexington and Concord.", "Listen, my children, and you shall hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April, in...", "* The unsung role played in American history role of William Dawes and Samuel Prescott was to accompany Paul Revere on his celebrated midnight ride to warn their countrymen that “the British are coming.”", "SIGNIFICANCE: The reputation of Paul Revere as a patriotic hero of the American Revolution was tarnished by the accusations made against him after the disastrous Penobscot expedition in 1779. A court-martial was eventually held, at Revere's insistence, in 1782, and he was acquitted.", "Poets, historians, and schoolbooks have retold the story of the legendary ride of Paul Revere for more than two centuries. The most popular retelling is the poem entitled \"Paul Revere's Ride\" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It begins:", "Patriots (also known as American Whigs, Revolutionaries, Congress-Men or Rebels) is a name often used to describe the colonists of the British Thirteen United Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution. It was their leading figures who, in July 1776, declared the United States of America an independent nation. Their rebellion was based on the political philosophy of republicanism, as expressed by pamphleteers, such as Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Paine. They called themselves Whigs after 1768, identifying with members of the British Whig party (including the Radical Whigs and Patriot Whigs), who favored similar colonial policies. As a group, Patriots represented an array of social, economic, ethnic and racial backgrounds. They included college students like Alexander Hamilton; planters like Thomas Jefferson; merchants like Alexander McDougall; lawyers like John Adams; and plain farmers like Daniel Shays and Joseph Plumb Martin. (wikipedia.org.  Accessed August 4, 2011.)", "John Hancock (January 23, 1737 – October 8, 1793) was a merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence, so much so that \"John Hancock\" became, in the United States, a synonym for signature.", "American patriot. A prosperous low country planter in South Carolina, he became an American patriot leader in the American Revolutionary War. A member of the Second Continental Congress, he acted as a strong advocate of the Continental Army, working to combat army corruption.", "A merchant, smuggler, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution, Hancock served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence, so much so that the term “John Hancock” has become, in the United States, a synonym for a signature.", "Patriot of the Revolutionary War, Nathan was hung as a spy. Remembered for his oft quoted words, \"I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.\" In 1985 Captain Nathan Hale was designated the official state hero of CT.", "Service: led the Barnegut Pirates, terrorized rebels on land, on the Delaware River and along Atlantic coast. Wounded after \"massacre\" in 1782, wanted dead or alive.", "At age 14 he ran away from home and fought in the French and Indian War. At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, he joined the American army as a colonel and in 1775 shared a command with Ethan Allen in the capture of Ticonderoga. Later he led 1000 men into Canada where he fought in the battle of Quebec. His courage in battle won him a promotion to brigadier general. But something went wrong. Thoughts of compromise ate away at his patriotic zeal. Soon the unthinkable happened. He offered his services to the British, and in 1780 devised a plan to surrender West Point to British control. Today, instead of being remembered as a national hero, Benedict Arnold is synonymous with \"traitor.\"", "Daniel Boone (October 22 [November 2 new style], 1734 – September 26, 1820) was an American pioneer, explorer, and frontiersman whose frontier exploits made him one of the first folk heroes of the United States. Boone is most famous for his exploration and settlement of what is now the Commonwealth of Kentucky (Kentucky), which was then beyond the western borders of the settled part of Thirteen Colonies (This region legally belonged to both the Commonwealth of Virginia and to the American Indian Tribes.) Despite some resistance from American Indian tribes such as the Shawnee, in 1778 Boone blazed his Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap in the Appalachian Mountains - from North Carolina and Tennessee into Kentucky. There he founded the village of Boonesborough, Kentucky, one of the first English-speaking settlements west of the Appalachians. Before the end of the 18th century, more than 200,000 European people migrated to Kentucky/Virginia by following the route marked by Boone.", "Ethan Allen, popularly known as the Founder of the State of Vermont, was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, on January 10, 1738. He was a flamboyant folk hero of Vermont, who organized Green Mountain Boys during the American Revolutionary War, and together with Colonel Benedict Arnold captured Fort Ticonderoga in May 1775. Later while invading the British colony of Canada with Colonel John Brown , Allen was captured on September 1775, and was held as prisoner for two years in England and New York before finally being exchanged in 1778.", "Arnold's contributions to American independence are largely underrepresented in popular culture, while his name became synonymous with traitor in the 19th century. The demonization of Arnold began immediately after his betrayal became public. Biblical themes were often invoked; Benjamin Franklin wrote that \"Judas sold only one man, Arnold three millions\", and Alexander Scammell described Arnold's actions as \"black as hell\". " ]

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[ "Nickname(s): Bayou State, Child of the Mississippi, Creole State, Pelican State (official), Sportsman's Paradise, Sugar State, The Boot", "1812 - There aren�t many states that can boast an abundance of pelicans, but Louisiana, the 18th state to enter the United States of America, has plenty. That�s why it calls itself the Pelican State and the state bird is the eastern brown pelican. Named in honor of Louis XIV of France, Louisiana has several other nicknames: Sportsman�s Paradise, Sugar State (that�s beet sugar), and Creole State. The capital of Louisiana is Baton Rouge and the beautiful magnolia is its adopted flower while the state tree is the bald cypress. All together now, let�s sing You are My Sunshine, Louisiana�s state song. Give Me Louisiana is also considered a state song, and the state motto is: Union, justice and confidence. We�re not too confident in choosing which song to sing, though.", "Louisiana has been the Pelican State since around 1859 (the Pelican is also the official state bird), and has had few nicknames since then. In 1872, it was listed as being the Creole State, but the misunderstandings of northerners, who thought it suggested African blood rather than the correct meaning of \"caucasian\", led to its demise. Occasionally, Louisiana gets called the Sugar State. The influence of the great river has led some to call it Child of the Mississippi, and the state's many waterways have also results in the Bayou State (which is the name on the state's licence plates).", "At the beginning of the 1820s, the United States stretched from the Atlantic Ocean through to (roughly) the western edge of the Mississippi basin, though Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin and all present-day states fully west of the Mississippi had yet to be granted statehood. Two states were admitted to the union during this decade: Maine in 1820, and Missouri in 1821. The Adams–Onís Treaty, signed in 1819 and ratified by Spain in 1821, ceded Florida to the United States, and established a boundary between New Spain and the United States.", "Some 80 years later, in 1803, shrewd American diplomats negotiating the Louisiana Purchase in Paris invoked this informal 1719 agreement as the precedent for setting the Perdido River as the eastern limit of the Louisiana Purchase. Because all of Florida east of the Perdido River remained in Spanish hands until 1819, Florida's panhandle region did not become part of Alabama. After Louisiana achieved statehood in 1812, Congress added the last eastern remnant of the Louisiana Purchase, between the Pearl River in present-day Mississippi and the Perdido rivers, to the Mississippi Territory. This \"Addition of 1812\" ultimately became the Gulf \"foot\" portions of Mississippi and Alabama.", "After the American Revolution , this area became part of the new United States of America . The Mississippi Territory was organized on April 7, 1798, from territory ceded by Georgia and South Carolina . It was later twice expanded to include disputed territory claimed by both the United States and Spain. From 1800 to about 1830, the United States purchased some lands ( Treaty of Doak's Stand ) from Native American tribes for new settlements of European Americans, who were mostly migrants from other Southern states. [19] Many slaveholders brought slaves with them or purchased them through the internal slave market, especially New Orleans. They transported nearly one million slaves to the Deep South , including Mississippi, in a forced internal migration that broke up many slave families of the Upper South, where planters were selling excess slaves. The Southerners imposed their slave laws and restricted the rights of free blacks, according to their view of white supremacy.", "On April 30, 1803, representatives of the United States and Napoleonic France conclude negotiations for the Louisiana Purchase, a massive land sale that doubles the size of the young American republic. What was known as Louisiana Territory comprised most of modern-day United States between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, with the exceptions of Texas, parts of New Mexico, and other pockets of land already controlled by the United States. A formal treaty for the Louisiana Purchase, antedated to April 30, was signed two days later.", "After the American Revolution , this area became part of the new United States of America . The Mississippi Territory was organized on April 7, 1798, from territory ceded by Georgia and South Carolina . It was later twice expanded to include disputed territory claimed by both the United States and Spain. From 1800 to about 1830, the United States purchased some lands ( Treaty of Doak's Stand ) from Native American tribes for new settlements of Americans.[ citation needed ]", "Five states were admitted to the Union during Monroe's two terms: Mississippi on December 10, 1817; Illinois on December 13, 1818; Alabama on December 14, 1819; Maine on March 15, 1820; and Missouri on August 10, 1821.", "In the early 19th century, there were an equal number of free and slave states.  Missouri, a pro-slave region, wanted to join the Union but abolitionists worried that this would offset the balance and give the slave states the upper hand.  Maine, an anti-slavery region, seized the opportunity and agreed to join the Union as a free state – keeping the balance between abolition and pro-slavery and getting to be their own state.  Thus, under the Missouri Compromise of 1820, Missouri joined the Union as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state.  And was forced to adopt “ME” as its abbreviation because Massachusetts (MA), Michigan (MI), and Minnesota (MN) beat them in the statehood race.", "On April 1, 1803, the United States of America was comprised of lands east of the Mississippi River, including a handful of states (17), and the Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Mississippi Territories.", "A state of the southeast United States. It was admitted as the 20th state in 1817. French settlers arrived in 1699, and the area became part of Louisiana. It passed to the British (1763-1779) and then to the Spanish before being ceded to the United States in 1783. The Mississippi Territory, organized in 1798 and enlarged in 1804 and 1813, also included the present state of Alabama. Jackson is the capital and the largest city.", "Mississippi is smaller than most of the U.S. states and is bounded on the north by Tennessee , on the east by Alabama , on the south by Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico , and on the west by Louisiana and Arkansas . Mississippi is naturally well suited to agriculture; its soil is rich and deep, and its landscape is laced with many rivers. Until the mid-20th century the dominance of a rural, unhurried lifestyle generally worked to the state’s advantage. This way of life was manifest in part in a culture of gentility, the legacy of which is still evident in the many historic mansions located in such old towns as Columbus , Biloxi , Natchez , Vicksburg , and Holly Springs .", "During the 1850s, the society also received several thousand dollars from the New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and Maryland legislatures. Pennsylvania, Maryland and Mississippi set up their own state societies and colonies on the coast next to Liberia. Mississippi-in-Africa joined Liberia in 1847; the Republic of Maryland, established as a colony in the 1830s, remained independent until 1857 as its state society wanted to maintain a trade monopoly.", "Mississippi is bordered on the n by Tennessee ; on the e by Alabama ; on the s by the Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana ; and on the w by Louisiana (with the line partially formed by the Pearl and Mississippi rivers) and Arkansas (with the line formed by the Mississippi River ). Several small islands lie off the coast.", "1821: James Monroe is sworn in as President for a 2nd term with Daniel Tompkins as Vice President. Missouri is the 24th state admitted to the Union. Missouri was admitted as a slave state on August 10, 1821, after an agreement known as the Missouri Compromise in which Maine was admitted as a free state. The state was much smaller than the territory. The area to the west and northwest of the state, which had been in the territory, was commonly known as the \"Missouri Country\" until May 30, 1854, and certain of the post offices in this area show a Missouri abbreviation in the postmark.", "In the early history of the United States, the Mississippi River served as the westernmost border of the country until the Louisiana Territory was purchased from France in 1803. After that, the river was a symbol of the start of the American frontier. Today the river is an important transportation waterway, carrying goods from the middle of the country to the port of New Orleans and into the Gulf of Mexico.", "        Learn what year your state joined the Union and became part of the \"United States of", "As the United States spread across the Appalachians, the Mississippi River became an increasingly important conduit for the produce of America’s West (which at that time referred to the land between the Appalachians and the Mississippi). Since 1762, Spain had owned the territory of Louisiana, which included 828,000 square miles. The territory made up all or part of fifteen modern U.S. states between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. The Pinckney treaty of 1795 had resolved friction between Spain and the United States over the right to navigate the Mississippi and the right for Americans to transfer their goods to ocean-going vessels at New Orleans. With the Pinckney treaty in place and the weak Spanish empire in control of Louisiana, American statesmen felt comfortable that the United States’ westward expansion would not be restricted in the future.", "Mississippi's most famous political figure, Jefferson Davis (b.Kentucky, 1808–89), came to the state as a very young child, was educated at West Point , and served in the US Army from 1828 to 1835. He resigned a seat in Congress in 1846 to enter the Mexican War from which he returned home a hero after leading his famous regiment, the 1st Mississippi Rifles, at the Battle of Buena Vista, Mexico. From 1853 to 1857, he served as secretary of war in the cabinet of President Franklin Pierce. Davis was representing Mississippi in the US Senate in 1861 when the state withdrew from the Union. In February 1861, he was chosen president of the Confederacy, an office he held until the defeat of the South in 1865. Imprisoned for two years after the Civil War (though never tried), Davis lived the last years of his life at Beauvoir, an estate on the Mississippi Gulf Coast given to him by an admirer. There he wrote The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, completed eight years before his death in New Orleans.", "On December 10, 1817, Mississippi was the 20th state admitted to the Union. David Holmes was elected the first governor of the state. Plantations were developed primarily along the major rivers, where waterfront gave them access to the major transportation routes. This is also where early towns developed, linked by the steamboats that carried commercial products and crops to markets. The backcountry remained largely undeveloped frontier until it was cleared by freedmen during Reconstruction and later.", "On January 9, 1861, Mississippi became the second state to declare its secession from the Union, and it was one of the founding members of the Confederate States. During the war, Union and Confederate forces struggled over dominance on the Mississippi River, critical to supply routes and commerce. More than 80,000 Mississippians fought in the Civil War, and casualties were extremely heavy. Union General Ulysses S. Grant's long siege of Vicksburg finally gained the Union control in 1863.", "9. My capital is Jackson. I was the 20th state to join the union. Oprah Winfrey was born in me. Which state am I?", "Mississippi - a state in the Deep South on the gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate States during the American Civil War", "The map on the stamp is somewhat misleading, as the boundries of the Mississippi Territory specified in the 1798 act included all land from the mouth of Yazoo River on the Mississippi River eastward to the Chattahoochee River as the northern boundary and the 31st parallel between the Mississippi and Chattahoochee rivers as the southern boundary. On the stamp, however, only the portion of the territory that falls in the boundaries of the state of Mississippi is shaded, as are two additional territories that were added to what would become a state in 1817.", "Although it is usually today considered part of the Midwest, Missouri was historically considered by many to be a border state, chiefly because of the settlement of migrants from the South and its status as a slave state before the Civil War, balanced by the influence of the St. Louis. The counties that made up \"Little Dixie\" were those along the Missouri River in the center of the state, settled by Southern migrants who held the greatest concentration of slaves.", ". The tributaries of the Mississippi were held as the boundaries by the United States. ^  ", "* 1795: Pinckney's Treaty between the United States and Spain grants the Mississippi Territory to the U.S.", "Since the 1930s and the Great Migration, Mississippi has been majority white, albeit with the highest percentage of black residents of any U.S. state. From the early 19th century to that period, its citizenry was mostly black, a population that was composed largely of African American slaves before the American Civil War. In the first half of the 20th century, a total of nearly 400,000 rural blacks left the state for work and opportunities in northern and midwestern cities, with another wave of migration around World War II to West Coast cities. In 2010, 37% of Mississippians were African-Americans, the highest percentage of African Americans in a U.S. state. African Americans are still a majority in many counties of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, an area of historic settlement during the plantation era. Since 2011 Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country. ", "The Mississippi has been extremely important for transportation in the history of the United States. When the United States first became a nation, the Mississippi River was the western boundary of the United States.", "Historic Jefferson College, circa 1802, was the first preparatory school established in the Mississippi Territory. Located in Washington the educational institution is also the site where tradition holds Aaron Burr was arraigned for treason in 1807, beneath what became known as Burr Oaks.", "Mississippi River ( in Mississippi River (river, United States): Early settlement and exploration ) history of United States ." ]

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[ "Edward Teach, better known by the name Blackbeard, was a notorious pirate named for his long black beard. He was known for his intimidating and cruel nature, and to scare his enemies, he would often light fuses in his beard so that smoke surrounded his face. He appears in different incarnations in several Disney-related products, the best known being Disney's film Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides , in which his appearance is shown fairly accurately, though supernatural elements are written into his character.", "Edward Teach or Edward Thatch (c. 1680 – 22 November 1718), better known as Blackbeard, was a notorious English pirate who operated around the West Indies and the eastern coast of the American colonies during the early 18th century.", "Edward Teach, better known as Blackbeard, was a notorious English pirate in the Caribbean Sea during the early 18th century. He appears in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides , played by Ian McShane, as the first historical pirate to appear in the Pirates of the Caribbean films.", "* Ian McShane as Captain Edward \"Blackbeard\" Teach: Legendary pirate, and captain of the Queen Anne's Revenge.", "1000+ images about Edward Teach (Blackbeard) on Pinterest | Queen anne, Pirates and The outer banks", "In June 2006, Hallmark Entertainment premiered a three-hour presentation of Blackbeard, a fictional account of Edward Teach, starring Angus MacFadyen (from Braveheart) as the pirate. Originally filmed as a four-hour mini-series, the full version has been released abroad and on DVD. Shot entirely on location in Thailand, the film was directed by Kevin Connor and written by Bryce Zabel. Although many of the names and places are accurate, this Blackbeard is essentially a fictional story about the pirate's obsession to find the missing treasure of Captain Kidd. imdb.com", "The researchers’ bid to bring the ordnance to the surface comes as Blackbeard himself is resurrected in the new film Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides , which was released earlier this month. His ship is also depicted in the new film, in which the pirate is portrayed by British actor Ian McShane, while his fictional daughter, Angelica, is played by Penelope Cruz.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl is a 2003 American fantasy swashbuckler film based on the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction at Disney theme parks. It was directed by Gore Verbinski and produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer. The story follows pirate Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) and blacksmith Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) as they rescue the kidnapped Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley) from the cursed crew of the Black Pearl, captained by Hector Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush), who become undead skeletons at night.", "Edward Teach was most likely born in Bristol, England. Little is known about his early life, but in 1716 he joined the crew of Benjamin Hornigold, a pirate who operated from the Caribbean island of New Providence. He quickly gained his own ship, Queen Anne's Revenge , and from 1717 to 1718 became a notorious and feared pirate. His cognomen was derived from his thick black beard and fearsome appearance; he was reported to have tied lit fuses under his hat to frighten his enemies. He was a giant of a man for the times, close to six and a half feet tall and the fuses would create a halo of smoke around his head.", "The Pirates of the Caribbean series is a series of films based on the original Disneyland attraction Pirates of the Caribbean . Distributed by Walt Disney Pictures and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer , the films were directed by Gore Verbinski (1-3), Rob Marshall (4), and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg (5). They were most notably written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio (1-4); other writers include Stuart Beattie (1), Jay Wolpert (1), and Jeff Nathanson (5). Set in a fantasy world with a fictional historical setting, the films follow the adventures of the infamous Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ), joined by Captain Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ) and Joshamee Gibbs ( Kevin McNally ), as well as Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ), and Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ).", "Jack Sparrow is a legendary pirate and the main protagonist in Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean series. Portrayed by Johnny Depp, he is first introduced in the film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl and has appeared in the sequels Dead Man's Chest, At World's End, and On Stranger Tides. When the original Disneyland attraction was revamped in 2006, Jack Sparrow was added to the ride. Among other appearances, the character headlines The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow attraction at Disney's Hollywood Studios, as well as several books and video games.", "Teach was most likely born in Bristol, although little is known about his early life. In 1716 he joined the crew of Benjamin Hornigold, a pirate who operated from the Caribbean island of New Providence. He quickly acquired his own ship, Queen Anne's Revenge, and from 1717 to 1718 became a renowned pirate. His cognomen, Blackbeard, was derived from his thick black beard and fearsome appearance; he was reported to have tied lit fuses under his hat to frighten his enemies.", " He fought in Queen Anne's War, and after the war drifted around for a time. He soon found his way from Jamaica to the Bahamas, where he landed in New Providence. The capitol of New Providence is the well known pirate haven, Nassau. This is where Teach met the man who in 1716 would mold him into a legend, Captain Benjamin Hornigold.  Teach had already been a sailor most his life, so he knew his way around a ship. Hornigold showed him Piracy was the next logical step. In Teach's first trip with Hornigold, on the Ranger, he put him in command of a sloop, the Mary Anne. Teach proved to be a valuable ally to Hornigold, and they soon found themselves with hundreds of barrels of captured goods.", "3 — Depp uniquely conjured Captain Jack Sparrow as a tilted drunken rogue in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003): Gore Verbinski refused to let Walt Disney Studio executives fire Depp in the early going, when the suits could not fathom his weird, off-kilter performance. But fans loved him, Depp got his first Oscar nom as best actor, and the franchise continues, having already generated $3.7 billion so far. The fifth in the series, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, is due in theatres on May 26, 2017. If the new Alice bombs, this reboot of Pirates will surely revive Depp’s fortunes (won’t it?).", "From Michelle: In the April edition of Nickelodeon magazine, pages 47, 49, 50, 52, and 53 have stuff about Pirates of the Caribbean (The Curse of the Black Pearl). On page 47 it has one picture of Johnny and Orlando and then one with just Johnny. On page 49, it has the same picture of Orlando and Johnny and a trivia question, which is: 'Who is the emeny of Jack Sparrow?' On page 50, there is a picture of Orlando and Johnny (a different one) Orlando is closer to the camera and he looks so gorgeous. There is a paragraph and it says: 'This summer's blockbuster promises to make big waves on July 9. Captin Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) and expert swordsman, Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) take to the high seas to rescue a governor's daughter (Keira Knightley) and to recapture Sparrow's pirate ship, The Black Pearl, from his arch emeny Captin Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush). It's a tale made all the more thrilling by the fact that our pirates have been cursed to live as the undead, and moonlight reveals them to be eerie walking sketeltons. Coming to theaters July 9, 2003.' On page 52, there is some information about Johnny Depp and it doesn't mention Orli. And the last page, 53, there is an advertisement for Pirates of the Caribbean.", "Captain Salazar is a ghostly pirate captain and an old enemy of Jack Sparrow who escapes from the Devil's Triangle determined to exterminate all pirates in the world and have his vengeance on Jack Sparrow. He will be the main antagonist of the fifth film Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales and will be portrayed by Javier Bardem.", "purchases a model replica of a ship called the Unicorn, and is swiftly set upon by various shady characters who demand to purchase it from him and hint at numerous mouthwatering secrets. His interest is piqued, and together with faithful terrier Snowy, he sets off on a mission to uncover the ship’s secret. Along the way he meets the drunken seafarer Captain Archibald Haddock (Andy Serkis), crosses paths with detectives Thomson and Thompson (Simon Pegg and Nick Frost), and uncovers a spine-tingling tale of lost treasure and the legendary pirate Red Rackham (Daniel Craig). An anarchic downhill chase, involving the unleashing of a rampaging river and destruction of most of a Moroccan city is a particular stand out – it’s", "Depp’s versatility landed him a lead role in the animation ‘Rango’ (2011), and he returned to his old seafaring lifestyle in ‘Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides’. his latest roles have been in 'Into The Woods' (2014), 'Tusk' (2014), 'Black Mass' (2015) and 'Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales' (2016).", "In the film's main story, Captain Norrington was being promoted to Commodore in the British Royal Navy, and Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) was Port Royal blacksmith's apprentice and expert swordsman, in love with spunky 20 year-old Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley). Swashbuckling, eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) arrived in Port Royal, Jamaica, just as his dinghy sank at the dock in the film's clever entrance scene. He arrived just in time to save Elizabeth (with the medallion around her neck, emitting a pulse in the water) who had fainted and fallen into the ocean after the promotion ceremony. Sparrow was captured and locked up in jail, ready to be hanged by Elizabeth's pompous fiancee Commodore Norrington the next day.", "Captain Jack Sparrow is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. Jack Sparrow is portrayed by Johnny Depp.", "In the film, which draws inspiration from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers, Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) is joined by Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) in his search for the Fountain of Youth , confronting the infamous pirate Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ). The film was distributed by Walt Disney Pictures and was released in the US on May 20, 2011. It was released in Disney Digital 3-D , IMAX 3D and 2D theatres.", "At the Pirate of the Year ceremony, the Pirate Captain wins the grand prize from the Pirate King (Brian Blessed), but rival pirate Black Bellamy (Jeremy Piven) makes the Queen's pardon known to all. The Captain is stripped of the prize and his pirating license, and admits his loss of Polly to his crew, who abandon him. The Captain returns to London, intent on rescuing Polly. He reunites with Darwin, learning that the Queen is a member of an exclusive dining society of world leaders that feast on endangered creatures, and that Polly is likely on her flagship, the QV1 to be served at the next meal. The Pirate Captain and Darwin work together to steal an airship to travel to the QV1. Mr. Bobo, meanwhile, goes to find the rest of the Captain's crew to enlist their help.", "After a familiar improvised escape, he crosses paths with an old lover, Angelica (Penelope Cruz), who he once deflowered before she was to take her vows at a convent. She mentions she has a ship he can borrow, only it turns out that it's her father's ship, the Queen Anne's Revenge, captained by none other than Blackbeard the Pirate (Ian McShane), a feared and soulless scourge with a minor in black magic. So much for smooth sailing.", "A tall man with a luxuriant beard, love of ham and gift for errors in judgment, Pirate Captain sounds like Hugh Grant talking lower. It’s jolly good. The rum crew may disagree about looting and cutlasses but they are loyal to a man – or woman, in the case of Surprisingly Curvaceous Pirate (Ashley Jensen), whose fake beard fools no one but the crew. Pirate With a Scarf, the lone voice of reason (Martin Freeman), advises Captain against his ridiculous schemes to no avail. At the Barnacle’s Face tavern, more plunder-full pirates like Black Bellamy (Jeremy Piven) humiliate Captain when he enters the Pirate of the Year contest. More doubloons are needed.", "Hugh Grant, starring in his first animated role, is the luxuriantly bearded Pirate Captain – a boundlessly enthusiastic, if somewhat less-than-successful, terror of the High Seas.  With a rag-tag crew at his side (Martin Freeman, Brendan Gleeson, Russell Tovey, and Ashley Jensen), and seemingly blind to the impossible odds stacked against him, the Captain has one dream: to beat his bitter rivals Black Bellamy (Jeremy Piven) and Cutlass Liz (Salma Hayek) to the much coveted Pirate Of The Year Award.  It’s a quest that takes our heroes from the shores of exotic Blood Island to the foggy streets of Victorian London.  Along the way they battle a diabolical queen (Imelda Staunton) and team up with a haplessly smitten young scientist (David Tennant), but never lose sight of what a pirate loves best: adventure!", "After failing to find the Fountain of Youth, Sparrow arrives in London only to learn someone is gathering a crew by using his name. While searching for the imposter, he saves Gibbs from being hanged but is captured by the Royal Guards. They present him to King George II. Sparrow is surprised to learn Captain Barbossa is now a privateer in the Royal Navy. Sparrow refuses to negotiate with them to locate the Fountain of Youth and escapes. Soon he crosses paths with his impersonator, an old flame named Angelica (Penélope Cruz). She shanghais him to serve aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge, the ship captained by her father Blackbeard (Ian McShane), who forces Sparrow to search for the Fountain of Youth.", "The Pirates! Band of Misfits -- In the 3D, stop motion-animated The Pirates! Band of Misfits, Hugh Grant, stars in his first animated role as the luxuriantly bearded Pirate Captain -- a boundlessly enthusiastic, if somewhat less-than-successful, terror of the High Seas. With a rag-tag crew at his side (Martin Freeman, Brendan Gleeson, Russell Tovey, and Ashley Jensen), and seemingly blind to the impossible odds stacked against him, the Captain has one dream: to beat his bitter rivals Black Bellamy (Jeremy Piven) and Cutlass Liz (Salma Hayek) to the much coveted Pirate Of The Year Award. It's a quest that takes our heroes from the shores of exotic Blood Island to the foggy streets of Victorian London. Along the way they battle a diabolical queen (Imelda Staunton) and team up with a haplessly smitten young scientist (David Tennant), but never lose sight of what a pirate loves best: adventure! Director/producer Peter Lord will be live on stage to talk about the movie.", "Set sail for fun with this family-friendly Aardman Animations adventure following a bumbling, abundantly bearded scallywag who competes against his two biggest rivals for the title Pirate of the Year. Try as he might, the Pirate Captain (Hugh Grant) just can't be taken seriously as a plunderer. But that might change if he could only manage to win the Pirate of the Year competition. As the event gets under way, the Pirate Captain makes it his mission to leave dreaded foes Black Bellamy (Jeremy Piven) and Cutlass Liz (Salma Hayek) sinking in his wake. Before that can happen, though, the determined Pirate Captain will have to seek out the help of a love-struck scientist (David Tennant) and defeat a malevolent queen (Imelda Staunton), who might just send him down to Davy Jones' Locker.", "This film shows the performance at the Aquatarium, Tiki Gardens, London Wax Museum and the HMS Bounty. The script says that the original Bounty was skippered by \"the notorious pirate, Captain Bligh.\" It also shows the Bounty under sail on Tampa Bay.", "Firstly, this review does not contain any spoilers whatsoever so read on. I had the privilege to watch this in the El Capitan theater advanced screening. Johnny Depp, the goofy pirate that we have grown to love, returns to his iconic role of Captain Jack Sparrow in an action-packed tale of truth, betrayal, youth and demise.", "In The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists, Hugh Grant stars in his first animated role as the luxuriantly bearded Pirate Captain -- a boundlessly enthusiastic, if somewhat less-than-successful, terror of the High Seas. With a rag-tag crew at his side (Martin Freeman, Brendan Gleeson, Russell Tovey, and Ashley Jensen), and seemingly blind to the impossible odds stacked against him, the Captain has one dream: to beat his bitter rivals Black Bellamy (Jeremy Piven) and Cutlass Liz (Salma Hayek) to the much coveted Pirate Of The Year Award. It's a quest that takes our heroes from the shores of exotic Blood Island to the foggy streets of Victorian London. Along the way they do battle with the pirate-hating Queen Victoria (Imelda Staunton) and team up with a young Charles Darwin (David Tennant), but never lose sight of what a pirate loves best: adventure!", "Talk Like a Pirate Day: Yes, it's a real holiday. A group of guys celebrate by partying it up at a pirate ship theme restaurant. The film quickly turns into a thriller when a group of real swashbucklers overtake the establishment, forcing the star waitress to walk the plank. Starring Peter Sarrrrsgaard and Scarrrrlet Johansson." ]

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[ "Thailand -๏ฟฝาช๏ฟฝาณาจัก๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ Ratcha Anachak Thai (officially Kingdom of Thailand), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia . The country's official name was Siam ( ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ Sayam) until June 23, 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. It was then renamed Siam from 1945 to May 11, 1949, after which it was again, renamed Thailand. The word Thai ( ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ ) is not, as commonly believed derived from the word Tai ( ๏ฟฝ ) meaning \"freedom\" in the Thai language .", "The country's official name was Siam (Thai: สยาม; RTGS: Sayam) until June 23, 1939, when it was changed to Thailand. It was renamed Siam from 1945 to May 11, 1949, after which it was again renamed Thailand. Also spelled Siem, Syâm or Syâma, it has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyâma, dark or brown. But the names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word, and Śyâma is possibly not its origin but a learned and artificial distortion.", "[sàˈjǎːm]) until June 23, 1939, [13] It was then renamed Siam from 1945 to May 11, 1949, after which it was again renamed Thailand. Also spelled Siem, Syâm or Syâma, it has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyâma ( श्याम , meaning \"dark\" or \"brown\"). The names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word, and Śyâma is possibly not its origin but a learned and artificial distortion. [14]", "The signature of King Mongkut (r. 1851 – 1868) reads SPPM (Somdet Phra Poramenthra Maha) Mongkut King of the Siamese, giving the name \"Siam\" official status until 23 June 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. Thailand was renamed Siam from 1945 to 11 May 1949, after which it again reverted to Thailand.", "The official name of Thailand is the Kingdom of Thailand and it was formerly known as Siam.", "Sporting the name of Siam until the 11 th of May 1949, Thailand is the only country in the southeastern region of the continent of Asia to escape European colonization. The prevalent constitutional monarchy in the country was established in the year 1932.", "The former name of Thailand was Siam. It was changed in 1949, after the Siamese assembly voted to change it the previous year. However, this was not the only attempt to change the country's name from Siam to Thailand.", "His brother Bhumibol, also studying in Switzerland, was then put on the throne. It is worth noting that the first film version of Leonowens' story, entitled Anna and the King of Siam and starring Irene Dunne and Rex Harrison, was released in the same year, and appears to have attracted little attention in Thailand. It was only after the young king returned to Thailand in 1950, and particularly after Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat overthrew the government in September 1957, that a conscious political effort was made to revive the monarchy. It was under these conditions that Thailand banned The King and I.", "Set in the 1860s, The King and I is based on the true story of Anna Leonowens, a widowed schoolteacher from Wales who travels to Siam to teach the King's many children. Her effect on the kingdom and the kingdom's effect on her are the basis of this beautiful and classic musical.", "Based on Margaret Landon's Anna and the King of Siam—the story of Anna Leonowens, governess to the children of King Mongkut of Siam in the early 1860s—Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical The King and I opened on Broadway on March 29, 1951, starring Gertrude Lawrence as Anna and the mostly unknown Yul Brynner as the king. This musical featured the hit songs \"I Whistle a Happy Tune\", \"Hello, Young Lovers\", \"Getting to Know You\", \"We Kiss in a Shadow\", \"Something Wonderful\", \"I Have Dreamed\", and \"Shall We Dance?\"", "Stanley Green, in his Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre, viewed the central theme of The King and I as “the importance of mutual understanding between people of differing ethnic and cultural backgrounds”,[57] but Renshaw felt that the musical suffered from 1950s attitudes when “Orientalism was used as an exoticism rather than a real understanding of the particular culture.”[117] He stated that his production was informed by authentic Thai cultural, aesthetic and religious ideas that he learned from visiting Thailand. A feature in Playbill commented that the production focused on the “clash of ideologies and cultures, of East versus West”.[116] Theatre arts professor Eileen Blumenthal, however, called the production “a King and I for the age of political correctness”.[119] While she acknowledged that the musical’s treatment of Asian cultures had come to be understood as insensitive in the nearly half century since its premiere, she argued that Rodgers and Hammerstein’s script was more sensitive than most orientalist literature of its day, in that “West learns from East as well as the other way around”, and that, moreover, the musical’s treatment of its Asian subject is fantastical, not intended to be realistic.[119] She concluded that the show is a documentary of “who we’ve been” in the West, and that a work like The King and I should not be suppressed, because it is “too good”.[119]", "The wonderful Rodgers and Hammerstein musical based on Margaret Langdon�s novel, Anna and the King of Siam, opened this night in 1951 on Broadway. The King and I starred Yul Brynner in the role of the King of Siam. The king who, along with his subjects, valued tradition above all else. From this day forward, the role of the King of Siam belonged to Yul Brynner and no other.", "Chulalongkorn (Rama V) ascended the throne as a minor at age 15 in 1868, and as King of Siam on 16 November 1873. As a prince, he had been tutored in Western traditions by the governess, Anna Leonowens. Intent on reforming the monarchy along Western lines, during his minority he traveled extensively to observe western administrative methods. He transformed the monarchy along Western lines of an \"enlightened ruler\". He abolished the practice of kneeling and crawling in front of the monarch, and repealed many laws concerning the relationship between the monarch and his people, while continuing many of the ancient aspects and rituals of the old kingship. In 1874, he created a privy council copied from the European tradition, to help him rule his Kingdom. During his reign Siam was pressured to relinquish control of its old tributaries of Laos and northern Malaya to Western powers, Siam itself narrowly avoided being colonized.", "The King and I was based on the Broadway musical of the same name, in turn based on the book Anna and the King of Siam by Margaret Landon, from the memoirs of Anna Leonowens about her experiences as a royal teacher in Bangkok in the 1860s (Anna Leonowens lived for a few years in Western Australia). Anna and the King was made into a TV show in 1972, and although it flopped in the US, had a decent lifespan on Australian television as re-runs, giving the name Anna a fair amount of exposure during the 1970s.", "Set against a dazzling and exotic backdrop The King and I is the moving story of Anna, an American governess, who tries to help an Eastern king to come to terms with the modern world, but he is unable to resist the forces of ancient customs. The conflict between Eastern and Western cultures inspired this well-loved musical, which has been revived professionally many times and is always a firm favourite with the public. The score includes \"I Whistle A Happy Tune\", \"Hello Young Lovers\", \"Getting To Know You\", \"Something Wonderful\" and \"Shall We Dance?\".", "Formerly Siam . a kingdom in SE Asia: official name of Siam 1939–45 and since 1949. 198,242 sq. mi. (513,445 sq. km).", "In the 1860s, Anna Leonowens, a widowed British schoolteacher was hired by King Mongkut to come to his country and teach his wives and children the English language and western culture. She wrote of her experiences in a two-volume memoir. Later, Margaret Landon turned Anna's story into a novel called Anna and the King of Siam. A film version was made starring Irene Dunne and Rex Harrison as the King. British stage star Gertrude Lawrence saw the film and decided the story would make a great musical, with her as Anna. Rodgers and Hammerstein, after some initial objections, agreed to write the show, now called The King and I. Though Lawrence was supposed to be the lead, Yul Brynner became an immediate star playing the King when the show opened on Broadway in 1951. A film version of the musical was made starring Brynner, Deborah Kerr, and Rita Moreno. The stage version won five Tonys, including Best Musical, Best Actress (Lawrence) and Best Supporting Actor (Brynner). The film won six Oscars, including Best Actor for Brynner. By the time Brynner died of lung cancer (he made the film with only one lung), he had played the role of the King on stage 4,625 times. There was even, very briefly (a few months in 1972), a television series based on the story, called Anna and the King, starring Yul Brynner, Samantha Eggar, and Keye Luke.", "Leaving India Leonowens charted a new course for her life embellishing her pedigree and credentials to become the governess to the children of King Mongkut (Rama IV). It was this Anna that previous biographies have presented–an upper-class British woman who faced tragic loss before becoming a beloved governess in Siam. It is this Anna immortalized in the adaptation of Landon’s Anna and the King of Siam (1944) and later as Rodgers and Hammerstein’s 1951 musical The King and I.", "By the time the name was officially changed in 1939, the borders of the country had been secured, and they have not changed since, except for a brief period during the World War II Japanese occupation of Thailand , when other parts of Japanese-occupied Southeast Asia were transferred to Thailand and briefly swelled the kingdom. Thailand was punished for its bad choice of ally after the war was over, and the borders were returned to their previous locations.", "At London's Westminster Abbey, George VI and his consort, Lady Elizabeth, are crowned king and queen of the United Kingdom as part of a coronation ceremony that dates back more than a millennium.  George, who studied at Dartmouth Naval College and served in World War I , ascended to the throne after his elder brother, King Edward VIII, abdicated on December 11, 1936. Edward, who was the first English monarch to voluntarily relinquish the English throne, agreed to give up his title in the face of widespread criticism of his desire to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson, an American divorcee.  In 1939, King George became the first British monarch to visit America and Canada. During World War II , he worked to keep up British morale by visiting bombed areas and touring war zones. George and Elizabeth also remained in bomb-damaged Buckingham Palace during the war, shunning the relative safety of the countryside, and George made a series of important morale-boosting radio broadcasts, for which he overcame a speech impediment.  After the war, the royal family visited South Africa, but a planned tour of Australia and New Zealand had to be postponed indefinitely when the king fell ill in 1949. Despite his illness, he continued to perform state duties until his death in 1952. He was succeeded by his first-born daughter, who was crowned Queen Elizabeth II in June 1953.", "Japan invaded Thailand on 8 December 1941. For events subsequent to the abdication of the king, including the name change of 1939, up to the coup d'état of 1957, see Plaek Pibulsonggram.", "1945 - End of World War II. Thailand compelled to return territory it had seized from Laos, Cambodia and Malaya. Exiled King Ananda returns.", "King Mongkut of Siam (Yul Brynner) and schoolteacher Anna Leonowens (Gertrude Lawrence) perform \"Shall We Dance?\" in the 1956 film adaptation of Rodgers & Hammerstein's The King and I.", "Yul continued to pursue his acting career and, in 1951, he landed the defining role of his career as the King of Siam in the original stage production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical, The King and I.  Brynner won a Tony Award for his role, which he performed on stage over 5,000 times over the span of his career.  He went on to star in and co-direct the film version of The King and I, and was intimately involved in virtually every aspect of the production.", "This article is about the stage musical. For other uses, see The King and I (disambiguation) .", "Thailand, with its territory already serving as a springboard for the Malayan campaign, surrendered within 24 hours of the Japanese invasion. The government of Thailand formally allied with Japan on 21 December.", "Question Seven: By what name was Thailand (“land of the free”) known in the West before 1939?", "Thailand, with its territory already serving as a springboard for the Malayan campaign, surrendered within 24 hours of the Japanese invasion . The government of Thailand formally allied itself with Japan on 21 December.", "*Le Siam (Walt Disney) (1955; tr. in 1958 as Walt Disney's Siam by Herbert Knapp) — in Walt Disney's \"Le Monde et ses habitants\"/\"The World and its Inhabitants\" series", " 1956 The King and I (lyrics: \"I Whistle A Happy Tune\" (1951), \"Hello, Young Lovers\" (1951), \"A Puzzlement\" (1951), \"Getting To Know You\" (1951), \"We Kiss in a Shadow\" (1951), \"Something Wonderful\" (1951), \"Act I Finale\" (1951), \"The Small House of Uncle Thomas\" (1951), \"Song of the King\" (1951), \"Shall We Dance\" (1951), \"Finale Ultimo: Something Wonderful\" (1951) - uncredited)", "\"Bangkok\" was originally a small village on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River. After the fall of Ayutthaya in the late 18th century, King Taksin the Great turned that village into Siam's new capital and renamed it Thonburi . In 1782, King Rama I moved the capital to the eastern bank of the river at Rattanakosin ; originally the site of a Chinese community, which was moved outside of the new city walls to Yaowarat . King Rama I named the city Krung Thep, as it is now known to Thais and which in English translates as the \"City of Angels\".", "\"Bangkok\" originally was a small village on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River. After the fall of Ayutthaya in the late 18th century, King Taksin the Great turned that village into Siam's new capital and renamed it Thonburi . In 1782, King Rama I moved the capital to the eastern bank of the river at Rattanakosin ; originally the site of a Chinese community, who were moved outside of the new city walls to Yaowarat . King Rama I named the city Krung Thep, as it is now known to Thais and which in English is translates as the \"City of Angels\"." ]

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[ "Skylab was the first space station the United States launched into orbit.[23] The 100 short tons (91 t) station was in Earth orbit from 1973 to 1979, and was visited by crews three times, in 1973 and 1974.[23] It included a laboratory for studying the effects of microgravity, and a solar observatory.[23] A Space Shuttle was planned to dock with and elevate Skylab to a higher safe altitude, but Skylab reentered the atmosphere and was destroyed in 1979, before the first shuttle could be launched.[24]", "Skylab was the first space station operated by the United States. It spent six years orbiting Earth until its decaying orbit caused it to re-enter the atmosphere. It scattered debris over the Indian Ocean and sparsely settled areas of Western Australia.", "Skylab, first U.S. space station , launched into Earth orbit on May 14, 1973. Three successive crews of visiting astronauts carried out investigations of the human body’s adaptation to the space environment , studied the Sun in unprecedented detail, and undertook pioneering Earth-resources observations.", "After Project Apollo, NASA’s efforts turned towards the creation of an orbiting space station and the creation of reusable spacecraft. In the case of the former, this took the form of Skylab , America’s first and only independently-built space station. Conceived of in 1965, the station was constructed on Earth and launched on May 14th, 1973 atop the first two stages of a Saturn V rocket .", "The U.S. retaliated in 1973 with Skylab, a much larger space station which used surplus Project Apollo hardware, essentially replacing the huge S-IVB third stage on a modified Saturn V; instead of propelling an Apollo to the moon, it would be outfitted as a station and stay in Earth orbit. Three crews (using Apollo spacecraft launched on smaller Saturn IB rockets) visited the station before space policy changed and the use of Apollo hardware was ended. NASA hoped to use the space shuttle to boost the station and visit it again, but delays to the shuttle's development and unexpectedly high atmospheric drag meant Skylab re-entered over Australia in 1979 and broke up. It was the first and only space station ever built by the USA alone.", "Skylab, the United States' first space station, orbited Earth from 1973 to 1979. The Soviet program had launched their first space station, Salyut, in 1971, and it stayed in space for 15 years.", "Of all the plans, only two were implemented: the Skylab space station (May 1973 – February 1974), and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (July 1975). Skylab's fuselage was constructed from the second stage of a Saturn IB, and the station was equipped with the Apollo Telescope Mount, itself based on a lunar module. The station's three crews were ferried into orbit atop Saturn IBs, riding in CSMs; the station itself had been launched with a modified Saturn V. Skylab's last crew departed the station on February 8, 1974, while the station itself returned prematurely to Earth in 1979, by which time it had become the oldest operational Apollo component.", "The space station itself was launched May 14, 1973, on the unmanned Skylab 1 mission. Beginning only 63 seconds after the launch, however, the workshop's combination meteorite shield and sunshade was torn loose by aerodynamic stress, taking one of the two electricityproducing solar arrays with it and preventing the other from deploying properly. The crew was supposed to have launched the next day, but they waited on the ground for 10 days while a fix was worked out (see Skylab 2).", "The emphasis was then moved to building orbiting space stations, and in 1973, the famous space station, Skylab, was launched. The Soviet Union also put up the Soyuz space stations, some of which have been used to establish long distance endurance records in space.", "From May 1973 to February 1974, Skylabsaw a trio of three-man crews take up residence aboard the outpost, before it was abandoned with the plan of possibly using the space shuttle (then under development) to reactivate the laboratory. But with no way to reboost Skylab to a higher orbit to keep it aloft, and delays in getting the shuttle off the ground , the space station re-entered the Earth’s atmosphere over the southern Indian Ocean in 1979, with pieces landing inland along the south coast of Western Australia. [ See more photos of Skylab's remains in Australia ]", "Since 1971, 11 space stations launched into a low orbit around Earth have been occupied for varying lengths of time. In chronological order they are Salyut 1, Skylab , Salyuts 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, Mir , the International Space Station , and Tiangong 1 and 2.", "a US space station launched in May 1973 into an orbit inclined at 50° to the equatorial plane at a mean altitude of 430 kilometres (270 miles), the astronauts working there under conditions of zero gravity. It disintegrated, unmanned, in 1979, with some parts landing in the outback of Australia", "Salyut 1 (DOS-1) (; ) was launched on 19 April 1971. It was the first space station to orbit the Earth.", "Despite an array of problems, the first space station, Salyut 1, made important progress toward living and working in space long-term and paved the way for future space stations. Launched by the Soviet Union in 1971, the port orbited the Earth almost 3,000 times during its 175 days in space before it was intentionally crashed into the Pacific Ocean.", "(Astronautics) a US space station launched in May 1973 into an orbit inclined at 50° to the equatorial plane at a mean altitude of 430 kilometres (270 miles), the astronauts working there under conditions of zero gravity. It disintegrated, unmanned, in 1979, with some parts landing in the outback of Australia", "Human habitation within closed ecological systems in hostile environments, such as Antarctica and outer space, is expensive, typically limited in duration, and restricted to scientific, military, or industrial expeditions. Life in space has been very sporadic, with no more than thirteen humans in space at any given time. Between 1969 and 1972, two humans at a time spent brief intervals on the Moon. As of , no other celestial body has been visited by humans, although there has been a continuous human presence in space since the launch of the initial crew to inhabit the International Space Station on October 31, 2000. However, other celestial bodies have been visited by human-made objects. ", "Salyut 1, launched April 19, 1971, was the world’s first space station. It was derived from the Almaz reconnaissance platform designed in the 1960s by Soviet aerospace engineer Vladimir Chelomey and adapted for use with the Soyuz manned spacecraft originally developed by his rival Sergey Korolyov for the Soviet Moon-landing program. It weighed 20 metric tons, had a single docking port, and took the form of a stepped cylinder 14.6 metres (48 feet) long, with its widest, rearmost section 4.25 metres (13.9 feet) in diameter. After a record-breaking 23 days aboard Salyut 1 in June 1971, the inaugural three-man crew died while returning to Earth when their Soyuz, which at that time carried no support system for individual pressure suits, inadvertently lost its air.", "The International Space Station (ISS) combines NASA's Space Station Freedom project with the Soviet/Russian Mir-2 station, the European Columbus station, and the Japanese Kibō laboratory module. NASA originally planned in the 1980s to develop Freedom alone, but US budget constraints led to the merger of these projects into a single multi-national program in 1993, managed by NASA, the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The station consists of pressurized modules, external trusses, solar arrays and other components, which have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and the US Space Shuttles. It is currently being assembled in Low Earth Orbit. The on-orbit assembly began in 1998, the completion of the US Orbital Segment occurred in 2011 and the completion of the Russian Orbital Segment is expected by 2016. The ownership and use of the space station is established in intergovernmental treaties and agreements which divide the station into two areas and allow Russia to retain full ownership of the Russian Orbital Segment (with the exception of Zarya), with the US Orbital Segment allocated between the other international partners.", "Salyut 6 is launched. The space station is occupied for 676 days by five long stay and eleven visiting crews.", "In 1971, the world's first space station Salyut 1 was deliberately de-orbited into the Pacific Ocean following the Soyuz 11 accident. Its successor, Salyut 6, was de-orbited in a controlled manner as well.", "2     In April 1971, the Soviet Union (Russia) launched the world's first space station called Salyut 1. Soyuz 10, a Russian spacecraft, docked at this station; however, its crew did not enter the station. The Soyuz 11, launched two months later, docked at the station and its cosmonauts (Russian astronauts) entered the station. They remained on the station for 22 days. Russia launched and orbited five more Salyut space stations successfully. Crewmembers were rotated so that the station could be maintained for long periods. Today these space stations no longer orbit the earth because they have decayed.", "On 11 July 1979, Skylab re-entered Earth's atmosphere. Debris from the station fell over the Indian ocean and parts of Australia.", "Salyut 1 was the first space station put into orbit. The Soviets launched it from Baikonur Cosmodrome on April 19, 1971 using a three-stage Proton launch vehicle. It completed 362 orbits before deorbiting and reentering the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean in October. It was destroyed by frictional heating during its return.", "Author Note: this chapter was originally written for Space Station Science , but was cut to make room for more photos and activities. I've posted it here for people interested in the history of space stations. I'd like to thank NASA space station scientist Dr. Jack Bacon, and Skylab astronaut Dr. Joseph Kerwin for their help in reviewing the original chapter for technical accuracy.", "The first space station was Salyut 1, which was launched by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1971. Like all the early space stations, it was \"monolithic\", intended to be constructed and launched in one piece, and then manned by a crew later. As such, monolithic stations generally contained all their supplies and experimental equipment when launched, and were considered \"expended\", and then abandoned, when these were used up.", "The Salyut programme (,, Salute or Fireworks) was the first space station programme undertaken by the Soviet Union, which consisted of a series of four crewed scientific research space stations and two crewed military reconnaissance space stations over a period of 15 years from 1971 to 1986. Two other Salyut launches failed. Salyut was, on the one hand, designed to carry out long-term research into the problems of living in space and a variety of astronomical, biological and Earth-resources experiments, and on the other hand this civilian program was used as a cover for the highly secretive military Almaz stations, which flew under the Salyut designation. Salyut 1, the first station in the program, became the world's first crewed space station.", "In-orbit construction on the Station began in November 1998, and it has been staffed non-stop with international crews since November 2000. The first Station crew, made up of U.S. commander Bill Shepherd and cosmonauts Yuri Gidzenko and Sergei Krikalev, was launched on board a Russian Soyuz spacecraft. The crew returned to Earth on the Space Shuttle Discovery in March 2001.", "Salyut 3: (1974) Also known as Almaz 2. Second USSR space station. Introduced uprated solar arrays. Operated 7 months; occupied 15 days.", "The International Space Station and Jules Verne passing behind the Lovell Telescope on April 1st 2008.", "~1974 - The Soviet space station Salyut 4 (DOS 4) was launched. It was essentially a copy of the DOS 3 but, unlike its ill-fated sibling, it was a complete success.", "In 1998, the first two modules of the International Space Station were launched and joined together in orbit. Other modules soon followed and the first crew arrived in 2000.", "Salyut 4 was the third Soviet space station launched into orbit. It took off from Baikonur Cosmodrome on Dec. 26, 1974 at 4:15 Universal time. Salyut 4 was very similar to Salyut 1, with the addition of three rotatable solar arrays. Its on-orbit dry mass totaled 18,500 kilograms. It was designed to remain in orbit for approximately 60 days and carried extensive scientific equipment to conduct experiments for this period of time." ]

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[ "Borosilicate glass, which is typically 12–15% B2O3, 80% SiO2, and 2% Al2O3, has a low coefficient of thermal expansion giving it a good resistance to thermal shock. Schott AG's \"Duran\" and Owens-Corning's trademarked Pyrex are two major brand names for this glass, used both in laboratory glassware and in consumer cookware and bakeware, chiefly for this resistance. ", "Borosilicate glass is heat-shock resistant and better known by such trade names as Pyrex and Kimax. It contains about 80 percent silica, 4 percent sodium oxide, 2 percent alumina, and 13 percent boric oxide. Such glass is about three times as heat-shock resistant as soda-lime glass and is excellent for chemical and electrical uses. This glass makes possible such products as ovenware and beakers, test tubes, and other laboratory equipment.", "Pyrex is the brand name of Corning Incorporated’s borosilicate glass. Borosilicate glass was developed in the late 19th century by the German glassmaker Otto Schott. Borosilicates have a composition of silica sand and boron. The biggest benefit of borosilicates is that they have very low thermal expansion, allowing them to heat and cool rapidly without breaking. Borosilicates must be shaped at higher temperatures than soda-lime glass.", "A type of borosilicate glass perfected in 1915 by W. C. Taylor and Eugene Sullivan of Corning Glass Works in Corning, New York. Pyrex rods can be used in flameworking.", "The equally famous Coca-Cola bottle, called the \"contour bottle\" within the company, but known to some as the \" hobble skirt \" bottle, was created in 1915 by bottle designer Earl R. Dean . In 1915, the Coca-Cola Company launched a competition among its bottle suppliers to create a new bottle for the beverage that would distinguish it from other beverage bottles, \"a bottle which a person could recognize even if they felt it in the dark, and so shaped that, even if broken, a person could tell at a glance what it was.\" [47]", "H.G.CO……………. Hemingray Glass Company , Covington, KY & Muncie, IN (used on bottles c.1870-1895; insulators until about 1915). See more on Hemingray  here  .", "In 1960 Corning invented the now famous Gorilla Glass. Upgraded versions of the 1960s version is what we find in most of our Smartphone's today.", "# Soda-lime-silica glass, window glass: silica 72% + sodium oxide (Na2O) 14.2% + lime (CaO) 10.0% + magnesia (MgO) 2.5% + alumina (Al2O3) 0.6%. Is transparent, easily formed and most suitable for window glass (see flat glass). It has a high thermal expansion and poor resistance to heat (500–600 °C). It is used for windows, some low temperature incandescent light bulbs, and tableware. Container glass is a soda-lime glass that is a slight variation on flat glass, which uses more alumina and calcium, and less sodium and magnesium which are more water-soluble. This makes it less susceptible to water erosion.", "Some forms of tempered glass are used for cooking and baking. Manufacturers and brands include Glasslock, Pyrex, Corelle, and Arc International.", "Glass in which the flux is boric oxide instead of alkali. The first borosilicate glass was created by Otto Schott in 1882. It has a low coefficient of expansion and therefore withstands sudden changes of temperature.", "For the following year's award, the citation included the 1970 AMXs (and Javelins) being the first production cars to use windshields that were safer, thinner, and lighter than ordinary laminated glass. Developed by Corning, the glass featured a chemically hardened layer designed to give under impact and crumble into small granules to reduce injuries. The inner layer has \"stress raisers that will cause it to break before excessively high concussion forces can be developed in the occupant's skull.\" ", "The disadvantages of soda-lime glass is that is not resistant to high temperatures and sudden thermal changes. For example, everybody has experienced a glass breaking down when pouring liquid at high temperature, for example to make tea.", "A type of translucent white glass, similar to opal glass, first produced in Bohemia in the 19th century. In the 1920s, Frederick Carder (1863- 1963) introduced alabaster glass at Steuben Glass Works in Corning, New York. Carder’s alabaster glass has an iridescent finish made by spraying the object with stannous chloride and then reheating it.", "Ordinary soda glass is hygroscopic, always covered by a film of moisture that permits leakage. Faraday noted in his researches on optical glasses that glass made without alkali was not as hygroscopic as ordinary soda glass, and there were attempts to follow up this hint to make better glass insulators, but it does not appear to have been accomplished. Glass was so subject to malicious damage that it was often protected by a wood sheathing (the Wade insulator). Shooting off insulators, or shying rocks at them, was a rural pastime. A New York law against telegraph vandalism was passed on 13 May 1845, and such laws became common. Some glass insulators were made with an iron covering, but this proved no protection at all from missiles. If glass cracked, capillary action drew water into the cracks. Glass knob insulators, with their relatively high leakage but low cost, became standard in America, except near sea water, after 1860, though they were used earlier on some lines, such as the Magnetic. A typical example, the Western Union insulator, is shown at the left.", "I.G.CO…………….Illinois Glass Company, Alton, Illinois (1873-1929). This mark was used possibly as early as the mid-1870s to around 1900, embossed on both bases and heels of bottles, and was also used for several years after 1900 primarily on the lower heels of their soda bottles (since the base would frequently be reserved for the logo or initials of the bottling company a bottle was made for). Use of the mark on certain soda bottles is known to have extended at least to 1909, perhaps 1911. Please see “I.G.CO.L”, “IGCO within a diamond” and “ I within a diamond ” marks.   Illinois Glass Company merged with Owens Bottle Company in 1929 to form the Owens-Illinois Glass Company .", "This glass was first manufactured by the Corning Company and is made out of an alkali-aluminosilicate sheet. The chemicals used in the makeup of this glass include Aluminium Oxide, Calcium Oxide and Magnesium Oxide. In this day and age where everyone carries a Smartphone, a Tablet or an MP3 Player, this thin scratch and shock resistant glass comes in handy. Making requires incredible temperatures with specially designed equipment and robotics along with molten hot salt bath to finish the thin strip of super glass.", "Other companies in the US, Russia, and South Korea are also working on reducing the cost of sapphire glass, all with their own proprietary methods. Reaching viability won’t be easy, though: Corning isn’t going to simply sit still. Either way, with our growing reliance on mobile devices, it’s comforting to know that there are developments in the pipeline that will soon make cracked screens a thing of the past.", "I within an “O”………… page with more info:  Owens-Illinois Glass Company (recently re-named simply “O-I”), formerly headquartered at Toledo, OH, now Perrysburg, Ohio. Approximately 25 glass manufacturing locations in the US and Canada, with the most recently opened plant at Windsor, Colorado. (1929-to date), this mark used from c. 1954 up to very recently, being gradually replaced (starting c. 2010?) with the “O-I” mark on most bottles. The diamond was removed from the “old” mark (diamond superimposed over an “I” and an “O” or oval) beginning around 1954, although a few bottle molds apparently didn’t have the diamond eliminated (i.e., the mold re-engraved) until as late as the 1960s.  After 1958 the great majority of O-I bottles carried the simplified mark of just an I inside an O.  On recent bottles, this mark may be small, faint, and not always easily discernable, usually seen embossed on the heel of the container. O-I is presently (2013) the largest glassmaking corporation in the world. A wide variety of glass containers are made, primarily for food and beverage products.", "Hemingray………………… Hemingray Glass Company , Muncie, Indiana (used on base of refrigerator bottles, c.1924-1935). Hemingray was most widely known for their glass electrical insulators, which are marked with the company name, or with “H.G.CO”, and/or other markings. For more discussion on Hemingray, click  here  .", "Toughened or tempered glass is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the inner surfaces into tension. Such stresses cause the glass, when broken, to crumble into small granular chunks instead of splintering into jagged shards as plate glass (aka: annealed glass) creates. The granular chunks are less likely to cause injury.", "Ray-Ban is a brand of sunglasses and eyeglasses founded in 1937 by American company Bausch & Lomb and widely known for their Wayfarer and Aviator styles of sunglasses. ", "In 1936 the first commercially viable production of acrylic safety glass, Perspex, began by ICI Acrylics and the material is still manufactured in the region by Lucite International now part of Mitsubishi Corporation. During the Second World War acrylic glass was used for submarine periscopes, windshields, canopies, and gun turrets for airplanes. Shortages in raw materials and price pressures have led to innovation by Lucite who developed their patented Alpha Technology in this region. This technology is now the leading technology used in the manufacture of acrylics around the world. It uses new feedstock’s and has a cost advantage of 40% over conventional processing methods. ", "I S G CO…………..Interstate Glass Company, Kansas City, Missouri (1901-c.1903). Information on mark ID first sent to me courtesy of Tom Neff.  This mark is rarely seen on soda bottles, including a few Coca-Colas.  For more extensive background information on this short-lived glass company, please click here for a recently published article written by Scott Willoughby .", "Dating summary/notes: The \"Patent\" style (with or without the shoulder and/or base embossing) of liquor bottle with Rickett's mold attributes was commonly manufactured and used between 1844 and mid to late 1870s, with most appearing to date from the 1850s to 1870s.  Those with PATENT embossed on the shoulder date from the 1850s until at least 1872 to possibly as late as 1875 or 1876 based on research done on various Pittsburgh area glass factories - large producers of this style -  by Jay Hawkins (Hawkins 2014).  The style typically have a mineral type finish and were made in a three-piece mold though some were two-piece molds.  Colors vary widely with shades of amber and olive being the most common by far.  Pontiled versions (almost always an iron pontil; rarely a sand other type pontil scar) likely date from the Civil War or before with non-pontiled examples being from after that period into the 1870s.  The \"Patent\" style can be difficult to differentiate from the cylinder type discussed next, though there are usually enough subtle differences to the experienced eye to be of value for dating.", "IGCO (monogram)………Illinois Glass Company, Alton, Illinois (1873-1929). This monogram which is seen most commonly on the “ MASON’s PATENT NOV 30TH 1858 ” fruit jars may also indicate, in some cases, other unidentified glass companies, but most of these jars are presumed to be products of Illinois Glass. See the next 3 entries.", "Samsung Corning Precision Glass is a joint venture between Samsung and Corning, which was established in 1973 to manufacture and market cathode ray tube glass for black and white televisions. The company's first LCD glass substrate manufacturing facility opened in Gumi, South Korea, in 1996.", "Glassblowing was probably developed during the 1st century bce by glassmakers in Syria. With this technique the possibilities of shaping glass into desired forms were endless. Glass could be blown into a mold or shaped completely free-form. The Romans perfected cameo glass , in which the design has been produced by cutting away a layer of glass to leave the design in relief.", " Davis-Lynch Glass Company If you turn into Star City’s industrial district abutting the Monongahela River, you’ll find another gem in West Virginia’s storied glass tradition: a large, bright blue warehouse complex, right off the rail-trail, where Davis-Lynch manufactures hand-blown lamp parts to ship across the United States. Davis-Lynch is one of the last full-scale hand-blown glass producers in the U.S. It is certainly the last one in Morgantown, a city that was once home to a half-dozen major manufactures. While many of America’s glass factories closed doors with the opening of international trade, Davis-Lynch stayed open. The Davis family got out of the company years ago. Today it’s solely a Lynch family enterprise, and production lines, though lean, are manned. You’ve likely come across some of the company’s work. The nearby L G Company buys Davis-Lynch parts to create and sell lamps. The Morgantown History Museum has a few pieces. Star City’s street lamps are made from Davis-Lynch glass, and so are some of Disney World’s, according to co-owner Robert Lynch. Boyers Avenue, Star City; 304.599.2244; davis-lynchglass.com", "4. The Chapman Root Glass Company was responsible for what 1915 iconic design nicknamed the ‘hobble skirt’ and ‘Mae West’?", "Friends of Glass is a consumer group created by the European glass container industry that supports and promotes the right for consumers to be able to choose food and drink products in glass packaging. It unites all those who believe glass is the clear choice for themselves, their families and for the environment. For further information, please visit www.friendsofglass.co.uk .", "Peltier Glass began to make a line of marbles producing brightly colored slags, swirls, corkscrews, and agates. It became one of the leading marble manufacturers from the 1920s to the 1940s. In addition to its regular line of marbles, Pelteir produced picture marbles, a popular series of twelve marbles that each had a decal of a contemporary comic-strip characters", "1902 – Irving W. Colburn patented a sheet glass drawing machine.This machine made the creation of glass for windows possible." ]

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[ "3. Senator Joseph McCarthy's \"Witch Hunt\" - McCarthyism.  Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin won a Senate seat in 1946 after inventing a glorious war record for himself that included the nickname \"Tail-gunner Joe\" and several wounds - he even walked with a fake limp during the election.", "He won an Emmy Award as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Special for the 1977 television film Tail Gunner Joe, a fictitious study of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, the anticommunist leader of the 1950s. He was cast as crusading lawyer Joseph Welch.", "He would leave the Marines with the rank of captain . It is well documented that McCarthy lied about his war record. Despite his automatic commission, he claimed to have enlisted as a \"buck private\". He flew twelve combat missions as a gunner-observer, earning the nickname of \"Tail-Gunner Joe\" in the course of one of these missions. [19]", "Democrat Presidents used to have a tradition of serving in the military, Jimmy Carter, John Kennedy, Harry Truman. Bill Clinton was the first draft dodger actually elected by democrats. Roosevelt didn’t serve but he was given a pass by the democrats because he locked up all the Japanese American Citizens in concentration camps during WW II.", "Harry S. Truman ( May 8 , 1884 – December 26 , 1972 ) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–53), an American politician of the Democratic Party . He served as a United States Senator from Missouri (1935–45) and briefly as Vice President (1945) before he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945 upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt . He was president during the final months of World War II , making the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Truman was elected in his own right in 1948 . He presided over an uncertain domestic scene as America sought its path after the war, and tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War .", "Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the thirty-sixth President of the United States, serving from 1963-1969. A Democrat, Johnson succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, and after completing Kennedy's term was elected President in his own right in a landslide victory in the 1964 Presidential election. Johnson was a major leader of the Democratic Party and as President was responsible for designing the \"Great Society\" legislation that included civil rights laws, Medicare (government funded health care for the elderly), Medicaid (government funded health care for the poor), aid to education, and the \"War on Poverty.\" Simultaneously, he escalated the American involvement in the Vietnam War from 16,000 American soldiers in 1963 to 550,000 in early 1968.", "Lyndon Baines Johnson (; August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969, assuming the office after serving as the 37th Vice President of the United States under President John F. Kennedy, from 1961 to 1963. Johnson was a Democrat from Texas, who served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961. He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader, and two as Senate Majority Whip.", "George Catlett Marshall, Jr. (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American statesman and soldier, famous for his leadership roles during World War II and the Cold War. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army under two presidents, and served as Secretary of State, then President of the American Red Cross, and finally Secretary of Defense, under President Harry S. Truman. He was hailed as the \"organizer of victory\" by Winston Churchill, for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II. Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during the war and as the chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.", "Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973) was the 19th president of the Confederate States of America. He had first served as a Congressman (1937-1949) and Senator (1949-1963) from Texas. A return of the once unbeatable Democratic party promised hope for the social programs began by Truman in years following World War II. The civil rights movement, lead by Dr. Mike King, Jr. would reach a climax during these short years as well. At the beginning of Johnson's term, US President John F. Kennedy would die by an assassin's bullet while in Texas to visit Johnson in what was to have been an international conference on civil rights. Near the end of that term, in 1968, Dr. King would also be assassinated.", "After World War II, Kennedy had considered the option of becoming a journalist before deciding to run for political office. Prior to the war, he had not strongly considered becoming a politician as a career, because his family, especially his father, had already pinned its political hopes on his elder brother. Joseph, however, was killed in World War II, giving John seniority. When in 1946 U.S. Representative James Michael Curley vacated his seat in an overwhelmingly Democratic district to become mayor of Boston, Kennedy ran for the seat, beating his Republican opponent by a large margin. He was a congressman for six years but had a mixed voting record, often diverging from President Harry S. Truman and the rest of the Democratic Party. In 1952 , he defeated incumbent Republican Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. for the U.S. Senate.", "McCarthy— Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was an American politician who served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period in which Cold War tensions fueled fears of widespread Communist subversion.", "Five-star American general who commanded Allied forces in the Pacific during World War II. After the war, MacArthur led the American occupation in Japan, helped establish a democratic government there, and in large part rewrote the country’s new constitution outlawing militarism. He later commanded United Nations forces in Korea, driving North Korean forces back north of the 38th parallel after making the brilliant Inchon landing. He ignored Chinese warnings not to approach the North Korean–Chinese border at the Yalu River, however, and was subsequently driven back down to the 38th parallel by more than a million Chinese troops. President Harry S Truman later rejected MacArthur’s request to bomb North Korea and China with nuclear weapons. MacArthur’s public criticism of the president’s decision prompted Truman to remove him from command in 1951.", "Eisenhower provoked criticism for his own actions when he campaigned in Wisconsin and appeared on the same platform with Senator Joseph McCarthy. The junior senator from Wisconsin had been front-page news for more than two years with his sensational allegations that Communist spies had infiltrated the State Department as well as other parts of the federal government. McCarthy never provided evidence that led to a single conviction for espionage or treason, but he was a major power in the Republican Party. Eisenhower disliked McCarthy, and campaign aides told journalists that McCarthy would get his comeuppance when Eisenhower stood next to the senator at a campaign stop and praised General George C. Marshall, who McCarthy had denounced as part of a Communist conspiracy. But after campaign advisors urged him not to pick a fight with McCarthy in his home state, Eisenhower omitted his defense of Marshall, his former mentor and boss during World War II, when he gave his speech. Eisenhower endured a torrent of criticism, even from some Republicans, that he had compromised his principles for political advantage.", "2.12.1954 Senator Joe McCarthy was formally condemned for financial irregularities and bringing the House into disrepute by the Senate (now controlled by Democrats). See On this day When he attacked Eisenhower he lost most of his remaining public support.", "McCarthy was born in 1908 in the Town of Grand Chute in Outagamie County, Wisconsin, and attended Marquette University, eventually earning an LL.B. from Marquette University Law School. At age 33, McCarthy volunteered for the United States Marine Corps and served during World War II. He successfully ran for the United States Senate in 1946, defeating Robert M. La Follette Jr. After three largely undistinguished years in the Senate, McCarthy rose suddenly to national fame in February 1950 when he asserted in a speech that he had a list of \"members of the Communist Party and members of a spy ring\" who were employed in the State Department. ", "Dwight Eisenhower found Joseph McCarthy's demagoguery reprehensible. As a military man he had been able to distance himself from petty political crusades in the name of the greater cause. But in 1952, as a first time candidate for the office of the presidency, he found it would be a good deal more difficult to maintain his political purity. When McCarthy delivered a blistering attack against former Secretary of State George C. Marshall, calling him \"a man steeped in falsehood,\" candidate Eisenhower was faced with a dilemma. A popular member of his own party was publicly disparaging a man Ike considered a valued mentor. Eisenhower's personal and political instincts came into conflict during a campaign stop in McCarthy's home state of Wisconsin. Eisenhower was prepared to deliver a defense of Marshall, praising him \"as a man and a soldier,\" and condemning the tactics of McCarthy as a \"sobering lesson in the way freedom must not defend itself.\" But noble intentions gave way to political reality. Aware of McCarthy's huge base of support and not willing to risk losing votes in a crucial state, Eisenhower delivered his speech minus the defense of Marshall and the condemnation of McCarthy. It was a decision that would haunt him for the rest of his life.", "World War II Congressional Medal of Honor Recipient. He received the award from US President Harry S. Truman on August 23, 1945 in the East Room of the White House (along with 27 other World War II recipients), Washington DC, for his actions as a staff sergeant in Company C, 41st Tank Battalion, 11th Armored Division, US Army, on March 19, 1945, near Dorrmoschel, Germany during the final stages of World War II in Europe. He was born September 13, 1920 in St. Joseph, Missouri and died in... [Read More] (Bio by: William Bjornstad )", "During the 1952 presidential election, the Eisenhower campaign toured Wisconsin with McCarthy. In a speech delivered in Green Bay, Eisenhower declared that while he agreed with McCarthy's goals, he disagreed with his methods. In draft versions of his speech, Eisenhower had also included a strong defense of his mentor, George Marshall, which was a direct rebuke of McCarthy's frequent attacks. However, under the advice of conservative colleagues who were fearful that Eisenhower could lose Wisconsin if he alienated McCarthy supporters, he deleted this defense from later versions of his speech. [22] [23] The deletion was discovered by William H. Laurence, a reporter for The New York Times, and featured on their front page the next day. Eisenhower was widely criticized for giving up his personal convictions, and the incident became the low point of his campaign. [22]", "All of these factors combined to create an atmosphere of fear and dread, which proved a ripe environment for the rise of a staunch anticommunist like Joseph McCarthy. At the time, McCarthy was a first-term senator from Wisconsin who had won election in 1946 after a campaign in which he criticized his opponent’s failure to enlist during World War II while emphasizing his own wartime heroics.", "McCarthy was the most vocal congressional proponent of the \"Red Scare,\" but he was far from its most effective legislator. That honor fell to Senator Patrick McCarran, a Democrat from Nevada, with whom Truman shared a mutual dislike, owing to a Senate dispute from the late 1930s over the Civil Aeronautics Act. In 1950, McCarran guided the Internal Security Act, which placed severe restrictions on the political activities of communists in the United States, through Congress. Truman vetoed the bill, claiming that it violated civil liberties; Congress easily overrode the veto, however. Two years later, Truman vetoed—on the same grounds—a McCarran-sponsored immigration bill restricting the political activities of recent immigrants to the United States. Congress again overturned Truman's veto.", "In 1946, JFK was one of eleven candidates seeking to represent Massachusetts' Eleventh District, an enclave of Irish and Italian voters. He campaigned as a New Deal Democrat and, in a direct reference to Boston Mayor James Curley, promised that he would \"maintain integrity and virtue in public office.\" As a young congressman, he usually followed the lead of House Democrats. Yet his few differences were stark and angered leadership and key constituencies. He opposed clemency for Curley (which Truman supported), a veteran's pension bill supported by the American Legion, and supported the Mundt-Nixon bill, which liberals considered an anathema. Although he voted against Taft-Hartley, he wrote a minority opinion as critical of labor as it was of management. He also blamed the communist victory in China on Truman's inept foreign policy decisions.", "ALONZO HAMBY, Biographer: He's a fighter. Truman is not about the slink out of town with his tail between his legs.", "Joseph Raymond McCarthy (11/14/08 – 5/2/57) served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the State of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the public face of intense anti-communist suspicion inspired by the tensions of the Cold War. In a speech he asserted that he had a list of “members of the Communist Party and members of a spy ring” who were employed in the State Department. The McCarthy era had begun.", "Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (; February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was an American politician and diplomat, noted for his intellectual demeanor, eloquent public speaking, and promotion of progressive causes in the Democratic Party. He served as the 31st Governor of Illinois, and received the Democratic Party's nomination for president in 1952 even though he had not campaigned in the primaries. John Frederick Martin says party leaders selected him because he was \"more moderate on civil rights than Estes Kefauver, yet nonetheless acceptable to labor and urban machines—so a coalition of southern, urban, and labor leaders fell in behind his candidacy in Chicago.\" ", "Republican senator from Wisconsin who capitalized on Cold War fears of Communism in the early 1950s by accusing hundreds of government employees of being Communists and Soviet agents. Although McCarthy failed to offer any concrete evidence to prove these claims, many Americans fully supported him. He ruined his own reputation in 1954 after humiliating himself during the televised Army-McCarthy hearings. Disgraced, he received an official censure from the Senate and died an alcoholic in 1957.", "Eisenhower was the highly respected commander of Allied forces in Europe during World War Two. Many members of both parties supported “Ike,” as he was popularly known. Eisenhower agreed to campaign as a Republican.", "He was the U. S. general who led the attack in North Africa in Nov. of 1942.He was the master organizer of the D-Day invasion in Europe (June 6, 1944). He ran for the Republican ticket in the 1952 and the1956 elections and won. He was very well liked by the public.", "The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term \"eggheads\". Lost to Eisenhower.", "Eisenhower quietly exerted pressure on Republican senators to go forward with a censure of McCarthy. In December 1954, the Wisconsin senator was condemned for conduct unbecoming a Senator. Eisenhower had been successful in undermining McCarthy by employing \"hidden-hand\" tactics, but critics contended that more decisive action could have prevented many innocent people from being forever tainted by groundless charges.", "Billy Bulger served in the military during the Korean War but was never posted to Korea. He was formerly an influential leader of the Democratic Party in Massachusetts. In a long political career, Sen. Bulger rose to become President of the Massachusetts Senate. After his retirement he was appointed President of the University of Massachusetts system.", "Back from the war, he became a Democratic Congressman from the Boston area, advancing in 1953 to the Senate. He married Jacqueline Bouvier on September 12, 1953. In 1955, while recuperating from a back operation, he wrote Profiles in Courage, which won the Pulitzer Prize in history.", "-nicknamed \\\"Ike\\\", was a General of the Army (five star general) in the United States Army and U.S. politician," ]

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[ "The Rhode Island Red is an American breed of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). It is a utility bird, raised for meat and eggs, and also as a show bird. It is a popular choice for backyard flocks because of its egg laying abilities and hardiness. Non-industrial strains of the Rhode Island Red are listed as “recovering” by The Livestock Conservancy. The Rhode Island Red is the state bird of Rhode Island. It is one of only three state birds that is not a species native to the United States.", "The Rhode Island Red is an American breed of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). It is a utility bird, raised for meat and eggs, and also as a show bird. It is a popular choice for backyard flocks because of its egg laying abilities and hardiness. Non-industrial strains of the Rhode Island Red are listed as \"recovering\" by The Livestock Conservancy.", "The Plymouth Rock is a breed of domestic chicken from the United States. It originated in New England in the 19th century from cross-breeding of Dominiques and Black Javas.", "The Rhode Island Red is a breed of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). They are a utility bird, raised for meat and eggs, and also as show birds. They are a popular choice for backyard flocks because of their egg laying abilities and hardiness. Non-industrial strains of the Rhode Island Red are listed as recovering by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. Three vital variations appeared to have had the largest impact around the Rhode Island Red: Asiatics, Game, and Mediterranean.", "* Rhode Red: is a mutation of the Valencia orange, but the color of its flesh is more intense; it has more juice, and less acidity and vitamin C than the Valencia; it was discovered by Paul Rhode in 1955 in a grove near Sebring, Florida", "The Rhode Island Red were originally bred in Adamsville, a village which is part of Little Compton, Rhode Island. One of the foundation sires of the breed was a black-breasted red Malay cock which was imported from England. This cock is on display at the Smithsonian Institution as the father of the Rhode Island Red breed.", "1790 - The smallest of the United States joined the first 12 states as number 13. Rhode Island, the Ocean State, probably got its name when discoverer Verrazano noted that, the area we know as Rhode Island, looked about the size of the tiny Greek Isle of Rhodes. Rhode Island�s capital city is Providence, and the tiny violet is appropriate as the state flower. Probably the most famous variety of chicken, the Rhode Island Red, is the state bird.", "History: Developed in Rhode Island & Massachusetts, early flocks often had both single and rose combed individuals because of the influence of Malay blood. It was from the Malay that the Rhode Island Red got its deep color, strong constitution, and relatively hard feathers. The Rhode Island Red were originally bred in Adamsville, a village which is part of Little Compton, Rhode Island. One of the foundation sires of the breed was a black-breasted red Malay cock which was imported from England. This cock is on display at the Smithsonian Institution as the father of the Rhode Island Red breed.", "Use: The Rhode Island Red is a dual-purpose for meat and eggs, laying around 150 - 200 per year.", "Rhode Island Reds are held in such high esteem that they're the official Rhode Island state bird. They were once hugely popular in America, though they declined right along with the small farmer. Today they're making a comeback due to small flock owners (like us!). They're the do-everything bird: they lay exceptionally well, they're valued for their meat, they're extremely cold hardy, and hardy in general.", "Plymouth Rock became very famous after its identification as the supposed landing site of the Pilgrims, and was subsequently moved to a location in Plymouth Center. During the process, the rock split in two. It was later moved to Pilgrim Hall and then to a location under a granite Victorian Canopy, where it was easily accessible and subject to souvenir hunters. The rock was finally moved back to its original location along the town's waterfront in 1921. \"Plymouth Rock\", a large boulder, now sits under the historic Plymouth Rock Portico. The Neo-Classical Revival structure was designed by the highly influential architectural firm of McKim, Mead and White, designers of the Boston Public Library, Rhode Island State House and the former Pennsylvania Station in New York City. Built in 1921 the existing granite portico replaced an earlier Gothic Revival style monument designed by Hammatt Billings (who also designed the National Monument to the Forefathers). In 1970 the Plymouth Rock Portico was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The rock and portico are the centerpiece of Pilgrim Memorial State Park. The park is the smallest park in the Massachusetts state forest and park system, but is also the most heavily visited. ", "Rhode Island, like the rest of New England, has a tradition of clam chowder. Both the white New England variety and the red Manhattan variety are popular, but there is also a unique clear-broth chowder known as Rhode Island Clam Chowder available in many restaurants. According to Good Eats, the addition of tomatoes in place of milk was initially the work of Portuguese immigrants in Rhode Island, as tomato-based stews were already a traditional part of Portuguese cuisine, and milk was costlier than tomatoes. Scornful New Englanders called this modified version \"Manhattan-style\" clam chowder because, in their view, calling someone a New Yorker was an insult.", "Legend has it that the Pilgrims first landed upon a boulder -- it came to be known as Plymouth Rock. That enduring symbol of America’s early history now sits under this granite canopy, built in 1921, at Pilgrim Memorial State Park.", "A rare type of rock called Cumberlandite is found only in Rhode Island (specifically in the town of Cumberland) and is the state rock. There were initially two known deposits of the mineral, but since it is an ore of iron, one of the deposits was extensively mined for its ferrous content. The state is underlain by the Avalon terrane and was once part of the micro-continent Avalonia before the Iapetus ocean closed.", "Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and the second most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states, following New Jersey. Its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound.", "Rhode Island consists of 5 counties, a mainland portion in New England, 4 major islands and 1 estuary (Narragansett Bay). The five counties are (ordered by their population (in 2015)) Providence County (633,500), Kent County (164,800), Washington County (126,500), Newport County (82,400), and Bristol County (49,100). The islands are Aquidneck Island (Rhode Island), Conanicut, Prudence and Block Island. More than half of the state is covered with forests. Major rivers are: Pawcatuck River,Blackstone River (once the most polluted river in the country), Sakonnet river (an estuary or tidal strait). Largest inland body of water is Scituate Reservoir fed by precipitation and several streams.", "Several foods and dishes are unique to Rhode Island and some are hard to find outside of the state. Hot wieners are sometimes called gaggers, weinies, or New York System wieners, and they are smaller than a standard hot dog, served covered in a meat sauce, chopped onions, mustard, and celery salt. Famous to Rhode Island is Snail Salad, which is served at numerous restaurants throughout the state. The dish is normally prepared \"family style\" with over five pounds of snails mixed in with other ingredients commonly found in seafood dishes. Grinders are submarine sandwiches, with a popular version being the Italian grinder, which is made with cold cuts (usually ham, prosciutto, capicola, salami, and Provolone cheese). Linguiça or chouriço (a spicy Portuguese sausage) and peppers is also popular among the state's large Portuguese community, eaten with hearty bread (though this is also popular in other areas of New England).", "Rhode Island is a state in the New England region of the United States of America. It is the smallest state by area and is bordered by Connecticut, Massachusetts and New York (water boundary). Rhode Island is known as “The Ocean State” because of the many large inlets and bays in the area. The area was home to Native American people for many years, until the first European settlers moved into the region in the 17th century. Let’s take a look at a brief history of the area prior to statehood and how Rhode Island became a state.", "Rhode Island is nicknamed \"The Ocean State\", and the nautical nature of Rhode Island's geography pervades its culture. Newport Harbor, in particular, holds many pleasure boats. In the lobby of T. F. Green, the state's main airport, is a large life-sized sailboat, and the state's license plates depict an ocean wave or a sailboat. ", "Rhode Island has two distinct natural regions. Eastern Rhode Island contains the lowlands of the Narragansett Bay, while Western Rhode Island forms part of the New England Upland. Rhode Island's forests are part of the Northeastern coastal forests ecoregion. ", "Pilgrim Hall Museum, founded in 1824, is the oldest continually operating museum in the United States. It is located in Plymouth Center. Plymouth also features the National Monument to the Forefathers, which was dedicated in 1889. Standing at 81 feet (25 m) tall, it is the tallest free-standing solid granite monument in the United States. Other notable historical sites include the Jenney Grist Mill, a working replica of an original mill built in 1636, as well as the 1640 Richard Sparrow House, the oldest house still standing in Plymouth.", "The state of Rhode Island is located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Nicknamed “The Ocean State,” it is the smallest state by area and the second most densely populated state in the country. Providence is the capital and the largest city. The state has five counties: Bristol, Kent, Newport, Providence, and Washington.", "A large number of granite formations and quarries merit the nickname “The Granite State.” One of the state’s most well-known granite formations was The Old Man of the Mountain, located on New Hampshire’s Cannon Mountain. It measured 40 feet tall and 25 feet wide, but unfortunately, it collapsed in 2003 as a result of erosion.", "Charm, Robert E.. \"Granite's rise to rock of this age puts Providence stoneworkers in the pink; Castellucci & Sons builds success on recent popularity of rose-colored stone. (company profile).\" New England Business. 1986. Retrieved October 22, 2010 from accessmylibrary: http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-4450402/granite-rise-rock-age.html", "New Hampshire is part of the New England region. It is bounded by Quebec, Canada, to the north and northwest; Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east; Massachusetts to the south; and Vermont to the west. New Hampshire's major regions are the Great North Woods, the White Mountains, the Lakes Region, the Seacoast, the Merrimack Valley, the Monadnock Region, and the Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee area. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any U.S. coastal state, with a length of 18 mi, sometimes measured as only 13 mi. New Hampshire was home to the rock formation called the Old Man of the Mountain, a face-like profile in Franconia Notch, until the formation disintegrated in May 2003.", "In America, Rhode Island was the principal mainland American point on the triangle. Vessels out of Bristol and Newport were generally much smaller and far less specialized than the ships employed by Liverpool slave traders. They could negotiate shallow water, giving them access to locations the Liverpool slavers could not reach. They were also easily converted from carrying slaves to carrying nonhuman cargoes. This versatility minimized down time in port and maximized the chances for profits from the classic triangular trade pattern. While the triangular slave trade was never the prime feature of Rhode Island's commercial activity, it was important there. Indeed, contemporaries claimed that New England distilleries dominated the enormous rum trade into Africa.", "Another in the New England region, Rhode Island claims the title of the smallest US state and is the second most densely populated. Rhode Island’s capital and largest city is Providence, where Ivy League member Brown University is located.", "In common with many other New England states, some of Rhode Island's cities and towns are further partitioned into villages. Notable villages include Kingston, in the town of South Kingstown, which houses the University of Rhode Island, Wickford, in the town of North Kingstown, the site of an annual international art festival, and Wakefield, where the Town Hall of the Town of South Kingstown is located. ", "William Robinson, future governor of Rhode Island, finds wild horses at Point Judith. Old Snip, foundation sire of the Narragansett Pacer, is among them.", "On October 7, 1989, one of the largest gem morganite specimens ever uncovered, eventually called \"The Rose of Maine,\" was found at the Bennett Quarry in Buckfield, Maine, US. The crystal, originally somewhat orange in hue, was 23 cm long and about 30 cm across, and weighed (along with its matrix) just over 50 lb. ", "Woonsocket - Once known as \"Little Quebec\", it has the largest French-speaking population in Rhode Island. Today, French is rarely heard, replaced by English, Spanish, and Portuguese.", "Following the most recent ice age, the Middle Connecticut River Valley sat at the bottom of Lake Hitchcock. Its lush greenery and rich, almost rockless soil comes from the ancient lake's sedimentary deposits. In the Middle Connecticut region, the river reaches its maximum depth – 130 ft – at Gill, Massachusetts, around the French King Bridge, and its maximum width – 2100 ft – at Longmeadow, directly across from the Six Flags New England amusement park. The Connecticut's largest falls – South Hadley Falls – features a vertical drop of 58 ft. Lush green forests and agricultural hamlets dot this middle portion of the Connecticut River; however, the region is best known for its numerous college towns, such as Northampton, South Hadley, and Amherst, as well as the river's most populous city, Springfield. The city sits atop bluffs beside the Connecticut's confluence with two major tributaries, the Chicopee River to the east and Westfield River to the west. " ]

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[ "Good Housekeeping publishes its first issue in May 1885. The magazine's full title is Good Housekeeping: Conducted in the Interests of the Higher Life of the Household.", "Good Housekeeping is a women's magazine owned by the Hearst Corporation, featuring articles about women's interests, product testing by The Good Housekeeping Institute, recipes, diet, health as well as literary articles. It is well known for the \"Good Housekeeping Seal,\" popularly known as the \"Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval.\"", "1885 - A new magazine for homemakers went on sale. You can still get it by mail or find it right next to the cash register at your favorite grocery store. The magazine is Good Housekeeping. It has our seal of approval.", "      The great expansion of women's magazines into a major industry may be dated in Britain from Myra 's Journal of Dress and Fashion (1875–1912) and Weldon 's Ladies' Journal (1875–1954), both of which supplied dressmaking patterns and met the needs of a mass readership. Several new quality magazines were started, such as The Lady (founded 1885) and The Gentlewoman (1890–1926), one of the first to acknowledge the financial necessity of advertisements, but there were many more cheap weeklies, such as Home Notes (1894–1957), Home Chat (1895–1958), and Home Companion (1897–1956); these were of great help in teaching women about hygiene, nutrition, and child care.", "In 1909, the magazine established the Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval. Products advertised in the magazine that bear the seal are tested by GHRI and are backed by a two-year limited warranty. About 5,000 products have been given the seal. ", "It can only be assumed that the other 21 high-powered female journalists who contested the post were just too houseproud.  Founded in 1885 as a ‘journal for gentlewomen’ by Thomas Gibson Bowles – a politician and journalist who also launched the British Vanity Fair and was a grandfather of the Mitford sisters – the magazine is famous for articles about English gardens, recipes, rules of etiquette and classified ads seeking cooks, butlers and nannies. It’s where the Royal household goes when in search of domestic staff. ", "The Good Housekeeping is also one of the “Seven Sisters”, published for the Women. Its articles target women’s interests including product testing, recipes, health, and literature. It is an American magazine, first published in 1885, and is currently being published by the Hearst Magazines. However, in 1922, its British edition was also started. Some of the famous writers who have written in this magazine are Somerset Maugham, Francis Parkinson, and Virginia Wolf. Its total circulation is around 4.3 million.", "The first successful women’s magazine and most widely circulated magazine in the antebellum United States, Godey’s Lady’s Book offered fashion illustrations and advice, literary pieces, and articles on current events and popular culture.  Founded in Philadelphia in 1830 by Louis Antoine Godey (1804-1878) and edited for four decades by Sarah Josepha Hale (1788-1879), the magazine provided ⇒ Read More", "Condé Montrose Nast (1873-1942) was one of the world's most successful magazine publishers. Through his avant-garde periodicals, including Vogue and Vanity Fair, he set a new standard of fashion and home decorating for American women.He pioneered new techniques in marketing, printing, and magazine content, and nurtured the evolution of \"cafe society,\" a blend of artists and elite society, that had never before come together.", "Good Housekeeping magazine is an American icon of consumer protection and quality assurance. Each issue reaches 24 million readers and, with 15 editions published worldwide, it is an internationally recognized brand that sets the standard to which all other women’s service magazines aspire. ", "Founded in 1896 as a popular half-penny broadsheet with the new class of literate working woman in mind by Irish-born Alfred Harmsworth (later Viscount Northcliffe). He had made his first fortune with Answers magazine founded in 1888. The coining of the word 'tabloid' has been credited to him. Reached a million sales in 1900. Middle-market, right-leaning. Saturday edition includes Weekend features and TV listings magazine. Tabloid format dates to 1971 when Associated merged the broadsheet Mail with the Daily Sketch under new editor David English. Popular with women. Continued growing in 1980s under the editorship of (Sir David) English. His successor Paul Dacre has seen it overtake the Express and the Mirror. Website is very popular outside UK with content much m ore based on celebrities.", "For the woman writer who wanted to engage with the issues of her time, there was ample opportunity to do so in the phenomenal growth in periodical literature during the early years of the nineteenth century. Whith the founding of the \"Edinburgh Review\" in 1802, the great age of the serious journal, literary and political in its orientation, began, and by 1830 with the \"Quarterly Review\" and the \"Westminster Review\", \"Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine\", the \"Examiner\", the \"Athenaeum\" and the \"Spectator\" in existence, the reading public was feasted with facts, opinions and comments. Such an expansion offered the woman writer a serious outlet for her thoughts, paid her well, and provided an intellectual and psychological stimulus for women in general and perhaps particualrly for novelists.", "Two uniform volumes of this wide ranging illustrated magazine of the later nineteenth century. Comprising Volume XXX (New Series Volume VIII) covering May to October 1885, and Volume XXXIV (New Series Volume XII) covering May...", "Many women did not experience “separate spheres.” The lower class had to scrape to stay afloat, which meant women had to work either inside or out of the home. Many middle-class wives also had to help make ends meet and continued to piece together clothes or produce certain items for sale. Still the idea of domesticity, where a woman should shape the home, remained powerful enough that many women who didn’t live according to this pattern aspired to it. A large number of magazines, particularly Godey’s Ladies Book, under the editorship of Sarah Hale, instructed women on their proper roles and how they could carry them out. These magazines were laden with ideas for decorating the home, preparing food, and raising children. They also contained stories of the powerful effects women could have by acting in their proper sphere as well as the woeful tales of women who stepped outside the boundaries.", "The new weekly magazine had its debut issue on Saturday 30 April 1859, featuring the first installment of Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities . [3] [4] The launch was an immediate success.", "Quote Investigator: In October 1916 “Vogue” magazine published a lengthy profusely illustrated article titled “Vogue Pattern Service”. One page displayed drawings of models wearing nightgowns and chemises together with the following caption in capital letters. Boldface has been added to excerpts: 1", "Mary Taylor published The First Duty of Women: a Series of Articles reprinted from the Victoria Magazine.", "• In her pioneering work as editor of Ladies Magazine (1828-36) and Godey's Lady's Book (1837-77), Sarah Josepha Hale of Newport, New Hampshire, elevated the status of women and the importance of American literature.", "The Daily Mail is the leading mid-market daily newspaper in the UK. Established in 1896, the brand is as influential as ever and is an integral part of British journalism.", "Anna Tate, Stanley Home Products salesperson and Tupperware distributor: In an interview that was done for the Cosmopolitan Magazine, the reporter asked her why she didn't have any women on her staff, and she said, \"If there's going to be a prima donna on this staff, I'm it and the only one.\"", "Two letters addressed to Lillian F. Brown regarding the display of The Lily in a special exhibit at the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and its subsequent deposition at the New York State Library. The Lily, edited and published by Amelia Bloomer, ca. 1849-1853, was one of the first periodicals concerned with women's suffrage and related topics. Also included is a news clipping written and annotated by Amelia Bloomer regarding her involvement with the Lily. Bloomer was a social reformer and advocate of women's suffrage. She was known for a style of dress reform for women, which became known as bloomers. The copy of The Lily, owned by the New York State Library and nearly complete, is the original owned by Bloomer.", "Extremely popular in England where Ward, Lock & Routledge issued her in sixpenny edition in the 1880's, later in pictorial cloth.", "      Women's magazines frequently reflect the changing view of women's role in society. In the 18th century, when women were expected to participate in social and political life, those magazines aimed primarily at women were relatively robust and stimulating in content; in the 19th, when domesticity became the ideal, they were inclined to be insipid and humourless. After about 1880, magazines began to widen their horizons again.", "Helen was the first editor of a major women’s magazine to understand that it wasn’t just men who wanted to see sexy pictures of women. Women wanted to see them, too — Brooke Hauser, biographer", "Magazines: The Lowell mill girls begin publishing \"The Lowell Offering,\" a monthly magazine of poetry, fiction, and essays that becomes internationally known.", "Incorporated in this new “natural” style was the importance of ease and comfort of one's dress. Not only was there a new emphasis on hygiene, but also clothing became much lighter and more able to be changed and washed frequently. Even upper class women began wearing cropped dresses as opposed to dresses with long trains or hoops that restricted them from leaving their homes. In a sense, women were influenced by male fashion, such as tailored waistcoats and jackets to emphasize women’s mobility. This new movement toward practicality of dress showed that dress no longer was a way to categorize between classes or genders; dress was meant to suit one's personal daily routine. It was also during this time period that the fashion magazine and journal industry began to take off. They were most often monthly (often competing) periodicals that allowed men and women to keep up with the ever-changing styles. ", "As a result of this action, The Daily Mail coined the term \"suffragette\" to distinguish the militants from the constitutional suffragists and according to Lisa Tickner \"it came into general currency in the months following its first appearance in print on 10th January 1906. Tickner goes on to argue: \"The WSPU embraced it, despite the disparaging diminutive Their motto was Deeds not Words, and they were dismissive of the missionary methods of the established societies and of the constitutional movement generally.\"", "19th- and 20th- century advertisements, primarily trade cards, many directed at women as consumers. Several of the cards illustrate women using the product being marketed.", "By the 1850s, the greeting card had been transformed from a relatively expensive, handmade and hand-delivered gift to a popular and affordable means of personal communication, due largely to advances in printing, mechanization, and a reduction in postal rates with the introduction of the postage stamp. This was followed by new trends like Christmas cards, the first of which appeared in published form in London in 1843 when Sir Henry Cole hired artist John Calcott Horsley to design a holiday card that he could send to his friends and acquaintances. In the 1860s, companies like Marcus Ward & Co, Goodall and Charles Bennett began the mass production of greeting cards. They employed well known artists such as Kate Greenaway and Walter Crane as illustrators and card designers. The extensive Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection from the Manchester Metropolitan University gathers 32,000 Victorian and Edwardian greeting cards and 450 Valentine's Day cards dating from the early nineteenth century, printed by the major publishers of the day. ", "      The second half of the 19th century was a time of prosperity in Europe. Despite wars and upheavals, the bourgeoisie dressed fashionably and luxuriously. The styles worn by men and women acted as foils to one another—the men's dress ( clothing and footwear industry ) sombre, dignified, and only slowly changing, the women's dress colourful and changing ever faster in a kaleidoscope of modes. The technical advances and the capability for mass manufacturing that had been brought about by the Industrial Revolution were making fashionable dress available to a rapidly expanding public. The invention of the sewing machine and the Jacquard loom (used for weaving patterned textiles), the development of the ready-to-wear trade, the growth of new marketing techniques, and the establishment of department stores ( department store ) were revolutionizing the fashion scene.", "      Not all the women of the 1880s, however, wore these fashionable clothes. Followers of the Aesthetic ( Aestheticism ) movement in England wore looser garments with enormous sleeves supposed to resemble those worn by women in early Florentine paintings. The humorous journals of the period made great play with the contrast between fashionable and Aesthetic modes.", "Not all the women of the 1880s, however, wore these fashionable clothes. Followers of the Aesthetic movement in England wore looser garments with enormous sleeves supposed to resemble those worn by women in early Florentine paintings. The humorous journals of the period made great play with the contrast between fashionable and Aesthetic modes." ]

