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[ "The effects of Red Bull Energy Drink, which includes taurine, glucuronolactone, and caffeine amongst the ingredients, were examined over 3 studies in a total of 36 volunteers. Assessments included psychomotor performance (reaction time, concentration, memory), subjective alertness and physical endurance. When compared with control drinks, Red Bull Energy Drink significantly (P < 0.05) improved aerobic endurance (maintaining 65-75% max. heart rate) and anaerobic performance (maintaining max. speed) on cycle ergometers. Significant improvements in mental performance included choice reaction time, concentration (number cancellation) and memory (immediate recall), which reflected increased subjective alertness. These consistent and wide ranging improvements in performance are interpreted as reflecting the effects of the combination of ingredients.", "Energy blend, consisting of caffeine (80mg), taurine, B-vitamins, sucrose and glucose. This simple yet highly effective blend provides a powerful boost in energy levels, and offers sustained energy and focus for many hours. The moderate caffeine content is more than made up for by the good dose of taurine and b-vitamins