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[ "The official state sport of Maryland, since 1962, is jousting; the official team sport since 2004 is lacrosse. The National Lacrosse Hall of Fame is located on the Johns Hopkins University campus in Baltimore. In 2008, intending to promote physical fitness for all ages, walking became the official state exercise. Maryland is the first state with an official state exercise.", "Athletic teams are called Blue Jays. Even though sable and gold are used for academic robes, the university's athletic colors are Columbia blue (PMS 284) and black. Hopkins celebrates Homecoming in the spring to coincide with the height of the lacrosse season. The Men's and Women's lacrosse teams are in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I. Other teams are in Division III and participate in the Centennial Conference. JHU is also home to the Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame, maintained by US Lacrosse. ", "Lacrosse has witnessed great modifications since its origins in the 15th century,, but many aspects of the sport remain the same. In the Native North Americann version, each team consisted of about 100 to 1,000 men on a field that stretched from about 500 yards to a couple of miles long. [10] These lacrosse games lasted from sun up to sun down for two to three days. These games were played to settle inter-tribal disputes, to toughen young warriors in preparation for future combat and to give thanks to the Creator. The Alqonquin tribes referred to the sport as \"baggatway\". [10] The game became known to Westerners when a Frenchh Jesuitt Missionary, Jean de Brébeuff, saw the Iroquois Natives play it in 1636. [11]", "The Howdy Myers Man of the Year Award is presented in honor of one of the sport's most outstanding coaches. Howdy Myers coached 17 championship teams at St. Paul's, Johns Hopkins, and Hofstra. Myers was elected to the Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 1971. The nominee for this award should have contributed to the game of lacrosse in a capacity over and above the normal efforts and in so doing, has shown unselfish and untiring devotion to the game.", "Johns Hopkins was a founding member of the American Association of Universities. The University stands among the top 10 in US News Best National Universities Rankings and among the top 20 in a number of international league tables. In 2016, Johns Hopkins University ranked 11th in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Over the course of almost 140 years, thirty-six Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Johns Hopkins. Founded in 1883, the Blue Jays men’s lacrosse team has captured 44 national titles and joined the Big Ten Conference as an affiliate member in 2014. ", "Lacrosse was contested for medals in the 1904 and 1908 Olympics with teams from Canada, the United States, and Great Britain . It was contested as a demonstration sport in the 1928 and 1932 Olympics . On each occasion, a playoff was held in the United States to determine what team would go to the Olympics; each time the playoffs were won by the Johns Hopkins Blue Jays of the university in Baltimore, Maryland . [11]", "Lacrosse attendance has grown with the sport's popularity. The 2008 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship was won by Syracuse University, beating Johns Hopkins University 13–10, in front of a title game record crowd of 48,970 fans at Gillette Stadium. The 2007 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship weekend held at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore, Maryland, was played in front of a total crowd of 123,225 fans for the three-day event. The current attendance record for a regular season lacrosse-only event was set by the 2009 Big City Classic, a triple-header at Giants Stadium which drew 22,308 spectators. The Denver Outlaws hold the professional field lacrosse single-game attendance record by playing July 4, 2010 in front of 23,443 fans. ", "Lacrosse was contested for medals in the 1904 and 1908 Olympics with teams from Canada, the United States, and Great Britain. It was contested as a demonstration sport in the 1928 and 1932 Olympics. On each occasion, a playoff was held in the United States to determine what team would go to the Olympics; each time the playoffs were won by the Johns Hopkins Blue Jays of the university in Baltimore, Maryland. ", "In 1856, Dr. William George Beers, a Canadian dentist, founded the Montreal Lacrosse Club. In 1867 he codified the game, shortening the length of each game and reducing the number of players to twelve per team.[4] The first game played under Beers' rules was at Upper Canada College in 1867, with Upper Canada College losing to the Toronto Cricket Club by a score of 3�1. By the 1900s, high schools, colleges, and universities began playing the game. Lacrosse was contested as a demonstration sport in the 1928 and 1932 Olympics. On each occasion, a playoff was held to determine the American representative to the Olympics and on each occasion the playoffs were won by the Johns Hopkins Blue Jays.[9]", "Lacrosse was contested for medals in the 1904 and 1908 Olympics with teams from Canada, the United States, and Great Britain. It was contested as a demonstration sport in the 1928 and 1932 Olympics. On each occasion, a playoff was held in the United States to determine what team would go to the Olympics; each time the playoffs were won by Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.", "Lacrosse, ( French: “the crosier”) competitive sport, modern version of the North American Indian game of baggataway, in which two teams of players use long-handled, racketlike implements (crosses) to catch, carry, or throw a ball down the field or into the opponents’ goal. The goal is defined by uprights and a crossbar framing a loose net.", "The United States is credited with developing several popular sports , including some (such as baseball, gridiron football , and basketball) that have large fan bases and, to varying degrees, have been adopted internationally. But baseball, despite the spread of the game throughout the globe and the growing influence of Asian and Latin American leagues and players, is the sport that Americans still recognize as their “national pastime.” The game has long been woven into the fabric of American life and identity. “It’s our game,” exclaimed the poet Walt Whitman more than a century ago, “that’s the chief fact in connection with it: America’s game.” He went on to explain that baseball", "On the walls of the arcades connecting the three-and four-story buildings are bronze plaques bearing bas-relief images of athletes whose greatness has been less than fully recognized but who epitomize Knight's vision of the nobility of sport. Along the Nike Walk of Fame, Charley Lau, the highly respected batting coach, shares a place with triathletes and wheelchair road racers. Lots of high-profile tough-guy athletes like Franco Harris and the former lineman Lee Roy Selmon are on the wall too.", "The Swimming team ranked highly in NCAA Division III for the last 10 years, most recently placing second at DIII Nationals in 2008. The Water Polo team was number one in Division III for several of the past years, playing a full schedule against Division I opponents. Hopkins also has a century-old rivalry with McDaniel College (formerly Western Maryland College), playing the Green Terrors 83 times in football since the first game in 1894. In 2009 the football team reached the quarterfinals of the NCAA Division III tournament, with three tournament appearances since 2005. In 2008, the baseball team ranked second, losing in the final game of the DIII College World Series to Trinity College.", "Baltimore City, Maryland is the home of the professional baseball team with the Baltimore Orioles and with professional football in the Baltimore Ravens; we have two state of the art stadiums with Oriole Park at Camden Yards and M&T Stadium. Oriole Park recently won yet another award as the #1 baseball stadium in the league because of its design.", "Inducted posthumously as a truly great coach, Geppi-Aikens served as head coach at her alma mater, Loyola University Maryland (formerly Loyola College) from 1989-2003, where she amassed a record of 197-71, with 10 NCAA Tournament appearances. Geppi-Aikens was selected as the IWLCA’s Division I coach of the year three times, winning the honor in 1996, 1997 and 2003. She also produced 29 All-American players during her tenure. Geppi-Aikens served as a member of the NCAA Women’s Lacrosse Committee from 1995-99, and was chairperson of the committee for two years. She received the Tewaaraton Lifetime Recognition Award in 2001, and both the NCAA’s Inspiration Award and the ECAC’s Award of Valor in 2003. Geppi-Aikens has previously been inducted to two other halls of fame. She passed away in 2003.", "The Univ. of North Carolina at Charlotte, Queens College, and Johnson C. Smith Univ. are in the city. The Mint Museum of Art is a reproduction of the U.S. Mint located in Charlotte from 1837 until 1913; there are also modern art and African-American museums and the NASCAR Hall of Fame. The city is home to the National Football League's Carolina Panthers and the National Basketball Association's Charlotte Hornets. High-rise office buildings and other construction projects have transformed the city's skyline since the 1980s. Lowe's (formerly Charlotte) Motor Speedway is in nearby Concord Concord", "Johns Hopkins University played a huge role in shaping the idea of the contemporary American research university. The institution, which was established in Baltimore in 1876, has grown to include four Maryland campuses, as well as locations in Washington, D.C., Italy, China and Singapore. Thanks to the iconic Johns Hopkins Medical Center, the university is famous for its contributions to the field of medicine, but it also excels in science and engineering research and development. Nobel-winning graduates include former U.S. president Woodrow Wilson (1919), Physiology or Medicine winners Thomas H. Morgan (1933) and Richard Axel (2004) and Chemistry winner Peter Agre (2003). Several staff members have also been recognized, including physicists James Franck (1925) and Adam G. Riess (2011) and Nobel Peace Prize-winning lecturer Nicholas Murray Butler (1931).", "Book: John. Jiloty. Mike. Keegan. Matthew F.. Sacco. 2003. Lacrosse: North America's Game. Towson, MD. Carpenter. 0-9759834-0-7.", "Inducted as a truly great player, Morrill was a two-time collegiate All-American on attack at Johns Hopkins University, earning first team honors in 1988 and third team honors in 1987. He helped to lead the Blue Jays to the national championship in both 1985 and 1987, and finished as the team’s leading scorer in both 1987 and 1988. Morrill was selected for the North-South All-Star Classic in 1988 and also named to the All-Time Johns Hopkins Team that same year. Morrill won two world championships as a member of Team USA in 1990 and 1994, and he was selected to the All-World Team as an attackman in 1994. He has been previously inducted into two other halls of fame. He joins his grandfather, Kelso, and father, Bill, in the National Hall of Fame, becoming the first family to be represented by three generations.", "A member institution of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in Division I FCS , Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports and is a member of the Ivy League . The football Lions play home games at the 17,000-seat Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium . One hundred blocks north of the main campus at Morningside Heights, the Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, tennis, track and rowing, as well as the new Campbell Sports Center opened in January 2013. The basketball, fencing, swimming & diving, volleyball and wrestling programs are based at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus. [162]", "North American Indian Travelling College. Tewaarathon (Lacrosse): Akwesasne's StoRY of Our National Game. North American Indian Travelling College, 1978.", "Native American leisure time led to competitive individual and team sports. Jim Thorpe, Joe Hipp, Notah Begay III, Chris Wondolowski, Jacoby Ellsbury, Joba Chamberlain, Kyle Lohse, Sam Bradford, Jack Brisco, Tommy Morrison, Billy Mills, and Shoni Schimmel are well known professional athletes.", "John Montgomery Ward: Former Nittany Lion and MLB Hall of Famer. Also credited for creating the curveball.", "Baltimore (, locally:) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county; thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States. Baltimore has more public monuments than any other city per capita in the country and is home to some of the earliest National Register historic districts in the nation, including Fell's Point (1969), Federal Hill (1970) and Mount Vernon Place (1971). More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any other city in the nation. ", "The centre also has an on-site fitness club, hotel, and Hard Rock Cafe. Such features may seem quaint here in the 21st Century, but they and the retractable roof were downright revolutionary in the late Awesome80s. This stadium may have been the last of the bland, concrete multipurpose stadiums before Camden Yards changed baseball for better, but it was the coolest stadium on the planet when it opened.", "he Baltimore Orioles were established in 1894 as the Milwaukee Brewers, and moved to St. Louis in 1902 as the Browns before ending up in Baltimore in 1954 as the Orioles. The franchise was one of the 8 original members of the American League. The Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1964-1983, winning 7 Divisional Championships (1969-1971, 1973-1974, 1979 and 1983), 6 pennants (1966, 1969-1971, 1979 and 1983), 3 World Championships (1966, 1970 and 1983), and 4 Most Valuable Player awards.", "The governing body for intercollegiate sports in the United States, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), was headquartered in Johnson County, Kansas, from 1973 until moving to Indianapolis in 1999.", "The first public university in the state is the University of Maryland, Baltimore, which was founded in 1807 and contains the University of Maryland's only public academic health, human services, and one of two law centers (the other being the University of Baltimore School of Law). Seven professional and graduate schools train the majority of the state's physicians, nurses, dentists, lawyers, social workers, and pharmacists. The largest undergraduate institution in Maryland is the University of Maryland, College Park which was founded as the Maryland Agricultural College in 1856 and became a public land grant college in 1864. Towson University, founded in 1866, is the state's second largest university. Baltimore is home to the University of Maryland, Baltimore County and the Maryland Institute College of Art. The majority of public universities in the state are affiliated with the University System of Maryland. Two state-funded institutions, Morgan State University and St. Mary's College of Maryland, as well as two federally funded institutions, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the United States Naval Academy, are not affiliated with the University System of Maryland.", "In Port Republic, Maryland the annual Calvert County Jousting Tournament is held every August on the grounds of historic Christ Episcopal Church. In 2005, the tournament was featured in an edition of ESPN's SportsCenter.", "The Nationals have an interleague rivalry with the nearby Baltimore Orioles nicknamed the Beltway Series. The teams have played two series a season – one in Baltimore and one in Washington – since 2006.", "The United States Naval Academy is a public military institution of higher education in Annapolis, Maryland. It is also called Annapolis Academy. The academy prepares young people to enter the lowest commissioned ranks of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. Established as a five-year school in 1845 by Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft, it became a four-year college in 1851. The program has been shortened during wartime in order to turn out more officers for service. The academy moved briefly from Annapolis to Newport, Rhode Island, during the American Civil War. The Annapolis campus, known as \"the Yard,\" has been a National Historic Site since 1963. The academy began accepting women in 1976." ]

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[ "The Motorcycle Diaries () is a 2004 biopic about the journey and written memoir of the 23-year-old Ernesto Guevara, who would several years later become internationally known as the iconic Marxist guerrilla commander and revolutionary Che Guevara. The film recounts the 1952 expedition, initially by motorcycle, across South America by Guevara and his friend Alberto Granado. As well as being a road movie, the film is a coming-of-age film; as the adventure, initially centered on youthful hedonism, unfolds, Guevara discovers himself transformed by his observations on the life of the impoverished indigenous peasantry. Through the characters they encounter on their continental trek, Guevara and Granado witness firsthand the injustices that the destitute face and are exposed to people and social classes they would have never encountered otherwise. To their surprise, the road presents to them both a genuine and captivating picture of Latin American identity. As a result, the trip also plants the initial seed of cognitive dissonance and radicalization within Guevara, who ostensibly would later view armed revolution as a way to challenge the continent's endemic economic inequalities.", "The Motorcycle Diaries ( 2004 , Spanish : Diarios de motocicleta) is a biopic about the journey and written memoir of the 23-year-old Ernesto Guevara, who would years later become internationally known as the iconic Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara . The film recounts the 1952 journey, initially by motorcycle, across South America by Guevara and his friend Alberto Granado . As the adventure centered around youthful hedonism unfolds, Guevara discovers himself transformed by his observations of the life of the impoverished indigenous peasantry. The road presents Ernesto Guevara and Alberto Granado a genuine picture of the Latin American identity. Through the characters they encounter on the road, Guevara and Granado learn the injustices the impoverished face and are exposed to people they would have never encountered in their hometown. The trip serves to expose a Latin American identity as well as explore the identity of one of its most memorable revolutionaries.", "The Motorcycle Diaries ( Spanish : Diarios de motocicleta) is a 2004 biopic about the journey and written memoir of the 23-year-old Ernesto Guevara, who would several years later become internationally known as the iconic Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara . The film recounts the 1952 expedition, initially by motorcycle, across South America by Guevara and his friend Alberto Granado . As the adventure initially centered around youthful hedonism unfolds, Guevara discovers himself transformed by his observations on the life of the impoverished indigenous peasantry. Through the characters they encounter on their continental trek, Guevara and Granado witness firsthand the injustices that the destitute face and are exposed to people and social classes they would have never encountered otherwise. To their surprise, the road presents to them both a genuine and captivating picture of Latin American identity. As a result, the trip also plants the initial seed of cognitive dissonance and radicalization within Guevara, who ostensibly would later view armed revolution as a way to challenge the continent's endemic economic inequalities .", "Brazilian director Walter Salles Jr. follows up the Golden Globe-nominated Behind the Sun with this filmed adaptation of Cuban revolutionary Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara's journals of the same name. THE MOTORCYCLE DIARIES stars Gael García Bernal (Y Tu Mamá También, Amores Perros) as a young, pre-revolution Guevara, a 23-year-old medical student in 1952 traveling across South America on a motorcycle with his friend Alberto Granado (Rodrigo de la Serna), who co-wrote the source material. As they embark on their journey, both young men come of age and find their individual world views broadened farther than they ever expected. The Motorcycle Diaries premiered at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival. Based on: MOTORCYCLE DIARIES: A Journey Around South America by Ernesto Che Guevara.", "An international co-production, The Motorcycle Diaries details an eight month journey taken by the young revolutionary Che Guevara and his friend, Alberto Grenado across South America. During the movie attempts are made to provide details of how and why Guevara became a Marxist revolutionary after initially setting out on a fun road trip designed to end with a stint as a volunteer at a leper colony in the Peruvian jungle. The Motorcycle Diaries is based on the memoir written by Guevara about his trip and uses Grenado's own memoir as source material.", "Alberto Granado, who has died aged 88, was a biochemist from Argentina whose name became indelibly associated with that of Che Guevara , his revolutionary friend and former travelling companion. Their travels together through Latin America in the early 1950s were given fresh currency more than half a century later in Walter Salles's popular film, The Motorcycle Diaries (2004). Both men wrote diaries of their journey that fed into the creation of the myths associated with Guevara's life and death.", "Alberto Granado Jiménez (August 8, 1922 - March 5, 2011) was an Argentine–Cuban biochemist, doctor, writer, and scientist. He was also the youthful friend and traveling companion of Che Guevara during their 1952 motorcycle tour in Latin America. Granados later founded the Santiago School of Medicine. He authored the memoir Traveling with Che Guevara: The Making of a Revolutionary, which served as a reference for the 2004 film The Motorcycle Diaries, in which he was played by Rodrigo de la Serna. An elderly Alberto Granado makes a short appearance at the end of the film.", "Rachelle Motter Prof. Dolores Chew HIS-910 09 April 2010 The Motorcycle Diaries The film Motorcycle Diaries is the biography of the early life of the communist, revolutionary Ernesto Guevara, also known as Che Guevara situated in Buenos Aires in 1952. He was a medical student, who left Argentina on a road trip with his friend Alberto Granado, a biochemist, to get to discover the rest of Latin America on an old motorcycle. The motive of their journey of several months was the desire...", "The poverty and injustice they witnessed on their trip, on a 1939 British Norton 500 they nicknamed “La Poderosa” (“The Powerful Babe”), motivated Guevara to join Fidel Castro in the Cuban revolution. Their journey was immortalised more than half a century later in the highly successful 2004 movie The Motorcycle Diaries.", "Che Guevara has been the subject of a number of films, including “The Motorcycle Diaries,” which was based in part on Che's own account of his 1952 journey across South America, an experience that shaped his leftist beliefs.", "The travelers were moved and shocked by the poverty in which so many South Americans lived. Both men kept journals, which became the basis for Walter Salles's 2004 film, \"The Motorcycle Diaries,\" starring Gael García Bernal as the 23-year-old Che and Rodrigo de la Serna as Mr. Granado. In a 2004 interview with The New York Times, Mr. Granado talked about how \"Motorcycle Diaries,\" published in the early 1990s, had given rise to a new incarnation of Che, that of the romantic youth.", "Emily Gjos November 12th, 2012 A journey to Political and Social Activism In Ernesto Che Guevara’s The Motorcycle Diaries Global Development Studies Holler Book Review Emily Gjos November 12th, 2012 Motorcycle Diaries by Ernesto “Che” Guevara is an autobiographical account that outlines the journey of Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara, then a 23-year-old medical student. Che and his friend Alberto leave their hometown of Buenos Aires, Argentina, in January 1952 on the back of an...", "Bryan Sierra Mex. Ame. Film studies 1-10-13 Per.5 Motorcycle Diaries Film Exam The movie Motorcycle Diaries is about to friends Ernesto Guevara who has the nickname “fuser” and Alberto Granado. Ernesto is a doctor in the process; he has taken a break from his studies to go on a trip, and Alberto is a biochemist. These two friends set off on a journey that starts off in Buenos Aries to travel across the whole region of South America on a motorcycle. From the beginning these two...", "Dominique Spurlock HIST 4371 February 7, 2011 Motorcycle Diaries In the film “Motorcycle Diaries” the filmmaker does an excellent job of portraying Che (Fuser) Guevara’s way of thinking. Che was a very kind hearted man who did not think that he was better than others just because he was a year away from being a doctor. In 1951 Che decided to post-pone his medical degree to travel around South America with his friend Alberto “Mial” Granado. During this trip they made several stops. The...", "In 1948, Guevara entered the University of Buenos Aires to study medicine. But in 1951, he took a year off from studies to embark on a trip traversing South America by motorcycle with his friend Alberto Granado, with the final goal of spending a few weeks volunteering at the San Pablo Leper colony in Peru , on the banks of the Amazon River . On the way to Machu Picchu high in the Andes , he was struck by the crushing poverty of the remote rural areas, where peasant farmers worked small plots of land owned by wealthy landlords. Later on his journey, Guevara was especially impressed by the camaraderie among those living in a Leper Colony, stating \"The highest forms of human solidarity and loyalty arise among such lonely and desperate people.\" Guevara used notes taken during this trip to write an account entitled The Motorcycle Diaries, which later became a New York Times best-seller, and was adapted into a 2004 award-winning film of the same name.", "Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara ( 14 June 1928 – 9 October 1967 ), commonly known as Che Guevara, El Che, or simply Che, was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary , politician , author , physician , military theorist , and guerrilla leader during the Cuban revolution . Following his execution in Bolivia , he became both a stylised countercultural icon and symbol of rebellion for leftist movements worldwide.", "November 27, 2013 Latin American Studies Mr. Pollicella Che Guevara Research Paper Che Guevara was a revolutionary; he wanted the people of South America to be equal but he was a violent megalomaniac. He was a Marxist, a communist. Born in Argentina on June 14, 1928, Che came from a family of “leftists” and he was reported of always feeling bad for the poor. Che Guevara’s real name is Ernesto R. Guevara de la Serna. Ernesto was a medical student in Argentina before he became the famous...", "In 1952, a semester before Ernesto “Fuser” Guevara is due to complete his medical degree, he and his older friend Alberto, a biochemist, leave Buenos Aires in order to travel across the South American continent in search of fun and adventures. While there is a goal at the end of their journey – they intend to work in a leper colony in Peru – the main purpose is tourism. They want to see as much of Latin America as they can, more than 8,000 kilometers (5000 miles) in just a few months, and also bed as many Latin American women as will fall for their pick-up lines. Their initial method of transport is Alberto’s ancient and leaky but functional Norton 500 motorcycle christened La Poderosa.", "Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara, commonly known as Che Guevara, El Che, or simply Che, was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, politician, author, physician, military theorist, and guerrilla leader.", "In 1952, a semester before Ernesto \"Fuser\" Guevara is due to complete his medical degree, he and his older friend Alberto, a biochemist , leave Buenos Aires in order to travel across the South American continent in search of fun and adventure. While there is a goal at the end of their journey - they intend to work in a leper colony in Peru - the main purpose is tourism. They want to see as much of Latin America as they can, more than 8,000 kilometers (5,000 miles) in just four months, and Alberto's purpose is also to court as many Latin American women as will fall for his pick-up lines. Their initial method of transport is Alberto's ancient and leaky but functional Norton 500 motorcycle christened La Poderosa (\"The Mighty One\").", "On October 7, 1967, an informant apprised the Bolivian Special Forces of the location of Guevara's guerrilla encampment in the Yuro ravine. On the morning of October 8, they encircled the area with two battalions numbering 1,800 soldiers and advanced into the ravine triggering a battle where Guevara was wounded and taken prisoner while leading a detachment with Simeón Cuba Sarabia. Che biographer Jon Lee Anderson reports Bolivian Sergeant Bernardino Huanca's account: that as the Bolivian Rangers approached, a twice-wounded Guevara, his gun rendered useless, threw up his arms in surrender and shouted to the soldiers: \"Do not shoot! I am Che Guevara and I am worth more to you alive than dead.\" ", "October 9th, 1967: Bolivian special forces capture an camp in the jungle, where well known Marxist Che Guevara was hiding. Despite the ensuing battle, Guevara manages to escape into the jungle. He later seeks asylum in Chile.", "The National Liberation Army of Bolivia (ELN-Ejército de Liberación Nacional de Bolivia) was a communist guerrilla force that operated from the remote Ñancahuazú region against the pro-U.S. Bolivian government . They were joined by Che Guevara in the mid-1960s. [50] [51] The ELN was well equipped and scored a number of early successes against the Bolivian army in the difficult terrain of the mountainous Camiri region. [52] In the late 1960s, the CIA deployed teams of SAD Paramilitary Operations Officers to Bolivia to train the Bolivian army in order to counter the ELN. [52] These SAD teams linked up with U.S. Army Special Forces and Bolivian Special Forces to track down and capture Guevara, who was a special prize because of his leading role in the Cuban Revolution . [52] On October 9, 1967, Guevara was executed by Bolivian soldiers on the orders of CIA paramilitary operative Félix Rodríguez shortly after being captured, according to CIA documents. [53] In his book titled \"Shadow Warrior: The CIA Hero of a Hundred Unknown Battles\", Rodriguez claims that Guevara was executed over his objections by the Bolivian military on orders from their higher command. [52]", "Terrence Steven \"Steve\" McQueen (March 24, 1930 – November 7, 1980) was an American movie actor. He was nicknamed \"The King of Cool.\" His \"anti-hero\" persona, which he developed at the height of the Vietnam counterculture, made him one of the top box-office draws of the 1960s and 1970s. McQueen received an Academy Award nomination for his role in The Sand Pebbles. His other popular films include The Magnificent Seven, The Great Escape, The Thomas Crown Affair, Bullitt, The Getaway, Papillon, and The Towering Inferno. In 1974, he became the highest-paid movie star in the world. Although McQueen was combative with directors and producers, his popularity put him in high demand and enabled him to command large salaries.He was an avid racer of both motorcycles and cars. While he studied acting, he supported himself partly by competing in weekend motorcycle races and bought his first motorcycle with his winnings. He is recognized for performing many of his own stunts, especially the majority of the stunt driving during the high-speed chase scene in Bullitt. McQueen also designed and patented a bucket seat and transbrake for race cars.", "For those unfamiliar with the film, a Colombian guerrilla leader nicknamed \"El Lobo\" (Cliff Curtis) bombs U.S. officials at the Colombian consulate in Los Angeles to force the U.S. to get out of his country. Schwarzenegger plays a firefighter who watches as his wife and son are killed in the explosion, and subsequently vows to revenge their deaths. Schwarzenegger, in an act of vigilante justice, kills El Lobo before he is able to carry through on his plans to blow up a State Department building in Washington, D.C.", "Argentine revolutionary; aided Fidel Castro in overthrow of Fulgencio Batista; died while directing guerrilla movement in Bolivia in 1967. (p 785)", "While not one particular person, this dictatorship was one of the most ruthless and brutal in South America, possibly the world. The \"disappeared\" (people kidnapped and murdered by the army; \"disappeared\" is how the government classified them, though they often gave the orders to kill) were in the thousands, repression of opposition was violent to an extreme (think of the Mexican or Columbian governments' treatment of opponents; the Argeninian government was twice as bad). One of the favored means of killing political opponents? Throwing people (concious or not) from aeroplane and helicopters into jungle or the ocean from thousands of feet in the air.", "2008 - Juan López Romero Jiménez (aka 'Juan el Camas' or 'Chiquito de Camas' [Shorty from Camas]; b. 1928), Andalusian anarchist and flamenco singer, especially of the fandango, dies. [see: Feb. 25]", "Mr Humala, 48 at the time of his election, burst onto the political scene in 2000 when he led a short-lived bloodless revolt to demand that former President Fujimori resign after 10 years in power. In the 1990s, he fought in the jungle against Shining Path guerrillas.", "Gabeira became a political celebrity with the publication of a memoir about his experiences as a guerilla and his years in exile. In 1979, he was photographed wearing a skimpy purple swimsuit at Ipanema, and gave an interview to a gay and lesbian newspaper, inciting rumors that he was gay, which he neither confirmed nor denied. His going to the beach at Posto 9 made it famous throughout the country. ", "Critics have focused on his aggressive methods. Ecuador has filed a lawsuit against him for violating national sovereignty when he oversaw the bombing a FARC guerilla camp on Ecuadorian soil. He continues to be plagued by a so-called \"false-positives\" scandal during his term; soldiers killed civilians and framed them as guerillas in order to pump body counts and receive job perks.", "1948 - Raúl Carballeira Lacunza (b. 1917 or 1918), Argentinian anarchist who was active in the Spanish anti-Franco resistance, commits suicide rather than be captured in the Montjuich gardens during an ambush mounted by commissioner Eduardo Quintela Vault, head of Brigada Politicosocial de Barcelona. [see: Feb. 28]" ]

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[ "\"Be All You Can Be\" was the recruiting slogan of the United States Army for over twenty years. Earl Carter (pen-name, E.N.J. Carter) working for the N.W. Ayer Advertising Agency as a Senior Copywriter created the “Be All You Can Be” theme line in 1980. In January 2003, the U.S. Army awarded Carter its Outstanding Civilian Service Award. Carter’s original concept sheet, with words “Be All You Can Be”, is now part of a permanent collection at the US Army Heritage Center Foundation.", "*Be all you can be, advertising military service for the U.S. Army, coined in 1981 by E. N. J. Carter.", "In 1986, Ayer received positive feedback for its U.S. Army recruiting slogan, Be all that you can be. This campaign benefited the army's recruitment goals greatly, and also faced negative responses toward the Vietnam War and low enlistment. In a well-published scandal, charges were filed against the Ayer employee responsible for the Army collaboration, and Ayer was consequently suspended from making bids with any branches of government. ", "is fortunate to have had some of the greatest creative talent in advertising work on our marketing. While the fictional Don Draper from Mad Men could always come up with a slogan, in the real world, industry giants like W. C. D’Arcy, Archie Lee and Bill Backer produced some of the greatest slogans, jingles and ads of all time.", "for the next four decades (he even served on the Board of Directors for a time) until his retirement in 1945. Together with his creative director, Archie Lee, he crafted some of the greatest slogans in advertising history.", "The tagline varied depending on the commercial's location or what variety the commercial is showing. The UK version (featuring men in a changing room turning into Joan Collins and Stephanie Beacham as a result of hunger) retains Mr. T's slogan. In Latin America, the slogan was the same as in the UK version, except that men doing extreme sports turning into the Mexican singer Anahí as a result of hunger.", "Many memorable slogans and campaigns carried the Pepsi banner since then, all with a similar mission to make each new generation a \"Pepsi generation.\" In the sixties, under Pepsi marketing chief Alan Pottasch, the decision to acknowledge the widening gap between old and young consumers was made, and the BBDO agency won the Pepsi account. Lifestyle had always been a component in Pepsi ads, but under BBDO creative director Phil Dusenberry youth beach culture and fun-centered activities were featured. These sentiments were put forth in the slogan \"for those who think young\" and folk jingles such as \"You've got a lot to live, and Pepsi's got a lot to give.\" In the 1970s \"Join the Pepsi People, Feelin' Free\" was an even more obvious reference to the political mood of America's youth. The 1980s and 1990s saw the rise of celebrity-focused campaigns. Pepsi spent millions to align its self with the music and media stars of each decade, most notably pop icon Michael Jackson, actor Michael J. Fox, and later, supermodel Cindy Crawford and teen sensation and singer Britney Spears.", "The author of the slogan is unknown, I believe, however the message is still in use today.", "for the next four decades (he even served on the Board of Directors for a time) until his retirement in 1945. Together with his creative director, Archie Lee, he crafted some of the greatest slogans in advertising history. While “Delicious and Refreshing” was part of the plan D’Arcy’s first big change was to add an arrow to all the advertising and packaging while adding the slogan, “Whenever You See an Arrow, Think of", "Since its foundation in 1954, Burger King has employed varied advertising programs, both successful and unsuccessful. During the 1970s, output included its Hold the pickles, hold the lettuce... jingle, the inspiration for its current mascot the Burger King, and several well known and parodied slogans such as \"Have it your way\" and \"It takes two hands to handle a Whopper\". Burger King introduced the first attack ad in the fast food industry with a pre-teen Sarah Michelle Gellar in 1981. The television spot, which claimed BK burgers were larger and better tasting than competitor McDonald's, so enraged executives at McDonald's parent company that they sued all parties involved. Starting in the early 1980s and running through approximately 2001, BK engaged a series of ad agencies that produced many unsuccessful slogans and programs, including its biggest advertising flop \"Where's Herb?\". ", "In December 2007. Sam's Club launched a new slogan, \"Enjoy the Possibilities\". Since then it became an official advertising slogan, mentioned in television and radio advertisements, but it is not mentioned on its website. As of early January 2008 the \"Enjoy the Possibilities\" slogan was no longer in use. Sam's Club launched their latest slogan \"Savings Made Simple\" in the fourth quarter of 2009.", "Avis Rent-A-Car launched a new advertising campaign in 1963 that featured this tagline written by Bill Bernbach of DDB. Bernbach suggested that Avis shift its focus to customer service, a monumental decision, and a slogan like \"We Try Harder\" reinforced that focus. The idea that a company would focus not on sounding established and successful but on searching for ways to improve-go figure, but it took guts to be modest, especially for a company that had been considered second place to car-rental giant Hertz. That approach not only made Avis successful and established them as worthy competitors, but it still drives them, even today.", "In 1962, Texaco introduced the You can trust your car to the man who wears the star … jingle. It was written by Roy Eaton, an Advertising Hall of Famer who also wrote the jingle for Beefaroni.", "Coined in the US in the late 1920s, this simple and enduring slogan was accompanied by a hummable ditty. The advent of commercial television in the late 1940 and 1950s gave this slogan and campaign a vast audience and enduring brand recognition for this Kellogg's cereal over the years. While the look and appearance of the characters has changed over the years, the slogan is etched in the mass memory of consumers. It is a fine example of ‘humanizing’ an otherwise humdrum foodstuff.", "The famous l’Oréal slogan “Because you’re worth it,” registered at the USPTO in 1976, has evolved with the company’s customers over the years. “Parce que je le vaux bien” and its English translation “Because I’m worth it” became popular in the late 1990s. In 2004, l’Oréal advertising started targeting the ever-growing cosmetics market for men with “Because you’re worth it too.” Then in 2009, their advertising started using “Because we’re worth it” and for kids “Because we’re worth it too.” The shift to “we” followed a psychology-based study of l’Oréal’s consumer base. \"We\" apparently creates stronger consumer involvement in l'Oréal’s philosophy and lifestyle and provides more perceived consumer satisfaction with l'Oréal products.", "Ayer created the slogan Reach out and touch someone, one of AT&T's most successful ads, coined in 1979 by Tony Galli and Stanley Lomas; music was composed by David Lucas. Galli's original phrasing was: To communicate is the beginning of understanding. Reach out and touch someone.", "Coca-cola used to use the slogan \"Good to the last drop,\" in 1908. This slogan was later used by Maxwell House", "The \"finger lickin' good\" slogan was trademarked in 1956. After a local KFC television advertisement had featured Arizona franchisee Dave Harman licking his fingers in the background, a viewer phoned the station to complain. The main actor in the advertisement, a KFC manager named Ken Harbough, upon hearing of this, responded: \"Well, it's finger lickin' good.\" The phrase was adopted nationally by the company by the 1960s, and went on to become one of the best-known slogans of the twentieth century. The trademark expired in the US in 2006, and was replaced in that market with \"Follow your taste\" until 2010. In 2011, the \"finger lickin' good\" slogan was dropped in favor of \"So good\", to be rolled out worldwide. A Yum! executive said that the new slogan was more holistic, applying to staff and service, as well as food. Other slogans included \"It's America's Country-Good Meal\" (late 1970s) and \"We Do Chicken Right\" (1980s).", "During 1994, the slogan was also changed to \"Obey Your Thirst\" and was set to the urban crowd with a hip-hop theme song. One of the first lyrics for the new slogan were, \"Never forget yourself 'cause first things first, grab a cold, cold can, and obey your thirst\". Under the new slogan, Sprite tapped into hip hop culture by leveraging emerging and underground rap artists like LL Cool J, A Tribe Called Quest, KRS One, Missy Elliott, Grand Puba, Common, Fat Joe, Nas, Chris Conn, Pete Ross and others in TV commercials.", "After the slogan was coined, it was pasted on to paper and sent out to 200,000 motorists in the form of car stickers. The message quickly caught on and has been a cornerstone of the charity ever since. It has also had a life of its own, making it into the Oxford English Dictionary of Quotations. It was trademarked about ten years ago, following many years of imitation by retail companies attempting to cash in on its wording to sell their own products.", "The United States also used the short lived slogan, \"Tastes So Good, You'll Roar\", in the early 1980s. The TV commercial most known from this slogan involves a young man biting into one of the Kit Kat fingers in a grocery store, and roaring like a lion so loudly the whole store shakes violently, knocking items from the shelves. Another short-lived U.S. slogan was \"That's What You Want\", whose television adverts showed people pulling unlikely foodstuffs from their pockets or purses, before rejecting them in favour of a Kit Kat.", "The “Because I’m Worth It” tagline originated in 1971 when L’Oreal needed to convince consumers to spend more on their products than then-competitor Clairol.  Today, the slogan has been translated into 40 languages, and still represents the brand’s image across the world. ", "The Keebler slogans are \"Uncommonly Good\" and \"a little elfin magic goes a long way\". Tom Shutter and Leo Burnett wrote the familiar jingle.", "Toward the late 1990s most of Sprite's advertisements featured amateur and famous basketball players. The tagline for most of these ads was, \"Image is nothing. Thirst is everything. Obey your thirst.\"", "1969 \"You've got a lot to live. Pepsi's got a lot to give\" marks a shift in Pepsi Generation advertising strategy. Youth and lifestyle are still the campaign's driving forces, but with \"Live/Give,\" a new awareness and a reflection of contemporary events and mood become integral parts of the advertising's texture.", "Malden famously delivered the line \"Don't leave home without them!\" in a series of U.S. television commercials for American Express Travelers Cheques in the 1970s and 1980s. He also advertised the American Express Card, with the famous opening line, \"Do you know me?\" These ads were occasionally spoofed on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.", "The change is risky, since \"We bring good things to life\" is familiar to consumers and is considered one of the best campaigns ever done. The slogan made its debut in 1979.", "· The slogan \"Have A Break - Have A Kit Kat\" has been in use since 1957", "The drink in the sun commercial with everyone playing volleyball and having fun at the beach! There was a song and it went a little something like this \"take me where i wanna be...ohh ohh drink in the sun EVERYBODY!!whoaaa DRINK IN THE SUN!", "Early official slogans included \"North America's Hospitality Dish\" (1956–1966) and \"We fix Sunday dinner seven nights a week\" from 1957 until 1968. The two slogans were phased out in order to concentrate on the \"finger lickin' good\" slogan.", "The 'Just do it' slogan first appeared at the end of a TV advert in 1988 ", "During the 1970s, Russell was widely recognized as the spokesperson for Playtex bras, appearing in national TV commercials for the “Cross Your Heart” bra campaign." ]

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[ "Frank Sinatra, in full Francis Albert Sinatra (born December 12, 1915, Hoboken , New Jersey , U.S.—died May 14, 1998, Los Angeles , California ), American singer and motion-picture actor who, through a long career and a very public personal life, became one of the most sought-after performers in the entertainment industry; he is often hailed as the greatest American singer of 20th-century popular music .", "Frank Sinatra (December 12, 1915 May 14, 1998) was a very popular American singer and film actor. Beginning his musical career in the swing era as the boy singer with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey, Sinatra found unprecedented success as a solo artist from the early to mid-1940s. His professional career had stalled by the 1950s, but it was reborn in 1953 after he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in From Here to Eternity. He was a founding member of the \"Rat Pack\" and fraternized with celebrities and statesmen, including John F. Kennedy.", "Sinatra was known by three affectionate nicknames: Ol' Blue Eyes, for his bright azure peepers; Chairman of the Board, for his lofty status in the entertainment world; and The Voice, a term shortened by a reporter from a talent agent's proposed The Voice That Thrilled Millions.", "1000+ images about Frank Sinatra-Ol Blue Eyes-the Legend Lives on on Pinterest | The rat pack, Ava gardner and Tina sinatra", "LAS VEGAS â Fifty years after Frank Sinatraâs debut at the Desert Inn resort, the Chairman of the Board will be honored with his own day. ", "Ol’ Blue Eyes, The Voice, The Chairman of the Board: Whatever you want to call him, today marks the 15th anniversary of his passing. In his honor, here are 15 facts that will help the late crooner seem like a bit less of a stranger in the night.", "In 1973, Sinatra came out of retirement with a television special and album, both entitled Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back . The album, arranged by Gordon Jenkins and Don Costa , was a great success, reaching number 13 on Billboard and number 12 in the UK. The TV special was highlighted by a dramatic reading of \" Send in the Clowns \" and a song-and-dance sequence with former co-star Gene Kelly.", "Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), often known simply as Elvis and also called \"The King of Rock 'n' Roll\" or simply \"The King\", was an American singer, musician and actor. He remains a pop icon and is regarded by some to be the most important, original entertainer of the last fifty years. ", "Dean Martin (born Dino Paul Crocetti, June 7, 1917 – December 25, 1995) was an American singer, actor, comedian, and film producer. One of the most popular and enduring American entertainers of the mid-20th century, Martin was nicknamed the \"King Of Cool\" for his seemingly effortless charisma and self-assurance. ", "Calendar notes: On this date in 1792, the Columbia River was discovered by Captain Robert Gray. In 1927, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was founded. In 1947, the creation of the tubeless tire was announced by the BF Goodrich Company. In 1965, The Byrds made their TV debut with Mr. Tambourine Man on NBC's Hullabaloo. In 1981, Bob Marley died in a Miami hospital. He was 36. In 1985, Madonna's single Crazy For You hit #1. In 1990, singer Ritchie Valens received a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame, almost 33 years after his death. In 1995, Jimmy Vaughan, Eric Clapton, BB King, Buddy Guy, and Robert Cray reunited for a tribute to Stevie Ray Vaughn. All five had played with Vaughan at his last show on August 26th of 1990, before he was killed in a helicopter crash. In 2015, Fox announced that American Idol would conclude at the end of its fifteenth season.", "Deaths: Don Cornelius (creator of Soul Train); Ben Gazzara; Steve Appleton (chairman and CEO of Micron); Whitney Houston; David Kelly (Irish actor); Davy Jones (the Monkees); Jan Berenstain (co-creator of the Berenstain Bears); Peter Breck; Florence Green (last surviving veteran of World War I).", "in 2009 - Jimmy Boyd dies at age 70. US actor, singer on a small farm in McComb, Miss; at age 4 he started guitar and harmonica lessons, at 7, he was playing and singing at barn dances. Texas Jim Lewis, a country-western bandleader, heard Jimmy sing and signed him up for his Saturday night radio show. That led to a winning performance in a radio talent show in LA and the contract to sing �I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus�, this led to appearances on television shows hosted by Ed Sullivan, Perry Como, Doris Day, Bing Crosby and Bob Hope, among others. At 15, he was cast by Universal Pictures as the kid brother in \"The Second Greatest Sex,\" a musical set in the Old West. In 1957, he played the title role in The United States Steel Hour's telecast of a musical version of \"Huckleberry Finn.\" For 25 episodes, from 1958 to 1962, he was in the sitcom \"Bachelor Father.\" Among his film roles was \"Inherit the Wind,\" the 1960 movie classic. Jimmy co-starred on Broadway in Neil Simon's play Star Spangled Girl with George Hamilton and Deana Martin (cancer).", "In 1937, after many successes on Broadway, the brothers decided go to Hollywood. Again they teamed up with Fred Astaire, who was now paired with Ginger Rogers. They made the musical film, “Shall We Dance”, which included such hits as “Let’s Call the Whole Thing Off” and “They Can’t Take That Away From Me.” Soon after came “A Damsel in Distress”, in which Astaire appeared with Joan Fontaine. After becoming ill while working on a film, he had plans to return to New York to work on writing serious music. He planned a string quartet, a ballet and another opera, but these pieces were never written. At the age of 38, he died of a brain tumor. Today he remains one of America’s most beloved popular musicians.", "He died on the same day as Milton Berle and Billy Wilder . He and Wilder both died of pneumonia while he and Berle both made guest appearances in The Muppet Show (1976).", "Through the popularity of his television show and his mellifluous tenor voice, Andy Williams , who has died aged 84 after suffering from bladder cancer, was one of the best-loved figures in American popular culture. In a career that spanned eight decades, he sold more than 100m albums. Ronald Reagan described Williams's distinctive voice as a \"national treasure\".", "Through the popularity of his television show and his mellifluous tenor voice, Andy Williams, who has died aged 84 after suffering from bladder cancer, was one of the best-loved figures in American popular culture. In a career that spanned eight decades, he sold more than 100m albums. Ronald Reagan described Williams's distinctive voice as a \"national treasure\".", "in 2008 - Eartha Kitt dies at age 81. American actress, singer, and cabaret star; legendary singer with a distinctive voice, her hits include \"Let's Do It\", \"Champagne Taste\", \"C'est si bon\", \"Just an Old Fashioned Girl\", \"Monotonous\", \"Je cherche un homme\", \"Love for Sale\", \"I'd Rather Be Burned as a Witch\", \"Uska Dara\", \"Mink, Schmink\", \"Under the Bridges of Paris\", and her most recognizable hit, \"Santa Baby\", which was released in 1953. Her unique style was enhanced as she became fluent in the French language during her years performing in Europe, which she demonstrates with finesse in many of the live recordings of her cabaret performances. She has 6 Awards and 5 nominations as well as having a huge career in film theatre and TV. Orson Welles once called her the \"most exciting woman in the world.\"", "Following the group's amicable disbandment in 1989, Edward Patten and William Guest formed their own production company in Detroit, titled Guest and Patten Productions, later renamed the Crew Entertainment Company. Patten was diagnosed with diabetes, which led to amputations on his legs and being confined to a wheelchair. He later died of complications from the disease on February 25, 2005 in Livonia, Michigan. William Guest continued to lead the company with members of Patten's family until his death from congestive heart failure in Detroit on December 24, 2015. Two years prior, Guest and his sister, Dame Dhyana Ziegler, Ph.D., released his autobiography, Midnight Train FROM Georgia: A Pip's Journey (Branden Books, Boston, MA, USA), about his life and career. In 2007, Bubba Knight and Guest, along with a third man, Neil Taffe (one of Gladys Knight's background singers), appeared in a commercial for Geico. In 1997, original Pips member Eleanor Guest died of heart failure.", "In 1962, Darin began to write and sing country music, with hit songs including \"Things\" (US #3/UK #2) (1962), \"You're the Reason I'm Living\" (US #3), and \"18 Yellow Roses\" (US #10). The latter two were recorded by Capitol Records, which he joined in 1962, before returning to Atlantic four years later. Darin left Capitol in 1964. In 1966, he had his final UK hit single, with a version of Tim Hardin's \"If I Were A Carpenter\", which peaked at # 9 (# 8 in the US). He performed the opening and closing songs on the soundtrack of the 1965 Walt Disney film That Darn Cat!. \"Things\" was sung by Dean Martin in the 1967 TV special Movin' With Nancy, starring Nancy Sinatra.", ". 2003 ~ Henry Phace Roberts, a tap dancer who performed with the Copasetics, the Five Blazers and the Three Rockets, died. He was 92. Roberts performed on television on \"The Tonight Show\" and \"The Ed Sullivan S Show\" and was in the films \"Cabin in the Sky,\" \"Stormy Weather\" and \"The Cotton Club.\" Born in Savannah, Ga., he was trained to tap dance on the streets as a child. Roberts began dancing professionally at 14, and performed for the last time at 87 with the Copasetics on a European tour.", "In 1962, Darin also began to write and sing country music, with hit songs including \"Things\" (U.S. #3) (1962), \"You're the Reason I'm Living\" (U.S. #3), and \"18 Yellow Roses\" (U.S. #10). The latter two were on Capitol Records, which he joined in 1962, before returning to Atlantic four years later. The song \"Things\" was sung by Dean Martin in the 1967 TV special Movin' With Nancy, starring Nancy Sinatra, which was released to home video in 2000.", "1978: Actors John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd make their first appearance as The Blues Brothers on \"Saturday Night Live.\" ( Watch full episodes of \"SNL\" online now )", "Nelson was the first teen idol to utilize television to promote hit records. Ozzie Nelson even had the idea to edit footage together to create some of the first music videos. This creative editing can be seen in videos Ozzie produced for \"Travelin' Man.\" Nelson appeared on the Sullivan show in 1967, but his career by that time was in limbo. He also appeared on other television shows (usually in acting roles). In 1973, he had an acting role in an episode of The Streets of San Francisco. He starred in the episode \"A Hand For Sonny Blue\" from the 1977 series Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected (known in the United Kingdom as Twist in the Tale). In 1979, he guest-hosted on Saturday Night Live, spoofing his television sitcom image by appearing in a Twilight Zone sendup in which, always trying to go \"home,\" he finds himself among the characters from other 1950s/early 1960s-era sitcoms, Leave It to Beaver, Father Knows Best, Make Room for Daddy, and I Love Lucy.", "Jim Backus, the beetle-browed actor whose booming voice gave life to the nearsighted cartoon character of Mr. Magoo and the self-indulgent millionaire of ``Gilligan`s Island,`` died of pneumonia Monday in St. John`s Hospital and Health Center in Santa Monica, Calif. He was 76.", "In later years the veteran character actor could be spotted in commercials, which lasted well into the 1990s as a white-haired octogenarian. The actor passed away on April 2, 2007, at age 97 at the Greenwich Hospital in Greenwich, Connecticut. He was survived by his long-time wife of nearly 60 years, June MacLaren, a former Broadway dancer (\"Lady in the Dark,\" \"Something for the Boys\") whom he met after returning to his role in the musical \"Up in Central Park\" in 1947. He was buried in Pemaquid, Maine. His beloved wife June died above seven weeks later and was interred next to him.", "Bernie Hamilton, the brother of jazz drummer Chico Hamilton, was best known for his role on the ’70s police drama “Starsky and Hutch,” but he also appeared in dozens of films and founded the Chocolate Snowman record label. He died Tuesday at age 80.", "comedian: Uncle Miltie, Mr. Television: The Milton Berle Show, Texaco Star Theatre; actor: It�s a Mad, Mad, Mad World, The Oscar, Side by Side; died Mar 27, 2002", "From the 1950s, the bespectacled comedian would be a steadfast TV commercial spokesman pitching such products as Delco, Chunky candy (\"Chunky...what a chunk o' chocolate!\") and Orkin (\"Stop squawkin', call Orkin!\") using his own, unique style. As for the stage, a few of his later stints included the 1969 Broadway remake of \"The Front Page,\" the role of Hysterium in a production of \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, and a part in Woody Allen 's \"Play It Again, Sam\". The owlish comedian continued acting into the 90s with small roles in such movies as Ghost Dad and Dennis the Menace .", "The Ed Sullivan Show is an American TV variety show that ran on CBS from Sunday June 20, 1948, to Sunday June 6, 1971, and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan. It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie, which ran only one season and was eventually replaced by other shows. ", "Walter Brennan - a well known actor who reached number five on the Hot 100 in 1962 with \"Old Rivers\", died on September 21st, 1974, at the age of 80", " 1967 The Happiest Millionaire (performer: \"Fortuosity\", \"I'll Always Be Irish\", \"Let's Have a Drink On It\", \"Finale: Let's Have a Drink on It\" - uncredited)", "* A character in the musical Bugsy Malone (1976), one of the 'Down and Outs', is named \"Baby Face\"" ]

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[ "The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion was the April 20, 2010 explosion and subsequent fire on the Deepwater Horizon semi-submersible Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU), which was owned and operated by Transocean and drilling for BP in the Macondo Prospect oil field about 40 mi southeast of the Louisiana coast. The explosion killed 11 workers and injured 17 others. The explosion caused the Deepwater Horizon to burn and sink. The same blowout that caused the explosion also caused a massive offshore oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, considered the largest accidental marine oil spill in the world, and the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history. ", "2010 - An explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil platform, leased by BP, killed 11 workers and began spewing an estimated 200 million gallons of crude into the Gulf of Mexico for nearly three months.", "A summary of events on Monday, June 21, Day 62 of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill that began with the April 20 explosion and fire on the drilling rig Deepwater Horizon, owned by Transocean Ltd. and leased by BP PLC , which is in charge of cleanup and containment. The blast killed 11 workers. Since then, oil has been pouring into the Gulf from a blown-out undersea well.", "How BP's Press Releasees After the Deep Water Horizon Explosioin Helped Regain Public Favor - On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oilrig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico. Operated by Transocean under contract for British Petroleum for the Macondo Prospect, the explosion claimed eleven lives. The subsequent sinking of the drilling rig resulted in the discharge of over 210 million gallons of crude oil into the Gulf, causing extreme environmental damage to the marine ecological system, as well as affecting millions of wildlife habitats along the coast. Additionally, fishing and tourism industries were affected, and human health problems were reported....   [tags: public perception, oil, image restoration]", "Perrons, Robert K. 1 Introduction</h5> On April 20, 2010, an explosion on the oil & gas drilling rig Deepwater Horizon killed 11 crew members in the Gulf of Mexico ( Walsh, 2010 ). The rig was owned by Transocean, a drilling contractor, and had been leased to British Petroleum (BP) for several years. The team aboard the Deepwater Horizon was in the final phases of drilling an exploratory well in the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico when they lost control of the well. The blowout preventer failed, and the rig soon became engulfed in flames. Fueled by oil and gas coming up through the rig’s riser, the fire burned for nearly 36 h before the entire rig sank into the Gulf of Mexico ( Walsh, 2010 ). According to best estimates, nearly 210 million gallons of oil had flowed into the Gulf by the time the well was sealed roughly 3 months after the spill began ( Flournoy, 2011; Kornfeld, 2011 ). Thus, in addition to the human tragedy of the incident, the Deepwater Horizon disaster also turned into “a nearly unequaled environmental catastrophe” ( Gandel, 2010 , p. 26).</P>The U.S. government recently concluded the criminal prosecution of BP http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Marine Pollution Bulletin Elsevier http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/assessing-the-damage-caused-by-deepwater-horizon-not-just-another-V4cU8clpS7", "10s The BP (British Petroleum) leased oil platform Deepwater Horizon explodes on 20 April 20 and sinks after burning, leaking record amounts of crude oil from the broken pipeline into the sea. Eleven workers are missing, presumed dead. The Arctic Sunrise heads for the Gulf of Mexico and a Greenpeace team documents the aftermath of the disaster.", "Still, other accidents have happened. Nearly four years ago, on April 20, 2010, the BP-operated Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, killing 11 workers and triggering the largest oil spill in U.S. history.", "The BP oil spill flowed for three months, becoming the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. The spill stemmed from a sea-floor oil gusher that resulted from the April 20, 2010, explosion of Deepwater Horizon, which drilled on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect. The explosion killed 11 men working on the platform and injured 17 others.", " The Economic Impact of the BP Oil Spill In April of 2010, a British Petroleum operated oil drilling rig off... the Gulf of Mexico, the Deepwater Horizon, exploded suddenly after high pressure methane gas from the oil well rose to the drilling rig, causing it to ignite and then sink to the bottom of the ocean floor. The explosion caused a sea-floor level oil blowout, and crude oil was leaked into the surrounding water for three months before a solution was found. After eighty-seven long days, the...", "On April 20, 2010, the oil drilling rig Deepwater Horizon, operating in the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, exploded and sank resulting in the death of 11 workers on the Deepwater Horizon and the largest spill of oil in the history of marine oil drilling operations.  4 million barrels of oil flowed from the damaged Macondo well over an 87-day period, before it was finally capped on July 15, 2010.  On December 15, 2010, the United States filed a complaint in District Court against BP Exploration & Production and several other defendants alleged to be responsible for the spill.  ", "Deepwater Horizon was an ultra-deepwater, dynamically positioned, column-stabilized, semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling unit (MODU).  The rig was 396 feet (121 m) long and 256 feet (78 m) wide and could operate in waters up to 8,000 feet (2,400 m) deep, with a maximum drill depth of 30,000 feet (9,100 m). Built by Hyundai Heavy Industries in South Korea and completed in 2001, the rig was owned by Transocean Ltd. and leased to BP until September 2013.  At the time of the explosion, the rig was on BP’s Mississippi Canyon Block 252, referred to as the Macondo Prospect, in the United States sector of the Gulf of Mexico, about 41 miles (66 km) off the Louisiana coast .  The rig commenced drilling in February 2010 at a water depth of approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 m).  The well was planned to be drilled to 18,000 feet (5,500 m), and was to be plugged and abandoned for subsequent completion as a subsea producer.", "The 20 April 2010 explosion on BP's offshore drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in the deaths of 11 people. [130] [131] [132] and injured 16 others; another 99 people survived without serious physical injury. It caused the Deepwater Horizon to burn and sink, and started a massive offshore oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico . [133] [134] [132]", "On Apr. 20, 2010, the British Petroleum (BP) Deepwater Horizon oil rig 52 miles off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico exploded, killing 11 crew members.", "BP’s Deepwater Horizon -- a deepwater oil drilling rig 40 miles off the coast of Louisiana -- exploded April 20, 2010, killing 11 crewmen and sparking a fire that could be seen from the mainland. The fire burned for 36 hours before the rig sank to the ocean floor. The resulting oil spill continued until July 15, releasing nearly 5 million barrels, or 210 million gallons, of oil and gas into the environment.", "A fatal explosion took place on the Deepwater Horizon Oil Rig just off the Louisiana coast on April 20, 2010. Eleven workers died in the explosion. When the rig sank, it created one of the largest oil spills experienced in all U.S. history. As much as 25 thousand barrels of crude oil spilled daily into the Gulf of Mexico causing unprecedented environmental destruction. Billions of dollars of damage occurred to property owners and Gulf Coast businesses.", "BP was principal developer of the Macondo Prospect oil field where the accident occurred. The Deepwater Horizon, owned by Transocean Ltd., was under a contract with BP to drill an exploratory well. BP was the lessee and principal developer of the Macondo Prospect oil field in which the rig was operating. At the time of the explosion, BP and Transocean were in the process of closing the well in anticipation of later production. Halliburton had recently completed cementing of casings in the well. The U.S. Government has named BP as the responsible party in the incident and will hold the company accountable for all cleanup costs resulting from the oil spill. BP has accepted responsibility for the oil spill and the cleanup costs but indicated that the accident was not their fault as the rig was run by Transocean personnel.", "In June 1979, the Ixtoc I oil platform in the Bay of Campeche suffered a blowout leading to a catastrophic explosion, which resulted in a massive oil spill that continued for nine months before the well was finally capped. This was ranked as the largest oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico until the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010.", "Deepwater Horizon Assignment On April 20th 2010 a BP licenses oil rig 50 miles off the coast of Louisiana exploded, killing 11 people. ... For three months millions of barrels of oil poured into the Gulf of Mexico killing sea life, altering the eco-system and affecting towns situated around the Gulf’s livelihood and quality of life.  The Deepwater Horizon rig is responsible for the worst offshore oil spill in history. The corporation lost billions of dollars due to the disaster stemming for systematic...", "\"There were few indications of any trouble with the Deepwater Horizon before the explosion. The rig won an award from the MMS for its 2008 safety record, and on the day of the disaster, BP and Transocean managers were on board to celebrate seven years without a lost-time accident. Toby Odone, a BP spokesman, said rigs hired by BP have had better safety records than the industry average for six years running, according to MMS statistics that measure the number of citations per inspection. BP has been a finalist for a national safety award from the MMS for the past two years. Mr. Odone wouldn't comment on BP's relationship with Transocean after the Gulf disaster but said BP continues to use Transocean rigs.\"", "The BP oil spill, more famously referred to as the Deepwater Horizon Spill, occurred in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico... and flowed unmitigated for as long as 3 months. The BP oil spill has fared as the largest marine oil spill ever confronted in the history of the petroleum industry. The oil spill on the 20th of April 2010 was primarily the result of a gas release followed by an explosion in the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, in the Gulf of Mexico, established on the Mocando exploration well designed for...", "At approximately , on 20 April 2010, high-pressure methane gas from the well expanded into the drilling riser and rose into the drilling rig, where it ignited and exploded, engulfing the platform. At the time, 126 crew members were on board: seven BP employees, 79 of Transocean, and employees of various other companies. Eleven missing workers were never found despite a three-day Coast Guard (USCG) search operation and are believed to have died in the explosion. Ninety-four crew were rescued by lifeboat or helicopter, 17 of whom were treated for injuries. The Deepwater Horizon sank on the morning of 22 April 2010.", "The drilling rig was owned and operated by Transocean Ltd [100] on behalf of BP, which is the majority owner of the Macondo oil field. At the time of the explosion, there were 126 crew on board; seven were employees of BP and 79 of Transocean. There were also employees of various other companies involved in the drilling operation, including Anadarko , Halliburton and M-I Swaco. [101]", "The oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico that followed an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig is now considered the largest in US offshore history. Below is a chronology of the spill and its impact:", "Shell was not alone in making significant discoveries in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico in the 1980s. Other companies were gradually moving to deepwater as well.", "Image caption 6 July 1988: A series of explosions destroyed the Piper Alpha oil platform in the North Sea. One hundred and sixty seven men died in the world's worst offshore oil disaster. An inquiry blamed the operator, Occidental, for poor maintenance and safety procedures. No charges were ever brought.", "Map depicting the effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, caused by the explosion of an oil rig …", "The resulting fire could not be extinguished.  On 22 April 2010, Deepwater Horizon sank, leaving the well gushing at the seabed. This caused the largest offshore oil spill in US history.", "Several events leading up to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill may be germane in understanding the context of this incident. These matters include trends in deepwater drilling in the Gulf of Mexico; permit processing; and preparedness steps.", "Ixtoc I oil well blowout after the platform Sedco 135 burns and sinks in the Bay of Campeche, Mexico. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons )", "Occidental Petroleum's Piper Alpha oil production platform exploded in the North Sea, after a series of malfunctioning parts and a small gas leak ignited under pressure. Eventually, the pipeline connecting Piper to the Claymore Platform burst and the Piper slipped into the sea. Of the 224 crewmembers, 165 were killed and two rescue vessel crewmen also perished. Only 59 individuals survived. At the time of the accident, the Piper was contributing approximately 10% of the North Sea's oil and gas production. The financial losses resulting in its destruction total approximately 3.4 billion US dollars.", "ooms protecting the coast of Louisiana from of surface oil from the Deepwater Horizon spill. The reddish material on the water is oil. Credit: State of Louisiana.", "At CDT on 20 April 2010, during the final phases of drilling the exploratory well at Macondo, a geyser of seawater erupted from the marine riser onto the rig, shooting 240 ft into the air. This was soon followed by the eruption of a slushy combination of drilling mud, methane gas, and water. The gas component of the slushy material quickly transitioned into a fully gaseous state and then ignited into a series of explosions and then a firestorm. An attempt was made to activate the blowout preventer, but it failed. The final defense to prevent an oil spill, a device known as a blind shear ram, was activated but failed to plug the well. " ]

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[ "Cape Horn is the southernmost point of land closely associated with South America; it is located at 55°59′00″S, 067°16′00″W, on Isla Hornos the Hermite Islands, at the southern end of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. It marks the north edge of the Drake Passage, the strait between South America and Antarctica . The dividing line between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans runs along the meridian of Cape Horn, from Tierra del Fuego to the Southern Ocean .", "While Cape Horn is widely considered to be the southernmost point of South America, it is not actually the southernmost point of the South American continental landmass (the southernmost point of the continental landmass is Cape Froward on Brunswick Peninsula). Cape Horn is located on Isla Hornos, the most southerly of the Hermite Islands, which themselves are part of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. Tierra del Fuego is separated from the South America mainland by the Strait of Magellan. Also of note, the southernmost point of land on the South American continental shelf is on the Diego Ramirez Islands. On the other hand, 56 kilometers (35 mi) to the northwest from Cape Horn on Hoste Island lies False Cape Horn, which is so named because as sailors approaching from the west would confuse it with Cape Horn, and since the Wollaston Islands are due east of the false cape, this navigation error has led to several shipwrecks.", "The cape is widely considered to be the southernmost point of South America ; it is not a true cape of the American mainland, however, as it is actually situated on a small island, Hoorn Island (Isla Hornos), which is the most southerly of the Hermite Islands. (The southernmost point on the South American mainland is Cape Froward; the southernmost point of land on the continental shelf of South America is in the Diego Ramirez Islands.) A cape on nearby Hoste Island, 56  kilometres (35  mi) to the northwest, is called False Cape Horn, as sailors approaching from the west would see it in a similar configuration to the real Cape Horn; since the Wollaston Islands are due east of the false cape, this mistake caused several shipwrecks.", "This is a list of the extreme points of South America, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location on the continent. The continent's southernmost point is incorrectly often said to be Cape Horn, but Águila Islet of the Diego Ramirez Islands is actually the southernmost point.", "At the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego Chile archipelago is Cape Horn. Widely considered the southernmost point in South America, Cape Horn Chile features treacherous waters, with strong winds, strong currents, giant waves, and icebergs. Before the Panama Canal opened, such hazards led to the sinking of many ships carrying international cargo around the world. Today, Cape Horn Chile is still considered a major yachting challenge, and is included in routes for sailing around the globe.", "The highest point above sea level is in the Mendoza province at Cerro Aconcagua (6,959 m (22,831 ft)),[100] also the highest point in the Southern and Western Hemisphere.[101] The lowest point is Laguna del Carbón in Santa Cruz province, −105 m (−344 ft) below sea level.[100] This is also the lowest point in South America.[102] The easternmost continental point is northeast of Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones,[19] the westernmost in the Perito Moreno National Park in Santa Cruz province.[19] The northernmost point is at the confluence of the Grande de San Juan and Mojinete rivers in Jujuy province,[19] and the southernmost is Cape San Pío in Tierra del Fuego.[19]", "Tierra del Fuego (Spanish for “Land of Fire”) is an archipelago 73,753 km2 (28,476 sq mi) off the southernmost tip of the South American mainland, across the Strait of Magellan. The southern point of the archipelago forms Cape Horn.", "Tierra del Fuego (Spanish for \"Land of Fire\") is an archipelago separated from the Southernmost tip of the South American mainland by the Strait of Magellan. The Southern point of the archipelago forms Cape Horn.", "The southern part of South America, including Cape Horn, the Drake Passage, and the South Shetland Islands.", "Off the southernmost tip of South America, the Tierra del Fuego archipelago consists of a large main island and hundreds of smaller islands around it. The center island, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, is split between Chile and Argentina. It is the largest island off South America and also its most visited.", "Tierra del Fuego—literally Fire Land, formerly Isla de Xativa and also known as Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego—is an island near the southern tip of South America from which it is separated by the Strait of Magellan. The western portion of the island ( and 61.43% of the island) is in Chile (Province of Tierra del Fuego and Antártica Chilena Province), while the eastern portion (( and 38.57%) is in Argentina (Tierra del Fuego Province). It forms the major landmass in an extended group of islands or archipelago also known as Tierra del Fuego.", "Brazil is the country with the greatest land area in South America. Brazil is situated in the eastern part of the South American continent and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean along the country's eastern coast. The country has a land area near 3.3 million square miles.", "It also has the highest and lowest elevations. Santa Cruz is a southern province of Argentina and is part of the expansive Patagonia region of South America. Laguna del Carbón is a salt lake located in Santa Cruz, and at 105 meters (344 ft) below sea level, it is the lowest point in South America. Further north in the Andes is the highest point in South America, the Aconcagua . Located in the Mendoza province, it is the tallest mountain in both North and South America, measuring upwards of 6,962 meters (22,841.2 ft). It is considered a non-technical climb, and because of its height, many mountaineers consider it the highest non-technical climb on Earth .", "(Spanish: Cono Sur, Portuguese: Cone Sul) is a geographic region composed of the southernmost areas of South America, south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Although geographically this includes Southern and part of Southeast (São Paulo) of Brazil, in terms of political geography the Southern cone has traditionally comprised Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. In the narrowest sense, it only covers Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, bounded on the north by the states of Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru, on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and south to the junction between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, which it is the closest continental area of Antarctica (1000 km", "The long, tapering continent of South America is roughly triangular in shape. It is fourth in size among the continents of the world. It extends some 4,750 mi (7,640 km) from north to south. Its greatest width from east to west, in the equatorial region, is about 3,000 mi (4,800 km). The continent is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea, on the northeast and east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by the Pacific, and on the south by the icy Antarctic waters. The continent extends deeper into the Antarctic than any other inhabited land. The South American coastline is remarkably straight. There are few good harbors. Except for the southern part of Chile, with its fjord coast and offshore archipelago, the coastline is less indented than that of any other continent except Africa.", "The southern Andes are less than 10,000 feet (3.048 m.) in elevation near the southern tip of the continent. Farther north, the peaks are higher. Aconcagua (22,841 feet; 6,962 m.), the highest peak in the Americas, and one of the Seven Summits stands in Argentina, but is only about 65 miles from Santiago, Chile.", "Tierra del Fuego is the extensive archipelago of large and small islands at the southern tip of South America, separated from the mainland by the Strait of Magellan. Its total area is 73,746 km2, two-thirds of which is owned by Chile, one-third by Argentina. The largest island within the archipelago is Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego (Fig. 1).", "A continent that is home to nearly 400 million people, South America consists of 12 countries-Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Suriname-plus an overseas department of France called French Guiana. Covering one eighth of the world’s land, South America is roughly twice the size of the United States. Brazil alone is greater in size than 49 U.S. states combined (excluding Alaska), and Argentina’s land area is larger than Mexico plus Texas. Even smaller South American countries would loom large in Europe; for example, Guyana rivals the combined areas of Austria, Hungary, and Switzerland. The continent’s 6,875,395 square miles (17,809,780 square kilometers) extend over tropical rainforests, marshes and salt lakes, plains, deserts, and immense highlands.", "Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and the Latin America region. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km. It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile. Unlike most of the South and Central American countries, Brazil's primary language is not Spanish, but Portuguese, due to it being a former Portugal colony during the 1500s due to a treaty.", "South America, the southern hemisphere neighbor attached to North America is comprised of twelve countries, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In addition, French Guiana is also located in South America, though it is a region of France and is thus not considered to be technically a part of South America.", "South America includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela.", "A number of noted island groups are usually affiliated with the physical region of South America. The Galapagos Islands are territorially a part of the country of Ecuador. The Falkland Islands, often referred to as the Malvinas, are located off the southern coast of Argentina. They are physically associated with South America but are administered and controlled by Great Britain as an overseas territory. Argentina has claimed the Falkland Islands and has battled Great Britain for them. Chile controls the noted Easter Island and the Robinson Crusoe Island in the Pacific Ocean. Various islands in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean—such as the Dutch islands of Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire—are sometimes associated with South America because of their proximity to the continent. They are included in Section 5.4 \"The Caribbean\" on the Caribbean and are more often associated with Middle America.", "a group of islands at the southern tip of South America, separated from the mainland by the Strait of Magellan, and belonging partly to Argentina (2091 km2), and partly to Chile (50 251 km2).", "Argentina (; in Spanish; Castilian aɾxenˈtina/), officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish; Castilian: link=no|República Argentina), is a federal republic located in southeastern South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with its neighbour Chile , it is bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the northeast; Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east; Chile to the west and the Drake Passage to the south.", "South America is a continent of extremes. It is home to the world's largest river (the Amazon) as well as the world's driest place (the Atacama Desert).", "With most of its area being in Southern Hemisphere, the continent of South America is situated between the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. The continent comprises of 12 independent states including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Colombia, Venezuela and the overseas department of French Guiana.South America is ranked fourth in area and fifth in population.", "South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the model used in Spanish-speaking nations and most of South America. The reference to South America instead of other regions (like Latin America or the Southern Cone) has relatively increased in the last decades, due to geopolitical dynamics (in particular, the rise of Brazil in the subcontinent). ", "European geographers connected the coast of Tierra del Fuego with the coast of New Guinea on their globes, and allowing their imaginations to run riot in the vast unknown spaces of the south Atlantic, south Indian and Pacific oceans they sketched the outlines of the Terra Australis Incognita (\"Unknown Southern Land\"), a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics. The search for this great south land or Third World was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries.", "The large island, maybe archipelago whose name means \"Land of Fire\". it is located near the southern tip of Chile, but administered by Argentina and Chile.", "The Southern subregion includes Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. Its total area is 4 121 190 km2 (23.2 percent of the regions total area). Argentina is the largest country in the subregion, accounting for 59 percent of its total area.", "..... Click the link for more information.  are in a national park located at the point where Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay meet.", "Name of islands off of the southeastern coast of South America and the countries that claim them." ]

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[ "1804 Lewis and Clark Expedition departs from Camp Dubois and begin their historic journey by traveling up the Missouri River", "The Corps of Discovery departed from Camp Dubois at 4 p.m. on May 14, 1804, and met up with Lewis in St. Charles, Missouri, a short time later, marking the beginning of the voyage to the Pacific coast. The Corps followed the Missouri River westward. Soon they passed La Charrette, the last Euro-American settlement on the Missouri River.", "The Corps of Discovery departed from Camp Dubois at 4 pm on May 14, 1804, and met up with Lewis in St. Charles, Missouri , a short time later, marking the beginning of the voyage to the Pacific coast. The Corps followed the Missouri River westward. Soon, they passed La Charrette, the last Euro-American settlement on the Missouri River.", "On May 14th (that’s today!), 1804, the Lewis and Clark Expedition finally left Camp Debois, Illinois on their historic journey across the west in search of the Northwest Passage. Their camp was a military fort positioned at the confluence of the Wood and Mississippi Rivers. The Corps of Discovery crew had been stationed at the fort throughout the winter and was restless to get underway. Today, they sailed upriver and would not return to Camp Debois for two years after conducting the nation’s most iconic expedition through the American West.", "Lewis and Clark spent the winter of 1803-04 at Camp Dubois on the east bank of the Mississippi River, upstream from St. Louis. Here the captains recruited more men, increasing the ranks of the \"Corps of Volunteers for Northwest Discovery\" to more than 40. As spring approached, the members of the Expedition gathered food and supplies and packed them into barrels, bags, and boxes. The boats were loaded and the party made ready to depart. On May 14, 1804, the Lewis & Clark Expedition began its trip up the Missouri River.", "On May 14, 1804, the Expedition, under Clark's command, left Camp River Dubois on the east side of the Mississippi River and sailed up the Missouri River.", "Meriwether Lewis and William Clark began their famed expedition in 1804 with a party of thirty-three people in three boats. Although they became the first Europeans to travel the entire length of the Missouri and reach the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia, they found no trace of the Northwest Passage. The maps made by Lewis and Clark, especially those of the Pacific Northwest region, provided a foundation for future explorers and emigrants. They also negotiated relations with multiple Native American tribes and wrote extensive reports on the climate, ecology and geology of the region. Many present-day names of geographic features in the upper Missouri basin originated from their expedition. ", "President Jefferson sent the two men to explore the little-known river to learn all about the land on both sides of it. Lewis and Clark completed the trip in two years. The explorers were the first Americans to cross the Missouri lands to the Pacific Northwest.", "Camp Dubois (English: Camp Wood), near present day Wood River, Illinois, served as the winter camp and starting point for the Lewis and Clark Expedition. ", "On January 18, 1803, (exactly 100 years before my cousins, the Wright Brothers, ascended into the heavens alive in 1903), President Thomas Jefferson gained approval and finances from Congress to send an expedition to the \"Western Ocean.\" Lewis and Clark immediately began preparations, and initiated their \"Western Expedition\" from St. Louis on May 14, 1804. Having completed the journey with the loss of but one individual, these two witnesses returned to St. Louis on September 23, 1806; the entire expedition, including preparations, taking three and a half years.", "St. Charles, Missouri, served as the final embarkation point of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. At noon on May 14, 1804, Clark and approximately 42 men docked at St. Charles, an outpost for traders dating from about 1769. St. Charles, the first permanent European settlement on the Missouri River and one of the first in the state of Missouri, was described as being \"about 100 houses, the most of them small and indefferent and about 450 inhabitents Chiefly French, those people appear Pore, polite and harmonious\" (DeVoto 1997, 4). Here Clark met with two more members of the expedition, Pierre Cruzatte and Francois Labiche, who served as boatmen and interpreters. While awaiting Lewis's arrival the men entertained the townspeople on the boats, danced at balls and attended a Mass conducted by a local priest. Some members of the crew celebrated too much, resulting in court-martials and punishments. John Collins received 50 lashes for being absent without leave (AWOL), misbehaving at a ball and using disrespectful language to Clark. William Werner and Hugh Hall were also found guilty of being AWOL and received sentences of 25 lashes each. Lewis arrived at 6:30pm on May 20 and the entire crew set out on their journey to the Pacific Ocean on May 21, 1804, to the sound of \"three cheers\" from the audience lining the riverbank. Clark noted in his journal that day:", "Traveling with the Missouri's current, the Expedition was able to cover up to 70 miles in a day. The explorers reached the Mandan villages on August 14, and there parted company with Charbonneau, Sacagawea, and young Jean Baptiste. The Expedition finished its journey when it reached St. Louis on September 23, 1806. President Jefferson had thought that the men would be gone for about a year, and consequently had feared for their safety. In fact, it took the Lewis and Clark Expedition two years, four months, and nine days to travel across the western part of the continent and back.", "European penetration of the Dakotas began in 1738, when Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de la Vérendrye, of Trois Riviéres in New France, traded for furs in the Red River region. Later the fur trade spread farther into the Red and Missouri river valleys, especially around Pembina, where the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company had their posts. After the Lewis and Clark expedition (1804–06) explored the Missouri, the American Fur Company traded there, with buffalo hides the leading commodity.", "According to History.com: “The expedition traveled up the Missouri River in six canoes and two longboats and wintered in Dakota before crossing into Montana, where they first saw the Rocky Mountains. On the other side of the Continental Divide, they were met by Sacagawea’s tribe, the Shoshone Indians, who sold them horses for their journey down through the Bitterroot Mountains. After passing through the dangerous rapids of the Clearwater and Snake rivers in canoes, the explorers reached the calm of the Columbia River, which led them to the sea. On November 8, 1805, the expedition arrived at the Pacific Ocean, the first European explorers to do so by an overland route from the east. After pausing there for winter, the explorers began their long journey back to St. Louis.”", "The expedition was commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson shortly after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, consisting of a select group of U.S. Army volunteers under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend Second Lieutenant William Clark . Their perilous journey lasted from May 1804 to September 1806. The primary objective was to explore and map the newly acquired territory, find a practical route across the Western half of the continent, and establish an American presence in this territory before Britain and other European powers tried to claim it.", "Lewis and Clark Trail — retrace the northwest route of the great American explorers along the Missouri River", "President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the expedition shortly after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. It comprised a selected group of U.S. Army volunteers under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend, Second Lieutenant William Clark. Their perilous journey lasted from May 1804 to September 1806. The primary objective was to explore and to map the newly acquired territory, to find a practical route across the western half of the continent, and to establish an American presence in this territory before Britain and other European powers tried to claim it.", "For over 12,000 years, people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source of sustenance and transportation. More than ten major groups of Native Americans populated the watershed, most leading a nomadic lifestyle and dependent on enormous buffalo herds that once roamed through the Great Plains. The first Europeans encountered the river in the late seventeenth century, and the region passed through Spanish and French hands before finally becoming part of the United States through the Louisiana Purchase. The Missouri was long believed to be part of the Northwest Passage – a water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific – but when Lewis and Clark became the first to travel the river's entire length, they confirmed the mythical pathway to be no more than a legend.", "They passed the winter of 1804–5 at Fort Mandan , near the Mandan and Hidatsa villages in North Dakota ; the wait for the Missouri to thaw allowed them to gather much information from the Indians on the geography as far as the Missouri headwaters. In April 1805, they sent back their heavy keelboat and some enlisted men and \"proceeded on\" up the Missouri in canoes and pirogues. With them now was the Shoshone woman Sacagawea , with her husband Toussaint Charbonneau and their infant son Jean Baptiste . More than four months of travel, including a month-long portage of the Great Falls of the Missouri , ended at the Continental Divide on the Montana - Idaho border, with the dawning realization that the portage to the waters of the Columbia would not be the simple matter they had hoped. [20]", "A long winter's stay across from St. Louis , at River Dubois in Illinois , waiting for spring and for the transfer of Louisiana to the United States, enabled the captains to gather their men, evaluate and discipline them, and collect some additional information—notably the personal advice of James Mackay and the Missouri River maps of John Evans (Atlas maps 7–12). By the spring of 1804 they had eliminated a few less desirable recruits, had given the rest some idea of what was expected of them, and were ready to begin the great adventure.", "The expedition started from St. Louis, where the Missouri empties into the Mississippi, on May 14, 1804. Along the way, Clark oversaw the men and carefully mapped the route. Lewis made scientific observations and collected specimens of animals and plants. The trip was arduous -- the men lived outdoors, hunted for food, and rowed the keelboat (along with two smaller boats) up the river, often towing the boat from the shore when the current got too heavy or the river became difficult to navigate. They fended off huge clouds of mosquitoes that swarmed around them. The party made only 12 or 14 miles on a good day.", "Meanwhile, Clark had entered the Crow tribe's territory. In the night, half of Clark's horses disappeared, but not a single Crow had been seen. Lewis and Clark stayed separated until they reached the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers on August 11. As the groups reunited, one of Clark's hunters, Pierre Cruzatte, mistook Lewis for an elk and fired, injuring Lewis in the thigh. Once together, the Corps was able to return home quickly via the Missouri River. They reached St. Louis on September 23, 1806.", "On September 23, 1806, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark arrived back in St. Louis two-and-a-half years after they began their expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory and the Pacific Northwest. President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the expedition, which is often considered one of the greatest exploratory quests in U.S. history.", "Clark, in the meantime, would travel southeast to a cache at Camp Fortunate (they built it in August 1805), then move down the Beaverhead/Jefferson River to Three Forks at which place several men from his group would paddle the canoes down the Missouri, connecting with Lewis’s construction party at the falls, “and after passing the portage around the falls, proceed on down to the enterance of Marias where Captain Lewis will join them.” Clark’s plan was to leave the Three Forks area, striking out eastward across new territory through the Gallatin Valley to reach the Yellowstone River and explore it to its confluence with the Missouri, where he and his men would reunite with Lewis and the rest of the Corps.", "In 1682, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle went down the Mississippi from the Great Lakes to the Gulf. The French then established a chain of posts along the Mississippi from New Orleans to the Great Lakes. There followed a number of French explorers including Pedro Vial and Pierre Antoine and Paul Mallet , among others. Vial may have preceded Lewis and Clark to Montana. In 1787, he gave a map of the upper Missouri River and locations of \"territories transited by Pedro Vial\" to Spanish authorities. [95]", "The Lewis and Clark Expedition, also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the first American expedition to cross what is now the western portion of the United States. It began near St. Louis , made its way westward, and passed through the continental divide to reach the Pacific coast.", "Oregon Trail, overland emigrant route in the United States from the Missouri River to the Columbia River country (all of which was then called Oregon). The pioneers by wagon train did not, however, follow any single narrow route. In open country the different trains might spread out over a large area, only to converge again for river crossings, mountain passes, and other natural constrictions. In time many cutoffs and alternate routes also developed. They originated at various places on the Missouri, although Independence and Westport (now part of Kansas City, Mo.) were favorite starting points, and St. Joseph had some popularity.", "On October 14th (that’s today!), 1806, Captain Zebulon Pike made the fateful decision to split his crew of 20 soldiers into two separate detachments to further explore the Great Plains and interior of America. One detachment headed down the Arkansas River from Colorado, and safely returned to St. Louis. Zebulon, then 27 years old, led the other crew west, up the Arkansas River, to explore the interior. After four months, Zebulon’s party was captured by Spanish soldiers and imprisoned for years, where they likely thought back to this day when they parted ways and thought aloud, “Damn you Zebulon!” ", "Jefferson assigned his personal secretary Meriwether Lewis to lead it. He chose William Clark as his co leader. They hand picked 45 men including cooks, translators, and slaves to come along. They spent the winter in North Dakota with Shoshone Indians. Sacajawea was given to them as a translator. They were trying to make maps so people could travel after them and were trying to find a river that went east to west.", "Lt. Pouree and his men left St. Louis, Missouri, on January 2, 1781 on their way to St. Joseph, Michigan. They traveled by water up the Mississippi River and then up the Illinois River. Enduring incredible hardship in the freezing northern winter, like good soldiers, they then marched overland over two hundred miles of ice and snow to accomplish their mission! Finally, one month and ten days after they had set out in this expedition they reached their destination. On February 12, 1781,", "Upon encountering the powerful currents of the Mississippi River , Lewis and Clark realized they needed still more men. All three boats were badly undermanned, and the expedition seldom progressed more than a mile an hour moving upstream. On 28 November the men reached Fort Kaskaskia , some fifty miles south of St. Louis . From Kaskaskia Lewis wrote to Jefferson that he had “made a selection of a sufficient number of men from the troops of that place to complete my party.” 20 He did not tell the president how many men, but the records reveal that Lewis had recruited Sergeant John Ordway and nine other soldiers (John Boley, John Collins, John Dame, Patrick Gass, Ebenezer Tuttle, Peter Weiser, Isaac White, Alexander Willard, and Richard Windsor), plus a small number of contract boatmen. When the expedition left Kaskaskia, Lewis remained behind to confer on personnel matters and to requisition supplies, while Clark took the boats to Cahokia , a few miles below St. Louis . Lewis left Fort Kaskaskia on 5 December and arrived at Cahokia the next day. Following two days of talks with Spanish authorities, the party left Cahokia and reached St. Louis early on the morning of 11 December. According to the Spanish commandant in St. Louis , a “committee” of 25 men accompanied Lewis. 21", "    In 1673, two Frenchmen, the Jesuit missionary, Jacques Marquette, and the fur trader, Louis Joliet, surveyed the Mississippi River from its northernmost point to the mouth of the Arkansas River.  The remainder of the Mississippi was explored in 1682 by Robert Cavelier de la Salle, and soon thereafter, French settlements were constructed along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, from the Great Lakes to the Midwest region of the continent.  Since these strictly Catholic settlements offered no religious freedom, they failed to draw large numbers of immigrants.  The French holdings remained little more than small forts and trading posts for fur trappers and merchants.  The rivers provided the most efficient means of transportation at that time, and the French claimed much of the land along America�s largest river routes." ]

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[ "Cruella de Vil (spelled de Vil in the novel, spelled De Vil by Disney) is a fictional character who appeared in Dodie Smith's 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians, Disney's animated film adaptations 101 Dalmatians and 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, and Disney's live-action film adaptations 101 Dalmatians and 102 Dalmatians as the main antagonist. In all her incarnations, Cruella kidnaps 97 or 99 Dalmatian puppies for their fur. In the live-action version, it is revealed that the reason Cruella chooses to skin puppies is that when short-haired dogs grow older, their fur becomes very coarse, which does not sell as well in the fur fashion industry as the fine, soft fur of puppies.", "Cruella de Vil is a character in Dodie Smith’s 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians and a 1961 Disney animated film (voiced by Betty Lou Gerson, 1914-1999). She kidnaps puppies for their fur.", "Cruella De Vil is the main antagonist of Disney 's 1961 animated feature film One Hundred and One Dalmatians . She is a wealthy, fashion-obsessed heiress who wishes to use the skins of 99 Dalmatian puppies for a fur coat.", "Cruella De Vil. The villainess in Disney’s “The 101 Dalmatians” from the children’s novel by Dodie Smith. Cruella planned to make fur coats from the Dalmatians.", "Cruella de Vil has been one of the more prolific Disney villains, especially over the past two decades. Cruella is best known as the wicked bourgeoise that tries to catch the Dalmatian puppies in Disney’s 101 Dalmatians, so that she can skin them for their black and white spotted fur. The true origins of Cruella didn’t come from Disney, but rather from the mind of author Dottie Smith in her 1956 novel, The Hundred and One Dalmatians.", "After making a movie centered on Maleficent, the villainess from Sleeping Beauty, Disney is setting its sights on another bad lady: Cruella de Vil.", "Unlike many Disney animated features, the film features only three songs, with just one, \"Cruella De Vil\", playing a big part in it. The other two are \"Kanine Krunchies Jingle\" (sung by Lucille Bliss, who voiced Anastasia Tremaine in Disney's 1950 film Cinderella), and \"Dalmatian Plantation\" in which only two lines are sung by Roger at its closure. Songwriter Mel Leven had, in fact, written several additional songs for it including \"Don't Buy a Parrot from a Sailor\", a cockney chant, meant to be sung by Jasper and Horace at the De Vil Mansion, and \"March of the One Hundred and One\", which the dogs were meant to sing after escaping Cruella by van. Different, longer versions of \"Kanine Krunchies Jingle\" and \"Dalmatian Plantation\" appear on the Disneyland Records read-along album based on the film. ", "THR has revealed that Disney has hired Aline Brosh McKenna -- the scribe behind the studio's live-action ' Cinderella ' film and, more appropriately, ' The Devil Wears Prada ' -- to write the script for a new live-action feature on this classic Disney villain titled, 'Cruella.' Producer Andrew Gunn ('Race to Witch Mountain,' 'Bed Time Stories,' 'Sky High') has also boarded the project. Unfortunately, details on the film are unknown, though it's safe to say Glenn Close, who starred as De Vil in the live-action '101 Dalmatians' and '102 Dalmatians,' won't be the lead this time around.", "So who’s the most villainous Hollywood villain of all time? The answer is obvious to any dog lover: Cruella de Vil, who wanted to make a coat out of puppies in “101 Dalmatians.”", "In \" Max's Embarrassing Date \", she went on a date with the Beast  and asked if he came in a medium, which the Beast became annoyed of. After the Beast gets soaked with soup he was eating, Cruella is unhappy as she would have to get him dry-cleaned. Cruella also appears as one of the main villains in the film Mickey's House of Villains where she, Jafar , Hades , Ursula and Captain Hook take over the House of Mouse. Out of the main villains, Cruella was the first to note her interest in taking over the club for her own purposes.", "Cruella also appears as one of the main villains in the film Mickey's House of Villains where she, Jafar, Hades, Ursula and Captain Hook take over the House of Mouse. Out of the main villains, Cruella was the first to note her interest in taking over the club for her own purposes.", "Disney's animated version of Cruella first appeared in 1961's One Hundred and One Dalmatians, in which she was voiced by Betty Lou Gerson and animated by Marc Davis who together crafted her into an iconic and memorable character. Disney based its version of Cruella on the personality and mannerisms of Tallulah Bankhead. The cool detachment of the original character was replaced by a crazed mania, in which Cruella only barely clung to a sheen of glamour. For unexplained reasons, Cruella's cat and husband were omitted from the Disney version. Cruella drives a very distinctive automobile, colored red and black, based on a 1936 Alvis Speed 20 SD Drophead Coupe.", "Cruella De Vil, Disney s most outrageous villain, sets the fur-raising adventure in motion when she dognaps all of Pongo and Perdita s puppies. Through the power of the Twilight Bark, Pongo leads a heroic cast of animal characters on a quest across London to rescue them.", "Walt Disney's early vision for The Rescuers (1977) revolved around the kidnapping of a polar bear from a city zoo; writers considered reusing Cruella as the main antagonist (presumably driven by her desire for the bear's fur). The idea was dismissed when the source for the storyline changed, and Disney did not want to make a sequel out of an otherwise unrelated film. Cruella returned in 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure once again as the main antagonist, where she was voiced by Susanne Blakeslee. Blakeslee also voiced Cruella in Disney's House of Mouse, which featured a running gag in which she inspects dogs from other Disney films with a measuring ruler. She also appeared in Mickey's House of Villains. Cruella appears in animation one more time in Disney's Christmas Favorites during the segment \"Santa Cruella\". Cruella is also one of the Disney Villains Mickey fights in Disney's Hollywood Studios version of Fantasmic! Nighttime Show Spectacular in Walt Disney World. In Disney On Ice play \"Celebrations,\" Cruella was one of the Villains who appears during the Halloween Party.", "Cruella de Vil is one of the most horrifying Disney villains ever. Why? Because she wants to make coats out of these 101 irresistible, polka-dotted pups.", "Disney considered reusing Cruella as the main antagonist of The Rescuers, but decided against it because they did not want to make it a sequel to an otherwise unrelated film. Cruella eventually returned in 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure as the main antagonist, where she was voiced by Susanne Blakeslee.", "Cruella de Vil - Main antagonist of the series. Constantly schemes to steal the Ridicoulously-Small-House and/or get richer. She lives next door to the Dearlys in Villa de Vil. Like her character played by Glenn Close in the 1996 live action film, she is also owner of House of de Vil, a fashion house, where Anita Dearly works for her. Throughout the series as a couple of running gags, she reminds herself of random things by making memos to herself via a RadioShack tape recorder and always calls Roger other names that start with an \"R\". Voiced by April Winchell .", "Released on November 27, 1996 by Walt Disney Pictures, the film, though praised for its faithfulness to the animated classic, received mixed reviews, but was a commercial success, grossing $320.6 million in theaters against a $75 million budget. Glenn Close who was universally praised for her portrayal as Cruella de Vil was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical but lost to Madonna in Evita.", "The next Disney villain being brought to life in her own solo film is none other than Cruella de Vil. The Cruella movie is set to star Emma Stone as its namesake, with executive producer Glenn Close onboard to oversee the character that she previously made infamous in live-action form – and the project now has a new writer, too.", "She first appeared in the novel, The Hundred and One Dalmatians (1956) by Dodie Smith . Perhaps the most famous incarnation of the character was developed for Disney's 1961 animated adaptation, One Hundred and One Dalmatians by story man Bill Peet and animator Marc Davis . The Disney villainess proved successful and has led to appearances in other media.", "Which movie villain wore a black dress and long coat of Dalmatian-spotted fur? Cruella de Vil", "The Little Mermaid is a 1989 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Based on the Danish fairy tale of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen, The Little Mermaid tells the story of a beautiful mermaid princess who dreams of becoming human. Written, directed and produced by Ron Clements and John Musker, with music by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman (who also served as a co-producer), the film features the voices of Jodi Benson, Christopher Daniel Barnes, Pat Carroll, Samuel E. Wright, Jason Marin, Kenneth Mars, Buddy Hackett and René Auberjonois.", "Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 animated American family film. It is the thirtieth animated feature produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation. The film received its premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on November 13, 1991. This film, one of the best known of the Disney studio's films, is based on the well-known fairy tale Beauty and the Beast, about a beautiful woman kept in a castle by a horrific monster. It is the first and only full-length animated feature film to ever be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture (it lost to The Silence of the Lambs). Heightening the level of performance in the era known as the Disney Renaissance (1989-1999, beginning with The Little Mermaid and ending with Tarzan ), many animated films following its release have been influenced by its blending of traditional animation and computer generated imagery.", "Cruella is among the most critically-acclaimed and popular Disney characters of all time and is held in a similar regard among cinematic villains, once being voted the 39th greatest movie villain of all time, the 82nd most popular film character of all time and the 31st greatest movie female of all time. She is also one of Disney's single most iconic and memorable characters; referred to in television shows such as The Simpsons , her name served as the inspiration for a fetish magazine, as well as a short-lived Northern Irish post-punk band . She remains a recognizable image in popular culture and is a primary member of the Disney Villains franchise.", "Cruella also appears as the main antagonist in the Broadway musical based on the novel. She was portrayed by Rachel York; however, the actress announced on her blog that she had stepped down from the role of Cruella de Vil to pursue other projects. The role was taken over by Sara Gettelfinger. ", "She later ended up in the Enchanted Forest, where she became infamous for turning animals into outerwear. Rumplestiltskin (Robert Carlyle) recruited her, Ursula (Merrin Dungey) and Maleficent (Kristin Bauer van Straten) to acquire the Dark Curse. However, he double-crossed them and left them to be killed by the Chernabog. Escaping together, Cruella joined the two in trying to get assistance from Snow White (Ginnifer Goodwin) and Prince Charming (Josh Dallas) in preventing the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla) from casting the curse. However, the Tree of Wisdom they consulted refused to answer due to Snow's pregnancy. Along with Ursula, Cruella was asked by Maleficent to act as a guard while she went through childbirth as a dragon. As a result, Cruella was sucked into a portal with Ursula and the child to the Land Without Magic, due to a spell cast by the Apprentice. She and the Sea Witch steal the egg the baby was in and use the magic to prolong their youth in the magicless world. She later marries a Mr. Feinberg and lives in a mansion off Long island in New York.", "Disney has announced that another live-action remake is in development, but it will focus more on Cruella de Vil. Emma Stone is set to play Cruella.", "Rapunzel is the fifth Disney Princess to have a female as the main villain of the film, the first being Snow White, the second being Cinderella, the third being Aurora, the fourth being Ariel. She is also the first Disney Princess since Ariel to have a female as the main villain.", "The Queen is one of the four Disney Villains that appear in 1999 video game Disney's Villains' Revenge, voiced by Louise Chamis. Jiminy Cricket and the player venture into the worlds of the stories to restore the happy endings. In the altered (and game's final) story, where there is no Prince, the Queen (appearing in both of her forms) has built a lair resembling her poisoned apple inside the scary wood, and has put Snow White to eternal sleep in her dungeon and intends to do the same to the Seven Dwarfs. The player needs to correctly mix ingredients for several potions including the True Love Potion to magically summon the Prince and save the day. It is followed by the fight with the Queen where she tries to get away and the player has to reflect her magic ball spells, until she retreats to her lair. There, while asking her mirror, she suddenly transforms into a hag and the mirror breaks.", "In a 2015 Disney Channel Original Movie titled Descendants, the aged Evil Queen (played by Kathy Najimy ) is among a host of other villains who have been imprisoned on a forbidden Isle of the Lost, and her daughter Evie (played by Sofia Carson) is among their offspring who are allowed to return into the kingdom to attend school alongside the offspring of iconic Disney heroes (Evie's father is unidentified.). The Evil Queen is portrayed as Maleficent's closest confident and best friend. Its title image features the iconic red apple of the Evil Queen, which was also prominently featured in a teaser trailer. ", "Kaa is the only Disney villain voiced by Sterling Holloway. The other Disney characters Holloway voiced were protagonists (or anti-heroes, as with the Cheshire Cat ).", "In the present day, Cruella's marriage has fallen apart as the FBI is repossessing her husband's belongings. Mr. Gold and Ursula convince her to join them in finding the Author to get happy endings. Cruella plays little importance in the plot, until the Author is released from the book; unable to kill him herself, she pretends to threaten Henry Mills's (Jared S. Gilmore) life to force Emma (Jennifer Morrison) and Regina to do so. However, Emma confronts her, not knowing the restriction the Author placed on Cruella, and magically blasts her off a cliff to her death." ]

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[ "Zonker Harris (his full name is revealed in Doonesbury: A Musical Comedy to be Edgar Zonker Harris) is the stereotypical unfocused confused hippie character in Garry Trudeau's comic strip Doonesbury. He made his first appearance as a perennial pot-smoking pest plaguing B.D.'s football team in 1971. He moved with Mike, B.D., and the gang to a rural commune (named Walden in homage to Thoreau's 19th century idyll).", "Doonesbury was created by G.B. Trudeau , a Yale undergraduate, in 1968. Born as \" Bull Tales \" and rechristened \"Doonesbury\" upon syndication in 1970, the comic strip's title character was modeled after G.B.T.'s classmate Charlie Pillsbury (currently running for Congress as the Green Party 's candidate from Connecticut 's Third Congressional District1). Pillsbury's college nickname was \"Doone\", a slang term meaning \"someone not afraid to make a fool of himself\", and Michael Doonesbury was correspondingly earnest and laughable. The comic strip originally focused on the title character's hapless antics, and his interactions with fellow Walden College students B.D. , Boopsie , Mark and Zonker . But while the strip still remains character based and its tens of primary characters live interweaving, near soap opera tic timelines which continue to puzzle non-devotees, it also came to express a sharply editorial political slant. Trudeau's ultra- liberal perspective is best expressed for me in character Mark Slackmeyer 's gleeful GUILTY! GUILTY! GUILTY! verdict, handed down from the vantage point of a radio reporter covering the Watergate scandal. In fact a number of Doonesbury characters are members of the media , or politician s, or soldier s, or otherwise in a position to observe and participate in the popular trends of their day.", "The sprawling cast of G.B. Trudeau's \"Doonesbury\" comic Mike, B.D., Boopsie, their friends and, increasingly, children have been the pen-and-ink Zeligs of the baby-boomer era and beyond. Four decades on, this volume has the heft and warmth of a favorite family album.", "Doonesbury is a comic strip by American cartoonist Garry Trudeau that chronicles the adventures and lives of an array of characters of various ages, professions, and backgrounds, from the President of the United States to the title character, Michael Doonesbury, who has progressed from a college student to a youthful senior citizen over the decades.", "The comic strip Doonesbury , by Garry Trudeau , has featured many recurring characters since the comic strip began in syndication in 1970. Most have interacted with each other at various times, and with only a few exceptions these individual histories are maintained consistently through the entire series, even where a character may disappear from the strip for years at a time. First appearances are noted in parentheses.", "The main characters are a group who attended the fictional Walden College during the strip's first 12 years, and moved into a commune together in April 1972. Most of the other characters first appeared as family members, friends, or other acquaintances. The original Walden Commune residents were Mike Doonesbury, Zonker Harris, Mark Slackmeyer, Nicole, Bernie, and DiDi. In September 1972, Joanie Caucus joined the comic, meeting Mike and Mark in Colorado and eventually moving into the commune. They were later joined by B.D. and his girlfriend (later wife) Boopsie, upon B.D.'s return from Vietnam. Nicole, DiDi, and Bernie were mostly phased out in subsequent years, and Zonker's Uncle Duke was introduced as the most prominent character outside the Walden group, and the main link to many secondary characters.", "Admired for staying on top of the zeitgeist, from Beltway politics and D.C. sex scandals to AIDS, same-sex marriage, disabled military vets, and pot growing, Trudeau has often courted controversy with “Doonesbury” and its sprawling cast of characters, some real, many more invented. Some newspapers have opted to move the strip from the comics page to the editorial page. Others have dropped it altogether, at least temporarily, owing to what editors deemed objectionable material. Readers often disagreed, and vociferously so.", "1983 - The final edition of Garry Trudeau�s comic strip, Doonesbury, appeared in 726 newspapers. It had a readership of 60 million people. Doonesbury began anew in September 1984.", "Garry Trudeau will suspend daily “Doonesbury” strip to focus on TV show - The Boston Globe", "Alan Gardner, The Daily Cartoonist | Doonesbury and the Art of G.B. Trudeau | December 22, 2010", "* Rick Jones (Speedy Cervice and various characters in Samurai Pizza Cats; several characters in The Raccoons; Choo Choo, Sailor and Uncle Boom in The Smoggies; Ralph in Rotten Ralph; Fu-Fu in Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat; Walter in Walter and Tandoori; Yorky, Rusty and Tooly in The Big Garage; Gregory Gilbert Pyrowski and Mr. Pyrowski in Fred's Head; Puff Ball, Erebus and Digger in Toad Patrol; Whip in Tripping the Rift; Gwizdo and Hector in Dragon Hunters; Scoop in My Goldfish is Evil; and many others in Ottawa, Toronto and Montreal; also serves as a writer and voice director)", "1980 saw the series debuts of Super Friends, Drak Pack, The Flintstone Comedy Show, The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang and Richie Rich. Brand new programs emerged in 1981, such as Laverne & Shirley, Space Stars, The Kwicky Koala Show and Trollkins. Taft purchased Ruby-Spears from Filmways that same year. Many other animation companies of Rankin-Bass, Filmation, Marvel Productions and Sunbow Productions, introduced successful series based on characters from action figures and toy lines. Hanna-Barbera continued to produce for Saturday mornings and weekday afternoons, but no longer dominated the television animation market as it did years earlier. ", "Garfield is a comic strip created by Jim Davis featuring Garfield the cat, Odie the dog, and their owner Jon Arbuckle. As of 2007, it is syndicated in roughly 2,570 newspapers and journals and it currently holds the Guinness World Record for being the world’s most widely syndicated comic strip. The popularity of the strip has led to an animated television series, several animated television specials and two theatrical feature-length live-action films, as well as a large amount of Garfield merchandise.", "From 1998 to 2003, Nick produced a Rugrats comic strip, which was distributed through Creators Syndicate. Initially written by show-writer Scott Gray and drawn by comic book artist Steve Crespo, with Rob Armstrong as editor. Will Blyberg came on board shortly after as inker. By the end of '98, Lee Nordling, who had joined as a contributing gag writer, took over as editor. Nordling hired extra writers, including Gordon Kent, Scott Roberts, Chuck Kim, J. Torres, Marc Bilgrey, and John Zakour, as well new artists including Gary Fields, Tim Harkins, Vince Giaranno, and Scott Roberts. Stu Chaifetz colored the Sunday strips. The Rugrats strip started out in many papers, but as often happens with spin-off strips, soon slowed down. It is still seen in some papers in re-runs. Two paperback collections were published by Andrews McMeel It's a Jungle-Gym Out There and A Baby's Work Is Never Done.", "Other prominent characters and strips to have appeared in Topper include Foxy , Figaro , Captain Bungle , Tiny , Send for Kelly , The Whizzers from Ozz , Desert Island Dick , Splodge , Thor Thumb , The Inky Top Imps , Whistling Billy , Julius Cheeser , Nancy , Big Fat Boko , Big Uggy , Willy Nilly , Tricky Dicky , Danny's Tranny and The Topper Twins .", "Office politics was the setting for Frank Dickens' Bristow (1961) and again in 1987 when Charles Peattie and Russell Taylor created the thrusting merchant-banker Alex.  Rufus and his friend Flook started out in 1949 as a strip for children drawn by 'Trog' (Wally Fawkes).  However in the 1960s and 70s it became a sophisticated satirical vehicle for writers such as Humphrey Lyttleton and George Melly.  For ten years John Kent's beautiful blonde Varoomshka innocently picked her way through political minefields, enraging legions of feminists along the way.", "Bazooka Joe is joined in his various misadventures by a motley crew of characters, who came from the tradition of syndicated kid gang comic strips such as Gene Byrnes' Reg'lar Fellers and Ad Carter's Just Kids. The group includes:", "The oldest continuous comic strip still in existence is The Katzenjammer Kids. It first appeared in newspapers in 1897.", "Scooby-Doo is a long-running American animated series produced for Saturday morning television in several different versions from 1969 to the present. The original series, Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, was created for Hanna-Barbera Productions by writers Joe Ruby and Ken Spears, CBS executive Fred Silverman, and character designer Iwao Takamoto. Hanna-Barbera produced numerous spin-offs and related works until being absorbed in 2001 into Warner Bros. Animation, which has handled production since then. Although the format of the show and the cast (and ages) of characters have varied significantly over the years, the most familiar versions of the show feature a talking dog named Scooby Dooby Doo and four teenagers or young adults: Fred \"Freddie\" Jones, Daphne Blake, Velma Dinkley, and Norville \"Shaggy\" Rogers.", "Who could ever forget Flattop, Pruneface, B. O. Plenty, Gravel Gertie, Sam Catchem and the other heroes and villains who populated the strip. There was Vitamin Flintheart, the great ham actor, 88 Keyes, the thieving piano player, the lovely Tess, who was constantly being kidnapped and then rescued by Tracy and who finally dragged him to the alter in 1949. Chief Brandon, Junior, Pat Patton, the Brow, Breathless Mahoney, Influence, Stooge Viller, Sparkle Plenty and Bonnie Braids, they’re all here.", "Dennis the Menace, known in some countries as just \"'Dennis'\"is a daily syndicated newspaper comic strip originally created, written and illustrated by the late Hank Ketcham since March 12, 1951, which made its debut in only 16 newspapers. It is now written and drawn by Ketcham's former assistants, Marcus Hamilton and Ron Ferdinand, and distributed to more than at least 1,000 newspapers in 48 countries and 19 languages by King Features Syndicate. The comic strip usually runs for a single panel on weekdays and a full strip on Sundays.", "With the rising popularity of hillbilly comic strips in the 1930s, Billy DeBeck took his title character, Barney Google, to Hootin' Holler in the mountains of North Carolina and introduced two new characters to his comic strip, Snuffy Smith and his wife Lo'wizie. The hard-working Lo'wizie always contrasted sharply with the lazy Snuffy. William Morgan “Billy” de Beck (1890–1942) began Barney Google in 1919. Fred Lasswell, who had been DeBeck's assistant on the strip when the characters moved to Hootin' Holler, took over and continued the strip from 1942 until his death in 2001.", "Dick Tracy is a comic strip featuring Dick Tracy (originally Plainclothes Tracy), a hard-hitting, fast-shooting and intelligent police detective. Created by Chester Gould, the strip made its debut on October 4, 1931, in the Detroit Mirror. It was distributed by the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. Gould wrote and drew the strip until 1977.", "Dick Tracy is a comic strip featuring Dick Tracy (originally Plainclothes Tracy), a square-jawed, hard-hitting, fast-shooting, and intelligent police detective. Created by Chester Gould, the strip made its debut on October 4, 1931, in the Detroit Mirror. It was distributed by the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. Gould wrote and drew the strip until 1977.", "Gould retired from the strip in 1977 and Dick Tracy was taken over by Max Allan Collins and Rick Fletcher. Collins reversed some of Gould�s sci-fi tinkers by having the character Moon Maid killed off in 1978 and generally taking a less cynical and simplistic take on the justice system. Artist Rick Fletcher was replaced by Dick Locher, who eventually took over the scripting duties as well.", "Reg Smythe died on June 13, 1998, and the original strip has been continued in a highly regarded pastiche of his style. For some time the writer and artist were uncredited, but in November 2004 the strip began to carry a credit for Roger Mahoney (artist) and Roger Kettle (writer).", "Barry's longtime assistant, George Olesen, remained on the strip as penciller, with Keith Williams joining as the inker for the daily strip. The Sunday strip was inked by Eric Doescher until Fred Fredericks became the regular inker in 1995.", "Duckman is a Klasky Csupo / Paramount Television production in association with Reno & Osborn Productions and based upon the underground comic created by Everett Peck.", "On this day in 1941 King Features Syndicate launched Rocky Mason, Government Marshal. The only straight adventure comic by cartoonist Jimmy Swinnerton, one of the early greats of newspaper comics, began 69 years ago today.", "On this day in 1950 Mitzi McCoy, a Sunday strip star from Newspaper Enterprise Association ( Alley Oop, The Born Loser ) first mentioned a 15th century ancestor, and a week later he'd taken over the series. Kevin the Bold made his first appearance 60 years ago today.", "Classic single-panel Newspaper Comic by Gary Larson. Running from 1980 to 1995, it featured numerous talking animals, most notably cows, and frequent depictions of heaven and hell , along with various other stock settings.", "was created by Jim Davis. It first appeared on June 19, 1978 and it quickly became a hit. The series follows the comings and goings of Garfield the Cat, Jon Arbuckle (Garfield's human parent) and Odie the Dog (Garfield’s drooly nemesis)." ]

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[ "Plane Crazy is an American animated short film directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. The cartoon, released in 1929 by the Walt Disney Studios, was the first creation of the character Mickey Mouse. It was made as a silent film and given a test screening to a theater audience on May 15, 1928, but failed to pick up a distributor. Later that year, Disney released Mickey's first sound cartoon, Steamboat Willie, which was an enormous success. Following this, Plane Crazy was released as a sound cartoon on March 17, 1929. It was the fourth Mickey film to be released after Steamboat Willie, The Gallopin' Gaucho, and The Barn Dance (1928).", "ON May 15, 1928, Mickey Mouse made his first appearance in a cartoon short called Plane Crazy. So the Mouse is 87 years old today.", "The first 'Mickey Mouse' short animated film, Plane Crazy (1928), was debuted on May 15, 1928. The character of an animated mouse (future Mickey Mouse) was modified from Disney's earlier character Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, which was introduced in 1927.", ". Mickey and Minnie debuted in the cartoon short Plane Crazy , first released on May 15, 1928. The cartoon was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. ^  ", "Walt Disney began his first series of fully animated films in 1927, featuring the character Oswald the Lucky Rabbit . When his distributor appropriated the rights to the character, Disney altered Oswald’s appearance and created a new character that he named Mortimer Mouse; at the urging of his wife, Disney rechristened him Mickey Mouse . Two silent Mickey Mouse cartoons—Plane Crazy (1928) and Gallopin’ Gaucho (1928)—were produced before Disney employed the novelty of sound for the third Mickey Mouse production, Steamboat Willie (1928), though Mickey did not utter his first words (“Hot dogs!”) until The Karnival Kid (1929). Steamboat Willie was an immediate sensation and led to the studio’s dominance in the animated market for many years.", "Mickey was first seen in a test screening of the cartoon short Plane Crazy, on May 15, 1928, but it failed to impress the audience, and to add insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Though understandably disappointed, Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short: \" The Gallopin' Gaucho \" which was also not released for lack of a distributor.", "As soon as he reached Los Angeles, Disney immediately copyrighted Mickey Mouse (as he would all the characters he would later create). Disney and his loyal artist employee, Ubbe Iwerks, created new cartoons with Mickey Mouse as the adventurous star, including Plane Crazy (1928) and The Gallopin’ Gaucho (1928). But Disney had trouble finding a distributor.", "The first two cartoons, Plane Crazy (1928) and The Gallopin’Gaucho (1928), were then released with sound, with more cartoons on the way with additional characters, including Donald Duck, Pluto, and Goofy.", "The plot of Plane Crazy was fairly simple. Mickey is apparently trying to become an aviator in emulation of Charles Lindbergh. After building his own aircraft, he proceeds to ask Minnie to join him for its first flight, during which he repeatedly and unsuccessfully attempts to kiss her, eventually resorting to force. Minnie then parachutes out of the plane. While distracted by her, Mickey loses control of the plane. This becomes the beginning of an out-of-control flight that results in a series of humorous situations and eventually in the crash-landing of the aircraft. A non-anthropomorphic cow that briefly becomes a passenger in the aircraft is believed to be Clarabelle Cow making her debut.", "                                                                                                             Quick, can you name your favorite Disney Character? I know that without a doubt and hesitation, mine is Mickey Mouse. This original, classic character started it all, and put the Disney Studios on the map. Mickey was followed up by some of the worlds most beloved and iconic cartoon characters ever to come from one studio. But can you name the oldest, continuing character in Disney history? Many fans remember that Walt’s earliest animations came about when he formed the Laugh-O-Gram Film Company in May of 1922.  Here Walt and his fledging staff produced six fairy tale cartoons for the Pictorial Clubs Company, which soon went bankrupt and in turn causing the downfall of Walt’s first studio. But there was no permanent “Central” Character. After the failure of the Laugh-O-Gram Studio, Walt made that celebrated trip to California with only $40.00 in his pocket; it was here that he and Brother Roy started the Disney Brothers Studios.  At the studio, they produced the first of the “Alice Comedies” starring a live little girl playing in an animated world.  The first Alice, “Alice’s Day at Sea” was released on March 1st, 1924. Although the Disney Company acknowledges Mickey’s birthday on November 18th, 1928, his actual debut was the short “Plane Crazy” a silent film shown in early May,  1928.  Alice preceded Mickey by four years and seven months!", "Steamboat Willie is a 1928 American animated short film directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. It was produced in black-and-white by Walt Disney Studios and was released by Celebrity Productions. The cartoon is considered the debut of Mickey Mouse and his girlfriend Minnie, although both the characters appeared several months earlier in a test screening of Plane Crazy. Steamboat Willie was the third of Mickey's films to be produced, but was the first to be distributed because Walt Disney, having seen The Jazz Singer, had committed himself to producing the first fully synchronized sound cartoon. ", "As a result Mickey would soon become the most prominent animated character of the time. . Walt Disney soon worked on adding sound to both Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho (which had originally been silent releases) and their new release added to Mickey's success and popularity. ^  ", "is the first 'talkie' to be released, Lindbergh flies across the Atlantic, Pavlov publishes Conditioned Reflexes , Aeroplanes first used to 'dust' crops with insecticide in Canada, Iron lung developed 1928Simon Commission on Constitution of India , Flying Doctor service in Australia , Muslim Brotherhood established in Egypt , Takoradi Harbour opened in Gold Coast , British High Commissioner appointed to Canada , British Guiana becomes Crown ColonyWomen over 21 given voteChiang Kai Shek nominally unites China, Kellogg Briand Pact, Beginning of first 5 year plan in USSR, Olympic Games in AmsterdamMoscow Habima theatre tours Palestine , D.H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover , Evelyn Waugh's Decline and Fall , Mickey Mouse makes first appearance for Disney, Eisenstein's October", "*In 1930 the story of Plane Crazy was adapted and used for the first story in the newspaper comic strip Mickey Mouse. This adaptation, entitled \"Lost on a Desert Island,\" was written by Walt Disney with art by Ub Iwerks and Win Smith. ", "Mickey Mouse is a  funny animal   cartoon   character  and the official  mascot  of  The Walt Disney Company . He was created by Walt Disney  and  Ub Iwerks  at the  Walt Disney Studios  in 1928. An  anthropomorphic  mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey has become one of the most recognizable cartoon characters in the world.", "Mickey Mouse is a funny animal cartoon character and the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company . He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928. An anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey has become one of the most recognizable cartoon characters in the world.", "The Air Circus is Hawks' first film centered around aviation, one of his early loves. In 1928, Charles Lindbergh was the world's most famous person and Wings was one of the most popular films of the year. Wanting to capitalize on the country's aviation craze, Fox immediately bought Hawks's original story for The Air Circus, a variation of the male friendship plot of A Girl in Every Port about two young pilots. Officially, the original story is credited to Graham Baker and Andrew Bennison, while the screenplay was written by Seton Miller and Norman Z. McLeod. In the film, Arthur Lake and David Rollins play two eager young pilots at flight school who compete over their flight instructors aviatrix sister played by Sue Carol. The film was shot from April to June 1928, but Fox ordered an additional 15 minutes of dialogue footage to be shot so the film could compete with the new \"talkies\" being released. Hawks hated the new dialogue written by Hugh Herbert and he refused to participate in the re-shoots. The film was released in September 1928 and was a moderate hit. It is one of two films directed by Hawks that are lost films.", "One of the most endearing comic creations of the 20th century was Popeye the Sailor Man. The pipe-smoking Navy man who gulped spinach to activate massive strength in his over-sized forearms and lower legs popped up first in 1928 in a newspaper comic strip drawn by E.C. Segar called \"The Thimble Theater\". Olive Oyl,Popeye's skinny,jittery girlfriend,was already a regular in the strip,along with her brother Castor Oyl,who spotted Popeye on a dock. The character's popularity grew,and soon his sayings like \"I yam what I yam!\" and \"Well,blow me down!\" became a massive hit with the younger set,leading in short time to having the character adapted for the movies,first in a 1931 Betty Boop animated short and onward to his first-ever theatrical cartoon short that premiered in 1933. The character also starred in a radio series heard briefly on NBC in 1935-36 and CBS in 1936. Between 1933 through 1957,they were 234 Popeye animated theatrical shorts that were released through Paramount Pictures which were huge box office hits.", "Animated films ' cartoon characters Bugs Bunny, Tom and Jerry, Woody Woodpecker, Mighty Mouse, and Casper (among many others) made their film debuts in the 40s decade. The short film A Wild Hare (1940) introduced the wise-cracking, carrot-chomping Bugs Bunny, soon to be one of Warner Bros' biggest stars. Tom & Jerry, created by Hanna & Barbera, were debuted by MGM in Puss Gets the Boot (1940). (Tom was called Jasper and Jerry didn't have a name yet.) Woody Woodpecker first appeared in the cartoon Knock, Knock (1940) distributed by Universal Studios, in which he bedeviled another Lantz character Andy Panda. The next year, the popular Woody became a starring character in The Cracked Nut (1941), and began to replace the waning Oswald the Rabbit. A caped super-rodent named Mighty Mouse was introduced in the Terrytoons short The Mouse of Tomorrow (1942), noted for saying: \"Here I come to save the day!\" Paramount's theatrical cartoon The Friendly Ghost (1945), debuted the character of Casper. The characters of the RoadRunner (\"Accelerati Incredibulis\") and the Coyote (\"Carnivorous Vulgaris\") were debuted in the short animated film Fast & Furry-ous (1949).", "On January 2, 1930, Hawks's brother Kenneth Hawks died while shooting the film Such Men Are Dangerous. Kenneth's career as a director was quickly rising after his debut film Big Time in 1929. This sound film starred Lee Tracy and Mae Clarke and was an early example of the \"fast-talking\" sound films that Howard Hawks would later make one of his signatures. Such Men Are Dangerous was based on the life Alfred Lowenstein, a Belgian captain who either jumped or fell out of his plane in 1928. On January 2, Kenneth Hawks and his crew flew three aircraft (two with cameras, one with a stunt actor) over Santa Monica Bay when the two camera aircraft crashed into each other, killing 10 men. The crash was the first major on-set accident in Hollywood history and made national news. Mary Astor kept her distance from the Hawks family after Kenneth's death.", "Frederick Bean \"Tex\" Avery (February 26, 1908 – August 26, 1980) was an American animator, cartoonist, voice actor and director, famous for producing animated cartoons during The Golden Age of Hollywood animation. He did his most significant work for the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios, creating the characters of Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Droopy, Screwy Squirrel, and developing Porky Pig and Chilly Willy (this last one for the Walter Lantz Studio) into the personas for which they are remembered.", "Porky's Duck Hunt introduced the character of Daffy Duck, who possessed a new form of \"lunacy\" and zaniness that had not been seen before in animated cartoons. Daffy was an almost completely out-of-control \"darn fool duck\" who frequently bounced around the film frame in double-speed, screaming \"Hoo-hoo! hoo-hoo\" in a high-pitched, sped-up voice provided by the veteran Warner voice artist Mel Blanc, who, with this cartoon, also took over providing the voice of Porky Pig. Avery directed two more Daffy Duck cartoons: Daffy Duck & Egghead and Daffy Duck in Hollywood. Egghead was a character inspired by comedian Joe Penner which would evolve into Elmer Fudd and first appeared in Avery's Egghead Rides Again. ", "Besides Tom & Jerry (see below), the other biggest MGM cartoon character, Tex Avery's most famous and long-lasting at the studio, was the meek, slow-moving and slow-talking Droopy Dog. The emotionless, deadpan-voiced, yet stoic Droopy (known as \"Happy Hound\") made his nameless debut in MGM's Dumb-Hounded (1943). His first line of dialogue was: \"Hello all you happy people...you know what? I'm the hero.\" He finally received his proper name in his fifth cartoon, Senor Droopy (1949). Drag-Along Droopy (1954) was one of the classic Droopy cartoons, a spoof on range wars between sheepherders (Droopy) and ranchers (the Wolf's \"Bear Butte Ranch\"), as was Dixieland Droopy (1954) - the first Droopy cartoon in Cinemascope. One Droopy Knight (1957) was nominated for an Academy Award - the character's sole nomination (after Avery left the studio).", "On this day in 1942 the Max Fleischer Studio released a cartoon titled The Mad Scientist. The first animated appearance of Superman came out 68 years ago today.", "The first serial based upon a comic strip was Universal's 15-episode Tailspin Tommy (1934) with William Desmond, an aviation-based series of stories about competing airlines delivering postal mail. Soon after, John King starred as daredevil pilot Ace Drummond in Universal's 13-chapter Ace Drummond (1936), based upon another Sunday comic strip feature - about the flying exploits of WWI ace Eddie Rickenbacker.", "The Looney Tunes Wartime Cartoon Plane Daffy features a seductive Nazi spy pigeon named Hatta Mari (who, despite the origin of her name, didn't look like her and was said to be a precursor to what Jayne Mansfield would look like in real life).", "The Pink Panther is a 1963 American comedy film directed by Blake Edwards and co-written by Edwards and Maurice Richlin, starring David Niven, Peter Sellers, Robert Wagner, Capucine, and Claudia Cardinale. The film introduced the cartoon character of the same name, in an opening credits sequence animated by DePatie-Freleng Enterprises.", "A de Havilland DH.88 Comet named Bulldog and voiced by John Cleese is one of the characters in Disney's 2013 animated film Planes. ", "Fritz the Cat is a 1972 American animated comedy film written and directed by Ralph Bakshi as his feature film debut. Based on the comic strip of the same name by Robert Crumb, the film was the first animated feature film to receive an X rating in the United States. It focuses on Fritz (voiced by Skip Hinnant), an anthropomorphic feline in mid-1960s New York City who explores the ideals of hedonism and sociopolitical consciousness. The film is a satire focusing on American college life of the era, race relations, the free love movement, and left- and right-wing politics. Fritz the Cat is the most successful independent animated feature of all time, grossing over $100 million worldwide.", "In the 1962 John Wayne movie Hatari!, an invention to catch monkeys by character Pockets, played by Red Buttons, is described as a \"Rube Goldberg.\"", "Airplane! (titled Flying High! in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Japan and the Philippines) is a 1980 American satirical parody film directed and written by David and Jerry Zucker as well as Jim Abrahams, and produced by Jon Davison. It stars Robert Hays and Julie Hagerty and features Leslie Nielsen, Robert Stack, Lloyd Bridges, Peter Graves, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and Lorna Patterson. The film is a parody of the disaster film genre, particularly the 1957 Paramount film Zero Hour!, from which it borrows the plot and the central characters, as well as many elements from Airport 1975. The film is known for its use of surreal humor and its fast-paced slapstick comedy, including visual and verbal puns and gags.", "The Flying Sorceress (US animated short), with voice of June Foray.  Directed by Joseph Barbera, William Hanna." ]

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[ "The European flag consists of 12 golden stars in a circle on a blue background. The circle of stars symbolises the ideals of unity, solidarity and harmony among the peoples of Europe. The number of stars has nothing to do with the number of EU member countries.", "Twelve golden stars on a blue background is the flag of Europe. It’s been the symbol of the Council of Europe since 1955, adopted by the European Union (then the European Community) in 1984, and now flies above parliaments, municipal buildings, parks and monuments all over the continent.", "The flag of the Union consists of a circle of 12 golden stars on a blue background. The blue represents the West, while the number and position of the stars represent completeness and unity, respectively. Originally designed in 1955 for the Council of Europe, the flag was adopted by the European Communities, the predecessors of the present Union, in 1986.", "The European flag, also known as the flag of Europe, consists of twelve golden stars arranged in a circle on a blue background. It was designed in 1955 by Arsène Heitz, a painter of Strasbourg, and adopted on December 8 of that year by the Council of Europe, which encouraged other European institutions to adopt the same flag. The European Parliament accepted it in 1983. Finally, in 1985, the logo was adopted by the Heads of State and Government of the EU as the official emblem of the European Communities. All European institutions using it since 1986.", "It features a circle of 12 gold stars on a blue background. They stand for the ideals of unity, solidarity and harmony among the peoples of Europe.", "The EU has confirmed that the number of stars will always stay at 12, which indicates that the stars do not represent countries. From a leaflet, “Building Europe Together,” which is given at EU headquarters in Brussels: “The European flag is a shared flag, blue with 12 gold stars symbolizing completeness. The number will remain 12 no matter how many countries there are in the European Union.”", "The EU flag has a circle of 12 stars on a blue background.  These stars were inspired by the halo of 12 stars appearing around the Madonna as depicted in Catholic pictures of her.  Leon Marchal, former secretary general of the Council of Europe, confirmed that the stars are representative of the woman of the Apocalypse.  He expounded, it's wonderful that we have gotten back to the introit of the new Mass of the Assumption.  It's the corona stellarum duodecim of the woman of the Apocalypse.  He is referencing the woman in Revelation 12 who appears with a crown of 12 stars.  The Bible uses this symbolism to represent Israel, however the Catholic Church has always claimed that she represents the Virgin Mary, the mother of God.  A leaflet titled Building Europe Together states that The European flag is a shared flag, blue with 12 gold stars symbolizing completeness.  The number will remain 12 no matter how many countries there are in the European Union. ", "Among the Union’s symbols, the flag with a circle of 12 golden stars on a blue background, adopted by the Council of Europe on 8 December 1955 and taken up by the Community in 1986, is obviously a symbol of identity par excellence. Any interpretation of the symbolism of the flag has to start from its symbolic and heraldic description. Its symbolic description states that ‘against the background of blue sky, twelve golden stars form a circle representing the union of the peoples of Europe. The number of stars is fixed, twelve being the symbol of perfection and unity.’ The heraldic description states: ‘on an azure field, a circle of twelve golden mullets, their points not touching.’", "File:Flag of Europe.svg|Flag of the European Union. The flag of the European Union was first created for the Council of Europe in 1953, then adopted by the European Union in 1985. The twelve yellow or gold stars do not represent any particular countries; twelve was chosen as a number which represented unity and harmony. ", "Loyalty is anchored in the design by the dark blue background. A golden circle encapsulates the EU initials and one golden star represents a united European Union. Bands of honor in gold and bright white represent peace between the spirit of generosity.", "The number of stars has nothing to do with the number of Member States. There are 12 stars because the number 12 is traditionally the symbol of perfection, completeness and unity. The flag therefore remains unchanged regardless of EU enlargements.", "À compter du 1er mai 2004, tous ces états seront intégrés à l'Union,[...]. Le drapeau européen comptera alors 25 étoiles. (On 1 May 2004, all those States shall be incorporated to the [European] Union, [...]. The European Union flag will have 25 stars.)", "The number of stars on the flag is fixed at 12, and is not related to the number of member states of the EU (although the EU did have 12 member states from 1986 to 1994). This is because it originally was the flag of the Council of Europe. In 1953, the Council of Europe had 15 members; it was proposed that the future flag should have one star for each member, and would not change based on future members. West Germany objected to this as one of the members was the disputed area of Saarland, and to have its own star would imply sovereignty for the region. Twelve was eventually adopted as a number with no political connotations and as a symbol of unity. In his 2006 book Boris Johnson drew attention to the Emperor Necklace which depicts twelve Caesars, and looks 'uncannily like the euro flag'. While 12 is the correct number of stars, sometimes flags or emblems can be found that incorrectly show 15 (as of the rejected proposal) or 25 (as suggested by some after the expansion of the EU to 25 member states in 2004). However, the flag also remains that of the Council of Europe, which now has 47 member states.", "In 1953, the 15 member team in the Council of Europe decided to have a symbol and it was decided that the symbol would have one star representing every member and this could not change later. However, West Germany objected to this saying that if that were the case, then the Saarland area, which was being disputed, would have its own sovereignty. Ultimately, they decided to go with 12 stars for the Europe flag that does not have any significance to politics but rather represents completeness and perfection. Twelve was chosen because of the many things in European traditions and cultures that had 12 as an important number like the twelve months, the twelve zodiac symbols, the twelve hours, the twelve gods, etc.", "To mark the 30th anniversary of the decision by EU leaders to adopt the flag as an EU emblem, the 19 euro area countries are issuing a special commemorative coin. Following an online competition held in 2015 by the European Commission, citizens and residents of the euro area selected the design created by Georgios Stamatopoulos, an engraver at the Bank of Greece. It comprises 12 stars that morph into human figures embracing the birth of a new Europe. Take a look at the winning design.", "The question of how many stars appear on the European Flag has arisen before. When Sweden, Finland and Austria were admitted in 1995, the number of member states increased from 12 to 15. Several cases exist where people assumed that the number of stars would also increase. A graphic with 15 stars appeared on BBC News for some days. I wrote and told them it was wrong and they reverted to the correct pattern. Despite this, the 15-star version still appeared occasionally. I eventually suggested that the incorrect graphic be destroyed so that it could not appear even by accident. They may have done so as it has not appeared since then.", "The stars are just the number that looks good in a circle, which is a “symbol of unity.” Also the 12 stars somehow also represent the three ideals of “unity, solidarity and harmony among the peoples of Europe.” Four stars for each one, I guess.", "The European flag is not only the symbol of the European Union but also of Europe’s unity and identity in a wider sense. The circle of gold stars represents solidarity and harmony between the peoples of Europe.", "a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia", "It's coming from the original EU flag concept. The 27 member arms build the star of Europe. The concept represents the synergy of energy of all European nations. Note: there is place for more countries to be added!", "The ACP Group unveiled a new flag and anthem at the opening ceremony of the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly in 2013, to represent the solidarity and shared vision of its 79 member states. \"Our flag consists of three diagonal bands of colour green, gold and blue. Green represents fertility and natural beauty and resources of our countries, gold symbolises the sun and the warmth of our people and blue symbolises the bodies of water that surround many of our nations, as well as the peace we all strive for,\" the Secretary General stated.", "Original concept: Map out the Capitals of each EU member country. Then, place a golden star for each location. Replace the physical countries and their borders with a blue field, signifying UNITY. Option; Brussels/white star(as the EU Capital City). Round EU icon rises above. What do you see in the stars formation? A flying peace dove? A shielded countymen defending himself? Or perhaps a sense of pride.", "In its broadest sense, the flag represents the continent of Europe or the countries of Europe independent of any institution. Consequently, the number of stars does not vary according to the member states as they are intended to represent all the peoples of Europe, including those outside the EU. ", "Likewise, the Republic of Kosovo uses blue, yellow and stars in its flag in reference to the European flag, symbolising its European ambitions (membership of the European Union). Kosovo has, like Bosnia and Herzegovina, seen heavy European involvement in its affairs, with the European Union assuming a supervisory role after its declared independence in 2008. ", "The most frequent errors in representing the European Union flag usually involve the addition of a greater number of stars to the set, because of the false belief that each star represents a state. This belief is due to the influence of the American flag, in which the number of stars does represent the country’s federal states.", "�On 15 June 1219, the Danish expedition to Estonia faced disaster. The native Estonians had just submitted to King Valdemar the Victorious, who was preparing to baptize them. But they rushed the Danish camp at nightfall, killed the bishop, and drove the crusaders towards the sea. According to legend, the fate of the battle only turned when the heavens let fall a red banner with a white cross, and a voice was heard urging the Danes to rally round it. Valdemar triumphed; the city of Tallin or �Danish Castle� was founded; and Denmark adopted the Dannebrog or �red flag� as the national flag. Since then, every independent nation has adopted a flag of its own. Many, like the Dannebrog, bear a cross � the red cross of St George in England, the diagonal blue cross of St Andrew for Scotland, Sweden�s yellow cross on a blue ground. Switzerland adopted Denmark�s colours, but a different cross. The Union Jack of the United Kingdom, which combines the crosses of SS George, Andrew, and Patrick, was first flown after the Irish Union on 1 January 1801�.Following the example of the Netherlands (1652), most modern republics have adopted simple tricolours or bicolours.�", "A multi-coloured symbol for a multi-coloured society. With blue -the colour of Europe- as the main colour. Circles and stars as a metaphor for going together into the future.", "In 1983, the European Parliament decided that the Communities’ flag should be that used by the Council of Europe. In 1985, it was adopted by all EU leaders as the official emblem of the European Communities, later to become the European Union. In addition, all European institutions now have their own emblems .", "Thus the European flag and emblem represent both the Council of Europe and the European Union. It has now become the symbol par excellence of a united Europe and European identity.", "This provokes a strong protest from Germany, since the number of stars is linked to the number of member States, which clearly includes the disputed territory of the Sarre. The Germans argue that the Committee of Ministers are the only authority competent for choosing an emblem for the Organisation as a whole.", "The European Union empowers it's youth, so that they can make full use of Europe's many opportunities. For the organization to thrive in the future, it also has to appeal to the coming generations. Our proposal experiments with the stars and colors in playful patterns that updates the European symbol with a modern and young appeal.", "The colours of ribbon represent the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic Star is worn with the blue edge furthest from the left shoulder." ]

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[ "Thailand -๏ฟฝาช๏ฟฝาณาจัก๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ Ratcha Anachak Thai (officially Kingdom of Thailand), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia . The country's official name was Siam ( ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ Sayam) until June 23, 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. It was then renamed Siam from 1945 to May 11, 1949, after which it was again, renamed Thailand. The word Thai ( ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ ) is not, as commonly believed derived from the word Tai ( ๏ฟฝ ) meaning \"freedom\" in the Thai language .", "The country's official name was Siam (Thai: สยาม; RTGS: Sayam) until June 23, 1939, when it was changed to Thailand. It was renamed Siam from 1945 to May 11, 1949, after which it was again renamed Thailand. Also spelled Siem, Syâm or Syâma, it has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyâma, dark or brown. But the names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word, and Śyâma is possibly not its origin but a learned and artificial distortion.", "     Etymology The country's official name was Siam until June 23, 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. It was then renamed Siam from 1945 to May 11, 1949, after which it was again renamed Thailand. Also spelled Siem, Syâm or Syâma, it has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyâma ( श्याम , meaning \"dark\" or \"brown\"). The names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word, and Śyâma is possibly not its origin but a learned and artificial distortion.", "A unified Thai kingdom was established in the mid-14th century. Known as Siam until 1939, Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country never to have been taken over by a European power. A bloodless revolution in 1932 led to a constitutional monarchy. In alliance with Japan during World War II, Thailand became a US ally following the conflict.", "Prior to 1939 and from 1945-1949 the country was known as Siam. In 1949, the name reverted to Thailand, literally meaning land of the free. The country's origin dates back to 1238 when the Sukhothai Kingdom was established (1238-1378). The Sukhotahai Kingdom was followed by the Ayuthaya Kingdom (1350-1767), Thonburi Kingdom (1768-1781), and the current Chakri Dynasty- Bangkok Period (1782 to present). The country has had a literate culture from its beginning. Its phonetic alphabet was invented by King Ramkhamhaeng in 1283 and was derived originally from a form of the Brahmi script of Southern Indian called Grantha (Pongsak 2001).", "On June 23, 1939, Siam was renamed Thailand. The government claimed that it was better to call their country the name of the majority ethnic group (Thai), in turn, distancing the country from its past. From 1945 to 1949, its name was changed back to Siam, ultimately returning to Thailand in 1949. Today, there is a growing movement in Thailand to return the country’s name to Siam, because it better represents the history and diversity of the country.", "Until 1939, the country we call Thailand was known as Siam. It was the only Southeast Asian country never colonized by the West. This helped Thailand to maintain its own special cuisine (cooking style). However, that cuisine had already been influenced by Thailand's Asian neighbors.", "Sporting the name of Siam until the 11 th of May 1949, Thailand is the only country in the southeastern region of the continent of Asia to escape European colonization. The prevalent constitutional monarchy in the country was established in the year 1932.", "Thailand, formerly know as Siam, has always been called Mueang Thai by its citizens. By others, it is known by the exonym Siam.  ", "Thailand, previously named Siam from 1945-1949, is located in Southeast Asia. Situated in the middle of the Indochina peninsula, Thailand is the 20th most populous country with a total 2014 population of around 67,200,000 residents (based upon a 2013 estimate considering latest census data and the population growth rate of a little over 0.5%). Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia that was not colonized by the Europeans. Consequently, it played the role of a buffer state between the areas in Southeast Asia that had been colonized by the British Empire or the French. Its Head of State, King Rama IX, is the longest-reigning head of state and monarch in Thai history. Thailand’s main ethnic group is Thai, with a total of 96% of the population. This includes the native people of Thailand, and Thai/Chinese people.", "A group of young Thais who had studied abroad staged a coup in 1932 and transformed the country into a constitutional monarchy. From 1935 to 1945, a military dictator, Phibun Song-khram (commonly known as Phibun), ruled the country. Phibun changed the name of Siam to Thailand. In 1945, there was a brief return to civilian government, and the country's name was changed back to Siam. Between 1947 and 1973, the country was ruled by military dictators. After the brutal suppression of antigovernment demonstrators in 1973, military was forced out of office, but in 1976 it again seized power.", "Located in Southeast Asia between Burma (a.k.a. Myanmar), Laos, Cambodia and Malaysia, Siam - now Thailand - has a long and storied history. A beautiful and mysterious land of dark forests and ancient mountains, Siam has seen occupation and revolution, flood and famine, and the rise and fall of empires.", "Myanmar and Thailand, entire countries whose names changed from Burma and Siam, respectively. The former change is highly controversial, with several governments and the opposition not accepting it. This is because the name was changed by a military junta which overthrew the democratically elected Burmese government.", "name of Siam to Thailand, the change to come into effect the following year. Muang Thai or Thailand means ‘land of the free’ and the name had been changed before, in 1939 under the fascist military dictatorship of Field Marshal Luang Phibunsongkhram, but the anti-Axis powers refused to recognise the new name after Siam allied herself with the Japanese and in 1942 declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom.", "The country has always been called Mueang Thai by its citizens. By others, it is known by the exonym Siam ( ,, also spelled Siem, Syâm, or Syâma). The word Siam has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyāma (श्याम, meaning \"dark\" or \"brown\"). The names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word. The word Śyâma is possibly not its origin, but a learned and artificial distortion. ", "In 1939, the dictator Field Marshal Luang Phibunsongkhran tried to change the name of the country. He was unsuccessful in doing so, because the anti-axis powers were unhappy that Siam had sided with the Japanese in the war, so they did not recognize the new name. After the war, the country was successful in changing the name during the aforementioned year.", "Japanese forces invaded Thailand as part of their widespread offensive in the Pacific on 8 Dec 1941. Resistance was ceased by the Prime Minister, Field Marshal Pibulsonggram, and a military alliance with Japan formed on 21 Dec was followed by declaration of war on Britain and the US on 25 Jan 1942. Thai forces were actively engaged against the Chinese. The Prime Minister was overthrown in 1944 as discontent with the Japanese presence in the country grew, though the new civilian government retained cordial relations with Japan. After the war, the United States - who had never reciprocated the declaration of war - insisted that Thailand not be treated as an Axis nation. Britain - who did reciprocate the war declaration in 1942 - demanded reparations in the form of rice and territory annexed from Malaya by the Thais, as well as parts of Burma and French territory in Cambodia and Laos.", "After Japan's defeat in 1945, British, Indian troops and United States observers landed in September, and during their brief occupation of parts of the country, disarmed the Japanese troops. After repatriating them home the British left in March 1946. American support mitigated Allied terms, although the British demanded reparations in the form of rice sent to Malaya, and the French, return of territories lost in the Franco-Thai War. In exchange for supporting Thailand's admission to the United Nations, the Soviet Union demanded repeal of anticommunist legislation. It should also be noted that some former British POWs erected a monument expressing gratitude to the citizens of Ubon Ratchathani.", "Japan invaded Thailand on 8 December 1941. For events subsequent to the abdication of the king, including the name change of 1939, up to the coup d'état of 1957, see Plaek Pibulsonggram.", "During World War II in Laos, Vichy France, fascist Thailand, Imperial Japan, Free France, and Chinese nationalist armies occupied Laos. On 9 March 1945, a nationalist group declared Laos once more independent, with Luang Prabang as its capital but on 7 April 1945 two battalions of Japanese troops occupied the city. The Japanese attempted to force Sisavang Vong (the King of Luang Phrabang) to declare Laotian independence but on 8 April he instead simply declared an end to Laos' status as a French protectorate. The King then secretly sent Prince Kindavong to represent Laos to the Allied forces and Prince Sisavang as representative to the Japanese. When Japan surrendered, some Lao nationalists (including Prince Phetsarath) declared Laotian independence, but by early 1946, French troops had reoccupied the country and conferred limited autonomy on Laos.", "Thailand During World War II (1941–44) After World War II broke out in Europe (1939– 45), Japan used its influence with the Vichy regime in France to obtain territorial concessions for Thailand in Laos and Cambodia. The war for Thailand began in earnest on December 8, 1941, when Thai and Japanese troops clashed on the Isthmus of Kra. Bangkok acceded to Japan’s demands that its troops be permitted to cross the isthmus to invade Burma and Malaya. In January 1942, Phibun signed a mutual defense pact with Japan and declared war against Britain and the United States. Seni Pramoj, the anti-Japanese Thai ambassador to Washington, refused his government’s orders to deliver the declaration of war, and the United States refrained from declaring war on Thailand. Seni organized a Free Thai movement, and, with U.S. government support, Thai personnel were trained for anti-Japanese underground activities. In Thailand, Pridi ran a clandestine movement that, by the end of the war, with Allied aid had armed more than 50,000 Thai to resist the Japanese. During the early war years, Phibun was rewarded for his cooperation with Tokyo with the return of further territory that had once been under Thai control. Japan stationed some 150,000 troops in Thailand and built the infamous “death railway” across the River Kwai and through Thailand using Allied prisoners of war. The Allies bombed Bangkok during the war, and public opinion and the civilian political leaders forced Phibun out of office in June 1944.", "As the war dragged on, however, the Japanese presence grew more irksome. Trade came to a halt, and Japanese military personnel requisitioning supplies increasingly dealt with Thailand as a conquered territory rather than as an ally. Allied bombing raids damaged Bangkok and other targets and caused several thousand casualties. Public opinion and, even more important, the sympathies of the civilian political elite, moved perceptibly against the Phibun regime and the military. In June 1944, Phibun was forced from office and replaced by the first predominantly civilian government since the 1932 coup.", "Late in 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese troops marched into Thailand and requested right of passage through the country to facilitate their attack on Singapore, which was held by Great Britain. The Thai forces put up minimal symbolic resistance and then were ordered to lay down their arms. In 1942 Thailand signed an Alliance with Japan and declared war on Britain and the US. Resistance groups formed in the country and overseas, attacking the Japanese and the collaborating Thai government. In July 1944 Phibun was forced to resign, and the dictatorship collapsed following Japan's surrender in 1945.", "The British forces returned in September 1945 and Singapore came under the British Military Administration. When the period of military administration ended in March 1946, the Straits Settlements was dissolved. On 1 April 1946, Singapore became a Crown Colony. Penang and Malacca became part of the Malayan Union in 1946, and later the Federation of Malaya in 1948.", "* July 12 – Chin Peng is exiled from Malaysia to Thailand and the Malayan state of emergency is lifted.", "During World War II , the Empire of Japan demanded the right to move troops across Thailand to the Malayan frontier. Japan invaded the country and engaged the Thai Army for six to eight hours before Plaek Pibulsonggram ordered an armistice . Shortly thereafter Japan was granted free passage, and on December 21, 1941, Thailand and Japan signed a military alliance with a secret protocol wherein Tokyo agreed to help Thailand regain territories lost to the British and French. Subsequently, Thailand undertook to 'assist' Japan in its war against the Allies, while at the same time maintaining an active anti-Japanese resistance movement known as the Seri Thai .", "Thailand waged the Franco-Thai War in October 1940 to May 1941 to reclaim territory from French Indochina. It became a formal ally of Japan from 25 January 1942.", "In 1932, a bloodless revolution resulted in a new constitutional monarchy . During World War II , Thailand was an ally with Japan while at the same time maintaining an active anti-Japanese resistance movement known as the Seri Thai. After the war, Thailand emerged as an ally of the United States . As with many of the developing nations during the Cold War , Thailand then went through decades of political transgression characterised by coups d'états as one military regime replaced another, but eventually progressed towards a stable prosperity and democracy in the 1980s.", "Begins July 7, 1937 after Japanese forces take the Marco Polo Bridge on the outskirts of Beijing. Japan eventually gives up extraterritoriality & pressures other foreign powers to do the same. Rape of Nanjing in December 1937, still a sore spot between China & Japan.", "In August 1945, the World War II ended. The British forces led by Lord Louis Moutbatten returned to Singapore to receive formal surrender of Japanese forces in the region from General Itagaki Seihiro and to govern Singapore under the British Military Administration. In March 1946 the period of military administration ended, the Straits Settlement was also dissolved. Singapore became a Crown Colony on 1 April 1946 while Malacca and Penang became part of the Malayan Union in 1946 and later the Federation of Malaya in 1948.", "Bangkok (in Thai, Krung Thep) suffered heavy damage during World War II . It was seized by the Japanese in December 1941, only a few days after Pearl Harbor and, in 1944 and 1945, it became the target of frequent bombing raids by Allied planes.", "As the war dragged on, the Thai population came to resent the Japanese presence. In June 1944, Phibun was overthrown in a coup d'état . The new civilian government under Khuang Aphaiwong attempted to aid the resistance while at the same time maintaining cordial relations with the Japanese." ]

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[ "Skylab was the first space station the United States launched into orbit.[23] The 100 short tons (91 t) station was in Earth orbit from 1973 to 1979, and was visited by crews three times, in 1973 and 1974.[23] It included a laboratory for studying the effects of microgravity, and a solar observatory.[23] A Space Shuttle was planned to dock with and elevate Skylab to a higher safe altitude, but Skylab reentered the atmosphere and was destroyed in 1979, before the first shuttle could be launched.[24]", "Skylab, the first US space station, was launched into orbit on May 14, 1973 as part of the Apollo program. This 91 metric ton structure was 36 meters (four stories) high, 6.7 meters in diameter and flew at an altitude of 435 km (270 miles). Three different Apollo crews manned Skylab during its 9 month mission: Charles Conrad, Joseph Kerwin, and Paul Weitz from May 25 to June 21, 1973; Alan Bean, Owen Garriott, and Jack Lousma from July 28 to September 24, 1973; and Gerald Carr, Edward Gibson, and William Pogue from November 16, 1973 to February 8, 1974.", "May 14, 1973: Skylab, the first United States manned space station, was launched in 1973. In this image, it is shown in orbit at the end of its mission in 1979 when it crashed back to Earth. The orbiting lab was designed by engineers at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. ", "Skylab, first U.S. space station , launched into Earth orbit on May 14, 1973. Three successive crews of visiting astronauts carried out investigations of the human body’s adaptation to the space environment , studied the Sun in unprecedented detail, and undertook pioneering Earth-resources observations.", "The United States launched its first space station, Skylab , in 1973. The mission experienced severe problems almost immediately, as on launch a meteorite shield tore off, ripping away a solar array and preventing the other from operating. The decrease in power represented a great obstacle.", "May 14: The last Saturn V rocket launches Skylab , America's first space station . The launch of space station was also known as \"Skylab 1\" mission. The station was occupied for 171 days by three crews.", "The U.S. retaliated in 1973 with Skylab, a much larger space station which used surplus Project Apollo hardware, essentially replacing the huge S-IVB third stage on a modified Saturn V; instead of propelling an Apollo to the moon, it would be outfitted as a station and stay in Earth orbit. Three crews (using Apollo spacecraft launched on smaller Saturn IB rockets) visited the station before space policy changed and the use of Apollo hardware was ended. NASA hoped to use the space shuttle to boost the station and visit it again, but delays to the shuttle's development and unexpectedly high atmospheric drag meant Skylab re-entered over Australia in 1979 and broke up. It was the first and only space station ever built by the USA alone.", "Before there was the International Space Station , before there was Mir , there was Skylab . Established in 1973, and remaining in orbit until 1979, this orbital space station was American’s first long-duration orbital workshop, and the ancestor of all those that have followed.", "The Skylab space station was launched May 14, 1973, from the NASA Kennedy Space Center by a huge Saturn V launch vehicle, the moon rocket of the Apollo Space Program. Sixty-three seconds after liftoff, the meteoroid shield--designed also to shade Skylab's workshop--deployed inadvertently. It was torn from the space station by atmospheric drag. This event and its effects started a ten-day period in which Skylab was beset with problems that had to be conquered before the space station would be safe and habitable for the three manned periods of its planned eight-month mission.", "1973: America launches its one and only space station -- Skylab -- weighing 77.5 tons and 118 feet long, one of the largest satellites ever sent to Earth orbit. Aboard the manned orbiting laboratory, astronuats conduct scientific research and keep an eye on USSR military installations. For nine months it serves as living quarters for three crews of astronauts.", "Of all the plans, only two were implemented: the Skylab space station (May 1973 – February 1974), and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (July 1975). Skylab 's fuselage was constructed from the second stage of a Saturn IB , and the station was equipped with the Apollo Telescope Mount , itself based on a lunar module . The station's three crews were ferried into orbit atop Saturn IBs , riding in CSMs; the station itself had been launched with a modified Saturn V . Skylab's last crew departed the station on February 8, 1974, while the station itself returned prematurely to Earth in 1979, by which time it had become the oldest operational Apollo component.", "Skylab, America’s first space station, is successfully launched into an orbit around the earth. Eleven days later, U.S. astronauts Charles Conrad, Joseph Kerwin, and Paul Weitz made a rendezvous with Skylab, repairing a jammed solar panel and conducting scientific experiments during their 28-day stay aboard the space station.", "Since 1971, 11 space stations launched into a low orbit around Earth have been occupied for varying lengths of time. In chronological order they are Salyut 1, Skylab , Salyuts 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, Mir , the International Space Station , and Tiangong 1 and 2.", "A total of three three-man crews were sent to the station, with the first crew launched May 25, 1973. Over the course of the project more than 740 hours were spent observing the Sun and over 175,000 solar pictures were taken -- including the first recordings of solar activity taken above Earth's atmosphere. Skylab also evaluated systems designed to gather information on Earth's resources and environmental conditions. Biomedical research conducted on the station indicated that man adapts well to space for periods of at least three months, provided he has a proper diet and adequately programmed exercise, sleep, work, and recreation periods.", "The Salyut 1 space station is launched by the Soviet Union and become the first space station in orbit. It remains in orbit until May 28, 1973.", "Meanwhile, the Soviets, having failed completely in their attempt at manned lunar landings, canceled the program in 1972. By then, however, they had already begun Salyut, the world’s first space station program, which began in 1971. This would have problems of its own, especially the tragic loss of the Soyuz 11 crew in July 1971 and the near-loss of the Soyuz 18a crew during launch in April 1975. It eventually proved a success, with missions as long as six months being conducted by the end of the decade.", "Almost forty years after the Mercury astronauts made their first brief forays into the new ocean of space, Earth orbit has become a busy arena of human activity. In that time, nearly 300 people have traveled into orbit on U.S. spacecraft. The first astronauts went along, stuffed into capsules barely large enough for their bodies, eating squeeze-tube food and peering out at the Earth through tiny portholes. Their flights lasted only a matter of hours. Today we routinely launch eight people at a time to spend a week living, working and exploring on board the Space Shuttle.", "A space station, also known as an orbital station or an orbital space station, is a spacecraft capable of supporting a crew, which is designed to remain in space (most commonly as an artificial satellite in low Earth orbit) for an extended period of time and for other spacecraft to dock. A space station is distinguished from other spacecraft used for human spaceflight by lack of major propulsion or landing systems. Instead, other vehicles transport people and cargo to and from the station. two space stations are in orbit: the International Space Station, which is permanently manned, and China's Tiangong-1 (which successfully launched on September 29, 2011), which is unmanned most of the time. Previous stations include the Almaz and Salyut series, Skylab, and most recently Mir.", "The world's second space station, Salyut 2, launched in April of 1973. It had been in space less than two weeks when the engine exploded. The space station tumbled out of control and crashed to Earth in May. Luckily, there were no cosmonauts onboard.", "Apollo 8, the second human spaceflight mission in the United States Apollo space program, was launched on December 21, 1968, and became the first manned spacecraft to leave Earth orbit, reach the Earth's Moon, orbit it and return safely to Earth. The three-astronaut crew — Commander Frank Borman, Command Module Pilot James Lovell, and Lunar Module Pilot William Anders — became the first humans to travel beyond low Earth orbit, the first to see Earth as a whole planet, the first to directly see the far side of the Moon, and then the first to witness Earthrise. The 1968 mission, the third flight of the Saturn V rocket and that rocket's first manned launch, was also the first human spaceflight launch from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, located adjacent to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.", "�Q. I believe the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Project was the first step leading to the current International Space Station. What do you think of that idea?", "From 1995 to 1998, seven American astronauts spent nearly 1000 days living in orbit with cosmonauts on board the Russian space station Mir. Called \"Phase 1,\" the Shuttle-Mir Program prepared the way for the International Space Station and began an era of cooperation and exploration, rarely seen in human history.", "Launched by the Soviet Union in 1971, the Salyut 1 space station orbited the Earth almost 3,000 times during its 175 days in space before intentionally crashing into the Pacific Ocean. The station stretched about 65 feet (20 meters) long and 13 feet (4 meters) in diameter at its widest point.", "Salyut 1 was the first space station put into orbit. The Soviets launched it from Baikonur Cosmodrome on April 19, 1971 using a three-stage Proton launch vehicle. It completed 362 orbits before deorbiting and reentering the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean in October. It was destroyed by frictional heating during its return.", "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest artificial body in orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles. ", "Sometimes the extra port was used for manned ships. The first visitor to a space station was Vladimir Remek of Czechoslovakia who visited Salyut 6 in 1978. [Ref. 6]", "A second docking port also meant long-duration resident crews could receive visitors. Visiting crews often included cosmonaut-researchers from Soviet bloc countries or countries sympathetic to the Soviet Union. Vladimir Remek of Czechoslovakia, the first space traveler not from the U.S. or the Soviet Union, visited Salyut 6 in 1978.", "In 1998, the first two modules of the International Space Station were launched and joined together in orbit. Other modules soon followed and the first crew arrived in 2000, starting an ongoing human presence in Earth's lower orbit. The journey continues.", "In 1993, President Bill Clinton secured Russia's cooperation in converting the planned Space Station Freedom into the International Space Station (ISS). Construction of the station began in 1998. The station orbits at an altitude of 409 km and an inclination of 51.65°.", "In-orbit construction on the Station began in November 1998, and it has been staffed non-stop with international crews since November 2000. The first Station crew, made up of U.S. commander Bill Shepherd and cosmonauts Yuri Gidzenko and Sergei Krikalev, was launched on board a Russian Soyuz spacecraft. The crew returned to Earth on the Space Shuttle Discovery in March 2001.", "A space station is a satellite like any other, except it can house people for long periods of time. Many unmanned satellites have been as large as a space station, have flown at the same altitudes and, in many ways, have been as complex. However, the significant difference is the life-support system built into the station to keep its human occupants alive and safe from the rigorous space environment. More than 100 men and women have lived and worked aboard space stations in Earth orbit.", "Salyut 4 was the third Soviet space station launched into orbit. It took off from Baikonur Cosmodrome on Dec. 26, 1974 at 4:15 Universal time. Salyut 4 was very similar to Salyut 1, with the addition of three rotatable solar arrays. Its on-orbit dry mass totaled 18,500 kilograms. It was designed to remain in orbit for approximately 60 days and carried extensive scientific equipment to conduct experiments for this period of time." ]

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[ "A hunting dog refers to a canine that hunts with or for humans. There are several types of hunting dogs developed for various tasks. The major categories of hunting dogs include hounds, terriers, dachshunds, cur type dogs, and gun dogs. Among these categories further divisions can be made based upon the dogs' skill sets.", "After the best of each breed has been chosen, they then compete against the others in their Group (in the UK, there are seven Groups: Toys, Gundogs, Utility, Hounds, Working, Pastoral, and Terriers) to find the Best in Group. The seven Group winners then compete to find the Best in Show and Reserve Best in Show.", "After the best of each breed has been chosen, they then compete against the others in their Group (in the UK, there are seven Groups: Toys, Gundogs, Utility, Hounds, Working, Pastoral, and Terriers) to find the Best in Group . The seven Group winners then compete to find the Best in Show and Reserve Best in Show.", "Sighthounds are different from scenthounds in their methods and adaptations. The long, lean head of the sighthound gives it a greater degree of binocular vision, and the body is usually quite slender with an elongated lower spine, giving a double suspension gallop when it runs. In many cases this class is older than the scenthound group: the greyhound, the Scottish Deerhound, and the Saluki have origins going well back into the Middle Ages and earlier. Their speed, agility and visual acuity are particularly adapted for coursing game in open meadows or steppes, and all of them are adapted for running down prey rather than just sniffing for them until they catch up. They are independent in nature, and are worked singly or in a \"brace\" of two or three dogs. Sighthounds are generally quiet and placid dogs compared to other hunting breeds, but are capable of explosive speed. Rhodesian Ridgebacks are one of the few hound breeds with both capabilities, and, though they are not the fastest runners, they are notable for having exceptionable endurance.", "*Sighthounds (also called gazehounds), which follow prey predominantly by speed, keeping it in sight. These dogs are fast and assist hunters in catching gamefox, hare, deer and elk.", "Gun dogs, also knows as bird dogs, are dog breeds developed to help duck and bird hunters locate and retrieve game. There are three primary classes of gundogs based upon their work method, divided into pointing breeds, flushing spaniels and retrievers. Within these classes are several types of bird dogs or gun dogs, which include setters, water dogs, and flushing spaniels.", "A hunt animal used to scent and trail, these hounds could have descended from other scent hounds like Bloodhounds, Basset Hounds, and Pointers. Their persistent trait in following around and digging all over could have come from the Terrier.", "Dogs compete in a hierarchical fashion at each show, where winners at lower levels are gradually combined to narrow the winners until the final round, where Best in Show is chosen, usually from among specials, dogs that have already completed their championships and are competing for group and best in show wins. At the lowest level, dogs are divided by breed. Each breed is divided into classes based on sex and, sometimes, age. Males (dogs) are judged first, then females (bitches). At the next level they are divided by group. At the final level, all dogs compete together under a specially trained all breed judge.", "Hounds were most commonly bred for hunting and scent tracking. To this day, these dogs are still being used for those jobs. Their strong sense of smell and stamina allow these dogs to follow a trail seamlessly. These dogs are very athletic and are physically built for their individual jobs. For example, the Bloodhound has unique folds on its forehead that shield its eyes when it lowers its head to pick up a scent. The Greyhound has a long-legged, slender body that allows it to propel itself forward in an instant to catch prey. The Beagle is equipped with a yodel-like bark that alerts its master of nearby game. Finally, the Basset Hound was bred with a white-tip tail, which allows hunters to find them in tall grasses (although this was problematic since some hunters mistook them for foxes).", "Fox hunting is usually undertaken with a pack of scent hounds, and, in most cases, these are specially bred foxhounds.", "The traditional foot pack consists of up to 40 Beagles, marshaled by a Huntsman who directs the pack and who is assisted by a variable number of whippers-in whose job is to return straying hounds to the pack. The Master of the Hunt is in overall day-to-day charge of the pack, and may or may not take on the role of Huntsman on the day of the hunt.", "\"The sport of fox hunting as it is practised in North America places emphasis on the chase and not the kill. It is inevitable, however, that hounds will at times catch their game. Death is instantaneous. A pack of hounds will account for their quarry by running it to ground, treeing it, or bringing it to bay in some fashion. The Masters of Foxhounds Association has laid down detailed rules to govern the behaviour of Masters of Foxhounds and their packs of hounds.\" [106]", "Dachshund:Merging the scrappiness of terriers and the tracking skills of hound breeds, the Germans developed the Dachshund centuries ago to hunt badgers. The dog’s development may have been complicated (their long bodies aided hunting in burrows), but the Germans stuck to a simple name. The dog breed that hunted badgers was called, most appropriately, a Badger Dog (aka, a Dachshund).", "Diminutive and full of vigor and character, the tri-colored beagle has been used for small game hunting for nearly two hundred years. A scent hound, they possess one of the best noses in the canine world – the bloodhound is the indisputable leader of the pack when it comes to scenting abilities, with the basset hound and beagle following as close runner-ups. That supreme scenting ability, combined with speed and agility, make beagles the top choice for rabbits, and their propensity to bark ensures that you’ll never lose track of their whereabouts.", "Have students choose one of the new vocabulary words that refers to the name of an animal group, such as gaggle, herd, murder, pack, pod, or smack. On a piece of white paper or card stock, invite students to draw a picture that shows the animal group at the top of the page. Then have them write a sentence at the bottom of the paper that fits the following pattern: A _______ is a group of _______. Assemble the page in a book about animal groups or display them on a bulletin board.", "In Germany, dachshunds are widely called Dackel (both singular and plural). Among hunters, they are mainly referred to as Teckel. There are kennels which specialize in breeding hunting dachshunds, the so-called jagdliche Leistungszucht (\"hunting performance breed\") or Gebrauchshundezucht (\"working dog breed\"), as opposed to breeding family dogs. Therefore, it is sometimes believed that Teckel is either a name for the hunting breed or a mark for passing the test for a trained hunting dog (called \"VGP\", \"Verband-Gebrauchsprüfung\") in Germany. It is not. ", "Modern hare coursing is practiced using a number of sighthounds: mainly greyhounds but also Borzois, Salukis, Whippets, and Deerhounds that are registered with a governing body such as the National Coursing Club or Kennel Club in Great Britain, the Irish Coursing Club, or the National Open Field Coursing Association (NOFCA) in the US. Events are conducted through local coursing clubs which are regulated by their governing body. The objective of legal formal coursing is to test and judge the athletic ability of the dogs rather than to kill the hare.", "Hunting-types are still used to find, track, or trail quarry, especially underground, and sometimes to bolt the quarry. Modern examples include the Jack Russell Terrier, Rat Terrier and the Patterdale Terrier. There are also the short legged terriers Such as the Cairn Terrier, Scottish Terrier, and West Highland White Terrier which were also used to kill small vermin.", "Dholes live in a group, or pack of 3 to 20 dogs. Working together, these medium-sized dogs can bring down big animals like deer and buffalo. As the pack chases their preyNoun: An animal that is hunted as food by another animal. Verb: To attempt to take an animal for food., they make a kind of whistling sound. This communication helps every dog know where it should be and what its job is. The whistle also helps dholes find each other if they get separated.", "Originally a hunting term from the training of hounds to come to a position close behind the hunter where they were under control.", "fewterer - one who keeps the hunting dogs [put it in whatever category you put falconers and hawkers]", "Nevertheless, the Bloodhound bay is among the most impressive of hound voices. When hunting in a pack they are expected to be in full cry. They are more likely to 'give tongue,' 'throw their tongue,' or 'speak' when hunting in a pack than when hunting singly, and more when hunting free than when on the leash. The quality of 'speaking to the line', that is giving tongue when on the correct scent while remaining silent when off it, is valued in British Bloodhound circles, on aesthetic grounds and because it makes it very easy to 'read' the hound's tracking behaviour. As a result, special trophies for speaking to the correct line are on offer at British working trials (where hounds hunt singly), although rarely awarded.", "Each type or breed of dog has been bred and developed to fill a particular niche for humans. This may be a very general job such as a companion dog's role, or it may be very practical such as a breed that has been developed as a gun or hunting dog, as a working dog or as a herding or flock guardian. Each breed, regardless of its size or abilities, has a special type of event or competition that they could, with work and practice, start to compete in. Some competitions will require that the dog be a registered purebred, while other events, typically the hunting and working trials, will be open to all dogs regardless of registry or lineage. Other events may be sponsored completely by one breed association and may be restricted to dogs that are registered through that group, club or association.", "Which is the finest puppy in a litter? Like moderns, the ancients looked for an adventurous and friendly nature, but one test for selecting the pick of the litter seems rather heartless today. Let the mother choose for you, advises Nemesianus, a Roman expert on hunting dogs. Take away her puppies, surround them with an oil-soaked string and set it on fire. The mother will jump over the ring of flames and rescue each puppy, one by one, in order of their merit. Other signs of an excellent hound are large, soft ears, instead of small and stiff. Upright ears are fine, but the best ears flop over just a bit. A long, supple neck adapts well to a collar. The chest should be broad, shoulder blades wide apart, and hind legs slightly longer than the front, for chasing rabbits uphill. The dog’s coat, whether long or short, can be any color, but the fur ought to be shiny, dense, and soft.", "Life in a group ensures greater protection against predators. Kiangs will position themselves in a circle, put their head down and start kicking predators with their legs. Because of that, wolves usually hunt solitary kiangs.", "Now one of the rarest large carnivores in East Africa, the hunting dog resembles a long-legged dog with prominent rounded ears, a black muzzle and face, and white tail tuft. Almost exclusively diurnal, the strictly carnivorous hunting dogs are relentless and formidable pack-hunters. Relatively small, they are also capable of bringing down prey twice their size.", "Classification: Class Mammalia (mammals), Order Carnivora, Family Canidae (foxes, wolves, dogs , hyenas ), Genus and species Fennecus zerda.", "(intransitive) (of gun dogs or hounds) to range over an area of ground in search of game or the scent of quarry", "A HOUND having started a Hare on the hillside pursued her for some distance, at one time biting her with his teeth as if he would take her life, and at another fawning upon her, as if in play with another dog. The Hare said to him, “I wish you would act sincerely by me, and show yourself in your true colors. If you are a friend, why do you bite me so hard? If an enemy, why do you fawn on me?”", "Readers may have heard about a pack of wolves or a litter of puppies, but do they know which animals make up a gaggle or a murder? In Gaggle, Herd, and Murder, readers learn the meaning of these terms and more. Engaging photographs support the text.", "A hare less than one year old is called a leveret. The collective noun for a group of hares is a \"drove\".", "Wolves are the largest extant wild members of the Family: Canidae. They are entirely wild animals and have been extremely difficult to domesticate. Wolves are highly intelligent animals with an exceptionally well-developed sense of smell, which is about 100 times more than that of a human. They are social predators and live in families. Pack is the referred term for an assemblage of wolves. Wolves are famous for their pack hunting, in which the pack follows the prey and surround so that the prey has no option but to fight alone for survival against a hungry and aggressive wolf pack. Wolves can usually run fast for a longer time, which is very useful for their predatory lifestyle. They have well adapted teeth for predation with sharp canines and molars. They are hard to train and aggressive animals. The muzzle is long in wolves, so that they can give a deep and hard bite on the prey. An interesting fact about wolves is that they rarely bark, but often howl in a spine-tingling frequency. Wolves shed their coat twice a year; they shed the winter coat in the spring and grow the short haired summer coat, and they shed that before the winter." ]

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[ "Petco Park is a baseball park located in the downtown area of San Diego, California, United States, that is home to the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball (MLB). The park opened in 2004, replacing Qualcomm Stadium, which the Padres shared with the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). Petco Park is named after the San Diego-based pet supplies retailer Petco, which paid for the naming rights until 2026. In addition to baseball, the park is also used as venue for concerts, football, golf, and rugby sevens.", "PETCO Park is the ballpark of the San Diego Padres, opening in 2004. The stadium has been incorporated into the downtown area, and the Western Metal Supply Co. building rests against the left side of the park. There is also a “Park at the Park” beyond the outfield, a grassy and inexpensive area for fans to watch the game.", "Petco Park — Home field for the San Diego Padres since 2004, this open air ball park seats more than 42,000 with breathtaking views of San Diego.", "Petco Park was one of the first parks in the Major Leagues to put a major focus on the fan experience, and the myriad bars, shops and restaurants that have popped up around the venue certainly lend credence to that. The Padres have also created Power Alley, a family entertainment area with live-action batting cages, a fast pitch game and various other engaging activities. Visitors to the park should also check out the Padres' Hall of Fame plaques. Opened in 2005, the Hall of Fame Porch pays tribute to some of the biggest names in baseball history, including Padres greats.", "As the Padres state on their website, Petco Park is �a relaxed yet dynamic atmosphere that reflects the San Diego lifestyle.� That�s a fitting description, as it really is an innovative ballpark with plenty of local flair, and as much a part of the vibrant downtown atmosphere as any in baseball -- so much so that the skyscrapers beyond right field have bleachers on top of them!", "Petco Park has been one of the most extreme pitcher-friendly ballparks in the majors since its opening. Following the conclusion of the 2012 season, the Padres announced that they were moving the fences in to make this ballpark more favorable to hitters than it had been previously. The left-center field wall was moved in from 402 feet to 390 feet, the right-center field wall was moved from 411 feet to 391 feet, and the right field wall was moved in from 360 feet to 349 feet. In addition, the visiting team bullpen was moved from foul territory in right field to behind the left-center field wall, right behind where the Padres bullpen is. The right field wall was also lowered from 11 feet to 8 feet, and the out-of-town scoreboard was relocated. ", "Petco Park ( San Diego Padres ) – A challenging factor in the design of this stadium was the presence of a historic structure, the Western Metal Supply Company Building, on the proposed ballpark site. Instead of being demolished, the building was integrated into the stadium, with the team store on the first floor and the other floors converted to suites. In fact, its southeast corner serves as the left field foul pole.", "The New York Mets are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of Queens. The Mets compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) East division. The Mets are one of two Major League clubs based in New York City; the other is the New York Yankees.", "The actual playing field is best described as cavernous and Petco Park is the best pitcher's park in Major League Baseball due to its dimensions. At 396 feet, center field is actually closer than the power alleys (401 in left, 400 in right), a rarity that makes home runs scarce and low scoring games the norm.", "*July 10 – The National League shuts out the American League, 8–0, in the 83rd All-Star Game played in Kansas City's Kaufmann Stadium. NL starting pitcher Matt Cain of the San Francisco Giants throws two shutout innings for the win, while teammates Pablo Sandoval and Melky Cabrera and Milwaukee Brewers' Ryan Braun contribute most of the offensive firepower. Sandoval hits a bases-loaded triple and scores one run during a five-run first inning off Detroit Tigers' Justin Verlander, while Braun doubles, triples and makes a fine catch in the outfield. Cabrera belts a two-run home run and scores two times to take home the MVP award. Atlanta Braves' 40-year-old Chipper Jones singles in his final All-Star at-bat as the NL, under retired manager Tony La Russa, once again claims home-field advantage in the World Series. ", "1971 - Veterans stadium in Philadelphia, PA was dedicated this day. At the time, it was the largest baseball park in the National League. A total of 56,371 fans could come out to see the Phillies play baseball or the Eagles play football. (Veterans Stadium was demolished on March 21, 2004 and the area where it stood is now a parking lot for the Philadelphia Phillies� Citizens Bank Park sporting complex.)", "The Western Metal Supply Co. building, a hundred-year old brick structure that had been scheduled for demolition to make way for Petco Park, was saved and incorporated into the design of the ballpark. The building was renovated and contains the team store, private suites, a restaurant and rooftop seating. The southeast corner of the building serves as the left field foul pole, and is protected by a strip of bright yellow angle iron.", "Retractable-roof parks can vary greatly in style, from the utilitarian ( Rogers Centre ), to those infused with retro elements (such as Minute Maid Park ), to the contemporary ( Marlins Park ). The style of each park reflects the popular architecture of the era in which it was built. (This differs from indoor ballparks — all of which were built during the time of multi-purpose parks, and thus reflected the same \"flying-saucer\" style.) When Rogers Centre opened in 1989, baseball was near the end of the modern and multi-purpose era. Chase Field , Safeco Field , Minute Maid Park , and Miller Park all opened in the middle of the retro era. When Marlins Park opened in 2012, it introduced a new and different style, and perhaps the beginning of a new era. [7] The Texas Rangers intend to build their new retractible roof ballpark in the retro style similar to their current ballpark, Globe Life Park . [8]", "The Arizona Diamondbacks, often shortened as the D-backs, are an American professional baseball franchise based in Phoenix, Arizona. The club competes in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member of the National League (NL) West division. Since the team's inception in 1998, the franchise has played home games at Chase Field, formerly known as Bank One Ballpark. The ballpark was renamed in 2005, as a result of Bank One Corporation's merger with JPMorgan Chase & Co. The Diamondbacks have won one World Series championship (in 2001), becoming the fastest expansion team in the Major Leagues to win a championship, doing it in only the fourth season since the franchise's inception in the 1998 Major League Baseball season.", "The Toronto Blue Jays are a professional baseball team based in Toronto , Ontario . The team plays in the East Division of the American League (AL), one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB) in North America. Since the Montréal Expos were relocated to Washington in 2004, the Toronto Blue Jays have been the only Canadian team in the MLB. The Toronto Blue Jays were founded in 1977 and were originally based at Exhibition Stadium. In 1989, they started playing at the Sky Dome (now the Rogers Centre ). The team has won six East Division titles, two AL pennants and two World Series titles.", "Retractable-roof parks can vary greatly in style, from the utilitarian (Rogers Centre), to those infused with retro elements (such as Minute Maid Park), to the contemporary (Marlins Park). The style of each park reflects the popular architecture of the era in which it was built. (This differs from indoor ballparks — all of which were built during the time of multi-purpose parks, and thus reflected the same \"flying-saucer\" style.) When Rogers Centre opened in 1989, baseball was near the end of the modern and multi-purpose era. Chase Field, Safeco Field, Minute Maid Park, and Miller Park all opened in the middle of the retro era. When Marlins Park opened in 2012, it introduced a new and different style, and perhaps the beginning of a new era. The Texas Rangers intend to build their new retractible roof ballpark in the retro style similar to their current ballpark, Globe Life Park. ", "Citi Field is a 41,922-seat stadium opened in April 2009 in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park that is the home ballpark of the New York Mets of Major League Baseball. Shea Stadium, the former home of the Mets and the New York Jets of the National Football League, as well as the temporary home of the New York Yankees and the New York Giants Football Team stood where Citi Field's parking lot is now located, operating from 1964 to 2008. ", "Behind the left field bleachers, the ballpark features an 80-foot (24 m) long Coca-Cola bottle with playground slides that will blow bubbles and light up with every Giants home run, and a miniature version of the stadium. If one were viewing the outfield promenade from home plate, directly to the bottle's right is another oversized representation of a ballpark stalwart, the baseball mitt — this particular one being a detailed replica of a vintage 1927 glove. Behind and further to the left is a miniature baseball diamond — sort of a minor league tryout for Pee-Wee Ball.", "The Colorado Rockies were created as an expansion franchise in 1993 and Coors Field opened in 1995. The Rockies advanced to the playoffs that year, but were eliminated in the first round. In 2007, they advanced to the playoffs as a wild-card entrant, won the NL Championship Series, and brought the World Series to Denver for the first time but were swept in four games by the Boston Red Sox .", "On August 10, 2010, the Nationals unveiled a \"Ring of Honor\" at Nationals Park to honor Major League Baseball Hall of Fame members from the Washington Nationals, original Washington Senators (1901–1960), expansion Washington Senators (1961–1971), Homestead Grays, and Montreal Expos. The ring includes: ", "Factory-sealed, bottled water that is twenty (20) ounces or less and soft-sided single juice or milk containers are the only outside beverages permitted in to Petco Park. Guests with disabilities may bring factory-sealed plastic or paper containers that contain liquids required for medical reasons into the ballpark.", "Dodger Stadium, occasionally referenced by local sportscasters with the metonym Chavez Ravine, is a stadium in Los Angeles. Located adjacent to Downtown Los Angeles, Dodger Stadium has been the home ballpark of Major League Baseball's Los Angeles Dodgers team since 1962. Dodger Stadium was constructed from 1959 to 1962 at a cost of $23 million, financed by private sources. Dodger Stadium is currently the third-oldest ballpark in Major League Baseball, after Fenway Park in Boston and Wrigley Field in Chicago and is, by seating capacity, the largest baseball-specific stadium in the United States. The stadium hosted the 1980 MLB All-Star Game, as well as games of the 1963, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1981, and 1988 World Series. It also hosted the semifinals and finals of the 2009 World Baseball Classic as well as exhibition baseball during the 1984 Summer Olympics. The 2012 season marked the fiftieth anniversary of the stadium. For the first time at Dodger Stadium, a soccer tournament featuring four clubs, Real Madrid, Everton, Juventus, and Los Angeles Galaxy, were played on August 3, 2013, in a doubleheader. The field dimensions were from the third base side to right field, temporary grass was covered on the pitcher's mound and the infield. The tournament was a semifinal and Real Madrid defeated Everton 2-1 and Los Angeles Galaxy defeated Juventus 3-1.", "The Cubs' current spring training facility is located in Sloan Park in |Mesa, Arizona, where they play in the Cactus League. The park seats 15,000, making it Major League baseball's largest spring training facility by capacity. The Cubs annually sell out most of their games both at home and on the road. Before Sloan Park opened in 2014, the team played games at HoHoKam Park – Dwight Patterson Field from 1979. \"HoHoKam\" is literally translated from Native American as \"those who vanished.\" The North Siders have called Mesa their spring home for most seasons since 1952.", "*Miller Park (Milwaukee Brewers) – Like Safeco Field, Miller Park has a retractable roof. In the left field corner houses \"Bernie's Dugout\", the home of the Brewers mascot, Bernie Brewer. At the beginning of the game, after every Brewers home run, and if the Brewers win, fireworks go off and Bernie slides down his slide. He also hangs \"K\"s to signify strikeouts. In 2006, a picnic area was added in right field. The retractable roof is unique in that it folds and unfolds like a fan, from a single pivot point, rather than sliding in parallel sections as most do. The arc-shaped trusses needed to support this roof make the ballpark nearly twice as high as it would be without a roof, dominating its surroundings.", "•In death: The Dodgers moved to Los Angeles after the 1957 season. The park was demolished in 1960 and was followed by construction of Ebbets Field Apartments. A plaque was placed in one corner of the building to note the ballpark.", "Yankee Stadium is a stadium located in the the Bronx, a borough of New York City. It serves as the new home ballpark for the New York Yankees, replacing the previous Yankee Stadium, built in 1923.", "Wrigley Field is a baseball stadium in Chicago, Illinois, United States that has served as the home ballpark of the Chicago Cubs since 1916. It was built in 1914 as Weeghman Park for the Chicago Federal League baseball team, the Chicago Whales. It was called Cubs Park between 1920 and 1926 before being renamed for then Cubs team owner and chewing gum magnate, William Wrigley Jr.. Between 1921 and 1970 it was also the home of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League.", "* Coca-Cola Sky Field: Along the Left Field Corner of the Upper Level and sponsored by Atlanta-based Coca-Cola, Sky Field is a large standing room area from which fans can view the game. The area contains a base path which kids can run during the games, as well as an unobstructed view of the downtown Atlanta skyline and the former Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium site. Rising above Sky Field is a giant Coca-Cola Bottle. The original bottle was designed and outfitted with baseball equipment; however, a new modern \"glass\" bottle featuring a video screen serving as the bottle's label replaced the original during the 2009 season. Many of the pieces of the original bottle are now on display at the World of Coca-Cola in Atlanta.", "Chase Field opened in 1998, coinciding with the establishment of the Diamondbacks. The park was the first in the United States to have a retractable roof, which has been exceptionally useful in the extreme arizona heat. N", "Rangers Ballpark is the home for the Texas Rangers. The park opened in 1994 as a replacement to Arlington Stadium. The park was designed as a “retro” stadium and references several older ballparks. Rangers Ballpark is known as being hitter firendly, with short walls and swirling winds.", "Coors Field opened in 1995 and serves as the home ballpark for the Colorado Rockies. The park is one of only two that features an underground heating system. The seats in the upper deck of the stadium are over 1 mile above sea level. Because of lower air density, the park has very large outfield dimensions, which has led to it becoming a hitter friendly park.", "Miller Park is the home of the Milwaukee Brewers, and was opened in 2001 after 6 years of construction. The stadium features a retractable roof, so the stadium can be covered during bad weather. The playing surface is still grass, despite the roof, and grass growth is aided by numerous windows allowing in light. The park is praised for its excellent design and atmosphere." ]

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[ "Rennet are enzymes from the stomach of an unweaned calf, containing rennin and its used used in curdling milk for cheese. In case of vegetarian cheese microbial rennet or rennet derived from plants is used.", "Rennet: Animal rennet is an enzyme (rennin) extracted from the 4th stomach of an unweaned calf. It is used in the cheesemaking process to break down the milk proteins so that they will coagulate into curds. Today the use of vegetable rennet (derived from artichoke, thistle and nettle plants), as well as microbial rennet (an enzyme extracted from mold) are commonly used instead of animal rennet. See Vegetarian Cheese.", "Rennet - A natural enzyme obtained from the stomach of calves or lamb. It is used to coagulate or curdle milk when making cheese.", "Rennet is a group of enzymes that are added to milk to help it to separate into curds and whey. These are naturally occurring enzymes found in a calf's stomach and are vital to the cheese making process. The traditional method involves having the stomachs of young calves dried, cleaned and then used to create a solution which naturally coagulates milk. The proper concentration of the solution is added to the milk and the process goes on from there.", "The key ingredient in making halloumi is fresh milk which, according to the Standard, CY 594/1985 is either sheep or goat or a mixture of these with or without cowοΏ½s milk. The remainder materials are rennet (excluding rennet coming out from the stomach of pigs), salt and mint, fresh or dried. Rennet is a natural enzyme which is derived from the stomach of the young calves. Current practices involve the use of laboratory developed rennet from microbial elements. The milk that is used for making all cheese products should be of the highest quality, especially with regard to its chemical and microbiological composition, free from any impurities.", "While rennet was traditionally produced via extraction from the inner mucosa of the fourth stomach chamber of slaughtered young, unweaned calves, most rennet used today in cheesemaking is produced recombinantly. The majority of the applied chymosin is retained in the whey and, at most, may be present in cheese in trace quantities. In ripe cheese, the type and provenance of chymosin used in production cannot be determined.", "Rennet is a coagulating enzyme used to curdle milk, causing clumps (curds) to form and separate from the liquid (whey). Rennet is added after the cultures and is also integral to the final flavor of the cheese. Until recently, rennet was derived from the stomach lining of a calf, goat or lamb. Now, many cheesemakers use vegetable rennets (derived from plants) or microbial rennets. In addition to being less expensive than traditional animal rennets, vegetable and microbial rennets allow cheesemakers to craft cheeses suitable for vegetarians. All Beecher's cheeses are made using microbial rennets. For more information about the cheesemaking process see Cheesemaking 101 .", "Rennet is a complex of enzymes produced in the stomachs of ruminant mammals. Chymosin, its key component, is a protease enzyme that curdles the casein in milk. This helps young mammals digest their mothers' milk. Rennet can also be used to separate milk into solid curds for cheesemaking and liquid whey. In addition to chymosin, rennet contains other important enzymes such as pepsin and a lipase.", "What are rennet, rennin, and chymosin? Take a deep breath. According to Webster's Unabridged Dictionary rennet is \"the lining membrane of the fourth stomach of the calf (and/or) a preparation or extract of the rennet membrane, used to curdle milk, as in making cheese….\" In layman's terms, rennet is essentially a broad term used to describe any enzyme used to coagulate milk, and rennin and chymosin are enzymes found in rennet.", "Cheese is made mostly from the milk of cows but sometimes,also from other mammals, including sheep, goats, buffalo, reindeer, camels and yaks. Cheese is made by curdling milk and using rennet ( rennet is an enzyme produced in the stomach lining of young animals).These days vegetarian rennet made from plants are used to make vegetarian cheeses", "Rennet is an enzyme which acts on protein and causes it to coagulate. There are two sources of rennet enzyme. Animal rennet is an enzyme which is extracted from the fourth stomach of calves. Vegetable based rennet contains no animal products and has the same coagulating ability as animal rennet when used in milk that has been ripened (acidified) by a cheese starter bacterium. This rennet is available in tablet and liquid form. Rennet must be diluted with distilled water prior to adding to milk. Rennet must be refrigerated.", "Rennet comes from the stomachs of young mammals that have a diet of mostly milk. Rennet from calf stomachs was the major source of chymosin until the 1960s when it was predicted that increasing demand for meat and increasing cheese production would lead to a shortage of calves and therefore a shortage of rennet. This led to the development of substitutes including extracts from adult cows and pigs, fungi and, more recently, microorganisms that have been genetically modified (GM) to yield GM rennet. GM rennet is the most commonly used today because it is the most cost-effective to produce.", "The substance that is put in cheese is rennet; it is a yellowish white substance in a vessel of skin which is extracted from the stomach of a calf or nursing lamb. A little of it is added to the milk, which curdles and becomes cheese. ", "Now making cheese in lamb stomachs is great, but look at the size of it. If you want to make large amounts of cheese you really need to be able to use bigger containers. To do so rennet needed to be obtained from baby animal stomachs. ", "The active principle in rennet is an enzyme called chymosin, and coagulation takes place shortly after the rennet is added to the milk. The renneting process operates in several stages; it is customary to distinguish these as follows:", "The more modern approach follows the same idea. Calf stomachs are frozen, milled and then the enzyme is extracted. Acid is added to activate the enzymes and the rennet is filtered and made ready for use. Since stomach acid is unavailable, some cheese makers use citric acid to create the reaction.", "In hogs' stomachs. A clotting agent. In some cheeses and vitamins. Same uses and alternatives as Rennet.", "I believe that the bags made from cleaned but not scraped or boiled baby animal stomachs were deliberately used to produce milk chyme, which we today call cheese. Like this dry sheep stomach bag, that is used for cheese fermenting process on a farm in Darguziai village in Lithuania . One stomach bag can be used for cheese production for the whole year.", "A: The answer is D. Most often, \"rennet\" is animal-based and \"enzymes\" are vegetable- or microbial-based. Bottom line? If you're a strict vegetarian, always contact the manufacturer for details.", "Once the cow takes any food to its mouth, it is slightly chewed and swallowed. This partially digested food is then reaches the first compartment, “The Rumen” through the alimentary canal known as esophagus. It is the largest of all compartments that can hold up to 150-200 liters of partially digested food. Bacteria found in this compartment softens the food, breaks down the components and (fibre, cellulose, lignin and hemi-cellulose) and produce energy. This process result in the production of 500-1500 litres of gas per day (30% of the total gas is methane which will be expelled during belching). Once the fermentation gets over, the food is expelled to the next compartment.", "With millions of ruminants in Britain , including 10 million cows, a strong push is underway to curb methane emissions there. Cows contribute 3 percent of Britain's overall greenhouse gas emissions and 25 to 30 percent of its methane. In New Zealand , where cattle and sheep farming are major industries, 34 percent of greenhouse gases come from livestock. A three-year study, begun in April 2007 by Welsh scientists, is examining if adding garlic to cow feed can reduce their methane production. The study is ongoing, but early results indicate that garlic cuts cow flatulence in half by attacking methane-producing microbes living in cows' stomachs [Source: BBC News ] . The researchers are also looking to see if the addition of garlic affects the quality of the meat or milk produced and even if the animals get bad breath.", "Many other efforts are underway to reduce ruminant methane production, such as attempting to breed cows that live longer and have better digestive systems. At the University of Hohenheim in Germany, scientists created a pill to trap gas in a cow's rumen -- its first stomach -- and convert the methane into glucose. However, the pill requires a strict diet and structured feeding times, something that may not lend itself well to grazing.", "Camembert is made from unpasteurized cow's milk, and is ripened by the moulds Penicillium candida and Penicillium camemberti for at least three weeks. It is produced in small rounds, about 250 grams in weight, which are wrapped in paper and boxed in thin wooden boxes.", "Other components found in raw cow's milk are living white blood cells, mammary gland cells, various bacteria, and a large number of active enzymes.", "What happens in the rumen and other parts of the digestive tract after the cow has ripped off several bites seems almost miraculous. Although we see the cow feeding itself, in fact it is feeding the billions of microbes in the four compartments of the cow’s ‘stomach’. Few other animals can turn sunshine, water, and grass into more useful products for man than the cow.", "Paris Creek Bio-dynamic farm is our supplier of certified organic/bio-dynamic, non-homogenized whole cow's milk, which we use to culture our kefir, when goat's milk is not available.", "Technically speaking ,cow or any cud-chewing ruminant has four different compartments  interconnected as one    stomach in their digestive system. So when the cow eats any food, it is processed through all four chambers ( Rumen, Reticululum, Omasum, Abomasum ) before the goodness of food drawn out.These 4 compartments are often mistaken for 4 stomachs.", "Cows have 4 digestive department inside a cows stomach region. These digestive departments names are rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum.", "A cow is a ruminant that has one stomach with four digestive compartments. These four compartments are the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum.", "Ruminant are mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through bacterial action", "16. Godoy-Vitorino F, Goldfarb KC, Karaoz U, Leal S, Garcia-Amado MA, et al. Comparative analyses of foregut and hindgut bacterial communities in hoatzins and cows. ISME J. 2012;6:531–541. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ]", "The cause, Clostridium perfringens (usually type C or D) are a normal part of the intestinal flora of all ruminants. Overeating disease or enterotoxemia tends to occur when diets rich in protein, starch and  sugars and low in long-stem fiber are fed. In those conditions, rumen pH drops (increased acidity) and stomach and intestinal motility slows allowing C. perfringens to rapidly overgrow the animals normal bacterial flora and increase to toxic levels. " ]

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[ "A. A persvasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following.", "The DSM-IV is the short name for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition published by the American Psychiatric Association . It is the standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals.", "A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety o contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:", "A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:", "* Avoidant personality disorder: social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation and avoidance of social interaction.", "The DSM-IV is a categorical classification system. The categories are prototypes, and a patient with a close approximation to the prototype is said to have that disorder. DSM-IV states, \"there is no assumption each category of mental disorder is a completely discrete entity with absolute boundaries\" but isolated, low-grade and noncriterion (unlisted for a given disorder) symptoms are not given importance. Qualifiers are sometimes used, for example mild, moderate or severe forms of a disorder. For nearly half the disorders, symptoms must be sufficient to cause \"clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning\", although DSM-IV-TR removed the distress criterion from tic disorders and several of the paraphilias due to their egosyntonic nature. Each category of disorder has a numeric code taken from the ICD coding system, used for health service (including insurance) administrative purposes.", "A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:", "A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:", "A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:", "Different from previous formulations, the DSM-IV description of the disorder places emphasis on the pattern of sullen and irritable moods and negativistic attitudes (DSM-IV, APA, 1994).", "A. A persvasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, athe expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following.", "Social inhibition can range from normal reactions to social situations to a pathological level, associated with psychological disorders like social anxiety or social phobia. Life events are important and are related to our well-being and inhibition levels.Gable, S. L., Reis, H. T., & Elliot, A. J. (2000). Behavioral activation and inhibition in everyday life. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 78(6), 1135-1149. doi", "[†] American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), 1994 (text revision, DMS-IV-TR, 2000), codes 302.6 and 302.85.", "Also see: DSM-IV == Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; Published by the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 1994; pages 658-661.", "antisocial personality: According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV, this term describes someone with a basic disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age fifteen years, as indicated by three or more of the following: failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest; deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure; impulsivity or failure to plan ahead ; irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults; reckless disregard for safety of self or others; consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations; lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.", "Type of DSM-IV classification. The presence of a real stressor (move, divorce, city life) that results in decreased functioning. ", "Previously, the DSM-IV organized each psychiatric diagnosis into five dimensions (axes) relating to different aspects of disorder or disability:", "Type of DSM-IV classification. Creating physical complaints through fabrication or self-infliction (ingesting toxins, for example) in order to assume the sick role. ", "People with Avoidant Personality Disorder often appraise every movement and expression of those whom they are around. They can be fearful and tense which can elicit the ridicule of others which confirm preconceived self-doubts. They tend to be very anxious thinking that they will react to criticism with crying or blushing. Others describe them as \"shy,\" \"lonely,\" \"timid,\" and \"isolated.\" Their major problems are in social and occupational functioning. Their low self-esteem and hypersensitivity to rejection can restrict interpersonal contacts. Individuals may become isolated and do not usually have a large social support network to help them. They want affection and acceptance and fantasize over idealized relationships. The avoidance behaviors also adversely affect occupational functioning because of the fear the individuals have of social situations. They may try to avoid situations that are important for jobs and advancements.", "Unlike specific phobias, social phobias include fear of public situations and scrutiny which leads to embarrassment or humiliation in the diagnostic criteria.", "The DSM-5 describes ASPD as a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others occurring since age 15, as indicated by three (or more ) of the following:", "• Avoidance Personality Disorder a fearful sensitivity to rejection that causes a person to withdraw from social interaction.", "Social phobia is an extreme fear of social situations such as speaking in public and interacting with others. The fear can be so extreme it can affect one's relationships with friends, family, and work colleagues. People with social phobia are terrified of being embarrassed in social situations. Social phobia is also sometimes called social anxiety disorder.", "Sociophobia - fear or dislike of society or people in general. Social anxiety is a term used to describe an experience of anxiety (emotional discomfort, fear, apprehension or worry) regarding social situations and being evaluated by other people. It occurs early in childhood as a normal part of social functioning. People vary in how often they experience social anxiety or in which kinds of situations. It can be related to shyness or other emotional or temperamental factors, but its exact nature is still the subject of research and theory. Extreme social anxiety can be disabling and may be diagnosed as social anxiety disorder (social phobia).", "Since the criteria for personality disorders include friction or conflict between the patient and his or her social environment, these syndromes are open to redefinition as societies change. Successive editions of DSM have tried to be sensitive to cultural differences, including changes over time, when defining personality disorders. One category that had been proposed for DSM-III-R, self-defeating personality disorder, was excluded from DSM-IV on the grounds that its definition reflected prejudice against women. DSM-IV recommends that doctors take a patient's background, especially recent immigration, into account before deciding that he or she has a personality disorder. One criticism that has been made of the general category of personality disorder is that it is based on Western notions of individual uniqueness. Its applicability to people from cultures with different definitions of human personhood is thus open to question. Furthermore, even within a culture, it can be difficult to define the limits of \"normalcy.\"", "A mental health professional can diagnose phobias after a detailed interview and discussion of both mental and physical symptoms. Social phobia is often associated with other anxiety disorders, depression , or substance abuse.", "A mental health professional can diagnose phobias after a detailed interview and discussion of both mental and physical symptoms. Social phobia is often associated with other anxiety disorders, depression, or substance abuse.", "He suffered from antisocial-personnality disoder: A persistent challenge of irresponsible and antisocial behavior that begins in adolescence or childhood and continues into the adult years.", "Families can talk about what it feels like to be a social outsider. Why are kids sometimes mean to others who are different from them? What is the meaning of the term \"scapegoat\"?", "The neurotic individual may be described with great usefulness as a grown-up person who retains his childhood attitudes toward the ' world. That is to say, a neurotic adult may be said to behave as if he were actually afraid of a spanking, or of his mother's disapproval, or of being abandoned by his parents, or having his food taken away from him. It is as if his childish attitudes of fear and threat reaction to a dangerous world had gone underground, and untouched by the growing up and learning processes, were now ready to be called out by any stimulus that would make a child feel endangered and threatened.", "The various psychoses involve deficits in the autonomous ego functions (see above) of integration (organization) of thought, in abstraction ability, in relationship to reality and in reality testing. In depressions with psychotic features, the self-preservation function may also be damaged (sometimes by overwhelming depressive affect). Because of the integrative deficits (often causing what general psychiatrists call \"loose associations\", \"blocking\", \"flight of ideas\", \"verbigeration\", and \"thought withdrawal\"), the development of self and object representations is also impaired. Clinically, therefore, psychotic individuals manifest limitations in warmth, empathy, trust, identity, closeness and/or stability in relationships (due to problems with self-object fusion anxiety) as well.", "In the 1960s historians and social critics drew the attention of the general public to narcissism as a metaphorical description of Western culture in general. These writers saw several parallels between trends in the larger society and the personality traits of people diagnosed with narcissistic disorders. In short, they argued that the advanced industrial societies of Europe and the United States were contributing to the development of narcissistic disorders in individuals in a number of respects. Some of the trends they noted include the following:" ]

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[ "A philatelist, or stamp collector, would be interested in collecting a penny black stamp. Conversely, a numismatist is a collector of coins; a conchologist is a collector of sea shells or a scientist who studies mollusc shells.", "When the word \"seashells\" refers only to the shells of marine mollusks, then studying seashells is part of conchology. Conchologists or serious collectors who have a scientific bias are in general careful not to disturb living populations and habitats: even though they may collect a few live animals, most responsible collectors do not often over-collect or otherwise disturb ecosystems.", "Which of the following would be interested in collecting a penny black: a conchologist, a numismatist, or a philatelist?", "Malacology [1] is the branch of invertebrate zoology which deals with the study of the Mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species [2] after the arthropods . Mollusks include snails and slugs , clams , octopus and squid , and numerous other kinds, many (but by no means all) of which have shells . One division of malacology, conchology , is devoted to the study of mollusk shells.", "During the Renaissance people began taking interest in natural objects of beauty to put in cabinets of curiosities. Because of their attractiveness, variety, durability and ubiquity, shells became a large part of these collections. Towards the end of the 17th century, people began looking at shells with scientific interest. Martin Lister in 1685–1692 published Historia Conchyliorum, which was the first comprehensive conchological text, having over 1000 engraved plates.", "The study of zoology, including conchology, was revolutionized by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus and his system of binomial nomenclature. 683 of the 4000 or so animal species he described are now considered to be molluscs, although Linnaeus placed them in several phyla at the time. ", "R. Tucker Abbott was the most prominent conchologist of the 20th century. He authored dozens of books and was museum director of the Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum, bringing the world of seashells to the public. His most prominent works are American Seashells, Seashells of the World, and The Kingdom of the Seashell.", "In October of 1972, the Conchologists of America organization was born. Eight enthusiastic shell collectors met at the Newport (Rhode Island) Motor Inn. They were: Kirk Anders of Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Mrs. Robert Armstrong of Westford, Massachusetts; Carl Erickson of Auburn, Massachusetts; Dorothy and Robert Janowsky of Brooklyn, New York; Mrs. Bette Rachlin of Brookline, Massachusetts; Miss. Mavis Walkup of Clovis, New Mexico and John Paduano of Newport, Rhode Island, COA's founder. Bette Rachlin was elected as the first COA president.", "The original COA by-laws stated that \"a newsletter shall be sent periodically to members covering club activities, and for the exchange of thoughts, ideas and experiences in the field of Conchology.\" This newsletter, called Conchologists of America Bulletin, was first edited by Frank Nelson. The publication grew and developed under several different editors with the current editor, Lynn Scheu, taking over in 1987. The Bulletin's name was changed to American Conchologist in 1987 and today it is published as a quarterly, well-respected journal with a worldwide circulation.", "Professional fishermen assisted the ichthyologists with their work. Joseph Morrison, a curator in the Division of Mollusks, had broad interests in natural history and collected a wide variety of invertebrates from the lagoons and reefs, totaling some 200,000 mollusks and 8,000 miscellaneous marine invertebrate specimens for the museum collections. An ornithologist by avocation, he also went ashore to collect birds, mammals, plants and land invertebrates. Other scientists collected plants, mammals, and marine fish, while oceanographers conducted studies of currents, tides, and reefs.", "Oceanography, or marine science, is the branch of Earth science that studies the ocean. It covers a wide range of topics, including marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within it: biology, chemistry, geology, meteorology, and physics as well as geography.", "Two systematists of the 17th and 18th centuries were the English naturalist John Ray and the Swedish naturalist and explorer Carolus Linnaeus . Ray, who studied at Cambridge, was particularly interested in the work of the ancient compilers of herbals, especially those who had attempted to formulate some means of classification. Recognizing the need for a classification system that would apply to both plants and animals, Ray employed in his classification schemes extremely precise descriptions for genera and species. By basing his system on structures, such as the arrangement of toes and teeth in animals, rather than colour or habitat, Ray introduced a new and very important concept to taxonomic biology.", "The Oyster Cove people attracted contemporaneous international scientific interest from the 1860s onwards, with many museums claiming body parts for their collections. Scientists were interested in studying Tasmanian Aborigines from a physical anthropology perspective, hoping to gain insights into the field of paleoanthropology . For these reasons, they were interested in individual Aboriginal body parts and whole skeletons .", "Paleontology or palaeontology (, or,) is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present). It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). Paleontological observations have been documented as far back as the 5th century BC. The science became established in the 18th century as a result of Georges Cuvier's work on comparative anatomy, and developed rapidly in the 19th century. The term itself originates from Greek παλαιός, palaios, i.e. \"old, ancient\", ὄν, on (gen. ontos), i.e. \"being, creature\" and λόγος, logos, i.e. \"speech, thought, study\".", "Ichthyologists identify and classify many different fish species. They study the behavior and anatomy of fish and are involved in observation, handling, and breeding activities. They also study how fish interact with their habitats and with other animals. Many ichthyologists perform research activities and gather a variety of data. Some travel to many different parts of the world to gather specimens. Many ichthyologists work to establish suitable environments and habitats for many different types of fish. Others observe the population and health needs of certain fish. They help keep a stable population of specific breeds, especially ones that are endangered in the wild. Many ichthyologists specialize in a specific type of fish such as marine or freshwater species.", "Ichthyology is a branch of zoology that focuses on the study of fish. Ichthyologists are biological scientists that specialize in the examination of a variety of different species of fish.", "In geology and geography, an important role has been played by the deep-sea studies begun in the 1940’s by A. Piccard and continued since 1966 by his son J. Piccard; the Piccards designed new bathyscaphes. Research is also being carried on in volcanol-ogy, alpine geology, tectonics, geodesy, geophysics, and meteorology; A. Rittmann has performed especially valuable investigations in volcanology, R. Staub in alpine geology, and E. Begman in tectonics.", "A good number of very skilled malacologists are of course alive and hard at work today (there are many more species to be described than have already been found so far, and DNA and advanced dissection work are revising our taxonomic understanding - sometimes radically!).  Some of these will be covered in an upcoming addition to this section. Meanwhile, I would appreciate any information that would help in this task! ( Contact me ) ", "Curviers’ studies of fossil mammals instated him as a leader, and probable founder to the modern science of vertebrate palaeontology. Curvier did not just specialise in one field of study, preferring to writing papers on many different species, including the terrestrial extinct species of rhinoceros, and elephant (as mentioned previously), as well as many marine and avian species, including the fossil species of manatee and seals.", "Obvious zoological methods are used also in malacological research. Various malacological field methods and laboratory methods (such as collecting, documenting and archiving, and molecular techniques) were summarized by Sturm et al. (2006). [5]", "When on board H.M.S. Beagle, as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the inhabitants of South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species�that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers. On my return home, it occurred to me, in 1837, that something might perhaps be made out on this question by patiently accumulating and reflecting on all sorts of facts which could possibly have any bearing on it. After five years work I allowed myself to speculate on the subject, and drew up some short notes; these I enlarged in 1844 into a sketch of the conclusions, which then seemed to me probable; from that period to the present day I have steadily pursued the same object. I hope that I may be excused for entering on these personal details, as I give them to show that I have not been hasty in coming to a decision.", "As HMS Beagle surveyed the coasts of South America, Darwin began to theorise about the wonders of nature around him.The Beagle survey took five years, two-thirds of which Darwin spent exploring on land. He studied a rich variety of geological features, fossils and living organisms, and met a wide range of people, both native and colonial. He methodically collected an enormous number of specimens, many of them new to science. This established his reputation as a naturalist and made him one of the precursors of the field of ecology, particularly the notion of biocoenosis. His extensive detailed notes showed his gift for theorising and formed the basis for his later work, as well as providing social, political and anthropological insights into the areas he visited.", "Few people in the world study the mysterious cephalopods, who cruise the world's oceans suspended in the water column, tucked away inside their delicate shells. Encounters are rare, so when we stumbled across footage of an argonaut school, we reached out to one such scientist:  Dr Julian Finn of Museum Victoria. Much to our surprise, he'd never seen anything like it.", "WHEN on board HMS Beagle, as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the inhabitants of South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species—that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers. ", "Painstaking detective work involving sediments of the deep sea has enabled scientists to derive a wealth of information on ocean currents of the distant ?????epast. What is just mud to a lay-person, provides a valuable archive of past climate data to the expert. Like tree rings or the annual layers of snow accumulated on glaciers, the sediments at the sea bottom preserve information on the environmental conditions from the time they were formed. It is even possible to distinguish between conditions at the sea surface and at the bottom, as the prime source of data are the shells of tiny organisms. Under the microscope, the abundance of different species can be counted and identified as surface or bottom dwellers. The chemical composition of their shells has been determined by the temperature, salinity and nutrient content of the waters the organisms lived in, which in turn reveals information on the ocean currents of the time.", "The ASDM occupies a crucial niche in regional conservation and research efforts. Over its history, it has played a vital role in Mexican wolf recovery; protecting Islands in the Gulf of California and Tropical Deciduous Forest in southern Sonora, Mexico; direct salvage, augmentation, and reintroduction of at-risk reptiles and amphibians; developing a better understanding of venomous reptiles and their venoms; establishing regional coordination centers for invasive species management, as well as recognizing the importance of pollinators and documenting the impacts of climate change on mountain “sky island” biota. A number of prominent science and conservation leaders have stewarded the Museum’s research efforts over time, including Lew Walker, Richard Felger, Tom Van Devender, Gary Nabhan, and Richard Brusca. Today this work continues under the stewardship of several senior team members, including Debra Colodner, Craig Ivanyi and Stephane Poulin.", "First discovery was of a large tree trunk washed up onto the beach by recent high tides and strong surf. Approached from a distance it had the appearance of an ordinary driftwood log, but closer inspection revealed an entire colony of attached shells, a living population of a type hard to identify. It was at once both beautiful and sad, a fascinating arrangement of clustered shells filled with creatures drying out and on the verge of death. It lasted only a few hours before being cut up and hauled away by the Beach Patrol. The sharpness of the shells and the possibility of the log being once more submerged by a rising tide made it a hazard on a beach still used by fishermen, swimmers and surfers. Who knows where the tree trunk entered the water and when that might have been?", "Petersen, K. S., K. L. Rasmussen, J. Heinemeier, and N. Rud. 1992. \"Clams before Columbus?,\" Nature 359 (October 22):679.", "The book is based on more than a decade of survey work by marine biologists, the Geological Survey and the Marine Institute.", "M. Kay and E. H. Colbert, Stratigraphy and Life History (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1965). pp. 559-566. There has been important more recent work on the development of the Gulf of Mexico. For example, see A. Salvador, Bull. A.A.P.G., April 1987.", "The results of Cuvier's principal palaeontological and geological investigations ultimately were given to the world in the form of two separate works: Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles de quadrupèdes (Paris, 1812; later editions in 1821 and 1825); and Discours sur les revolutions de la surface du globe (Paris, 1825). In this latter work he expounded a scientific theory of Catastrophism.", "But less than 100 years ago, a German scientist named Alfred Wegener took notice of some interesting findings. Similar plant and animal fossils were found in both Africa and South America and on other continents separated by oceans. Similar rock formations were also found on distant continents. This suggested that the formations were once whole and later divided." ]

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[ "Doula:  1. A non-medical assistant in childbirth. A doula is not the father but is usually a woman who is experienced in childbirth. The role of the doula is to provide the mother with physical and emotional assistance before, during, or after childbirth. Also known as a birth assistant, birth companion, childbirth assistant, or labor support professional. 2. A non-professional assistant in dying, someone who is not a doctor, nurse, social worker or minister or a person like that, but is a volunteer. A doula has been somewhat enlightened in the particulars of death and nutures someone through their final days. The term doula was first used in this context by Phyllis Farley, a proponent of natural childbirth in New York, about 2000. From the Greek doule referring to a woman who was a slave or servant.", "The original meaning of the word doula comes from the Greek word for the most important female slave or servant in an ancient Greek household, the woman who probably helped the lady of the house through her childbearing.", "Doulas are assistants who support mothers during pregnancy, labour, birth, and postpartum. They are not medical attendants; rather, they provide emotional support and non-medical pain relief for women during labour. Like childbirth educators and other assistive personnel, certification to become a doula is not compulsory, thus, anyone can call themself a doula or a childbirth educator.", "Historically women have been attended and supported by other women during labour and birth. However currently, as more women are giving birth in a hospital rather than at home, continuous support has become the exception rather than the norm. When women became pregnant any time before the 1950s the husband would not be in the birthing room. It did not matter if it was a home birth; the husband was waiting downstairs or in another room in the home. If it was in a hospital then the husband was in the waiting room. \"Her husband was attentive and kind, but, Kirby concluded, Every good woman needs a companion of her own sex.\" Obstetric care frequently subjects women to institutional routines, which may have adverse effects on the progress of labour. Supportive care during labour may involve emotional support, comfort measures, and information and advocacy which may promote the physical process of labour as well as women's feelings of control and competence, thus reducing the need for obstetric intervention. The continuous support may be provided either by hospital staff such as nurses or midwives, doulas, or by companions of the woman's choice from her social network. There is increasing evidence to show that the participation of the child's father in the birth leads to better birth and also post-birth outcomes, providing the father does not exhibit excessive anxiety. ", "Place of Women – Greek: Confinement to the home prevented suspicion of infidelity and to protect the legitimacy of the children Woman managed the household and in that sphere they were supreme Men had female companions that could act as prostitutes – they provided entertainment and conversation at parties Slave girls were kept for household duties Wives bore legitimate children and managed affairs in the absence of their husbands", "gynaeceum—part of a Greek house for women where the woman of the house supervised her slaves and tasks were done", "In the classical period of Greek mythology, Artemis was often described as the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. She was the Hellenic goddess of the hunt, wild animals, wilderness, childbirth, virginity and protector of young girls, bringing and relieving disease in women; she often was depicted as a huntress carrying a bow and arrows. The deer and the cypress were sacred to her. In later Hellenistic times, she even assumed the ancient role of Eileithyia in aiding childbirth.", "The ancient Greeks believed that labor pain and successful delivery were governed by Artemis, the goddess of childbirth. They did however rely on an herb called dittany, which was recommended for Aristotle as being useful in labor for pain relief.", "Goddess of childbirth. She shares the role with Hera. Sometimes merges in identity with Hera. She is a daughter of Zeus and Hera.", "Her name is related to μαῖα (maia), an honorific term for older women related to μήτηρ (mētēr) 'mother'. Maia also means \"midwife\" in Greek. ", "and dedicated servant. Sometimes a slave became almost part of the family. The dvision of labor in the Greek society caused male slaves to be under the contron of the man of the house while women slaves were under the control of the lady of the house.", "in Greek mythology, a friend (or servant) of Alcmene, the mother of Zeus’s son Heracles (Hercules). When Alcmene was in labour, Zeus’s jealous wife, Hera, sent her daughter Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth, to sit outside Alcmene’s bedroom with her legs crossed and held together by both hands with intertwined fingers—thus by magic delaying the delivery in order to foil Zeus’s plans...", "The pressure of war on Athenian society became especially evident in the severe damage done to the prosperity and indeed the very nature of the lives of many previously moderately well-off women 113 whose husbands and brothers died during the conflict. Such women had traditionally done weaving at home for their own families and supervised the work of household slaves 114 , but the men had earned the family's income by farming or practicing a trade 115 . With no one to provide for them and their children now, these women were forced to work outside the home to support their families. The only jobs open to them were low-paying occupations traditional for women such as baby nurse or weaver, or in some cases laboring jobs, such as being a vineyard worker 116 , for which there were not enough men to meet the need. These circumstances brought more women into public view, but they did not lead to a woman's movement in the modern sense, or to any inclusion of women in Athenian political life.", "(ŏbstĕ`trĭks), branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of women during pregnancy, labor, childbirth (see birth birth", "The pelvic girdle is bowl-shaped, with an opening at the bottom (pelvis is the Latin word meaning \"basin\"). In a pregnant woman, this bony opening is a passageway through which her baby must pass during birth. The pelvic girdle of women is generally wider than that of men, which helps to ease birth. The pelvic girdle protects the lower abdominal organs, such as the intestines, and helps support the weight of the body above it.", "Artemis was also the Goddess of childbirth, of nature, and of the harvest.   As the Moon Goddess, she was sometimes identified with the Goddess Selene and Hectate.", "Artemis is the Goddess of the hunt, wild animals, wilderness, childbirth, virginity and protector of young girls, bringing and relieving disease in women. She often was depicted as a huntress carrying a bow and arrows. She is the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. Artemis was worshipped throughout Greece, particularly at Delos, her birthplace, Brauron in Attica and Mounikhia in Sparta.", "Shitangas, which are large pieces of cloth, wrapped around the baby and the mother, allow the mother to carry the baby on her back with the baby's head peering just over her shoulder. Mothers often conduct hard labor, such as carrying water or working in the fields, while carrying an infant.", "When women deliver babies, they are treated “like queens” and there are restrictions on how much work and movement a woman does in the post partum period. In order to maintain her health, traditionally women rest for one month. For the first three days the mother should not move so the father of her children has to serve her food and shower/bathe her twice a day. A fire is put by the mother's beside to keep her warm.", "Greek nature and moon goddess Invoked by women at childbirth, bears are sacred to her, fertility goddess.", "Lisa Delos Gilan -- LETO, a TITAN, wife of ZEUS, and mother of ARTEMIS and APOLLO, twins. LETO was forced to wander the earth in order to find a place to give birth to her twins because of HERA's jealous wrath. She was already in labor, when she came to the island of Delos. She gave birth of ARTEMIS, but then suffered terrible labor for nine days with APOLLO, finally having him on the seventh day of the month.", "originally, a Roman birth-goddess, later trebled, and identified with the Moerae, or Parcae, the goddesses who decide the destiny of humans", "the state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth when a woman carries a developing fetus in her uterus", "Ancient Greek doctors believed that a woman’s womb was a separate creature with a mind of its own. According to the writings of Plato and Hippocrates, when a woman was celibate for an extended time, her uterus—described as a “living animal” eager to bear children—could dislodge and glide freely about her body causing suffocation, seizures and hysteria. This curious diagnosis endured in some form into the time of the Romans and Byzantines—well after doctors had learned that the womb was held in place by ligaments.", "She was Zeus' wife and sister. The Titans Ocean and Tethys, brought her up. She was the protector of marriage, and married women were her peculiar care. There is very little that is attractive in the portrait the poets draw of her. She is called, indeed, in an early poem,", "DIONE: \"The goddess.\" Greek myth name of the mother of Aphrodite. The name is a feminine form of Zeus.", "Despite not having any kids of her own, she was often considered the goddess of childbirth.", "Ensure an atmosphere where the laboring woman feels safe, unobserved, and free to follow her own instincts", "Means ‘wide justice’ from Greek eurys ‘wide’ and dike ‘justice’. In Greek myth she was the wife of Orpheus. Her husband tried to rescue her from Hades, but he failed when he disobeyed the condition that he not look back upon her on their way out. Name of the mother of Philip II of Macedon.", "a species that gives birth to live young. The developing embryo is nourished within the body of the female.", "Pales A Goddess of pastoral concerns, She is Guardian and Nurturer of the flocks and herds.", "Mythology[Class. Myth.]the wife of Odysseus, who remained faithful to him during his long absence at Troy." ]

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[ "On Saturday, the golden arches that provided Friedman, Travolta and legions of other modern opinion-formers with food for thought will reach an important milestone: their 70th birthday. On 15 May 1940, two brothers, Richard and Maurice (Dick and Mac) McDonald, opened their first restaurant, in San Bernadino – an unlovely city fringed by mountains, an hour’s drive east of Los Angeles. Today more than 32,000 outlets in 117 countries bear their name. Three new ones open each day. China has over a thousand. The company that dreamt up “Le Big Mac” has managed, in the span of a single human lifetime, to devour the world.", "The world's largest chain of fast food restaurants that serve around 68 million customers each day in 119 countries began operation in 1940 as a barbecue restaurant run by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, California. The original restaurant was named \"McDonald's Famous Barbeque\" and served over forty barbequed items.", "1. McDonald’s: McDonald’s is the largest fast food chain in the world. The food chain have 35000 outlets in total across 119 countries. Everyday nearly 68 million customers visit McDonald’s, more than that of total population of Great Britain. McDonald’s business begun in the year 1940 by Richard and Maurice McDonald’s in San Bernadino in California. Today McDonald’s employing more than 1.7 million people.", "Drive-in stands dotted San Bernardino when Mr. Bell opened his first one there in the late 1940s. One competitor, only a few miles away, was the original stand opened by two brothers with the last name of McDonald.", "Ah, the famous Golden Arches. The world famous McDonald’s fast food restaurant got its start around the same time as Taco Bell in the same location: San Bernardino, California. The restaurant was owned by a couple of brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald. It wasn’t a household name until a man named Raymond Croc heard about them operating 8 of the same type of milk shake machine that he was himself trying to make a living selling, The Multimixer. He saddled up and went out west to talk business. The year was 1954.", "McDonald's is the world's largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants, serving around 68 million customers daily in 119 countries across 36,538 outlets. Founded in the United States in 1940, the company began as a barbecue restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald. In 1948, they reorganized their business as a hamburger stand using production line principles. Businessman Ray Kroc joined the company as a franchise agent in 1955. He subsequently purchased the chain from the McDonald brothers and oversaw its worldwide growth.", "*McDonald's – from the name of the brothers Dick McDonald and Mac McDonald, who founded the first McDonald's restaurant in 1940.", "The predecessor to Burger King was founded in 1953 in Jacksonville, Florida, as Insta-Burger King. After visiting the McDonald brothers' original store location in San Bernardino, California, the founders and owners (Keith J. Kramer and his wife's uncle Matthew Burns), who had purchased the rights to two pieces of equipment called \"Insta\" machines, opened their first restaurants. Their production model was based on one of the machines they had acquired, an oven called the \"Insta-Broiler\". This strategy proved so successful that they later required all of their franchises to use the device. After the company faltered in 1959, it was purchased by its Miami, Florida franchisees, James McLamore and David R. Edgerton. They initiated a corporate restructuring of the chain, first renaming the company Burger King. They ran the company as an independent entity for eight years (eventually expanding to over 250 locations in the United States), before selling it to the Pillsbury Company in 1967.", "In 1954, Kroc traveled to San Bernardino, California, home to a small hamburger stand owned by brothers Maurice and Richard McDonald. The McDonalds had ordered eight Mixmasters, and Kroc just had to see what kind of operation needed the ability to make forty milk shakes at one time. What he saw when he arrived was a long line of people waiting to place their order. Looking into the building, he saw an all-male crew, each man clad in white paper hats and white uniforms, working in a squeaky-clean kitchen with great efficiency. There were only nine items on the menu (hamburgers, cheeseburgers, french fries, shakes, soft drinks, and pies), and each item was offered at an incredibly low price (fifteen cents for burgers, and ten cents for fries, for example). And, the brothers had developed an \"assembly line\" process that allowed them to deliver any order in less than sixty seconds. Kroc was greatly impressed.", "While visiting one of his customers in 1954, at age 52, Ray Kroc decided to buy what was (at the time) a small-scale McDonald's Corporation franchise. Over the next few decades, Kroc built it into the most successful fast food operation in the world, amassing a $500 million personal fortune in the process.", "At the end of its 2013 fiscal year, Burger King is the second largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants in terms of global locations, behind industry bellwether McDonald's (32,400 locations); it is the fourth largest fast food restaurant chain overall after Yum! Brands (parent of KFC, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut totaling 37,000 locations), McDonald's, and Subway (32,000 locations). ", "In January 1997, PepsiCo, Inc. announced the spin-off of its quick service restaurants -- KFC, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut -- into an independent restaurant company. The spin-off should be completed during the fourth quarter 1997. The new restaurant company, TRICON Global Restaurants, Inc., will be the world's largest restaurant system with more than 29,500 KFC, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell restaurants in nearly 100 countries and territories.", "In the Philippines a wide range of major U.S. fast-food franchises are well represented, together with local imitators, often amended to the local palate. The chain McDonald's (locally nicknamed \"McDo\") have a range of burger and chicken dishes often accompanied by plain steamed rice and/or French fries. The Philippines boasts its own burger-chain called Jollibee , which offers burger meals and chicken, including a signature burger called \"The Big Champ\". Jollibee now has a number of outlets in the United States, the Middle East and East Asia.", "Swot Analysis Of Mcdonald's Vs. Burger King - The McDonald brothers' first restaurant, founded in 1937 in a parking lot just east of Pasadena, Calif., didn't serve hamburgers. It had no playground and no Happy Meals. The most popular item on the menu was the hot dog, and most people ate it sitting on an outdoor stool or in their cherished new autos while being served by teenage carhops. That model was a smashing success--for about a decade. Then America's tastes began to change, and the Golden Arches changed with them. As cars lost some of their romance, indoor restaurants took over....   [tags: McDonalds Business Compare Burger King]", "An original and indigenous rival to the big two U.S. giants was the quintessentially British fast-food chain Wimpy, originally known as Wimpy Bar (opened 1954 at the Lyon’s Corner House in Coventry Street London), which served its hamburgers on a plate with British-style chips , accompanied by cutlery and delivered to the customer's table. In the late 1970s, to compete with McDonald's, Wimpy began to open American-style counter-service restaurants and the brand disappeared from many UK high streets when those restaurants were rebranded as Burger Kings in 1989/90 by the then-owner of both brands, Grand Metropolitan. A management buyout in 1990 split the brands again and now Wimpy table-service restaurants can still be found in many town centers whilst new counter-service Wimpys are now often found at motorway service stations.", "Kroc backed up the advertising blitzkrieg with several new products, many of which were created by franchisees. Pittsburgh operator Jim Delligatti, seeking to bolster sales, in 1967 began testing a new double-decker hamburger that he dubbed the Big Mac. McDonald's introduced the sandwich throughout the chain in less than a year, and it has since become the firm's enduring signature product. Other new menu items, ranging from the Filet-o-Fish to the Egg McMuffin, also sprouted from the fertile imaginations of McDonald's operators and were similarly welcomed by Hamburger Central, as the headquarters came to be known.", "1990 – The world’s largest McDonald’s with 900 seats opens in Pushkin Square, Moscow. A McDonald’s restaurant now opens somewhere in the world every 14.5 hours.", "1990. The world's largest McDonald's with 900 seats opens in Pushkin Square, Moscow. A McDonald's restaurant opens somewhere in the world every 14.5 hours.", "Many Dunkin' Donuts shops have begun appearing in California. Traditionally, California has been the stronghold of sister brand Baskin-Robbins, which was originally founded in Glendale. Dunkin' Donuts signed agreements to open 18 shops in Orange County, California, along with eight more shops planned for the North Inland Empire, including the first location in that region that opened in Upland in early 2015. By December 2015, more than 20 California shops were opened: including locations in Barstow (at Barstow Station), Downey, Irvine, Laguna Hills, Long Beach, Modesto, Ramona, San Diego (at Embassy Suites), Santa Monica, Upland, and Whittier; along with a shop on the Camp Pendleton military base and a location inside the LAX Airport. The San Diego Embassy Suites shop, shared with Baskin-Robbins, was the company's first co-branded location in California when it opened in March 2014, while the Santa Monica shop was the first to open in the Los Angeles area in September 2014. Going forward from 2015, the company expects to begin opening what could eventually total more than 1,000 shops in California. ", "Baskin-Robbins was founded in 1945 in Glendale, California by Burton Baskin and Irvine Robbins, ice cream enthusiasts and brothers-in-law, whose passion inspired what is now the world's largest chain of ice cream specialty shops. What was once a selection of 31 flavors—Baskin-Robbins \"31®\" stands for a different ice cream flavor for each day of the month—has grown to more than 1,200 in its flavor library.", "Baskin-Robbins was founded in 1945 by brothers-in-law Burt Baskin and Irv Robbins from the merging of their respective ice cream parlors, in Glendale, California. It claims to be the world's largest chain of ice cream specialty stores, with 7,300 locations, including nearly 2,500 shops in the United States and over 4,800 located internationally as of December 28, 2013. Baskin-Robbins sells ice cream in nearly 50 countries. The company has been headquartered in Canton, Massachusetts since 2004 after moving from Randolph, Massachusetts. ", "Carl's Jr. is an American fast-food restaurant chain founded in 1941 by Carl Karcher. Along with its sibling restaurant chain Hardee's, Carl's Jr. is the fifth largest fast food chain in the United States after", "When Norman Brinker bought Chili's from Larry Lavine in 1983, the chain had grown to 23 locations in the Southwestern part of the U.S. The original focus was on Chili's original \"Big Mouth Burger.\" Brinker added Sizzling Fajitas to the menu in 1984 and Baby Back ribs in 1986.", "By the end of 1943, Carl Karcher owned four hot dog carts in Los Angeles. In addition to running the carts, he still worked full time for the Armstrong Bakery. When a restaurant across the street from the Heinz farm went on sale, Carl decided to buy it. He quit the bakery, bought the restaurant, fixed it up and spent a few weeks learning how to cook. On January 16th, 1945, his twenty-eighth birthday, Carl's Drive-in Barbeque opened its doors. The restaurant was small and rectangular, with red tiles on the roof. During business hours, Carl cooked, Margaret worked behind the cash register and car hops served most of the food. After closing time, Carl cleaned the bathrooms and mopped the floors. When World War II ended, business at Carl's Drive-in Barbeque boomed, along with the economy of Southern California. Carl soon added grills to his hot dog carts and began serving hamburgers topped with a \"special sauce.\" Every week, Carl made the sauce on his back porch, stirring it in huge kettles and pouring it into one-gallon jugs.", "The Big Boy double decker sandwich was the first double decker to be introduced in America. It was all thanks to a man named Bob Wian from Glendale, California and his hamburger diner in 1936. The idea came when he was challenged by a group of customers to create something other than a plain old hamburger. The challenge was accepted and thus began the birth of the famous burger with the famous secret sauce.", "Wendy's was founded by Dave Thomas and Robert Barney in 1969 and named after Dave's 8-year old daughter, Melinda, who had the nickname of \"Wendy.\" The corporate headquarters is located in Dublin , Ohio . The first Wendy's restaurant was opened in Columbus, Ohio on November 15 , 1969 , and grew rapidly to open over 3,000 stores by 1985 . However, by the mid- 1980s some Wendy's restaurants became underperforming and closed. By 1989 , Dave Thomas came out of retirement and started doing commercials for Wendy's and helped rebuild the restaurant until his death.", "Remember when A&W root beer operated their drive ins, in addition to the frosty (glass) mug which came in different sizes, you could get great foot-long hotdogs and torpedo sandwiches. --- Bill, Sacramento, CA 1957", "Austin is the home of the Hormel Company's plant that produces SPAM, a canned meat product well known to Americans. SPAM has been a lifeline to Americans during difficult times and helped to celebrate the best of times. Created in 1937, SPAM is celebrated as part of the SPAM JAM, a Fourth of July celebration in Austin, for about 50 years. In the late 1930s, SPAM luncheon meat commercials were aired on the \"Burns and Allen Show\" featuring George Burns and Gracie Allen, Artie Shaw and his orchestra and SPAMMY, a miniature pig and the group's mascot. In 1991, Hormel Foods established the First Century Museum on the occasion of its 100th anniversary; the exhibit of SPAM memorabilia quickly became and remains the most popular. To enter the museum, visitors walk through a giant replica of a SPAM luncheon meat can.", "In 1932 Kansas City, Kansas-born Charles Elmer Doolin (1903-1959), manager of the Highland Park Confectionery in San Antonio, Texas purchased a corn chip recipe, a handheld potato ricer and 19 retail accounts from a corn chip manufacturer for $100, which he borrowed from his mother. Doolin established a new corn chip business, The Frito Company, in his mother's kitchen. Doolin and his mother and brother produced the corn chips, named Fritos, and had a production capacity of approximately 10 pounds per day and roughly 30 cents per product. Doolin distributed the Fritos in 5¢ bags. Daily sales totaled $8 to $10 and profits averaged about $2 per day. In 1933 the production of Fritos increased from 10 pounds to nearly 100 pounds due to the development of a \"hammer\" press; by the end of the year, production lines were operating in Houston and Dallas. The Frito Company headquarters also moved to Dallas to capitalize on the city's central location and better availability of raw materials. In 1937 The Frito Company opened its Research and Development lab and introduced new products, including Fritos Peanut Butter Sandwiches and Fritos Peanuts, to supplement Fritos and Fritatos Potato Chips, which had been introduced in 1935. ", "You talk about how the taco business in post-World War II Los Angeles illustrated increasing segregation in the city. What did the location of taco shops—including Glen Bell’s Taco Bell—say about how the taco was being “assimilated” into American culture?", "History of Southern California burger and drive-in scene along with tasty tour of current retro burger joints.", "Carl drove a truck for the bakery, delivering bread to restaurants and markets in West L.A. He was amazed by the number of hot dog stands that were opening and by the number of buns they went through each week. When Carl heard that a hot dog cart was for sale on Florence Avenue, across from the Goodyear factory, he decided to buy it. Margaret strongly opposed the idea and wondered where he'd find the money. Carl borrowed $311 from the Bank of America, using his car as collateral, and persuaded his wife to give him fifteen dollars in cash from her purse. \"I'm in business for myself now,\" he thought after buying the cart. \"I'm on my way.\" Five months after Carl bought the cart, the United States entered World War II and the Goodyear plant became very busy. He soon had enough money to buy a second hot dog cart, which Margaret often ran by herself while their daughter slept nearby in the car." ]

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[ "Nix v. Hedden, 149 U.S. 304 (1893)[1], was a case in which the United States Supreme Court addressed whether a tomato was classified as a fruit or a vegetable under the Tariff Act of March 3, 1883, which required a tax to be paid on imported vegetables, but not fruit. The court ruled in favor of tomato being a vegetable. It should be noted that none of the justices of the Court was a fruit, but some were indeed vegetables, a tradition which continues to this day.", "Nix v. Hedden, 149 U.S. 304 (1893), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that, under U.S. customs regulations, the tomato should be classified as a vegetable rather than a fruit. The Court’s unanimous opinion held that the Tariff Act of 1883 used the ordinary meaning of the words “fruit” and “vegetable,” instead of the technical botanical meaning.", "Nix v. Hedden, , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that, under U.S. customs regulations, the tomato should be classified as a vegetable rather than a fruit. The Court's unanimous opinion held that the Tariff Act of 1883 used the ordinary meaning of the words \"fruit\" and \"vegetable\", instead of the technical botanical meaning.", "The question of whether a tomato is a fruit or a vegetable actually made it all the way to the United States Supreme Court ! In the 1893 case of Nix v. Hedden, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that, for purposes of the Tariff Act of March 3, 1883, tomatoes are vegetables.", "First off, a little interesting trivia: in the US, thanks to a US Supreme Court decision in 1893, tomatoes are vegetables. In the rest of the world they are considered to be fruit (or more accurately, a berry). The reason for this decision was a tax on vegetables but not fruit. You may also be interested to know that technically, a tomato is an ovary. The leaves and stems of the tomato plant contain a chemical called “Glycoalkaloid” which causes extreme nervousness and stomach upsets. Despite this, they can be used in cooking to enhance flavor, but they must be removed before eating. Cooking in this way does not allow enough poison to seep out but can make a huge difference in taste. Finally, to enhance the flavor of tomatoes, sprinkle a little sugar on them. Now we just need to work out whether they are “toe-mah-toes” or “toe-may-toes”.", "The fruit vs. vegetable debate can sometimes reach such a fever pitch that the law must step in.  In the 1893 United States Supreme Court case Nix. v. Hedden, the court rule unanimously that an imported tomato should be taxed as a vegetable, rather than as a (less taxed) fruit. The court acknowledged that a tomato is a botanical fruit, but went with what they called the \"ordinary\" definitions of fruit and vegetable — the ones used in the kitchen. ", "Many people don't realize the tomato is the fruit of the tomato plant. By definition, a fruit is the fleshy, seed-bearing part of a plant. A vegetable is part of various types of plants eaten as food. In 1893, however, the United States Supreme Court ruled in the case of Nix v. Hedden that because the tomato was used as a vegetable - eaten with the main part of the meal instead of at the end - it should be legally classified as such, and therefore be subject to the same tariffs as other vegetables when imported.", "A fruit is the mature ovary of a plant. So a tomato is botanically a fruit but is commonly considered a vegetable. According to this definition squash, pepper and eggplants are also fruits. Then there are seeds such as peas which are also considered vegetables.", "Yes, the Supreme Court has weighed in on the \"Are tomatoes fruits or vegetables?\" debate, and the justices came to a firm conclusion: tomatoes are veggies. Let's take a look at how this momentous decision came to pass.", "Aside from this age old question of whether the tomato is a fruit or vegetable, this case illuminates a larger and very important principle – the plain meaning doctrine. As the Court noted in Nix, words “must receive their ordinary meaning.” Although people such as scientists, botanists, and the like have argued that tomatoes are technically fruits, this is no match for the common sense reality that tomatoes are really vegetables.", "The case was NIX v. HEDDEN, May 10, 1893. Imported vegetables were subject to a 10% duty; fruits were free. Mr. Hedden was the tax collector, and Mr. Nix, after paying duties on tomatoes under protest, sued him for a refund, reading in evidence the dictionary definitions of \"fruit\", \"vegetable\" and \"tomato.\"  The court found that for purposes of trade and commerce, \"the common language of the people\" was to be followed rather than botanical definitions. Tomatoes, like potatoes, carrots, parsnips and other vegetables, are served with the main part of the meal; fruits generally as dessert. The plaintiff got no refund.", "Consider, again, the tomato. In 1883, Congress enacted a Tariff Act which placed a 10% duty on \"vegetables in their natural state\", but permitted duty-free import of \"green, ripe, or dried\" fruits. The Customs Collector in the Port of New York, seeing the prospects of increased revenues, declared that tomatoes were vegetables and therefore taxable. The International Tomato Cartel (honest, there was such an organization) sued, and the case (known as Nix v. Hedden)eventually reached the United States Supreme Court, which unanimously declared the tomato to be a vegetable, while knowing full well that it is a fruit. As Justice Gray wrote for the bench:", "The Supreme Court based its decision on what actually makes sense to every kid before they enter kindergarten, i.e., tomatoes look like vegetables, smell like vegetables, and taste like vegetables. Thus, they must be vegetables. The Court stated, “[b]otanically speaking, tomatoes are the fruit of a vine, just as are cucumbers, squashes, beans and peas. But in the common language [and sense] of the people … all [of] these are vegetables.” Unfortunately this meant that the Mr. Nix was not going to get a tax refund that year from Mr. Hedden, the Collector of the Port of New York.", "Botanically, a tomato is a fruit: the ovary, together with its seeds, of a flowering plant. However, the tomato has a much lower sugar content than other edible fruits, and is therefore not as sweet. Typically served as part of a salad or main course of a meal, rather than at dessert, it is considered a \"culinary vegetable\". One exception is that tomatoes are treated as a fruit in home canning practices: they are acidic enough to process in a water bath rather than a pressure cooker as vegetables require. Tomatoes are not the only food source with this ambiguity: bell peppers, cucumbers, green beans, eggplants, avocados, and squashes of all kinds (such as zucchini and pumpkins) are all botanically fruits, yet cooked as vegetables.", "Legal Solutions Blog Today in 1893: The Supreme Court rules that tomatoes are vegetables, not fruits - Legal Solutions Blog", "Botanically speaking, tomatoes are the fruit of a vine, just as are cucumbers, squashes, beans, and peas. But in the common language of the people, whether sellers or consumers of provisions, all these are vegetables which are grown in kitchen gardens, and which, whether eaten cooked or raw, are, like potatoes, carrots, parsnips, turnips, beets, cauliflower, celery and lettuce, usually served at dinner in, with, or after the soup, fish, or meats which constitute the principal part of the repast, and not, like fruits, generally, as dessert.", "At first glance, the Nix v. Hedden decision sounds like a Gilded Age curiosity, but the whole \"tomatoes are a vegetable\" notion still pops up from time to time. In 1981 the Reagan administration was searching for ways to cut school lunch costs while still providing students with the full nutritious lunch consisting of milk, meat, bread, and two servings of vegetables. USDA bureaucrats hit on the idea of counting ketchup as one of the servings of vegetables under the logic that ketchup was cheap and kid-friendly.", "A fruit from the nightshade family (like the potato and eggplant). The U.S. government classified it as a vegetable for trade purposes in 1893. Tomatoes should not be refrigerated--the cold adversely affects the flavor and the flesh.", "Botanically, the Nix family had an airtight case. Tomatoes fit the bill of being the fleshy ripened ovaries of a plant, which makes them fruits. Legally, things weren't quite so open-and-shut, though. The Nixes' efforts to be reimbursed for the tariff duties kicked off a six-year legal battle that ended with arguments before the Supreme Court in 1893. The Nix family's lawyer read the Justices the definitions for \"fruit,\" \"vegetable,\" and \"tomato\" from various dictionaries and even called in expert testimony from fellow produce merchants on whether the grocers thought tomatoes were fruits or vegetables.", "“Botanically speaking,” said Justice Gray, “tomatoes are the fruit of the vine, just as are cucumbers, squashes, beans and peas. But in the common language of the people…all these vegetables…are usually served at dinner in, with, or after the soup, fish, or meat, which constitute the principal part of the repast, and not, like fruits, generally as dessert.”", "The court unanimously decided in favor of the defense and found that the tomato should be classified under the customs regulations as a vegetable, based on the ways in which it is used, and the popular perception to this end. Justice Horace Gray, writing the opinion for the Court, stated that:", "Tomatoes are \"vegetables\" and not \"fruit\" within the meaning of the Tariff Act of 1883 based on the common meaning of those words.", "The court unanimously decided in favor of the respondent and found that the tomato should be classified under the customs regulations as a vegetable, based on the ways in which it is used, and the popular perception to this end. Justice Horace Gray, writing the opinion for the Court, stated that:", "And in 2005, the state of New Jersey considered a proposal to have the \"Rutgers tomato\" declared the official state vegetable, despite the fact that the state is far better known for its Jersey sweet corn (the tomato had already lost to the highbush blueberry in the contest to become the official state fruit). The tomato lobbyists, which included a class of fourth graders, actually cited the Supreme Court decision as justification (\"You Say Tomato\" by Ben McGrath,New Yorker, 03/21/05).", "Regardless of how the Supreme Court ruled in either case, a tomato is still a fruit and a bean is still a seed.", "While tomatoes are commonly considered to be vegetables of a sort to be found on salads and in spaghetti sauce, and not fruits of a sort found on breakfast cereals or birthday cakes, Edith Pearlman did find Tomate offered as a dessert in a restaurant in Paris (\"Haute Tomato\",Smithsonian, July 2003). Nevertheless, as the British humorist Miles Kingston noted, that \"Knowledge tells us that a tomato is a fruit; wisdom prevents us from putting it into a fruit salad\" (quoted by Heinz Hellin,Smithsonian, September 2003).", "This was neither the first nor the last time that the Supreme Court was forced to struggle with botanical definitions of food. In 1886, Justice Joseph Bradley in Robertson v. Salomon ruled that beans were vegetables. (The lawyer for the protesting importer, arguing that beans were seeds, pointed to garden catalogs; the defense countered with a dinner recipe for baked beans.) “The Supreme Court has just decided that beans are vegetables,” commented a gleeful Iowa newspaper. “This is rough on Boston. That cultured city can no longer push them on to a suffering world as fruit.”", "Around 1880, with the invention of the pizza in Naples , the tomato grew widespread in popularity in Europe. But there’s a little more to the story behind the misunderstood fruit’s stint of unpopularity in England and America, as Andrew F. Smith details in his  The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cooker y. The tomato didn’t get blamed just for what was really lead poisoning. Before the fruit made its way to the table in North America, it was classified as a  deadly nightshade , a poisonous family of Solanaceae plants that contain toxins called tropane alkaloids.", "So young Twain took the watermelon back to the farmer and conned him into apologizing and handing over a ripe one. Here lies, in my opinion, the solution to the slippery conundrum of fruit vs. vegetable. The watermelon, Oklahoma, is not a vegetable. It’s a fruit.", "Tomatoes arrived on our shores in the early 18th century via Europe, where they had arrived only several centuries beforehand via New World explorers. Originating in South America, some species of tomatoes still grow wild in the Andes. By the Victory Garden craze of the late 1940s, the Burpee Seed Company had popularized the homegrown tomato for Americans by creating hybrid varieties that were forgiving to novice gardeners and good producers with firm and classic red fruits, notably the Big Boy Tomato . Today there are more than 7,500 species grown for various purposes and China, the U.S., Turkey, India, and Italy are the largest commercial producers.", "All this aside, the word “tomato” has become synonymous with Italy. This is likely the result of the incredible emigration of Italians to the New World in the late 1800s and early 1900s. At that time, particularly in New York, Italian Americans yearned for the dishes of the Old World. Mass canning began, as did the international distribution of peeled tomatoes. Although tomatoes are originally from South America, they didn’t make their way to North America for quite some time. It was actually via Europe that they did! Some historians thank Thomas Jefferson for bringing tomato seeds back from a sojourn in Paris. It took some time, too, to shake the fear in the United States that the golden fruits were poisonous. Heck, I was told they were—albeit as a joke!—when I was a little boy. I believed it.", "Sound strange? Here's something that's even weirder: the Supreme Court actually had a precedent for a very similar issue. In his decision Justice Gray referenced a previous Supreme Court case, Robertson v. Salomon, in which Justice Joseph P. Bradley had written the opinion that beans were vegetables rather than seeds. In that 1892 decision, Bradley rebuffed the notion that beans were seeds:" ]

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[ "The VELCRO® brand of hook and loop was invented by a man named George de Mestral in the 1940's while hunting in the Jura mountains in Switzerland. Mr. de Mestral, a Swiss engineer, realized that the tiny hooks of the cockle-burs were stuck on his pants and in his dog's fur and wondered how they attached themselves. Under the scrutiny of the microscope, he observed the hooks engaging the loops in the fabric of his pants.", "De Mestral observed the burrs under a microscope. He saw that each one was covered with hooks that looked like a monster’s mouthful of spiked fangs. These hooks grabbed onto anything that had a loop--clothing fiber, animal fur, or human hair. The common burr was a natural “hook and loop fastener.” De Mestral realized he could create a fabric fastener that acted like the burrs, and so the idea of Velcro® was born.", "De Mestral called his invention Velcro, from the French words VELours (meaning \"velvet\") and CROchet (meaning \"hook\") and applied for a patent with the Swiss government, which was granted in 1955; he received subsequent patents in Germany, Great Britain, Sweden, Italy, Holland, Belgium, France, Canada and the US. The trademark name Velcro was officially registered on May 13, 1958. By then, de Mestral had quit his job with the engineering firm and obtained a $150,000 loan to perfect the concept. He established his own company, Velcro S.A., in Switzerland to manufacture his new hook and loop fasteners, which contained 300 hooks and loops per square inch.", "One lovely summer day in 1948, a Swiss amateur-mountaineer and inventor decided to take his dog for a nature hike. The man and his faithful companion both returned home covered with burrs, the plant seed-sacs that cling to animal fur in order to travel to fertile new planting grounds. The man neglected his matted dog, and with a burning curiosity ran to his microscope and inspected one of the many burrs stuck to his pants. He saw all the small hooks that enabled the seed-bearing burr to cling so viciously to the tiny loops in the fabric of his pants. George de Mestral raised his head from the microscope and smiled thinking, \"I will design a unique, two-sided fastener, one side with stiff hooks like the burrs and the other side with soft loops like the fabric of my pants. I will call my invention 'velcro' a combination of the word velour and crochet. It will rival the zipper in its ability to fasten.\"", "The name \"Velcro\"® is a derivation from the French words Velours (velvet) and Crochet (hook) and was registered as a trademark on May 13, 1958.", "Swiss engineer George de Mestral, who got the idea after noticing burrs were sticking to his pants after his regular walks through the woods, invented Velcro.", "The hook-and-loop fastener was conceived in 1941 by Swiss engineer George de Mestral. The idea came to him one day after returning from a hunting trip with his dog in the Alps. He took a close look at the burrs (seeds) of burdock that kept sticking to his clothes and his dog's fur. He examined them under a microscope, and noted their hundreds of \"hooks\" that caught on anything with a loop, such as clothing, animal fur, or hair. He saw the possibility of binding two materials reversibly in a simple fashion if he could figure out how to duplicate the hooks and loops. Hook and Loop is viewed by some like Steven Vogel or Werner Nachtigall as a key example of inspiration from nature or the copying of nature's mechanisms (called bionics or biomimesis).", "In the 1940s, the Swiss inventor and amateur-mountaineer George de Mestral went on a nature walk with his dog. Upon his return home, he noticed that his pants and his dog’s coat were covered with cockleburs. His inventor’s curiosity led him to study the burs under a microscope, where he discovered their natural hook-like shape. He saw that all of the small hooks on the burs enabled them to cling ferociously to the tiny loops in the fabric of his pants.", "Swiss engineer George de Mestral was the man who invented Velcro in 1948. The word Velcro came from two French words: velvet (velours) and hook (crochet).", "As a person who was always outdoors, de Mestral was well aware Mother Nature is the best engineer of all. The burrs that stuck to his wool hunting pants and his dog's fur were annoying to him because of the amount of time it took to remove the pesky burrs. He also wondered why the burrs stuck. Looking at the burrs under a microscope, he noticed each burr consisted of hundreds of tiny hooks that \"grabbed\" into loops of thread or fur. Mother Nature had naturally made a fastener that was fool-proof! George de Mestral decided to take what Mother Nature had created to turn his idea into an everyday useful product. His idea interested a family friend, Alfred Gonet, who liked Mestral's idea.", "Many people have wondered: Who invented VELCRO® Brand hook and loop? It began with a burdock burr, a tiny seed covered in hundreds of 'hooks' that naturally catch onto the microscopic loops that cover fur, hair and clothing. The burr was an unassuming marvel of nature and a minor headache for man, until one day in 1941 when the burdock burr, Swiss engineer George de Mestral, and his dog crossed paths on a hunting trip in the Alps.", "Inventing something new often times has as much to do with an inquisitive and entrepreneurial spirit as it does with chance. Such was the case one beautiful summer morning in 1941, when George de Mestral, a Swiss amateur mountaineer, engineer and inventor, went on a hunting trip in the Jura mountains with his dog. Once back home, he noticed that his trousers and his dog were covered with burs of the cocklebur flowering plant. Surprised at the tenacity of the burs, which are seeds that rely on their sticky nature to cling to animals and move to fertile land, Mr. de Mestral’s curiosity was sparked and he decided to take a closer look at them. After observing them under a microscope he discovered why they clung on so ardently: the burs were covered with hundreds of tiny but strong hooks, and thus were able to easily attach themselves to animal fur and fabric.", "Within a few years, de Mestral started branching out of Switzerland and began selling Velcro in other European countries such as Belgium, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Velcro’s early days were difficult, as many people failed to believe that hook and loop fasteners could be successful, and de Mestral was only earning approximately US$ 60 per week. A lucrative licensing agreement in 1957 with Velok Ltd. (Velok) of Canada turned his fortunes around. The agreement gave Velok the exclusive rights to produce and sell Velcro branded hook and loop fasteners in the Western Hemisphere as well as in the Asia-Pacific region. In return, Velok agreed to give Velcro the rights to all IP subsequently developed.", "Mr. de Mestral, who spent years perfecting the fastener that revolutionized much of the clothing industry, came upon the idea of Velcro after a walk in the woods outside Geneva in 1941. Mr. de Mestral's clothing became entangled in a patch of burrs and, as the story goes, this led him to wonder what made it stick.", "Mestral’s idea was initially met with resistance, but he worked with a French textile weaver to perfect his hook and loop fastener. He obtained his first patent for the invention in 1955, then formed Velcro Industries to manufacture his product.", "In 1958, de Mestral filed for a patent application for his hook-and-loop fastener in Switzerland, which was granted in 1961. De Mestral’s original patent expired in 1978, and competitors began to enter the market. The company frequently uses the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) system for international filings, and as of late 2010 has filed 134 PCT applications.", "Upon closer examination, it was the small hooks that enabled the seed-bearing burr to cling so stubbornly to the tiny loops in the fabric of his pants. George de Mestral raised his head from the microscope and smiled thinking something along the lines of \"I will design a unique, two-sided fastener, one side with stiff hooks like the burrs and the other side with soft loops like the fabric of my pants.", "He quickly figured out why the seeds were so sticky by examining them under a microscope—the spikes each ended in tiny hooks that grabbed onto fabric and fur and wouldn't let go. But it wasn't until 1952 that de Mestral made a serious effort to mimic the cockleburs' hooks using different types of fabric. He quit his day job and raised $150,000 in venture capital, an enormous sum at the time. He also joined up with a textile weaver from Lyon, France—the only weaver who thought the idea would actually work. The pair's first attempt, using cotton, was a failure. But nylon, sewn into tiny hooks under bright infrared light, worked much better. He dubbed it \"Velcro\" after \"velvet\" and \"crochet,\" the French word for \"hook.\"", "1951: George de Mestral applies to the Swiss government for a patent for his hook and loop fastener.", "1951: George de Mestral applies to the Swiss government for a patent for his hook and loop fastener.", "After taking his dog for a walk one day in the early 1940s, George de Mestral, a Swiss", "[9] . This line of terriers developed by John Russell was well respected for these qualities and his dogs were often taken on by hunt enthusiasts. ^  ", "5.      A leash for walking an imaginary dog, which produces a variety of barks, growls, etc. A similar version of this actually made it onto the market back in the '70's!", "the handle in the form of an elongated hound's head with ears streaming back, secured to shaft with brass cuff -- 61�in. (156cm.) (snout chipped)�500-800", "The spade end or flatted shank is usually found on the mackerel or sandeel feather hooks and on hooks where delicate bait presentation is required. In order to attach the line a whipping or snelling knot must be used.", "Walter Hunt invented the safety pin in 1849. Not to be outdone, Whitcomb Judson came up with the zipper in 1893 – except it wasn’t called a zipper at the time, but rather a “clasp locker.” ", "1917 – Gideon Sundback, Swedish-born engineer, patented an all-purpose zipper while working for the Automatic Hook and Eye Co. of Hoboken, New Jersey. The zipper name was coined by B.F. Goodrich in 1923, who used it to fasten rubber galoshes.", "Up until several years ago, Frederick Theak in England was the number one producer of stiff collars. They had the heritage machinery required to produce top notch, quality stiff collars. When they went out of business, they sold their equipment and the Barker Group obtained several of them. The final process of shaping the collars is achieved on a vintage cylindrical machine which is more than 100 years old. It seems that only Barker has these unique machines today.", "Throughout 16 years of inventing, Judson managed to file about 30 patents, one being the chain-lock fastener. It was the previour edition to our modern zipper and was developed in 1890. But Judson not only invented the zipper itself, but also a clasp locker system, automatically producting his fastener without high costs.", "It was invented by Norman Heroux and sold by George Devol in the 1950s using his original patent filed in 1954 and granted in 1961 (). The patent begins:", "The rotary solenoid was invented in 1944 by George H. Leland, of Dayton, Ohio, to provide a more reliable and shock/vibration tolerant release mechanism for air-dropped bombs. Previously used linear (axial) solenoids were prone to inadvertent releases. U.S. Patent number 2,496,880 describes the electromagnet and inclined raceways that are the basis of the invention. Leland's engineer, Earl W. Kerman, was instrumental in developing a compatible bomb release shackle that incorporated the rotary solenoid. Bomb shackles of this type are found in a B-29 aircraft fuselage on display at the National Museum of the USAF in Dayton, Ohio. Solenoids of this variety continue to be used in countless modern applications, and are still manufactured under Leland's original brand \"Ledex\", now owned by Johnson Electric.", "The Accutron (right), an electromechanical watch developed by Max Hetzel and manufactured by Bulova beginning in 1960, used a 360 hertz steel tuning fork as its timekeeper, powered by electromagnets attached to a battery-powered transistor oscillator circuit. The fork allowed it to achieve greater accuracy than conventional balance wheel watches. The humming sound of the tuning fork could be heard when the watch was held to the ear." ]

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[ "Cinnamon (Dalchini) is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several trees from the genus Cinnamomum that is used in both sweet and savoury foods.", "The cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), a member of the laurel family (Lauraceae). The delicious, fragrant spice cinnamon is obtained from the ground inner bark of trunks and branches. Another species of Cinnamomum (C. camphora) is the source of camphor oil, a monoterpene essential oil distilled from the wood.", "Cinnamon ( ) is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several trees from the genus Cinnamomum that is used in both sweet and savoury foods. The term \"cinnamon\" also refers to its mid-brown colour. While Cinnamomum verum is sometimes considered to be \"true cinnamon\", most cinnamon in international commerce is derived from related species, which are also referred to as \"cassia\" to distinguish them from \"true cinnamon\". ", "Cinnamon comes from the bark of trees native to China, India, and Southeast Asia. A popular cooking spice in many cultures for centuries, cinnamon also has a long history of use as a folk or traditional medicine. For example, many ancient societies used cinnamon for bronchitis. Additional folk or traditional uses include gastrointestinal problems, loss of appetite, and control of diabetes, as well as a variety of other conditions.", "This is a cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). We use the bark as a spice in North America, but they also use the leaves in the Caribbean both to make tea and to flavor stews like you would with a bay leaf (Laurus nobilis).", "The Cinnamon used in North America is from the cassia tree which is grown in Vietnam and Indonesia.", "Cinnamon (also canela, cannelle) The true variety, because there are several similar, is native to Sri Lanka. The spice is the actual bark of the tree.", "True cinnamon comes from the bark of the cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), a member of the Laurel Family (Lauraceae). Another species of Cinnamomum (C. camphora) is the source of camphor oil, a monoterpene essential oil distilled from the twigs, leaves and wood. Camphor oil is used in antiseptics and in pain-relieving creams, gels and lotions. Along with menthol, it is the active ingredient in aromatic analgesic ointments for nasal decongestion and muscular aches and pains.", "Beautiful ornamental tree with golden red bark which is dried and used as the spice cinnamon.", "Farmers usually allow cassia cinnamon trees to reach the height of 10 to 15 meters tall before harvesting begins. This tree produces large, thick leaves, as well as buds, which are harvested, dried, and sold as a spice along with the bark.", "Description/Taste and Aroma: Dried bark of various laurel trees. One of the more common trees from which Cinnamon is derived is the cassia and Chinese cassia is very robust in flavor. Americans grew up with the cassia version of cinnamon. Cinnamon sticks are made from long pieces of bark that are rolled, pressed, and dried. It is slightly bitter and sweet at the same time. It has an appealing smell and is often used as an air freshener or to disguise odors. The higher the level of volatile oils the more intense the flavor and smell. True Cinnamon has no volatile oils. Cassia varieties from 1 to around 5 percent volatile oils. Vietnamese cinnamons have around 5 to 7 percent volatile oils.", "Cinnamomum cassia, called Chinese cassia or Chinese cinnamon, is an evergreen tree originating in southern China, and widely cultivated there and elsewhere in southern and eastern Asia (India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam). It is one of several species of Cinnamomum used primarily for their aromatic bark, which is used as a spice. In the United States, Chinese cassia is the most common type of cinnamon used. The buds are also used as a spice, especially in India, and were once used by the ancient Romans.", "Cinnamon Also known as Cinnamon Bark and Ceylon Cinnamon. The fragrant bark of the Cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum Vera = C. zeylanicum =Laurus cinnamomum and some related species) found in Indonesia, Malaysia, S. India and Sri Lanka and cultivated elsewhere. The trees, which reach a height of about 30 feet, grow best in sand. Only the inner bark of branches and young shoots is used to make cinnamon, appearing either as rolled quills or in powdered form. An essential oil is distilled from the bark, but the yield is very small. The oil, which is among those now synthesized for safety or environmental reasons (see Perfume Creation), is used in perfumery, particularly in oriental-type perfumes (examples of modern quality fragrances containing it are ‘Dioressence’, ‘ Xeryus ‘). Cinnamon can also be used in sachets and pot pourri, and was at one time used in pomanders and perfumed beads, but the main use of the dried materials now is in flavourings and medicines. Another oil, Cinnamon Leaf Oil, is distilled from the green leaves for use in perfumery and in flavourings.", "Cinnamon is the inner bark of a bushy, evergreen tree of the laurel family, typically cultivated as low bushes to make harvesting easier.", "Cinnamon -stick (Tarçın-çubuk) : Cinnamon is the pealed and curled inner bark of a tropical evergreen tree. It has a warm, sweet, woody aroma and it complements some cakes, biscuits, puddings and in some beverages such as boza and sahlep.", "The Cinnamon it is the bark of cinnamon. Forever green tree of cinnamon achieves 10 meters height. It grows on dry- tropical forest area. It has got big elongated leaves which are vein. The young leaves are glittering and red. Flowers and little fruit are inconspicuous. All parts of plant give out characteristic scent of cinnamon. In order to achieve the bark of cinnamon you have to cut the twigs of the cane length, next the bark is pulled off then dried bark gets on the international trade", "��������� The plant is an evergreen shrub or small tree with attractive dark coriaceous aromatic leaves, numerous inconspicuous yellow flowers and blackish berries.� When cultivated the young trees are cut back and sucker shoots develop from the roots.� These are long and slender and provide the commercial product.� They are cut twice a year, the bark is removed and the outer and inner portions are scraped away.� After drying compound quills are tied up ready for shipment.� The waste is used as a source of oil of cinnamon.� The leaves and roots are also aromatic but the essential oil differs from that in the bark and is of little value.� Cinnamon is a very popular spice for flavoring foods.� It is also used in candy, gum, incense, dentifrices and perfumes.� The oil is used in medicine as a carminative, antiseptic and astringent and as a source of cinnamon extract.", "Bending and twisting toward the sky at heights of up to 60 feet in the wild, Cinnamomum-or as it's more commonly known, Cinnamon--is a sturdy tree of ancient origins. Dating back thousands of years to its native land Sri Lanka, few trees in the landscape have the wonderful, eclectic attributes of Cinnamon. With a distinctive, aged-look, its limbs are few, but substantial and split off from the trunk carrying scores of multi-veined, tear shaped leaves.", "Native to Asia, cinnamon (genus Cinnamomum) has made its way into the world’s cuisines and gardens. Although derived from the Greek word \"kinnamomon,\" meaning spice, cinnamon cultivars are also grown for their oil and for their camphor. Thriving in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 8 through 11, this tropical evergreen tree grows best at low altitudes in a moist climate.", "cinnamon (SIH-nuh-muhn) – It is the aromatic inner bark of the “cinnamonum zeylanicum”, a native tree in Ceylon.", "Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum, syn. Eugenia aromaticum or Eugenia caryophyllata) are the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae. It is native to Indonesia and used as a spice in cuisine all over the world. The name derives from French clou, a nail, as the buds vaguely resemble small irregular nails in shape. Cloves are harvested primarily in Zanzibar, Indonesia and Madagascar; it is also grown in India, and Sri Lanka. The clove tree is an evergreen which grows to a height ranging from 10-20 m, having large oval leaves and crimson flowers in numerous groups of terminal clusters. The flower buds are at first of a pale color and gradually become green, after which they develop into a bright red, when they are ready for collecting. Cloves are harvested when 1.5-2 cm long, and consist of a long calyx, terminating in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petals which form a small ball in the centre.", "Clove is the small, reddish-brown flower bud of the tropical evergreen tree Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry, or Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb., of the family Myrtaceae. It is important in the earliest spice trade and believed native to the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, of Indonesia. As early as 200 BC, envoys from Java to the Han-dynasty court of China brought cloves that were customarily held in the mouth to perfume the breath during audiences with the emperor.", "Description Clove, small, reddish-brown flower bud of the tropical evergreen tree Syzygium aromaticum of the family Myrtaceae, was important in the earliest spice trade and believed in indigenous to the Moluccas or Spice Islands (now Maluka), of Indonesia. The people of the Moluccas used to plant a clove tree to celebrate the birth of a child and would wear a necklace of cloves as a protection from evil spirit and illness. Strong in aroma and hot and pungent in taste, cloves are used to flavour many foods, particularly meats and bakery products; in Europe and the USA the spice is a characteristic flavouring in Christmas holiday fare, such as wassail and mincemeat. The name clove is believed to be derived from the French word clou meaning nail due to the appearance of this spice. As early as 200 BC, envoys from Java to the Han-dynasty court of China brought cloves that were customarily held in the mouth to perfume the breath during audiences with the emperor. During the late Middle ages, cloves were used in Europe to preserve, flavour, and garnish food. Clove cultivation was almost entirely confined to Indonesia, and in the early 17th century the Dutch eradicated cloves on all islands except Amboina and Ternate in order to create scarcity and sustain high prices. In the latter half of the 18th century the French smuggled cloves from the East Indies to Indian Ocean islands and the New World, breaking the Dutch monopoly.", "��������� The clove is the unopened flower bud of a small, conical and very symmetrical evergreen tree.� In the wild state it produces clusters of crimson flowers, but in cultivation it never reaches the flowering state.� The flower buds are greenish or reddish when fresh and become brown and brittle on drying.� They have a nail-like shape and the name �clove� is derived from the French word for nail, clou.� They have a slightly cylindrical base surmounted by the plump, ball-like unopened corolla that is surrounded by the 4-toothed calyx.� The buds are picked by hand, stemmed and dried in the sun or in kilns.� The crop is difficult to grow, as yields are uncertain.� Curttngs are useless and the seeds germinate and grow slowly.� Therefore, nursery seedlings are usually necessary for large scale propagation.� The yield is low until trees are at least 20 years old.� Adequate moisture in the soil is required and growth is best near the ocean.", "Clove, is small, reddish-brown flower bud of the tropical evergreen tree Syzygium aromaticum of the family Myrtaceae (also Caryophyllus aromaticus, Eugenia caryophyllata, E. aromatica), and is believed to be indigenous to the Moluccas. The clove tree grows to about 8 to 12 meters in height. Its gland-dotted leaves are small, simple and opposite. The trees are usually propagated from seeds that are planted in shaded areas. Flowering begins about the fifth year; a tree may annually yield up to 75 pounds (34 kg) of dried buds. The rose-peach buds, just before the flowers open, are hand-picked in late summer and again in winter and are then sun-dried, turning a deep red brown. Cloves vary in length from about 1/2 to 3/4 inch (13 to 19 mm). Although native to southeast Asia it is now cultivated worldwide, especially in the Molucca Islands, Madagascar, the Philippines, Zanzibar, and Mauritius, as well as in Ternate, Tidore and a couple of other of the northern Spice Islands in Indonesia. The island of Zanzibar, which is part of Tanzania, is the world's largest producer of cloves. Madagascar and Indonesia are smaller producers. The main oil producing countries are Madagascar and Indonesia.", "A quite interesting spice is derived from the Indonesian pangi or kepayang tree, Pangium edule (Flacourtiaceae/ Violales ). The seeds, known as kluak or kluwak in Indonesian and as pamarassan in bahasa toraja, are an ingredient typical for a few Indonesian local cuisines, e. g. in East Jawa and Central Sulawesi. They provide a dark colour, an intensive nutty taste and a smooth, somewhat oily texture. For flavour development and removal of hydrocyanic acid, the seeds need a fermentation procedure by which they turn from cream colour to almost black.", "2.       Spices - aromatic fruits, fls., bark, or other parts of the plant of tropical origins. Some restrict spice to the seed, stem, or root of a plant; others refer to them as dried plant materials containing essential oils.", "The genus Syzygium, to which the clove tree belongs, comprises about 500 species of trees or shrubs native to the Old World Tropics. S. aromaticum itself is native to the Moluccas (Spice Islands), part of modern Indonesia. It is an evergreen tree growing about 40 feet tall with smooth gray bark and 5-inch-long, glossy opposite leaves that resemble bay leaves. The 1/4-inch flowers in clusters at the ends of the branches have four tiny petals surrounded by a long, four-parted calyx (the “stem” of the clove) and numerous stamens. The buds are pink, but the calyx changes from yellow to deep red-pink after the stamens fall. The fruit, called mother-of-cloves, is an edible purple berry about 1 inch long and 1/2 inch across. The entire plant is aromatic.", "The tree of cloves or clove tree is an evergreen tree of the myrtle family of up to 20 m high, but usually when it is cultivated., it does not usually exceed 10 m. Its stem is erect, and it has gray bark. Its leaves of up to 12 length, are pointed oval, oval-lanceolate or lanceolate, single, very aromatic, glossy green and leathery, like those of the sweet bay .", "Spices can come from all plant parts. The following lists the part of the plant that is the source of your favorite spice.", "Cinnamon is one of the oldest spices which is used by man, and its history can be", "East Indian tree widely cultivated in the tropics for its aromatic seed; source of two spices: nutmeg and mace" ]

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[ "In 1869, a golden spike was driven in Promontory, Utah, marking the completion of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States.", "The golden spike (also known as The Last Spike ) is the ceremonial final spike driven by Leland Stanford to join the rails of the First Transcontinental Railroad across the United States connecting the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads on May 10, 1869, at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory. The term last spike has been used to refer to one driven at the usually ceremonial completion of any new railroad construction projects, particularly those in which construction is undertaken from two disparate origins towards a meeting point. The spike now lies in the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University. ", "The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built across North America in the 1860s, linking the railway network of the Eastern United States with California on the Pacific coast. Ceremonially completed on May 10, 1869, at the famous \" golden spike\" event at Promontory Summit, Utah, it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West, catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system.", "The golden spike is driven at Promontory Summit, Utah, by officials of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific, marking the inauguration of the transcontinental railroad.", "At Promontory, Utah, California Governor Leland Stanford pounds in a ceremonial golden spike that completes the nation’s first transcontinental railway. After failing to hit the spike on his first attempt, Stanford raised the heavy sledgehammer again and struck a solid square blow. For the first time in American history, railways linked together east and west, the realization of a dream that began two decades earlier.", "      The golden spike was driven in the last tie plat to commemorate the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit as the completed first Transcontinental Railroad as directed by the Pacific Railway Act", "In 1869, at Promontory, Utah, dignitaries hammered in a Golden Spike, which joined the rails of the Transcontinental Railroad — and ended Wells Fargo’s overland stageline.", "Fleeing religious persecution in the East and Midwest, the Mormons arrived in 1847 and began to build Salt Lake City . The U.S. acquired the Utah region in the treaty ending the Mexican War in 1848, and the first transcontinental railroad was completed with the driving of a golden spike at Promontory Summit in 1869.", "In 1869, the transcontinental railroad was completed by the driving of the Golden Spike at Promontory Summit, some 80 miles northwest of Salt Lake City. Utah was thus connected to the East and West. Many people traveled by rail to see the \"City of the Saints.\" Some stayed to make and to lose their fortunes in mining. From the 1860s to the 1920s hundreds of copper, silver, gold, and lead mines were opened in the nearby canyons, including Bingham Canyon. Gigantic smelters were later built to refine the ore. Some prosperous mine owners constructed large, gracious homes along South Temple, once known as Brigham Street.", "Six years after the groundbreaking, laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at Promontory Summit , Utah Territory. It was here on May 10, 1869, that Leland Stanford drove The Last Spike (or golden spike ) that joined the rails of the transcontinental railroad. The spike is now on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University , while a second \"Last\" Golden Spike is also on display at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento. [86] In perhaps the world's first live mass-media event, the hammers and spike were wired to the telegraph line so that each hammer stroke would be heard as a click at telegraph stations nationwide—the hammer strokes were missed, so the clicks were sent by the telegraph operator. As soon as the ceremonial \"Last Spike\" had been replaced by an ordinary iron spike, a message was transmitted to both the East Coast and West Coast that simply read, \"DONE.\" The country erupted in celebration upon receipt of this message. Travel from coast to coast was reduced from six months or more to just one week.", "On May 10, 1869, the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed at Promontory Summit, north of the Great Salt Lake. The railroad brought increasing numbers of people into the territory and several influential businesspeople made fortunes there.", "On May 10, 1869, two steam locomotives met at Promontory, Utah, for the \" Joining of the Rails Ceremony ,\" at which the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads completed the transcontinental route. The event was crucial to the development of the American West because it made cross-country travel more convenient and economical. The construction of the railroad, and the subsequent mining boom, brought diverse ethnic and religious populations to Utah. The railroad also symbolized the changing technology, and moved Utah from an agrarian economy to a more industrialized one.", "Between 1865 and 1869, the Central Pacific had laid 690 miles of track and the Union Pacific 1,087 miles of track. The meeting of the two railroads and the completion of the first transcontinental railroad at Promontory Summit, Utah, on May 10, 1869, was a major national achievement that could not have occurred without immigrant laborers.", "IN JULY 1954, THE GOVERNOR'S OFFICE referred to the state archives a letter of inquiry as to a second gold spike used upon the completion of the transcontinental railroad at Promontory on May 10, 1869. In preparing an answer to the letter, a number of problems arose, especially regarding the tradition that a silver sledge made the impressions on the head of the gold spike, that this spike was \"driven,\" and that it was the last one driven. The following is the result of that study (see Conclusion , below). But because of the conflicting stories of the events of that day written by persons present at the ceremonies, the various factors involved will first be considered.", "Stung by the Union Pacific's record of eight miles of track laid in a single day, the Central Pacific concocted a plan to lay 10 miles in a day. Eight Irish tracklayers put down 3,520 rails, while other workers laid 25,800 ties and drove 28,160 spikes in a single day. On May 10, 1869, at Promontory Summit, Utah, a golden spike was hammered into the final tie.", "      The striking of the golden spike at Promontory Summit symbolized the nation was now joined with 3500 miles of  Transcontinental Railroad.     In all a Railroad from New York to California", "Utah was admitted into the Union on January 4, 1896, becoming the Nation's 45th state. The reverse of Utah's quarter features two locomotives moving toward the golden spike that joined the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads, linking East to West and transforming both the Utah Territory and the Nation with the inscription \"Crossroads of the West.\" The coin also bears the inscriptions \"Utah\" and \"1896.\"", "In an effort to further improve transportation within the territory and to provide employment for Church members, the First Presidency, with the help of ward bishops and territorial surveyor Jesse W. Fox, began plans for the Utah Central Railroad that would connect Salt Lake City with the transcontinental line at Ogden. On 17 May 1869 the first ground was broken, not with a miner’s pick but with a farmer’s shovel to represent the Saints’ commitment to agriculture. The laying of the track was completed 10 January 1870. Thousands of spectators gathered to watch President Brigham Young drive home the last spike, which was made of Utah iron.", "To drive the final spike, Stanford lifted a silver spike maul and drove the spike into the tie, completing the line. Stanford and Hewes missed the spike, but the single word \"done\" was nevertheless flashed by telegraph around the country. In the United States, the event has come to be considered one of the first nationwide media events. The locomotives were moved forward until their \"cowcatchers\" met, and photographs were taken. Immediately afterwards, the golden spike and the laurel tie were removed, lest they be stolen, and replaced with a regular iron spike and normal tie. At exactly 12:47 pm, the last iron spike was driven, finally completing the line.", "The project was completed on May 10, 1869 and a famous ceremony was staged where the two railroad lines met in Promontory Summit, Utah (about 20 miles north of Promontory Point). You might have seen the famous photograph were everybody posed in front of two train engines facing each other. Although a handful of Chinese workers were allowed to participate in the final ceremony and a small group were personally congratulated by Stanford Leland and his partners who financed the project, perhaps not too shocking, the Chinese workers were forbidden from appearing in the famous photograph of the ceremony, even though without their work and their lives, the project may never have been completed. Further, as Helen Zia points out in her excellent book Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People :", "As head of the railroad company that built the western portion of the \"First Transcontinental Railroad\" over the Sierra Nevada mountains in California, Nevada, and Utah, Stanford presided at the ceremonial driving of \"Last Spike\" in Promontory, Utah on May 10, 1869. The grade of the CPRR met that of the Union Pacific Railroad, which had been built west from its western terminus at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska.", "�The Utah Commemorative Quarter Commission invited narrative submissions from the citizens of Utah. The Commission received approximately 5,000 submissions and recommended three concepts to the United States Mint for rendering by the United States Mint sculptor-engravers and artists in the United States Mint's Artistic Infusion Program. More than 150,000 citizens voted in a 25-day statewide vote in April 2006. \"Crossroads of the West\" prevailed as the favorite design among voters. Governor Jon M. Huntsman, Jr., announced the State's recommendation at the Golden Spike National Historic Site in Promontory on May 10, 2006, the 137th anniversary of the Joining of the Rails.", "Having been bypassed with the completion of the Lucin Cutoff in 1904, the Promontory Summit rails were pulled up in 1942 to be recycled for the World War II effort. This process began with a ceremonial \"undriving\" at the Last Spike location. In 1957, Congress authorized the Golden Spike National Historic Site. On May 10, 2006, on the anniversary of the driving of the spike, Utah announced that its state quarter design would be a representation of the driving of the Last (Golden) Spike.", "On May 10, 2006, on the anniversary of the driving of the spike, Utah announced that its state quarter design would be a depiction of the driving of the spike. The Golden Spike design was selected as the winner from among several others by Utah's governor, Jon Huntsman, Jr., following a period during which Utah residents voted and commented on their favorite of three finalists. ", "California�s Governor Leland Stanford took a swing with a sledgehammer to drive in the last railroad spike, made of gold. He missed. He swung again and missed again. Another official tried, and he also missed. Finally a railroad worker took over. He had driven many railroad spikes, and he didn�t miss. With one swing he drove the golden spike in. The news was sent by telegraph across the nation.", "However, a memorial marker of the \"Last Spike\" had been placed along the right-of-way in 1943, and in the years after World War II local residents began marking the event. In the 1948 reenactment of the driving of the last spike, miniature locomotives were furnished by the Southern Pacific. In 1951 a monument to the event was dedicated and placed in front of the Union Station in Ogden. In 1957 Congress established a seven-acre tract as the Golden Spike National Historic Site. Bernice Gibbs Anderson of Corinne organized the National Golden Spike Society in 1959 to promote the site. In 1965 Congress enlarged to site to encompass 2,176 acres and be administered by the National Park Service. That same year Weber County extended the highway from 12th Street to Promontory, which made access to the site easier.", "The San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad is completed. The last spike is driven west of Las Vegas, providing UP access to Los Angeles.", "Other Ceremonial Spikes. The report in Leslie's mentions 2 gold and 2 silver spikes furnished by Montana, Idaho, California, and Nevada, but without identification as to which state gave which type. There was also a tradition that Utah presented one; however, no evidence has been found of any spikes other than those already noted, and the present authorities in these states report no knowledge on the subject. The rumor no doubt resulted from the confused and congested reporting conditions of that day. 6", "\"By early 1869 the two transcontinental lines had both built into Utah .  In fact, crews had actually graded 100 miles of track parallel and past each other.  To sort out confusion over where the two lines would meet, the Secretary of the Interior appointed three commissioners to decide where and over which route the railroads would join.  The commissioners chose Promontory, 56 miles west of Ogden, Utah.  On April 9, 1869, representatives of the two companies met in Washington, DC, and agreed on where the lines would converge.  The next day Congress passed a joint resolution designating Promontory as the spot 'at which rails shall meet and form one continuous line.' \"", "Charles A. Yont and W.B. Felker completed the first automobile trip to the summit of Pikes Peak, Colorado, on this day, driving an 1899 locomobile steamer. Climbing 14,110 feet to the top was quite a feat for the little steamer. Pikes Peak is well known because of its commanding location and easy accessibility. Today, an ascent to the top is made easy by a graded toll road.", "1869 - Union Pacific railroad linked with the Central Pacific Railroad, lines connected at Promontory Utah", "William Henry Jackson #714, detail. Promontory Summit, Utah, June 30 or July 1, 1869 .  Courtesy USGS." ]

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[ "There are countless variations of language games in the English language alone. Although they can be classified according to language (Pig Latin – English, Allspråket – Sweden, etc.), another way to classify language games is by function. Each language game has its own system and set of rules; some with more than others. For example, language games that are created by inserting a “code syllable” before the vowel in each syllable can all be categorized into the Gibberish family, such as in the Ubbi Dubbi language. Another category is for language games in which a consonant is added after the vowel in each syllable and then the vowel is repeated, such as in Double Talk (Language). Although there are a set number of language games that are more common and have been around longer than others, (i.e. Pig Latin), they are a never ending and constantly-evolving systematic form of word play that can be formed and used by just about anyone, especially those who enjoy playing with language. In an article titled, “Play and Metalinguistic Awareness: One Dimension of Language Experience,” Courtney B. Cazden discusses how “there appears to be considerable individual variation in linguistic awareness. Some speaker-hearers are not only very conscious of linguistic patterns, but exploit their consciousness with obvious pleasure in verbal play, e.g., punning and versifying, solving crossword puzzles, and talking Pig Latin” (Cazden 30).", "Language games are primarily used by children to disguise their speech from others, which in most cases are parental figures. Some language games such as Pig Latin are so widely known that privacy is virtually impossible, as most people have a passable understanding of how it works and the words can sound very similar to their English counterpart. Although language games are not usually used in everyday conversation, some words from language games have made their way into normal speech, such as ilchay in English (from Pig Latin), and loufoque in French (from Louchébem).", "An alternate method of classifying language games is by their function. For example, Ubbi Dubbi, Bicycle, and :sv:Allspråket all work by inserting a code syllable before the vowel in each syllable. Therefore, these could be classified in the Gibberish family. Also, Double Talk, Língua do Pê, Jeringonza, and B-Sprache all work by adding a consonant after the vowel in each syllable, and then repeating the vowel. Thus, these could be classified in the Double Talk family. Another common type of language game is the spoonerism, in which the onsets of two words are exchanged. Using a standard word for each transformation gives another type, for example, the Finnish \"kontinkieli\", where kontti is added after each word, and spoonerism applied (kondäntti koonerismspontti koppliedäntti).", "Accents and diaereses are ignored; for example, À is played as A. Nevertheless, there are special tiles for the C with cedilla Ç (ce trencada), the ligature L·L representing the geminated ell (ela geminada), as well as the digraph NY. Playing an N tile followed by a blank tile to form the digraph NY is not allowed. Official rules treat the Q tile as just one letter, but usually Catalan players use the Q tile like the QU digraph and all Catalan Scrabble Clubs use this de facto rule. K, W, and Y are absent because they are only used in loanwords or, in the case of Y, the digraph NY. Blanks cannot be used to represent K, W, or Y.", "The game is based on Scrabble, except that letters can be stacked on top of other words to create new words. The higher the stack of letters, the more points are scored. This often makes words built in later turns of the game more valuable than earlier words, increasing play intensity. For 2-4 players, ages 10+", "Versions of the game have been released in several other languages. For more information, see Scrabble letter distributions.", "The overall concept of Yahtzee traces its roots to a number of traditional dice games. Among these is the Puerto Rican game Generala, and the English games of Poker Dice and Cheerio. Another game, Yap, shows close similarities to Yahtzee; this game was copyrighted by Robert Cissne in 1952.", "Rough translation is: \"Ringe Ringe Raya (doesn't mean anything, this is common in Croato-Serbian rhymes), uncle Ducky has came, and he ate all the eggs, one egg crashed, and we children DUCK!\" On the last word, all the children singing the rhyme jump or duck.", "Alternative versions of the game include: children caught \"out\" by the last rhyme may stand behind one of the children forming the original arch, instead of forming additional arches; and, children forming \"arches\" may bring their hands down for each word of the last line, while the children passing through the arches run as fast as they can to avoid being caught on the last word. [4]", "The final \"short vowel+consonant pattern\" is just one example of dozens that can be used to help children unpack the challenging English alphabetic code. This example illustrates that, while complex, English spelling retains order and reason.", "Favorite puzzle games include Sokoban, Anagrams, Eight queens puzzle, Soma cube, Crossword and Sangaku. Anagrams are a type of word play, in which you rearrange the letters of a word or phrase to produce other words, using all the original letters exactly once. Many of these can also be found online on free online gaming sites.", "This is an attempt to list the letter-by-letter word games that have been published, that work with the English language. (And the language of the U.S.A., too, for you UK readers...)", "Catchword published by International Games. Consonants on cards, vowels on dice, which are thrown anew each turn. Variations given. [SOS]", "Word games (also called word game puzzles) are spoken or board games often designed to test ability with language or to explore its properties.", "Gameplay: There are many ways to play all based around the same idea: A student trying to determine a word or phrase based on clues in the Target Language.", "The final word game, Missing Vowels, requires the contestants to buzz in when they can identify phrases, names or titles from which the vowels have been removed and the consonants respaced (e.g. THL NN GTWRFP S for THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA), appearing in batches of four connected clues. It doesn't particularly fit in with the rest of the show, but overall the rounds provide sufficient variety to hold up the interest.", "In order to make sense of the letters below, you need to add a letter at the start of the expression, divide the string of letters, and insert the same letter again. The result will be an alliterative familiar phrase of two words.Take \"eachall\" an example, add a 'b' before the 'e', divide the expression between the 'h' and 'a' and add the 'b' again. The result is BEACH BALL. See if you can turn thirty double plays. Answers, page 154. ________ ________ 1. uelilter", ", and illustrated as appearing on an imaginary reference grid (numbers 1-10 and lower case letters a-j) for ease of description, the indicia of the tiles 12 may be interconnected to play a word game. For example, the game may be played in accordance with the general rules of the game UPWORDS, or rules similar to the UPWORDS game. By way of example, each player may be initially given a predetermined number of tiles (e.g. 5 tiles). A first player may attach tiles to create a word with at least two letters. The second player may add tiles to create a different word(s) by attaching a tile(s) in either a horizontal or vertical direction from the existing word. The entire set of interconnected tiles can be rotated about the playing surface so that the letters face the second player.", "Another puzzle also qualifies as a Significant Anagram; the player is presented with a tic-tac-toe-like board on which Scrabblesque tiles are arranged. The letters must be rearranged to spell three words, one in each row. The words are GET BOY TAD, which gives the player some idea of what Stauf wants from his guests and how the game is going to end.", "The player is given a start word and an end word. In order to win the game, the player must change the start word into the end word progressively, creating an existing word at each step. Each step consists of a single letter substitution. For example, the following are solutions to the word ladder puzzle between words \"cold\" and \"warm\".", "The tiles that one puts on the board must be adjacent, either horizontally or vertically, with a word already played. If letters from a word touch letters from words parallel to them, those letters must also form words. If you form more than one word in this way, you get points for all of the words created. For example, if you lay TORN parallel with the right-hand side of the A in CAT, you would score for TORN, AT and TO.", "For kids learning to read, write a simple word in each square. When a player moves his piece, he reads out each word he passes through. [10]", "an oral word game in which each player in rotation adds a letter to those supplied by preceding players, the object being to avoid ending a word.", "Play the first word. The player who chose the letter closest to “A” gets to play the first word. The word must use at least two tiles and it must be placed across the star square in the center of the board. The word can be laid out in a vertical or horizontal fashion, but it cannot be diagonal.", "The game is set up so that each player possesses one rack. The 100 letter tiles are placed into an opaque bag (or face-down), hidden from view. Each player draws one tile to determine order of play. The player with the letter closest to \"A\" in the alphabet, with the blanks taking precedence over \"A,\" goes first, and play proceeds clockwise. If two players tie for first, repeat.", "Each player takes turns attaching tiles to create new words. A player may draw from a pile of tiles to replace the tiles that were used. A score can be provided to a player after each turn. The score for vertically stacked tiles can be different than horizontally coupled tiles. For example, two points may be provided for each horizontally attached tile in a word. One point may be provided for each tile within a vertical stack. For example, if a player has four tiles beneath a tile, that player receives five points for that letter. A player that cannot form a word may pass to the next player. The game continues until a player has run out of tiles or none of the players can form a new word. The player with the highest score wins the game. A player is deducted points for each tile that they did not play.", "Numerous other games and contests involve some element of anagram formation as a basic skill. Some examples:", "On subsequent turns, each player adds one or more letters to those already played to form new words. All letters played in a turn must be placed in one row � either across or down � to form one complete word. All words must have at least two letters. If the letters played touch other letters in adjacent rows, they must form complete words, crosswise fashion, with these letters. The player gets full credit for all words formed or modified on their turn.", "An apple, a banana… Players take it in turns to repeat original item, and add a new one, following the letters of the alphabet.", "Whichever mode you pick, the first player (usually you go first), needs to begin forming a word that will include the star in the center of the board. Depending on your location or the version of the game you’re playing, you can have either 7 or 8 letter tiles. On the game’s website, players outside Canada and the US have 7 tiles. Words can be formed horizontally and vertically, and whether you are playing against an opponent or yourself, you take turns in making a move.", "Place four objects or picture cards on the table. Three of these should begin with the same sound and one should begin with a different sound. Ex. book, ball, bell, toothbrush. Ask students to group the objects together that have the same beginning sounds. Name each object slowly and clearly. See if any students can identify the beginning sounds as /b/ and /t/. Repeat this process with other objects listed in the Materials section above.", ") this is a system of assigning to each letter of the alphabet a word that begins with that letter. This way, if something has to be spelled over a radio, telephone, etc. there is much less chance of the wrong information being transmitted." ]

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[ "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (abbreviated as GTA: SA) is a sandbox-style action-adventure computer and video game developed by Rockstar North. It is the third 3D game in the Grand Theft Auto video game franchise, the fifth original console release and eighth game overall. Originally released for the PlayStation 2 in Oct. 2004 (13 years ago), the game has since been ported to the Xbox and Microsoft Windows, and has received wide acclaim and high sales figures on all three platforms, and is the highest selling game of all time on PlayStation 2 so far. Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas was succeeded by Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories and was preceded by Grand Theft Auto: Vice City.", "elcome back to Liberty City. It’s been a while, hasn’t it? After taking a couple of detours into Vice City and San Andreas , you’ll be happy to know that nothing has changed. The crime rate’s still up, and although the Italian Cosa Nostra has been taken down, the Russian mob has moved in, and is planting deep roots in the sewers. There are a few new radio stations to listen to, and some new places to visit. But deep down, this is still the Liberty City you know and love. In fact, it’s any city you know and love, and this time around Niko Bellic is going to show you around the place through his eyes and stories. Welcome to the greatest “Grand Theft Auto” game yet.", "Grand Theft Auto is a video game series created by David Jones and Mike Dailly then later by brothers Dan and Sam Houser, and game designer Zachary Clarke. It is primarily developed by British video game developer Rockstar North, and published by Rockstar Games. The name of the series is derived from a term referring to motor vehicle theft. The series is set in fictional locales heavily modelled on American cities, while an expansion for the original was based in London. It is usually either set in Liberty City, Vice City, or San Andreas, which are stand-ins for New York City, Miami, and Southern California, respectively. Earlier games were set in all three fictional cities, but newer games are set in only one and its outlying areas. Gameplay focuses on an open world where the player can choose missions to progress an overall story, as well as engaging in side activities, all consisting of action-adventure, driving, third-person shooting, occasional role-playing, stealth, and racing elements. The series has gained controversy for its adult nature and violent themes. The series focuses around many different protagonists who attempt to rise through the ranks of the criminal underworld, although their motives for doing so vary in each game. The antagonists are commonly characters who have betrayed the protagonist or his organisation, or characters who have the most impact impeding the protagonist's progress.", "1. Grand Theft Auto (1997) - Available for the PlayStation , PC and Game Boy Color . Features the cities of Liberty City , San Andreas , and Vice City .", "* Liberty Tree - Liberty City newspaper in the Grand Theft Auto series of video games", "As usual, everyoneââ¬â¢s favorite gun store, ââ¬ËAmmu-nationââ¬â¢ is stocked up on the latest weaponry, and can always supply plenty of assault rifles, rocket launchers, sniper rifles, and submachine guns for your underworld adventures. Access to considerable firepower certainly comes in handy when the police decide to chase you using helicopters, street cruisers, tanks, and anything else they have available. While the local Pay ââ¬Ënââ¬â¢ Spray garage will get the cops off your tail, itââ¬â¢s always more rewarding to blow up anything that crosses your path. Just because Liberty City Stories was designed for a handheld platform doesnââ¬â¢t mean anything had to be compromised in terms of contentââ¬âand Rockstar has certainly remained aware of this. From important aspects, such as the massive, free-roaming 3D environments, to some of the smaller, more subtle, touches like the in-car radio stations, Liberty City Stories is a complete PSP translation of the GTA series.", "Rockstar released two follow-ups to San Andreas: Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, both by Rockstar Leeds. Unlike San Andreas and its predecessors, Liberty City Stories and Vice City Stories were developed for the PlayStation Portable handheld, and there was no Windows or Xbox version although a PlayStation 2 port was released afterward. San Andreas thus marks the last major Grand Theft Auto release across the sixth-generation consoles to be produced by Rockstar North, as well as the last one to introduce an entirely new setting.", "9. Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories (2005) - A prequel set in Liberty City, 1998. Originally for the PlayStation Portable , a PS2 port was released in June 2006 without multiplayer .", "On the PSP Liberty City Stories looked remarkably good. In fact, along with Ridge Racer, it was a true showcase title for the system. Seeing the game on the PlayStation 2 is a rather different experience. The series as a whole has never been technically stunning, with rough textures, plenty of pop-up and a fairly dodgy frame rate, but 2004's GTA: San Andreas still looked impressive. Liberty City Stories on the PS2 is pretty much the PSP game, running on the PlayStation 2. The frame rate seems to be marginally improved (still not smooth), but textures are messy, character models are rather blocky and the series' trademark repeating cars and near pop-up rear their ugly heads.", "The driving physics are perhaps more exaggerated than in other GTAs and, as a result, cars have a tendency to slide and flip over more. If you practice enough youââ¬â¢ll be able to save your car from flipping by steering when overturned, which means you literally see your car turn itself over. Quite an amusing visual. The motorcycles in the game, which werenââ¬â¢t even included in GTA III, can be used to perform wheelies and stoppies at high speeds by leaning back or forward, and although falling off will cost you some time, cruising around on a crotch rocket through a crowded city has never been so much fun. Considering the hardware limitations, Liberty City Stories doesnââ¬â¢t possess any major control problems that drastically detract from the gameplay.", "Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories (2004) and Vice City Stories (2005) for PS2 and PSP;", "Grand Theft Auto is an open world action-adventure video game developed by DMA Design and published by BMG Interactive . It was first released in Europe and North America in October 1997 for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows . It was later re-released on 14 December 1997 in Europe and 30 June 1998 in North America for the PlayStation . It is the first instalment of the Grand Theft Auto series , a series that has sold more than 150 million units as of September 2013. [1] The story follows a group of criminals in three fictionalised versions of US cities as they perform bank robberies, assassinations, and other crimes for their respective syndicates.", "Players can steal vehicles, (cars, boats, motorcycles, tanks, and helicopters) partake in drive-by shootings, robberies, and generally create chaos like destroying vehicles. However, doing so tends to generate unwanted and potentially fatal attention from the police (or, in extreme cases, the FBI and the National Guard). Police behaviour is mostly similar to Grand Theft Auto III, although police units will now wield night sticks, deploy spike strips to puncture the tires of the player's car, as well as SWAT teams being rappelled down from flying police helicopters and undercover police units, à la-Vice Squad. Police attention can be neutralised in a variety of ways.", "Most games in the series are set in fictional locales modelled on American cities, usually either Liberty City, Vice City, or San Andreas, which are stand-ins for New York City, Miami, and the state of California, respectively. The first game encompassed three fictional cities, while subsequent titles tend to emphasise a single city and its outlying areas. Gameplay focuses on an open world where the player can choose missions to progress an overall story, as well as engaging in side activities, all consisting of action-adventure, driving, third-person shooting, occasional role-playing, stealth, and racing elements. The series also has elements of the earlier beat 'em up games from the 16-bit era. The series has gained controversy for its adult nature and violent themes. The series focuses around many different protagonists who attempt to rise through the ranks of the criminal underworld, although their motives for doing so vary in each game. The antagonists are commonly characters who have betrayed the protagonist or his organisation, or characters who have the most impact impeding the protagonist's progress. The series contains satire and humour.", "The game allows the player to take on the role of a criminal who can roam freely around a big city. Various missions are set for completion, such as bank robberies, assassinations, and other crimes. It is the first title in the Grand Theft Auto series , a series that has sold more than 125 million units, as of December 2012. The game was originally intended to be named Race ‘n’ Chase and was nearly cancelled due to production issues.", "Grand Theft Auto is an open world action-adventure video game series created by David Jones and Mike Dailly; the later titles of which were created by brothers Dan and Sam Houser, Leslie Benzies and Aaron Garbut. It is primarily developed by Rockstar North (formerly DMA Design), and published by Rockstar Games. The name of the series references the term used in the US for motor vehicle theft.", "You play a law enforcement officer, one part of the game driving your Lamborghini knock-off with roof-mounted cannon blasting cars out of your way to get to the next crime scene on time, the other part as side-scrolling exploring the building shooting thugs and dealing with the bosses as your warrant required (dead, alive, or either). The net gun was nice, and the punk who would try to smash in your car engine was sweet.", "Grand Theft Auto V is an open world, action-adventure video game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was released on 17 September 2013 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, on 18 November 2014 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and on 14 April 2015 for Microsoft Windows. The game is the first main entry in the Grand Theft Auto series since 2008's Grand Theft Auto IV. Set within the fictional state of San Andreas, based on Southern California, the single-player story follows three criminals and their efforts to commit heists while under pressure from a government agency. The open world design lets players freely roam San Andreas's open countryside and fictional city of Los Santos, based on Los Angeles.", "Deus Ex (Latin: \"God from...\") is a cyberpunk-themed action role-playing video game—combining first-person shooter, stealth and role-playing elements—developed by Ion Storm and published by Eidos Interactive in 2000. First published for personal computers running Microsoft Windows, Deus Ex was later ported to Mac OS systems and PlayStation 2. Set in a dystopian world during the year 2052, the central plot follows rookie United Nations Anti-Terrorist Coalition agent JC Denton, as he sets out to combat terrorist forces, which have become increasingly prevalent in a world slipping ever further into chaos. As the plot unfolds, Denton becomes entangled in a deep and ancient conspiracy, encountering organizations such as Majestic 12, the Illuminati and the Hong Kong Triads during his journey.", "The next main entry in the series, Grand Theft Auto IV, was released on 29 April 2008, also to critical acclaim. San Andreas has been ported to various other platforms and services, such as OS X, Xbox Live, PlayStation Network and mobile devices (iOS, Android, Windows Phone and Fire OS). In October 2014, the game was taken off the Xbox Live Marketplace and PlayStation Store. It was later announced that the game would be re-released and enhanced for Xbox 360 to celebrate its tenth anniversary in 2014. PlayStation 3 now has the remastered version, though to the disappointment of some fans this version has had numerous changes and is missing part of the original soundtrack due to the expiration of Rockstar's license to use these songs. The PlayStation 4 version is largely identical to the PlayStation 2 version; improved with a higher resolution and trophy support, but missing the same songs as the enhanced remaster.", "Grand Theft Auto: Vice City ( 2002 ), was set in fictional Vice City (based on Miami ) in 1986 . Influences for the game include movies such as Scarface, Carlito's Way and the TV series Miami Vice. In fact, the entire basic storyline of the game is an homage to Scarface, including the climactic gun-fight in the main character's mansion at the end. GTA Vice City was an improvement on the scale of GTA III, although featured very little in the way of terrain.", "Grand Theft Auto: Vice City is an open world action-adventure video game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was released on 27 October 2002 for the PlayStation 2 console, on 12 May 2003 for Microsoft Windows, and on 31 October 2003 for the Xbox console. It is the sixth title in the Grand Theft Auto series.", "The 2002 game, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City was criticized as promoting racist hate crime. The game takes place in 1986, in \"Vice City\", a fictionalized Miami. It involves a gang war between Haitian and Cuban refugees which involves the player's character. However, it is possible to play the game without excessive killing. ", "The game is set in 1986 in fictional Vice City, which is based heavily on the city of Miami and Miami Beach, Florida. The game's look, particularly the clothing and vehicles, reflect (and sometimes parody) its 1980s' setting. Many themes are borrowed from the major films Scarface, Carlito's Way, and Blow, along with the hit 1980s television series Miami Vice. Vice City also parodies much of 1980s' popular culture in the cars, music, fashion, landmarks, and characters featured in the game.", "For the first level, you have to score one million points. There are missions available if you choose – picking up and respraying ‘hot’ cars, being a getaway driver, assassinating city officials, recovering stolen drugs, blowing up vehicles with little bomb-rigged radio controlled cars…the list of possible activities is long, and for every successful mission you perform without dying or getting arrested, you get a score multiplier, which helps with getting to that goal score. Points are available from missions, odd jobs and wreaking havoc as you barge your way around the city. Run over a pedestrian or blow up a car and you’ll score some points. If you find yourself in a back alley and you steal a nice-looking vehicle, its owner may have laid it as bait in the hope of recruiting assistance from a criminal like you, and you have the option to take or leave the work. If you’ve stolen an especially nice car, you can sell it to the import/export guys who run the cranes down at the docks. Weapons, armor, power-ups, extra lives and get out of jail free cards are scattered around the city in roadside crates. Every so often on of these crates will contain a short, frantic bonus mission called a ‘KILL FRENZY!’ where you’re given unlimited ammunition and a score target to reach in an allotted time. Accidentally uncovering one of these during a quiet period of exploration instantly swings the game into a full-blown explosion fest.", "A side-scrolling video game was released by Ocean Software in 1989 on ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, MSX, Amiga, MS-DOS, and later on NES, and SNES.[citation needed] Based loosely on the movie, the game plays out some of the more significant parts of the film. Set in Chicago, the primary goal of the game is to take down Al Capone's henchmen and eventually detain Capone.", "There are four weapons; a pistol, a machine gun, a flamethrower and a rocket launcher. The weapon system is very basic, and takes some getting used to. You fire whichever way you’re facing and because of the crudity of the graphics it’s not always easy to tell which way that is, and sometimes it’s simplest to fire and see which way the bullet goes. If it hits a non-player character they’ll be nothing but a red splat on the sidewalk…and you’ll score some points and maybe attract some unwanted police attention. One bullet is enough to take someone down…including you, so you’re very vulnerable on foot without armor, which can be found as a power-up in the roadside crates. The rocket launcher can destroy buildings…or at least cause them to explode and catch fire, and standing too close to the flames is a sure way to end up WASTED! yourself.", "This game used real pictures of people in the opening cut scene. It came on 3 floppies. Gameplay was first person side scrolling shooter. Highly graphical. I believe it came out in 1989. Older VGA cards did not produce graphics properly since the game was technically \"SuperVGA\".", "The game consisted on an open world where the player would either take the role of a cop or a criminal in multiple game modes that, hence the title of the game, ranged from races to police chases.", "The player is equipped with gun with unlimited ammo. The player can jump, crawl and fire in different directions. One bullet shot from the enemy kills the character. The big theme is run towards the shooting machine and destroy it, while killing other aliens who attacks you.", "In 1983, a video game called Keystone Kapers was released for the Atari 2600, 5200, and later Colecovision. Playing as Keystone Kop Officer Kelly, the player's objective is to stop would-be robber Hooligan Harry from escaping Southwick's Mall. The game, which became a hit, was produced by Activision; a similar later game, whose title features similar alliteration, is Bonanza Bros. (1990). ", "Players are expected to commit crimes and build up their power in a fictional city by selling drugs and killing rival gangsters. There have been fears that some gamers may try to recreate scenes from the games for real." ]

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[ "Western Union Telegraph Company was founded in Rochester, New York, in 1851 as The New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company. After a series of acquisitions of competing companies by Hiram Sibley & Don Alonzo Watson the company changed its name to Western Union Telegraph Company in 1856. By forming cooperative contracts with the railroads during the 1850's an 1860's, the Western Union Telegraph Company developed a dominate network of telegraph lines running alongside railroad tracks.", "In 1851, the New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company was organized in Rochester, New York by Samuel L. Selden, Hiram Sibley, and others, with the goal of creating one great telegraph system with unified and efficient operations. Meanwhile, Ezra Cornell had bought back one of his bankrupt companies and renamed it the New York & Western Union Telegraph Company. Originally fierce competitors, by 1856 both groups were finally convinced that consolidation was their only alternative for progress. The merged company was named the Western Union Telegraph Company at Cornell's insistence, and Western Union was born. ", "Several telegraph companies that eventually combined to become Western Union were founded in 1851. Western Union built its first transcontinental telegraph line in 1861.", "By 1852, the United States had the most extensive telegraph network in the world. The lines hummed with telegrams whizzing to and fro, with the most fervent users -- New York bankers -- sending a dozen messages a day. Dozens of competing companies sprang up to build and operate networks, and in 1856 several of them merged to form Western Union. The company went on to establish a near-monopoly of the industry.", "In 1958, Western Union Telegraph Company started to build a Telex network in the United States.[17] This Telex network started as a satellite exchange located in New York City and expanded to a nationwide network. Western Union chose Siemens & Halske AG,[18] now Siemens AG, and ITT [19] to supply the exchange equipment, provisioned the exchange trunks via the Western Union national microwave system and leased the exchange to customer site facilities from the local telephone company. Teleprinter equipment was originally provided by Siemens & Halske AG [20] and later by Teletype Corporation.[21] Initial direct International Telex service was offered by Western Union, via W.U. International, in the summer of 1960 with limited service to London and Paris.[22]", "By 1851, there were 67 Morse lines extending 20,000 miles, 8 House lines for 3000 miles, and 7 Bain lines for 2000 miles (see below for a description of the competing House and Bain telegraphs). The Mississippi River was crossed at St Louis by telegraph cables strung from high masts in 1852-3. The telegraph reached San Francisco in 1861. The speed at which the telegraph was extended in the United States was remarkable, but most of the lines were of execrable quality. By 1866, when the Atlantic Cable was put into service, most principal lines were in the hands of Western Union and the American Telegraph Company, who soon merged. The availability of money after the Civil War, and the low cost of telegraph construction, led to the mushroom growth of competitors, but there was little such competition after 1881, and Western Union dominated the market from then on. Some of the competing lines built after the Civil War were built solely for the purpose of being acquired by Western Union on advantageous terms.", "Use of the telegraph was quickly accepted by people eager for a faster and easier way of sending and receiving information. However, widespread and successful use of the device required a unified system of telegraph stations among which information could be transmitted. The Western Union Telegraphy Company, founded in part by Cornell, was at first only one of many such companies that developed around the new medium during the 1850s. By 1861, however, Western Union had laid the first transcontinental telegraph line, making it the first nationwide telegraph company. Telegraph systems spread across the world, as well. Extensive systems appeared across Europe by the later part of the 19th century, and by 1866 the first permanent telegraph cable had been successfully laid across the Atlantic Ocean; there were 40 such telegraph lines across the Atlantic by 1940.", "In the United States , telegram services are operated by American Telegram, which operates under authority of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), as well as iTelegram . Western Union announced the discontinuation of all of its telegram services effective from 31 January 2006. [42] Only 20,000 telegrams were sent in 2005, compared with 20 million in 1929. According to Western Union, which still offers money transfer services, its last telegram was sent Friday, 27 January 2006. [43] The company stated that this was its \"final transition from a communications company to a financial services company.\" [44]", "However, the most dramatic improvement in the speed, breadth and reliability of news coverage came with Samuel Morse's invention of the telegraph. Newspapers became the major customers of the telegraph companies, and the cost of telegraph transmissions led to the formation of wire services like the Associated Press, which was founded as a cooperative venture by New York newspapers in 1848. That year, Bennett's Herald boasted that it printed \"ten columns of highly important news received by electric telegraph\" in a single issue. The telegraph for the first time enabled newspapers to fill their pages with news that happened yesterday in cities hundreds, then thousands of miles away. With the successful completion of a transatlantic cable in 1866, American newspapers could suddenly print news from Europe with similar promptness.", "In 1879 an agreement was finally reached that saw Western Union agree to drop its counter-suits and sign over its own telephone patents. Apparently Western Union thought the telephone would only ever be a rival to the telegraph over short distances. In exchange National Bell agreed to drop its cases, buy out its rival's subscribers and equipment and pay Western Union a 20 per cent commission on each telephone rental for the remaining 15 years of the patents (this eventually totalled $7m). In addition Gray was paid $100 000 and Western Electric (Gray's company) was contracted as Bell's sole equipment supplier – an arrangement that lasted for almost 100 years.", "Verizon Communications, Inc. () ( ) (simply known as Verizon, stylized as verizon), is an American broadband telecommunications company and the largest U.S. wireless communications service provider , and a corporate component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The company is based at 1095 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, but is incorporated in Delaware.", "From this point the use of the electric telegraph started to grow on the new railways being built from London. The London and Blackwall Railway (another rope-hauled application) was equipped with the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph when it opened in 1840, and many others followed. The one-needle telegraph proved highly successful on British railways, and 15,000 sets were still in use at the end of the nineteenth century. Some remained in service in the 1930s. In September 1845 the financier John Lewis Ricardo and Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, the first public telegraphy company in the world. This company bought out the Cooke and Wheatstone patents and solidly established the telegraph business. ", "From this point the use of the electric telegraph started to grow on the new railways being built from London. The London and Blackwall Railway (another rope-hauled application) was equipped with the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph when it opened in 1840, and many others followed. The one-needle telegraph proved highly successful on British railways, and 15,000 sets were still in use at the end of the nineteenth century. Some remained in service in the 1930s. In September 1845 the financier John Lewis Ricardo and Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, the first public telegraphy company in the world. This company bought out the Cooke and Wheatstone patents and solidly established the telegraph business. ", "In spite of many attempts to design fast automatic telegraphs by many American inventors, notably Edison, only the Wheatstone, from England, ever saw significant practical use. The American Rapid Telegraph Company used some combination of automatic tape transmission and Bain reception with a two-line telegraph (like Steinheil's!) to offer service in 1879. Their secret weapon was the use of young girls as cheap labor. An 1884 lease to Western Union eliminated the competition. Elisha Gray's harmonic telegraph of 1874, Leggo's automatic transmitter, and Snow's compound wire were brought together in the Postal Telegraph Company of 1881 as a \"high tech\" wonder on the New York-Chicago route. Two compound wires on 43 chestnut or cedar poles per mile, beside the Erie and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern roads offered 20 words for a quarter. The \"postal\" in the company name and the cheap rates were to encourage government interest as a possible post office adjunct. Western Union bought it out instead, putting an end to the nonsense. Gray's Harmonic Telegraph led to interest in the multiplex, sending several messages at the same time on one wire, which was finally practically accomplished in another way. The multiplex is explained below in the section on repeaters, duplex and quadruplex.", "The Comcast Corporation is the largest mass media and communications company in the world by revenue. It is the largest cable company and home Internet service provider in the United States, and the nation's third largest home telephone service provider. Comcast has a monopoly in Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, and many other small towns across the US.", "John Butterfield of Utica, a stagecoach operator, had glimpsed the possibilities of the telegraph when he observed the government line on a visit to Washington, and obtained patent rights in early 1845 for the New York, Albany and Buffalo Telegraph Company, which he and his associates formed. This turned out to be one of the best and most reliable lines in the country. In 1847 it was extended from Buffalo to Montreal by a Canadian company. Smith's Boston line was extended to Portland in that year, eventually reaching Halifax through a chain of companies for the European news. The Washington and New Orleans Telegraph Company, promoted by Amos Kendall, who as postmaster had established an extra-charge express mail to New Orleans, built the long line through Richmond, Wilmington, Charleston, Montgomery and Mobile to New Orleans, completed in 1848. Soon, the only states east of the Missippi that did not have a telegraph line were Vermont, Tennessee and Florida. It should be remembered that in 1840, the population of Cincinnati was about 46,000, Pittsburgh 31,000, Louisville 21,000, Detroit 9100, Cleveland 6100 and Chicago 4470.", "Press Associations. As early as 1848 a group of seven New York daily newspapers formed the Associated Press (AP) to take advantage of the new telegraphic technology and to cooperate in news gathering. In 1875 the wire between New York and Washington transmitted more than twenty thousand words a day. Between 1880 and 1900 the miles of telegraph lines covering the United States quadrupled, and AP wire service extended to Chicago , New Orleans , Minneapolis , and Denver . Other cities received news reports through express messengers or regular mail delivery. During this time the AP moved to consolidate its control over which newspapers benefited from their wire service. In conjunction with West-em Union it provided member papers with special treatment and rates. The AP also prohibited its members from using any other news service. By 1880 only 50 percent of the morning dailies and 25 percent of the evening papers had access to AP service. The only serious competitor was the United Press (not. the twentieth-century wire service of the same name), founded in 1882. It went bankrupt in 1897 and merged with the AP.", "Western Union Telegraph Company developed a subsidiary named Western Union Cable System. This company later was renamed as Western Union International (WUI) when it was spun off by Western Union as an independent company. WUI was purchased by MCI Communications (MCI) in 1983 and operated as a subsidiary of MCI International.", "The telegraph ushered in a new global communications regime, accompanied by a restructuring of the national postal systems, and closely followed by the advent of telephone lines. With the value of international news at a premium, governments, businesses, and news agencies moved aggressively to reduce transmission times. In 1865, Reuters had the scoop on the Lincoln assassination, reporting the news in England twelve days after the event took place. In 1866, an undersea telegraph cable successfully connected Ireland to Newfoundland (and thus the Western Union network) cutting trans-Atlantic transmission time from days to hours. The transatlantic cable allowed fast exchange of information about the London and New York stock exchanges, as well as the New York, Chicago, and Liverpool commodity exchanges—for the price of $5–10, in gold, per word. Transmitting On 11 May 1857, a young British telegraph operator in Delhi signaled home to alert the authorities of the Indian Uprising of 1857. The rebels proceeded to disrupt the British telegraph network, which was then rebuilt with more redundancies. In 1902–1903, Britain and the U.S. completed the circumtelegraphy of the planet with transpacific cables from Canada to Fiji and New Zealand (British Empire), and from the USA to Hawaii and the occupied Philippines. U.S. reassertions of the Monroe Doctrine notwithstanding, Latin America was a battleground of competing telegraphic interests until World War I, after which U.S. interests finally did consolidate their power in the hemisphere. ", "Moses G. Farmer and G. F. Milliken developed the American Compound Wire in 1865-66, which was copper-sheathed steel, with the same conductance as #8 iron wire, but weighing only 80 lb per mile. The copper was apparently applied in the process of drawing. This wire suffered from electrolytic corrosion of the iron in contact with the copper, and was not succesful. C. Snow's compound wire of around 1875 had the copper applied by electrolysis to produce a closer bond. Wire weighing 525 lb per mile, 3/5 copper, was manufactured at Ansonia, Connecticut. In 1883, the National Telegraph Company strung hard-drawn #12 copper wire on its new New York-Chicago line beside the West Shore and the Nickel Plate roads, up to 10,623 miles of it, but Western Union and most other companies stuck with iron. Hard-drawn copper was strong enough, and it slowly replaced iron, but galvanized iron did not disappear until after 1900.", "The Times decided to send its 1911 telegram in order to determine how fast a commercial message could be sent around the world by telegraph cable. The message, reading simply �This message sent around the world,� left the dispatch room on the 17th floor of the Times building in New York at 7 p.m. on August 20. After it traveled more than 28,000 miles, being relayed by 16 different operators, through San Francisco, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Saigon, Singapore, Bombay, Malta, Lisbon and the Azores�among other locations�the reply was received by the same operator 16.5 minutes later. It was the fastest time achieved by a commercial cablegram since the opening of the Pacific cable in 1900 by the Commercial Cable Company.", "* Business communications networks such as Telex and TWX, which was acquired from AT&T Corporation and renamed Telex II by Western Union", "The telephone was invented in 1876. In time, cell phones and personal computers came along, and in 2006, Western Union, the company that had made a name for itself by charging sweethearts to wire singing telegrams and chocolates to one another, stopped sending telegrams all together. (Wiring money remains a main business for the Denver-based company.)", "Most often land line telegraph operators worked for a railroad or later for Western Union and news reporting services. Thomas Alva Edison was such an operator in his teenage years, as were countless youths of his time.", "ITT's \"World Communications\" division (later known as ITT World Communications) was amalgamated from many smaller companies, several of which were organized under the American Cable and Radio Corporation : Federal Telegraph , \"All American Cables and Radio\", \"Globe Wireless\", and the common carrier division of Mackay Marine. ITT World Communications was purchased by Western Union in 1987.", "The larger size of business presented great challenges to managers who administered enormous organizations with many branches and subsidiaries. Advances in communications and transportation helped decision makers to maintain control. The electric telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse in 1844 and was used to relay commercial information about prices and markets. It was used in the stock exchanges and on the railway systems. Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone in 1876, and networks of telephone lines were built quickly across the United States.", "Citigroup, also known as Citi, is a global financial corporation that is the product of Citicorp and Travelers Group’s merger last 1998.", "Telegraph networks were expensive to build, but financing was readily available, especially from London bankers. By 1852, National systems were in operation major countries as follows: ", "William Randolph Hearst (; April 29, 1863 – August 14, 1951) was an American newspaper publisher who built the nation's largest newspaper chain and whose methods profoundly influenced the history of American journalism. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 after being given control of The San Francisco Examiner by his wealthy father. Moving to New York City, he acquired The New York Journal and engaged in a bitter circulation war with Joseph Pulitzer's New York World that led to the creation of yellow journalism—sensationalized stories featuring crime, corruption, sensation, and sex, and of sometimes dubious veracity. Acquiring more newspapers, Hearst created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak. He later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world.", "Citigroup Inc. (Citi) is an American multinational banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Manhattan, New York City.", "Shortly after the conclusion of the ceremony, the cable was opened for public service. The New York Times reported that the first call was between a woolen merchant in Manhattan and a textile manufacturer in Yorkshire. The caller in New York had booked a radiotelephone call and expected to wait hours for his connection; he was surprised when the call was put through within ten minutes. [New York Times 26 September 1956]", "NEW YORK -- The parent company of the two-century-old New York Stock Exchange, best known for its stock trading business and iconic trading floor, has been acquired for $8.2 billion by InterContintenalExchange, a 12-year-old upstart that specializes in commodities, futures and derivatives trading." ]

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[ "Today, three orbiters fly into space. They are Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour. Since the shuttle began flying in 1981, two orbiters, Columbia and Challenger, have been lost due to accidents. One other orbiter, Enterprise, never flew into space. It was built to test how the orbiters would work. Now it's at a Smithsonian Museum center near Washington, D.C.", "A total of six Orbiters were built for flight: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis , Endeavour and Enterprise. The Challenger was destroyed in an explosion, in 1986, which has been said could have been averted. Thus making the statement, “A Colombian Enterprise to Endeavor for the Discovery of Atlantis … and all Challengers shall be destroyed.”", "5: NASA's final tally for the number of spaceworthy vehicles built for the space shuttle fleet. The shuttles that have launched into space are: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour. Challenger and Columbia were lost during spaceflight tragedies.", "The ENTERPRISE called COLUMBIA (the US) will ENDEAVOR to DISCOVER the lost city of ATLANTIS, but all CHALLENGERS will be destroyed!", "KOLBRIN GOBLIN: The ENTERPRISE called COLUMBIA (the US) will ENDEAVOR to DISCOVER the lost city of ATLANTIS, but all CHALLENGERS will be destroyed!", "Endeavour (OV-105) is the youngest fleet member, making its maiden voyage in May 1992. It was built as a replacement for Challenger (lost in 1986) using the spare structural parts of Discovery and Atlantis.", "The Columbia disaster led directly to the retirement of NASA's space shuttle fleet and its replacement with new capsule-based spacecraft designed for deep-space exploration. The last space shuttle missions flew in 2011, with NASA's remaining orbiters — Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour — and the test shuttle Enterprise arriving at their final museum homes in 2012 for public display.", "The Space Shuttle was a partially reuseable [2] launch system and orbital spacecraft operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for human spaceflight missions from 1981 to 2011. The system combined rocket launch, orbital spacecraft, and re-entry spaceplane with modular add-ons. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981 leading to operational flights beginning in 1982, all launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The system was retired from service in 2011 after 135 missions; [3] on July 8, 2011, with Space Shuttle Atlantis performing that 135th launch � the final launch of the three-decade Shuttle program. [4] The program ended after Atlantis landed at the Kennedy Space Center on July 21, 2011. Major missions included launching numerous satellites and interplanetary probes, [5] conducting space science experiments, and servicing and construction of space stations. Enterprise was a prototype orbiter used for atmospheric testing during development in the 1970s, and lacked engines and heat shield. Five space-worthy orbiters were built�two were destroyed in accidents and the others have been retired.", "The Space Shuttle started flying in 1981, but the US Congress failed to approve sufficient funds to make Freedom a reality. A fleet of four shuttles was built: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis. A fifth shuttle, Endeavour, was built to replace Challenger which was destroyed in an accident during launch which killed 7 astronauts on January 28, 1986. Twenty-two Shuttle flights carried a European Space Agency sortie space station called Spacelab in the payload bay from 1983 to 1998.", "The United States Congress authorized the construction of Endeavour in 1987 to replace Challenger, which was lost in an accident in 1986. Structural spares from the construction of Discovery and Atlantis, two of the three remaining operating shuttles at the time, were used in its assembly. The decision to build Endeavour was favored over refitting Enterprise on cost grounds.", "Somber fact about the Discovery: After her final space mission this past March, she became the only original Shuttle to survive her final launch and landing unlike the Challenger and Columbia. She’s going to end up at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum to replace the Enterprise prototype.", "The reusable Shuttles together make up a fleet, with each vehicle continually being processed on the ground in preparation for its next flight. The second orbiter, Challenger, debuted in 1983, followed by Discovery in 1984 and Atlantis in 1985. A fifth orbiter, Endeavour, joined the fleet in 1991, to make its first flight in 1992.", "Atlantis Commander: Chris \"Fergie\" Ferguson: \"Hey thanks, Butch, great words, great words. You know, the space shuttle has changed the way we view the world and it's changed the way we view our universe. There are a lot of emotions today, but one thing is indisputable -- America's not going to stop exploring. Thank you Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Endeavour and our ship, Atlantis. Thank you for protecting us and bringing this program to such a fitting end. God bless all of you, God bless the United States of America.\"", "The program’s third shuttle, Discovery, made its first flight in 1984. Atlantis entered the fleet in 1985, and was followed by Endeavour in 1992. The shuttle program experienced its second major disaster on February 1, 2003, when just minutes before Columbia was scheduled to land at Kennedy Space Center and conclude its 28th mission, it broke apart while re-entering the atmosphere over Texas. All seven astronauts on board perished.", "Past delays. The shuttle fleet has been stuck on the ground for long periods before. The longest was 32 months from 1986-1988 during the investigation after Challenger. More recently, flights were stopped for three months in 2002 when tiny cracks were spotted in the fuel lines of all four shuttles — Columbia, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour.", "The oldest craft in the fleet, Discovery, completed its final voyage in March , while Endeavour finished its career in April. The launch of Atlantis on Friday marks the 135th and final space shuttle mission.", "The entire space shuttle program was grounded during the commission’s investigation and did not resume flying until shuttle designers made several technical modifications and NASA management implemented stricter regulations regarding quality control and safety. The space shuttle resumed flying on September 29, 1988 with the launch of the redesigned shuttle Discovery on STS-26 mission. In 1991, the shuttle  Endeavour  joined the fleet to replace the Challenger, again bringing the number of ships to four.", "In 1983, Enterprise had its wing markings changed to match Challenger, and the NASA \"worm\" logotype on the aft end of the payload bay doors was changed from gray to black. Some black markings were added to the nose, cockpit windows and vertical tail to more closely resemble the flight vehicles, but the name \"Enterprise\" remained on the payload bay doors as there was never any need to open them. Columbia had its name moved to the forward fuselage to match the other flight vehicles after STS-61-C, during the 1986–88 hiatus when the shuttle fleet was grounded following the loss of Challenger, but retained its original wing markings until its last overhaul (after STS-93), and its unique black wing \"chines\" for the remainder of its operational life.", "The unrealistically optimistic launch schedule pursued by NASA had been criticized by the Rogers Commission as a possible contributing cause to the accident. After the accident, NASA attempted to aim at a more realistic shuttle flight rate: it added another orbiter, Endeavour, to the space shuttle fleet to replace Challenger, and it worked with the Department of Defense to put more satellites in orbit using expendable launch vehicles rather than the shuttle. In August 1986, President Reagan also announced that the shuttle would no longer carry commercial satellite payloads. After a 32-month hiatus, the next shuttle mission, STS-26, was launched on September 29, 1988.", "The space shuttle fleet was grounded after Atlantis' STS-135 mission landed this past July. The remaining orbiters are headed to museum retirement homes. Discovery will go to the Smithsonian, which is why Enterprise is being shipped out to New York.", "The Space Shuttle Atlantis, which launched July 8th, has returned to Earth. Atlantis' safe return marks the end of an era, as it is the official conclusion to the entire space shuttle program. Atlantis and her four person crew commenced their landing at night, and touched down at NASA's Kennedy Space Center at an official full wheel stop time of 5:57am. It was NASA's 25th night landing, the 78th landing at Kennedy Space Center, and the 133rd landing in overall shuttle history. During this mission, STS 135, Atlantis orbited Earth 200 times and flew 5,284,862 miles. STS 135 was Atlantis' 33rd and final mission. In the course of shuttle's history, Atlantis spent 307 days in space, orbited the Earth 4,848 times, and flew 125,935,769 miles. The space shuttle program is now officially over and the future of NASA and American space exploration, though sure to continue, is uncertain.", "Early in the Shuttle program, communications satellites were common payloads, with as many as three delivered into orbit on the same mission. The January 1986 Challenger accident, which resulted in the loss of the crew and vehicle due to a failed seal in one of the two Solid Rocket Boosters, led to a change in that policy, however. Since returning to flight in September 1988, the Shuttle has carried only those payloads unique to the Shuttle or those that require a human presence. The majority of these have been scientific and defense missions. Among those payloads have been some of the decade's most important space science projects, including the Hubble Space Telescope, the Galileo Jupiter spacecraft, and the Gamma Ray Observatory.", "Afterward, the shuttle fleet was grounded until July 2005, when Discovery was launched on the program’s 114th mission. By the time Discovery completed its 39th and final mission (the most of any shuttle) in March 2011, it had flown 148 million miles, made 5,830 orbits of Earth and spent 365 days in space. Endeavour completed its 25th and final mission in June 2011. That mission was commanded by Capt. Mark Kelly, husband of former U.S. congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords.", "Of all the NASA missions, none has visited as many planets, rings, and satellites, nor has provided as many fresh insights into the outer planets, as Voyager, which was launched in 1977. On 19 May 1981, the National Aeronautic Association awarded its Collier Trophy to the \"Voyager Mission Team, represented by its chief scientist Dr. Edward C. Stone, for the spectacular flyby of Saturn and the return of basic new knowledge of the solar system.\" 1 The awarding of the Collier Trophy was a fitting tribute to the science carried out by the Voyager spacecraft, which also received twice, in 1980 and 1981, respectively, the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy, an aerospace industry prize awarded annually since 1958 by the National Space Club to recognize achievement in astronautics, for the Voyager encounters with Jupiter and Saturn. 2", "24. NASA launches space shuttle Endeavour on mission STS-61. The goal of this mission is to fix an optical defect on the Hubble Space Telescope. The crew of this mission is Dick Covey, Ken Bowersox, Story Musgrave, Jeff Hoffman, Kathy Thornton, and Tom Akers. Read a book set in space, a book with an eye on the cover OR a book by an author named Dick, Ken, Jeff, Kathy or Tom.", "The U.S. Space Transportation System was essentially shut down for a period of 975 days while NASA carried out necessary changes and tested new systems. Then, on September 29, 1988, the first post-Challenger mission was launched, STS-26. On that flight, Discovery carried NASA's TDRS-C communications satellite into orbit, putting the American STS program back on schedule once more.", "Scott : Mr. Spock, the captain, Lieutenant Uhura, and Chekov... they vanished. They got onto the transporter platform, and they just vanished.", "NASA's Final Four Space Shuttle Astronauts: STS-135 crew portrait. Pictured are NASA astronauts Chris Ferguson (center right), commander; Doug Hurley (center left), pilot; Rex Walheim and Sandy Magnus, both mission specialists. Photo credit: NASA", "The STS was essentially shut down for a period of 975 days while NASA carried out the necessary changes and tested its new systems. On September 29, 1988, the first post-Challenger mission was launched, STS-26. On that flight, Discovery carried NASA's TDRS-C communications satellite into orbit, putting the American STS program back on track once more.", "2 Dec. 1993 Astronauts Richard O. Covey and Kenneth D. Bowersox piloted Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-61) on a highly successful mission to repair the optics of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and perform routine servicing on the orbiting observatory. Following a precise and flawless rendezvous, grapple, and berthing of the telescope in the cargo bay of the Shuttle, the Endeavour flight crew, in concert with control¬lers at Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, and Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, completed all eleven planned servicing tasks during five extravehicular activities for full accomplishment of all STS-61 servicing objectives. This included installation of a new Wide Field & Planetary Camera and sets of corrective optics for all the other instruments, as well as replacement of faulty solar arrays, gyroscopes, magnetometers, and electrical components to restore the reliability of the observatory subsystem. The Endeavour then provided HST with a reboost into a 321-nautical-mile, nearly circular orbit. Re-deployment of a healthy HST back into orbit using the shuttle robotic arm occurred at 5:26 a.m. EST on 10 Dec., and the telescope was once again a fully operational, free-flying spacecraft with vastly improved optics. Orbital verification of HST's improved capabilities occurred in early Jan., well ahead of the March schedule. Endeavour, the newest of the orbiters, was named after the 18th century vessel captained by British explorer Capt. James Cook. The new Shuttle craft took its maiden voyage in May 1992. The STS-61 mission landed successfully on December 13, 1993.", "2 Dec. 1993 Astronauts Richard O. Covey and Kenneth D. Bowersox piloted Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-61) on a highly successful mission to repair the optics of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and perform routine servicing on the orbiting observatory. Following a precise and flawless rendezvous, grapple, and berthing of the telescope in the cargo bay of the Shuttle, the Endeavour flight crew, in concert with controllers at Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, and Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, completed all eleven planned servicing tasks during five extravehicular activities for full accomplishment of all STS-61 servicing objectives. This included installation of a new Wide Field & Planetary Camera and sets of corrective optics for all the other instruments, as well as replacement of faulty solar arrays, gyroscopes, magnetometers, and electrical components to restore the reliability of the observatory subsystem. The Endeavour then provided HST with a reboost into a 321-nautical-mile, nearly circular orbit. Re-deployment of a healthy HST back into orbit using the shuttle robotic arm occurred at 5:26 a.m. EST on 10 Dec., and the telescope was once again a fully operational, free-flying spacecraft with vastly improved optics. Orbital verification of HST's improved capabilities occurred in early Jan., well ahead of the March schedule. Endeavour, the newest of the orbiters, was named after the 18th century vessel captained by British explorer Capt. James Cook. The new Shuttle craft took its maiden voyage in May 1992.", "A planned successor to STS was the \"Shuttle II\", during the 1980s and 1990s, and later the Constellation program during the 2004–2010 period. CSTS was a proposal to continue to operate STS commercially, after NASA. In September 2011, NASA announced the selection of the design for the new Space Launch System that is planned to launch the Orion spacecraft and other hardware to missions beyond low earth-orbit. " ]

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[ "Mount St. Helens is most famous for its catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 am PDT. which was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways, and 185 miles of highway were destroyed. The eruption caused a massive debris avalanche, reducing the elevation of the mountain's summit from 9,677 feet to 8,365 feet and replacing it with a 1 mile wide horseshoe-shaped crater.[3] The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles in volume. The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for its aftermath to be scientifically studied.", "Mount St. Helens is most notorious for its catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 am PDT,[2] the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways, and 185 miles (298 km) of highway were destroyed. A massive debris avalanche triggered by an earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale, caused an eruption, reducing the elevation of the mountain's summit from 9,677 ft (2,950 m) to 8,365 ft (2,550 m) and replacing it with a 1 mile (1.6 km) wide horseshoe-shaped crater.[3] The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles (2.9 km3) in volume. The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for its aftermath to be scientifically studied.", "Mount St. Helens is most famous for its catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 am PDT which was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways, and 185 miles of highway were destroyed. The eruption caused a massive debris avalanche, reducing the elevation of the mountain's summit from 9,677 feet to 8,365 feet and replacing it with a 1 mile wide horseshoe-shaped crater. The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles in volume. The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for its aftermath to be scientifically studied.", "Mount St. Helens is most famous for its catastrophic eruption (占쌍억옙占쏙옙 화占쏙옙占쏙옙占�) on May 18, 1980, which was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24of railways, and 185 miles (300of highway were destroyed. The eruption caused a massive debris avalanche, reducing the elevation of the mountain's summit(占쏙옙 占쏙옙占쏙옙) from 9,677to 8,365and replacing it with a mile-wide (1.5horseshoe-shaped crater. The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles (2.3 km占쏙옙 in volume. ", "The May 18, 1980 event was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States. Approximately fifty-seven people were killed directly from the blast and 200 houses, 47 bridges, 15 mi of railways and 185 mi of highway were destroyed; two people were killed indirectly in accidents that resulted from poor visibility, and two more suffered fatal heart attacks from shoveling ash. U.S. President Jimmy Carter surveyed the damage and said it looked more desolate than a moonscape. A film crew was dropped by helicopter on Mount St. Helens on May 23 to document the destruction. However their compasses spun in circles and they quickly became lost. A second eruption occurred the next day (see below), but the crew survived and were rescued two days after that. The eruption ejected more than 1 cumi of material. A quarter of that volume was fresh lava in the form of ash, pumice and volcanic bombs while the rest was fragmented, older rock. The removal of the north side of the mountain (13% of the cone's volume) reduced Mount St. Helens' height by about 390 m and left a crater 1 to wide and 2100 ft deep with its north end open in a huge breach.", "Mount St. Helens is best known for its large explosive eruption, summit collapse and directed blast of May 18, 1980, which was the most expensive and deadly volcanic event in United States history. The volcano continued erupting during 1980-1986, producing a lava dome within the 1980 crater. Mount St. Helens again erupted in 2004-2008, when it produced only minor explosive activity but a series of spectacular lava spines with a cumulative volume of almost 100 million cubic meters that doubled the size of the lava dome. Tremor and millions of small earthquakes accompanied both of the recent eruptions. Since early 2008 no eruptions have taken place and the lava dome has shrunk in heigth as its steep sides crumble into a broader more symetrical shape.", "The eruption took place on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 a.m. PDT and was \"the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States,\" according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration .", "Notable Statistic: The May 18, 1980 blast devastated 596 square kilometers (229 square miles) and destroyed timber valued at several million dollars. This was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States.", "On 18th May 1980, in north-western USA, Mount St Helens volcano erupted, killing everything within 20 miles. Ash columns were ejected into the atmosphere, circling the globe within two weeks and causing complete darkness over a radius of 100 miles.", "The catastrophic eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980, transformed modern understanding of volcanoes. But scientists today still struggle to successfully tap the deepest secrets of the mountain's foulest moods. The 1980 outburst, a colossal event by modern volcano standards, killed 57 people as rocky debris, scalding hot steam and gas swept down the volcano's slope at more than 683 miles per hour (1,100 kilometers per hour) and reached temperatures of 572 degrees Fahrenheit. The tempestuous volcano also hurled about 540 million tons of ash into the air, and has since earned celebrity status as perhaps the most studied volcano today. Better instruments and scientific tools now give an unparalleled view of volcanic life cycles. And yet scientists know that the gaps in their knowledge still leave them one step behind in forecasting the probability of the next big eruption. The defining moment of the Mount St. Helens eruption came in the form of a mammoth landslide from the volcano's north flank - the largest landslide in recorded history. That set off the huge lateral blast and ash cloud.", "On May 18, 1980 at 8:32 a.m., the earth rumbles underneath Mount St. Helens, a peak in Skamania County in southwestern Washington. Moments later an explosion blasts away a side of the mountain in a major volcanic eruption. The volcano causes the deaths of 57 people. The destruction is widespread but especially severe in Clark County as boiling gas and mud scour 200 square miles of forest and 30 miles of State Route 504. Some 1,000 miles of state highways and roads have to be closed, some for months, and highway repairs alone run into hundreds of millions of dollars.", "The 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens is the most studied volcanic eruption of the twentieth century. Although most people were unaware of the potential for such a violent display of volcanism in the contiguous U.S., volcanologists were keenly aware of the potential danger. Months before it erupted, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) established a base of operations at Vancouver, Washington to monitor the volcano. On May 18, survey volcanologist David Johnston was camping on Coldwater Ridge, only a few miles north of Mt. St. Helens. The eruption occurred that morning. At 8:32 a.m., Johnston radioed the USGS base and exclaimed \"Vancouver, Vancouver, this is it!\" The ensuing volcanic blast devastated the northern flank of the volcano, killing Johnston and 56 other victims. At the same time, geologists Keith and Dorothy Stoffel were flying in a light plane only 400 meters above the summit of Mt. St. Helens. From their vantage point, they witnessed one of the largest landslides ever recorded in historic times. Seconds later, a massive explosion shot out the north side of the volcano, toward Coldwater Ridge and Spirit Lake. The explosion generated a billowing cloud with numerous lightning bolts thousands of meters high. The cloud began to expand rapidly toward their aircraft and appeared to be gaining on them, but by turning south they managed to outrun it and survive.", "The May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens caused the volcano's north flank to collapse, triggering the largest landslide ever recorded. The blast killed 57 people, flattened 230 square miles (596 square kilometers) of forests and blew 1,300 feet (400 meters) off the peak.", "The cataclysmic eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, on May 18, 1980, formed a deep north-facing horseshoe-shaped crater. Small eruptions from 1980 to 1986 built a lava dome.  The lava dome can be seen here steaming within the crater.  (Photos by Austin Post and Lyn Topinka, USGS.)", "FILE - In this May 7, 2010 photo, a tree stump is shown in front of Mount St. Helens in Washington state. May 18, 2015 is the 35th anniversary of the eruption of Mount St. Helens that killed more than 50 people and blasted more than 1,300 feet off the mountain's peak. (AP Photo/Ted S. Warren, file)", "To give some sense of the enormity of the eruption and the destruction that it created, the Everett Herald imagined the crater of Mount St. Helens where the professional sports stadia are, just south of downtown Seattle. The newspaper assumed the terrain was the same as it was around the mountain before it erupted on May 18, 1980. Following is the Herald’s description of the area affected by the volcano:", "I spent May 18, 2012 shooting Mount St. Helens on its 32nd Anniversary of the eruption. This is inside the crater, with dirty snow from blowing ash. The volcano erupted on May 18, 1980 and this place has always intrigued me so experiencing this was the highlight of my trip to Washington State.", "1980: The previously dormant Mount St Helens in the north west US, erupted killing eight people and sending ash 60,000 feet up into the air which drifted hundreds of miles.", "FILE - In this 1980 photo, Andy Setlow goes for a run near Moscow, Idaho, while wearing a mask to avoid breathing ash from the eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington state more than 350 miles away. May 18, 2015 will mark the 35th anniversary of the eruption of the volcano. (Moscow-Pullman Daily News, Bob Bain, via AP)", "A photo of Mount St. Helens volcano in Washington State, showing the crater left by the May 18, 1980 eruption. (AP file)", "1980 Mount St Helens erupts in Washington state, killing 57 people and causing $3 billion in damage", "1980 - Status / Mt. St. Helens - June 12th, 1980: \"Mt. St. Helens, in Washington state, erupted May 18. The blast, with others May 25 and June 12, left 57 dead.\" [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 553]", "A volcanic ash column rose high into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states. At the same time, snow, ice, and several entire glaciers on the mountain melted, forming a series of large lahars (volcanic mudslides ) that reached as far as the Columbia River . Less severe outbursts continued into the next day only to be followed by other large but not as destructive eruptions later in 1980. By the time the ash settled, 57 people (including innkeeper Harry Truman and geologist David A. Johnston ) and thousands of animals were dead, hundreds of square miles reduced to wasteland, over a billion U.S. dollars in damage had occurred ($2.74 billion in 2007 dollars [7] ), and the face of Mount St. Helens was scarred with a huge crater on its north side. At the time of the eruption, the summit of Mount St. Helens was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad , but afterward the land passed to the United States Forestry Service . The area was later preserved, as it was, in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument .", "SEATTLE – Thirty-five years ago, Mount St. Helens in southwest Washington state erupted, killing 57 people, blasting more than 1,300 feet off the top and raining volcanic ash for miles around. Today, the volcano has become a world-class outdoor laboratory for the study of volcanoes, ecosystems and forestry, as well as a major recreational and tourist destination.", "On May 18, 1980, the volcano was transformed. The catastrophic eruption, was preceded by 2 months of intense activity that included more than 10,000 earthquakes, hundreds of small phreatic (steam-blast) explosions, and the outward growth of the volcano's entire north flank by more than 260 feet. A magnitude 5.1 earthquake struck beneath the volcano at 8:32 a.m. on May 18, setting in motion the devastating eruption. Within seconds of the earthquake, the volcano's bulging north flank slid away in the largest landslide in recorded history, triggering a destructive, lethal lateral blast of hot gas, steam, and rock debris that swept across the landscape as fast as 680 miles per hour. Temperatures within the blast reached as high as 570 degrees Fahrenheit (300 degrees Celsius). Snow and ice on the volcano melted, forming torrents of water and rock debris that swept down river valleys leading from the volcano. Within minutes, a massive plume of ash thrust 15 miles into the sky, where the prevailing wind carried about 520 million tons of ash across 22,000 square miles of the Western United States.", "Kilauea erupted 200 years ago, sending speeding lava flows down its peaks and killing more than 400 people, including Hawaiian warriors. It was the deadliest volcanic eruption on record in what is now the United States.", "The eruption of Mount St. Helens was the worst volcanic disaster in U.S. history. [U.S. Geological Survey]", "The last volcanic eruption outside Hawaii Island occurred at Haleakalā on Maui before the late 18th century, though it could have been hundreds of years earlier. [51] In 1790, Kīlauea exploded ; it was the deadliest eruption known to have occurred in the modern era in what is now the United States. [52] Up to 5,405 warriors and their families marching on Kīlauea were killed by the eruption. [53] Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features. Hawaii Island has the third-highest point among the world's islands. [54]", "The last volcanic eruption outside Hawaii Island occurred at Haleakalā on Maui before the late 18thcentury, though it could have been hundreds of years earlier. In 1790, Kīlauea exploded; it was the deadliest eruption known to have occurred in the modern era in what is now the United States. Up to 5,405 warriors and their families marching on Kīlauea were killed by the eruption. Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features. Hawaii Island has the third-highest point among the world's islands. ", "United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways, and 185 miles of highway were obliterated. PROOF AADVERTISING massive debris avalanche triggered by an Mon. Apr. 16, 2012 Finalearthquake Changesmeasuring DUE: 5.1 on the Richter scale, 5:00 p Please review carefully. check: Phone Number(s) reducing Spelling Prices caused Double another massive eruption, the elevation of the mountain’s summit fromor correcti Contact your Tidbits representative immediately with changes 9,677 ft. to 8,365 ft. The explosiveEmail: eruption Office: 760-320-0997 Fax: 760-320-1630 valleybits@ms left a gaping, one-mile wide horseshoe-shaped ADVERTISING PROOF crater.", "On May 18, a second earthquake, of magnitude 5.1, triggered a massive collapse of the north face of the mountain. It was the largest known debris avalanche in recorded history. The magma in St. Helens burst forth into a large-scale pyroclastic flow that flattened vegetation and buildings over . More than 1.5 million metric tons of sulfur dioxide were released into the atmosphere. On the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale, the eruption was rated a five (a Plinian eruption).", "A huge cloud of volcanic ash and gas rises above Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, on June 12, 1991. Three days later, the volcano exploded in the second-largest volcanic eruption on Earth in this century. Timely forecasts of this eruption by scientists from the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and the U.S. Geological Survey enabled people living near the volcano to evacuate to safer distances, saving at least 5,000 lives." ]

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[ "It wasn't until the '40s that folks seem to have started referring to members of the Marine Corps as \"jarheads.\" (It was also in the '40s that \"jarhead\" took on the meaning of a foolish or stupid person.)", "\"Jarhead\" is the slang term used to refer to Marines (sometimes by Marines themselves). Another term is \"Leatherneck\". The term \"Leatherneck\" was derived from a leather stock once worn around the neck by both American and British Marines in the early 19th Century. Its use among enlisted men supposedly improved their military bearing and appearance by forcing the chin high. The dress blue uniform still bears that stock collar today.", "There is evidence that U.S. Navy and Merchant Marine sailors began referring to marines as jarheads during World War II. Before that, they were known mostly as leathernecks and devil dogs. The term has since stuck and made it to popular usage.", "The term jarhead stems from the Marine Corps' dress blue uniform, which features a stiff collar and a flat-topped hat. Both of these items may have led to the jar comparison because of the lack of head mobility marines exhibit while in dress blues.", "I know what you're saying, but I just have to note again that there's just no written evidence from the time \"jarhead\" (with respect to a member of the USMC) was making its first appearances in ink (and other media [1]) that the term had anything to do with haircuts. We don't really know what this particular usage had to do with.", "If this uniform theory is true, the jarhead name comes from the same logic that named marines \"leathernecks\" -- a nickname that also refers to their stiff collar and demeanor.", "[1] By the way, the Random House Dictionary of Historical Slang has as its first sighting of the word \"jarhead\" (used with respect USMC personnel) a moment in the 1943 film, Gung Ho . The line there is, \"You silly jarhead. When are you gonna learn to fix a pack?\" (The story writer, it appears, had been an officer in the USMC.)", "The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard. The President of the United States is the military's overall head, and helps form military policy with the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), a federal executive department, acting as the principal organ by which military policy is carried out.", "A US Marine - according to some, a reference to the \" high and tight \" haircut and squared chin. Alternatively, American Heritage Dictionary states, \"Perhaps from the shape of the hat the Marines once wore\" [1] . On the other hand, the Oxford English Dictionary originally cites it as U.S. Army slang for a mule (1916), then later as a word for a \"foolish or stupid person\" (1942); the application to a Marine cites from 1944. Oddly, it was applied to U.S. Army soldiers in the 1930s, based on the mule mascot of Army's football team [2] . According to some, a reference to the fact that the Mason Jar Company produced many of the metal helmets worn by marines during WW II. Pejorative when used by non-Marines; defiantly proud when used by Marines about themselves (as in the book and movie of the same name, about a Marine sniper during the First Gulf War ) .", "Not correct, El Camino. The US Marines are a branch of the military and only have a civilian connection to the Navy, described as follows on Wikipedia.", "Leatherneck is a military slang term for a member of the United States Marine Corps, or of the British Royal Marines. It is generally believed to originate in the wearing of a leather \"stock\" or collar around the neck, which kept the posture erect. ", "It was named after the US Marine Corps slang for a member of the Marines, \"Devildog\". During his bluepill life, Captain Fenshire was once a Marine.", "Titles of military units are capitalized, including unofficial but well-known names such as Green Berets. Words such as army and navy are lowercased when standing alone, used collectively in the plural, or not part of an official title.", "21. \"Dogface\" is a slang term for U.S. infantry soldier; Pelican is now obscure, but it probably refers to some other arm of the services.", "Marine Armed forces branch called \"leathernecks\" because of the leather bands once worn around their throats. This branch's memorial in Arlington, Va. depicts the flag raising on Iwo Jima", "Slang terms for the rank historically used by the U.S. military include \"light colonel\", \"short colonel\", \"light bird\", \"half colonel\", \"bottlecap colonel\" (referring to the silver oak leaf insignia), and \"telephone colonel\" (from self-reference as \"colonel\" when using a telephone).", "(U.S. Army) Derogatory/affectionate term for a member of the 101st Airborne Division, so named for the division's \"Screaming Eagle\" crest, which features the Bald Eagle's head.", "*Cookie Jowls—the mess sergeant, who smokes cigarettes while preparing the mess hall's questionable menu (infamous for rubbery meatballs and tough-as-rawhide steaks). Walker once described him as \"the sum of all Army cooks I've met in my life.\" Except for the presence of cauliflower ears, a prominent heart tattoo, hairy shoulders and perpetual beard stubble, he bears a striking resemblance to SFC Snorkel—and has also been known to occasionally beat up on Beetle. Like Sarge, he also loves food.", "Semper Fi is a common greeting among serving and veteran Marines. It is short for the Marine Corps Motto \"Semper Fidelis\"", "slang reference to the Navy's engineers serving in mobile Construction Battalions (CB); see SEABEES. Also, slang for any NavPers serving in a non-traditional role.", "Scrambled Eggs: Gold embroidered decoration on a Commander's/Captain's cover. Admirals have Double Eggs. The similar silver clouds and lightning bolts addition to an Air Force Major's hat is called Farts and Darts. May also be referred to as \"Bullshit,\" but only by one who wears them.", "Brown Nose: Sailor trying a \"little too hard\" to make rate by sucking up to superiors. Can also refer to those who wear khakis (Chiefs, Officers) since it is assumed that most have \"brown-nosed\" to obtain their present position. Mythical rates include \"Chief Brownnose\" and \"Brownose First Class.\" Also known as a \"Butt Shark.\"", "(U.S. Marine Corps) A term used to describe one being refused a liberty. \"I got fed the green weenie again....tasted like the last guys asshole!\"", "His time with the U.S. Veterans Administration as a spokesperson was inspired by his experience serving the United States Air Force in Korea. His objective has been to popularize the issues such as Pensions and Health care, that concern hospitalized war veterans. Due to his significant contributions, and continued patriotism, he received the Veteran of the Year award in 2001 at the American Veteran Awards.", "(fack) Forward Air Controller, also known as Forward Air Controller Airborne (FACA), and sometimes called \"Mack the FAC\"; who has the responsibility for calling-in close air support (CAS) and tactical air (TAC-AIR) strikes on enemy movements and positions in support of ground troops or movements. Usually flying a low-level, low-speed spotter plane, the FAC identified VIET CONG or North Vietnamese positions and relayed the information to attack aircraft, helicopter GUNSHIPS, or high-altitude bombers. On the ground, a Forward Air Controller or Forward Observer would call in similar information. See FACP, MISTY FAC, FO, CAS, TAC-AIR, BIRD DOG, SKYMASTER.", "Sarge (also known as Army Sarge and Sergeant) is the gung-ho commander of an army of plastic toy soldiers from Bucket O Soldiers and loosely based on his voice actor's role as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in the 1987 film Full Metal Jacket.", "William Wilson \"Buffalo Bill\" Quinn: Retired Lieutenant General and Silver Star recipient. He served in World War II as a colonel and became a full colonel in Korea; and at the end of Korea became a Brigadier General.", "(U.S.) A derogatory term for an Asian enemy Soldier used extensively during the Vietnam War. From the Korean guk. (\"people\").", "airhead â (*) 1. A designated area in a hostile or potentially hostile operational area that,", "FTN - 'Fuck The Navy.' Term used by short-timers, attitude cases, and sailors having a bad day. Facetiously, Fun-Time Navy.", "Black beret: Worn by Swift Boat and PBR Sailors, originally in Vietnam. The tradition has sporadically been followed by modern small boat sailors. (See \"Brown Water Navy.\")", "'Fuck The Navy.' Term used by SHORT TIMERs, attitude cases, and sailors having a bad day. Facetiously, 'Fun-Time Navy.'" ]

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[ "This is a mash up of the songs 99 Luftballons, by Nena, and 99 Problems by Jay-Z.", "Gabriele Susanne Kerner (born 24 March 1960), better known by her stage name Nena, is a German singer-songwriter, actress, and comedian who rose to international fame in 1983 with the New German Wave song \"99 Luftballons\". In 1984, she re-recorded this song in English as \"99 Red Balloons\". Nena was also the name of the band with whom she released the song. The re-recording of some of her old songs rekindled her career in 2002. In 2007, she co-founded Neue Schule Hamburg.", "A crazy idea – 99 different mashups of 99 LuftBallons / Red Balloons vs 99 Problems, many as possible all released on one day (June 28th 2014) but ongoing til we reach 99. Is it a virtual flashmob or a silly mashup balloon launch, seeing where they end up? Or is it an artistic statement? Certainly the restriction has opened up the creative floodgates, as remaking the same mashup reveals the similarities and differences from one person to another. Originality comes in even when doing the same thing again and again…experimental, silly, funny, rocking, hardcore, ambient, glitch – it’s all there. A decade ago Jay-Zeezer created 99 Luft Problems, a classic mashup of Nena vs Jay-Z. It’s been remade a few times before, so it seemed appropriate to give Jay-Zeezer some love from the Crumplebang /mashup community. No real reason, just for the lulz. Hurry! Hurry! Super scurry!", "The anti-war protest song “99 Luftballons,” released by the German artist Nena in 1983, reached No. 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 Chart . After the success of the original version, Nena released an English-language version called “99 Red Balloons,” which topped the charts in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Ireland, but, interestingly enough, never even charted in the States. The song is about a nuclear war that starts after a civilian releases a bag full of helium balloons into the air and they are mistakenly registered as missiles by an early-warning system.", "After returning from a trip in the south of France, Jay Z announced work on his eighth studio album The Black Album at the opening of the first the 40/40 Club. He worked with several producers including Just Blaze, The Neptunes, Kanye West, Timbaland, Eminem, DJ Quik, 9th Wonder, The Buchanans and Rick Rubin. Notable songs on the album included \"What More Can I Say\", \"Dirt Off Your Shoulder\", \"Change Clothes\", and \"99 Problems\". The Black Album has sold 3 million copies in the US. Jay Z collaborated with R. Kelly and released a collaborative studio album, The Best of Both Worlds.", "Jay-Z toured with 50 Cent , Busta Rhymes and Sean Paul while finishing work on what was announced as his final album, The Black Album . He worked with several producers including Just Blaze , The Neptunes , Kanye West , Timbaland , Eminem , DJ Quik , 9th Wonder and Rick Rubin . Notable songs on the album included \" What More Can I Say \", \" Dirt Off Your Shoulder \", \" Change Clothes \", and \" 99 Problems \". A few of the songs done on this album portray a more personal side of Jay-Z; for example, \"Moment of Clarity\" sheds light on his feelings towards his estranged father and coping with his death and deals with accusations that he sold out to reach a wider audience. \"What More Can I Say\" addresses the \"biting\" accusations leveled against him by Nas in \" Ether \" and other detractors. The Black Album has sold 3 million copies in the US.", "Shawn Corey Carter (born December 4, 1969), [1] better known by his stage name Jay-Z, is an American rapper and businessman. He is one of the most financially successful hip hop artists and entrepreneurs in America, [2] having had a net worth of over USD $500 million in 2009, [3] He has sold 40 million albums worldwide [4] while receiving ten Grammy Awards for his musical work. [5]", "As an entrepreneur and investor, Jay Z co-owns the New York 40/40 Club sports bar, and is the co-creator of the clothing line Rocawear. He is the former president of Def Jam Recordings, co-founder of Roc-A-Fella Records, and the founder of Roc Nation. He also founded the sports agency Roc Nation Sports and is a certified NBA and MLB sports agent. As an artist, he holds the record for most number one albums by a solo artist on the Billboard 200 with 13. Jay Z also has had four number ones on the Billboard Hot 100, one as lead artist. On December 11, 2009, Jay Z was ranked as the tenth-most successful artist of the 2000s by Billboard as well as the fifth top solo male artist and fourth top rapper behind Eminem, Nelly, and 50 Cent. He was also ranked the 88th greatest artist of all time by Rolling Stone. ", "Jay-Z co-owns The 40/40 Club , is part-owner of the NBA 's New Jersey Nets and is also the creator of the clothing line Rocawear . He is the former CEO of Def Jam Recordings [6] , one of the three founders of Roc-A-Fella Records and recently, the founder of his new venture Roc Nation . As an artist he holds the record for most number one albums by a solo artist on the Billboard 200 . [7] Jay-Z also has had 4 number ones on the Billboard Hot 100 , one as lead artist. (\" Heartbreaker \" with Mariah Carey , \" Crazy in Love \" with Beyonce , \" Umbrella \" with Rihanna and \" Empire State of Mind \" featuring Alicia Keys .)", "Jay-Z co-owns The 40/40 Club and the NBA 's New Jersey Nets and is also the creator of the clothing line Rocawear . He is the former CEO of Def Jam Recordings , one of the three founders of Roc-A-Fella Records and recently, the founder of his new venture Roc Nation . He is also the current holder for the record of most number one albums by a solo artist on the Billboard 200 . Jay-Z also had 4 number ones on the Billboard Hot 100 , one as lead artist. (\" Heartbreaker \" with Mariah Carey , \" Crazy in Love \" with Beyonce , \" Umbrella \" with Rihanna and \" Empire State of Mind \" featuring Alicia Keys .)", "Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé's debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\".", "The rapper/songwriter/music executive has had 46 chart entries on the Hot 100 to date and is already in his second decade of hit-making. The Brooklyn-born Jay-Z made his chart debut the week of April 6, 1996, with \"Ain't No Nigga\"/\"Dead Presidents.\" That gives him a chart span of 10 years, seven months and three weeks.", "Beyoncé started a relationship with Shawn \"Jay Z\" Carter after their collaboration on \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\", which appeared on his seventh album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse (2002). Beyoncé appeared as Jay Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, fuelling speculation about their relationship. On April 4, 2008, Beyoncé and Jay Z married without publicity. As of April 2014, the couple had sold a combined 300 million records together. They are known for their private relationship, although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years. ", "Jay-Z's next solo album was 2002's 3 million (U.S. only) selling [22] The Blueprint²: The Gift & the Curse, a double-album. The album debuted on the Billboard 200 at number one, selling over 545,000 units and surpassing The Blueprint. [32] It was later reissued in a single-disc version, The Blueprint 2.1 , which retained half of the tracks from the original. The album spawned two massive hit singles, \" Excuse Me Miss \" and \" Bonnie & Clyde \" featuring Jay-Z's girlfriend of four years Beyoncé Knowles . \"Guns & Roses\", a track featuring rock musician Lenny Kravitz , and \" Hovi Baby \" were two successful radio singles as well. The album features the tracks \"A Dream\", featuring Faith Evans and a recording of the late The Notorious B.I.G. ; and \"The Bounce\", featuring Kanye West . The Blueprint 2.1 features tracks that do not appear on The Blueprint²: The Gift & the Curse, such as \"Stop\", \"La La La (Excuse Me Again)\", \"What They Gonna Do, Part II\" and \"Beware\" produced by and featuring Panjabi MC . [33]", "As expected, rapper Jay-Z (real name: Shawn Carter) has been sentenced to three years probation for stabbing a record producer at a New York nightclub, prosecutors said. The Grammy-winning artist ...", "Jay-Z is a popular rapper who is often tied to many conspiracy theories. Some popular theories are that he is linked to the illuminati/freemasons, and that he is satanic. While the theories about him are far-fetched, believers of these theories thought they found proof when the song “Lucifer 9” was reversed. Gibberish played normally was the message “666 murder murder Jesus 666” when played backwards. What many didn’t know was the track “Lucifier 9” was actually from Dangermouse’s The Grey Album. The Grey Album was a mashup of The Beatles (White Album) and Jay-Z’s The Black Album. Dangermouse chopped up Jay-Z a capellas and created the message over The Beatles “Revolution 9”.", "Alex da Kid went on to sign Skylar Grey to a production deal on his KIDinaKORNER record label imprint. In 2010, Grey also co-wrote and was featured on Diddy – Dirty Money's single \"Coming Home\", which gained massive commercial success. Also in 2010, Grey co-wrote \"Castle Walls\" by American rapper T.I. and American pop singer Christina Aguilera. On February 1, 2011, American rapper and renowned hip hop producer Dr. Dre released a song titled \"I Need a Doctor\", featuring Grey and Eminem. \"I Need a Doctor\" managed to peak at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and was certified double platinum by the RIAA.", "A single, \"Angel\", produced by French producer David Guetta, was released in September 2010. Akon performed the song during the 2010 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. Akon travelled to Jamaica to work with Damian, Julian & Stephen Marley. Around the same time, Akon collaborated with Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg on \"Kush\", the intended first single from Dr. Dre's forthcoming album Detox; however, it was removed from the final album tracklist. He also contributed \"We Are the World: 25 for Haiti\", a charity single in aid of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. After a long hiatus, Akon put out the promotional single \"Dirty Work\" (featuring Wiz Khalifa), which was released in February 2013 for free. ", "Originally from Marcy Houses housing project in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City, [11] Jay-Z was abandoned by his father and at 12 years old, he shot his brother in the shoulder for stealing his jewelry. [12] [13] Jay-Z attended Eli Whitney High School in Brooklyn, along with rapper AZ , until it was closed down. After that he attended George Westinghouse Information Technology High School in Downtown Brooklyn , which fellow rappers The Notorious B.I.G. and Busta Rhymes also attended, and Trenton Central High School in Trenton , New Jersey, but did not graduate. [14] In his music he refers to having been involved in selling crack cocaine . [13]", "Jay-Z proved that he remained one of rap’s most-bankable acts when he embarked on a highly successful tour with Mary J. Blige in 2008. The following year he released The Blueprint 3, which bore the sound of some of his most frequent producers, including West and Timbaland . The album generated such hits as “", "On November 25, 2003, Jay Z held a concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City, which would later be the focus of his film Fade to Black. This concert was his \"retirement party\". All proceeds went to charity. Other performers included collaborators like The Roots (in the form of his backing band), Missy Elliott, Memphis Bleek, Beanie Siegel, Freeway, Mary J. Blige, Beyoncé, Twista, Ghostface Killah, Foxy Brown, Pharrell Williams and R. Kelly with special appearances by Voletta Wallace and Afeni Shakur, the mothers of The Notorious B.I.G. and Tupac Shakur respectively. While Jay Z had attested to a retirement from making new studio albums, various side projects and appearances soon followed. Included in these were a greatest hits record, as well as the release and tour of Unfinished Business, the second collaborative album between Jay Z and R. Kelly.", "In 2013, Jay-Z released his twelfth studio album Magna Carta... Holy Grail, in an interview he revealed that two songs on the album were initially recorded for Watch the Throne, the song \"Oceans\" which features Frank Ocean and the song \"Holy Grail\" which went on to feature Justin Timberlake (Although Timberlake's contribution to the track was not anticipated at the time, until the duo collaborated on Timberlake's 2013 comeback single \"Suit & Tie\" and \"Murder\" from The 20/20 Experience and The 20/20 Experience 2 of 2 respectively). West and Jay-Z argued for four days about having them included on the Watch the Throne, however West eventually relented and the duo recorded \"No Church in the Wild\" and \"Made in America\". In an interview with Zane Lowe, Jay-Z said: \"[There were] no lyrics on 'Holy Grail' and I recorded 'Oceans' and I played those records for Kanye,” Jay explained. “And he was like, 'No those have to go on Watch the Throne,' so we spent four days arguing about those records and I was explaining to him why it wasn't right for this project and I had a whole idea for making this album called Magna Carta... Holy Grail, the \"Holy Grail\" part of the name came after.\" ", "Like many rappers, Jay Z writes songs that have a paranoid streak. He lashes out against conservative cable news anchors, overzealous cops, lazy music critics, and less talented lyricists, all of whom, he insists, are out to get him because he’s famous. On May 16, Jay Z uncorked one of these bilious anthems, Say Hello, from his 10th studio album, American Gangster, at an exclusive performance for people who’ve signed up for Tidal, his subscription-only streaming-music service. Stalking the stage at New York’s Terminal 5, Jay Z addressed critics of his new venture, who have savaged it as tone-deaf, unimpressive, and—perhaps most wounding for a celebrity who famously boasted “I’m a business, man”—a lousy investment.", "Robin Charles Thicke (; born March 10, 1977) is a Canadian-American singer, songwriter and record producer. Thicke has worked with several prominent artists, such as Christina Aguilera, Nicki Minaj, K. Michelle, Pharrell Williams, Usher, P!nk, Jennifer Hudson, Flo Rida, Kid Cudi and Mary J. Blige, among others. Thicke has also been acknowledged for his work on popular albums such as Usher's Confessions and Lil Wayne's Tha Carter III while garnering his own R&B hits in the US including \"Lost Without U\", \"Magic\", and \"Sex Therapy\". He rose to worldwide fame in 2013 with his hit single \"Blurred Lines\". He is the son of actor Alan Thicke and actress Gloria Loring and known for his former marriage to actress Paula Patton. In 2013 and 2014, their separation and divorce was covered extensively by the tabloid press including Thicke's efforts to reconcile with Patton.", ", which would later be the focus of his film Fade to Black . This concert was his \"retirement party\". All proceeds went to charity . Other performers included collaborators like The Roots (in the form of his backing band), Missy Elliott , Memphis Bleek , Beanie Siegel , Freeway , Mary J. Blige , Beyoncé , Twista , Ghostface Killah , Foxy Brown , Pharrell and R. Kelly with special appearances by Voletta Wallace and Afeni Shakur , the mothers of The Notorious B.I.G. and Tupac Shakur respectively. While Jay-Z had attested to a retirement from making new studio albums, various side projects and appearances soon followed. Included in these were a greatest hits record, mash-up projects and concert appearances with R. Kelly and Linkin Park .", "Jay-Z's most public relationship has been with American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles , a former member of Destiny's Child . In 2002, Jay-Z & Beyonce collaborated for the song \"Bonnie & Clyde\". Jay-Z also appeared on Knowles' hit single \" Crazy In Love \" and as well as \"That's How You Like It\" from her debut Dangerously in Love . On her second album, B'Day , he made appearances on the 2006 hits, \" Déjà Vu \" and \" Upgrade U \". In the video for the latter song, she comically imitates his appearance.", "Jump up ^ \"Beyonce, Jay-Z Raise $4 Million for Obama in New York\". The Hollywood Reporter.", "In 2006, Jay Z appeared with Russell Simmons in a PSA combatting racism and anti-Semitism organized by the Foundation for Ethnic Understanding. By 2008, Jay Z was actively involved in the 2008 presidential campaign, where he supported increased voter participation and helped send voters to polling stations. He was an early supporter for the candidacy of Illinois senator and subsequent U.S. president Barack Obama, performing for free in voter-drive concerts financed by the Democrats' campaign. He also became acquainted with Obama himself, who stated \"Every time I talk to Jay-Z, who is a brilliant talent and a good guy, I enjoy how he thinks. That's somebody who is going to start branching out and can help shape attitudes in a real positive way.\" ", "Jump up ^ \"Blue Ivy Carter, Jay-Z and Beyoncé's Daughter, Becomes Youngest Person Ever to Appear on a Billboard Chart\". Billboard. January 11, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2012.", "'Drunk in Love' Singer, Beyoncé, and Rapper Husband Jay Z Get Cozy At The 2014 Made in America Festival: Were The Divorce Rumors A Hoax? [SEE PHOTOS]", "\"Genie in a Bottle\" is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera from her self-titled debut album released in 1999. It was written and produced by Steve Kipner and David Frank, with additional writing from Pamela Sheyne. The song was released on June 22, 1999 by RCA Records as the album's lead single. \"Genie in a Bottle\" uses sexual references to rubbing a teenage girl in order to talk about the theme of self-respect. ", "Josey is a rodeo queen, a teen country music artist, and an anti-bullying advocate. She’s a spokesperson for the national non-profit organization known as Angels and Doves. She is helping to raise awareness and funds for the organization via her single, “Not Pretty Enough.”" ]

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[ "Plane Crazy is an American animated short film directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. The cartoon, released in 1929 by the Walt Disney Studios, was the first creation of the character Mickey Mouse. It was made as a silent film and given a test screening to a theater audience on May 15, 1928, but failed to pick up a distributor. Later that year, Disney released Mickey's first sound cartoon, Steamboat Willie, which was an enormous success. Following this, Plane Crazy was released as a sound cartoon on March 17, 1929. It was the fourth Mickey film to be released after Steamboat Willie, The Gallopin' Gaucho, and The Barn Dance (1928).", "The first 'Mickey Mouse' short animated film, Plane Crazy (1928), was debuted on May 15, 1928. The character of an animated mouse (future Mickey Mouse) was modified from Disney's earlier character Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, which was introduced in 1927.", "In 1928, Disney Studios' chief animator Ub Iwerks (1901-1971) developed a new character from a figure known as Mortimer Mouse, a crudely-drawn or sketched, rodent-like 'Mickey Mouse' - slightly similar to Felix the Cat. [Mickey Mouse was never a comic strip character before he became a cartoon star.] The first Mickey Mouse cartoon was released on May 15, 1928: Plane Crazy (1928) in which Mickey, while impressing Minnie, imitated aviator Charles Lindbergh. The second was Steamboat Willie (1928), first released (on a limited basis) on July 29, 1928, with Mickey as a roustabout on Pegleg Pete's river steamer, but without his trademark white gloves. The third was The Gallopin' Gaucho (1928) released on August 2, 1928. (These early films were soon re-worked and re-released with sound - with electrifying results.)", "Plane Crazy (1928) was the very first Mickey Mouse cartoon ever produced. In the short Mickey tries to impress Minnie Mouse by imitating Charles Lindbergh’s famous solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927.", "Mickey and Minnie Mouse (Mickey's girlfriend) debuted in the cartoon short Plane Crazy, first released on May 15, 1928. The was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks was also the main animator for this short, and reportedly spent six weeks working on it. In fact, Iwerks was the main animator for every Disney short released in 1928 and 1929. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising also assisted Disney during those years. They had already signed their contracts with Charles Mintz, but he was still in the process of forming his new studio and so for the time being they were still employed by Disney. This short would be the last they animated under this somewhat awkward situation.", "Mickey and Minnie debuted in the cartoon short Plane Crazy, first released on May 15, 1928. The cartoon was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks was also the main animator for this short, and reportedly spent six weeks working on it. In fact, Iwerks was the main animator for every Disney short released in 1928 and 1929. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising also assisted Disney during those years. They had already signed their contracts with Charles Mintz, but he was still in the process of forming his new studio and so for the time being they were still employed by Disney. This short would be the last they animated under this somewhat awkward situation.", "On 15th May 1928, the first animated cartoon to feature Mickey and Minnie Mouse was shown to a theatre audience. However, the cartoon that was shown that day was not Steamboat Willie, which is the.... . .", "                                                                                                             Quick, can you name your favorite Disney Character? I know that without a doubt and hesitation, mine is Mickey Mouse. This original, classic character started it all, and put the Disney Studios on the map. Mickey was followed up by some of the worlds most beloved and iconic cartoon characters ever to come from one studio. But can you name the oldest, continuing character in Disney history? Many fans remember that Walt’s earliest animations came about when he formed the Laugh-O-Gram Film Company in May of 1922.  Here Walt and his fledging staff produced six fairy tale cartoons for the Pictorial Clubs Company, which soon went bankrupt and in turn causing the downfall of Walt’s first studio. But there was no permanent “Central” Character. After the failure of the Laugh-O-Gram Studio, Walt made that celebrated trip to California with only $40.00 in his pocket; it was here that he and Brother Roy started the Disney Brothers Studios.  At the studio, they produced the first of the “Alice Comedies” starring a live little girl playing in an animated world.  The first Alice, “Alice’s Day at Sea” was released on March 1st, 1924. Although the Disney Company acknowledges Mickey’s birthday on November 18th, 1928, his actual debut was the short “Plane Crazy” a silent film shown in early May,  1928.  Alice preceded Mickey by four years and seven months!", "In April 1928, cartoonist/animator Walt Disney had just had his heart broken when his distributor stole his popular character, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, from him. On the long, depressing train ride home from getting this news, Disney drew a new character -- a mouse with round ears and a big smile. A few months later, the new, talking Mickey Mouse was first shown to the world in the cartoon Steamboat Willie. Since that first appearance, Mickey Mouse has become the most recognizable cartoon character in the world.", "Mickey Mouse is a cartoon character created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at The Walt Disney Studio. Mickey is an anthropomorphic black mouse and typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves. He is one of the most recognizable cartoon characters in the world and is the mascot of The Walt Disney Company, the world's largest media conglomerate in terms of annual revenue.", "Mickey Mouse is a  funny animal   cartoon   character  and the official  mascot  of  The Walt Disney Company . He was created by Walt Disney  and  Ub Iwerks  at the  Walt Disney Studios  in 1928. An  anthropomorphic  mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey has become one of the most recognizable cartoon characters in the world.", "This cartoon first released in 1928 and even now, it’s still a major hit. Interestingly, Mickey Mouse is the only cartoon star to be featured on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It’s produced by Walt Disney.", "Mickey Mouse is a funny animal cartoon character and the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company. He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928. An anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey has become one of the world's most recognizable characters.", "The animated cartoon is traditionally defined as a series of static drawings or scenes arranged and photographed and then synchronized with sound. In France in 1905, Émile Cohl produced several films with animated puppets, and in 1907, he made the first films to use animated drawings. American pioneers include Winsor McCay, who made Gertie the Dinosaur (1909); Bud Fisher, who began his \"Mutt and Jeff\" cartoons c.1918; Pat Sullivan, who produced \"Felix the Cat\" cartoons (1924); Chuck Jones, who in collaboration with Isador (Friz) Freleng, Tex Avery, and others, oversaw and animated (1930s–1960s) the Loony Tunes and Merry Melodies series (Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd, et al.) at Warner Brothers (Jones also created (1949) the Road Runner series and later worked with on Dr. Seuss film cartoons; Freleng subsequently created the Pink Panther); and, of course, the celebrated Walt Disney Disney, Walt", "In 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey Mouse became the first animated character to receive a star. Other animated recipients are Bugs Bunny, Donald Duck, Woody Woodpecker, Snow White, Tinker Bell, Winnie-the-Pooh, Shrek, The Simpsons, the Rugrats, and Snoopy. The star inscribed Charlie Tuna honors not the animated advertising mascot, but Art Ferguson, the long-time radio personality and game show announcer.", "The first set, Looney Tunes, was introduced with 1930's \" Sinkin in The Bathtub \" featuring minstrel-like mascot Bosko the Talk Ink Kid , and for its first decade relied more heavily on recurring characters and thus lower budgets. Merrie Melodies, introduced in 1931's \" Lady, Play Your Mandolin \" featuring the ( suspiciously Mickey Mouse-esque ) character \"Foxy\", were initially intended as the music videos of their day , basically animated commercials for the Warners-owned sheet-music library.", "Frederick Bean \"Tex\" Avery (February 26, 1908 – August 26, 1980) was an American animator, cartoonist, voice actor and director, famous for producing animated cartoons during The Golden Age of Hollywood animation. He did his most significant work for the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios, creating the characters of Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Droopy, Screwy Squirrel, and developing Porky Pig and Chilly Willy (this last one for the Walter Lantz Studio) into the personas for which they are remembered.", "Tweety Bird (also known as Tweety Pie or simply Tweety) is an Academy Award-winning fictional character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated cartoons. Tweety’s popularity, like that of The Tasmanian Devil, actually grew in the years following the dissolution of the Looney Tunes cartoons. Today Tweety is considered, along with Taz and Bugs Bunny, among the most popular of the Looney Tunes characters, especially (because of his “cute” appearance and personality) among girls and young women. Despite widespread speculation that he was female, Tweety is and has always been a male character.", "Avery's best known MGM character debuted in Dumb-Hounded (1943). Droopy (originally \"Happy Hound\") was a calm, little, slow-moving and slow-talking dog who still won out in the end. He also created a series of risqué cartoons, beginning with Red Hot Riding Hood (also 1943), featuring a sexy female star who never had a set name but has been unofficially referred to as \"Red\" by fans. Her visual design and voice varied somewhat between shorts. Other Avery characters at MGM included Screwy Squirrel and the Of Mice and Men-inspired duo of George and Junior. ", "Mel Blanc (1908 - 89) as Barney Rubble 2 and Dino. Mel was a multi-talented voice artist who gave life to popular cartoon characters such as Woody Woodpecker, Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Elmer Fudd, Tweety Pie, Sylvester, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, and Pepe Le Pew.", "In the 1939 cartoon Dangerous Dan McFoo, a new voice actor, Arthur Q. Bryan, was hired to provide the voice of the hero dog-character and it was in this cartoon that the popular \"milk-sop\" voice of Elmer Fudd was created. Elmer Fudd has since been the chief antagonistic force in the majority of the Bugs Bunny cartoons, initiating one of the most famous rivalries in the history of American cinema.", "* A 1956 Looney Tunes short, Rocket Squad, starred Daffy Duck and Porky Pig as Sgt. Joe Monday and Det. Schmoe Tuesday, respectively. Daffy narrated, giving a running timeline in the manner of Sgt. Friday. This police adventure ends with both officers convicted and imprisoned for false arrest. The opening title reads: \"Ladies and Gentlemen, The story you are about to see is true. The drawings have been changed to protect the Innocent\". Another short Tree Cornered Tweety, featured Tweety imitating the narrator of Dragnet as he is being pursued by Sylvester again.", "Droopy is an animated cartoon character: an anthropomorphic dog with a droopy face, hence the name Droopy. He was created in 1943 by Tex Avery for theatrical cartoon shorts produced by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio. Essentially the polar opposite of Avery's other famous MGM character, the loud and wacky Screwy Squirrel, Droopy moves slowly and lethargically, speaks in a jowly monotone voice, and—though hardly an imposing character—is shrewd enough to outwit his enemies. When finally roused to anger, often by a bad guy laughing heartily at him, Droopy is capable of beating adversaries many times his size with a comical thrashing (\"You know what? That makes me mad!\").", "On this day in 1942 the Max Fleischer Studio released a cartoon titled The Mad Scientist. The first animated appearance of Superman came out 68 years ago today.", "In his later years, Mel Blanc stated that a proposed name was \"Happy Rabbit\". [7] Ironically, the only time the name \"Happy\" was used was in reference to Bugs Hardaway. In the cartoon Hare-um Scare-um , the newspaper headline reads, \"Happy Hardaway\". [8]", "oody Woodpecker made his first appearance in the 1940, Andy Panda short entitled Knock Knock. A year later he was starring in his own series of animated shorts, and would continue to do so until 1972, becoming Walter Lantz Productions' most successful character. Perhaps best remembered for his distinctive laugh (ha-ha-ha-HA-ha!), Woody began as a raucous screwball whose lack of consideration for others provided the catalyst for the comic mayhem that followed him. But by the mid 1950s his demeanor had changed to that of the protagonist, defending himself from the wrongdoings of others rather than looking for trouble. In either form, his cartoons were filled with the frenetic energy and improbable sight gags common to cartoons of the time.", "1. Pinto Colvig, who provided the voice for Walt Disney's Goofy, was the first Bozo the Clown, a character created by writer-producer Alan W. Livingston for a series of children's records in 1946.", "One simple click here shows us that the name Wendy was invented in 1973 for the \"Superfriends\" cartoon on ABC, the name Marvin having been previously invented by Mel Blanc in the 50s for a series of Bugs Bunny cartoons. Next question?", "Mel Blanc, who voiced the character, later claimed that the name was his idea, saying that they were going to call the character Happy Rabbit, but that Blanc suggested naming him after animator Ben “Bugs” Hardaway. Alternatively, the name is sometimes traced to a sketch that designer Charles Thorson did on Hardaways’ request, with the caption “Bugs’ bunny” — as in, it was the bunny that Bugs had asked him to draw.", "Screwy Squirrel : Early Daffy was practically the Ur Example . Also the pre-Wild Hare proto-Bugs, to the extent many animation historians consider him a different character.", "Oswald made his first comic book appearance in 1935, when DC Comics featured him in the series New Fun (later More Fun). His adventures, drawn by Al Stahl, were serialized one page to an issue for the magazine's first year, after which they ceased. The original black-furred version of Oswald was featured, even though Oswald was by this time a white rabbit on screen.", "On July 27, 1940, the cartoon icon made his first official appearance in \"A Wild Hare.\"" ]

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[ "Billy the Kid was a famous American outlaw of the old west. His real name was probably William Henry McCarty, but was also known as William H. Bonney. His family moved from New York to Indiana, then to Kansas, and then to New Mexico when he was a child. He frequented saloons and gambling halls and killed several men during his teen years. In 1878, he led a gang in the Lincoln County cattle war, killed two deputies, and engaged in large-scale cattle rustling. In 1880, John S. Chisum and other cattlemen secured the election of a new sheriff sworn to rid the country of the cattle thieves. Billy the Kid was captured, tried, and sentenced to death. He escaped but was again trapped and was shot by Sheriff Pat F. Garrett. [22]", "Sheriff Pat Garrett shoots Henry McCarty, popularly known as Billy the Kid, to death at the Maxwell Ranch in New Mexico. Garrett, who had been tracking the Kid for three months after the gunslinger had escaped from prison only days before his scheduled execution, got a tip that Billy was holed up with friends. While Billy was gone, Garrett waited in the dark in his bedroom. When Billy entered, Garrett shot him to death.", "One of the most notorious outlaws of the old American West may be given a pardon. Henry McCarty, who called himself William Bonney, and who was better known as \"Billy the Kid,\" was shot and killed 122 years ago by Sheriff Pat Garrett at Fort Sumner, New Mexico, for the murder of two deputies.", "Stahl believes that Billy the Kid, the notorious bandit who had escaped from the Lincoln County Jail in New Mexico, was shot and killed the morning of July 15, 1881, in Fort Sumner, New Mexico, by Lincoln County Sheriff Pat Garrett.", "William H. Bonney (born William Henry McCarty, Jr.) est. November 23, 1859 [1]  – c. July 14, 1881, better known as Billy the Kid but also known as Henry Antrim, was a 19th-century American gunman who participated in the Lincoln County War and became a frontier outlaw in the American Old West . According to legend he killed 21 men, [2] but it's generally believed that he killed between four [2] and nine. [3]", "It has been claimed that Billy the Kid was shot dead by Sheriff Pat Garrett in 1881 despite being promised clemency for testifying in a murder case.", "Legend holds that outlaw Billy the Kid was gunned down by Sheriff Pat Garrett in 1881 and buried in Fort Sumner, N.M. A headstone marks his grave, but a controversy has roiled since the 1930s when an Arizona man named John Miller claimed that he was the legendary outlaw. Garrett, he said, shot the wrong man and lied about it. Matters became even more confused a few decades later when a Texan named \"Brushy\" Bill Roberts came forth and said he was the real Billy the Kid.", "When he was not shooting Sheriff John Brown, ace guitarist Eric Clapton was knocking on heaven's door. Ably assisted by a superb harmonica, this cut rumbles along in a languid style that is a pleasure to listen to. For all his drug habits, Clapton remained more than capable of knocking out a good tune. This single was a cover of a previous effort from Bob Dylan for the Pat Garrett And Billy The Kid movie soundtrack. At the tender age of only 21, Billy The Kid's short but notorious existence ended on this day in 1881 when he was gunned down in New Mexico by Sheriff Pat Garrett.", "1880 – December 19 – Billy the Kid was running with a gang in the Lincoln County area.  Many sources refer to the gang and “Billy’s Gang” but this it is quite doubtful that Billy was the undisputed leader as shown in popular movies.  In any event, one member of the gang was Tom O’Folliard.  On this day he was involved in a shoot out near Fort Sumner and Sheriff Pat Garrett is credited with firing the fatal shot.", "1859: Birth of Billy the Kid (William H Bonney), US outlaw who was the legendary gang leader in the Lincoln County cattle war in New Mexico. He murdered a sheriff, was sentenced to death, escaped killing two guards, and was eventually shot by Sheriff Pat Garrett, but not before the 22-year-old psychopath had murdered 21 people, the first when he was only 12 years old.", "Eventually caught by Pat Garrett and convicted of the murder of Sheriff Brady, Billy the Kid escaped one last time, but not for long. On the night of July 14, 1881, as he crept into the home of his sweetheart, Paulita Maxwell, Garrett stepped out of the shadows and gunned him down. The Hispanic community, which had hidden him when the law came looking, mourned him most when he was gone. As writer Denise Chavez says, \"People saw him as a voice for the disenfranchised. He was the Robin Hood of New Mexico.\"", "Outlaw Billy McCarty, believed to have been killed by Pat Garrett, lives in hiding in rural Riddle, Missouri. Learning that Commissioner Garrett plans to demolish the town to build a highway, which has caused several townspeople to commit suicide, Billy confronts Garrett. Garrett recognizes Billy as the outlaw Billy the Kid and has him thrown in jail. He is broken out by his friend Homer and hops into a boxcar on a passing train, where he finds Woody's guitar. As he rides away, he remarks on the nature of freedom and identity.", "William H. Bonney (born William Henry McCarty, Jr. c. November 23, 1859 – c. July 14, 1881), better known as Billy the Kid and also known as Henry Antrim, was a 19th-century American gunman who participated in the Lincoln County War and became a frontier outlaw in the American Old West. According to legend, he killed 21 men, but it is generally believed that he killed between four and nine. He killed his first man in 1877 and from his established though uncertain birth date was age 17 and could have been as young as 15.", "Henry McCarty (November 23, 1859 � July 14, 1881), better known as Billy the Kid, but also known by the aliases Henry Antrim and William H. Bonney, was a famous 19th century American frontier outlaw and gunman who was a participant in the Lincoln County War. According to legend he killed 21 men, one for each year of his life, but more likely he participated in the killing of less than half that number.", "Then there’s the controversial killing of Deputy James Carlyle. A deputy who was mistakenly shot and killed by his own posse who they thought  was Billy the Kid. Of course the posse blamed the killing on the Kid, which caused him to lose what little favor he had with the public and not to mention any hopes of receiving a pardon from the governor. After looking into the shooting by reading the eyewitnesses’ accounts and the posse’s behavior at the scene of the crime, evidence appears to be against the posse. If the Kid had been tried for this murder, he most likely would’ve been acquitted due to circumstantial evidence. Therefore, Billy the Kid should not get the credit for killing Carlyle.", "In 1881 in Old Fort Sumner, New Mexico, William H. Bonney, known as Billy the Kid (Kris Kristofferson), is passing the time with friends shooting chickens for fun. An old friend of Billy's, Pat Garrett (James Coburn), rides into town with Deputy Sheriff J. W. Bell (Matt Clark) and joins the diversion. Later, over drinks, Garrett informs Billy that the electorate want him out of the country, and that in five days, when he becomes Sheriff of Lincoln County, he'll make Billy leave.", "A relative unknown during his own lifetime, he was catapulted into legend the year after his death when his killer, Sheriff Pat Garrett, along with co-author M.A. \"Ash\" Upson, published a sensationalistic biography titled The Authentic Life of Billy, the Kid. Beginning with Garrett's account, Billy the Kid grew into a symbolic figure of the American Old West.", "Fact: This myth belongs to John Wesley Hardin not Billy the Kid, and even still, it’s not true. Unfortunately, some folks confuse the ruthless Hardin with the easy-going Billy the Kid. These two gunfighters couldn’t have been more different; Hardin far outshone the Kid when it came to killing.", "As the Kid dodged the law, Pat Garrett was elected sheriff and made US Marshal to hunt for Billy the Kid. He was familiar with the Kid’s habits and hideouts, which may show that Garrett may have been a rustler himself or at one time may have ridden with the Kid. During the pursuit for Billy the Kid, Garrett ended up killing two of the Kid’s closest comrades, Tom O’Folliard and Charlie Bowdre. Finally on December 23, 1880 Garrett trapped the Kid and three other gang members at a cabin in Stinking Springs. After a short standoff, Billy the Kid came out and surrendered.", "The story follows the life of the infamous outlaw Billy the Kid. It begins with the sweeping song \"The Open Prairie\" and shows many pioneers trekking westward. The action shifts to a small frontier town, in which a young Billy and his mother are present. The mother is killed by a stray bullet during a gunfight and Billy stabs his mother's killer, then goes on the run.", "Like many gunfighters of the \"Old West\", Billy the Kid enjoyed a reputation built partly on exaggerated accounts of his exploits. [113]  McCarty was credited with the killing of between 15 to 26 men, depending on varying sources. [2] [114] [115]  Some historians speculate that his image was created deliberately to distract the public's attention from the nefarious activities of the Dolan faction and their influential supporters in Santa Fe, notably regional political leader Thomas Benton Catron. [113]", "Only four killings can be documented against the Kid. The first occurred in 1877 at Camp Grant, Arizona, when Billy shot and killed Frank \"Windy\" Cahill after an argument turned violent. The Kid was found guilty of \"criminal and unjustifiable\" shooting, but he escaped from custody and returned to New Mexico. The Kid's other killings resulted from his involvement in the Lincoln County War, a deadly feud involving local merchant and cattle interests. On one side stood Scottish lawyer Alexander Mc- Sween and John H. Tunstall, an Englishman who owned a cattle ranch in Lincoln County. On the other were James Dolan and Lawrence Murphy, merchants in the town of Lincoln. In January 1878 the Kid was working for Tunstall. When Tunstall was murdered by the Murphy- Dolan faction, the Kid and other Tunstall- McSween allies declared themselves \"Regulators\" and sought revenge.", "     Other authors have speculated that Billy may have fired at the Earps during the gunfight. On page 61 of Inquest, Al Turner writes, “Billy Allen, a cowboy partisan, was believed to have fired a number of shots at the Earp party from the cover of one of Fly’s buildings. If this were true, it helps account for the large number of shots, mostly misses, that were fired that day. Almost three years later Doc Holliday and Billy Allen were involved in a shooting scrape in Leadville, Colorado. Holliday claimed that the fight was pushed on him by a clique of ‘Old Arizona Boys’ seeking revenge for his part in the O.K. Corral shooting.’”", "During this time, McCarty became acquainted with an ambitious local bartender and former buffalo hunter named Pat Garrett . [86] While popular accounts often depict McCarty and Garrett as \"bosom buddies\", there is no evidence that they were friends. [92] Running on a pledge to rid the area of rustlers, Garrett was elected as sheriff of Lincoln County in November 1880; in early December, he assembled a posse and set out to arrest McCarty, at that time known almost exclusively as \"Billy the Kid.\" The Kid then carried a $500 bounty on his head that had been authorized by governor Lew Wallace . [93] [94]", "THE MURDER OF SHERIFF BRADY AND HIS DEPUTY, HINDMAN, BY THE “KID” AND HIS BAND. “BILLY THE KID” AND JESSE EVANS MEET AS ENEMIES AND PART AS FRIENDS.", "On this day in 1875, Billy the Kid is arrested for the first time after stealing a basket of laundry. He later broke out of jail and roamed the American West, eventually earning a reputation as an outlaw and murderer and a rap sheet that allegedly included 21 murders.", "Robert LeRoy Parker (April 13, 1866 – c. November 6, 1908), better known as Butch Cassidy, was a notorious American train robber, bank robber, and leader of the Wild Bunch Gang in the American Old West. After several large robberies Cassidy and his partner the Sundance Kid were being pursued by both authorities and the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. In an attempt to enjoy their winnings the pair traveled to Bolivia but were purportedly killed by Bolivian police.", "Harry Alonzo Longabaugh (1867 – November 7, 1908), better known as the Sundance Kid, was an outlaw and member of Butch Cassidy’s Wild Bunch in the American Old West. Longabaugh likely met Butch Cassidy (real name Robert Leroy Parker) after Parker was released from prison around 1896. Together with the other members of “The Wild Bunch” gang, they performed the longest string of successful train and bank robberies in American history.", "Harry Alonzo Longabaugh (1867 – November 7, 1908), better known as the Sundance Kid, was an outlaw and member of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch in the American Old West. Longabaugh likely met Butch Cassidy (real name Robert Leroy Parker) after Parker was released from prison around 1896. Together with the other members of \"The Wild Bunch\" gang, they performed the longest string of successful train and bank robberies in American history.", "also known as The Sundance Kid, was an outlaw and member of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch, in the American Old West.", "\"The Ballad of Billy The Kid\" (#47): \"[The final verse] is about a bartender from Oyster Bay, New York, a guy named Billy who used to tend bar at a place called 'Uwe's'...right on South Street. We all ended up at the pub at the end of the day and were entertained by the bartender. He was a very personable guy. It was just an exercise in Western-sounding things - completely historically inaccurate.\"", "Harry (or Henry) Alonzo Longabaugh (1867 – possibly November 6, 1908), better known as the Sundance Kid, was an outlaw and member of Butch Cassidy’s Wild Bunch, in the American Old West." ]

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[ "Erika Mitchell (born 7 March 1963), known by her pen name E. L. James, is an English author. She wrote the bestselling erotic romance novels trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed, along with the companion novel Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian. ", "The Fifty Shades trilogy is a series of erotic romance novels by E. L. James. The trilogy consists of Fifty Shades of Grey (2011), Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed (2012). The trilogy traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey.", "Author E.L James announced plans on June 1 to publish the book, “Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian.”", "2012 was a momentous year in the publishing industry. The Department of Justice sued five members of the big six publishers (and Apple) over e-book pricing. Two of the biggest publishers in the country, Penguin and Random House, announced they planned to merge. It was also the year that an unknown author, writing under the pen name E.L. James, found overnight success with an erotic trilogy, beginning with the novel Fifty Shades of Grey. The level of the trilogy’s success, the speed with which it achieved that success, and the fact that it was launched in an untraditional manner, led us to select its author as the most significant player on the publishing stage this year.", "E.L. James announced that she will release a new version of Fifty Shades of Grey, this time written from the perspective of Christian Grey. Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian will be released by Vintage on June 18 (the character’s birthday). It will be published simultaneously by Penguin Random House U.K.", "E L James is a former TV executive, wife and mother of two based in West London. Since early childhood she dreamed of writing stories that readers would fall in love with, but put those dreams on hold to focus on her family and career. She finally plucked up the courage to put pen to paper with her first novel Fifty Shades of Grey. show more", "Arguably the most well known self-publishing successes, E.L James ’ 50 Shade of Grey trilogy started out as a fan fiction of the Twilight series. She posted it on fan fiction sites and her own website, and later developed it into an original erotic trilogy. She then self-published the first book as an e-book and print-on-demand paperback through The Writers’ Coffee Shop, a virtual publisher based in Australia. The book spread quickly, emphasizing the growing popularity of erotica in women’s fiction. The trilogy was dubbed “Mommy Porn” and became a worldwide sensation with a movie adaptation on the way. Although the series has been heavily criticized for being poorly written, that clearly didn’t stop millions of people from buying it anyway.", "E.L. James' phenomenally popular erotic novel Fifty Shades of Grey, as well as its sequels (Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed), are set in the Seattle area.", "Under fire: British author E. L. James, 52, hosted a Q&A for fans on Twitter Monday but it was inundated with tweets criticizing her for romanticizing abusive relationships and stalking in her Fifty Shades trilogy", "E.L. James, the author of the successful series,  announced the impending arrival of Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian on Monday. According to a statement , James dedicated the book to her fans in the opening page saying, “This book is dedicated to those readers who asked… and asked… and asked… and asked for this.” ", "An album of songs selected by E. L. James was released on 11 September 2012 by EMI Classics under the title Fifty Shades of Grey: The Classical Album, and reached number four on the US Billboard classical music albums chart in October 2012. A Seattle P-I reviewer favourably wrote that the album would appeal both to fans of the series and to \"those who have no intention of reading any of the Grey Shades\". ", "With its sex toys, bondage, riding crops and spanking, Fifty Shades – the first of a trilogy by British author E.L. James that tops bestseller lists and has sold more than a combined 12 million copies in the UK alone - is an old fashioned love story where a rich, single, young alpha male falls for an innocent, pretty, smart, hardworking, young woman who knows more about 19th-century English literature than about modern men or sex. She teaches him about real love and he introduces her to kinky sexual pleasure while showering her with the kinds of gifts that popular media have convinced women are what they want. He starts with the first-edition copy of Tess, then follows with luxury jewelry, a new car, the latest Mac laptop, designers clothes, Louboutin shoes.", "‘Grey’ Details Revealed By E.L. James: Will The ‘Fifty Shades’ Companion Book Cover The Whole Trilogy?", "E.L. James , best-selling author of the \"Fifty Shades of Grey” series, announced Monday that she is publishing a new version of the story — from the perspective of BDSM enthusiast and billionaire Christian Grey.", "6. Erika Leonard (E.L. James) has sold more than 70 million copies of her \"Fifty Shades\" trilogy worldwide. She started out writing fan fiction stories and publishing them on her website. She then wrote \"Fifty Shades of Grey\" and self-published it through a small Australian company, which released it on eBook and print-on demand. After her passionate fan base (pun intended) had driven the book to extreme levels of popularity, the rights were acquired by Vintage Books.", "On 1 August 2012, Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had the entire Harry Potter series combined, making E. L. James its best-selling author, replacing J. K. Rowling, though worldwide the Harry Potter series sold more than 450 million copies compared with Fifty Shades of Grey's sales of 60 million copies. ", "Fifty Shades of Grey by EL James at the Politics and Prose Bookstore in Washington DC. The first part of an erotic trilogy, the book has repeated its runaway US sales success in Britain. Photograph: Saul Loeb/AFP/Getty Images", "Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James. It is the first instalment in the Fifty Shades trilogy that traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey. It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism (BDSM). Originally self-published as an ebook and a print-on-demand, publishing rights were acquired by Vintage Books in March 2012.", "Since the publication of Fifty Shades of Grey in 2011, James said that readers have written her requesting the story told through Christian’s eyes. On the opening page of the book, James writes, “This book is dedicated to those readers who asked…and asked… and asked… and asked for this.”", "In related E. L. James updates, the author is still in the early phases of adapting her best-selling book for the screen with screenwriter Kelly Marcel. The film, which Marcel has promised fans will be NC-17, is still without a director and cast. When asked whom she thinks should portray the book’s lead characters, Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey, James was evasive : “I have some ideas . . . but it may not be who people expect.”", "Grey, the fourth book in EL James’s erotic series, is released on the birthday of her fictional male anti-hero", "Grey, is a reworking of the James's original book - the first of a trilogy which became a surprise worldwide success by the novice writer.", "^ James, S.: \"Lady Jane Grey or Queen Kateryn Parr?\", The Burlington Magazine, CXXXVIII, 1114 (January 1996), pp. 20-24.", "- UK publisher of new E.L. James novel \"Grey\" says it will be published as planned on June 18", "On June 1, E.L. James took to Instagram  to announce she’s releasing a new version of her literary hit, this time written from Christian Grey’s perspective.", "Initial evidence for such a manifestation can be found in P. K. Dick's first published short story, “Beyond Lies the Wub” (Planet Stories, July, 1952). It is a precursory microcosm of the wide range of metaphysical systems and ultimate philosophical questions Dick subsequently confronts and depicts in 115 stories and 35 SF novels. From it can be gleaned some of Dick's framework of metaphysical ideas and, more importantly, the manner in which literary concepts are often related to and frequently deduced from hidden but nonetheless controlling philosophical hypotheses. As S. P. Rosebaum indicates, “The discursive context of a philosophical idea may also illuminate its imaginative transmutation into something rich and strange in literature and even suggest related ideas that have less recognizably accompanied the change.” (“Introduction.” English Literature and Philosophy. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1971, p. 5)", "Edmund Wilson, on the other hand, in his 1934 essay, chooses to emphasize James's remark that the story's supernatural entities are \"as loosely constructed as those of the old trials for witchcraft.\" Wilson seems to be comparing the governess to those fanatical witch hunters of the Inquisition and the seventeenth century Salem trials, for, in the next paragraph, he interprets James's statements that the governess has \"`authority,' which is a good deal to have given her\" as meaning that she is able to inflict on others \"her somber and guilty visions\" because of \"the relentless English `authority' which enables her to put over on inferiors even purposes which are totally deluded and not at all in the other people's best interests\" (389-90).", "From the first Adam Dalgleish novel to the acclaimed Pride and Prejudice sequel, here are 5 novels demonstrating the breadth of PD James's writing talent", "Most of James's work has remained continuously in print since its first publication, and he continues to be a major figure in realist fiction, influencing generations of novelists. James has allowed the genre of the novel to become worthy of a literary critic's attention. James has formulated a theory of fiction that many today still discuss and debate.", "Some have suggested that our concept of the Grey originated in Aleister Crowley’s LAM or in Munch’s painting The Scream. These images have been copied and morphed by science fiction in popular series like Twighlight Zone and Outer Limits and shape our expectations of what an alien being could and should look like.", "In 1959, as P D James, she began to plot her first novel, Cover Her Face, which introduced her master detective (and poet), Adam Dalgliesh. James endowed him with the qualities she most admired in men: “courage, compassion, high intelligence and sensitivity”. She agreed that it would be unusual to find a senior detective who was also a successful poet, but argued that “we do tend to stereotype people. Why shouldn’t a policeman write poems?”", "Henry James has been the subject of a number of novels and stories, including the following: " ]

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[ "The son of Aeolus, punished in Hades for his misdeeds in life by being condemned to the eternal task of rolling a large stone to the top of a hill, from which it always rolled down again", "The son of Aeolus, punished in Hades for his misdeeds in life by being condemned to the eternal task of rolling a large stone to the top of a hill, from which it always rolled down again.", "Sisyphus: from Greek Mythology, the son of Aeolus, punished in Hades for his misdeeds in life by being condemned to the eternal task of rolling a large stone to the top of a hill, from which it always rolled down again.  (Sisyphean: of a task such that it can never be completed.)", "After his death, Sisyphus was condemned in Hades to roll a heavy stone up a hill, which, every time it nearly reached the top, rolled down again. Hence the expression “Sisyphean labor,” which signifies endless and ineffective hard work and torments. Various myths have been preserved that explain why such a severe punishment befell Sisyphus. According to one myth, he is tormented for having disclosed the gods’ secrets. Sisyphus was portrayed in ancient Greek dramas, including non-extant works by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. He has been represented in modern literature (A. Camus, R. Merle) and in art (Titian). [23–1053–]", "There’s this guy in Greek Mythology called Sisyphus. Everyday of his life is spent in grueling effort trying to push a boulder all the way up a hill, for that was the task given to him by Hades. But each time he makes it to the top of the hill the boulder rolls back down. Sisyphus gets behind the giant rock once again starts pushing it up the steep incline. And so is his fate, to spend eternity in doing an arduous and monotonous chore that can never be completed.", "Sisyphus is a sinner who was condemned by Zeus in Tartarus to an eternity of rolling a boulder up a mountain until it nearly reaches the top, then watching it roll back down again. Sisyphus was founder and king of Corinth, or Ephyra as it was called in then. He was notorious as the most cunning dishonest knave on earth. His greatest triumph came at the end of his life, when the god Hades came to claim him personally for the kingdom of the dead.", "He likens this to the Greek mythology of Sisyphus, who is eternally condemned to roll a boulder up a hill, only to have it fall back down right before reaching the top.", "Sisyphus, it will be remembered, was condemned for all eternity to roll a heavy rock to the top of a hill, and each time when he was nearing his goal the stone ... «Dissident Voice, Jun 14»", "* Sisyphus, a king of Thessaly who attempted to cheat death and was sentenced to an eternity of rolling a boulder up a hill, only to watch it roll back down", "One of the worst of Tartarus' residents, Sisyphus was damned to eternally roll a rock up a hill. The rock would inevitably turn and roll back down just as he was achieving anything. This was not Disproportionate Retribution for his crimes.", "Sisyphus was a figure from Greek mythology, fated eternally to roll a rock up a hill in Hades, which eternally rolls back down the hill as soon as he gets it to the top.", "Finally Hades had him and he couldn�t escaped and he meted out his punishment. Hades decreed that Sisyphus would have to move a gigantic boulder up a very steep hill only to have it drop back down again every time he reached the top. He was to do this for all of eternity.", "a king in ancient Greece who offended Zeus and whose punishment was to roll a huge boulder to the top of a steep hill; each time the boulder neared the top it rolled back down and Sisyphus was forced to start again", "noun (Greek legend) a king in ancient Greece who offended Zeus and whose punishment was to roll a huge boulder to the top of a steep hill; each time the boulder neared the top it rolled back down and Sisyphus was forced to start again", "Meaningful Name : Sisyphus was a king punished by the Gods for his arrogance: they made him roll a boulder up a hill to redeem himself, but before the boulder got to the top, it would always roll back down, no matter how many times he tried.", "a king of Ephyra punished for chronic deceitfulness by being compelled to roll an immense boulder up a hill, only to watch it roll back down, and to repeat this action forever. Sisyphus was son of King Aeolus of Thessaly and Enarete, and the founder...", "Zeus gave King Sisyphus the most maddening eternal punishment. He was forced to endlessly push a giant boulder up the steep mountain. The boulder was cursed to fall down the mountain each time Sisyphus got tantalizingly near the top. The result was an eternity of useless effort and continuous frustration.", "Sinner condemned in Tartarus to an eternity of rolling a boulder uphill then watching it roll back down again. Sisyphus was founder and king of Corinth, or Ephyra as it was called in those days. He was notorious as the most cunning knave on earth. His greatest triumph came at the end of his life, when the god Hades came to claim him personally for the kingdom of the dead. Hades had brought along a pair of handcuffs, a comparative novelty, and Sisyphus expressed such an interest that Hades was persuaded to demonstrate their use - on himself.", "tragic figure in Greek mythology doomed eternally to roll a boulder up a hill in Tartarus, a part of Hades.", "In Ephyre, the city that was later named Corinth, the king’s name was Glaucus. He was the son of Sisyphus who had been cursed in the underworld to roll a stone up a steep hill forever because he had betrayed a secret of Zeus. Glaucus drew down on himself the displeasure of heaven. He used to be a great horseman, but he fed his horses with human flesh so that they were fierce in battle, he had been thrown off his chariot by the Gods and his own horses had eaten him.", "His assignment was to roll a great boulder to the top of a great mountain. However, each and every time Sisyphus, by the greatest of exertion and toil, nearly attained the summit of this mountain, the enchanted boulder rolled all the way back down the slope again.", "he could roll a large boulder up a hill; Sisyphus quickly agreed, fearing the punishments of Tartarus and tried to push the boulder up the hill but it fell. Hades had not said Sisyphus could only attempt this once and so Sisyphus used the wording as a loophole to try again but again it fell. Sisyphus would keep trying to push the boulder up the hill so he would never be brought to be punished in the fiery pits and one day he could get out and go to Elysium, but Hades never told him the boulder, like all parts of the Underworld, obeyed his wishes and would always roll down and that that was his punishment. So Sisyphus continues to try to escape Tartarus forever punished by his own ambitions.", "Once they reached the Underworld, Hades Judges of the Dead pronounced his sentence -to push a heavy rock over the top of the mountain in Tartarus and each time the rocks rolls back (which it always did, of course) to start all over again. Hades added an extra touch and had the rock shaped just like the one Zeus had transformed himself into, just in case Sisyphus missed the point!", "In Greek mythology, Daedalus was an Athenian artisan whose skill rivalled that of Hephaestus . He was ordered by King Minos to construct a vast underground palace linked by a labyrinth of rooms into which Minos imprisoned his wife Pasiphae and her monstrous child the Minotaur . Daedalus fled from Crete because he knew the secret of the labyrinth and didn't trust Minos not to kill him. He fled with his son Icarus using wings made by them from feathers fastened with wax .", "Zeus sent a flood to destroy the men of the Bronze Age. Prometheus advised his son Deucalion to build a chest. All other men perished except for a few who escaped to high mountains. The mountains in Thessaly were parted, and all the world beyond the Isthmus and Peloponnese was overwhelmed. Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha (daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora), after floating in the chest for nine days and nights, landed on Parnassus. When the rains ceased, he sacrificed to Zeus, the God of Escape. At the bidding of Zeus, he threw stones over his head; they became men, and the stones which Pyrrha threw became women. That is why people are called laoi, from laas, \"a stone.\" [ Apollodorus , 1.7.2 ]", "an Athenian who lived on Crete; Killed nephew out of jealousy; a great craftsman and trickster; helped Pasiphae sleep with the bull and gave Ariadne thread for Theseus; punished by Minos so he created wings for himself and his son Icarus to fly away (son died for flying to close to sun) Created the Labyrinth. Solves the riddle posed by Minos to Cocalus (wind thread through spiral conch, uses an ant with honey).", "Mount Parnassos was also important because it was from there that the Greek nations emerged; when Zeus flooded the earth with what is commonly called The Deluge, Mount Parnassos was the site where the survivors made landfall after being adrift on the flooded earth for nine days and nights; the survivors were Deukalion (Deucalion) and his wife Pyrrha; from Mount Parnassos, the descendants of Deukalion and Pyrrha dispersed throughout Greece and founded the distinctly different Greek nations.", "Demeter placed Aethon, the god of famine, in Erysichthon 's gut, making him permanently famished. This was a punishment for cutting down trees in a sacred grove.", "In Greek mythology, the \"River Styx\" (Greek: Στύξ also meaning hate, detest) was a river which formed the boundary between Earth and the Underworld (Hades). It circles Hades nine times. The rivers Styx, Phlegethon, Acheron and Cocytus all converge at the center of Hades on a great marsh. The other important rivers of Hades are Lethe and Eridanos[citation needed]. Styx was guarded by Phlegyas, who passes the souls from one side to another of the river. In other versions, Phlegyas guarded Phlegethon, one of the other main rivers of Hades. Sometimes the ferryman was called Charon.(Also spelt Kharon in older texts)", "Demeter placed Aethon , the god of famine, in Erysichthon 's gut, making him permanently famished. This was a punishment for cutting down trees in a sacred grove.", "\"This hill encircled by the sea is the home of a dracon (serpent), guardian doubtless of some rich treasure that lies hidden under the earth. This creature is said to be devoted to gold and whatever golden thing it sees it loves and cherishes; thus the fleece in Colchis and the apples of the Hesperides, since they seemed to be of gold, two dracones (serpents) that never slept guarded and claimed as their own. And the dracon (serpent) of Athena, that even to-day still makes its home on the Acropolis in my opinion has loved the people of the Athenians because of the gold which they make into grasshopper pins for their hair. Here the dracon (serpent) himself is of gold; and the reason he thrusts his head out of the hole is, I think, that he fears for the safety of the treasure hidden below.\"", "TALOS A giant molded out of bronze and set to patrol the island of Crete. He was slain by the witch Medea when he tried to prevent the Argonauts from landing on the island." ]

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[ "What kind of a sick fuck she is, If I would be a leader I'd condemn her to JAIL. Many right wings oppose abortion except, abortion ok if raped. People should be Pro-Choice NOT pro-life. I am soo sick of these Christians idiots trying to control people and those idiotic government trying to dictate us? What are we in? A Nazi-dictating country?. If I would be in that position and I would be a woman I'd have an abortion even if is illegal. I oppose abortion in some degree if the baby is very advance stages I don't agree with it except if the mother's life is endangered. If the fetus is early stages or early-mid stages I do NOT oppose it. A fetus has NO RIGHTS, They cannot decide for themselves and the reason the countries in Africa is soo severely overpopulated is because of rape and woman having 8-9 children. Lots have kids in their teen age. Like that bitch Sarah Palin's daughter had a child at underage and her awfully bad mother oppose abortion. Well she wasn't raped. I am probably far more human rights than any right wing hicks. I don't considered myself a human rights activist but I am PRO-civil. Now her daughter got pregnant around the age of 17 years old. That is way too young to have a child and her baby name was Tripp. Born in 2008 few months before Bristol's 18 birthday.", "Levi Johnston and Bristol Palin (above) during Sarah Palin's campaign as Vice President in 2009. Levi recently apologized for his \"malicious\" remarks he made about the Palin family.", "People upset with his comments needs to get a grip..When this guy was young and when his kids were growing up.Parents didn't 'have' to take $.. of kids.They were parents and not friends..And they also had the backing of other adults to take charge of their children.", "Of course, if Sarah Palin had said this, we’d be hearing from all the Major Media outlets how stupid she was for the utterance.", "Sarah Palin (born February 11, 1964 in Sandpoint, Idaho) is an American politician. Sarah was the governor of Alaska from 2006 to 2009. She came into the public eye though as the Republican nominee for Vice President in the 2008 presidential election alongside John McCain. She was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major party, and the first woman to ever be nominated for Vice President. After John McCain lost the election to Barack Obama in 2008, and Sarah stepped down as Alaska’s governor in 2009, she has maintained her public image by providing political commentary on FOX News, having a reality show called Sarah Palin’s Alaska on TLC, and writing a book titled Going Rogue, which sold over 2 million copies.", "Ms. Palin also complained that her 14-month-old son, Trig, who was diagnosed with Down s syndrome, had been mocked and ridiculed by some mean-spirited adults recently. She didn t elaborate.", "Sarah Palin is the former governor of Alaska (2006-2009) and was John McCain's unexpected choice for vice presidential running mate in the 2008 presidential election. Since leaving office, Palin founded conservative political action committee SarahPAC and extensively utilizes Facebook and Twitter to communicate with supporters; she also provides commentary and analysis for Fox News. After speculation she declared her decision not to run in the 2012 presidential election in October 2011; she has been noncommittal about running in 2016. Palin became the first female vice presidential candidate in Republican Party history and the second in US history. Palin’s Pentecostalism and strong social conservatism stoked controversy throughout the 2008 campaign. Palin is a vocal abortion opponent and has strong relationships with many Religious Right leaders who did not support McCain's primary campaign. During the 2008 campaign she discussed the role her faith played in helping her deal with criticism and her confidence that God would guide the election.", "Days after her nomination as vice-president in 2008, Sarah Palin announced that her 17-year-old daughter, Bristol , was pregnant. Sarah Palin said Bristol would marry the father of the child, Levi Johnston , but Bristol Palin and Johnston later broke up. Their son Tripp, Sarah Palin’s first grandchild, was born in December of 2008… Wasilla is located 35 miles north of Anchorage. The city population was 7028 people in September 2008, according to the city’s website… Sarah Palin’s high school basketball nickname was “Sarah Barracuda”… The Palins have five children: son Track (b. 1989), daughters Bristol (b. 1990), Willow (b. 1994), and Piper (b. 2000), and son Trig (b. 2008). The dates were confirmed in a two-page health history published by her doctor, Cathy Baldwin-Johnson… Trig Palin, who has Down Syndrome, was born while Sarah Palin was governor… Track Palin joined the US Army Reserves in 2007, and spent a year on a tour of duty in Iraq in 2008.", "Palin was born in Sandpoint, Idaho, the third of four children (three daughters, one son) of Sarah \"Sally\" Heath (née Sheeran), a school secretary, and Charles R. \"Chuck\" Heath, a science teacher and track-and-field coach. Palin's siblings are Chuck Jr., Heather, and Molly. Palin is of English, Irish, and German ancestry. ", "In embittered comments to the talk radio host John Ziegler, who is making a documentary that seeks to show that media malpractice lay behind the election of Barack Obama in November, Palin said she became the victim of \"absurd\" gossip. Blogs were rife with the rumour that she was not the mother of her infant child Trig, born four months before her nomination - rumours that she said persisted today.", "So what’s gotten Sarah Palin all splodey sploding “HOOHAH!” everywhere? Oh, just this article about Donald Trump’s pick for secretary of Defense, retired Marine Gen. James Mattis, that lists some typical shouty man Marine quotes from the man. They make Palin ‘scited enough to say “HOOHAH!”, you know, like Marines always say. HOOHAH!", "Palin answered a 2006 gubernatorial questionnaire by choosing support for funding of abstinence-before-marriage programs over support for \"explicit sex-education programs, school-based clinics and the distribution of contraceptives in schools\". In a subsequent radio interview with KTOO (FM) in Juneau, Alaska, she clarified her position by saying she was against explicit sex education, but was in favor of contraceptive education. She characterized in-school discussion of condoms as \"relatively benign\" and not something that would define an \"explicit\" program. Palin said of contraception that \"kids who may not hear about it at home should hear about it in other avenues.\" Rebecca Traister of Salon.com analyzed Palin's political record as one that demonstrated her lack of enthusiasm about the Bush era promotion of abstinence-before-marriage education, and one that showed she did not work against existing sex education laws in Alaska.", "Lies. We all know Palins reproduce by budding off from Sarah like an Oxy and meth fueled gremlin.", "Sunday with... You wrote a blistering piece on Politico about Sarah Palin in November. Did you hear from her? No. I will say I flinched when I wrote it, because I know the personal impact words can have on candidates’ kids and spouses. But I just know she’s not qualified to be president. By the way, I don’t think she’s going to run. I don’t think it was a coincidence that a lot of that presidential talk came when she was releasing her book. As Newt Gingrich said, “Tell people you’re going to run for president—it helps move books!”", "Sarah Palin was born on February 11, 1964 in Sandpoint, Idaho. Palin entered politics in 1992. In 2006, she became the youngest and first female governor of Alaska. John McCain picked her as his running mate in 2008. After her campaign lost the 2008 presidential election, Palin returned to her home state of Alaska. She resigned as governor in July 2009. Since then, Palin has served as a contributor for Fox News and written several books. She launched her own online news channel in July 2014.", "[Sarah Palin] represents a fatal cancer to the Republican party. When I first started in journalism, I worked at the National Review for Bill Buckley. And Buckley famously said he'd rather be ruled by the first 2,000 names in the Boston phone book than by the Harvard faculty. But he didn't think those were the only two options. He thought it was important to have people on the conservative side who celebrated ideas, who celebrated learning. And his whole life was based on that, and that was also true for a lot of the other conservatives in the Reagan era. Reagan had an immense faith in the power of ideas. But there has been a counter, more populist tradition, which is not only to scorn liberal ideas but to scorn ideas entirely. And I'm afraid that Sarah Palin has those prejudices. I think President Bush has those prejudices.", "[discussing the resignation of Sarah Palin as governor of Alaska] She's a quitter. Let me put it to you this way, and by not being sexist: She could never make it as a frogman or a Navy SEAL. Because if you utter the words in BUDS training, or Basic Underwater Demolition SEAL training, \"I quit,\" you're gone. I don't remember one person in my class that quit. I remember every person that I graduated with. It offends me over the fact that she told the people of Alaska she wanted to be their governor, and that's a four-year commitment. And now right in the middle, she quits? Well, if she's got plans on running for higher office, I would never vote for her, because if it gets too hot in the kitchen she's liable to quit. I don't think she was put under any more scrutiny with the media than I was as an independent. My children were attacked in Minnesota. Everything I did was put under the microscope, but the point is you don't quit. When you make an obligation and you take an oath, doesn't that mean anything anymore?", "Sarah Palin's daughter Bristol Palin --- the one David Letterman meant to call a dirty, dirty whore but called her underage sister a dirty, dirty whore instead --- is going to hit the lecture circuit.", "YoungTrigg later updated his Wikipedia user page, stating that he was not Sarah Palin or a member of her family. He went on to say:", "Palin’s roots are in the American West. She was born in 1964 in Idaho, but her family moved to Alaska, which became a state in 1959, when she was an infant. Her origins are modest. Both her parents, now retired, worked for the school system. She has a degree in journalism with a minor in politics from the University of Idaho. Her husband of 20 years works in the oil industry and as a commercial fisherman. Before she got into politics, Palin was a television sports reporter. The one-time beauty queen, basketball player, and coach loves to hunt and fish in her off time, typical activities of many Alaskans.", "Palin makes no secret of her abortion views. A member of the group Feminists for Life, she told the Alaska Right to Life Board in 2002 that she \"adamantly supported our cause since I first understood, as a child, the atrocity of abortion.\" In an Eagle Forum Alaska questionnaire filled out during the 2006 gubernatorial race, Palin again stated that she is against abortion unless a doctor determined that a mother's life would end due to the pregnancy.", "ROBERTS: The book is called \"Going Rogue: An American Life\" by Sarah Palin. Our review comes from Andrea Seabrook, NPR's congressional correspondent.", "Born on February 11, 1964, in Sandpoint, Idaho, Palin moved to Alaska with her family at the age of three months when her father took a teaching position in Skagway, Alaska, before eventually settling in Wasilla. A graduate of Wasilla High School, Palin was the co-captain and point guard of Wasilla’s 1982 state championship women’s basketball team. She received a Bachelor of Science degree in communications-journalism from the University of Idaho in 1987.", "Palin was born and raised in Dillingham, Alaska to James F. \"Jim\" and Blanche Palin (née Roberts). Palin has Yup'ik (from a great-grandmother), Dutch, and English ancestry. ", "Maggie Gallagher and David Blankenhorn respond as if we were on Crossfire, and try to force the argument into a falsely polarized either/or mold. If they are \"against\" \"family fragmentation,\" I must be \"for\" it. The result is a caricature of what I wrote and a distortion of the social science literature. They pounce on any evidence that divorce or family structure affects children's well-being, then discard or downplay evidence of other factors that may be even more important.", "The theme of the book, at least as perceived from its title, aroused immediate opposition within the United States. The most famous instance of this occurred during the 1996 presidential election: during his acceptance speech at the Republican National Convention, nominee Bob Dole said: \"... with all due respect, I am here to tell you, it does not take a village to raise a child. It takes a family to raise a child.\"[4]", "Fuck, Lesean, did you not notice that this generation who’s so unhappy is out to make less money than their parents doing the same jobs? That they’ve lost superpower status? That sex isn’t safe for them? That their college degrees don’t mean shit? That their country gave away thousands and thousands of their lives to meaningless wars longer than Vietnam?", "those family members calling them liars essentially on multiple occasions now. >> the whole premise of this argument is false. donald trump never said muslims shouldn't serve in the military. donald trump's point was with the new immigrants coming in, we know nothing about these -- the muslims coming into our country but you've got to know what the hell is going on. he amended it to say wait a second, let's look at the territories where people don't have control of their population. they'll look at them. now all of a sudden george stephanopoulos throws this at this brand-new politician. he said many times muslims do great job. they're invaluable when they give their service. his most salient point was islamic extremists killed his son. it wasn't anything else. >> did donald trump have to say a thing about his wife? no. >> he said the wife didn't say", "A horrible father, a vulgar personality, and a cynical jackass. The Left’s newfangled view of traditional fatherhood takes Archie Bunker a step further, now stating that middle-American conservative dads aren’t good dads or good people.", "Hillary's father was a difficult, sour man, given to exaggeration and fantastical pronouncements about his own life. He was a misanthrope. He really disliked people and tried to isolate himself from other people outside his family. He made it very difficult around the house. He was sullen, tight-fisted, contrarian, authoritarian, given to rage. He had been a drill sergeant in World War II. And he ran his household like a drill sergeant. Boot camp. If one of the kids, Hillary or her two brothers, left the toothpaste cap off the tube, in the Chicago winter, he would throw it out into the snow and tell the kids to get down on their hands and knees and find the damn thing.", "In the early 1990s, it again seemed reasonable to hope that the ideologically polarized debate about family values might give way to a more constructive, nuanced discussion. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a number of conservatives and liberals attempted to find common ground on a number of child and family issues�for example, child care and enhanced economic security for families raising children. Once again, however, pragmatism was overcome by moral panic.", "Hugh Rodham was sullen, tight-fisted, contrarian, and given to exaggeration. He voted a straight Republican ticket and was slow to praise his children. As a child, Hillary was affected by her parents� often-conflicting values, and her politics borrowed from both." ]

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[ "A glacier is a large persistent body of ice that forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water. On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges of every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth, supporting one third of the world's population. Many glaciers store water during one season and release it later as meltwater, a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant.", "A glacier ( or) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.", "A glacier is a large, slow-moving mass of ice , formed from compacted layers of snow , that slowly deforms and flows in response to gravity and high pressure . The word glacier comes from French via the Vulgar Latin glacia, and ultimately from Latin glacies meaning ice. [1]", "glacier—a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow over many years, forming on mountains or land masses near the Earth's poles.", "During the last Ice Age almost all of the country was covered by permanent snow and glacier ice. Glaciers form simply because more snow falls in the winter than can melt in the following summer. A glacier is a thick mass of ice that forms from the compaction and recrystallization of snow. When temperatures remain below freezing following a snowfall, a fluffy accumulation of new snow soon begins to change. Evaporation and recondensation of water causes recrystallization to form smaller, thicker and more spherical grains of ice. This recrystallized snow is called firn. As more snow is deposited and becomes firn, the pressure on underlying grains increases. When the thickness of the snow and ice exceeds tens of metres, the weight is sufficient to cause the firn to grow into even larger ice crystals. In glaciers where melting occurs in the zone of snow accumulation, snow may be transformed into ice very quickly by melting and refreezing (over several years).", "A glacier is a perennial mass of snow or ice that is large enough and heavy enough to flow, like a very thick fluid. Glaciers form wherever more snow accumulates than is lost each year. As new snow accumulates, it buries and compresses the old snow. Under the weight of the overlying snow, the old snow is transformed from a fluffy mass of ice crystals into dense, hard ice. This process occurs on the upper part of a glacier, at higher altitudes, where more snow accumulates than is lost each year. This is called the “accumulation zone”, and is typically covered with snow year-round. The glacier is in constant motion, and the ice in the accumulation zone flows down to lower altitudes, which is called the “ablation zone”. The ablation zone is located in the lower part of the the glacier where more snow is lost than accumulates. In late summer, when the seasonal snow has melted, the bare ice of the ablation zone is exposed.", "glacier--a huge mass of ice, formed on land by the compaction and recrystallization of snow, that moves very slowly downslope or outward due to its own weight.", "Glacier- A large, long-lasting mass of ice that forms on land and moves downhill under its own weight.", "Glacier - A large piece of ice that survives for many years, slowly carving out the face of earth.", "Regions with continuous snowfall and constant freezing temperatures foster the development of these frozen rivers. It is so cold in these regions that when a snowflake hits the ground it does not melt, but instead combines with other snowflakes to form larger grains of ice. As more and more snow accumulates, mounting weight and pressure squeeze these grains of ice together to form a glacier.", "������������ -If ice build up in the zone of accumulation equals ice melt in the zone of ablation, then the location of the glacier's terminus on the earth's surface remains stationary, even though ice within the glacier continues to flow downward and outward toward the snout.", "accumulation:  All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to floating ice or snow cover, including snowfall, avalanching, and snow transport by wind.", "Once a droplet has frozen, it grows in the supersaturated environment, which is one where air is saturated with respect to ice when the temperature is below the freezing point. The droplet then grows by deposition of water molecules in the air (vapor) onto the ice crystal surface where they are collected. Because water droplets are so much more numerous than the ice crystals due to their sheer abundance, the crystals are able to grow to hundreds of micrometers or millimeters in size at the expense of the water droplets. This process is known as the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process. The corresponding depletion of water vapor causes the droplets to evaporate, meaning that the ice crystals grow at the droplets' expense. These large crystals are an efficient source of precipitation, since they fall through the atmosphere due to their mass, and may collide and stick together in clusters, or aggregates. These aggregates are usually the type of ice particle that falls to the ground. Guinness World Records list the world's largest (aggregate) snowflakes as those of January 1887 at Fort Keogh, Montana; allegedly one measured 15 inches (38 cm) wide. Although this report by a farmer is doubtful, aggregates of three or four inches width have been observed. Single crystals the size of a dime (17.91 mm in diameter) have been observed.", "a large mass of ice on land that shows evidence of being in motion, or of once having moved, under the force of gravity", "For reasons that are not yet fully understood, Earth periodically enters a time of planet-wide cooling. Large areas of the land and seas are covered in ice sheets thousands of feet thick, which remain unmelted for thousands or hundreds of thousands of years. Today, only Greenland and Antarctica lie beneath continent-sized glaciers. But in the very recent geologic past, North America's northern regions, including the entire landmass of Canada, were ground and polished by an oceanic amount of water frozen into a single mass of ice. This ice began to accumulate as the planet's weather cooled, and began to stay frozen all year round. As it built up higher and higher, it began to move out from the piled-high center, flowing while still solid.", "These amazing ice spikes, generally known as penitentes due to their resemblance to processions of white-hooded monks, can be found on mountain glaciers and vary in size dramatically: from a few centimetres to 5 metres in height. Initially, the sun’s rays cause random dimples on the surface of the snow. Once such a dimple is formed, sunlight can be reflected within the dimple, increasing the localized sublimation. As this accelerates, deep troughs are formed, leaving peaks of ice standing between them.", "Even while a glacier is flowing slowly downhill, it deposits a layer of sediment underneath the glacier, which scientists call ground moraine. This layer of sediment makes a thick layer of unsorted sediment under the glacier that fills in low spots and evens out higher areas. Ground moraine is an important contribution to the fertile transported soils in many regions. Scientists knew that all these rocks and thick soils came from somewhere else but for a while they did not know that they came from glacial ice. This is easy to understand because the ice is not there today. Many scientists thought the big rocks looked like they had been dropped there and they thought maybe icebergs carried by a huge flood had brought them there. Because of this early hypothesis, lots of glacial deposits are called 'drift', because they were thought to have drifted in on icebergs. They correctly understood that only ice could have brought these materials, but not that there were thick 'rivers' of ice moving over the Earth in places where no ice exists today.", "When enough ice has accumulated, the ice begins to move downslope under the weight and pressure of the overlying snow/ice.", "228 The drifting ice was mainly slush, or frazil ice, formed in open water areas termed \"ice factories\" (Knight and Dalrymple 1976), and made up of an unconsolidated mixture of needle-like ice crystals and sediment-laden water. There was also a good representation of pan ice, and cake ice. Pan ice, also present, is formed from accumulations of slush ice, frozen together in flat slabs up to 15 cm thick. Cake ice is considerably thicker, and probably forms as pan ice is jostled in fast-moving, ice-packed water. On its perimeter, cake ice picks up slush ice, creating an elevated ridge, or levee. The resulting basin-shaped central part can at least temporarily, hold silt-laden water. However the water usually seeps through the porous ridge leaving the silt behind. Collisions with other ice cakes evidently round the undersides of the cakes. Floating by too were a few scattered blocks of composite ice protruding 0.5 m and higher above the surrounding ice. On 14 December the only type of ice not yet in evidence was floe ice, normally formed where salinity and tidal energy are greatly reduced. Floe ice consists of frozen assemblages of all other types of floating ice, 50 to 100 m in diameter, that move restlessly with the tides, up and down the estuaries.", "Subglacial debris is moved along the floor of the valley either by the ice as ground moraine or by meltwater streams formed by pressure melting.", "������� (2).As snowpack gets thicker with new snow added on the surface each year, compaction by gravity causes the buried snow to have air squeezed from it. In addition, buried snow often melts and refreezes in summer. The net result is that snow becomes dense ice, over many years.", "Sometimes long ridges of rock are deposited at the furthest point that the glacier reached. These are called terminal and end moraines. Just as the conveyor belt at the grocery store moves your groceries to the end of the counter, a glacier transports rock and sediment while it flows. If you couldn't stop the conveyor belt at the grocery store, you would end up with a big jumbled pile of food at the end of the counter. An end moraine is a little bit like that. Whatever the glacier has been carrying, all gets left behind in a pile as the ice melts away. Geologists study these materials to figure out how far glaciers once extended and they can also figure out how long it took them to melt away. Long Island in New York was formed by two glacial end moraines. The end moraine that formed this pile of rock and stone deposited by glaciers extends all the way out to Cape Cod, Massachusetts.", "These ice waves move downglacier and are propagated by increasing glacial thickness. Kinematic waves may move two to six times the velocity of surrounding, thinner ice.", "streams or sheets of recrystalized ice that last all year long and flow under the influence of gravity", "   With more water molecules reaching the bump, the bump grows faster.  In a short time, the bump sticks out even farther than it did before, and so it grows even faster.  We call this a branching instability -- small bumps develop into large branches, and bumps on the branches become sidebranches.  Complexity is born.   This instability is a major player in producing the complex shapes of snow crystals.And since the ambient atmospheric conditions are nearly identical across the crystal, all six budding arms grow at roughly the same rate. ", "A snowflake is built up molecule by molecule. Each time a growing snowflake moves past water droplets, several molecules of water are added to it. As we mentioned in the video for Session 6, in order to explain this behavior, we must refine our model of the water “particle” from a simple sphere to a small “V” shape, as shown in the following picture:", "A glacier with a thermal or temperature regime in which ice temperatures always remain below the freezing point.", "a thick ice crust and a slushy mantle of ice and water over a core of rock.", "Permanently frozen ground comprised of an active layer of soil overlying a layer of ice that varies in thickness", "A line representing points where ice begins to form at the same time each fall or winter.", "The bobsleigh track is made entirely out of snow and ice, making it the world's biggest ice sculpture. It melts in the spring and is remade every winter to the same hair-raising, bone-rattling specifications.", "The scenery so far is nothing less than epic. There's a constant dusting of snow blowing over the top of the hard-packed ice as if someone has turned on a dry ice machine." ]

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[ "American Chopper is a reality television series that airs on Discovery Channel, produced by Pilgrim Films & Television. The series centers on Paul Teutul, Sr. (frequently called Senior), and his son Paul Teutul, Jr. (also known as Paulie or simply Junior), who manufacture custom chopper-style motorcycles. Orange County Choppers is in Newburgh, New York. The contrasting work and creative styles of the father and son team and their resulting verbal arguments were the series' hallmark until 2008 when a culminating explosive argument led to Paul Jr.'s termination and departure to start a competing chopper company (Paul Jr. Designs).", "Dirty Jobs is a TV series on the Discovery Channel in which host Mike Rowe is shown performing difficult, strange, disgusting, or messy occupational duties alongside the typical employees. The show, produced by Pilgrim Films & Television, premiered with three pilot episodes in November 2003. It returned as a series on July 26, 2005, running for eight seasons until September 12, 2012. The show's setting was refocused in Australia for the eighth season, advertised as Dirty Jobs Down Under. ", "The generational changeover at Discovery Channel continues with the cancellation of another aging reality series. Dirty Jobs has ended its run after eight years, series star/creator Mike Rowe announced in a blog post yesterday . The show, executive produced by Craig Piligian, was among the shows that ushered in the successful genre of docu series featuring guys doing blue-collar jobs. Dirty Jobs featured Rowe perform difficult, strange and often disgusting duties. It joins fellow Discovery veteran American Chopper, which was recently cancelled after 10 seasons as long-running reality series see their ratings decline and costs going upward. Here is Rowe’s post, chronicling Dirty Jobs road from a segment on a local TV station to a successful series on national TV:", "In the United Kingdom, Discovery Channel UK airs some common programs as the U.S. version, including MythBusters, American Chopper, How It's Made and Deadliest Catch. The channel is carried as a basic subscription channel on the SKYdigital satellite service and digital cable provider Virgin Media. Discovery UK also operates Discovery HD, Discovery Knowledge, Discovery Turbo, Discovery Science, Animal Planet, DMAX, Discovery Real Time, Discovery Home & Health, Discovery Travel & Leisure and Discovery Shed. Many of these channels also have timeshifted versions. In the Republic of Ireland, the UK version of Discovery Channel is available on most cable providers in that country, but with local advertisements.", "In 2007, Discovery Channel's top series included the Emmy Award- and Peabody Award-winning Planet Earth, Dirty Jobs, MythBusters, and Deadliest Catch. Discovery Channel's 2008 lineup included Fight Quest and Smash Lab. ", "\"Mythbusters,\" \"Man vs. Wild,\" \"Dirty Jobs,\" \"Deadliest Catch,\" \"Auction Kings\" and \"Brew Masters\" are among the featured shows.", "American Chopper: Senior vs. Junior is a reality television spin-off which premiered on the TLC channel on August 12, 2010. The show chronicles the rivalry between Orange County Choppers (OCC) owned by Paul Teutul, Sr. and his son Paul Teutul, Jr.'s newly opened motorcycle business Paul Jr. Designs (PJD). The second season continued with brand new episodes that aired on Monday, August 29, 2011 at 9pm EST on Discovery Channel. The third season began on February 13, 2012. The fourth season premiered, September 3, 2012. November 16, 2012, the Discovery Channel announced the cancellation of the show. The final episode aired December 17, 2012.", "6:30-7:30 IN HARM'S WAY A reality show that looks at lives of people doing dangerous jobs. Executive Producer is Craig Piligian (\"Dirty Jobs,\" \"American Chopper,\" \"Survivor\").", "MTV (formerly an initialism of Music Television) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel. It is a subsidiary of the \"Viacom Music and Entertainment Group\", the flagship property of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom. The channel itself is headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1, 1981, the original purpose of the channel was to play music videos guided by television personalities known as \"video jockeys,\" or VJs. ", "Unlike broadcast networks, most cable networks air the same programming nationwide. Top cable networks include USA Network (which maintains a general entertainment format), ESPN and Fox Sports 1 (which focus on sports programming), MTV (which originally focused on music videos when it launched in April 1981, but now largely features music-related, original scripted and reality television programming), CNN, MSNBC and Fox News Channel (which are dedicated news channels with some opinion and other feature-driven programming), Syfy (which focuses on science fiction and fantasy programming), Freeform (which launched in September 1977 as the CBN Satellite Service, a religious-based cable arm of the Christian Broadcasting Network, before refocusing on secular family-oriented programming, and since 2001 has also featured shows aimed mainly at teenagers and young adults), Disney Channel, Nickelodeon and Cartoon Network (which focus on children's programming, although the latter two run nighttime blocks aimed at a teen and adult audience, Nick at Nite and Adult Swim), Discovery Channel and Animal Planet (which focus on reality and documentary programs), TBS (a general entertainment network with a principal focus on comedy), TNT and FX (also general entertainment networks, with some focus on drama) and Lifetime (which targets at a female audience, with a mix of television films, and original and acquired comedy, reality and drama series).", "ESPN on ABC (formerly known as ABC Sports from 1961 to 2006) is the brand used for sports event and documentary programming televised on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. Officially, the broadcast network retains its own sports division; however, for all practical purposes, ABC's sports division has been merged into ESPN Inc., the parent subsidiary of cable sports network ESPN that is majority owned by ABC's corporate parent, The Walt Disney Company, in partnership with the Hearst Corporation.", "12:30 True Crime With Aphrodite Jones M 1:25 Murder Comes To Town M 2:20 Auction Hunters PG 2:45 Destroyed In Seconds PG 3:15 Deadliest Catch PG 4:10 Dirty Jobs PG 5:05 Survive That! M", "Nickelodeon is an American basic cable and satellite television network owned by the MTV Networks Kids & Family Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom, which focuses on programs aimed at children and teenagers; it has since expanded to include three spin-off digital cable and satellite networks in the United States, and international channels in six continents.", "Since 1987, Discovery Channel has been mounting Shark Week, and it’s become one of the most tenured institutions in cable television. Spoofs and spinoffs litter the TV lands...", "Quito and Guayaquil are served by a cable TV service that provides 50 channels, about one-fourth in English from the U.S. These vary as stations are added and dropped, but generally the three networks (ABC, NBC, CBS), Discovery, Fox, Warner Brothers, CNN, ESPN and a few rerun stations are available.", "Nickelodeon Games and Sports for Kids (commonly branded as Nickelodeon GAS or Nick GAS), was a digital cable and satellite network that launched on March 1, 1999, as part of the suite of digital cable channels launched by MTV Networks. It ran a mix of game shows and other competition programs from Nickelodeon (essentially formatted as a children's version of—and Viacom's answer to—the Game Show Network). The channel formally ceased operations on December 31, 2007, with The N taking over its channel space as a separate 24-hour network; however, an automated loop of Nick GAS continued to be carried on Dish Network due to unknown factors until April 23, 2009.", "Join Discovery for the all-new extreme and outrageous sixth series of 'Dirty Jobs.' Host and apprentice, Mike Rowe continues to scour the US to take an unflinching look at the unsung American worker, and the unusual but vital vocations that must be done.", "The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) (stylized in its logo as abc since 1962) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Disney–ABC Television Group, a subsidiary of Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company.", "In July 2006, the show aired two special episodes to kick off and wrap up Discovery's annual Shark Week, of which Mike Rowe was the host. The episodes featured him in a number of jobs related to the animals, some as outlandish as shark repellent tester and shark suit tester, both of which necessitated his jumping into a shark feeding frenzy. As a pun on Discovery Channel's \"Shark Week\" theme, the two episodes were named \"Jobs That Bite\" and \"Jobs That Bite... Harder\" for the opening and closing hours respectively.", "TV Land is a basic cable and satellite channel that debuted on April 29, 1996. Based on the Nick at Nite block, it originally aired classic television series from the early 1950s to the 1970s, but beginning in 2004, has broadened its programming inventory to include series from the 1980s and 1990s (and more recently, the 2000s). In 2008, TV Land began producing its own original series: originally these were reality series; however, the network ventured into scripted originals with the 2010 debut of Hot in Cleveland. On December 17, 2006, Viacom's MTV Networks Kids & Family Group division took over operational responsibilities for TV Land from Nick at Nite (concurrent with Nickelodeon taking operational duties for Nick at Nite), though TV Land continues to be operated as part of the company's Viacom Media Networks unit.", "In 1985, Viacom bought Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which owned MTV and Nickelodeon, renaming the company MTV Networks and beginning this expansion. Before 1987, MTV featured almost exclusively music videos, but as time passed, they introduced a variety of other shows, including some that were originally intended for other channels.", "Fifth, to the fans. Anyone who’s ever had any good fortune in this fickle business knows who really calls the shots – it’s not the networks or the production companies or the on-air personalities – it’s the people who watch. And the people who watched Dirty Jobs turned out to be far more curious than your average channel surfer.", "I know of WSBK and Peachtree. Probably some local FOX stations worldwide air it at times too, I would guess.", "Punk'd, weekdays? Ugh! It's hard to tell with these cable reality stuff...like last year's Reno 911 and Chapelle's Show. Some air it on weekdays, some air it weekly. I haven't gotten WPIX, WNYW, WWOR lineups yet, but they should be coming my way in a week or so. Anything on Boston?", "Cox Cable channel 24 is the Broken Arrow Government-access television (GATV) cable TV municipal information channel. It displays, among other things, information about the city government, upcoming events, and general information about the city. The channel also features local weather reports.", "Communities in the region have their own Public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable television channels. One channel, the Metro Cable Network, is available on channel 6 on cable systems across the seven-county region.", "off-road racing series pits action sports celebrities against motocross champions and racing legends on a track where spectators watch all of the action from their seats in the grandstands. Watch Brian Deegan, Carey Hart, Twitch, Rob Mac, Jeremy McGrath and 125 other racers battle it out in 900 horsepower trucks. F, 8/23, 9am; Sa, 8/24, 9am; Su, 8/25, 9am. $11-$33; free for kids age 12 and younger. Wild West Motorsports Park, 12005 East Interstate 80, Exit 23, Mustang in Sparks, (800) 342-2512, www.lucasoiloffroad.com.", "12:15am American Dad!: Buck, Wild: Animated series. Steve decides to prove his manhood by accompanying Stan and his CIA cronies on their annual hunting excursion. Roger and Klaus go on a road trip. (30 minutes)", "Also new to the Fall schedule is \"America's Toughest Jobs\" (previously announced for Summer 2009), a new extreme competition series from creator/executive producer Thom Beers (\"Ice Road Truckers\") and executive producers Gail Berman and Lloyd Braun. The series will debut with a two-hour episode on Friday, September 12 (8-10 p.m. ET) and return the next week at 8-9 p.m. (ET) for five weeks before resuming from 9-10 p.m. (ET) beginning October 24.", "* American RadioWorks, provider of documentaries on Morning Edition and All Things Considered hosted by Ray Suarez (American Public Media)", "THE NEW EXTREME COMPETITION SERIES 'AMERICA'S TOUGHEST JOBS' FROM CREATOR/EXECUTIVE PRODUCER THOM BEERS (\"ICE ROAD TRUCKERS\") AND EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS GAIL BERMAN AND LLOYD BRAUN, PREMIERES THIS FALL BEGINNING FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 12", "From creator/executive producer Thom Beers (\"Deadliest Catch,\" \"Ice Road Truckers\") and executive producers Gail Berman and Lloyd Braun, \"America's Toughest Jobs\" is a new extreme competition series that will test 12 people who venture out of their safe, comfortable careers and are injected into some of the most challenging, dangerous and demanding jobs on earth. From logging high in the Oregon Forest to oil drilling on the Texas range, or from driving icy roads to extreme fishing -- each job requires guts and stamina, and they'll have to live up to the same standards as the pros. In the end, their new boss and co-workers will determine success or failure, and those who don't make the grade get sent home. Upping the ante, the annual salary of each job will be thrown into the pot until the finale, where one rookie will take home the well-earned cash. Hosted by Josh Temple, \"America's Toughest Jobs\" is created by executive producer Beers and is produced by Original Productions and BermanBraun." ]

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[ "Botany is the science of plant life and a branch of biology that deals with the study of plants. Plants are a wide range of living organisms from the tiniest organisms to the mammoth living organisms. In general terms plants include algae, fungi, lichens, mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants. Botany is the scientific discipline that works on observation, experimentation, recording, classification, and the testing of hypotheses, in a methodological manner.", "Botany, plant science, or plant biology is a branch of biology that involves the scientific study of plant life. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary relationships among taxonomic groups. Botany began with early human efforts to identify edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest sciences. Today botanists study over 550,000 species of living organisms.", "Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who specializes in this field. The term \"botany\" comes from the Ancient Greek word (botanē) meaning \"pasture\", \"grass\", or \"fodder\"; is in turn derived from (boskein), \"to feed\" or \"to graze\". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists study approximately 400,000 species of living organisms of which some 260,000 species are vascular plants and about 248,000 are flowering plants.", "Sub-disciplines of biology are defined by the scale at which organisms are studied, the kinds of organisms studied, and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biology studies the complex interactions among biological molecules; botany studies the biology of plants; cellular biology examines the basic building-block of all life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; evolutionary biology examines the processes that produced the diversity of life; and ecology examines how organisms interact in their environment. ", "A scientist who studies plants is called a botanist. Also called plant biologists, botanists study diverse plant life ranging from small microorganisms to giant trees. As experts in the field of botany, botanists are well-versed in the identification and classification of plant life, the biochemical functions and processes of plants and the various plant diseases and cures.", "science devoted to the study of plants. Botany, microbiology, and zoology together compose the science of biology biology,", "TRANSEAU, EDGAR NELSON. 1919. Science of plant life: a high school botany treating of the plant and its relation to the environment. Yonkers-onHudson (NY): World Book Company.", "Most biological sciences are specialized disciplines. Traditionally, they are grouped by the type of organism being studied. For example, Botany is the study of plants, Zoology is the study of animals and Microbiology is the study of microorganisms. Fields within biology are then further divided based on the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them: 1) 2) 3) 4)", "The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition of plant communities such as temperate broadleaf forest changes by a process of ecological succession was developed by Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley and Frederic Clements. Clements is credited with the idea of climax vegetation as the most complex vegetation that an environment can support and Tansley introduced the concept of ecosystems to biology. Building on the extensive earlier work of Alphonse de Candolle, Nikolai Vavilov (1887–1943) produced accounts of the biogeography, centres of origin, and evolutionary history of economic plants.", "The scientific study of plants is called botany ; the study of their relationship to their environment and of their distribution is plant ecology . The cultivation of plants for food and for decoration is horticulture . For specific approaches to the study of plants and animals, see biology .", "Biology is subdivided into separate branches for convenience of study, though all the subdivisions are interrelated by basic principles. Thus, while it is custom to separate the study of plants ( botany ) from that of animals ( zoology ), and the study of the structure of organisms ( morphology ) from that of function ( physiology ), all living things share in common certain biological phenomena—for example, various means of reproduction , cell division , and the transmission of genetic material.", "Plant physiology — It is the study of various functional aspects or life processes of the plants.", "Plant biologists are botanists who directly study the plants themselves. Some work to understand plant genetics, while others examine plant anatomy, the structures of the plants, or plant ecology, how the plants affect the organisms and area around the plants' natural growing area.", "BIOLOGY n., BIOLOGICAL adj., BIOLOGICALLY adv., BIOLOGIST n. - The science of plant and animal life.", "Plant Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. The field is interconnected with other areas of biology, particularly genetics and biochemistry. Plant Molecular biology mainly concerns itself with understanding the interactions betwesen the various systems of a cell, including the interrelationship of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis and learning how these interactions are monitored.", "1. the branch of biology that studies the relations between plants and animals and their environment. Also called bionomics, bionomy.", "Plant Science Bulletin 60(1) 2014 so that different combinations of determiners may be passed on to the next generation (Fig. 3). The last third of the textbook covered the plant kingdom and ecology. Ganong lumped all of the bacteria, algae and fungi into a single division, the Thallophyta, and treated them in a single large chapter of 82 pages. The next three chapters covered Bryophytes (14 pages), Pteridophytes (20 pages), and Spermatophytes (46 pages). The final chapter, not quite 30 pages, covered ecology. It is interesting to note that although his laboratory reputation at Smith College was in physiology, and he authored a popular textbook in plant physiology (Ganong, 1908), he was among the pioneering founders of plant ecology (Kohler, 2002). Nevertheless, he felt that, “At present this division of the science [ecology] is little better than a series of huge guesses; very little really conclusive work has been done in it, and no distinct methods of ecological experiment nor principles of ecological evidence have been formulated” (Ganong, 1899a).", "Plant Science Bulletin 60(1) 2014 (Poston con’t) ADVANCE and GSE. As a member of the Botanical Society of America and the American Society of Plant Taxonomists, my focus in undergraduate science education has always been through the lens of plant biology. The importance of broadening participation in undergraduate biology education, and in plant biology in particular, continues to inform my academic and professional work here at Pitzer College.", "Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form.", "* The various taxonomically oriented disciplines such as mammalogy, herpetology, ornithology and entomology identify and classify species and study the structures and mechanisms specific to those groups.", "Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is the method by which botanists group organisms into categories such as genera or species. Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy. Modern taxonomy is rooted in the work of Carl Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have since been revised to align better with the Darwinian principle of common descent – grouping organisms by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics. While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms, molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so. The dominant classification system is called Linnaean taxonomy. It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. The nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and administered by the International Botanical Congress.", "Ecology is basically the study of how organisms (animals, plants) interact with their ecosystem (their immediate surroundings), including living and non-living things in that ecosystem.", "‘The process of naming plants and classifying them into those groupings is called nomenclature; the study of trees themselves is called dendrology.’", "Plant morphology \"represents a study of the development, form, and structure of plants, and, by implication, an attempt to interpret these on the basis of similarity of plan and origin.\" There are four major areas of investigation in plant morphology, and each overlaps with another field of the biological sciences.", "This text will be describing taxonomy in relation to plants, an explanation of why it is necessary to classify and name plants, particularly the utilisation of such designations in horticulture. The importance Linnaeus’s bi-nominal system of nomenclature, and an evaluation of the major codes along with practices within taxonomy.", "The ancient Greeks developed a classification about 300 bce in which plants were grouped according to their general form—that is, as trees, shrubs, undershrubs, and vines. This classification was used for almost 1,000 years. Modern classifications of plants attempt to assign a plant to a particular taxon and establish relationships with other plants based on genetics, cytology, ecology, behaviour, and probable evolutionary lineages, in addition to gross morphology . Popular classifications, however, remain useful tools for studying the common stresses that the environment exerts on all plants and the general patterns of adaptation that are shown no matter how distantly plants are related.", "the branch of biology dealing with the relations and interactions between organisms and their environment, including other organisms.", "Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine bodies of water. Given that in biology many phyla, families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxonomy. Marine biology differs from marine ecology as marine ecology is focused on how organisms interact with each other and the environment, while biology is the study of the organisms themselves.", "The science that treats of the functions of living organisms or their parts, as distinguished from morphology, anatomy, etc.", "The study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behaviour, origin, and distribution.", "Ø A branch of biology defined as a science concerned with the function of organisms and bodily structures. Function- WHAT they do", "Both bryophytes and vascular plants have leaf-like structures. Be able to prepare a single sentence that can tell the reader what a leaf is, as well as what it is not." ]

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[ "a Bovine c Ovine b Equine d Porcine 17 What the most - APSC - 1454", "Cow is a female bovine that has had a calf. (This term may also be used for other species)", "Equines are monogastric hindgut fermenters . [32] They prefer to eat grasses and sedges, but may also consume bark, leaves, buds, fruits and roots if their favored foods are scarce, particularly asses. Compared to ruminants , equines have a simpler and less efficient digestive system. Nevertheless, they can subsist on lower quality vegetation. After food is passed though the stomach, it enters the sac-like cecum . where cellulose is broken down by micro-organisms. Fermentation is quicker in equines than in ruminants; 30–45 hours for a horse compared to 70–100 hours for a cow. Equines may spend 60-80 percent of their time feeding, depending on the availability and quality of vegetation. [7] [25] In the African savannas, the plains zebra is a pioneer grazer; mowing down the upper, less nutritious grass canopy and preparing the way for more specialized grazers like blue wildebeests and Thomson's gazelles which depend on shorter and more nutritious grasses below. [33]", "The horse is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus. It is an odd-toed ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae, and can be tamed, bred, and trained, as a mount.", "Bovine comes from the Latin word for \"cow\", though the biological family called the Bovidae actually includes not only cows and oxen but also goats, sheep, bison, and buffalo. So bovine is often used technically, when discussing \"bovine diseases\", \"bovine anatomy\", and so on. It can also describe a human personality, though it can be a rather unkind way to describe someone. When Hera, the wife of Zeus, is called \"cow-eyed\", though, it's definitely a compliment, and Zeus fairly melts when she turns those big bovine eyes on him.", "There are over 200 breeds of horse (Equus caballus), as well as hundreds more local varieties unrecognized by breeding assocations. Though the success of films like Seabiscuit and War Horse testify to the continued valorization of the equine, once worshipped as a god or goddess in some cultures, horse meat is still widely consumed. In 2013, a major scandal erupted when a European processor mislabeled horse meat as beef, prompting many companies to recall products that contained it.", "Cattle (colloquially cows) are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius. Cattle are raised as livestock for meat (beef and veal), as dairy animals for milk and other dairy products, and as draft animals (pulling carts, plows and the like). Other products include leather and dung for manure or fuel. In some countries, such as India, cattle are sacred. It is estimated that there are 1.3 billion cattle in the world today. In 2009, cattle became the first livestock animal to have its genome mapped.", "Cattle (colloquially cows) are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius. Cattle are raised as livestock for meat (beef and veal), as dairy animals for milk and other dairy products, and as draft animals (oxen / bullocks) (pulling carts, plows and the like).Cattle also produce milk, and dairy cattle are specifically bred to produce large quantities of milk that is processed and sold for human consumption.", "Ungulates (pronounced) are any members of a diverse clade of primarily large mammals that includes odd-toed ungulates such as horses and rhinoceroses, and even-toed ungulates such as cattle, pigs, giraffes, camels, deer, and hippopotamuses. Most terrestrial ungulates use the tips of their toes, usually hoofed, to sustain their whole body weight while moving. The term means, roughly, \"being hoofed\" or \"hoofed animal\". As a descriptive term, \"ungulate\" normally excludes cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises), as they do not possess most of the typical morphological characteristics of ungulates, but recent discoveries indicate that they are descended from early artiodactyls. Ungulates are typically herbivorous (though some species are omnivorous, such as pigs), and many employ specialized gut bacteria to allow them to digest cellulose, as in the case of ruminants. They inhabit a wide range of habitats, from jungles, plains and rivers.", "An animal to be used for pet meat, or a buyer of cattle or horses to be used for this purpose.[84]", "All the above terms, like toadstool, are common names. Common names are given to organisms in the language of the people who live with them. For example, \"horse\", \"cheval\", \"el caballo\" and \"pferd\" are all common names for the organism with the scientific name Equus caballus . In some countries, if a horse possesses white patches on a darker coat, it can also be called by the name of \"Pinto\". Its scientific name will still be Equus caballus, because a Pinto's unique color does not make it a different animal from any other Equus caballus. In horses, color is not a \"diagnostic characteristic\". Diagnostic characteristics are those features that make one particular species unique from all other species.", "Researchers note that most current Mustang herds live in arid areas which cattle cannot fully utilize due to the lack of water sources. Horses are better adapted by evolution to such climates. [22] ; they may range nine times as far from water sources as cattle, traveling as much as 50 miles a day. [23] This allows them to utilize areas not grazed by cattle. In addition, horses are \"hindgut fermenters,\" meaning that they digest nutrients by means of the cecum rather than by a multi-chambered stomach. In practical effect, horses can obtain adequate nutrition from poorer forage than can cattle, surviving in areas where cattle will starve. [23]", "Cattle era begins. The first livestock brand in Wyoming, for \"neat cattle, horses, and mules\" is the letter \"W\" reversed to make an \"M.\" it is recorded in the name of Eliza A. Kuykendall, of Laramie County . [According to Webster's New Unabridged Dictionary, 1938, p. 425, the term cattle \"formerly\" meant all domestic quadrupeds, i.e., sheep, goats, mules, horses, asses, and swine. \"Neat\" cattle are of the ox kind to distinguish them from horse, sheep, and goats, ibid, p. 1634.]", "The Rocky Mountain Horse is a horse breed developed in the state of Kentucky in the United States. Despite its name, it originated not in the Rocky Mountains, but instead in the Appalachian Mountains. A foundation stallion, brought from the western United States to eastern Kentucky around 1890, began the Rocky Mountain type in the late 19th century.The breed is known for its preferred \"chocolate\" coat color and flaxen mane and tail, the result of the relatively rare silver dapple gene acting on a black coat, seen in much of the population. It also exhibits a four-beat ambling gait known as the \"single-foot\". Originally developed as a multi-purpose riding, driving and light draft horse, today it is used mainly for trail riding and working cattle.", "↑ The animal's first scientific name, Bos primigenius, was meant as a Latin translation of the German term Auerochse or Urochs, which was they thought meant \"primeval ox\" or \"proto-ox\". Today, ITIS say this name is wrong. They classify aurochs under Bos taurus, the same species as domestic cattle. In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature \"conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms\" ( http://www.iczn.org/BZNSep2006general_articles.html ) confirming Bos primigenius for the Aurochs. Taxonomists who consider domesticated cattle a subspecies of the wild Aurochs should use B. primigenius taurus; the name B. taurus remains available for domestic cattle where it is considered to be a separate species.", "Artiodactyla Order (even-toed ungulates: antelope, deer, camels, pigs, cows, sheep, hippos,) Bovid is any of almost 140 species of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammals with characteristic unbranching horns covered in a permanent sheath of keratin in at least the males.", "Horses are prone to a host of parasites, and most horse owners regularly dose their animals with vermicides – medications toxic to intestinal worms and other insect pests. These medications pass through the digestive system, prompting some gardeners to ask whether tainted manure may be harming their crops, their families, or the environment.", "The latter two are the only never-domesticated \"wild\" groups that survived into historic times. However, other subspecies of ''Equus ferus'' may have existed and could have been the stock from which domesticated horses are descended.At present, the domesticated and wild horses are considered a single species, with the valid scientific name for the horse species being ''Equus ferus.'' The wild tarpan subspecies is ''E. f. ferus'', Przewalski's horse is ''E. f. przewalskii'', and the domesticated horse is ''E. f. caballus''. The rules for the scientific naming of animal species are determined in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, which stipulates that the oldest available valid scientific name is used to name the species. Previously, when taxonomists considered domesticated and wild horse two subspecies of the same species, the valid scientific name was ''Equus caballus'' Linnaeus 1758, with the subspecies labeled ''E. c. caballus'' , ''E. c. ferus'' Boddaert, 1785 and ''E. c. przewalskii'' Poliakov, 1881 . However, in 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature decided that the scientific names of the wild species have priority over the scientific names of domesticated species, therefore mandating the use of ''Equus ferus'' for the horse, independent of the position of the domesticated horse.", "It is interesting to note that most of the different breeds of what we call cattle today can be traced back to a single basic type, namely the aurochs, which itself is probably descended from the same created kind as the buffalo and bison group. 3", "Being an equid, zebras are subject to many of the same common infections and diseases of the domestic horse.", "Scientific classification: Horses belong to the family Equidae of the order Perissodactyla. The domestic horse is classified as Equus caballus, and Przewalski�s horse is classified as Equus caballus przewalskii.", "Cecum (caecum). The blind gut; in the horse it is huge compared to other animals, holding five to ten gallons of ingesta. Large,  sock-shaped pouch between the small and large intestines of a horse. Important in the digestion of cellulose.", "See Groves & Grubb (2011: 8 & 13). The diverse origins of domestic horses are discussed, the scientific name applicable to the domestic horses, as a species, is provided, and it is noted that it is believed to be derived from Equus ferus", "Some taxonomists today consider domesticated cattle to be a subspecies of the auroch and call it Bos primigenius taurus. Others consider it a separate species, Bos taurus. All of today’s domesticated breeds, even the largest Spanish fighting bulls, are smaller than the auroch.", "A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the Suidae family of even-toed ungulates. Pigs include the domestic pig and its ancestor, the common Eurasian wild boar, along with other species; related creatures outside the genus include the peccary, the babirusa, and the warthog.", "Cow sense: What a horse has when it has a natural ability to use for roping, cutting and general cow work.", "Really, if you're going to eat meat, what is the difference between horse meat, cow meat or lamb etc?", "Equus ferus caballus, the subspecies of the Wild Horse (Equus ferus) that has gone through the process of domestication.", "The horse meat scandal in Europe just reiterates how something seemingly straightforward can become so complicated. In my childhood, horses were the trusty companions of Roy Rogers and the Lone Ranger. They were the countless extras used in B-grade movies before the motion picture industry worried about stating “no animals were harmed in the production of this film.” And horses were the animals that some lucky kids had on their farms to ride and pamper. One boy in my grade school class had work horses on his farm, but even then, I think we realized what a toil that would be. We grew up to be tractor jockeys.", "ringed swine          pig with a nasal ring to prevent it from �rooting, delving up or turning up the kings soyle� (M 246 (r) and (v)); see �pannage�", "The Italian Cinta Senese and the Hungarian Mangalitsa are more old-fashioned European breeds traditionally raised on acorns. In the New Forest in southern England, pigs are still turned out for a minimum of 60 days every autumn to eat acorns and beechnuts, in a practice known as “ pannage ,” or the “Common of Mast.”", "Q: I know that cattle have four compartments in their stomachs. Since horses have the same diet do they also have four stomachs?" ]

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[ "CAMP DUBOIS - On December 13, 1803, the Lewis and Clark Expedition set up a winter base camp where the Wood River emptied into the Mississippi River. The site is on the Illinois bank, some 23 miles upriver from St. Louis and opposite the mouth of the Missouri River. The camp, near the present towns of Wood River and Hartford in Madison County, was established in Illinois territory for several reasons, principally because St. Louis was then technically a French possession, although actually governed by a Spanish commandant, and because both the French and Spanish in St. Louis were suspicious of American intentions. The camp was named \"Dubois\" because its site was located at La Rivière Dubois, as the local French called the Wood River. On May 11, 1804, seven voyageurs arrived from St. Louis, They had been engaged to help paddle the exploration party up the Missouri River as far as the second winter encampment in North Dakota. On May 14 the 40 men in the party, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, abandoned their camp and set off on their great adventure.", "On May 14, 1804, the Expedition, under Clark's command, left Camp River Dubois on the east side of the Mississippi River and sailed up the Missouri River.", "The Corps of Discovery was a specially-established unit of the United States Army which formed the nucleus of the Lewis and Clark expedition that took place between May 1804 and September 1806. The Corps, which was a select group of volunteers, were led jointly by Captain Meriwether Lewis and Second Lieutenant William Clark. Commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson, the Corps' objectives were both scientific and commercial – to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and to learn how the Louisiana purchase could be exploited economically. ", "The Corps of Discovery departed from Camp Dubois at 4 pm on May 14, 1804, and met up with Lewis in St. Charles, Missouri , a short time later, marking the beginning of the voyage to the Pacific coast. The Corps followed the Missouri River westward. Soon, they passed La Charrette, the last Euro-American settlement on the Missouri River.", "1804 Lewis and Clark Expedition departs from Camp Dubois and begin their historic journey by traveling up the Missouri River", "Meriwether Lewis and William Clark began their famed expedition in 1804 with a party of thirty-three people in three boats. Although they became the first Europeans to travel the entire length of the Missouri and reach the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia, they found no trace of the Northwest Passage. The maps made by Lewis and Clark, especially those of the Pacific Northwest region, provided a foundation for future explorers and emigrants. They also negotiated relations with multiple Native American tribes and wrote extensive reports on the climate, ecology and geology of the region. Many present-day names of geographic features in the upper Missouri basin originated from their expedition. ", "The expedition followed the Missouri through what is now Kansas City, Missouri, and Omaha, Nebraska. On August 20, 1804, Sergeant Charles Floyd died, apparently from acute appendicitis. He was the only member of the expedition to die, and was among the first to sign up with the Corps of Discovery. He was buried at a bluff by the river, now named after him, in what is now Sioux City, Iowa. His burial site was marked with a cedar post on which was inscribed his name and day of death. 1 mi up the river, the expedition camped at a small river which they named Floyd's River. During the final week of August, Lewis and Clark reached the edge of the Great Plains, a place abounding with elk, deer, bison, and beavers.", "During the months of their encampment near Cahokia, the Corps of Discovery was able to comprehensively plan the expedition. Extensive geographic information was compiled, gifts were packaged and organized based on intelligence gathered of the American Indian tribes they would meet, important items were evenly distributed and food was prepared and packaged. Lewis and Clark also made many trips to St. Louis, including March 9, 1804, when Lewis was present at a special ceremony, during which the Upper Louisiana Territory was transferred to the United States. Finally in May 1804, the Corps of Discovery broke camp and proceeded to St. Louis and then on to St. Charles to begin their westward journey.", "A long winter's stay across from St. Louis , at River Dubois in Illinois , waiting for spring and for the transfer of Louisiana to the United States, enabled the captains to gather their men, evaluate and discipline them, and collect some additional information—notably the personal advice of James Mackay and the Missouri River maps of John Evans (Atlas maps 7–12). By the spring of 1804 they had eliminated a few less desirable recruits, had given the rest some idea of what was expected of them, and were ready to begin the great adventure.", "The expedition followed the Missouri through what is now Kansas City, Missouri , and Omaha, Nebraska . On August 20, 1804, Sergeant Charles Floyd died, apparently from acute appendicitis . He was the only member of the expedition to die, and was among the first to sign up with the Corps of Discovery. He was buried at a bluff by the river, now named after him , [43] [44] During the final week of August, Lewis and Clark reached the edge of the Great Plains , a place abounding with elk , deer , bison , and beavers .", "St. Charles, Missouri, served as the final embarkation point of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. At noon on May 14, 1804, Clark and approximately 42 men docked at St. Charles, an outpost for traders dating from about 1769. St. Charles, the first permanent European settlement on the Missouri River and one of the first in the state of Missouri, was described as being \"about 100 houses, the most of them small and indefferent and about 450 inhabitents Chiefly French, those people appear Pore, polite and harmonious\" (DeVoto 1997, 4). Here Clark met with two more members of the expedition, Pierre Cruzatte and Francois Labiche, who served as boatmen and interpreters. While awaiting Lewis's arrival the men entertained the townspeople on the boats, danced at balls and attended a Mass conducted by a local priest. Some members of the crew celebrated too much, resulting in court-martials and punishments. John Collins received 50 lashes for being absent without leave (AWOL), misbehaving at a ball and using disrespectful language to Clark. William Werner and Hugh Hall were also found guilty of being AWOL and received sentences of 25 lashes each. Lewis arrived at 6:30pm on May 20 and the entire crew set out on their journey to the Pacific Ocean on May 21, 1804, to the sound of \"three cheers\" from the audience lining the riverbank. Clark noted in his journal that day:", "In 1804 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark set out to explore what is now the northwest United States. In 1805 they followed the Missouri River to its headwaters then crossed the Rocky Mountains and reached the Pacific. They returned in 1806.", "On January 18, 1803, (exactly 100 years before my cousins, the Wright Brothers, ascended into the heavens alive in 1903), President Thomas Jefferson gained approval and finances from Congress to send an expedition to the \"Western Ocean.\" Lewis and Clark immediately began preparations, and initiated their \"Western Expedition\" from St. Louis on May 14, 1804. Having completed the journey with the loss of but one individual, these two witnesses returned to St. Louis on September 23, 1806; the entire expedition, including preparations, taking three and a half years.", "In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the Lewis and Clark expedition that took place between May 1804 and September 1806. The goal was to explore the Louisiana Purchase , and establish trade and U.S. sovereignty over the native peoples along the Missouri River . The Lewis and Clark Expedition established relations with more than two dozen indigenous nations west of the Missouri River.", "The Corps of Discovery reached the Three Forks of the Missouri on July 25, 1805. More than 2,500 miles from their starting point on the Mississippi River, the expedition had once again come to a critical juncture, the confluence of three previously uncharted rivers. Lewis and Clark first set about finding suitable names for these Missouri tributaries, naming them in honor of the President and two of his cabinet members, Madison and Gallatin. The next challenge involved choosing the correct river to follow. Should they choose wrongly and be forced to backtrack, they faced the likelihood of getting caught in the Rocky Mountains at the onset of winter.", "The expedition started from St. Louis, where the Missouri empties into the Mississippi, on May 14, 1804. Along the way, Clark oversaw the men and carefully mapped the route. Lewis made scientific observations and collected specimens of animals and plants. The trip was arduous -- the men lived outdoors, hunted for food, and rowed the keelboat (along with two smaller boats) up the river, often towing the boat from the shore when the current got too heavy or the river became difficult to navigate. They fended off huge clouds of mosquitoes that swarmed around them. The party made only 12 or 14 miles on a good day.", "President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the expedition shortly after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. It comprised a selected group of U.S. Army volunteers under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend, Second Lieutenant William Clark . Their perilous journey lasted from May 1804 to September 1806. The primary objective was to explore and to map the newly acquired territory, to find a practical route across the western half of the continent, and to establish an American presence in this territory before Britain and other European powers tried to claim it.", "The expedition was commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson shortly after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, consisting of a select group of U.S. Army volunteers under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend Second Lieutenant William Clark . Their perilous journey lasted from May 1804 to September 1806. The primary objective was to explore and map the newly acquired territory, find a practical route across the Western half of the continent, and establish an American presence in this territory before Britain and other European powers tried to claim it.", "     Ironically, Gass was not initially recruited to be among the four dozen men who set out in the spring of 1804 on the expedition led my Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, an expedition sanctioned by President Thomas Jefferson. The goal was for the men to travel as far west as they could by boat and then by land to reach the Pacific Ocean. It was a journey expected to take 18 months to two years.", "In May 1673, the French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette left the settlement of St. Ignace on Lake Huron and traveled down the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers, aiming to reach the Pacific Ocean. In late June, Jolliet and Marquette became the first documented European discoverers of the Missouri River, which according to their journals was in full flood. \"I never saw anything more terrific,\" Jolliet wrote, \"a tangle of entire trees from the mouth of the Pekistanoui [Missouri] with such impetuosity that one could not attempt to cross it without great danger. The commotion was such that the water was made muddy by it and could not clear itself.\" They recorded Pekitanoui or Pekistanoui as the local name for the Missouri. However, the party never explored the Missouri beyond its mouth, nor did they linger in the area. In addition, they later learned that the Mississippi drained into the Gulf of Mexico and not the Pacific as they had originally presumed; the expedition turned back about 440 mi short of the Gulf at the confluence of the Arkansas River with the Mississippi.", "During their stay here, the Corps of Discovery had also gained the services of Charbonneau, a French-Canadian who had been living and trading with the Indians for five years, his wife Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian and their newborn son Jean Baptiste. By April 7, 1805, the Expedition was prepared to proceed west to the confluence of the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers.", "      While Lewis and Clark were exploring beyond the Missouri, General Wilkinson sent out Capt. Zebulon M. Pike on a similar expedition to the headwaters of the Mississippi. In 1807 Wilkinson organized another expedition. This time he sent twenty men under Captain Pike westward into what is now Colorado. After exploring the region around the peak that bears his name, Pike encountered some Spaniards who, resentful of the incursion, placed his party under armed guard and escorted it to Santa Fe. From there, the Spanish took the Americans into Mexico and then back across Texas to Natchitoches, once more in American territory. Despite the adversity, the Lewis and Clark Expedition and those of Captain Pike contributed much to the geographic and scientific knowledge of the country and today remain as great epics of the West.", "Government and private enterprise sent many explorers to the West. In 1805–6, Army lieutenant Zebulon Pike (1779–1813) led a party of 20 soldiers to find the head waters of the Mississippi. He later explored the Red and Arkansas Rivers in Spanish territory, eventually reaching the Rio Grande. On his return, Pike sighted the peak in Colorado named after him. Major Stephen Harriman Long (1784–1864) led the Yellowstone and Missouri expeditions of 1819–1820, but his categorizing in 1823 of the Great Plains as arid and useless led to the region getting a bad reputation as the \"Great American Desert\", which discouraged settlement in that area for several decades. ", "      From the summer of 1803 to the fall of 1806, the expedition was an Army endeavor, officially the \"Corps of Volunteers for North Western Discovery.\" It led Americans across the breadth of the vast continent for the first time. Its scientific agenda brought back invaluable information about flora, fauna, hydrology, and geography. Its benign intent resulted in peaceful commerce with Indians encountered en route. The expedition was, all things considered, a significant example of America’s potential for progress and creative good.", "By the time Jefferson entered the White House , there had been several significant advances in knowledge of the country beyond the Mississippi . In 1792, the American sea-going trader Captain Robert Gray had discovered and named the Columbia River . In the same year, Captain George Vancouver of the British Navy had made a thorough survey of the northwest coast, sending one of his officers about one hundred miles up the great river. In the same decade, fur traders from St. Louis , acting under the authority of the Spanish government, moved up the Missouri as far as the villages of the Mandans in present North Dakota . John Thomas Evans , who reached the Mandans in 1796, received instructions from his employer, James Mackay , that seem to anticipate Jefferson's instructions to Lewis and Clark . Evans was asked to ascend the Missouri to its headwaters, inquire of the Indians about a river flowing \"toward the setting sun,\" and descend this stream to the Pacific . Along the way he was to collect specimens of animals and plants and to be \"very accurate in his observations concerning the nations.\" Evans in fact got no farther than the Mandans , where he found British traders extending their commercial network from Canada . Evans's detailed maps of the Missouri from present northeast Nebraska to the Mandan villages were eventually of great assistance to Lewis and Clark . [5]", "In the spring they continued to the headwaters of the river and then crossed the Continental Divide before following the Clearwater, Snake and Columbia Rivers west to the Pacific. At the mouth of the Columbia they built Fort Clatsop, which later became Astoria, Oregon. On their return journey, they split into three groups after crossing the Rockies to map more land. They reunited near where the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers converged and continued together to St. Louis. They arrived in St. Louis to a heroes’ welcome on September 23, 1806. Their 28-month journey proved that there was no transcontinental water route and they brought back a treasure trove of information, including maps of their route, descriptions of Plains Indian culture and observations of the environment.", "Coureurs des bois, voyageurs and Catholic missionaries used river canoes to explore the interior of the North American continent. They establishing fur trading forts on the Great Lakes (Étienne Brûlé 1615), Hudson Bay (Radisson and Groseilliers 1659–60), Ohio River and Mississippi River (La Salle 1682), as well as the Saskatchewan River and Missouri River (de la Verendrye 1734–1738). ", "On July 15th (that’s today!), 1806, American brigadier general Zebulon Pike set out to explore the southern portion of the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase. His main goal was to find the headwaters of the Red and Arkansas rivers. Unlike his predecessors Lewis and Clark who were exploring the north, the Pike Expedition would go down in infamy. They were captured by Spanish authorities in southern Colorado and held as prisoners for over five months, but not before discovering the most eastern 14,000-foot mountain in the Colorado Rockies which now bears the name Pikes Peak. ", "On October 14th (that’s today!), 1806, Captain Zebulon Pike made the fateful decision to split his crew of 20 soldiers into two separate detachments to further explore the Great Plains and interior of America. One detachment headed down the Arkansas River from Colorado, and safely returned to St. Louis. Zebulon, then 27 years old, led the other crew west, up the Arkansas River, to explore the interior. After four months, Zebulon’s party was captured by Spanish soldiers and imprisoned for years, where they likely thought back to this day when they parted ways and thought aloud, “Damn you Zebulon!” ", "Though it's widely assumed that Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the land of the Louisiana Purchase , Jefferson had actually harbored plans to explore the West for years. The reasons for the Lewis and Clark Expedition were more complicated, but planning for the expedition actually began before the great land purchase had even happened.", "North American exploration proceeded rapidly in Colbert’s time. Fur traders had earlier reached Lake Superior; Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette now travelled the Fox and Wisconsin rivers to the Mississippi in 1673 and descended it to the Arkansas. Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle , followed the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico in 1682 and claimed the entire Mississippi River Basin, or Louisiana, for France; a later consequence was the founding of New Orleans (Nouvelle-Orléans) in 1718 by Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne , sieur de Bienville, the governor of Louisiana. French traders ultimately reached Santa Fe in Spanish New Mexico , and the sons of explorer Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de la Vérendrye—Louis-Joseph and François—visited the Black Hills of South Dakota and may have seen the Rocky Mountains .", "Founded at the confluence Rivière du Bois (Wood River) on December 12, 1803, it was located on the east side of the Mississippi River so that it was still in United States territory. This was important because the transfer of the Louisiana Purchase to France from Spain did not occur until March 9, 1804, and then from France to the United States on March 10, 1804. The expedition returned again to the camp on their return journey on September 23, 1806. " ]

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[ "George Orwell's classic novella Animal Farm is an allegory of the Russian Revolution. It describes the dictator Stalin as a big Berkshire boar by the name of Napoleon. Trotsky is represented by a pig called Snowball who is a brilliant talker and makes magnificent speeches. However, Napoleon overthrows Snowball as Stalin overthrew Trotsky and Napoleon took over the farm on which the animals were living on. Napoleon became a tyrant and used force and propaganda to oppress the animals. ", "Animal Farm is an allegorical satire. Napoleon, the pig, here symbolizes Stalin who rose to be a ruthless dictator of Russia and who suppressed all the freedoms which had been promised to the proletariat after the Communist Revolution of 1917. Through the portrayal of Napoleon, the author has exposed to the readers Stalin’s betrayal of the ideals of the Russian Revolution.", "Based on Joseph Stalin, Napoleon is one of the two pigs that vie for leadership of Animal Farm after the death of Old Major. He is a Berkshire boar, which means that he is larger than the other pigs on the farm. Berkshire boars are also an intimidating-looking species. Napoleon does not speak a lot of the time, which leads some of the animals to perceive him as a deep thinker, though his behavior belies that characterization. When he does speak, he is persuasive, but he prefers to use others to speak on his behalf, most notably Squealer.", "George Orwell’s classic satire of the Russian Revolution has become an intimate part of our contemporary culture, with its treatment of democratic, fascist, and socialist ideals through an animal fable. The animals of Mr. Jones’ Manor Farm are overworked, mistreated, and desperately seeking a reprieve. In their quest to create an idyllic society where justice and equality reign, the animals of Manor Farm revolt against their human rulers, establishing the democratic Animal Farm under the credo, “All Animals Are Created Equal.” Out of their cleverness, the pigs—Napoleon, Squealer, and Snowball—emerge as leaders of the new community. In a development of insidious familiarity, the pigs begin to assume ever greater amounts of power, while other animals, especially the faithful horse Boxer, assume more of the work. The climax of the story is the brutal betrayal of Boxer, when totalitarian rule is reestablished with the bloodstained postscript to the founding slogan: “But Some Animals Are More Equal than Others.”", "In Animal Farm, George Orwell represents Joseph Stalin through an allegorical image of a pig. Through the existing stereotypes of this animal in popular culture, he intends to portray the greed, laziness and viciousness of this tyrannical ruler of the Soviet Union.", "Napoleon A &quot;large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar,&quot; Napoleon becomes the leader of the animals after Snowball is chased off the farm. He, Snowball, and Squealer are the ones who organize the thoughts proclaimed by Old Major into the principles of Animalism. Soon after the revolt of the animals, Napoleon takes nine puppies from their mothers to &quot;educate&quot; them. The puppies end up being his personal bodyguards and secret police force. He grows increasingly removed from the other animals, dining alone and being addressed as &quot;our Leader, Comrade Napoleon.&quot; Like Joseph Stalin, the Soviet leader who had negotiated with England while making a secret deal with Hitler, Napoleon negotiates with one of Jones's neighbors, Mr. Pilkington, while making a secret agreement with Mr. Frederick, another one of Jones's neighbors. Stalin had a reputation for arranging the death of anyone who stood in his way. After Napoleon chases his former friend Snowball off the farm, he has countless animals killed who confess to being Snowball's allies. Near the end of the novel, he stands on two legs, just like the men he had previously denounced, and announces that Animal Farm's name will revert back to Manor Farm. His name is reminiscent of the historical Napoleon, who became the all-powerful, autocratic Emperor of the French. Like his French counterpart, Napoleon seems to embody the idea that with power comes corruption. » Back to Section Index » Back to Table of Contents", "George Orwell’s Animal Farm, Orwell writes the story as a metaphor of the Russian Revolution and Communism. Napoleon is a... pig that plays the part of Joseph Stalin and refers to Communism as “Animalism.” Napoleon uses cruelty, treachery, and propaganda to twist the meaning of Animalism throughout the story to justify his rise to power and eventually turns the animal’s dream of a utopian type of life into a pig-ruled disaster. By doing this, Napoleon’s nature represents Joseph Stalin’s actions as Animal...", "In Animal Farm, written by George Orwell an important character throughout was Napoleon. Napoleon is a pig who believed he was... superior to all the other animals, he began a revolution and turned “his” farms animals into his workers in order to industrialise themselves. Napoleon is a manipulative, selfish character who played a leading role in the rise and fall of Animal Farm. Napoleon was the worst of the worst. A powerful dictator. He wanted to live up to Old Majors standard and how he saw it...", "In Animal Farm, written by George Orwell an important character throughout was Napoleon. Napoleon is a... pig who believed he was superior to all the other animals, he began a revolution and turned “his” farms animals into his workers in order to industrialise themselves. Napoleon is a manipulative, selfish character who played a leading role in the rise and fall of Animal Farm. Napoleon was the worst of the worst. A powerful dictator. He wanted to live up to Old Majors standard and how he saw it...", "Pigs: Orwell uses the pigs to surround and support Napoleon. They symbolise the communist party loyalists and the friends of Stalin, as well as perhaps the Duma, or Russian parliament. The pigs, unlike other animals, live in luxury and enjoy the benefits of the society they help to control. The inequality and true hypocrisy of communism is expressed here by Orwell, who criticised Marx's oversimplified view of a socialist, \"utopian\" society. Obviously, George Orwell doesn't believe such a society can exist. Toward the end of the book, Orwell emphasises, \"Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer except, of course, the pigs and the dogs.\"", "is needed for the animal rebellion. Unfortunately for the animals, the leader who emerges is a tyrant and the animal's plight goes from bad to worse by the end of the novel. It is important to notice how Orwell positively describes the animals in the chapter. The fat Old Major is \"still a majestic looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance.\" The stout Clover is described as a \"motherly mare that had never", "In 1944 Orwell finished Animal Farm , a political fable based on the story of the Russian Revolution and its betrayal by Joseph Stalin . In the book a group of barnyard animals overthrow and chase off their exploitative human masters and set up an egalitarian society of their own. Eventually the animals’ intelligent and power-loving leaders, the pigs, subvert the revolution and form a dictatorship whose bondage is even more oppressive and heartless than that of their former human masters. (“All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.”) At first Orwell had difficulty finding a publisher for the small masterpiece, but when it appeared in 1945, Animal Farm made him famous and, for the first time, prosperous.", "Animal Farm  by George Orwell. Though ostensibly a work of fiction, Animal Farm is an extended allegory of the Bolshevik Revolution and the history of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the early 1940's. The revolution the animals on Manor Farm carry out ends up devouring its own physically. The revolution also betrays its own principles. Indeed, it makes nonsense of them – which Orwell encapsulates in the assertion by the rulers of Animal Farm (the pigs) that \"all animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others.\" In this way Orwell also gets across the point that the revolution has not only betrayed its objectives and devoured its children but also corrupted language to the point of rendering it meaningless. Practically any book on Stalin's Terror, of which there are well over one hundred, could serve the same purpose.", "ridding them of their right of freedom to think. In George Orwell’s Animal Farm the pigs use tactics of influence against... the other animals in much the same way. The leading pig, Napoleon promptly takes over the farm after the rebellion against Jones and consequently turns his comrades’ lives into a living hell without them even realizing it. Animal Farm vividly displays how the varying use of propaganda can easily misguide and potentially harm the uneducated or misinformed...", "In George Orwell\"s Animal Farm the animals of this English farm decide to revolt in a time of despair. In the midst of the mass confusion, two pigs emerge as leaders of this new farm called \"Animal Farm.aE These two pigs were Napoleon \"a large and rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his way,aE and Snowball. ... The animals on the farm are easily deceived by the pigs that are corrupted by the ways of humans such as drinking. ... Eventually the animals of the farm see the pigs having a meeting with the humans but can\"t tell ma...", "Animal Farm is a satire of totalitarian governments in their many guises. But Orwell composed the book for a more specific purpose: to serve as a cautionary tale about Stalinism. It was for this reason that he faced such difficulty in getting the book published; by the time Animal Farm was ready to meet its readers, the Allies were cooperating with the Soviet Union. The allegorical characters of the novel represent specific historical figures and different factions of Imperial Russian and Soviet society. These include Karl Marx (Major), Vladimir Lenin (Major), Leon Trotsky (Snowball), Joseph Stalin (Napoleon), Adolf Hitler (Frederick), the Allies (Pilkington), the peasants (Boxer), the elite (Mollie), and the church (Moses).", "Animal Farm (1945) is a satirical novella (which can also be understood as a modern fable or allegory) by George Orwell , ostensibly about a group of animals who oust the humans from the farm on which they live. They run the farm themselves, only to have it degenerate into a brutal tyranny of its own.", "Orwell uses Pilkington, another neighbor of Animal Farm, as a metaphor for the Allies of World War II (excluding, of course Russia).  Like the Soviet Union before World War II, Animal Farm wasn't sure who their allies would be.  But after losing the relationship with Frederick (Germany), Napoleon (Stalin) decides to befriend Pilkington, and ally with him.   Napoleon and the other pigs even go as far as to invite him over for dinner at the end of the book.  Here Mr. Pilkington and his men congratulate Napoleon on the efficiency of Animal Farm. Orwell narrates, \"Mr. Pilkington once again congratulated the pigs on the low rations, the long working hours, and the general absence of pampering which he had observed on Animal Farm.\"    Russia's allies, after the war, also admired it's efficiency.  But soon the cold war would begin between the United States and Russia.  This is unbelievably also referred to in the book (published in 1946) when Orwell writes, \"An uproar of voices was coming from the farmhouse...a violent quarrel was in progress.  There were shouting, banging on the table, sharp suspicious glances, furious denials.\"    Amazingly Orwell seemed to sense the start of American-Russian tension for years to come.", "...Jeremiah Homer March 22, 2012 English III: Mr. Smith Animal Farm Analysis Paper Animal Farm, by George Orwell is a story that depicts the consequences that arise when people (or in this case, animals) are given too much power, as they have shown to abuse it. The story begins with a boar named Old Major, who gathers all the animals on the farm to tell them about a dream he had in which the...", "Orwell hints at the shortcomings of Old Major's Marxist teachings in a number of subtle ways. The supposition that all animals are \"comrades\" is undermined straight away by the fact that the dogs and cats openly show hostility to the rats, who \"only by a swift dash for their holes\" escape from the dogs with their lives. A second thing which undermines the Animalist maxim that \"All animals are equal\" is the fact that even before the revolution there is evidence of a basic hierarchical society. The pigs straight away take their places \"immediately in front of the platform\" (Ch.I) when the animals meet to hear Old Major's speech, thus signalling the fact that they are seen as more important than other animals. It is the pigs who take it upon themselves to direct the revolution, and it is they who assume leadership after Jones had been driven out.", "Squealer is an intriguing character in Orwell's Animal Farm.  He's first described as a manipulator and persuader.  Orwell narrates, \"He could turn black into white.\"  Many critics correlate Squealer with the Pravda, the Russian newspaper of the 1930's.  Propaganda was a key to many publications, and since their was no television or radio, the newspaper was the primary source of media information. So the monopoly of the Pravda was seized by Stalin and his new Bolshevik regime. In Animal Farm, Squealer, like the newspaper, is the link between Napoleon and other animals.  When Squealer masks an evil intention of the pigs, the intentions of the communists can be carried out with little resistance and without political disarray. Squealer is also thought by some to represent Goebbels, who was the minister of propaganda for Germany.  This would seem inconsistent with Orwell's satire, however, which was suppose to metaphor characters in Russia.", "Critical essay Animal Farm – George Orwell George Orwell’s allegorical fable Animal Farm by... George Orwell depicts Napoleon as the supreme leader and how the power gradually corrupts him into becoming everything they fought against in the rebellion. Using the quote “power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely” fits well with Napoleon and his reign as a leader. I believe Napoleon has always wanted power, however it came to be. He, and many of the other pigs, took no part in the rebellion...", "8. Animal Farm, George Orwell (1945). The first of three “children’s books” on my list (although none are really for children). Each animal in Animal Farm represents a different character in Stalin’s rise during the Russian Revolution. What begins as a revolution culminates in totalitarianism where “all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.”", "In 1943 Orwell's mother died; he left the BBC to become literary editor of the Tribune; and he began reviewing books on a more regular basis. By February 1944 Orwell had completed Animal Farm, but several publishers rejected it on political grounds. It finally appeared in August 1945. This fable intends to enforce a useful truth, the failure of communism, through animals that speak and act like humans.", "Animal Farm Analytical essay Final Copy Animal Farm is an allegorical Novel based on the Russian... revolution. It explains to us through the characters of animals how Russia transformed into a communist country. It is written By George Orwell who is a very multi-talented author. Animal farm is one of George Orwell’s best pieces of literature and was published in 1945. The book reflects what George Orwell’s opinion and feelings were towards Communism in Russia. World Leaders ad politicians such...", "was written by Eric Arthur Blair, commonly known by his pen name, George Orwell. Orwell was born in British India on June 25,... 1903. He was an anti-totalitarian, journalist, writer, and soldier in the Spanish Civil war as a member of the Trotskyist socialist party. Animal Farm is an allegory, fable and satire based on the people, politics and happenings during the era of Stalin. In the novel Animal Farm, Napoleon represents Joseph Stalin who was the man who became a tyrant ruler and led many people...", "Equality In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, he examines the impact of communism and the post-war anxiety of World War II. Orwell... uses allegories to thoroughly explain the pain and worry following the clash between countries. He uses farm animals and a farm to represent the major events and figures in the time of Stalinism and the Soviet Union. The animals want to “get rid of man” (Orwell 30), and man stands for capitalist society. Communism, or “Animalism” as the animals call it, starts out as a society...", "Stephano Krau Instructor Snyder A.WOH 200125 March 2010 Animal Farm: Book Review Animal Farm is a dystopian, allegorical novel written by George... Orwell and published in 1945. Orwell was a novelist as well as a journalist, and is best known for his narrative documentaries and his novellas', including “Nineteen Eighty-Four,” and “Animal Farm.” His novella “Animal Farm” mirrors events in Russia that lead up to the Revolution and lasted during “Stalin era,” and exhibits noteworthy symbolism between...", "Orwell's attitude towards Stalin is hinted at even in the naming of his equivalent in the book. 'Napoleon' was the name of a famous French revolutionary leader who tyrannised his people and was regarded by some as being the Anti-Christ. As far as Orwell was concerned, Stalin represented the main force behind the threat to true Socialism. Stalin claimed to be committed to making a fair and equal society but Orwell saw him in a very different light. In 'Animal Farm' Orwell closely follows Napoleon's rise to power and illustrates to the reader how Napoleon used cunning and brute force to gain and maintain power on Animal Farm. Orwell is keen to try and show how evil Stalin was and how far removed the way he ran Russia was from the original Marxist Socialist beliefs which had been the inspiration for the revolution in the first place.", "Contemporary readers are more often introduced to Orwell as a novelist, particularly through his enormously successful titles Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. The former is considered an allegory of the corruption of the socialist ideals of the Russian Revolution by Stalinism, and the latter is Orwell's prophetic vision of the results of totalitarianism. Orwell denied that Animal Farm was a reference to Stalinism. Orwell had returned from Catalonia a staunch anti-Stalinist and anti-Communist, but he remained to the end a man of the left and, in his own words, a 'democratic socialist'.", "In 1945, Orwell's 'Animal Farm' was published. A political fable set in a farmyard but based on Stalin's betrayal of the Russian Revolution, it made Orwell's name and ensured he was financially comfortable for the first time in his life. 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' was published four years later. Set in an imaginary totalitarian future, the book made a deep impression, with its title and many phrases - such as 'Big Brother is watching you', 'newspeak' and 'doublethink' - entering popular use. By now Orwell's health was deteriorating and he died of tuberculosis on 21 January 1950.", "Therefore, Orwell wrote two greatest anti-Communist novels that solidified his place as an advocate of freedom and a committed opponent of Communist... oppression. His loathing criticism is best portrayed and evident in his satirical and allegoric fable Animal Farm. Written between 1943 and 1944, it served as an enlightening call to freedom and fairness around the world with the Russian revolution serving as the perfect backdrop and storyline to convey his powerful message. <br> <br>In February 1917, Czar..." ]

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[ "The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning \"rebirth\"; Italian: re- \"again\" and nascere \"be born\") was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform, this is a very general use of the term.", "The Renaissance is a term that was coined in the 19th century to describe a period in which art and literature flourished in Europe, but there were so many significant changes during this time period that the term Renaissance began to mean all the developments during this time period. The time frame of the Renaissance occurs over several centuries. It began in Italy in the 14th century, and in the 15th century, the period flourished. The 16th century brought an end to the Renaissance with the coming of a crisis in Italy which spread throughout the European Continent(Lurier).", "The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform, this is a very general use of the term.", "The Renaissance was a cultural movement that started in Florence but spread throughout Europe. It started roughly in the 14th century and lasted until the 17th century. It started at different times in different places so there isn't really a specific date that it started. There are many theories in relation to why it started in Florence but most scholars agree that it had to do with the wealth that was there at the time.", "There is a general, but not unchallenged, consensus that the Renaissance began in Tuscany in the 14th century. Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time; its political structure; the patronage of its dominant family, the Medici; and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks.", "Europe's Renaissance, beginning in the 14th century, consisted of the rediscovery of the classical world's scientific contributions, and of the economic and social rise of Europe. The Renaissance also engendered a culture of inquisitiveness which ultimately led to Humanism and the Scientific Revolution. Although it saw social and political upheaval and revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, the Renaissance is perhaps known best for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term \"Renaissance man\". ", "Renaissance - A cultural movement started in Italy in the 14th century marked by a rebirth of classic art and scientific learning of ancient Greece and Rome.", "The European Renaissance began in Northern Italy in the 14th century. The Tuscan city of Florence is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance. Gradually, the movement spread from Italy to other parts of Europe. In Italian, the period is referred to as il Rinascimento, (refer to Chapter 2 for more detail on the origins of the Renaissance).", "Renaissance: The term describing the period of European history from the early 14th to the mid-17th century, derived from the French word for rebirth, originally referring to the revival of the values and artistic styles of classical antiquity during that period, especially in Italy. From the 19th century on, historians have often characterized the Italian Renaissance more broadly, as a distinct historical period marked by the rise of the individual, scientific inquiry, technological innovation, and geographical exploration, and the growth of secular values, market practices, the nation‑state, and social complexity, as the beginning of the modern era. In the 20th century the term has also been applied to analogous periods of cultural creativity and growth, such as the Carolingian Renaissance of 9th-century Europe, the 12th-century Renaissance, or the Harlem Renaissance of 20th‑century America.", "What started the Renaissance period is still unclear. The 14century that marked the start of the Renaissance, which occurred during the Black Death, war between England and France, and problems within the Church regarding matters related to secularism and spirtualism. These conditions were not conducive to creativity, but it still happened. One of reasons that Renaissance started in Italy could be the fact that the country was blessed with sculpture and architecture from ancient Roman Empire, copies of ancient Greek sculptures. In addition, Italy, especially Florence, was rich due to success trade with the East, and being ruled by the Medici family, who were very interested in art and keenly promoted it. From Italy, Renaissance spread to other parts of Europe, and this period of Renaissance is known as Northern Renaissance.", "The Renaissance was a period of great creative and intellectual activity, during which artists broke away from the restrictions of Byzantine Art. Throughout the 15th century, artists studied the natural world in order to perfect their understanding of such subjects as anatomy and perspective. Among the many great artists of this period were Sandro Botticelli , Domenico Ghirlandaio , Paolo Uccello and Piero della Francesca . During this period there was a related advancement of Gothic Art centered in Germany and the Netherlands, known as the Northern Renaissance. The Early Renaissance was succeeded by the mature High Renaissance period, which began circa 1500.", "Demarcating the end of the medieval era and the beginning of the Renaissance era, with regard to the composition of music, is difficult. While the music of the fourteenth century is fairly obviously medieval in conception, the music of the early fifteenth century is often conceived as belonging to a transitional period, not only retaining some of the ideals of the end of the Middle Ages (such as a type of polyphonic writing in which the parts differ widely from each other in character, as each has its specific textural function), but also showing some of the characteristic traits of the Renaissance (such as the increasingly international style developing through the diffusion of Franco-Flemish musicians throughout Europe, and in terms of texture an increasing equality of parts). Music historians do not agree on when the Renaissance era began, but most historians agree that England was still a medieval society in the early fifteenth century (see periodization issues of the Middle Ages). While there is no consensus, 1400 is a useful marker, because it was around that time that the Renaissance came into full swing in Italy.", "The Renaissance was a period of cultural change originating in Florence and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The rise of a new humanism was accompanied by the recovery of forgotten classical Greek and Arabic knowledge from monastic libraries, often translated from Arabic into Latin. The Renaissance spread across Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries: it saw the flowering of art, philosophy, music, and the sciences, under the joint patronage of royalty, the nobility, the Roman Catholic Church, and an emerging merchant class. Patrons in Italy, including the Medici family of Florentine bankers and the Popes in Rome, funded prolific quattrocento and cinquecento artists such as Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci. ", "By 1400, the worst of the upheavals had passed and European society was on the mend. The term \" Renaissance\" was first used in the late 14th century by Italian scholars who saw themselves as the vanguard of a period of improved conditions.", "It was a cultural movement that encompassed the revival of learning based on classical sources from the philosophy and art of ancient Greek and Roman empires. The Renaissance is the name give to the period of awakening at the end of the Middle Ages: the rise of courtly and papal patronage, the discovery of new continents, the development of perspective in painting, and advancements art and in science. The Renaissance can be identified as the period from the 14th-17th centuries.", "A. The Renaissance Marks a Rebirth of Learning: Renaissance is a French term which means rebirth or revival. In European history, it is roughly a 200 year period from the beginning of the 15th to the end of the 16th centuries, during which time there was a strong revival of learning, spurred on by the activities of the newly wealthy classes and their interest in educational pursuits. More specifically, the Renaissance marked a rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman ideas, art, culture and philosophy. The intellectuals of the time engaged in a bit of snobbery and coined the word Renaissance to distinguish their own enlightenment from the squalor and barbarism which had characterized the medieval world since the fall of the Roman Empire.", "The Renaissance was a cultural movement that initially began in Florence, Italy, but later spread throughout Europe. It started around 1350 and ended around 1600. During the Renaissance (a word that means \"rebirth\"), people experienced changes in art, learning, and many other things. Prior to the Renaissance, Europe experienced the Medieval Times, otherwise known as the Dark Ages. The Dark Ages were characterized by war, famine, and disease, and many people disliked this. During the Dark Ages, Humanists emerged, which were people who believed that the individual had important contributions to make in the world (rather than just relying on the church). Humanists got their ideas from the ancient Greeks and Romans, which inspired their new ideas and artistic feats.", "The term \"Renaissance\" comes from the Renaissance. Several Italian intellectuals of the late fourteenth and the early fifteenth centuries used the term rinascità ('rebirth or renaissance ') to describe their own age as one in which learning, literature, and the arts were reborn after a long, dark Middle Ages. They saw the ancient world of Rome and Greece , whose literature, learning, and politics they admired, as an age of high achievement. But in their view, hundreds of years of cultural darkness followed because much of the learning and literature of the ancient world had been lost. Indeed, Italian humanists invented the concept of the \"Middle Ages\" to describe the years between about 400 and 1400. Scholastic philosophy, which the Italian humanists rejected, and a different style of Latin writing, which the humanists viewed as uncouth and barbarous, prevailed in the Middle Ages. But Italian humanists believed that a new age was dawning. In the view of the humanists, the painter Giotto (d. 1337) and the vernacular writer and early humanist Francesco Petrarch (1304–1374) led the rebirth or Renaissance. Most Italian intellectuals from the mid-fifteenth century on held these views.", "Early in the 15th century, Florence, where Giotto had worked, became the first great center of the Renaissance. There a group of young artists experimented with new techniques. The architect and sculptor Filippo Brunelleschi (1377?-1446) was a leader of the group.", "Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 14th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture. Stylistically, Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture. Developed first in Florence, with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators, the Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian cities. The style was carried to France, Germany, England, Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact.", "In studying the Renaissance, the student encounters problems that are not present with many other historical periods. The chief problem is that of defining what is meant by the word Renaissance itself. More will be said about this problem in Chapter 8, so that for the moment only a preliminary working definition will be required. Let us say that the Renaissance is the age of European history that marks the transition from the medieval world to that which we are accustomed to call modern. The Renaissance began in Italy and from there spread to transalpine Europe, where it was variously affected by the differing character and traditions of the countries to which it came. We start then with Italy. During the Middle Ages, Italy had remained in some ways different from the areas to the north of it, largely because of the persistence of the ancient Roman tradition. Italy was more urban, for one thing; vigorous towns existed there from at least the tenth century, taking advantage of every opportunity to shake themselves loose from the grip of their overlords and achieve virtual independence. This movement sometimes took the form of an uprising against a ruling bishop; at other times it might mean resistance to the claims of the Holy Roman emperor.", "The Italian Petrarch (Francesco di Petracco), deemed the first full-blooded Humanist, wrote in the 1330s: \"I am alive now, yet I would rather have been born in another time.\" He was enthusiastic about Greek and Roman antiquity. In the 15th and 16th centuries the continuing enthusiasm for the ancients was reinforced by the feeling that the inherited culture was dissolving and here was a storehouse of ideas and attitudes with which to rebuild. Matteo Palmieri wrote in the 1430s: \"Now indeed may every thoughtful spirit thank god that it has been permitted to him to be born in a new age.\" The renaissance was born: a new age where learning was very important.", "The fundamental characteristic of the literary epoch following that of the Renaissance is that it perfected itself in every kind of art, in particular uniting the essentially Italian character of its language with classicism of style. This period lasted from about 1494 to about 1560—1494 being when Charles VIII descended into Italy, marking the beginning of Italy's foreign domination and political decadence.", "The Early Renaissance or Formative Period, 1420–90; characterized by the grace and freedom of the decorative detail, suggested by Roman prototypes and applied to compositions of great variety and originality.", "During the High Middle Ages, which began after AD 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and crop yields to increase. Manorialism — the organization of peasants into villages that owed rent and labor services to the nobles ; and feudalism — the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords, in return for the right to rent from lands and manors - were two of the ways society was organized in the High Middle Ages. The Crusades , first preached in 1095, were military attempts, by western European Christians, to regain control of the Middle Eastern Holy Land from the Muslims . Kings became the heads of centralized nation states, reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant. Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism , a philosophy which emphasized joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities . The philosophy of Thomas Aquinas , the paintings of Giotto , the poetry of Dante and Chaucer , the travels of Marco Polo , and the architecture of Gothic cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements of this period.", "Triggered in part by the unearthing of a copy of De Architectura (\"Ten Books Conerning Architecture\") by the 1st century Roman architect Vitruvius (c.78-10 BCE), and Filippo Brunelleschi's magnificent 1418 design for the dome of Florence's Gothic cathedral (1420-36), this period of activity was centred on Florence. Major early Renaissance artists included the architect Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446), the sculptor Donatello (1386-1466), and the painter Tommaso Masaccio (c.1401-28). Later important contributors included Piero della Francesca (1420-92), Antonio del Pollaiuolo (1432-98) and Botticelli (1445-1510), plus the Northerner Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506).", "In 1401 a competition was held at Florence to award the commission for bronze doors to be placed on the baptistery of San Giovanni. Defeated by the goldsmith and painter Lorenzo Ghiberti, Filippo Brunelleschi and Donatello left for Rome, where they immersed themselves in the study of ancient architecture and sculpture . When they returned to Florence and began to put their knowledge into practice, the rationalized art of the ancient world was reborn. The founder of Renaissance painting was Masaccio (1401–28). The intellectuality of his conceptions , the monumentality of his compositions, and the high degree of naturalism in his works mark Masaccio as a pivotal figure in Renaissance painting. The succeeding generation of artists—Piero della Francesca, the Pollaiuolo brothers , and Verrochio—pressed forward with researches into linear and aerial perspective and anatomy , developing a style of scientific naturalism.", "Renaissance, literally “rebirth,” the period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages and conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical scholarship and values. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy , the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce, and the invention or application of such potentially powerful innovations as paper, printing , the mariner’s compass, and gunpowder. To the scholars and thinkers of the day, however, it was primarily a time of the revival of Classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation.", "The Renaissance , also known as the Age of Humanism, was a period of secularization of Western civilization. The Renaissance Church became a secular institution in this period, shedding its spiritual roots, with insatiable greed for material wealth and temporal power. The Italian Renaissance produced little of what could be considered great ideas or institutions by which men living in society could be held together in harmony. Indeed, the greatest of all European institutions, the Roman Church, fell into neglect under the Renaissance popes, whose fall from spiritual grace sparked the Reformation.", "More than ever before, the Renaissance is viewed today as one of the defining periods in world history. Between ", "The publication of Utopia followed Columbus's first voyage to America by only 24 years. Utopia preceded by just one year Luther's publication of the Ninety-five Theses that fomented the Protestant Reformation. Michelangelo had completed his four years' labor on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in 1512. Henry VIII had recently come to the throne of England (1509), was still married to his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, and was being guided in his government by Cardinal Wolsey as his Lord Chancellor. Some of the principal literary figures of More's generation were Erasmus, Ariosto, Machiavelli, and Castiglione, along with More himself. One of the great periods in Western art was in full swing with Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Titian heading a long list. The chief explorers in the first decades after Columbus were Vasco da Gama, John Cabot, Amerigo Vespucci, and Balboa.", "In the Renaissance, the focus on learning for learning’s sake causes an outpouring of literature. Petrarch popularized the sonnet as a poetic form; Giovanni Boccaccio‘s Decameron made romance acceptable in prose as well as poetry; François Rabelais rejuvenates satire with Gargantua and Pantagruel; Michel de Montaigne single-handedly invented the essay and used it to catalog his life and ideas. Perhaps the most controversial and important work of the time period was a treatise printed in Nuremberg, entitled De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium: in it, the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus removed the Earth from its privileged position in the universe, which had far-reaching effects, not only in science, but in literature and its approach to humanity, hierarchy, and truth." ]

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[ "Light Blue – All United Nations Peacekeeping forces wear a light blue beret or helmet in lieu of their normal headgear.", "File:UN Soldiers in Eritrea.jpeg|Blue is the colour of United Nations peacekeepers, known as Blue Helmets. These soldiers are patrolling the border between Ethiopia and Eritrea.", "Following the Second World War , blue was adopted as the colour of important international organizations, including the United Nations , the Council of Europe , UNESCO , the European Union ); and NATO . United Nations peacekeepers wore blue helmets to stress their peacekeeping role.", "The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed \"Blue Helmets\" for their distinctive gear. The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988. ", "Currently, the Canadian Forces use the four-colour CADPAT design, a computer-generated pixelated pattern issued in TW (temperate woodland) and AR (arid region) colours. Camouflage cloth of CADPAT pattern was created and adopted in 1995, used for issue helmet covers in 1997 and trousers and blouses in CADPAT began to replace the olive green combat uniform from 2001 when Canadian forces joined the UN peacekeepers in Bosnia-Hercegovina. The AR version was introduced when Canadian troops were deployed to Afghanistan. Previously, a tan version of the olive combats had been used for tropical wear by soldiers deployed to the Middle East, particularly during Operation Desert Storm and were to be worn by the Canadian Airborne Regiment (Cdn Ab Regt) for the (subsequently canceled) deployment the Western Sahara in 1991. They were later worn by the Cdn Ab Regt during their deployment to Somalia. The TAN colored combat uniform was also issued to Canadian troops serving in the Western Sahara with the UN Mission (MINURSO) during 1992–1993.", "The blue color is taken from a UN logo at its website at www.un.org - Pantone (PMS 279). ", "Prior to 1914 units in Indo-China wore white or khaki Colonial Infantry uniforms with Foreign Legion insignia, to overcome supply difficulties. This dress included a white sun helmet of a model that was also worn by Foreign Legion units serving in the outposts of Southern Algeria, though never popular with its wearers. During the initial months of World War I, Foreign Legion units serving in France wore the standard blue greatcoat and red trousers of the French line infantry, distinguished only by collar patches of the same blue as the capote, instead of red. After a short period in sky-blue the Foreign Legion adopted khaki with steel helmets, from early 1916. A mustard shade of khaki drill had been worn on active service in Morocco from 1909, replacing the classic blue and white. The latter continued to be worn in the relatively peaceful conditions of Algeria throughout World War I, although increasingly replaced by khaki drill. The pre-1914 blue and red uniforms could still be occasionally seen as garrison dress in Algeria until stocks were used up about 1919.", "The white kepis, together with the sash and epaulettes survive in the Foreign Legion's modern parade dress. Since the 1990s the modern kepi has been made wholly of white material rather than simply worn with a white cover. Officers and senior noncommissioned officers still wear their kepis in the pre-1939 colours of dark blue and red. A green tie and (for officers) a green waistcoat recall the traditional branch colour of the Foreign Legion. From 1959 a green beret (previously worn only by the legion's paratroopers) became the universal ordinary duty headdress, with the kepi reserved for parade and off duty wear. Other items of currently worn dress are the standard issue of the French Army.", "French customs officers (douaniers) and the Gendarmerie still wear kepis for normal duty. Within the army, particularly notable are the kepis of the French Foreign Legion , whose members are sometimes called Képis blancs (white kepis), because of the unit's regulation white headgear. Former cavalry units wear light blue kepis with red tops and silver braid (for officers) and insignia. Other colours include all dark blue with red piping (for artillery units), dark blue with red tops (line infantry) and crimson with red tops (medical). The \"dark blue\" of officers' kepis is actually very similar to black.", "French customs officers (douaniers) and the Gendarmerie still wear kepis for ceremonial duty. Customs officers wear a baseball style cap (since 1994 with many variations) while French Gendarmerie introduced a \"soft kepi\" in the early 2000s. Within the army, particularly notable are the kepis of the French Foreign Legion , whose members are sometimes called Képis blancs (white kepis), because of the unit's regulation white headgear. Former cavalry units wear light blue kepis with red tops and silver braid (for officers) and insignia. Other colours include all dark blue with red piping (for artillery units), dark blue with red tops (line infantry) and crimson with red tops (medical). The \"dark blue\" of officers' kepis is actually very similar to black.", "French customs officers (douaniers) and the Gendarmerie still wear kepis for ceremonial duty. Customs officers wear a baseball style cap for ordinary duties (since 1994 with many variations) while the Gendarmerie introduced a \"soft kepi\" in the early 2000s. Within the army, particularly notable are the kepis of the French Foreign Legion , whose members are sometimes called Képis blancs (white kepis), because of the unit's regulation white headgear. Former cavalry units wear light blue kepis with red tops and silver braid (for officers) and insignia. Other colours include all dark blue with red piping (for artillery units), dark blue with red tops (line infantry) and crimson with red tops (medical). The \"dark blue\" of officers' kepis is actually very similar to black.", "Black has been a traditional color of cavalry and armoured or mechanized troops. German armoured troops (Panzerwaffe) traditionally wore black uniforms, and even in others, a black beret is common. In Finland, black is the symbolic color for both armoured troops and combat engineers, and military units of these specialities have black flags and unit insignia.", "According to the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel, the emblem and the flag of the United Nations can be used by the personnel and material of UN peacekeeping missions as a protective sign to prevent attacks during an armed conflict.", "The AU's first military intervention in a member state was the May 2003 deployment of a peacekeeping force of soldiers from South Africa, Ethiopia, and Mozambique to Burundi to oversee the implementation of the various agreements. AU troops were also deployed in Sudan for peacekeeping in the Darfur conflict, before the mission was handed over to the United Nations on 1 January 2008 UNAMID. The AU has also sent a peacekeeping mission to Somalia, of which the peacekeeping troops are from Uganda and Burundi.", "In September 2013, the UN had peacekeeping soldiers deployed on 15 missions. The largest was the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), which included 20,688 uniformed personnel. The smallest, United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), included 42 uniformed personnel responsible for monitoring the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir. UN peacekeepers with the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) have been stationed in the Middle East since 1948, the longest-running active peacekeeping mission.", "The Security Council unanimously approved the deployment of 5,500 UN peacekeepers to Chad and the Central African Republic (CAR) replacing the European force EUFOR. The United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) will station its troops in eastern Chad and northern CAR. The mission is in charge of protecting the refugee spillover from the conflict in Darfur, securing their return and facilitating humanitarian aid. (allAfrica)", "Well, the United Nations peacekeeping efforts have one undeniable quality: consistency . The Pakistani peacekeepers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have moonlighted as security for gold smugglers. They also traded arms to one of the more notorious African militias to get their share (via Instapundit ):", "In terms of operations, effectiveness can be hindered by the varying tactics, techniques and procedures employed by the military or police personnel that are a part of a given deployment. Because UN forces are cobbled together from so many different sources, there is a discrepancy in capabilities, training, equipment, standards and procedures. Moreover, substantial differences exist in the form of command and control between contributing members personnel. In addition, some nations may not wish to be subordinated to another, complicating unity of command. This can lead to deep-seated divisions between contingents within the UN force that results in a lack of mutual support between units in the field. This can be demonstrated in the experiences of UN peacekeeping forces deployed to East Timor, where the Australians engaged in a robust operation that maximized force protection in contrast to a pro-active heart and minds approach utilized by Great Britain's Ghurka personnel.", "As of 31 October 2014, Tanzania was contributing 2,253 soldiers and other personnel to various United Nations peacekeeping operations. The Tanzanian military is participating along with South African and Malawian militaries in the United Nations Force Intervention Brigade (MONUSCO) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The United Nations Security Council authorised the force on 28 March 2013 to conduct targeted offensive operations to neutralise groups that threaten peace in the DRC. Tanzania was also participating in peacekeeping missions in the Darfur Region of Sudan (UNAMID); Abyei, control of which is contested between South Sudan and Sudan (UNISFA); the Central African Republic (MINUSCA); Lebanon (UNIFIL); and South Sudan (UNMISS). ", "As of June 2013, 114 countries were contributing a total 91,216 military observers, police, and troops to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. In June 2013. Pakistan contributed the highest number overall with 8,186 personnel, followed by India (7,878), Bangladesh (7,799), Ethiopia (6,502), Rwanda (4,686), Nigeria (4,684), Nepal (4,495), Jordan (3,374), Ghana (2,859), and Egypt (2,750). ", "The United Nations Charter stipulates that to assist in maintaining peace and security around the world, all member states of the UN should make available to the Security Council necessary armed forces and facilities. Since 1948, about 130 nations have contributed military and civilian police personnel to peace operations. While detailed records of all personnel who have served in peacekeeping missions since 1948 are not available, it is estimated that up to one million soldiers, police officers and civilians have served under the UN flag in the last 56 years. As of March 2008, 113 countries were contributing a total 88,862 military observers, police, and troops. ", "The UN Security Council has renewed the mandate of the peacekeeping force on a regular basis. The current mandate voted on in December runs until July this year (2012). UN/P. Filgueiras", "Most of these operations are established and implemented by the United Nations itself, with troops serving under UN operational control. In these cases, peacekeepers remain members of their respective armed forces, and do not constitute an independent \"UN army,\" as the UN does not have such a force. In cases where direct UN involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible, the Council authorizes regional organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Economic Community of West African States, or coalitions of willing countries to undertake peacekeeping or peace-enforcement tasks.", "The Balkans were a difficult and dangerous place for peacekeepers, because there was no real peace to keep between the still-warring ethnic groups. In 1992, UN forces led by Canadian General Lewis MacKenzie came under constant fire during the siege of Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina. In 1993, soldiers of the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry , serving with the UN in Croatia, fought Croatian forces in the Medak Pocket – the heaviest combat experienced by Canadian forces since the Korean War .", "In most cases prior to 1988, specific countries often provided peacekeepers. At that point, only twenty six countries had sent personnel to participate in peacekeeping deployments. Today, that number has risen to more than eighty. This results in an extremely heterogeneous group. Thus, UN Peacekeeping deployments must not only contend with language complications, but also myriad cultural and social differences that can create operational difficulties that are hard to overcome. These difference can create problems with regard to interactions (whether personal or between institutions/units), misunderstandings, inadvertent offensive behavior and prejudices that may be associated with a particular contingent from a given country.", "The former head of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Jean-Marie Guéhenno, had reminded Member States that \"the provision of well-equipped, well-trained and disciplined military and police personnel to UN peacekeeping operations is a collective responsibility of Member States. Countries from the South should not and must not be expected to shoulder this burden alone.\"", "Hervé Ladsous has served as the head of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) since 2 September 2011. DPKO's highest level doctrine document, entitled \"United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines\" was issued in 2008. ", "an operation in which troops and observers are deployed to monitor a ceasefire or peace agreement", "The Regiment has had individuals or sub-units on active service at all times since 1996; with the personnel serving in a wide variety of roles in Northern Ireland, Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq, Afghanistan and various countries in Africa. Commitments included the deployment of individuals to HUMINT roles in the Balkans (including as part of Joint Commission Observer teams) and then formed patrols to Bosnia, Kosovo and Iraq; independent sub-units to Operation Telic 4 and 5 in Iraq and L Troop to Operation Telic 9; as well as individual and group reinforcements to other infantry and artillery units. In recent times, the rate of deployment, generally in groups of 10, has speeded up dramatically. These groups are divided between operating and maintaining anti-mortar systems and other high technology equipment and forming part of the Brigade Reconnaissance Force (BRF).", "Copyright © 2011 UN News Service. All rights reserved. Distributed by AllAfrica Global Media ( allAfrica.com ). To contact the copyright holder directly for corrections — or for permission to republish or make other authorized use of this material, click here.", "On 13 October 2006, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution, based on a Group of Friends of the Secretary-General draft, extending the UNOMIG mission until 15 April 2007. Acknowledging that the \"new and tense situation\" resulted, at least in part, from the Georgian special forces' operation in the upper Kodori Valley, the resolution urged the country to ensure that no troops unauthorised by the Moscow ceasefire agreement were present in that area. It urged the leadership of the Abkhaz side to address seriously the need for a dignified, secure return of refugees and internally displaced persons and to reassure the local population in the Gali district that their residency rights and identity will be respected. The Georgian side is \"once again urged to address seriously legitimate Abkhaz security concerns, to avoid steps that could be seen as threatening and to refrain from militant rhetoric and provocative actions, especially in upper Kodori Valley.\"", "Rebel groups continue to attack civilians and humanitarian workers in eastern Chad, despite the presence of a UN policing mission (MINURCAT). This Refugees International article urges the Security Council to restructure MINURCAT from a policing mission to a UN military force. The authors also recommend that MINURCAT's mandate include a political task force to engage Chad, Sudan, and rebel groups on both sides in peace negotiations. With these changes, MINURCAT would be able to pursue a lasting peace while also ensuring the security of civilians and aid workers." ]

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[ "The proliferation of car-based crossover SUVs has blurred the lines between traditional SUVs and regular cars. As a result, many drivers are now comparing cars to SUVs, such as the 2015 Subaru Outback and the 2015 Toyota Highlander . While the Outback is a wagon and the Highlander is an SUV, both offer similar benefits: good gas mileage, lots of equipment and room for the whole family and their gear. But which car is better? We've created an in-depth comparison to find out.", "In 1996, a variant of the Legacy with heightened suspension called the Legacy Outback was introduced to compete in the burgeoning sport-utility vehicle class and proved to be a sales success for Subaru. The Outback line was split into its own model in 2000, known as the Subaru Outback.", "The Outback has been \"New England's car\" for years; anyone looking to re-up will find Subaru has redesigned this cherished model for 2010, making roomier for passengers and cargo. This fourth generation Outback has been revamped to spread Subaru's appeal to the SUV-loving general public.", "The days of bulky SUV's are fading. The versatile 2016 Subaru Outback is a great alternative -- here are five reasons to buy one.", "SUVs are sometimes driven off-road on farms and in remote areas of such places as the Australian Outback, Africa, the Middle East, Alaska, Canada, Iceland, South America, Russia and parts of Asia which have limited paved roads and require a vehicle to have all-terrain handling, increased range, and storage capacity. The scarcity of spare parts and the need to carry out repairs quickly resulted in the popularity of vehicles with the bare minimum of electric and hydraulic systems, such as the basic versions of the Land Rover, Jeep Wrangler, Nissan Patrol and Toyota Land Cruiser. SUVs for urban driving have traditionally been developed from their more rugged all-terrain counterparts. For example, the Hummer H1 was developed from the HMMWV, originally developed for the military of the United States.", "According to the Kelley Blue Book, two Subaru models had very short days to turn (the time between being received by a dealer and being sold to the final customer). One of its cars, the Outback had the shortest days to turn of any vehicle sold in the US in 2015. Subaru is one of the hottest car brands in the country, breaking its annual U.S. sales record in 2015 for the eighth successive year.", "SUBARU Outback special edition AWD sun roof etc 163,000km, 12 mth rego, well maint & garaged, $11,000. 66854801", "land rover: Land Rover is a British car manufacturer with its headquarters in Gaydon, Warwickshire, United Kingdom which specialises in four-wheel-drive vehicles. It is part of the Jaguar Land Rover group, a subsidiary of Tata Motors of India. It is the second oldest four-wheel-drive car brand in the world (after Jeep).", "Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury sports cars and SUVs based in Sant'Agata Bolognese, Italy. The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its subsidiary Audi. In 2015, Lamborghini's 1,175 employees produced 3,248 vehicles. ", "Subaru is well aware that the compact SUV segment is one of the fastest-growing both in terms of volume and competitors. There really isn’t any major automaker that doesn’t already have at least one – if not three or four – in this segment already. The big players – Ford Escape, Dodge Journey, Hyundai Santa Fe, Honda CR-V, the Chevy Equinox/GMC Terrain, Nissan Rogue and Toyota RAV4 – really do amazing business. However, the Forester is a significantly better machine that most on that list, and could easily make its way farther up the top-10. Certainly more so than the new RAV4, never mind the aging Journey and GM twins.", "In Australia and New Zealand, the term SUV is not widely used, except by motoring organizations, the press, and industry bodies. Passenger class vehicles designed for off-road use are known as 'four-wheel drives', '4WDs', or '4×4s'. Some manufacturers do refer to their products as SUVs, but others invented names such as XUV, (HSV Avalanche XUV or GMC Envoy XUV) or action utility vehicles (AUVs). The term 'AWD', or all-wheel drive, is used for any vehicle which drives on all four wheels, but may not be designed for off-road use. 'Crossover' is a marketing term for a vehicle that is both four-wheel-drive and primarily a road car.", "Land Rover is a brand of the British car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover, which specialises in four-wheel-drive vehicles. Jaguar Land Rover, with its headquarters in Whitley, Coventry, was acquired by Tata Motors in 2008.", "In 1989, Ford purchased Jaguar and it became part of Ford's Premier Automotive Group, which also included Aston Martin, Land Rover, and Volvo. While Jaguar was owned by Ford, it expanded the number of vehicles available to the consumer to include the S-Type and X-Type. Under the Ford umbrella and sharing a distribution and sales network, the two companies shared one production facility which produced components for the X-Type and the Freelander 2. Otherwise components, manufacturing, and engineering remained separate. In 2007, Ford announced a plan to put Jaguar and Land Rover back on the market.", "The UAAI badge-engineered cars first introduced in 1989 sold in far fewer numbers than anticipated, but the Holden Commodore, Toyota Camry, and Corolla were all successful when sold under their original nameplates. The first generation Nova and the donor Corolla were produced at Holden's Dandenong, Victoria facility until 1994. UAAI was dissolved in 1996, and Holden returned to selling only GM products. The Holden Astra and Vectra, both designed by Opel in Germany, replaced the Toyota-sourced Holden Nova and Apollo. This came after the 1994 introduction of the Opel Corsa replacing the already available Suzuki Swift as the source for the Holden Barina. Sales of the full-size Holden Suburban SUV sourced from Chevrolet commenced in 1998—lasting until 2001. Also in 1998, local assembly of the Vectra began at Elizabeth, South Australia. These cars were exported to Japan and Southeast Asia with Opel badges. However, the Vectra did not achieve sufficient sales in Australia to justify local assembly, and reverted to being fully imported in 2000. ", "Jeep is the oldest brand of SUV, first produced by Willys-Overland during World War II (now the brand is a division of Chrysler). Thanks to their wartime ubiquity, Jeep became a genericized trademark for just about any kind of small, no-frills vehicle.", "Mitsubishi first promised to bring its Outlander Plug-In Hybrid SUV to the US in 2013; that’s when it was introduced in Europe. But with each successive delay, we have to wonder if it will ever happen. This SUV with a claimed 30 miles of EV range is now targeted for a mid-2016 release . Time will tell, but I won’t hold my breath.", "The Mitsubishi Outlander is a mid-size crossover manufactured by Japanese automaker Mitsubishi. It was originally known as the Mitsubishi Airtrek when it was introduced in Japan in 2001, and was based on the Mitsubishi ASX concept vehicle exhibited at the 2001 North American International Auto Show. It was sold at Mitsubishi Japan dealership chain called Car Plaza. The ASX (Active Sports Crossover) represented Mitsubishi's approach to the industry wide SUV trend for retaining the all-season and off-road abilities offered by a high ground clearance and four-wheel drive, while still offering car-like levels of emissions, economy and size. ", "Jeep is a brand of American automobiles that is a division of FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group, LLC), a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. The former Chrysler Corporation acquired the Jeep brand, along with the remaining assets of its owner American Motors, in 1987. The division is headquartered in Toledo, Ohio. Jeep's current product range consists solely of sport utility vehicles and off-road vehicles, but has also included pickup trucks in the past.", "Australia is a playground for some of the biggest names in the automobile industry, such as Toyota, Ford or Holden, a subsidiary of General Motors.", "The Land Rover name was originally used by the Rover Company for the Land Rover Series, launched in 1948. It developed into a brand encompassing a range of four-wheel-drive models, including the Defender, Discovery, Freelander, Range Rover, Range Rover Sport and Range Rover Evoque. Land Rovers are currently assembled in the company's Halewood and Solihull plants, with research and development taking place at the Gaydon and Whitley engineering centres. Land Rover sold 194,000 vehicles worldwide in 2009.", "In 2004 Ford introduced the Territory crossover SUV which was based upon the BA's engine, floorpan and IRS. This was introduced in response to the long term decline in large sedan sales in Australia, since this sector's share of the total market has been steadily shrinking for a decade.", "The Opel Corsa is a supermini car engineered and produced by the German automobile manufacturer Opel since 1982. It has also been sold under a variety of other brands (most notably Vauxhall, Chevrolet, and Holden) and also spawned various derivatives in different markets. Its current fifth generation is built in Spain and in Germany. However, despite its global presence, it has never been sold in the United States or Canada.", "This is not before time. Holden was a pioneer of the utility vehicle market back in the day. In the 1950s it launched the iconic Holden 50-2106, an elegant van with a long front and a large amount of cargo space at the back. But by the early 2000s its famous pickups and 4WD vehicles started to dry up. Holden stopped producing the Jackaroo and Frontera in 2003, leaving it with just one all-wheel drive vehicle on the market, the Adventra, which includes a 7-seat option but looks more like an elongated family estate. Other than that only the Holden Captiva has been present in a similar market, a sign of just how things have changed at the Australian automaker. Of course, many of these vehicles around this time were rebadged from other markets – Opel and Izuzu were prime examples.", "Official importation of the Volkswagen Beetle into Australia began in 1953, with local assembly operations commencing the following year. Volkswagen Australia was formed in 1957, and by 1960 locally produced body panels were being used for the first time. When the European Type One body received the larger windows for the 1965 model year, Volkswagen Australia decided not to update, but continued to produce the smaller-windowed bodies, with unique features to the Australian versions. This was due to the limited size of the market and the costs involved in retooling. Australian content had reached almost 95% by this time. The Australian subsidiary continued to produce the earlier body style until 1967, when declining sales forced a switch to CKD assembly using imported components the following year. In 1968, Volkswagen Australia released its own locally designed utilitarian version of the Type 1, the Volkswagen Country Buggy or Type 197. It was hoped to be able to sell them to the Australian Army, but the Army rejected the design due to the lack of four wheel drive. In 1976, Volkswagen ceased Australian assembly operations, their factory in Clayton, Victoria was sold to Nissan Australia (which is now occupied by Holden Special Vehicles), and all Volkswagens were once again fully imported. ", "Outback pricing starts at $22,295 for a base model with a four-cylinder engine and six-speed manual transmission. Opting for the automatic-a constant variable (CVT) transmission-adds $1,000. Prices continue to escalate as you step up to the Premium and Limited versions and/or to the six-cylinder, which also is available in all three trim levels.", "In May 2012 Toyota announced its new EV version of its RAV4 sports utility vehicle, made in Ontario, with Tesla powertrain and price of $49,000 – more than twice the price of its IC-engined version. It has a 115 kW drivetrain powering the front wheels from a 42 kWh lithium-ion battery pack, and claims a range of 160 km and minimum six-hour charge time at 240 volts and 40 amps. Battery warranty is 8 years /160,000 km. This arises from a $60 million October 2010 agreement with Tesla regarding the powertrain and battery pack for the RAV4 EV project.", "On 10 December 2013, General Motors announced that Holden would cease engine and vehicle manufacturing operations in Australia by the end of 2017. As a result, 2,900 jobs would be lost over four years. Beyond 2017 Holden's Australian presence will consist of: a national sales company, a parts distribution centre and a global design studio.", "Holden recently became the latest car manufacturer to announce it will no longer make cars in Australia. The Sandman panel van, pictured, is perhaps its most stereotypically Australian concept car. (Holden)", "Holden recently became the latest car manufacturer to announce it will no longer make cars in Australia. The Sandman panel van, pictured, is perhaps its most stereotypically Australian concept car.", "The VR Commodore is launched in July. With this range, Holden becomes the first Australian maker to fit a driver's airbag supplementary restraint system. It is developed specifically for drivers wearing seat belts.", "In Australia and the overall Oceania market, the Chevrolet Trax is offered under the Holden brand, as Holden is the Australian GM subsidiary. It went on sale in 2013.", "An extended length SUV, also sometimes called a long-wheel based SUV, are vehicles that are similar to a full-size SUV, except that these vehicles have a larger cargo area (around 130 in) and passenger space that can seat up to 8 or 9 people (with the available third row seating that when folded or removed adds more cargo space). Although these extended length SUVs are mostly sold in North America because of their size and the roads are made and designed differently, they can also be found in other countries, exported to such places like The Philippines and The Middle East. The vehicles are 221 in to 223 in in length and can be distinguished by the rear wheel area not touching the rear doors." ]

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[ "On Saturday, the golden arches that provided Friedman, Travolta and legions of other modern opinion-formers with food for thought will reach an important milestone: their 70th birthday. On 15 May 1940, two brothers, Richard and Maurice (Dick and Mac) McDonald, opened their first restaurant, in San Bernadino – an unlovely city fringed by mountains, an hour’s drive east of Los Angeles. Today more than 32,000 outlets in 117 countries bear their name. Three new ones open each day. China has over a thousand. The company that dreamt up “Le Big Mac” has managed, in the span of a single human lifetime, to devour the world.", "Richard James “Dick” McDonald (February 16, 1909 – July 14, 1998) and his brother, Maurice James “Mac” McDonald (November 26, 1902 – December 11, 1971) were early American fast food pioneers, who established the first McDonald’s restaurant at 14th and E street in San Bernardino, California in 1940.  They", "1940: McDonald's restaurant, San Bernardino, California , was opened by Richard and Maurice McDonald . Their introduction of the \" Speedee Service System \" in 1948 established the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant . The McDonald brothers began franchising in 1953. In 1961, Ray Kroc (the supplier of their multi-mixer milkshake machines) purchased the company from the brothers for $2.7 million and a 1.9% royalty.", "The world's largest chain of fast food restaurants that serve around 68 million customers each day in 119 countries began operation in 1940 as a barbecue restaurant run by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, California. The original restaurant was named \"McDonald's Famous Barbeque\" and served over forty barbequed items.", "The business began in 1940, with a restaurant opened by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, California (at ). Their introduction of the \"Speedee Service System\" in 1948 furthered the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant that the White Castle hamburger chain had already put into practice more than two decades earlier. The first McDonald's with the arches opened in Phoenix, Arizona in March 1953. The original mascot of McDonald's was a man with a chef's hat on top of a hamburger-shaped head whose name was \"Speedee\". By 1967, Speedee was eventually replaced with Ronald McDonald when the company first filed a U.S. trademark on a clown-like man having puffed-out costume legs.", "McDonalds Corporation - McDonalds Resturant From just one restaurant in San Bernadino, California, run by two brothers, McDonald’s has grown to become the best known and most popular fast food restaurant chain in the world. The first McDonald’s opened in 1948. The franchising operations soon became McDonald’s Corporation in 1955. As most of the world now knows McDonald’s as the home of the Big MAC, the first restaurants had a slightly different main menu item, hot dogs. Ray Kroc bought out the McDonald brothers, Mac and Dick, for $2.7 Million in cash in 1961....   [tags: GCSE Business Marketing BTEC Coursework]", "The \"Faster\" McRevolution of the 1950's - In the 1950’s, one of the words to help describe America was faster. Americans craved faster cars, faster music, and faster lives. This was the perfect time for Ray Kroc to contribute his groundbreaking ideas for the fast food industry. At first, Ray Kroc was just a salesman for the Multimixer shake machine, while McDonald’s was just a single, small hamburger stand in San Bernardino, California, that offered quick service. Kroc saw the potential of this small stand (to which he had sold 8 Multimixers) operated by Richard “Dick” McDonald, and his brother, Maurice “Mac” McDonald....   [tags: mcdonalds, ray kroc, fast food, franchise]", "The present corporation dates its founding to the opening of a franchised restaurant by businessman Ray Kroc in Des Plaines, Illinois on April 15, 1955, the ninth McDonald's restaurant overall; this location was demolished in 1984 after many remodels. Kroc later purchased the McDonald brothers' equity in the company and led its worldwide expansion, and the company became listed on the public stock markets ten years later. Kroc was also noted for aggressive business practices, compelling the McDonald brothers to leave the fast-food industry. Kroc and the McDonald brothers all feuded over control of the business, as documented in both Kroc's autobiography and in the McDonald brothers' autobiography. The San Bernardino restaurant was demolished in 1976 (1971, according to Juan Pollo) and the site was sold to the Juan Pollo restaurant chain. This area now serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, as well as a McDonald's and Route 66 museum. With the expansion of McDonald's into many international markets, the company has become a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of life. Its prominence has also made it a frequent topic of public debates about obesity, corporate ethics and consumer responsibility.", "Then, in 1954, Mr. Kroc heard about Richard and Maurice McDonald, the owners of a fast-food emporium in San Bernadino, Calif., that was using several of his mixers. As a milkshake specialist, Mr. Kroc later explained, \"I had to see what kind of an operation was making 40 at one time.\"", "The McDonald's fast-food chain sells the Big Mac, one of the world's top selling hamburgers, with an estimated 550 million sold annually in the United States. Other major fast-food chains, including Burger King (also known as Hungry Jack's in Australia), A&W, Culver's, Whataburger, Carl's Jr./Hardee's chain, Wendy's (known for their square patties), Jack in the Box, Cook Out, Harvey's, Shake Shack, In-N-Out Burger, Five Guys, Fatburger, Vera's, Burgerville, Back Yard Burgers, Lick's Homeburger, Roy Rogers, Smashburger, and Sonic also rely heavily on hamburger sales. Fuddruckers and Red Robin are hamburger chains that specialize in the mid-tier \"restaurant-style\" variety of hamburgers.", "The restaurant scene in El Salvador is influenced by many different cultures. Food options include Italian, Korean, Japanese, French, Chilean, American, Peruvian, Mexican, Spanish, Middle Eastern, German, Chinese, Argentinian and others. You can also easily find American fast food chains such as Burger King, McDonald's, Wendy's, KFC, Subway, Quiznos, Pizza Hut, Little Caesar's, and Domino's, in the largest cities in the country such as San Salvador, Merliot / Santa Tecla, and Santa Ana. Other franchises include Tony Romas', Bennigans and others. Some of the best restaurants are located in Zona Rosa (Paradise, Alo Nuestro, 503).", "At roughly the same time as Kroc was conceiving what eventually became McDonald's Corporation, two Miami, Florida businessmen, James McLamore and David Edgerton, opened a franchise of the predecessor to what is now the international fast food restaurant chain Burger King. McLamore had visited the original McDonald's hamburger stand belonging to the McDonald brothers; sensing potential in their innovative assembly line-based production system, he decided he wanted to open a similar operation of his own. The two partners eventually decided to invest their money in Jacksonville, Florida-based Insta-Burger King. Originally opened in 1953, the founders and owners of the chain, Kieth J. Kramer and his wife's uncle Matthew Burns, opened their first stores around a piece of equipment known as the Insta-Broiler. The Insta-Broiler oven proved so successful at cooking burgers, they required all of their franchises to carry the device. By 1959 McLamore and Edgarton were operating several locations within the Miami-Dade area and were growing at a fast clip. Despite the success of their operation, the partners discovered that the design of the insta-broiler made the unit's heating elements prone to degradation from the drippings of the beef patties. The pair eventually created a mechanized gas grill that avoided the problems by changing the way the meat patties were cooked in the unit. After the original company began to falter in 1959, it was purchased by McLamore and Edgerton who renamed the company Burger King. ", "For every fast-food idea that swept the nation, there were countless others that never caught on. There were chains with homey names like Sandy's, Carroll's, Henry's and Winky's. There were chains with futuristic names like the Satellite Hamburger System and Kelly's Jet System. Most of all, there were chains named after their main dish: Burger Chefs, Burger Queens, Burgerville USAs, Yumy Burgers, Twitty Burgers, Dundee Burgers, Biff Burgers, O.K. Big Burgers and Burger Boy Food-O-Ramas. Biff Burgers were \"roto-broiled\" beneath glowing quartz tubes that worked just like a space heater.", "McDonald's, a fast food supplier, opened its first franchised restaurant in the US in 1955 (1974 in the UK). It has become a phenomenally successful enterprise in terms of financial growth, brand-name recognition, and worldwide expansion. Ray Kroc, who bought the franchising license from the McDonald brothers, pioneered concepts which emphasized standardization. He introduced uniform products, identical in all respects at each outlet, to increase sales. Kroc also insisted on cutting food costs as much as possible, eventually using the McDonald's Corporation's size to force suppliers to conform to this ethos.", "Raymond Albert \"Ray\" Kroc (October 5, 1902 – January 14, 1984) was an American businessman who took over the small-scale McDonald's Corporation franchise in 1954 and built it into the most successful fast food operation in the world. Kroc was included in Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century, and amassed a $500 million fortune during his lifetime. He was also the owner of the San Diego Padres baseball team starting in 1974.", "An original and indigenous rival to the big two U.S. giants was the quintessentially British fast-food chain Wimpy, originally known as Wimpy Bar (opened 1954 at the Lyon’s Corner House in Coventry Street London), which served its hamburgers on a plate with British-style chips , accompanied by cutlery and delivered to the customer's table. In the late 1970s, to compete with McDonald's, Wimpy began to open American-style counter-service restaurants and the brand disappeared from many UK high streets when those restaurants were rebranded as Burger Kings in 1989/90 by the then-owner of both brands, Grand Metropolitan. A management buyout in 1990 split the brands again and now Wimpy table-service restaurants can still be found in many town centers whilst new counter-service Wimpys are now often found at motorway service stations.", "Not surprisingly, the Philippines , with American culinary influences going back to U.S. political influence of the islands at the beginning of the 20th century, retains a strong bond with American trends. A wide range of major U.S. fast-food franchises are well represented, together with local imitators, often amended to the local palate. The famous chain McDonald's (locally nicknamed \"McDo\"), which is immensely popular with Filipinos, have a range of burger and chicken dishes often accompanied by plain steamed rice and/or french fries. Most popular of all with locals, the Philippines boasts its own burger-chain called Jollibee, which offers burger meals and chicken, including a signature burger called \"The Big Champ\". Jollibee now has a number of outlets in the United States.", "KFC's original product is pressure fried chicken pieces, seasoned with Sanders' recipe of 11 herbs and spices. The constituents of the recipe represent a notable trade secret. Larger portions of fried chicken are served in a cardboard \"bucket\", which has become a well known feature of the chain since it was first introduced by franchisee Pete Harman in 1957. Since the early 1990s, KFC has expanded its menu to offer other chicken products such as chicken fillet burgers and wraps, as well as salads and side dishes, such as French fries and coleslaw, desserts, and soft drinks, the latter often supplied by PepsiCo. KFC is known for its former and current slogan \"Finger Lickin' Good\", which was replaced by \"Nobody does chicken like KFC\" and \"So good\" in the interim.", "Carl's Jr. is an American fast-food restaurant chain founded in 1941 by Carl Karcher. Along with its sibling restaurant chain Hardee's, Carl's Jr. is the fifth largest fast food chain in the United States after", "From a small ice cream stand in Illinois, Dairy Queen has grown to become a giant in the fast food business. It was acquired by financial legend Warren Buffett’s company, Berkshire Hathaway in 1998. I grew up down the block from a “DQ” so I used to have Mr. Mistys, Dilly bars, and dipped cones throughout my childhood. Cartoon character Dennis the Menace was the company mascot until 2002. Chuck Mooty, who started with the company in 1987 is now the CEO.", "1954 – The global hamburger fast food chain Burger King, known for its signature item the Whopper, was founded near Miami.", "Southern California in the 1930s and 1940s gave birth to a new lifestyle that revolved around the automobile. \"People with cars are so lazy, they don't want to get out of them to eat!\" said Jesse G. Kirby, the founder of an early drive-in restaurant chain. Kirby's first \"Pig Stand\" was in Texas, but the chain soon thrived in Los Angeles alongside countless other food stands offering \"curb service.\" Drive-ins like Stan's, Paul's, Tiny Naylor's and Bob's Big Boy featured waitresses carrying trays of food to customers in their parked cars. The waitresses, known as car hops, often wore short skirts and skimpy uniforms. The drive-ins fit perfectly with the youth culture emerging in Los Angeles: They offered a combination of girls and cars and late-night food.", "1957 - Burger King Corporation introduced the WHOPPER at first Burger King restaurant in Miami; nine special ingredients (sesame seed crown, beef patty, pickles, ketchup, onions, tomatoes, lettuce, mayo and bun heel) and three optional ingredients (cheese, bacon and mustard); erected sign proclaiming the restaurant \"HOME OF THE WHOPPER(R)\"; January 5, 1965 - Burger King of Florida, Inc. registered \"Home of the Whopper\" trademark first used January 12, 1958 (drive-in restaurant services); mid-1970s - introduced \"HAVE IT YOUR WAY\" advertising tagline.", "In 1963, Dunkin’ Donuts opened its 100th location, but the brand was not yet the household name that it is today. The company was known as ‘Universal Food Systems’, a portfolio of 10 small food service businesses, including a vending machine company, industrial catering trucks, a cafeteria division, a delicatessen, a few pancake houses, a 15 cent hamburger chain called ‘Howdy Beef N’ Burger’ and most importantly, a number of Dunkin' Donuts shops. However, at the time, each Dunkin’ Donuts location varied greatly. Some locations had 18 stools, while others were much larger, seating up to 100 customers. The menu varied greatly as well. Some shops served a wide variety of offerings, including eggs, pancakes, hamburgers and hot dogs, while others had a more limited menu, offering just donuts and coffee.", "French fries migrated to the German-speaking countries during the 19th century. In Germany, where they are usually known by the French words pommes frites, or (derived from the French words, but pronounced as German words) only Pommes or Fritten, they are often served with mayonnaise, and are a popular walking snack offered by Schnellimbiss (\"quick bite\") kiosks. Since the advent of Currywurst in the 1950s, a paper tray of sausage (bratwurst or bockwurst) anointed with curry ketchup and laced with additional curry powder, and a side of french fries, has become an immensely popular fast-food meal. ", "A young and budding entrepreneur took a huge shot at creating America’s first and oldest fast food restaurant way back in 1921 in Wichita, Kansas. His name was Walter Anderson and together with a fellow investor named Billy Ingram made White Castle a famous American name by serving Americans the infamous “Slyder” mini burger for a mere 5 cents a piece.", "In 1991, Kentucky Fried Chicken changed its name to KFC . Why, after 39 successful years, would a world-famous restaurant chain change its name?", "* The Happy Meal Gang – A hamburger, fries, and regular-sized soft drink combination that was introduced in 1984. The group was later joined by the McNugget Buddies in 1984 and the Happy Meal Box and the Under 3 Toy in 1992. In 1998, they were redesigned with the fries becoming a female removing the nose and adding the bow tie and also adding the golden arches. The Happy Meal Hamburger was voiced by Bob Arbogast and later by Jim Cummings, the Happy Meal Fries was voiced by Jeff Winkless and later voiced by Bob Bergen and then Tress MacNeille, and the Happy Meal Drink was voiced by Hal Smith and later voiced by Bill Farmer.", "Mel's Drive-In, 1660 N. Highland Ave, ☎ +1-323-465-3111, [35] . Su-Th 6:30AM-3AM, F-Sa 24 Hrs.. Come here for traditional diner fare: cheeseburgers, french fries, and milkshakes. Part of the chain that opened in San Francisco in the late '40s. There is another location on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood .   edit", "Austin is the home of the Hormel Company's plant that produces SPAM, a canned meat product well known to Americans. SPAM has been a lifeline to Americans during difficult times and helped to celebrate the best of times. Created in 1937, SPAM is celebrated as part of the SPAM JAM, a Fourth of July celebration in Austin, for about 50 years. In the late 1930s, SPAM luncheon meat commercials were aired on the \"Burns and Allen Show\" featuring George Burns and Gracie Allen, Artie Shaw and his orchestra and SPAMMY, a miniature pig and the group's mascot. In 1991, Hormel Foods established the First Century Museum on the occasion of its 100th anniversary; the exhibit of SPAM memorabilia quickly became and remains the most popular. To enter the museum, visitors walk through a giant replica of a SPAM luncheon meat can.", "History of Southern California burger and drive-in scene along with tasty tour of current retro burger joints.", "Downtown restaurant opened in 1935 by Greek immigrants (from Patmos) during the midst of the Great Depression. Still owned by same family." ]

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[ "ON May 15, 1928, Mickey Mouse made his first appearance in a cartoon short called Plane Crazy. So the Mouse is 87 years old today.", "Clarabelle Cow is a Disney fictional character within the Mickey Mouse universe of characters. Clarabelle Cow was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks in 1928. Clarabelle is one of Minnie Mouse's best friends and is usually depicted as the girlfriend of Horace Horsecollar, although she has also been paired with Goofy occasionally. Clarabelle has remained a supporting character in the United States; only in Italy has she been treated as a major character.", "Plane Crazy is an American animated short film directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. The cartoon, released in 1929 by the Walt Disney Studios, was the first creation of the character Mickey Mouse. It was made as a silent film and given a test screening to a theater audience on May 15, 1928, but failed to pick up a distributor. Later that year, Disney released Mickey's first sound cartoon, Steamboat Willie, which was an enormous success. Following this, Plane Crazy was released as a sound cartoon on March 17, 1929. It was the fourth Mickey film to be released after Steamboat Willie, The Gallopin' Gaucho, and The Barn Dance (1928).", "Mickey and Minnie Mouse (Mickey's flapper girlfriend) debuted in the cartoon short Plane Crazy , first released on May 15, 1928 . The short was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks . Iwerks was also the main animator for this short and reportedly spent six weeks working on it. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising were credited for assisting him; these two had already signed their contracts with Charles Mintz, but he was still in the process of forming his new studio and so for the time being they were still employed by Disney. This short would be the last they animated under this somewhat awkward situation.", "Plane Crazy (1928) was the very first Mickey Mouse cartoon ever produced. In the short Mickey tries to impress Minnie Mouse by imitating Charles Lindbergh’s famous solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927.", "Walt Disney began his first series of fully animated films in 1927, featuring the character Oswald the Lucky Rabbit . When his distributor appropriated the rights to the character, Disney altered Oswald’s appearance and created a new character that he named Mortimer Mouse; at the urging of his wife, Disney rechristened him Mickey Mouse . Two silent Mickey Mouse cartoons—Plane Crazy (1928) and Gallopin’ Gaucho (1928)—were produced before Disney employed the novelty of sound for the third Mickey Mouse production, Steamboat Willie (1928), though Mickey did not utter his first words (“Hot dogs!”) until The Karnival Kid (1929). Steamboat Willie was an immediate sensation and led to the studio’s dominance in the animated market for many years.", "The first two Mickey shorts drew no attention, but then came Steamboat Willie , the first animation to feature synchronized music and sound effects, hit the screen. The film premiered in New York on Nov. 18, 1928 and was an instant hit. A series of Mickey Mouse shorts appeared within a matter of months including Plane Crazy , a short that predated Steamboat Willie in which Mickey plays a rodent Charles Lindbergh. The mouse was a national fad by the end of the year, and it wasn't long before the real genius of Walt Disney kicked in: marketing. Walt quickly started up a line of Mickey merchandise, and within two years the Mickey Mouse Club, a fan club for children, was up and running.", "Mickey Mouse made his debut on “Steamboat Willie” on this day in 1928. It’s a black-and-white short which was among the first to feature sound. However, just months earlier, Mickey actually made his first appearance on the test screening of the cartoon short “Plane Crazy” , which initially turned out to be a flop. Fortunately, following the success of “Steamboat Willie,” the cartoon eventually saw the light of day and became the fourth Mickey short to be released on March 17, 1929.", "Steamboat Willie is a 1928 American animated short film directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. It was produced in black-and-white by Walt Disney Studios and was released by Celebrity Productions. The cartoon is considered the debut of Mickey Mouse and his girlfriend Minnie, although both the characters appeared several months earlier in a test screening of Plane Crazy. Steamboat Willie was the third of Mickey's films to be produced, but was the first to be distributed because Walt Disney, having seen The Jazz Singer, had committed himself to producing the first fully synchronized sound cartoon. ", "Mickey made his debut in a black and white short called \" Steamboat Willie \" which debuted in New York on November 18, 1928. It wasn't the first Mickey Mouse cartoon made. That honor goes to \" Plane Crazy \" but \"Steamboat Willie\" was the first Mickey Mouse cartoon shown in public. It was a significant debut as \"Steamboat Willie\" was the first cartoon with synchronized sound. Mickey caught on like wildfire and never looked back. In 1930 he started appearing in newspaper comic strips and he went on to star in 120 shorts, starting with \"Steamboat Willie\" in 1928 and ending with \"Runaway Brain\" in 1995. The first Mickey Mouse short to win an Oscar was 1931's \"Mickey's Orphans\".", "Mickey was first seen in a test screening of the cartoon short  Plane Crazy , on May 15, 1928, but it failed to impress the audience and to add insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Though understandably disappointed, Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short,  The Gallopin' Gaucho , which was also not released for lack of a distributor. [19]", "Plane Crazy apparently failed to impress audiences, and to add insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Though understandably disappointed, Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short: The Gallopin' Gaucho. It would not be until Mickey's third, probably most famous, and first sound cartoon Steamboat Willie, that Mickey began to gain the popularity that he has today. The short's original release date - November 18, 1928 - was later declared to be Mickey's official birthday in the early 1970s.", "Plane Crazy apparently failed to impress audiences, and to add insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Though understandably disappointed, Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short: The Gallopin' Gaucho . It would not be until Mickey's third, probably most famous, and first sound cartoon Steamboat Willie , that Mickey began to gain the popularity that he has today. The short's original release date - November 18, 1928 - was later declared to be Mickey's official birthday in the early 1970s.", "Mickey was first seen in a test screening of the cartoon short Plane Crazy , on May 15, 1928, but it failed to impress the audience, and to add insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Though understandably disappointed, Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short: \" The Gallopin' Gaucho \" which was also not released for lack of a distributor.", "The plot of Plane Crazy was fairly simple. Mickey is apparently trying to become an aviator in emulation of Charles Lindbergh. After building his own aircraft, he proceeds to ask Minnie to join him for its first flight, during which he repeatedly and unsuccessfully attempts to kiss her, eventually resorting to force. Minnie then parachutes out of the plane. While distracted by her, Mickey loses control of the plane. This becomes the beginning of an out-of-control flight that results in a series of humorous situations and eventually in the crash-landing of the aircraft. A non-anthropomorphic cow that briefly becomes a passenger in the aircraft is believed to be Caroline Cow making her debut.", "Goofy first appeared in Mickey's Revue, first released on May 25, 1932. Directed by Wilfred Jackson this short movie features Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Horace Horsecollar and Clarabelle Cow performing another song and dance show. Mickey and his gang's animated shorts by this point routinely featured song and dance numbers. It begins as a typical Mickey cartoon of the time, but what would set this short apart from all that had come before was the appearance of a new character, whose behavior served as a running gag. Dippy Dawg, as he was named by Disney artists (Frank Webb), was a member of the audience. He constantly irritated his fellow spectators by noisily crunching peanuts and laughing loudly, till two of those fellow spectators knocked him out with their mallets (and then did the same exact laugh as he did). This early version of Goofy had other differences with the later and more developed ones besides the name. He was an old man with a white beard, a puffy tail and no trousers, shorts, or undergarments. But the short introduced Goofy's distinct laughter. This laughter was provided by Pinto Colvig. A considerably younger Dippy Dawg then appeared in The Whoopee Party, first released on September 17, 1932, as a party guest and a friend of Mickey and his gang. Dippy Dawg made a total of four appearances in 1932 and two more in 1933, but most of them were mere cameos.", "Goofy first appeared in Mickey's Revue , first released on May 25, 1932. Directed by Wilfred Jackson this short movie features Mickey Mouse , Minnie Mouse , Horace Horsecollar and Clarabelle Cow performing another song and dance show. Mickey and his gang's animated shorts by this point routinely featured song and dance numbers. It begins as a typical Mickey cartoon of the time, but what would set this short apart from all that had come before was the appearance of a new character, whose behavior served as a running gag. Dippy Dawg, as he was named by Disney artists (Frank Webb), was a member of the audience. He constantly irritated his fellow spectators by noisily crunching peanuts and laughing loudly, till two of those fellow spectators knocked him out with their mallets (and then did the same exact laugh as he did). This early version of Goofy had other differences with the later and more developed ones besides the name. He was an old man with a white beard, a puffy tail and no trousers, shorts, or undergarments. But the short introduced Goofy's distinct laughter. This laughter was provided by Pinto Colvig . A considerably younger Dippy Dawg then appeared in The Whoopee Party , first released on September 17, 1932, as a party guest and a friend of Mickey and his gang. Dippy Dawg made a total of four appearances in 1932 and two more in 1933, but most of them were mere cameos .", "On the flipside, Minnie (Minerva) Mouse officially first appeared in the immensely successful Steamboat Willie, which was released on November 18, 1928. However, she was also present in the aforementioned film Plane Crazy, which couldn't be released until March 17, 1929. Over the years, Minnie has been voiced by thespians such as Walt Disney, Marcellite Garner, Ruth Clifford and Russi Taylor.", "Although it was an underwhelming first appearance for Mickey, Plane Crazy was an important release for the Disney studio. Animated almost exclusively by Disney’s trusted friend Ub Iwerks, it featured a range of highly developed techniques including the very first animated Point Of View sequence and a range of sophisticated perspectives.", "Mickey Mouse is a cartoon character created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at The Walt Disney Studio. Mickey is an anthropomorphic black mouse and typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves. He is one of the most recognizable cartoon characters in the world and is the mascot of The Walt Disney Company, the world's largest media conglomerate in terms of annual revenue.", "Mickey first appeared in comics after he had appeared in 15 commercially successful animated shorts and was easily recognized by the public. Walt Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with the offer to license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in a comic strip. Disney accepted and Mickey made his first comic strip appearance on January 13, 1930. The comical plot was credited to Disney himself, art to Ub Iwerks and inking to Win Smith . The first week or so of the strip featured a loose adaptation of \"Plane Crazy\". Minnie soon became the first addition to the cast. The strips first released between January 13, 1930, and March 31, 1930, has been occasionally reprinted in comic book form under the collective title \"Lost on a Desert Island\". Animation historian Jim Korkis notes \"After the eighteenth strip, Iwerks left and his inker, Win Smith, continued drawing the gag-a-day format...\" [48]", "*In the Mickey Mouse short The Nifty Nineties (1941), Mickey and Minnie's car runs out of control and runs into a cow. The scene was taken almost directly from Plane Crazy.", "At the time of its original production though, Walt again failed to find a distributor. It would be first released on December 30, 1928, following the release of another Mickey short. Reportedly Mickey was at first thought to be much too similar to Oswald and this resulted in the apparent lack of interest in him. Walt would soon start to contemplate ways to distinguish the Mickey Mouse series from his previous work and that of his rivals. The result of his contemplations would be the third Mickey short to be produced, the second to be released and the first to really draw the attention of the audiences: Steamboat Willie.", "In 1929, Disney created Silly Symphonies, which featured Mickey's newly created friends, including Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy and Pluto. One of the most popular cartoons, Flowers and Trees, was the first to be produced in color and to win an Oscar. In 1933, The Three Little Pigs and its title song \"Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?\" became a theme for the country in the midst of the Great Depression.", "When the Cat's Away  (April 18, 1929), essentially a remake of the  Alice Comedy , \"Alice Rattled by Rats\", was an unusual appearance for Mickey. Although Mickey and Minne still maintained their anthropomorphic characteristics, they were depicted as the size of regular mice and living with a community many other mice as pests in a home. Mickey and Minnie would later appear the size of regular humans in their own setting. In appearances with real humans, Mickey has been shown to be about two to three feet high. [24]  The next Mickey short was also unusual.  The Barnyard Battle  (April 25, 1929) was the only film to depict Mickey as a soldier and also the first to place him in combat.  The Karnival Kid  (1929) was the first time Mickey spoke. Before this he had only whistled, laughed, and grunted. His first words were \"Hot dogs! Hot dogs!\" said while trying to sell hot dogs at a carnival. Mickey's Follies (1929) introduced the song \"Minnie's Yoo-Hoo\" which would become the theme song for Mickey Mouse films for the next several years. The \"Minnie's Yoo-Hoo\" song sequence was also later reused with different background animation as its own special short shown only at the commencement of 1930s theater-based Mickey Mouse Clubs. [25] [26]  Mickey's dog  Pluto  first appeared as Mickey's pet in The Moose Hunt (1931) after previously appearing as Minnie's dog \"Rover\" in The Picnic (1930).", "The Yules separated in 1924 during a slump in vaudeville, and in 1925, Nell Yule moved with her son to Hollywood, where she managed a tourist home. Fontaine Fox had placed a newspaper ad for a dark-haired child to play the role of \"Mickey McGuire\" in a series of short films. Lacking the money to have her son's hair dyed, Mrs. Yule took her son to the audition after applying burnt cork to his scalp.[2] Joe got the role and became \"Mickey\" for 78 of the comedies, running from 1927 to 1936, starting with Mickey's Circus, released September 4, 1927.[3] These had been adapted from the Toonerville Trolley comic strip, which contained a character named Mickey McGuire. Joe Yule briefly became \"Mickey McGuire\" legally in order to trump an attempted copyright lawsuit (as it was his legal name, the movie producers did not owe the comic strip writers royalties).", "Disney's animated version of Cruella first appeared in 1961's One Hundred and One Dalmatians, in which she was voiced by Betty Lou Gerson and animated by Marc Davis who together crafted her into an iconic and memorable character. Disney based its version of Cruella on the personality and mannerisms of Tallulah Bankhead. The cool detachment of the original character was replaced by a crazed mania, in which Cruella only barely clung to a sheen of glamour. For unexplained reasons, Cruella's cat and husband were omitted from the Disney version. Cruella drives a very distinctive automobile, colored red and black, based on a 1936 Alvis Speed 20 SD Drophead Coupe.", "On this day in 1935 the Looney Tunes got a new star, with the release of I Haven't Got a Hat, directed by Friz Freleng ( Yosemite Sam ). Porky Pig made his first appearance 75 years ago today.", "* The Pied Piper (16 September 1933) is a short animated film based on the story, produced by Walt Disney Productions, directed by Wilfred Jackson, and released as a part of the Silly Symphonies series.", "The Pied Piper (16 September 1933) is a short animated film based on the story, produced by Walt Disney Productions , directed by Wilfred Jackson , and released as a part of the Silly Symphonies series.", "*Jean Harlow had a small role in their short Double Whoopee (1929) and two other films in the early part of her career.", "The Flying Sorceress (US animated short), with voice of June Foray.  Directed by Joseph Barbera, William Hanna." ]

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[ "While \"SOS\" is an easily recognizable term now, there wasn't always an internationally recognized distress call. It was at a Radiotelegraphic Conference held in Berlin in 1906 that a need for one was recognized and chosen. However, it wasn't until two years later, July 1, 1908, that the International Morse Code signal \"SOS\" (three dots, three dashes, and then three dots) became the official distress call around the world.", "SOS is the commonly used description for the international Morse code distress signal (· · · — — — · · ·). This distress signal was first adopted by the German government in radio regulations effective April 1, 1905, and became the worldwide standard under the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention, which was signed on November 3, 1906 and became effective on July 1, 1908. SOS remained the maritime radio distress signal until 1999, when it was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress Safety System . [1] SOS is still recognized as a visual distress signal. [2]", "After being agreed upon at the 1906 conference, the Morse code signal of three dots, three dashes, and then three dots (sent together, without spacing) went into effect as the international signal for distress on July 1, 1908.", "In 1906, at the Berlin Radiotelegraphic Conference, the German�s general inquiry call, SOE, was suggested as an international distress signal. Changing the E to S gave the signal its unmistakeable character, and SOS was officially ratified as the international distress signal in 1908, although it was not officially adopted by the USA until 1912 (prompted by the Titanic tragedy). It is interesting to note that the Titanic�s radio operator sent Marconi�s CQD code six times before using the four-year-old international SOS signal some twenty minutes later ... as Marconi waited in NY to make the return trip to England on the ill-fated ship.", "Additional warning and distress signals followed the introduction of SOS. On January 20, 1914, the London International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea adopted the Morse code signal TTT ( —  —  —), three letter T's (—) spaced correctly as three letters so as not to be confused with the letter O (- - -), as the \"Safety Signal,\" used for messages to ships \"involving safety of navigation and being of an urgent character.\"", "Unlike CQD, which was transmitted as three separate letters, the SOS distress call has always been officially transmitted as a continuous sequence of dots-and-dashes, instead of three individual letters — both the April 1, 1905 German law, and the 1906 Berlin regulations, explicitly defined the Morse code sequence, with no mention of any letter equivalents. However, as noted above, it soon became the practice parse the sequence into three equal parts, and refer to it as \"SOS\" — an early example is \"The International Radio-Telegraphic Convention\" in the January 12, 1907 Electrical World, which reported: \"Vessels in distress use the special signal, SOS, repeated at short intervals.\" In International Morse, VTB, IJS and SMB also correctly translate into the · · · — — — · · ·  distress call sequence, but by tradition only SOS is used. Also, in American Morse code , which was used by U.S. coastwise vessels throughout much of the early twentieth century, although three dots also stood for the letter \"S\", three dashes designated the numeral \"5\", so in some early U.S. references the distress signal was said to be \"S5S\".", "Although now officially the international signal for distress, many people still used the old signal of \"CQD.\" Even in 1912, when the Titanic began to sink , its radio operator placed the \"CQD\" distress signal until another operator suggested to also send the new \"SOS\" signal. It took several years for \"SOS\" to replace the old signal.", "            O: This abbreviation was adopted internationally on 1st.July 1908. The ill-fated Titanic was one of the first ships to use this distress call in 1912 and 703 lives were saved. Not necessarily \"Save Our Ship/Soul\" - more mundanely, in Morse Code, the three dots and dashes were more clearly understood signals in an emergency.", "In 1906, at the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention in Berlin, an extensive collection of Service Regulations was developed to supplement the main agreement, which was signed on November 3, 1906, becoming effective on July 1, 1908. Article XVI of the regulations adopted Germany's Notzeichen (distress signal) as the international standard, reading: \"Ships in distress shall use the following signal: · · · – – – · · ·  repeated at brief intervals\". The first ship to transmit an SOS distress call appears to have been either the Cunard liner on June 10, 1909, according to \"Notable Achievements of Wireless\" in the September, 1910 Modern Electrics, or the steamer SS Arapahoe on August 11, 1909. The signal of the Arapahoe was received by the United Wireless Telegraph Company station at Hatteras, North Carolina, and forwarded to the steamer company's offices. However, there was some resistance among the Marconi operators to the adoption of the new signal, and, as late as the April 1912 sinking of the , the ship's Marconi operators intermixed CQD and SOS distress calls. However, in the interests of consistency and water safety, the use of CQD appears to have died out thereafter.", "Despite popular belief, the sinking of Titanic was not the first time the internationally recognised Morse code distress signal “SOS” was used. The SOS signal was first proposed at the International Conference on Wireless Communication at Sea in Berlin in 1906. It was ratified by the international community in 1908 and had been in widespread use since then. The SOS signal was, however, rarely used by British wireless operators, who preferred the older CQD code. First Wireless Operator Jack Phillips began transmitting CQD until Second Wireless Operator Harold Bride suggested half jokingly, “Send SOS; it’s the new call, and this may be your last chance to send it.” Phillips, who later died, then began to intersperse SOS with the traditional CQD call.", "CQD, transmitted in Morse code as  – · – ·    – – · –    – · ·  is one of the first distress signals adopted for radio use. It was announced on 7 January 1904, by [http://www.earlyradiohistory.us/1913dist.htm \"Circular 57\"] of the Marconi International Marine Communication Company, and became effective, beginning 1 February 1904 for Marconi installations.", "In 1906, at the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention in Berlin, an extensive collection of Service Regulations was developed to supplement the main agreement, which was signed on November 3, 1906, becoming effective on July 1, 1908. Article XVI of the regulations adopted Germany's Notzeichen distress signal as the international standard, reading: \"Ships in distress shall use the following signal: · · · — — — · · ·  repeated at brief intervals\". The first ship to transmit an SOS distress call appears to have been the Cunard liner Slavonia on June 10, 1909, according to \"Notable Achievements of Wireless\" in the September, 1910 Modern Electrics. However, there was some resistance among the Marconi operators to the adoption of the new signal, and, as late as the April, 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic , the ship's Marconi operators intermixed CQD and SOS distress calls. However, in the interests of consistency and water safety, the use of CQD appears to have died out after this point.", "SOS, the internationally recognized distress signal, does not stand for any particular words. Instead, the letters were chosen because they are easy to transmit in Morse code: \"S\" is three dots, and \"O\" is three dashes.", "The international Morse code distress signal ( · · · — — — · · · ) was first used by the German government in 1905 and became the standard distress signal around the world just a few years later. The repeated pattern of three dots followed by three dashes was easy to remember and chosen for its simplicity.", "Save Our Souls. The traditional international distress signal - a request for help in an emergency - originally transmitted in morse code by mariners in peril, later extending in use to endangered folk anywhere (for example scratching 'SOS' in the sand if marooned on an island, or spelling 'SOS' in stones, clothes, etc., on a mountainside). The SOS protocol became increasingly standardized internationally from about 1905. SOS was actually first established as the morse code signal ...---... [expressed in words] 'dot dot dot dash dash dash dot dot dot', or 'dit dit dit dah dah dah dit dit dit') because the code signal was quick, simple, and distinctly recognizable. The 'Save Our Souls' meaning was applied afterwards, and has alternatively less correctly been interpreted as 'Save Our Ship'. The SOS signal was replaced as the international standard in 1999 by a vastly more complex and relatively incomprehensible computerized system called Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (producing the very dry abbreviation GMDSS). For separate interest see also the 'Mayday' emergency call word origin , and SOB (Souls On Board) .", "   For emergency signals, Morse code can be sent by way of improvised sources that can be easily \"keyed\" on and off, making it one of the simplest and most versatile methods of telecommunication . The most common distress signal is SOS or three dots, three dashes and three dots, internationally recognized.", "Between 1899 and 1908, nine documented rescues were made by the use of wireless. The first distress call was simply \"HELP\". By February 1904, the Marconi Wireless Company required all of its operators to use CQD for a ship in distress or for requiring URGENT assistance. In the early morning of 23 January 1909, whilst sailing into New York from Liverpool, RMS Republic collided with the Italian liner SS Florida in fog off the island of Nantucket, Massachusetts, United States. Radio Operator Jack Binns sent the CQD distress signal by wireless transmission. This was the most famous use and rescue using wireless prior to that of the RMS Titanic.", "The distress prosign <> is the International Morse code distress signal to be used ONLY in EMERGENCY situations to draw immediate attention and to request immediate help either to save lives or to protect the imminent destruction of significant property. <> may be interpreted in English as \"Save Our Souls\".", "surrounding the origin and use of maritime distress calls. Most of the general populace believes that \"SOS\" signifies \"Save Our Ship.\" Casual students of radio history are aware that the use of \"SOS\" was preceded by \"CQD.\" Why were these signals adopted? When were they used?", "~1904 – The distress signal CQD was established in Circular 57 of the Marconi International Marine Communication Company, and became effective, for Marconi installations, beginning February 1. This was to be replaced two years later by SOS.", "A third standard resulted in the creation of the SOS distress signal. The German government issued a set of national radio regulations. These were used from April 1 , 1905 . They introduced three new Morse code sequences, including the SOS distress signal:", "Perhaps the most famous Morse communication is the international distress signal S-O-S. It consists of three dots, three dashes, and three more dots.", "he use of the SOS signal was first introduced in Germany as part of a set of national radio regulations, effective April 1 , 1905 . These regulations introduced three new Morse code sequences, including the SOS distress signal:", "A few months later, the SS Arapahoe received an \"SOS\" distress call from the SS Iroquois. Radio Officer Haubner therefore has the distinction of being involved in the first two incidents of the use of \"SOS\" in America, the first as the sender and the second as the receiver.  Being slow to adopt international wireless standards, the U.S. did not officially adopt \"SOS\" until 1912.", "When wireless radiotelegraph machines first made their way onto ships around the turn of the 20th century, seamen in danger needed a way to attract attention, signal distress, and ask for help -- a unique signal that would transmit clearly and quickly and wouldn’t be confused for other communications. At first, different organizations and countries had their own “in-house” distress signals. The U.S. Navy used “NC,” which was the maritime flag signal for distress from the International Code of Signals. The Marconi Company, which leased its equipment and telegraph operators to various ships, used “CQD.”  The “German Regulations for the Control of Spark Telegraphy” of 1905 mandated that all German operators use “…---…”.", "The Morse Code was developed by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1844. Even after more than 160 years, it is still used today, especially by amateur radio operators. The code can be sent quickly over the telegraph, and is also useful for emergency signaling (SOS) with a radio, mirror, or flashlight, and even for people with severe disabilities to communicate. In order to master Morse code, however, you need to approach it like a new language.", "The Titanic was the first ship to use the SOS signal. It was adopted as the international signal for distress in 1912, and the Titanic struck the ", "Morse code is a SIGNALING code first devised by Samuel F.B. MORSE in 1838 for use with his electromagnetic TELEGRAPH. The code used two basic symbols or signaling elements: the \"dot,\" a short-duration electric current, which gave a quick deflection of the armature of Morse's receiver and so caused a dot to be printed on the strip of paper moving beneath the ink pen carried by the armature; and the \"dash,\" a longer-duration signal that caused a dash to be printed. Using this code, the various alphanumeric characters that compose a message (letters and numerals) could be represented by groups of these two signal elements. In the International Morse code, for example, one dot followed by one dash (.-) symbolizes the letter A; the number seven appears as \"dash dash dot dot dot\" (--...). The dot-and-dash elements are separated by an interval that has the duration of one dot; the dash has a duration equal to three dots. The space between characters, whether letters or numbers, is equal to three dot units; the separation between words is six units. Morse's code rapidly gained acceptance and evolved into several forms -- Early Morse, American Morse, and International Morse. In its international form it is still in use.", "At the second Berlin Radiotelegraphic Conference 1906, the subject of a danger signal was again addressed. Considerable discussion ensued and finally SOS was adopted. The thinking was that three dots, three dashes and three dots could not be misinterpreted.  It was to be sent together as one string.", "2. Name any of the three letters which were replaced by SOS as a morse code mayday signal", "The first recorded use of \"CQD\" by an American ship was in 1908 by the steamer Santa Rosa off the coast of California. Commander Richard Johnstone records this in his memoir My San Francisco Story of the Waterfront and the Wireless, 1965. The first recorded American use of \"SOS\" was in August of 1909. Wireless operator T. D. Haubner of the SS Arapahoe radioed for help when his ship lost its screw near Diamond Shoals, sometimes called the \"Graveyard of the Atlantic.\" The call was heard by the United Wireless station \"HA\" at Hatteras.", "When was the Morse Code adopted for maritime purposes, in the International Code of Signals? [as late as 1900, with the introduction of radiotelegraphy]" ]

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[ "His artist name, Moby, comes from his great-great grand uncle: Herman Melville, the author of �Moby-Dick�. But he has lots of other names: he is also known as Vodoo child, Barracuda, DJ Cake and Mindstorm.", "According to Hall, his middle name and the nickname \"Moby\" were given to him by his parents because of an ancestral relationship to Moby Dick author Herman Melville: \"The basis for Richard Melville Hall—and for Moby—is that supposedly Herman Melville was my great-great-great-grand uncle.\" ", "Moby's full name Richard Melville Hall offers a hint as to the meaning of the name he chose for himself and is known around the world for. Moby tells that Herman Melville, the author of the great American masterpiece Moby dick, is his great-great grand uncle. The name Moby was picked as a tribute.", "The Story: “The basis for Richard Melville Hall - and for Moby - is that supposedly Herman Melville was my great-great-great granduncle.” While we're in the M section, Madonna was born Madonna Louise Ciccone.", "4. The American DJ and musician Moby took his stage name from the novel. Richard Melville Hall (born September 11th, 1965) is a descendant of Melville, and named himself after his ancestor’s most famous novel.", "Richard Melville Hall, alias Moby was born on September 11, 1965 in Harlem, New York, and raised in Connecticut. Today, he lives in Little Italy, New York.", "Billy Budd, Herman Melville. According to Schmoop, “Alright, let's play a word-association game. I say, Herman Melville , and you say... Moby-Dick !", "The Google homepage today depicts a white whale, a choppy sea, and a skiff captained by a one-legged harpooner. The doodle, of course, is an homage to \" Moby Dick ,\" which was first published 161 years ago, by Herman Melville . So who was Melville, exactly? Only one of the titans of modern literature – and a writer responsible, in the words of Nathaniel Philbrick , for \"what is generally considered the greatest American novel ever written.\" ", "Herman Melville: A Biography, Volume 2, 1851-1891 chronicles Melville's life in rich detail, from this ecstatic moment to his death, in obscurity, forty years later. Parker describes the malignity of reviewers and sheer bad luck that doomed Moby-Dick to failure (and its author to prolonged indebtedness), the savage reviews he received for his next book Pierre, and his inability to have the novel The Isle of the Cross—now lost—published at all. Melville turned to magazine fiction, writing the now-classic \"Bartleby\" and \"Benito Cereno,\" and produced a final novel, The Confidence Man, a mordant satire of American optimism. Over his last three decades, while working as a customs inspector in Manhattan, Melville painstakingly remade himself as a poet, crafting the centennial epic Clarel, in which he sorted out his complex feelings for Hawthorne, and the masterful story \"Billy Budd,\" originally written as a prose headnote to an unfinished poem.", "Moby Dick was written by American author Herman Melville. It was first published in London on October 18, 1851 as a three volume edition called The Whale. About a month later it was published in New York City, the home of Melville, as a single book with the title “Moby-Dick; or, The Whale.”", "The first volume of Hershel Parker's definitive biography of Herman Melville—a finalist for the 1997 Pulitzer Prize—closed on a mid-November day in 1851. In the dining room of the Little Red Inn in Lenox, Massachusetts, Melville had just presented an inscribed copy of his new novel, Moby-Dick, to his intimate friend, Nathaniel Hawthorne, the man to whom the work was dedicated. \"Take it all in all,\" Parker concluded, \"this was the happiest day of Melville's life.\"", "Hans Christian Andersen (pronounced [ˈhanˀs ˈkʰʁæʂd̥jan ˈɑnɐsn̩] in Danish), also known as simply H. C. Andersen [hɔse ˈɑnɐsn̩]); ( April 2 , 1805 – August 4 , 1875 ) was a Danish author and poet , most famous for his fairy tales . Among his best-known stories are \" The Steadfast Tin Soldier \", \" The Snow Queen \", \" The Little Mermaid \", \" Thumbelina \", \" The Little Match Girl \", \" The Ugly Duckling \" and \" The Red Shoes \". During Andersen's lifetime he was feted by royalty and acclaimed for having brought joy to children across Europe. His fairy tales have been translated into over 150 languages and continue to be published in millions of copies all over the world and inspired many other works. [1]", "Stephen Collins Foster (July 4, 1826 – January 13, 1864), known as the \"father of American music\", was the pre-eminent songwriter in the United States of the 19th century. His songs — such as \"Oh! Susanna\", \"Camptown Races\", \"Old Folks at Home\" (\"Swanee River\"), \"Hard Times Come Again No More\", \"My Old Kentucky Home\", \"Old Black Joe\", \"Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair\", and \"Beautiful Dreamer\" — remain popular over 150 years after their composition.", "Edgar Allan Poe (; born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole, and he was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story. Poe is generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.", "Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance period best known for Typee (1846), a romantic account of his experiences in Polynesian life, and his whaling novel Moby-Dick (1851). His work was almost forgotten during his last thirty years. His writing draws on his experience at sea as a common sailor, exploration of literature and philosophy, and engagement in the contradictions of American society in a period of rapid change. He developed a complex, baroque style: the vocabulary is rich and original, a strong sense of rhythm infuses the elaborate sentences, the imagery is often mystical or ironic, and the abundance of allusion extends to Scripture, myth, philosophy, literature, and the visual arts.", "<> 1851:USA | Herman Melville published his \"great American novel\" Moby Dick, an adventure of the open seas", "Novelist Herman Melville is best known for his masterpiece, Moby Dick, a book which was essentially misunderstood and ignored for decades. Based on Melville's own experience on a whaling ship as well as published accounts of a real white whale , it mostly mystified readers and critics of the mid-1800s.", "September 28, 1891: Herman Melville , author of Moby Dick , died in New York City at the age of 72.", "Stephen Collins Foster died. (July 4th, 1826 – January 13th, 1864) Known as the “father of American music,” he was the pre-eminent songwriter in the United States of the 19th century. His songs, such as Oh! Susanna, Camptown Races, My Old Kentucky Home, Old Black Joe, Beautiful Dreamer and Old Folks at Home (Swanee River) remain popular over 150 years after their composition.", "Much of the available historical information on shanties comes from travelogue literature, most of it of scarcely notable popularity, but some of it reaching a wide audience, such as Dana’s Two Years Before the Mast (1840). However, some fiction writers up through the mid-19th century, who had sailing experience, also included scenes involving sailors’ work songs. Among these authors were Horace Elisha Scudder, Elijah Kellogg, and Herman Melville. In Redburn: His First Voyage, for example, Melville wrote:", "Hans Christian Andersen (;; often referred to in Scandinavia as H. C. Andersen; 2 April 1805 – 4 August 1875) was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, Andersen is best remembered for his fairy tales. Andersen's popularity is not limited to children; his stories, called in Danish, express themes that transcend age and nationality.", "American novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet Herman Melville was born on August 1, 1819, in New York City to Allan and Maria Gansevoort Melvill (an &quot;e&quot; was later added by Maria). Melville worked briefly as a surveyor on the Erie Canal and as a cabin boy on a New York ship headed for Liverpool. He also worked as a teacher for three years. In 1841, he sailed from Fairhaven, Massachusetts, on the whaler Acushnet, headed for the Pacific", "American novelist and short-story writer who was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature. Youth and early writings As the eldest of the four sons of Murry Cuthbert and Maud Butler Falkner, William Faulkner (as he later spelled his name) was well aware of his family background and especially of his great-grandfather, Colonel William Clark Falkner,...", "5. Herman wrote the novel Moby-Dick, also known as The Whale, which was first published in 1851 ", "    Melville worked on Billy Budd at the very end of his life, from the years 1888 to 1891. The book was not discovered until 1921, when Melville's granddaughter gave the manuscript to Raymond Weaver, a man who had decided to go against all the dictates of common sense and good business practices and write a biography of an author that was but a footnote in American literature, Herman Melville.", "Louisa May Alcott (November 29, 1832 – March 6, 1888) was an American novelist and poet best known as the author of the novel Little Women (1868) and its sequels Little Men (1871) and Jo's Boys (1886). Raised by her transcendentalist parents, Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott in New England, she also grew up among many of the well-known intellectuals of the day such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau.", "On the north coast, Charles Kingsley incorporated his childhood experiences at Clovelly in Westward Ho!, where Kipling's boarding school was situated. Stalkey & Co. was based on his unhappy time there. It was during walks around Lynmouth that Wordsworth and Coleridge planned the ballad that became \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner\".", "In March 1848, Mardi was published by Richard Bentley in London, and in April by Harper in New York. Nathaniel Hawthorne thought it a rich book, he told Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Melville's, \"with depths here and there that compel a man to swim for his life.\" According to Robert Milder, the book began as another South Sea story but, as he wrote, Melville left that genre behind, first in favor of \"a romance of the narrator Taji and the lost maiden Yillah\", and then \"to an allegorical voyage of the philosopher Babbalanja and his companions through the imaginary archipelago of Mardi\". On February 16, 1849, the Melvilles' first child, Malcolm, was born. ", "In February 1934, George and Ira Gershwin and DuBose and Dorothy Heyward began their collaboration on a libretto, songs, and music for DuBose Heyward's novel, Porgy, about the African-American Gullah culture of South Carolina. During the summer of 1934, George Gershwin spent several weeks on Folly Island off the coast of Charleston, where the Heywards owned a beach cottage. There, they observed customs of the local people and listened to their music. Gershwin joined in their \"shouting\" which involved rhythms created by hands and feet as accompaniment to the spirituals.", "Joseph Rouget de Lisle , The Marseilles Hymn. 7th stanza by Du Bois. See Figaro, Literary Supplement, Aug. 7, 1908.", "A biography of the proper Charlestonian who wrote of the Gullahs of Catfish Row and inspired a Gershwin masterpiece", "He published his first volume of poetry, Permit Me Voyage in 1934, and his first novel, The Morning Watch in 1951. From 1948 until his death, he worked primarily as a scriptwriter, notably for The Night of the Hunter and The African Queen. He is probably best known for his work for Fortune magazine, which yielded the lyrical Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. FTP, identify this author of the 1957 pulitzer prize winning A Death in the Family." ]

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[ "Joan of Arc, or Jeanne d'Arc in French, (c. 1412 - May 30, 1431) also known as \"the Maid of Orleans\", was a 15th century virgin, Catholic saint, and national heroine of France.", "Saint Joan of Arc or The Maid of Orléans (French: Jeanne d'Arc, ca. 1412]– 30 May 1431 is considered a national heroine of France and a Catholic saint.", "      The year 1453 marked the end of the Hundred Years War, a struggle for the French throne fought between the English House of Valois and the French House of Anjou.  A notable figure in this war was Joan of Arc, an inspired peasant later called the Maid of Orléans and canonized as a saint, who led the French army in a campaign to drive out the English in 1429.  Joan was captured and burned at the stake in 1431.  After the French victory in the Battle of Patay, the English were forced to withdraw and Charles VII was crowned King of France.  His legacy was overshadowed by the achievements and martyrdom of Saint Joan, but Charles the Victorious brought independence, unity, and economic prosperity to France.", "A devised production of the story of St. Joan of Arc, born in 1412 and martyred in 1431. Nicknamed \"The Maid of Orleans\" by those who loved and hated her, Joan lead the French army in battle against the English and Burgundians in an effort to free her country from English rule. Captured by the English and put on trial for heresy, witchcraft, and dressing as a man, she was found guilty and sentenced to death by burning. Joan's claims to have spoken with the saints and God were later used as \"evidence\" of her slander against God, country, and the Church. Today, she is hailed as a Saint, a Martyr, and an amazing and independent young woman who followed her faith and her heart.", "Joan of Arc is burned at the stake by English authorities in the French city of Rouen. Nicknamed \"The Maid of Orleans,\" she claims to have received visions from God that contained instructions on how to help the French army beat back the English invaders.", "Joan of Arc, in French, Jeanne d'Arc, also called the Maid of Orleans, a patron saint of France and a national heroine, led the resistance to the English invasion of France in the Hundred Years War. She was born the third of five children to a farmer, Jacques Darc and his wife Isabelle de Vouthon in the town of Domremy on the border of provinces of Champagne and Lorraine. Her childhood was spent attending her father's herds in the fields and learning religion and housekeeping skills from her mother.", "1431 - Joan of Arc is burnt at the stake in Rouen after the English find her guilty of heresy.", "May 30, 1431 would be a day that would forever live in infamy in France. For it was on this day that the death of Joan of Arc be conducted through burning Joan of Arc at the stake. Joan of Arc's death would prove to be one of the greatest injustices in the Middle Ages, and it was not until 25 years later that she was found innocent of all heresy charges by the Pope himself.", "Joan of Arc (1412-1431) is considered a French heroine and Roman Catholic saint. Born in obscurity to a peasant family, she travelled to the uncrowned Dauphin of France, advising him to reclaim his French throne and defeat the English. Joan of Arc was sent alongside French troops at the siege of Orleans and rose to prominence after the siege was lifted after nine days. She was later captured and burned at the stake for heresy. However, as she predicted, seven years after her death, France was reunited with the English defeated and Charles crowned King.", "Rouen became the capital city of English power in occupied France and when the Duke of Bedford, John of Lancaster bought Joan of Arc her liberty from the Duke of Burgundy who had been keeping her in jail since May 1430, she was sent to be tried in the city during Christmas 1430. After a long trial by a church court, she was sentenced to be burned at the stake. The sentence was carried out on 30 May 1431 in the city, and most residents supported the Duke of Burgundy, Joan of Arc's royal enemy.", "Luckily for the French, a 17-year-old virginal warrior called Jeanne d’Arc (Joan of Arc) came along; her tale is told at Orléans’ Maison de Jeanne d’Arc. At Château de Chinon in 1429, she persuaded French legitimist Charles VII that she had a divine mission from God to expel the English from France and bring about Charles’ coronation in Reims . Convicted of witchcraft and heresy by a tribunal of French ecclesiastics following her capture by the Burgundians and subsequent sale to the English in 1430, Joan was burned at the stake in Rouen in 1431: one tower of the castle where the teenager was imprisoned and the square where she was burned as a witch remain.", "1431 - The English capture Joan of Arc. She is burned at the stake as a witch and heretic in Rouen on 30 May.", "Joan of Arc was a symbol of the Catholic League during the 16th century and when Félix Dupanloup was made bishop of Orléans in 1849, he pronounced a panegyric on Joan of Arc and led efforts leading to Joan of Arc's beatification in 1909. On May 16, 1920, Pope Benedict XV canonized her.", "French saint and savior who is known as the Maid of Orleans or La Pucelle D'Orleans, a national heroine and a history phenomena.", "(1412 – 1431) A young peasant girl, Joan of Arc helped inspire the dauphin of France to defeat English forces occupying France. She was burnt at the stake by the Church for heresy. Seven years after her death, France was liberated as she predicted.", "The historical Joan of Arc (1412-31) is viewed in France as a national heroine and a great military leader, and by Catholics as a saint for her role in reversing France’s fortunes during the Hundred Years’ War with England. In Shakespeare’s Henry VI, Part One, Joan is a young French girl who presents herself to Charles with the claim that she has been given a sacred mission by the Virgin Mary to rid France of the English. She tells him that she will lead the French troops to defeat the English at the siege of Orléans, and her words prove correct. As befits the anti-French propaganda of the play, Shakespeare undermines her claims of a God-given mission. He presents her variously as a whore, a witch who draws upon evil spirits for her power, a liar, and an ungrateful and snobbish daughter to her father.", "Joan of Arc became the official patron saint of France, soldiers, and all girls who like to tomboy, when she was canonized by Benedict XV on May 16, 1920.", "* c. 1412–1431: St. Joan of Arc, a peasant girl from France, has visions from God telling her to lead her countrymen to reclaim their land from the English. After success in battle she is captured by the English in 1431 and is condemned as a heretic and was executed by burning at the age of 19. Later investigation authorized by Pope Callixtus III would conclude she was innocent and a martyr.", "Joan of Arc’s place in history is assured. Perhaps her contribution to the history of human courage is greater than her significance in the political and military history of France . She was victimized as much by a French civil conflict as by a war with a foreign power. The relief of Orléans was undoubtedly a notable victory, which secured the loyalty of certain regions of northern France to the régime of Charles VII. But the Hundred Years’ War continued for a further 22 years after her death, and it was the defection of Philip the Good of Burgundy from his alliance with the Lancastrians in 1435 that provided the foundation upon which the recovery of Valois France was to be based. The nature of Joan’s mission, moreover, is a source of controversy among historians, theologians, and psychologists. Innumerable points about her campaigns and about the motives and actions of her supporters and enemies are subject to dispute: for instance, the number and dates of her visits to Vaucouleurs, Chinon, and Poitiers; how she was able to win the confidence of the Dauphin at their first meeting at Chinon; whether Charles’s perambulations after his coronation at Reims represented triumphant progress or scandalous indecision; what her judges meant by “perpetual imprisonment”; whether, after her recantation, Joan resumed men’s clothes of her own free will and at the bidding of her voices or, as one later story has it, because they were forced upon her by her English jailers.", "As a source of military inspiration, Joan of Arc helped turn the Hundred Years War firmly in France’s favor. By 1453, Charles VII had reconquered all of France except for Calais, which the English relinquished in 1558. In 1920, Joan of Arc, one of the great heroes of French history, was recognized as a Christian saint by the Roman Catholic Church. Her feast day is May 30.", "Her military career lasted from between April 1429, when she left with troops to help raise the siege of Orléans, and May 1430 when she was captured by troops loyal to John of Luxembourg. She was subsequently handed over to forces loyal to English King Henry VI and after a trial she was condemned and burned at the stake in May 1431. At her trial, Joan said that she thought her age was 19.", "1429 - Joan of Arc. Joan of Arc, a peasant girl in France, seeks out the French leader and relates her divinely-inspired mission to drive the English out of France. She takes control of the French troops and liberates most of central France. She lifts the siege of Orleans for the Dauphin of France, enabling him to eventually be crowned at Reims. The battle at Orleans is the first of many which ultimately drive the English from continental Europe.", "The renewed French confidence outlasted her own brief career. She refused to leave the field when she was wounded during an attempt to recapture Paris that autumn. Hampered by court intrigues, she led only minor companies from then onward and fell prisoner at a skirmish near Compiègne the following spring. A politically motivated trial convicted her of heresy. The English regent John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford had her burnt at the stake in Rouen. She had been the heroine of her country at the age of seventeen and died at just nineteen. Some twenty-four years later Pope Callixtus III reopened the case and a new finding overturned the original conviction. Her piety to the end impressed the retrial court. Pope Benedict XV canonized her on 16 May 1920.", "On 23 May 1430, she was captured at Compiègne by the Burgundian faction, which was allied with the English. She was later handed over to the English and put on trial by the pro-English Bishop of Beauvais Pierre Cauchon on a variety of charges. After Cauchon declared her guilty she was burned at the stake on 30 May 1431, dying at about nineteen years of age.", "In 1909 Joan of Arc was famously beatified in the Notre Dame Cathedral by Pope Pius X.  The brave young girl who told all she had experienced visions from God, went on to assist the French in conflicts with English soldiers. The French trusted her word and ultimately won many battles against England. As a big fan of the royals she also played a part in the crowning of Charles Vll. However not everyone was convinced by her religious visions and beliefs and she was later killed by Burundians' who accused her of heresy and burned her at the stake.  It was not until 1456 that her name was cleared and she became known as an innocent martyr", "On Tuesday, May 29, 1431, the judges, after hearing Cauchon's report, condemned Joan as a relapsed heretic and delivered her to the English. The next morning at eight o'clock she was led out into the market place of Rouen to be burned at the stake. As the faggots were lighted, a Dominican friar, at her request, held up a cross before her eyes and, while the flames leapt higher and higher, she was heard to call on the name of Jesus. John Tressart, one of King Henry's secretaries, viewed the scene with horror and was probably joined in spirit by others when he exclaimed remorsefully, \"We are lost! We have burned a saint!\" Joan's ashes were cast into the Seine.", "* Joan of Arc- France, A peasant girl who led the French in the Hundred Years' War after she claimed saints told her it was God's will. Burned as a heretic she became a martyr, folk hero, and eventually a saint. She is now one of the patron saints of France.", "* 1456: Joan of Arc is posthumously acquitted of heresy by the Catholic Church, redeeming her status as the heroine of France.", "Joan of Arc is a French National Heroine who became a Saint of the Roman Catholic Church because of her great achievements. Joan was a simple peasant girl who rescued France from defeat in one of the darkest periods of the \"Hundred years' war\" with England. She led the French army to victory against the English and paved the way for the coronation of King Charles VII. Joan has become one of the most admired characters in European history.", "Joan of Arc, a patron saint of France and a national heroine, led the resistance to the English invasion of France in the Hundred Years War. She was born 6 January 1412 at Greux-Domremy, Lorraine, France; the third of five children to a farmer, Jacques Darc and his wife Isabelle de Vouthon in the town of Domremy on the border of provinces of Champagne and Lorraine. Her childhood was spent attending her father's herds in the fields and learning religion and housekeeping skills from her mother. When Joan was about 12 years old, she began hearing \"voices\" of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret believing them to have been sent by God. These voices told her that it was her divine mission to free her country from the English and help the dauphin gain the French throne. They told her to cut her hair, dress in man's uniform and to pick up the arms. So Joan scraped the sheep manure off her feet, cut her hair \"short and round in the fashion of young men\", went to her uncle, Robert de Baudricourt, and persuaded him to provide her an escort to Chinon. He gave her a horse and a dagger slender enough for her maiden's hand, along with a tunic and trousers, boots, and a boy's black cap. He heard her six-man escort swear an oath that they would see her safely to Chinon; they wrapped their horses' feet in rags to muffle their clops and set off.", "St. Germaine Cousin is the Patron Saint of unattractive people. She was a virgin who lived from 1579 to 1601. She was a daughter of a French farm worker, who lost her mother in infancy, and was born deformed and inflicted with an ugly disease. She was abused by her father and stepmother. She was made to sleep in the stable and was given tablescraps to eat. She received no schooling but she learned how to pray the Rosary. She constantly prayed. She was found dead at age 22. Next question.", "She was a 15th century saint and national heroine of France. She was tried and executed by the English for witchcraft when she was only 19 years old" ]

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[ "Mount St. Helens is most notorious for its catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 am PDT,[2] the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways, and 185 miles (298 km) of highway were destroyed. A massive debris avalanche triggered by an earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale, caused an eruption, reducing the elevation of the mountain's summit from 9,677 ft (2,950 m) to 8,365 ft (2,550 m) and replacing it with a 1 mile (1.6 km) wide horseshoe-shaped crater.[3] The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles (2.9 km3) in volume. The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for its aftermath to be scientifically studied.", "Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18, 1980, killing 57 people and eventually sending volcanic ash around the globe.", "Mount St. Helens is most famous for its catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 am PDT. which was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways, and 185 miles of highway were destroyed. The eruption caused a massive debris avalanche, reducing the elevation of the mountain's summit from 9,677 feet to 8,365 feet and replacing it with a 1 mile wide horseshoe-shaped crater.[3] The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles in volume. The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for its aftermath to be scientifically studied.", "On May 18, 1980 at 8:32 a.m., the earth rumbles underneath Mount St. Helens, a peak in Skamania County in southwestern Washington. Moments later an explosion blasts away a side of the mountain in a major volcanic eruption. The volcano causes the deaths of 57 people. The destruction is widespread but especially severe in Clark County as boiling gas and mud scour 200 square miles of forest and 30 miles of State Route 504. Some 1,000 miles of state highways and roads have to be closed, some for months, and highway repairs alone run into hundreds of millions of dollars.", "Mount St. Helens is most famous for its catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980. The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. (In 1912, Mount Katmai, Alaska, was the site of the largest volcanic eruption in U.S. history.) Fifty-seven people were killed; and 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways and 185 miles (300 km) of highway were destroyed. The eruption caused a massive debris avalanche, reducing the elevation of the mountain's summit from 9,677 feet (2,950 m) to 8,364 feet (2,550 m), and replacing it with a mile-wide (1.5 km-wide) horseshoe-shaped crater. The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles (2.3 km³) in volume, making it the largest in recorded history. However, the scale of the blast is considered minor when compared with past debris avalanches elsewhere on Earth.", "Mount St. Helens is most famous for its catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 am PDT which was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways, and 185 miles (298 km) of highway were destroyed. The eruption caused a massive debris avalanche, reducing the elevation of the mountain's summit from 9,677 feet (2,950 m) to 8,365 feet (2,550 m) and replacing it with a 1 mile (1.6 km) wide horseshoe-shaped crater. The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles (2.9 km3) in volume. The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for its aftermath to be scientifically studied.", "On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted. It's located in southwestern Washington State in the Cascade Range. The blast was heard as far away as Montana, Idaho, Canada and California. Fifty-seven people died and the eruption caused $1.2 billion in damage.", "Mount St. Helens erupted in Washington , U.S. on May 18 , 1980 — one of the biggest volcanic events ever recorded. Sixty-five people were killed, there were massive mudflows to the west, and ash fell to the east (in Yakima and Spokane ).", "Mount St. Helens is most notorious for its paroxysmic eruption on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 a.m. PDT, the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, of railways, and of highway were destroyed. A massive debris avalanche triggered by an earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale caused an eruption that reduced the elevation of the mountain's summit from to , replacing it with a wide horseshoe-shaped crater. The debris avalanche was up to in volume. The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for its aftermath to be scientifically studied.", "Mount St. Helens, Washington. The catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, was preceded by 2 months of intense activity that included more than 10,000 earthquakes, hundreds of small phreatic (steam-blast) explosions, and the outward growth of the volcano's entire north flank by more than 80 meters. A magnitude 5.1 earthquake struck beneath the volcano at 08:32 on May 18, setting in motion the devastating eruption.", "The cataclysmic eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, on May 18, 1980, formed a deep north-facing horseshoe-shaped crater. Small eruptions from 1980 to 1986 built a lava dome.  The lava dome can be seen here steaming within the crater.  (Photos by Austin Post and Lyn Topinka, USGS.)", "*Mount St. Helens, Washington - May 18, 1980. Volcano eruption destroyed 150 miles of forest, killed 68 persons, and resulted in damages of more than $1.8 million in property and crops.", "The May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens caused the volcano's north flank to collapse, triggering the largest landslide ever recorded. The blast killed 57 people, flattened 230 square miles (596 square kilometers) of forests and blew 1,300 feet (400 meters) off the peak.", "The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was the most significant to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states in recorded history (VEI = 5, 0.3 cu mi, 1.2 km3 of material erupted), exceeding the destructive power and volume of material released by the 1915 eruption of California's Lassen Peak. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the mountain that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens' north slope. An earthquake at 8:32 a.m. on May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam-rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. The rock responded by exploding into a very hot mix of pulverized lava and older rock that sped toward Spirit Lake so fast that it quickly passed the avalanching north face.", "The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was the most significant to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states in recorded history ( VEI = 5, 0.3 cu mi, 1.2 km3 of material erupted), exceeding the destructive power and volume of material released by the 1915 eruption of California 's Lassen Peak . The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam -venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the mountain that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens ' north slope. An earthquake at 8:32 a.m. on . May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam -rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. ^  ", "FILE - In this May 18, 1980 photo provided by the U.S. Geological Survey, Mount St. Helens erupts in Washington state, sending a plume of ash many miles skyward. May 18, 2015 is the 35th anniversary of the eruption that killed more than 50 people and blasted more than 1,300 feet off the mountain's peak. (USGS, Austin Post, via AP)", "I spent May 18, 2012 shooting Mount St. Helens on its 32nd Anniversary of the eruption. This is inside the crater, with dirty snow from blowing ash. The volcano erupted on May 18, 1980 and this place has always intrigued me so experiencing this was the highlight of my trip to Washington State.", "FILE - In this May 18, 1980 photo, Mount St. Helens sends a plume of ash, smoke and debris skyward as it erupts. May 18, 2015 is the 35th anniversary of the eruption that killed more than 50 people and blasted more than 1,300 feet off the mountain's peak. (AP Photo, file)", "Days after documents related to the unforgettable 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption topped this month’s Archives Treasures online poll, we’re kicking off the May edition of State Library Jewels with a collection of aerial photos of the world-famous mountain during and after it literally blew its top and knocked down or buried 230 square miles of forest beneath volcanic deposits. The eruption killed 57 people.", "Mount St. Helens, named by the English navigator George Vancouver for a British ambassador, had been dormant since 1857. An explosive steam eruption on March 27, 1980, was followed by alternating periods of quiescence and minor eruption. Pressure from rising magma within the volcano caused extensive fissures and the growth of a bulge on the north flank of the peak. On the morning of May 18, an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.1 on the Richter scale triggered a gigantic landslide on the mountain’s north face. The north slope fell away in an avalanche that was followed and overtaken by a lateral air blast, which carried a high-velocity cloud of superheated ash and stone outward some 15 miles (25 km) from the volcano’s summit; the blast reached temperatures of 660 °F (350 °C) and speeds of at least 300 miles (500 km) per hour. The avalanche and lateral blast were followed by mudflows, pyroclastic flows, and floods that buried the river valleys around Mount St. Helens in deep layers of mud and debris as far as 17 miles (27 km) away. Meanwhile, simultaneously with the blast, a vertical eruption of gas and ash formed a column some 16 miles (26 km) high that produced ash falls as far east as central Montana . Complete darkness occurred in Spokane , Washington, about 250 miles (400 km) northeast of the volcano.", "FILE - In this May 7, 2010 photo, a tree stump is shown in front of Mount St. Helens in Washington state. May 18, 2015 is the 35th anniversary of the eruption of Mount St. Helens that killed more than 50 people and blasted more than 1,300 feet off the mountain's peak. (AP Photo/Ted S. Warren, file)", "1980: Mount St. Helens in Washington state blew 1,300 feet off its top, killing 57 people and causing a midday darkness in towns 85 miles away.", "Mount St. Helens (8,364 feet, 9,677 feet before May 18, 1980) is located in southwestern Washington about 50 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon, and is one of several lofty volcanic peaks that dominate the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest. Geologists call Mount St. Helens a composite volcano (or stratovolcano), a term for steep-sided, often symmetrical cones constructed of alternating layers of lava flows, ash, and other volcanic debris. Composite volcanoes tend to erupt explosively and pose considerable danger to nearby life and property. In contrast, the gently sloping shield volcanoes, such as those in Hawaii, typically erupt nonexplosively, producing fluid lavas that can flow great distances from the active vents. Although Hawaiian-type eruptions may destroy property, they rarely cause death or injury.", "In 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted in one of the most deadly and costly volcanic eruptions in the United States ever. The eruption was particularly deadly since Mount St. Helens, one of the Cascade Range, is in a populated area between Portland, Oregon and Seattle, Washington. The eruption killed 57 people, destroyed 250 homes, and swept away 47 bridges. The elevation of the volcano dropped by over 400 meters (1,300 feet) because of the immense explosion created by the eruption. Today, Mt. St. Helens is still active (Figure 8.8).", "On May 18, 1980, the volcano was transformed. The catastrophic eruption, was preceded by 2 months of intense activity that included more than 10,000 earthquakes, hundreds of small phreatic (steam-blast) explosions, and the outward growth of the volcano's entire north flank by more than 260 feet. A magnitude 5.1 earthquake struck beneath the volcano at 8:32 a.m. on May 18, setting in motion the devastating eruption. Within seconds of the earthquake, the volcano's bulging north flank slid away in the largest landslide in recorded history, triggering a destructive, lethal lateral blast of hot gas, steam, and rock debris that swept across the landscape as fast as 680 miles per hour. Temperatures within the blast reached as high as 570 degrees Fahrenheit (300 degrees Celsius). Snow and ice on the volcano melted, forming torrents of water and rock debris that swept down river valleys leading from the volcano. Within minutes, a massive plume of ash thrust 15 miles into the sky, where the prevailing wind carried about 520 million tons of ash across 22,000 square miles of the Western United States.", "In late 2004, a slumbering giant began to stir. For the first time since 1986, Mount St. Helens, in Washington State, rumbled back to life. The most infamous volcano in the United States shook with small earthquakes as a lava dome grew in its crater and great bursts of steam shot skyward. For scientists, state officials, and local residents, this activity served as a reminder of the volcano's destructive potential. Back in 1980, Mount St. Helens released its pent-up fury with the force of a 400-megaton nuclear bomb. From the mountain's north side came a blast of superhot gas and ash that destroyed everything in an 18-mile (29-kilometer) path.", "The May 18 eruption sent volcanic ash, steam, water, and debris to a height of 60,000 feet (18,288 meters), while the mountain lost 1,300 feet (396 meters) of altitude. Fifty-seven people were killed or are still missing. USGS Photograph taken on May 18, 1980, by Robert Krimmel.", "1980: The previously dormant Mount St Helens in the north west US, erupted killing eight people and sending ash 60,000 feet up into the air which drifted hundreds of miles.", "Notable Statistic: The May 18, 1980 blast devastated 596 square kilometers (229 square miles) and destroyed timber valued at several million dollars. This was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States.", "5. By the middle of May on May 18th the pressure had built and Mount St. Helens experienced a huge eruption that created avalanches, explosions, large ash clouds, mudslides, and massive damage to the surrounding area.", "On May 18, a second earthquake, of magnitude 5.1, triggered a massive collapse of the north face of the mountain. It was the largest known debris avalanche in recorded history. The magma in St. Helens burst forth into a large-scale pyroclastic flow that flattened vegetation and buildings over . More than 1.5 million metric tons of sulfur dioxide were released into the atmosphere. On the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale, the eruption was rated a five (a Plinian eruption).", "By about 5:30 p.m. on May 18, the vertical ash column declined in stature, and less severe outbursts continued through the night and for the next several days. The St. Helens May 18 eruption released 24 megatons of thermal energy; it ejected more than of material. The removal of the north side of the mountain reduced St. Helens' height by about and left a crater to wide and deep, with its north end open in a huge breach. The eruption killed 57 people, nearly 7,000 big game animals (deer, elk, and bear), and an estimated 12 million fish from a hatchery. It destroyed or extensively damaged over 200 homes, of highway and 15 mi of railways." ]

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[ "In 1872 a Reno, Nevada tailor named Jacob Davis contacted Strauss regarding a type of men’s work pants he had been making for the miners, farmers and laborers that were his customers. Davis was a regular customer of Mr. Strauss, and had been purchasing bolts of heavy blue denim fabric—known as “jeans”—to make pants that could withstand the kind of abuse that came with manual labor. Davis had developed a way to make the pants even stronger by placing metal rivets at the “points of strain” on the pants; the corners of the pockets and the base of the button fly. The pants were hugely popular with his customer base, and Davis was interested in patenting them, but knew that he needed a well-established businessman to help market and produce them successfully. Strauss was intrigued by the idea, and eager to be involved. So it was that on May 20, 1873 Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis received United States patent # 139121 that called for the use of copper rivets to strengthen the pockets and fly of denim work pants. It was the birth of an American icon: the blue jean.", "Davis knew he had a virtual gold mine on his hands, but he worried about other people capitalizing on his innovation. Lacking the money at the time to file a patent on his invention, he approached Levi Strauss, the man who had supplied him with his raw materials for years. Strauss saw the brilliance in Davis’ design and agreed to enter into a partnership. On May 20, 1873, Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis were granted United States patent #139121 for using copper rivets to reinforce the pockets and other stress areas of denim work pants.", "Denim has been a part of California since the Gold Rush era. It was first developed in the 16th and 17th centuries in Genoa, Italy and Nimes, France; though unconfirmed, tradition has it that the word \"jeans\" comes from \"Genoa\" while \"de Nimes\" led to \"denim.\" The coarse cotton fabric was often used for working people's clothes. Denim gained a more prominent place in history when San Francisco dry goods wholesaler Levi Strauss agreed to apply for a patent together with Nevada tailor Jacob Davis, who had developed a method of reinforcing the pockets of work pants with copper rivets. On May 20, 1873, the US Patent and Trademark Office granted Patent #139,121 for an \"Improvement in Fastening Pocket-Openings.\" The pair's usually-denim \"waist overalls\" grew ever more successful. Today, the average American owns 7 pairs of jeans, California's cotton and jeans industries employ tens of thousands of people, and 75% of the world's designer jeans come from the Golden State. Denim apparel—both designer and tough working clothing—is now enduringly popular in wardrobes across the world.", "May 20, 1873 marked an historic day: the birth of the blue jean. It was on that day that Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis obtained a U.S. patent on the process of putting rivets in men’s work pants for the very first time.", "On this day in 1873, San Francisco businessman Levi Strauss and Reno, Nevada, tailor Jacob Davis are given a patent to create work pants reinforced with metal rivets, marking the birth of one of the world’s most famous garments: blue jeans.", "A big problem with the miners' clothes were the pockets, which easily tore away from the jeans. A man called Jacob Davis had the idea of using metal rivets (fasteners) to hold the pockets and the jeans together so that they wouldn't tear. Davis wanted to patent his idea, but he didn't have enough money, so in 1872, he wrote to Levi Strauss and offered Strauss a deal if Strauss would pay for the patent. Strauss accepted, and he started making copper-riveted 'waist overalls' (as jeans were called then).", "Around 1872, Levi received a letter from one of his customers, Jacob Davis, a Reno, Nevada tailor. In his letter, Davis disclosed the unique way he made pants for his customers, through the use of rivets at points of strain to make them last longer. Davis wanted to patent this new idea, but needed a business partner to get the idea off the ground. Levi was enthusiastic about the idea. The patent was granted to Jacob Davis and Levi Strauss & Company on May 20, 1873; and blue jeans were born.", "Levi jeans began as rugged attire that a Nevada tailor named Jacob Davis designed for wear by miners and other heavy laborers. Davis patented his idea for riveted denim pants with business partner Levi Strauss. What has become the classic Levi's jean was first produced in the early 1900s.", "Jacob Youphes was born in Latvia and changed his surname to Davis upon immigrating to the US in 1854. Löb Strauß came across the pond in 1847 from Bavaria, changed his forename to Levi, and started a dry goods shop in gold rush-era San Francisco. These two migrants would later join together to patent a simple but popular idea: copper riveting at the stress-points in work pants for increased durability. This innovation set the stage for blue jeans, one of the most popular items of clothing in history.", "With the patent secured, Levi hired Jacob Davis to oversee production of the riveted pants at the Levi Strauss & Co. San Francisco plant. Sometime during 1873, the first riveted clothing was made and sold. (the exact date was lost along with the company records in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire). Jacob Davis was in charge of manufacturing when Levi Strauss & Co. opened its two San Francisco factories.", "Over the years, denim trousers traveled from ship to shore. A German-born immigrant named Levi Strauss made his way to San Francisco in 1853, eager to expand his dry goods business into the Gold Rush areas of California. He soon met Jacob Davis, a Latvian-born tailor who bought canvas-type materials, including denim, from Strauss for various applications. Soon, however, he was making pants out of the stuff to replace the cotton trousers that miners found nearly useless under heavy use. As tough as the canvas and denim were, they still ripped in particular places, like the pockets.", "One of the men was Levi Strauss (1829-1902), whose name lives on through Levi Strauss & Company.  The other patent recipient was Jacob Davis, the tailor who actually invented the denim pant with rivets. So what happened to Jacob Davis and why was he largely forgotten?", "Jacob Davis was a tailor working in Reno, Nevada, often making denim pants for miners and other heavy laborers. He had the idea of adding copper rivets to the pants after a customer requested that Davis make his pants as sturdy as possible. Davis earned many sales from the idea and decided to patent his riveted pants.", "Jacob Davis, a Latvian Jewish immigrant, was a Reno, Nevada tailor who frequently purchased bolts of cloth made from denim from Levi Strauss & Co.’s wholesale house. After one of Davis’ customers kept purchasing cloth to reinforce torn pants, he had an idea to use copper rivets to reinforce the points of strain, such as on the pocket corners and at the base of the button fly. Davis did not have the required money to purchase a patent, so he wrote to Strauss suggesting that they go into business together. After Levi accepted Jacob’s offer, on May 20, 1873, the two men received U.S. Patent 139,121 from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The patented rivet was later incorporated into the company’s jean design and advertisements", "laborers, reinforcing the weak points in the seams and pockets with copper rivets. In 1872, he teamed up with fabric supplier Strauss to create and patent trousers, riveted for strength, made of brown cotton duck and blue denim. In 1873 the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office granted them a patent. That same year, Davis began sewing a double-stitched orange design on the back pocket of the jeans to distinguish them.", "One of Levi's many customers was a tailor named Jacob Davis. Originally from Latvia, Jacob lived in Reno, Nevada, and regularly purchased bolts of cloth from the wholesale house of Levi Strauss & Co. Among Jacob's customers was a difficult man who kept ripping the pockets of the pants that Jacob made for him. Jacob tried to think of a way to strengthen the man's trousers, and one day hit upon the idea of putting metal rivets at the points of strain, such as on the pocket corners and at the base of the button fly.", "1871 Jacob who was using rivets on horse blankets, decides to try them on pant pockets for strength", "Given the number of businesses that had sprouted up to support the miners as well as the rail workers, there were plenty of companies making work clothes.  Some of them began to copy Davis’ pants and use rivets, and Davis didn’t want to lose his rights to the design.  Still operating from his shop in Reno, he applied for a patent but was turned down.  He  began to worry about the time it would take for him to start the process again.", "The Collins Mfg. Co. was founded in 1826 , and incorporated as the Collins Co. in 1834 . They made monkey wrenches patented by L. Jordan and L.E. Smith in 1865 . They also used Luke Chapman's patent of 1869 , 1870 , and 1881 . Wrench patents granted to Chapman in 1872 and 1873 resulted in litigation with Coe's . Details of that litigation are shown in Ken Cope's book , \"American Wrench Makers \". A wrench like the one shown here was pictured in Scientific American in 1867 .", "1872 Jacob wrote a letter to Levi suggests that they hold the riveted pants patent rights together.", "In 1870 a woman entered Davis’ Reno shop and entreated him to make a sturdy pair of work pants for her husband whom she said wore out his clothing very quickly.  She must have mentioned weak pocket structure; men of the time were very likely to use their pockets to hold  tools, and as a result the patch pockets often ripped off.", "One other change to the pants occurred in the first year and is still part of the item today.  When other pant makers began to imitate the “waist overalls” as they were called, Davis added a double arch of stitching on the back of the pockets; he wanted a way to distinguish the pants from the work of competitors.  That double-stitched double arch is the oldest apparel trademark still in use today.", "After the riveted pants proved an instant success in Reno, Davis approached the company's namesake about joining him on the patent and beginning the large-scale manufacture of denim “waist overalls.”", "Forty-two years later, Whitcomb Judson, who invented a pneumatic street railway, marketed a \"Clasp Locker\". The device served as a (more complicated) hook-and-eye shoe fastener. With the support of businessman Colonel Lewis Walker, Judson launched the Universal Fastener Company to manufacture the new device. The clasp locker had its public debut at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair and met with little commercial success. Judson is sometimes given credit as the inventor of the zipper, but he never made a practical device.", "The first device remotely resembling today's zipper was the \"Automatic Continuous Clothing Closure,\" patented by Elias Howe in 1851. Howe never marketed his device, however, as he was too busy working on his sewing machine at the time.", "With support from an old associate, Harry L. Earle, and with financial backing from a Pennsylvania lawyer, Colonel Lewis A. Walker, Judson formed the Universal Fastener Company in Hoboken, New Jersey to take advantage of the patents. While he continued to make improvements, Judson’s early fasteners did not sell well. They had a tendency to pop open and tear the fabric, and the selling price was exceedingly high in order to match labor costs. In 1902, Judson patented a “Chain Making Machine” to speed up the process of making the fastener [6]. Nevertheless, the product and the machine remained unreliable. Finally, in 1904 he created a design using hooks and eyes connected to a fabric tape, which could then be attached to shoes and garments. Judson’s new design made the first commercial introduction of the fastener possible [7].", "Elias Howe, who invented the modern lockstitch loop sewing machine , patented the first zipper in November of 1851. According to his original patent, available for viewing at the US Patent and Trademark Office , he called the device a \"Fastening for Garments, Etc.\" Instead of joining two rows of teeth, as modern zippers do, Howe's design involved distributing closure clips evenly along the area to be closed. At the time he invented the zipper, Howe was focused on marketing his sewing machine. He never pursued further developments in the \"Fastening for Garments.\"", "Ramona: You will see evidence of the cooper's trade everywhere. Every shop you go into. Sometimes you may not see it, because you're not looking for it, but it's there. You go into the shoemakers, they have tubs that they are putting the leather in to soften when they are making soles and working with all of this and working it to a certain shape.", "Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which used standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government.", "In 1759, Jedediah Strutt patented and built a machine called the Derby Rib Attachment that revolutionised the manufacture of hose. This attachment was used on the Rev. Lee's Framework Knitting Machine; it was placed in front of – and worked in unison with – Lee's Frame, to produce ribbed hose (stockings). The partners were Jedediah Strutt, William Woollatt (who had been joined in 1758 by John Bloodworth and Thomas Stafford, all leading hosiers in Derby). The patent was obtained in January 1759. After three years, Bloodworth and Stafford were paid off, and Samuel Need – a hosier of Nottingham – joined the partnership. The firm was known as Need, Strutt and Woollatt. The patent expired in 1773, though the partnership continued until 1781 when Need died.", "Other early leather preserving products included the Irish brand Punch, which was first made in 1851. In 1889, an English man by the name of William Edward Wren, started making shoe polishes and dubbin under the brand name Wren's. In just 3 years, he won the “First in the Field – First Award Leather Trades Exhibition 1892″ award which was awarded by the Leather Trades Exhibition held in Northampton, the centre of Britain’s boot making industry. This signified the importance and prestige of the exhibition in the trade and was a recognition of Wren's quality. In 1890 the Kroner Brothers established EOS, a shoe polish factory in Berlin, which serviced the Prussian military. It finally closed in 1934 when the Nazis forbade Jews to operate a business. The German brand, Erdal, went on sale in 1901.", "The first large manufacturing business in Huntington was the Ensign Car Works, founded in Huntington in 1872 by Ely Ensign and William H. Barnum, who managed a car wheel manufacturing company, the Barnum and Richardson Company, in Connecticut. The company was incorporated on November 1, 1872. Financing was provided primarily by Barnum and Collis P. Huntington, who was one of the principals in the Central Pacific Railroad and founder of the City of Huntington. " ]

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[ "The Merchant of Venice is named Antonio, a prominant figure in Italy and a honest, upstanding citizen. His role in the play is major, as he wishes to help his bankrupt friend Bassanio with the money needed to woo a wealthy heiress, Portia. However, Antonio has no liquid capital, and so he secures a loan from the money-lender Shylock, leaving the infamous \"pound of flesh\" listed as security. Antonio's subsequent monetary troubles drive the story as Shylock attempts to collect his due.", "Shylock, the Jewish moneylender in The Merchant of Venice who famously demands a pound of flesh as security for a loan to his antisemitic tormentors, is one of Shakespeare’s most complex and idiosyncratic characters. With his unsettling eloquence and his varying voices of protest, play, rage, and refusal, Shylock remains a source of perennial fascination. What explains the strange and enduring force of this character, so unlike that of any other in Shakespeare’s plays? Kenneth Gross posits that the figure of Shylock is so powerful because he is the voice of Shakespeare himself.", "Crisscrossed with canals, the cluster of islands within Venice are home to vast piazzas, marble palaces and winding narrow streets. Shakespeare’s romantic comedy, The Merchant of Venice, unfolds in the 16th century city, focussing on the story’s merchant, Antonio; his friend, Bassanio; the romantic interest, Portia; and the moneylender, Shylock.", "Shylock is a character in William Shakespeare's play, The Merchant of Venice. A Venetian Jewish moneylender, Shylock is the play's principal antagonist. His defeat and conversion to Christianity forms the climax of the story.", "In The Merchant of Venice, Shylock is a Jewish moneylender who lends money to his Christian rival, Antonio , setting the bond at a pound of Antonio's flesh. When a bankrupt Antonio defaults on the loan, Shylock demands the pound of flesh, as revenge for Antonio having previously insulted and spat on him. Meanwhile, his daughter, Jessica, elopes with Antonio's friend Lorenzo and becomes a Christian, further fuelling Shylock's rage.", "Bassanio, a young Venetian of noble rank, wishes to woo the beautiful and wealthy heiress Portia of Belmont. Having squandered his estate, Bassanio approaches his friend Antonio, a wealthy merchant of Venice and a kind and generous person, who has previously and repeatedly bailed him out, for three thousand ducats needed to subsidise his expenditures as a suitor. Antonio agrees, but since he is cash-poor - his ships and merchandise are busy at sea - he promises to cover a bond if Bassanio can find a lender, so Bassanio turns to the Jewish moneylender Shylock and names Antonio as the loan's guarantor.", "The real evil in The Merchant of Venice is the corrupt value system of the principal Christian characters who are, of course, representative of people in Shakespeare�s time. Antonio, the merchant of the title, is among the worst of the lot. Although he enjoys a sterling reputation among fellow Christians as a righteous, self-sacrificing citizen and friend�a Christ figure, even�he despises Shylock primarily because he is a Jew; Antonio, thus, is a true bigot. �Thou call�dst me dog before thou hadst just cause� (3.3.9), Shylock complains to Antonio. Behind Shylock�s back, Antonio ridicules him as a moneylender, then without qualm enters into a loan agreement with him on behalf of wastrel Bassanio, pledging�at Shylock�s suggestion�a pound of his own flesh as security for Bassanio�s against the day when Antonio�s bounty-laden ships arrive with riches to repay the loan. In Act 1, Shylock�who, unlike the Christians, never lies and always speaks his mind�calls attention to Antonio�s tartuffery:", "The Merchant of Venice is a 2004 romantic drama film based on Shakespeare's play of the same name. In 16th century Venice, when a merchant must default on a large loan from an abused Jewish moneylender for a friend with romantic ambitions, the bitterly vengeful creditor demands a gruesome payment instead. This 2004 movie version includes a legendary list of actors, including Al Pacino as Shylock, Jeremy Irons as Antonio, and Joseph Fiennes as Bassanio.", "of Venice.’ There a Jewish creditor demands a pound of flesh of a defaulting Christian debtor, and the latter is rescued through the advocacy of ‘the lady of Belmont.’ A similar story figures in the ‘Gesta Romanorum,’ while the tale of the caskets is told independently in another portion of the same work. But Shakespeare's ‘Merchant’ owes much to other sources, including more than one old play. Stephen Gosson describes in his ‘Schoole of Abuse’ (1579) a lost play called ‘the Jew .… showne at the Bull [inn] .… representing the greedinesse of worldly chusers and bloody mindes of usurers.’ This description suggests that the two stories of the pound of flesh and the caskets had been combined before. The scenes in Shakespeare's play in which Antonio negotiates with Shylock are roughly anticipated, too, by dialogues between a Jewish creditor Gerontus and a Christian debtor in the extant play of ‘The Three Ladies of London,’ by R[obert] W[ilson] 1584.", "Merchant of Venice – Shylock, the Jewish merchant from the William Shakespeare play. A standard Venetian costume of the Tudor period will suffice.", "The Merchant of Venice is a tragic comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1596 and 1598.", "...Shylock is “The Merchant of Venice” In William Shakespeare’s “The Merchant of Venice,\" there are many themes, symbols and words alike which take on a complex and dual nature. Not only can lines in the play be interpreted by the audience in multiple ways, they are meant to have multiple meanings. This duality can be seen in the characters as well. Shylock is portrayed as both a victim and a villain...", "The Merchant of Venice has created a great deal of debate over how fair it is to its Jewish villain Shylock. Shakespeare often wrote villains with understandable grievances, and Shylock is no exception. He is given a famous monologue in which he eloquently complains about the many injustices he has suffered for his faith, which puts his actions in the light of racist persecution. However, critics nonetheless argue that the play's plot is anti-semitic, what with the \"Happy Ending\" being Shylock's forced conversion to Christianity with his daughter happily married to a Christian. What makes it seem fair is that despite being the Big Bad , Shylock gets to live, albeit as a convert and the play has an aesop about Christianity, unlike other religions, being more merciful.", "of Venice By Raghav Kaushik [KorektPhool] In Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice, the character of Shylock is partially responsible for... his own downfall. Shylock is a victim of a society that values trade over human life; he falls foul to a city that regards Jews such as himself as inferiors; and even the intricate details of the law plays a part in his demise. It is true that Shylock feeds fat to the fire by treating the Christians with contempt; and his strong determination to dispose of...", "If The Merchant of Venice gives us an ending distinguished by its capacity to 'keep going' into and through incipient disaster, it also excludes one character from the bonhomie of festivity. Shylock is the clearest example of what Northrop Frye calls the 'scapegoat' figure, upon whose distress the comedy is secured. Compassionate actors and critics have seen Shylock's fate as too harsh for a comedy, but in the moral stresses of the play it is defensible. Shakespeare, by the very direction of his comedy, has played advocate on behalf of love and forgiveness, though he has tested them both thoroughly, and he has placed himself against a devil who respects only the 'compulsion' of the law without recognising any concept of mercy:", "The passage of time in The Merchant of Venice is peculiar. In Venice, the three months that Antonio has to pay the debt go by quickly, while only days seem to pass in Belmont. Shakespeare juggles these differing chronologies by using Salarino and Solanio to fill in the missing Venetian weeks.", "Above all is it of interest to note that Shakespeare in ‘The Merchant of Venice’ betrayed for the last time his discipleship to Marlowe. Although the delicate comedy which lightens the serious interest of Shakespeare's play sets it in a different category from that of Marlowe's ‘Jew of Malta,’ the humanised portrait of the Jew Shylock embodies reminiscences of Marlowe's caricature of the Jew Barabbas. Doubtless the popular interest aroused by the trial in February 1594 and the execution in June of the queen's Jewish physician, Roderigo Lopez [q. v.], incited Shakespeare to a new and subtler study of Jewish character (cf. ‘The Original of Shylock,’ by the present writer, in Gent. Mag. February 1880; Dr. H. Graetz, Shylock in den Sagen, in den Dramen und in der Geschichte, Krotoschin, 1880; and New Shakespere Soc. Trans. 1887–92, pt. ii. pp. 158–92). The main interest of the ‘Merchant’ culminates in the trial scene and Shylock's discomfiture, but there is an ease in the transition to the gently poetic and humorous incidents of the concluding act which attests a rare mastery of stagecraft. The ‘Venesyon Comedy,’ which Henslowe, the manager, produced at the Rose on 25 Aug. 1594, was probably the earliest version of the ‘Merchant of Venice.’ It was not published till 1600, when two editions appeared, each printed from a different stage-copy.", "Shylock is “The Merchant of Venice” In William Shakespeare’s “The Merchant of Venice,\" there are many themes, symbols and words alike... which take on a complex and dual nature. Not only can lines in the play be interpreted by the audience in multiple ways, they are meant to have multiple meanings. This duality can be seen in the characters as well. Shylock is portrayed as both a victim and a villain and our sense of him evolves as his character is revealed to us as “The Merchant of Venice...", "...The Merchant of Venice Essay ‘Shylock was justified in taking revenge on Antonio.’ Do you agree? In ‘The Merchant of Venice’ by William Shakespeare, Shylock the Jew is portrayed as the antagonist of the story. Cunning, vengeful and cruel are words you may use to describe this malicious character, but does he really deserve this reputation? Upon the mention of Shylock, the saying ‘Never judge a book by its cover’ comes to...", "...5. The real evil in The Merchant of Venice is the corrupt value system of the principal Christian characters. Discuss this proposition in light of the evidence from the play. Throughout William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice the antagonist appears to be Shylock and his desire for revenge. However, as the text goes further, it becomes clear that the real evil in The Merchant of Venice is the corrupt...", "An Analysis of the Character of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare | Kibin", "Shylock was a Jewish man living in a time when the Jewish religion was considered evil. He was ridiculed by everyone in the city including Antonio. This is who Antonio and Bassiano go to to borrow money from. Shylock saw his chance to seek revenge without punishment. He agrees to loan the money on the condition if it is not paid back within 3 months then Antonio will owe him a pound of his own flesh.", "From Shakespeare's The merchant of Venice by Richard Jones and Franklin T. Baker. New York: D. Appleton and Company.", "86. A character in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice shares a name with a character in Julius Caesar. What name?", "Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. Felix E. Schelling. New York: American Book Co., 1903. Shakespeare Online. 20 Feb. 2011. (date when you accessed the information) < http://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/merchant_2_2.html >.", "...Merchant of Venice Essay The Merchant of Venice is a Shakespearian play whose plot is centered around love and loss. Throughout the play Shakespeare satirizes Jewish stereotypes and depicts acts of extreme bigotry, this has lead to a significant amount of debate as to whether or not Shakespeare was antiemetic. However when one makes a detailed analysis of the text it becomes increasingly evident that Shakespeare holds a...", "Rich, Jennifer. \"The Merchant Formerly Known as Jew: Redefining the Rhetoric of Merchantry in Shaksepeare�s Merchant of Venice.\" Early Modern Literary Studies 13.3 (2008): n. pag. Web. 22 Oct. 2010.", "Rich, Jennifer. \"The Merchant Formerly Known as Jew: Redefining the Rhetoric of Merchantry in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.\" Early Modern Literary Studies: A Journal of Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century English Literature, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 2.1-19, Jan 2008", "In all of Shakespeare there are just two male Jewish characters, both found in The Merchant of Venice.", "Lim, Walter S.H. \"Surety and Spiritual Commercialism in The Merchant of Venice.\" Studies in English Literature 1500-1900 50.2 (2010): 355-382. Project Muse. Web. 22 Oct. 2010.", "What is the significance of the title, \"The merchant of Venice\" in the play of the same name?", "All of the dates and names I mentioned throughout this entry are compiled here: The Merchant of Venice" ]

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[ "In Greek mythology, Prometheus (Ancient Greek: Προμηθεύς, \"forethought\") is a Titan known for his wily intelligence, who stole fire from Zeus and gave it to mortals for their use. He was then punished for his crime by Zeus. His myth has been treated by a number of ancient sources, in which Prometheus is credited with (or blamed for) playing a pivotal role in the early history of humankind.", "Prometheus (Ancient Greek Προμηθεύς \"Forethinker\") is a Titan of Greek mythology, the son of Iapetus and Themis , and brother to Atlas , Epimetheus and Menoetius . A Trickster figure, he was a champion of mankind known for his wily intelligence , who stole fire from Zeus and the gods and gave it to mortals. Zeus then punished him for his crime by having him bound to a rock while a great eagle (or vulture) ate his liver every day only to have it grow back to be eaten again the next day. The Greek derivation of Prometheus from the Greek pro (before) + manthano (learn) and the agent suffix -eus, thus \"Forethinker\", which engendered a contrasting brother Epimetheus (\"Afterthinker\"), has been disputed by some linguists who believe that the name comes from the Proto-Indo-European root which also produces the Vedic pra math, \"to steal,\" hence pramathyu-s, \"thief\", whence \"Prometheus\", the thief of fire. The Vedic myth of fire's theft by Mātariśvan ( Agni ) is an analog to the account found in Greek myth and to these etymological cognates, can be added pramantha, the tool used to create fire.", "Prometheus ( ; , meaning \"forethought\") is a Titan in Greek mythology, best known as the deity in Greek mythology who was the creator of mankind and its greatest benefactor, who stole fire from Mount Olympus and gave it to mankind.", "Prometheus ((Greek mythology) the Titan who stole fire from Olympus and gave it to mankind; Zeus punished him by chaining him to a rock where an eagle gnawed at his liver until Hercules rescued him)", "A Titan who stole fire from Olympus and gave it to humankind, for which Zeus chained him to a rock and sent an eagle to eat his liver, which grew back daily.", "In Greek mythology Prometheus was a Titan who stole fire from the gods and gave it to humankind.", "In Greek mythology, Prometheus is the Titan chiefly honored for stealing fire from Zeus in the stalk of a fennel plant and giving it to mortals for their use. For that, Zeus ordered him to be chained on top of the Caucasus. Every day an eagle would come and eat his liver, but since Prometheus was immortal, his liver always grew back, so he was left to bear the pain every day. He is depicted as an intelligent and cunning figure who had sympathy for humanity. To this day, the term Promethean refers to events or people of great creativity, intellect, and boldness.", "Prometheus, who used his cunning to steal fire from the gods and give it to humans.", "(Greek myth) a Titan, who stole fire from Olympus to give to mankind and in punishment was chained to a rock, where an eagle tore at his liver until Hercules freed him", "The myth itself is this: Prometheus, a Titan, is credited with having made the human race out of clay. According to Edith Hamilton's book \"Mythology,\" the name Prometheus means \"forethought,\" and he was \"very wise, wiser even than the gods.\" Prometheus was said to have been so enthralled by his human creation that he stole fire from the gods to help the humans along. Zeus punished Prometheus for his crime with an unimaginable torture -- chaining him to a rock and having an eagle eat his liver. The organ grew back at night, and every day, the eagle came back to peck it out.", "As a result of the trick at Mecone, Zeus was infuriated and decided to hide fire from mortals as punishment. Prometheus , in an effort to help humanity again, managed to steal fire back and give it to humans. More enraged, the father of gods asked Hephaestus to create Pandora , the first woman, who according to Hesiod, would bring troubles to mankind. He also punished Prometheus by having him chained to a rock, where an eagle ate his liver during the day, and the liver was regenerated during the night due to Prometheus ' immortality. He was later saved by the demigod Hercules.", "Hercules came to the rock on Mount Caucasus where Prometheus was chained. Prometheus, a trickster who made fun of the gods and stole the secret of fire from them, was sentenced by Zeus to a horrible fate. He was bound to the mountain, and every day a monstrous eagle came and ate his liver, pecking away at Prometheus' tortured body. After the eagle flew off, Prometheus' liver grew back, and the next day he had to endure the eagle's painful visit all over again. This went on for 30 years, until Hercules showed up and killed the eagle.", "Prometheus - Prometheus was the wisest Titan, known as the friend and benefactor of humanity.He stole the sacred fire from Zeus and the gods. He also tricked the gods so that they should get the worst parts of any animal sacrificed to them, and human beings the best.", "Zeus was furious that Prometheus tried to trick him and therefore decided to withdraw the gift of fire to humankind. Man can get the best part of the meat but will have to eat it raw. However, Prometheus stole the fire away from the flaming chariot of Helius (the Sun) and hid in a the hollow stalk of a plant. He then happily sped to man with this heavenly gift of fire.", "Prometheus, in his longing to push the development of the man, steals from heaven the sacred fire by keeping it inside of a stalk of fennel, or in other words, a reed. This is the Greek way of represented the taking of the rib from Adam.", "The Modern Prometheus is the novel's subtitle (though some modern editions now drop the subtitle, mentioning it only in an introduction). Prometheus, in later versions of Greek mythology, was the Titan who created mankind at the behest of Zeus. He made a being in the image of the gods that could have a spirit breathed into it. Prometheus taught man to hunt, read, and heal their sick, but after he tricked Zeus into accepting poor-quality offerings from humans, Zeus kept fire from mankind. Prometheus, being the creator, took back the fire from Zeus to give to man. When Zeus discovered this, he sentenced Prometheus to be eternally punished by fixing him to a rock of Caucasus, where each day an eagle would peck out his liver, only for the liver to regrow the next day because of his immortality as a god. He was intended to suffer alone for eternity, but eventually Heracles (Hercules) released him.", "\"[Constellation] Arrow. This arrow, they say, is one of the weapons of Hercules, with which he is said to have killed the Eagle which ate the liver of Prometheus . . . Prometheus he [Zeus] bound with an iron chain to a mountain in Scythia named Caucasus for thirty thousand years, as Aeschylus, writer of tragedies, says. Then, too, he sent an Eagle to him to eat out his liver which was constantly renewed at night. Some have said that this eagle was born from Typhon and Echidna, other from Terra (Earth) [Gaia] and Tartarus, but many point out it was made by the hands of Vulcanus [Hephaistos (Hephaestus)] and given life by Jove [Zeus] . . . But to come back to the beginning of the inquiry and the death of the eagle. Hercules, when sent by Eurystheus for the apples of the Hesperides, out of ignorance of the way came to Prometheus, who was bound on Mount Caucasus, as we have shown above. When victor, he returned to Prometheus to tell him that that Draco (Dragon) we have mentioned was slain, and to thank him for his kindness since he had pointed out the way. Straightway he gave what honour he could to the one that deserved it, for he killed the eagle and since it was slain, men began, when victims were sacrificed, to offer livers on the altars of the gods to satisfy them in place of the liver of Prometheus.\"", "Prometheus Son of Iapetus, his name means \"forethought.\" He endlessly took the side of mortal humans against the gods, giving them the divine fire, showing them how to trick the gods into accepting an inferior sacrifice, etc. In punishment, Zeus chained him to a rock, where his liver was eaten out by an eagle every day until Heracles killed the bird and freed him.", "On his journey, at Caucasus Mountains, he killed the Caucasian Eagle that fed on Prometheus' liver and freed the Titan from his bond. Prometheus told him that the tree and apples were guarded by Ladon , a dragon or serpent. The Titan advised him to let his brother Atlas to fetch the apples, to avoid Ladon.", "Zeus was  upset at having his plan thwarted.  Prometheus had refused a direct “gift” from the chief God, after all.  At Zeus order Prometheus was chained to a rock in the Caucasus Mountains where his torture was to be carried out. Every day a great Eagle would come to Prometheus and eat his liver, leaving only at nightfall when the liver would begin to grow back once more.  At daybreak, the eagle would return to the chained Prometheus and again attack his body, eating his liver.  The daily ritual would repeat itself into eternity...or so it seemed.  ", "When Prometheus had to be punished for defying Zeus, an eagle was sent to torment the Rebel-God. Zeus had Prometheus chained to the Caucasus Mountains and then sent an eagle to tear at Prometheus's liver ... each day the eagle would eat away Prometheus's liver and each night it would grow back. This went on for thirteen generations of mortal men. Finally, Herakles, as the son of Zeus, was permitted to kill the eagle and free Prometheus from his bonds.", "Zeus instructed Hephaistos to chain Prometheus to the Caucasus Mountains where he was to remain for thirteen generations of mortal men. To further the punishment, Zeus sent one of his eagles to eat at Prometheus's liver ... the eagle would rip out the immortal flesh every day but it would grow back every night so the divine bird could begin the torment again on the following day.", "When the Titans revolted against Zeus, Atlas was doomed to stand forever bearing the vault of the heavens on his shoulders. Prometheus, who had been neutral during revolt but was resentful of the gods, created men from clay and brought them fire. An angry Zeus, swearing to annihilate the human race, bound Prometheus so that every day an eagle ate his liver, but every night it grew back only to be eaten once more. He continued to defy the gods of Olympus but was eventually rescued by Hercules and became an immortal.", "When the Titans revolted against Zeus, Atlas was doomed to stand forever bearing the vault of the heavens on his shoulders. Prometheus, who had been neutral during revolt but was resentful of the gods, created men from clay and brought them fire. An angry Zeus, swearing to annihilate the human race, bound Prometheus so that every day an eagle ate his liver, but every night it grew back only to be eaten once more. He continued to defy the gods of Olympus but was eventually rescued by Hercules and became an immortal.", "Zeus was angry at Prometheus for three things: being tricked by the sacrifices, stealing fire for man, and refusing to tell Zeus which of Zeus's children would dethrone him. Zeus had his servants, Force and Violence, seize Prometheus, take him to the Caucasus Mountains, and chain him to a rock with unbreakable adamanite chains. Here he was tormented day and night by a giant eagle tearing at his liver. Zeus gave Prometheus two ways out of this torment. He could tell Zeus who the mother of the child that would dethrone him was, or meet two conditions. The first was that an immortal must volunteer to die for Prometheus, and the second was that a mortal must kill the eagle and unchain him. Eventually, Chiron the Centaur agreed to die for him and Heracles killed the eagle and unbound him.", "Zeus was angry at Prometheus for three things: being tricked by the scarifices, stealing fire for man, and refusing to tell Zeus which of Zeus's children would dethrone him. Zeus had his servants, Force and Violence, seize Prometheus, take him to the Caucasus Mountains, and chain him to a rock with unbreakable adamanite chains. Here he was tormented day and night by a giant eagle tearing at his liver. Zeus gave Prometheus two ways out of this torment. He could tell Zeus who the mother of the child that would dethrone him was, or meet two conditions. The first was that an immortal must volunteer to die for Prometheus, and the second was that a mortal must kill the eagle and unchain him. Eventually, Chiron the Centaur agreed to die for him and Heracles killed the eagle and unbound him.", "\"[Herakles] killed the eagle [which fed on the liver of Prometheus] and since it was slain, men began, when victims were sacrificed, to offer livers on the altars of the gods to satisfy them in place of the liver of Prometheus.\"", "Zeus was enraged and decided to punish Prometheus and his creation: mankind. To punish Prometheus, Zeus chained him in unbreakable fetters and set an eagle over him to eat his liver each day, as the eagle is Zeus' sacred animal. Prometheus was an immortal, so the liver grew back every day, but he was still tormented daily from the pain, until he was freed by Heracles during The Twelve Labours.", "Zeus was enraged and decided to punish Prometheus and his creation: mankind.  To punish Prometheus, Zeus chained him in unbreakable fetters and set an eagle over him to eat his liver each day, as the eagle is Zeus’s sacred animal.  Prometheus was an immortal, so the liver grew back every day, but he was still tormented daily from the pain, until he was freed by Heracles during The Twelve Labors.  Another possible reason for Prometheus’s torment was because he know which of Zeus’s lovers would bear a child who would eventually overthrow Zeus.  Zeus commanded that Prometheus reveal the name of the mother, but Prometheus refused, instead choosing to suffer the punishment.", "\"Mercurius [Hermes], at Jove's [Zeus'] command, bound him [Prometheus] with iron spikes to a cliff on Mount Caucasus, and set an Eagle to eat out his heart; as much as it devoured in the day, so much grew again at night. After 30,000 years Hercules killed this eagle and freed Prometheus.\"", "For this Zeus punished Prometheus by having him chained to a rock with an eagle tearing at his liver. He was to be left there for all eternity or until he agreed to disclose to Zeus which of Zeus children would try to replace him. He was eventually rescued by Hercules without giving in to Zeus.", "Son of the Titan Iapetus and the Ocean-nymph Clymene, brother of Atlas, Menoetius, and Epimetheus, father of Deucalion (q.v.). The most ancient account of him, as given by Hesiod [Theog. 521-616) is as follows. When the gods, after their conquest of the Titans, were negotiating with mankind about the honour to be paid them, Prometheus was charged with the duty of dividing a victim offered in sacrifice to the gods. He endeavoured to impose upon Zeus by dividing it in such a way as cleverly to conceal the half which consisted of flesh and the edible vitals under the skin of the animal, and to lay thereon the worst part, the stomach, while he heaped the bones together and covered them with fat." ]

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[ "Besides Mickey's gloves and shoes, he typically wears only a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front. Although the animated Mickey was seen only in black and white for over seven years, [8] print images confirmed that the shorts were red. When Mickey is not wearing his red shorts, he is often still wearing red clothing. This includes a red bandmaster coat ( The Band Concert , The Mickey Mouse Club ), red overalls ( Clock Cleaners , Boat Builders ), a red cloak ( Fantasia , Fun and Fancy Free ), a red coat ( Squatter's Rights , Mickey's Christmas Carol ), and a red shirt (Mickey Down Under, The Simple Things ).", "Besides Mickey's gloves and shoes, he typically wears only a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front. Although the animated Mickey was seen only in black and white for over seven years, [10] print images confirmed that the shorts were red. When Mickey is not wearing his red shorts, he is often still wearing red clothing. This includes a red bandmaster coat ( The Band Concert , The Mickey Mouse Club ), red overalls ( Clock Cleaners , Boat Builders ), a red cloak ( Fantasia , Fun and Fancy Free ), a red coat ( Squatter's Rights , Mickey's Christmas Carol ), and a red shirt (Mickey Down Under, The Simple Things ).", "Besides Mickey's gloves and shoes, he typically wears only a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front. Before Mickey was seen regularly in color animation, Mickey's shorts were either red, or a dull blue-green. With the advent of Mickey's color films, the shorts were always red. When Mickey is not wearing his red shorts, he is often still wearing red clothing such as a red bandmaster coat (The Band Concert, The Mickey Mouse Club), red overalls (Clock Cleaners, Boat Builders), a red cloak (Fantasia, Fun and Fancy Free), a red coat (Squatter's Rights, Mickey's Christmas Carol), or a red shirt (Mickey Down Under, The Simple Things).", "Mickey Mouse is a cartoon character created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at The Walt Disney Studio. Mickey is an anthropomorphic black mouse and typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves. He is one of the most recognizable cartoon characters in the world and is the mascot of The Walt Disney Company, the world's largest media conglomerate in terms of annual revenue.", "Mickey Mouse is a funny animal cartoon character and the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company . He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928. An anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey has become one of the world's most recognizable characters.", "Goofy is a cartoon character created in 1932 at Walt Disney Productions. Goofy is a tall, anthropomorphic dog, and typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora. Goofy is a close friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck and is one of Disney's most popular characters. He is normally characterized as extremely clumsy and having little intelligence, yet this interpretation isn't always definitive; occasionally Goofy is shown as intuitive and clever, albeit in his own unique, eccentric way.", "Goofy is a funny animal cartoon character created in 1932 at Walt Disney Productions. Goofy is a tall, anthropomorphic dog, and typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora. Goofy is a close friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck and is one of Disney’s most popular characters. He is normally characterized as extremely clumsy and dimwitted, yet this interpretation isn’t always definitive; occasionally Goofy is shown as intuitive and clever, albeit in his own unique, eccentric way.", "In 1935's The Band Concert, Mickey Mouse made his first movie appearance in color. This led to Mickey Mouse's first full-length feature film. In 1940, Fantasia made its debut and the world met Sorcerer Mickey from the Sorcerer's Apprentice for the first time.", "During this time period, Mickey and the gang were introduced to Technicolor, something that Walt had taken a gamble on for the Silly Symphonies in 1932. Walt didn't want to take a gamble on his most famous creation, the Mickey Mouse series. In 1935, however, Walt felt that Mickey was ready for color. The feedback and profits rocketed so Walt never used Black and White again, not even for his television series (which were filmed in color).", ". In The Band Concert , the first Mickey Mouse cartoon filmed in Technicolor , Mickey conducted the William Tell Overture, but in the cartoon is swept up by a tornado, along with his orchestra. ^  ", "Mickey first appeared animated in color in Parade of the Award Nominees in 1932, however the film strip was created for the 5th Academy Awards ceremony and was not released to the public. Mickey's official first color film came in 1935 with The Band Concert. The Technicolor film process was used in the film production. Here Mickey conducted the William Tell Overture, but the band is swept up by a tornado. It is said that conductor Arturo Toscanini so loved this short that, upon first seeing it, he asked the projectionist to run it again. In 1994, The Band Concert was voted the third-greatest cartoon of all time in a poll of animation professionals. By colorizing and partially redesigning Mickey, Walt would put Mickey back on top once again, and Mickey would reach popularity he never reached before as audiences now gave him more appeal. Also in 1935, Walt would receive a special award from the League of Nations for creating Mickey.", "From a simple and cute cartoon character, this lovely mouse has now scaled much greater heights. It was 1929, barely a year after its creation, the first Mickey Mouse Club was organized. On January 13, 1930, his rise to fame was simply unstoppable. That day marked his first appearance in a comic strip. Soon after, his first Technicolor film arrived when he starred in “The Band Concert”.", "Mickey Mouse was originally portrayed as a minstrel character . From 1929 to well into the 1930s the character of Mickey Mouse was understood and openly described as \"minstrel\". [34] These portrayals can be seen in early depictions such as the original version of \"Steamboat Willie\", [35] as well as \" Mickey's Mellerdrammer \", the advertising for which featured Mickey in blackface with pronounced facial features understood to resemble caricatures of African-Americans in the 1930s. [36]", "Mickey Mouse was originally portrayed as a minstrel character From 1929 to well into the 1930s the character of Mickey Mouse was understood and openly described as \"minstrel\". These portrayals can be seen in early depictions such as the original version of \"Steamboat Willie\" , as well as \"Mickey's Mellerdrammer\", the advertising for which featured Mickey in blackface with pronounced facial features understood to resemble caricatures of African-Americans in the 1930s.", "Donald continued to be a hit with audiences. The character began appearing in most Mickey Mouse cartoons as a regular member of the ensemble with Mickey , Minnie Mouse , Goofy , and Pluto . Cartoons from this period, such as the 1935 cartoon The Band Concert — in which Donald repeatedly disrupts the Mickey Mouse Orchestra's rendition of The William Tell Overture by playing Turkey in the Straw — are regularly hailed by critics as exemplary films and classics of animation. Animator Ben Sharpsteen also minted the classic Mickey, Donald, and Goofy comedy in 1935, with the cartoon Mickey's Service Station.", "By 1994, four of Mickey Mouse’s films have been included in the book, “The 50 Greatest Cartoons: As Selected by 1,000 Animation Professionals” . These were the “Clock Cleaners” (1937, #27), “Brave Little Tailor” (1938, #26), “Steamboat Willie” (#13), and “The Band Concert” (#3).", "Mickey Mouse is an animated anthropomorphic mouse created by  Walt Disney  and  Ub Iwerks  in the year  1928 . He is by far its most famous character. Mickey serves as the mascot for  The Walt Disney Company .", "MORE INFO ON MICKEY MOUSE: Mickey Mouse is an American comic animal cartoon character who has become an icon for The Walt Disney Company. Mickey Mouse was created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks and voiced by Walt Disney. The Walt Disney Company celebrates his birth as November 18, 1928 upon the release of Steamboat Willie. Although Mickey had already appeared six months earlier in Plane Crazy (Steamboat Willie being the first Mickey Mouse Cartoon with sound). The anthropomorphic mouse has evolved from being simply a character in animated cartoons and comic strips to become one of the most recognizable symbols in the world. Mickey is currently the main character in the Disney Channel's Playhouse Disney series \"Mickey Mouse Clubhouse.\" Mickey is the leader of The Mickey Mouse Club.", "Since his early years Mickey Mouse has been licensed by Disney to appear on many different kinds of merchandise. Mickey was produced as plush toys and figurines, and Mickey's image has graced almost everything from T-shirts to lunch boxes. Largely responsible for Disney merchandising in the 1930s was Kay Kamen (d. 1949) who was called a \"stickler for quality.\" Kamen was recognized by The Walt Disney Company as having a significant part in Mickey's rise to stardom and was named a Disney Legend in 1998. At the time of his 80th anniversary celebration in 2008, Time declared Mickey Mouse one of the world's most recognized characters, even when compared against Santa Claus. Disney officials have stated that 98% of children aged 3–11 around the world are at least aware of the character.", "Also in 1935, Walt would receive a special award from the League of Nations for creating Mickey. However, by 1938, the more manic Donald Duck would surpass the passive Mickey, resulting in a redesign of the mouse. [24] the redesign between 1938 and 1940 put Mickey at the peak of his popularity. [23] The second half of the 1930s saw the character Goofy reintroduced as a series regular. Together, Mickey, Donald Duck, and Goofy would go on several adventures together. Several of the films by the comic trio are some of Mickey's most critically acclaimed films including Mickey's Fire Brigade (1935), Moose Hunters (1937), Clock Cleaners (1937), Lonesome Ghosts (1937), Boat Builders (1938), and Mickey's Trailer (1938). Also during this era, Mickey would star in Brave Little Tailor (1938), an adaptation of The Valiant Little Tailor , which was nominated for an Academy Award.", "Walt Disney's creation Mickey Mouse appeared in what 1934 musical comedy with Jimmy Durante and Laurel and Hardy? \"Hollywood Party\"", "Their subsequent series, \"Oswald the Lucky Rabbit,\" was launched in 1927, and saw the studio's animation growing more fluid and imaginative. But when Disney's distributor snatched Oswald-and most of his staff-from under his nose during a bitter contract negotiation, Disney had to start from scratch. It was then that Mickey Mouse was born, sketched by Ub Iwerks and patterned closely after the rubberylimbed Oswald. Disney determined to retain control of the films-and the character-himself, so he made his first two Mickey Mouse cartoons \"on spec,\" before realizing that adding sound would give him a leg up on his competition. The third Mickey short, Steamboat Willie (1928), was made with a synchronized soundtrack, and when Disney managed to get it into theaters, it was a sensation. He and his mouse were \"overnight\" successes.", "Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series, and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks. As the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey's popularity would rise, and by 1932, the Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members [13] and Walt would receive a special Oscar for creating Mickey Mouse as well; in 1935, Disney would also begin to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs, due to administration problems. [14] Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphonies short The Three Little Pigs in 1933, Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too, until 1935, when polls showed that Popeye the Sailor was more popular than Mickey. [15] By 1934, Mickey merchandise had also earned $600,000.00 a year. [16]", "Fun and Fancy Free (US live-action and animated, 1947), with Edgar Bergen, Luana Patten, voices of Cliff Edwards, Dinah Shore.  This montage of stories includes the first showing of Mickey and the Beanstalk, introduced by Edgar Bergen and Jiminy Cricket.  Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and Goofy are carried aloft by a magic beanstalk to the giant’s castle, where they must rescue the Magic Harp that had once kept their valley so happy. The story was later shown on television with a new animated introduction by Ludwig von Drake, voiced by Paul Frees.  Mickey and the Beanstalk was later released on video as a stand-alone feature in 1988.", "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit (also known as Oswald the Rabbit or Oswald Rabbit) is an anthropomorphic rabbit and animated cartoon character created by Ub Iwerks and Walt Disney for funny animal films distributed by Universal Pictures in the 1920s and 1930s. As Oswald grew in popularity, Oswald was taken away from Walt Disney, along with most of his animators, which forced him to eventually create Mickey Mouse. Charles Mintz, and later Walter Lantz, took over production, creating new Oswald cartoons until 1943.", "Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series, and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks. As the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey's popularity would rise, and by 1932 The Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members. [17] At the 5th Academy Awards in 1932, Mickey received his first Academy Award nomination, received for Mickey's Orphans (1931). Walt Disney also received an honorary Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse. Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphonies short the Three Little Pigs in 1933, Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too, until 1935, when polls showed that Popeye was more popular than Mickey. [18] [19] [20] By 1934, Mickey merchandise had earned $600,000.00 a year. [21] In 1935, Disney began to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs, due to administration problems. [22]", "Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series, and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks. As the  Great Depression  progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey's popularity would rise, and by 1932 The Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members. [27] At the  5th Academy Awards  in 1932, Mickey received his first Academy Award nomination, received for Mickey's Orphans (1931). Walt Disney also received an honorary Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse. Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphonies short the  Three Little Pigs  in 1933, Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too, until 1935, when polls showed that  Popeye  was more popular than Mickey. [28] [29] [30]  By 1934, Mickey merchandise had earned $600,000.00 a year. [31]  In 1935, Disney began to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs, due to administration problems. [32]", "Mickey Mouse was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928Getty", "In 1928 , Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse to act as a replacement for his previous star, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit . But Mickey could not fill the void alone. In Plane Crazy , released on May 15 , 1928 , Minnie and Mickey take a flight on the latter's makeshift aircraft. In during which, Mickey repeatedly tries to romance Minnie.", "Oswald, a character created by Disney, before Mickey, in 1927, was contracted by Universal for distribution purposes, and starred in a series of shorts between 1927 and 1928. Disney lost the rights to the character, but in 2006, regained the rights to Oswald. He was the first Disney character to be merchandised. ", "The Walt Disney Company has become well known for protecting its trademark on the Mickey Mouse character—whose likeness is closely associated with the company—with particular zeal. In 1989, Disney threatened legal action against three daycare centers in Florida for having Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters painted on their walls. The characters were removed, and rival Universal Studios replaced them with Universal cartoon characters. ", "When was Mickey Mouse born? The creation of this character took place in 1928. American animators Ub Iwerks and Walt Disney collaborated for this project. Officially, the birthday of this cute animal character was November 18, 1928. However, he was able to appear in a much earlier date of May 15, 1928 in the animated cartoon entitled, “Plane Crazy.” There he debuted with another lovable mouse character named Minnie." ]

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[ "The Washington Huskies football team represents the University of Washington in college football. Washington competes in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) as a member of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference. Washington has won 15 Pac-10 championships, seven Rose Bowls, and four national championships recognized by the NCAA. Washington's all-time record of 702-440-50 ranks 19th by all-time winning percentage and 22nd by all-time victories. The team has two of the nation's longest winning streaks, including an NCAA second-best of 40 wins in a row, holds the Division I-A unbeaten record at 64 consecutive games, and has had a total of twelve unbeaten seasons, including seven perfect seasons. Washington is one of four charter members of what became the Pac-12 Conference and one of only two schools with uninterrupted membership. From 1977 through 2003, Washington had 27 consecutive non-losing seasons—the most of any team in the Pac-12 and the 14th longest streak by an NCAA Division I-A team. Through the 2011 season, its 357 conference victories rank second in conference history. Husky Stadium, located on campus, has served as the home field for Washington since 1920. The team is currently coached by Chris Petersen.", "Washington Huskies [88] – The sports teams representing the University of Washington, competing in the Pacific-12 Conference. Virtually all venues are on campus, with the best-known being Husky Stadium (football) and Hec Edmundson Pavilion (many indoor sports, most notably basketball). Husky Stadium, which reopened for the 2013 football season after major renovations, is notable as the largest stadium in the Pacific Northwest and for its scenic setting next to Lake Washington; a significant number of fans arrive at the stadium by boat. Tickets can be difficult to come by for football and men's basketball games.", "Washington Huskies is the nickname of the University of Washington's athletic teams. The school is a member of the Pac-12 Conference. The athletic program is made up of 9 men's sports (baseball, basketball, crew, cross country, football, golf, soccer, tennis, track and field) and 10 women's sports (basketball, crew, cross country, golf, gymnastics, soccer, softball, tennis, track and field, volleyball, sand volleyball).", "Men's college basketball in the Pac-12 Conference began in 1915 with the formation of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC). Principal members of the PCC founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU) in 1959, and subsequently went by the names Big Five, Big Six, Pacific-8, Pacific-10, becoming the Pac-12 in 2011. Competing in the Pac-12 are the Arizona Wildcats, Arizona State Sun Devils, California Golden Bears, Colorado Buffaloes, Oregon Ducks, Oregon State, Stanford Cardinal, UCLA Bruins, USC Trojans, Utah Utes, Washington Huskies, and Washington State Cougars.", "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States. It participates in 22 NCAA sports in the NCAA's Division I; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS; formerly Division I-A), the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition. The conference's 12 members are located in Arizona, California, Colorado, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. They include each state's flagship public university, four additional public universities, and two private research universities. The conference was created after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU) in 1959, and went by the names Big Five, Big Six, Pacific-8, Pacific-10. It became the Pac-12 in 2011 with the addition of the University of Colorado and the University of Utah.", "The football team is traditionally competitive, having won the 1960 and 1991 national title, to go along with eight Rose Bowl victories and an Orange Bowl title. From 1907 to 1917, Washington football teams were unbeaten in 64 consecutive games, an NCAA record. [84] Tailgating by boat has been a Husky Stadium tradition since 1920 when the stadium was first built on the shores of Lake Washington . The Apple Cup game is an annual game against cross-state rival Washington State University that was first contested in 1900 with UW leading the all-time series, 65 wins to 31 losses and 6 ties. Robert Neil is the former Head Football coach.", "The football team is traditionally competitive, having won the 1960 and 1991 national title, to go along with eight Rose Bowl victories and an Orange Bowl title. From 1907 to 1917, Washington football teams were unbeaten in 64 consecutive games, an NCAA record. Tailgating by boat has been a Husky Stadium tradition since 1920 when the stadium was first built on the shores of Lake Washington. The Apple Cup game is an annual game against cross-state rival Washington State University that was first contested in 1900 with UW leading the all-time series, 65 wins to 31 losses and 6 ties. Robert Neil is the former Head Football coach.", "California, which won the race last year, is likely to again be UW's fiercest challenger. The races are Sunday at Lake Natoma in Rancho Cordova, Calif.", "In winning, the Huskies became the first team from the Pac-10 to play in and win the Orange Bowl. The Huskies finished the year ranked #2 in the polls, behind the WAC champion (13-0-0), 24-17 victors over the unranked Michigan Wolverines (6-5-0) in the Holiday Bowl. BYU's title was notable for being the only time since the inception of the AP poll that a team was awarded the national title without beating an opponent ranked in the top 25 at the season's end. The Huskies were given the opportunity to play BYU in the Holiday Bowl but chose a larger bowl payout over playing a higher ranked opponent in BYU which carried a 22-game win streak into the bowl season. The B (QPRS), FN, and NCF polls awarded the Huskies the national championship, while the school does not claim it.", "WSU Men’s Track and Field takes the Pac-10 title and places second in the NCAA Outdoor Track and Field Championships", "The UW basketball team compiled a record of 24-6 and were selected to appear in the NCAA tournament. It was the best record by a Wyoming basketball team since the 1951-52 squad went 28-7.", "The Apple Cup is an American college football rivalry between the University of Washington Huskies and Washington State University Cougars. Both are members of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference.", "Jared Bjerkestrand, Jeff Bowen, Nick Cantlon, Luke Hansell, Colin Huemmer, Phillip Jennings, Andrew Kreutz, Nathan Lanting, Nick Proen, Shane Thomas and Casey Thometz each joined the WSU football team this afternoon.", "Following last Sundayâs 72-to-68 victory over Washington, Wednesdayâs comeback marked the first time USF has beaten two Pac-10 teams in the same season since 1993-94. ", "Washington State drove the ball 69 yards to open the second half and tie the score at 10. From that point the Huskies- behind the fine play of their offensive line- took control. Ron \"Cookie\" Jackson capped an 80-yard march by running 23 yards to put the Huskies ahead 17-10. Following a Cougar turnover, All-American kicker Chuck Nelson booted his second field goal of the game to increase the Huskies' lead to 10 points.", "Formerly known as the “Sun Dodgers,” the Washington Huskies compete in the NCAA Division I-A and in the Pac-12 Conference. “The Wave” originated at UW and the late popular movie martial artist Bruce Lee was an alumni of UW. The school has one of the best graduation rates in our survey (84%).", "- The Cougars have had at least one player selected in each of the last 15 NFL Drafts, the fifth-longest streak in the Pac-10. WSU's streak is longer than Arizona, Oregon State, Stanford, UCLA and Washington.", "You have waited a long time for this Cougar fans. The last time you watched your Cougars play, it was Nov. 24, 2007, and WSU won its third Apple Cup in four years. I am sure you remember it like it was yesterday, but it doesn't feel like it was yesterday. It has seemed like forever...", "* 2015 – Mark Brunell, Washington; Jim Muldoon (Pac-10); Fritz Pollard, Brown; and Tyrone Wheatley, Michigan ", "Pictured with some of the other Husky Hostesses on the field at our last game as students in Husky Stadium. UW routed Oregon State 45–16 in…", "As WSU prepares for its Pacific-10 Conference and Martin Stadium opener against California tomorrow at 3:30 p.m., lets take a look back on what happened this day in Cougar history.", "As the two main public universities in the state, WSU and UW have a natural geographic rivalry--complete with a fierce bitterness that dates back over 100 years. As legend has it, UW stole WSU's stuffed cougar several times between 1917 and 1927. One year, UW paraded with the prized possession around Husky Stadium in front of the Cougar Section at the Apple Cup. The WSU students could not tolerate this mockery and a brawl ensued, destroying the cat in the process. As a result, the WSU Intercollegiate Knights were formed to care over the mascot more dutifully.", "Oregon had been cruising along with a 10-0 record and had attained the No. 1 ranking in the AP poll, but then came last week's clash with visiting Stanford. The Cardinal dashed the Ducks' national title aspirations by posting a 17-14 upset victory in overtime, snapping UO's 13-game winning streak in the process. What it means for Oregon now is that if it finishes in a tie with Stanford atop the Pac-12's North Division, the Cardinal would play in the conference championship game with a chance to go the Rose Bowl.", "Romeo Pellum recorded his first career interception, which led to WSU's first score in nearly 160 game minutes - an 18-yard touchdown by Dwight Tardy. The touchdown gave the Cougars their first lead over a Pac-10 school this season.", "The Cougars forced the Golden Bears into punting on each of their first two possessions, but were unable to get any offense of their own going until late in the first quarter. With 3-minutes, 45-seconds left in the opening quarter, the Cougar ground game took control. WSU ran the ball on nine of 10 plays before the end of the quarter.", "past seven Pac-12 championships. They were picked to win the Pac-12 North Division again this season.", "Two WSU possessions later, quarterback Steve Birnbaum brought the WSU offense from its own 20 to the Vandal 20. On first down, Birnbaum fired a pass into the left corner intended for Taylor, which was batted in the air by cornerback Dennis Gibbs. Gibbs' effort was good, but not good enough, as Taylor still caught the pass for his second touchdown of the day.", "UO returns 23 players, including seven starters, from last year’s squad which finished the regular-season 8-10-2 overall and 3-7-1 in Pac-12 Conference action.", "Remember back in 2003? Oregon was coming off a 31-27 victory over No. 3 Michigan, and they shot up the national rankings. Then the Cougars came down here to play Autzen Stadium, and WSU won 55-16.", "Alfred, a rising redshirt senior from Gig Harbor, Wash., was named Lindy's second-team Preseason All-Pacific-10 Conference. Earlier this offseason Alfred was named second-team Preseason All-Pac-10 by Phil Steele, in addition to being named to the Rimington Trophy Spring Watch List.", "You should already be excited. Today's game features a Cougar squad that is improving every week, and an Oregon team that seems to have rebounded from an interesting season-opener.", "In the last two decades WSU has only played two games on a Friday, but was victorious in both of them. In non-Saturday games, the Cougars are 11-2 since the beginning of the 1988 season." ]

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[ "Sound Transit also operates a commuter rail service called the Sounder [35] between Seattle- Tacoma and Seattle- Everett . However, the Sounder is limited mostly to rush hour service on the weekdays, with some service for special events like Seahawks and Seattle Mariners games.", "Sound Transit operates a commuter rail service called Sounder from Seattle to Lakewood (via Tacoma ) and to Everett, but these trains would be of little use to a visitor.", "Public transit service has operated in Everett since 1893. From 1910-1939 Everett was connected with Seattle by the Seattle-Everett Interurban Railway. Today Everett Transit (est. 1969) provides bus service within the city, operating 46 buses and 18 ParaTransit vehicles with daily ridership of 6,800. Sound Transit provides commuter train and bus service to Seattle and bus service to Bellevue. Community Transit connects Everett with the remainder of Snohomish County. Amtrak provides inter-city train service via its Empire Builder and Cascades lines while Sound Transit provides commuter rail connections to Seattle via its Sounder trains. Inter-city bus service is also provided by Greyhound. All of these bus and train connections can be made at Everett Station, the hub of Everett's transportation network.", "Sound Transit is the overall transportation organization (trains, buses, light rail, and some tweaks to existing freeways for regular automobile traffic); \"Sounder\" is specifically the commuter train service (Tacoma-Seattle, with \"reverse\" service planned, and Everett-Seattle); the buses and light rail have no special name for their services, unlike the commuter train service.", "Sound Transit, officially the Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority, is a regional transit system serving the Greater Seattle area since September 19, 1999. It was formed in 1996 by the Snohomish, King, and Pierce County Councils. It operates express bus, commuter rail, and light rail service in the region and constructs capital projects in support and expansion of those services.", "The station is served by Amtrak Cascades, Empire Builder, and Coast Starlight trains, and by Sound Transit's Sounder commuter trains. King St. Station is also the Seattle terminus for the Rocky Mountaineer's luxury excursion train, the Coastal Passage. For the first nine months of 2006, Sounder service boarded almost 1.2 million passengers at King Street Station. ", "Sounder Commuter Rail goes out from Seattle to Lakewood via Tukwila, Kent, Auburn, Sumner, Puyallup, Tacoma and South Tacoma in one direction and to Everett via Edmonds & Mukilteo in the other on a separate route. The majority of the trains leave Seattle in the afternoons & evenings and come in during the mornings. See schedules.", "Sound Transit is adding a mid-day Sounder train to its popular south line service beginning Monday, Sept. 12th. The new train will provide flex-schedule workers and other riders an additional travel option for bypassing highway gridlock that now snarls traffic throughout the day. More details and schedule here>", "Sound Transit offers three main services, a series of express buses throughout the metro area, commuter rail lines running on existing freight rail tracks, and a light rail system.", "Sound Transit's Link light rail today enters its eighth year of service amid record-breaking ridership growth following the March opening of new stations serving Seattle's Capitol Hill and University of Washington areas. Read more", "Seattle’s Sound Transit broke ground April 26 at the site of the future Angle Lake Station on the South 200th Link extension. The new line will provide direct service to Seattle-Tacoma International Airport when it opens in 2016.", "Sound Transit [33] buses have many convenient express routes that travel South (to Tacoma on Rt# 590, 593, 594), East (Redmond on Rt #545, Bellevue on Rt #550, Issaquah #554), and North (Bothell on Rt #522, Everett Rt 510, 512, 513). Some of these buses run during only rush hours, but most, including the routes to the destinations mentioned above, run all day. Check the schedule to make sure. The fare schedule is slightly different than Metro, with no off-peak discount: $2.50 all for trips within King County , and $3.50 for trips crossing the county line.", "Amtrak Cascades runs four trains daily between Seattle and Portland via Tukwila, Tacoma , Lacey, Centralia, Kelso & Vancouver, WA. Two of which continue to Eugene via Oregon City, Salem & Albany; and two daily to Vancouver , British Columbia (via Edmonds, Everett, Mt Vernon & Bellingham). Additional service to Vancouver, BC and Eugene, OR are on the the Amtrak Thruway Motorcoaches (buses). These trains are more reliable schedule-wise than the long distance trains and offer certain amenities not available on regular Amtrak trains, such as more space for bikes, more laptop outlets, a \"Bistro Car\" which serves local foods and wine, and the occasional movie.", "The first streetcars appeared in 1889 and were instrumental in the creation of a relatively well-defined downtown and strong neighborhoods at the end of their lines. The advent of the automobile sounded the death knell for rail in Seattle. Tacoma–Seattle railway service ended in 1929 and the Everett–Seattle service came to an end in 1939, replaced by inexpensive automobiles running on the recently developed highway system. Rails on city streets were paved over or removed, and the opening of the Seattle trolleybus system brought the end of streetcars in Seattle in 1941. This left an extensive network of privately owned buses (later public) as the only mass transit within the city and throughout the region. [228]", "The Coast Starlight train starts in Seattle and heads south through Tukwilla, Tacoma, Olympia, Portland , and ultimately San Francisco and Los Angeles in California.", "Public transportation and high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) use were incorporated in the bridge design. The bridge includes HOV lanes with priority for transit. A 2008 WSDOT report included five core bus rapid transit routes proposed by Sound Transit connecting the Eastside (Kirkland, Redmond, and Bellevue) to Downtown Seattle and the University District, with a base frequency of 15 minutes, increasing up to 7 minutes at peak times. ", "Northwestern Trailways, Greyhound Terminal @ 503 S Royal Brougham Way, ☎ +1-509-838-4029 ( team@northwesterntrailways.com ), [19] . Stops at both the Greyhound Terminal & King St Station in Seattle. Goes up to Everett and east to Lake Stevens, Leavenworth, Wenatchee, Ephrata, Ritzville & Spokane along US-2 and I-90. Additional routes between Coure d'Alene, Spokane, Pullman, Moscow, Lewiston & Boise. They operate the state's \"Travel Washington Apple Line\" [20] bus between Ellensburg, Wenatchee, & Omak.   edit", "Good news for people with low incomes: If you ride Sounder trains and ST Express buses, you'll have a new reduced fare option starting March 1.", "* Transit studies from Everett to North Everett, Ballard to Kirkland via University of Washington, and West Seattle to Renton via Burien.", "Although the Amtrak Cascades runs between Eugene , Oregon and Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , there is no train that starts at one terminus and ends at the other. However, each day eight Amtrak Cascades trains (four northbound and four southbound) stop at Tacoma. [Note 1] (The next northbound stop on the Amtrak Cascades is in Tukwila and the next southbound stop is in Lacey .)", "fare-paying passenger. Headed to Seattle? Visit piercetransit.org to plan your trip. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s easy to plan trips in Pierce,", "Yes. I know about the overall organizational structure. What I am speaking about is the difference between the light rail and heavy rail trains. Being a native of the Puget Sound area, and more, that's how I knew them.", "Washington is crossed by a number of freight railroads, and Amtrak's passenger Cascade route between Eugene, Oregon and Vancouver, BC is the eighth busiest Amtrak service in the USA and one of the few profitable routes in the system. Public transportation has generally lagged, although the much-delayed link light rail system in the greater Seattle region opened its first line in 2002. Residents of Vancouver have resisted proposals to extend Portland's mass transit system into Washington.", "Link Light Rail operates between the University of Washington and Angle Lake Station, stopping in Capitol Hill, Downtown, SODO, South Seattle , the suburb of Tukwila , and Sea-Tac Airport along the way. Fares are $2.25—$3.25 depending on how far you travel; purchase your ticket at a machine before you board and keep it with you for the trip in order to avoid the possibility of a hefty fine. If you use an ORCA card, you must tap at both your origin and your destination station.", "Tacoma Rail, initially a municipally owned street railway line running to the tideflats, was converted to a common-carrier rail switching utility. Tacoma Rail is self-supporting and employs over 90 people.", "The Canadian eastbound journey begins at Vancouver's Pacific Central Station. It uses the BNSF tracks (on which CN and Via have trackage rights) through suburban communities including Burnaby, to New Westminster. After the train crosses the New Westminster Bridge, it enters CN tracks (CN goes to the left/east; BNSF and Amtrak to Seattle go to the right/west) and then passes through several railroad yards and maintenance areas before it reaches Gifford.", "Dungeness Line operated by Olympic Bus Lines , (bus stops) Greyhound bus depot (see above), King Street Station, selected hospitals (by reservation only), SeaTac Airport. Operates a route called the Dungeness Line connecting Seattle to Port Townsend , Sequim and Port Angeles . The bus goes across the Puget Sound on the Edmonds-Kingston ferry. One way: $39 from downtown, $49 from airport; Round trip: $69 from downtown, $79 from airport.. ", "A unique state-run ferry system, the Washington State Ferries, connects the larger islands to the Washington mainland, as well as both sides of the sound, allowing people and cars to move about the greater Puget Sound region.", "TransLink is responsible for roads and public transportation within Metro Vancouver (in succession to B.C. Transit, which had taken over the transit functions of B.C. Hydro). It provides a bus service, including the B-Line rapid bus service, a foot passenger and bicycle ferry service (known as SeaBus), an automated rapid transit service called SkyTrain, and West Coast Express commuter rail. Vancouver's SkyTrain system is currently running on three lines, the Millennium Line, the Expo Line and the Canada Line.", "200s (Rts #200-277) go EAST or locally within Bellevue, Bothell, Duvall, Issaquah, Kirkland, Lake Sammamish, Mercer Island, North Bend, Redmond, Renton, etc. Most operate within the eastside out of Bellevue without coming into downtown Seattle. Area also served by Rapid 'B' Line (Redmond, Overlake & downtown Bellevue)", "Route/Stops - the train makes 12 stops, the final one at Waterfront Station in Dowwntown Vancouver.", "Trans Link also operates Sky Train Vancouver. The rapid transit operates on elevated tracks that provide city vistas as passengers travel across Vancouver. Visit the Trans Link website for information about public transportation routes, Vancouver bus schedule, fares and passes." ]

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[ "A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system that consists of stars and stellar remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and an important but poorly understood component tentatively dubbed dark matter.[1][2] The name is from the Greek root galaxias [γαλαξίας], meaning “milky,” a reference to the Milky Way galaxy. Typical galaxies range from dwarfs with as few as ten million[3] (107) stars up to giants with a hundred trillion[4] (1014) stars, all orbiting the galaxy’s center of mass. Galaxies may contain many multiple star systems, star clusters, and various interstellar clouds. The Sun is one of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy; the Solar System includes the Earth and all the other objects that orbit the Sun.", "A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system that consists of stars and stellar remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and an important but poorly understood component tentatively dubbed dark matter. The word galaxy is derived from the Greek galaxias literally \"milky\", a reference to the Milky Way galaxy. Examples of galaxies range from dwarfs with as few as ten million (107) stars to giants with a hundred trillion (1014) stars, each orbiting their galaxy's own center of mass.", "A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system that consists of stars and stellar remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and an important but poorly understood component tentatively dubbed dark matter. The name is from the Greek root galaxias [γαλαξίας], meaning \"milky,\" a reference to the Milky Way galaxy. Typical galaxies range from dwarfs with as few as ten million (107) stars up to giants with one trillion (1012) stars, all orbiting the galaxy's center of mass. Galaxies can also contain many multiple star systems, star clusters, and various interstellar clouds. The Sun is one of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy; the Solar System includes the Earth and all the other objects that orbit the Sun.", "The Interstellar Medium and Star Formation The Interstellar Medium The interstellar medium (ISM) is the dust and gas between the stars. The interstellar medium is seen as the dark dust lanes in the Milky Way (or in other galaxies), or by its effects on starlight: reddening and extinction. It is also observed more directly as reflection or emission nebulae. Approximately 20% of the Galaxy’s mass is ISM. The ISM absorbs visible light, but at the same time emits radio waves or infrared radiation. So, while we can’t make an accurate map of the distant Galaxy in visible light, we can see distant pockets of interstellar dust and gas quite easily. Ninety-nine percent of the ISM is gas, and only 1% of the mass is dust. Even in the nebulae, which have fairly high densities (Table 6-1), the density is lower than in the best vacuums that we can achieve in a laboratory.", "In astronomy, the interstellar medium (ISM) is the matter that exists in the space between the star systems in a galaxy. This matter includes gas in ionic, atomic, and molecular form, as well as dust and cosmic rays. It fills interstellar space and blends smoothly into the surrounding intergalactic space. The energy that occupies the same volume, in the form of electromagnetic radiation, is the interstellar radiation field.", "Our solar system orbits within the Milky Way, a barred spiral galaxy that is a prominent member of the Local Group of galaxies. It is a rotating mass of gas, dust, stars and other objects, held together by mutual gravitational attraction. As the Earth is located within the dusty outer arms, there are large portions of the Milky Way that are obscured from view.", "[[{\"type\":\"media\",\"view_mode\":\"media_large\",\"fid\":\"835\",\"attributes\":{\"alt\":\"Milky Way Galaxy\",\"class\":\"media-image medium_large asset_lightbox media-image-right\",\"height\":\"450\",\"id\":\"1\",\"style\":\"float: right; height: 450px; width: 450px; ;\",\"typeof\":\"foaf:Image\",\"width\":\"450\"}}]]Astronomers believe that only about 10% of the mass of our galaxy comes from stars, gas and dust. They suspect that there must be more matter than we can see because of the way the galaxy rotates. If all of the stars in our galaxy were orbiting a massive object in the center, the way the planets orbit the Sun in the Solar System, then the stars closer to the edge of the galaxy should be orbiting more slowly than stars closer to the center, the same way the outer planets orbit more slowly than the inner ones. Instead, stars near the edge of our galaxy orbit at nearly the same speed as stars nearer the center. To produce this kind of motion, the galaxy must contain much more mass than we can see. Astronomers theorize that this extra mass is dark matter . This matter is not visible, emits no electromagnetic radiation, and has so far eluded detection.", "Binary and multi-star systems consist of two or more stars that are gravitationally bound and generally move around each other in stable orbits. When two such stars have a relatively close orbit, their gravitational interaction can have a significant impact on their evolution. Stars can form part of a much larger gravitationally bound structure, such as a star cluster or a galaxy.", "a cloud of dust and gas in space, usually illuminated by one or more stars. Nebulae represent the raw material the stars are made of.", "Diffuse interstellar gas measurements of galactic edges indicate missing ordinary matter beyond the visible boundary, but those galaxies are virialized (i.e., gravitationally bound and orbiting each other with velocities that correspond to predicted orbital velocities of general relativity) up to ten times their visible radii. This has the effect of pushing up the dark matter as a fraction of the total matter from 50% as measured by Rubin to the now accepted value of nearly 95%.", "Nebulae, clouds of gas and dust that dot the galaxy, whether emission, such as the Pelican, or dark, such as the Horsehead, are clearly not asterisms as they are not composed of stars.", "If you look at images of galaxies you often can see dark lanes of interstellar dust and gas that often have stars forming near them. This is beautifully illustrated in the image of the galaxy NGC-4921 shown below on the left. The enlarged image on the right clearly shows the dark lanes of dust as they meander through a fog of stars. Along the edge of the dust cloud you can see very hot young stars that formed.", "The dark cloud of dust and gas is a region in the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex where star formation is taking place. It is located in the constellation of Orion, which, seen from the northern hemisphere, is prominent in the sky on winter evenings. This stellar nursery, as it is known, can contain over 100 known kinds of organic and inorganic gases as well as dust; some of the latter is made up of large and complex organic molecules.", "Galaxies and stars are form by giant cloud and dust. Giant dust and cloud made of molecules and atoms and particles all attracted to each other by gravity. Everything will contract and pull together.", "Kinematic studies of matter in the Milky Way and other galaxies have demonstrated that there is more mass than can be accounted for by visible matter. A dark matter halo appears to dominate the mass, although the nature of this dark matter remains undetermined.", "WHAT CAN THE MATTER BE? Baryonic dark matter: why it is suspected Faint stars Small hydrogen snowballs Massive black holes Small black holes Small dense clouds Brown dwarfs Primordial black holes Between the galaxies How to find intracluster stars Intracluster gas Milgrom's alternative theory of gravity", "collection of a few hundred million to a trillion or more stars, bound together by gravity", "Z Canis Majoris is a star system a mere 300,000 years old composed of two pre-main-sequence stars—a FU Orionis star and a Herbig Ae/Be star, which has brightened episodically by two magnitudes to magnitude 8 in 1987, 2000, 2004 and 2008. The more massive Herbig Ae/Be star is enveloped in an irregular roughly spherical cocoon of dust that has an inner diameter of 20 AU and outer diameter of 50 AU. The cocoon has a hole in it through which light shines that covers an angle of 5 to 10 degrees of its circumference. Both stars are surrounded by a large envelope of in-falling material left over from the original cloud that formed the system. Both stars are emitting jets of material, that of the Herbig Ae/Be star being much larger—11.7 light-years long. Meanwhile, FS Canis Majoris is another star with infra-red emissions indicating a compact shell of dust, but it appears to be a main-sequence star that has absorbed material from a companion. These stars are thought to be significant contributors to interstellar dust. ", "The current era of star formation is expected to continue for up to one hundred billion years, and then the \"stellar age\" will wind down after about ten trillion to one hundred trillion years (1013–1014 years), as the smallest, longest-lived stars in our universe, tiny red dwarfs, begin to fade. At the end of the stellar age, galaxies will be composed of compact objects: brown dwarfs, white dwarfs that are cooling or cold (\"black dwarfs\"), neutron stars, and black holes. Eventually, as a result of gravitational relaxation, all stars will either fall into central supermassive black holes or be flung into intergalactic space as a result of collisions. ", "On January 9, 2006, Mario Jurić and others of Princeton University announced that the Sloan Digital Sky Survey of the northern sky found a huge and diffuse structure (spread out across an area around 5,000 times the size of a full moon) within the Milky Way that does not seem to fit within current models. The collection of stars rises close to perpendicular to the plane of the spiral arms of the Milky Way. The proposed likely interpretation is that a dwarf galaxy is merging with the Milky Way. This galaxy is tentatively named the Virgo Stellar Stream and is found in the direction of Virgo about 30000 ly away.", "At some 30 to 40 light-years in diameter, this great big nebulous cocoon is giving birth to perhaps a thousand stars. A young open star cluster, whose stars were born at the same time from a portion of the nebula and are still loosely bound by gravity, can be seen within the nebula. It is sometimes called the Orion Nebula Star Cluster. In 2012, an international team of astronomers suggested this cluster in the Orion Nebula might have a black hole at its heart .", "In addition to its composition, the galaxy has a roughly elliptical shape and is thought to contain as many stars as the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, the previous contender for closest galaxy to our location in the Milky Way.", "Dark Nebula. A cloud of dust grains that is thick enough to obscure the light from background stars.", "The proper motions of stars near the center of our own Milky Way provide strong observational evidence that these stars are orbiting a supermassive black hole. Since 1995, astronomers have tracked the motions of 90 stars orbiting an invisible object coincident with the radio source Sagittarius A*. By fitting their motions to Keplerian orbits, the astronomers were able to infer, in 1998, that a 2.6 million object must be contained in a volume with a radius of 0.02 light-years to cause the motions of those stars. Since then, one of the stars—called S2—has completed a full orbit. From the orbital data, astronomers were able to make refine the calculations of the mass to 4.3 million and a radius of less than 0.002 lightyears for the object causing the orbital motion of those stars. The upper limit on the object's size is still too large to test whether it is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius; nevertheless, these observations strongly suggest that the central object is a supermassive black hole as there are no other plausible scenarios for confining so much invisible mass into such a small volume. Additionally, there is some observational evidence that this object might possess an event horizon, a feature unique to black holes. ", "The first stars in the universe may have been very different from the stars we see today, yet they may hold clues to understanding some of the mysterious features of the universe. These \"dark stars,\" first theorized in 2007, could grow to be much larger than modern stars, and would be powered by dark matter particles that annihilate inside them, rather than by nuclear fusion. In the early universe, dark stars would have emitted visible light like the Sun, but today their light would be redshifted into the infrared range by the time it reaches us, and so dark stars would be invisible to the naked eye.", "Remnants of fragments of collapsing gas and dust that did not contain enough mass to initiate core nuclear fusion. Such objects are then frozen somewhere along their pre-main-sequence contraction phase, continually cooling into compact dark objects. Because of their small size and low temperature they are extremely difficult to detect observationally.", "Compared to the size of an entire galaxy, stars are virtually points, so that the region occupied by the interstellar matter", "Another nearby galaxy, the Sagittarius dwarf, is also orbiting our own, stretched into a long, odd shape by the Milky Way's gravity. The tiny Sagittarius, one-thousandth the size of our galaxy, has only about 750 million years to go before it is swallowed whole.", "In the early 1900s, astronomers were debating the makeup of spiral nebulae — cloudy, spiral-shaped objects found throughout the night sky. Were they gas clouds located within our Milky Way galaxy, or were they vast groups of stars located far beyond our galaxy?", "Mysterious \"blue blobs\" about 12 million light-years away are actually clusters of orphan stars that formed in an unlikely part of the universe, new images released today reveal. The blobs were spotted near a galaxy called M82 using the Very Large Array of radio telescopes and the GALEX space telescope, which showed the objects' ultraviolet glow. An analysis of archived high-resolution images from the Hubble Space Telescope then revealed that the blobs were clusters of mostly young stars. Scientists were surprised by the find, because the clusters of bright, massive stars sit along a wispy bridge of gases connecting M82 to two other galaxies it collided with 200 million years ago. This means that the stars are in the middle of nowhere.", "Such appearances are supposed to result from cosmic collisions, as of a dark star with interstellar nebulosities", "A shell of gas ejected by a low-mass star late in its evolutionary lifetime. appear as a glowing gas ring around a central star." ]

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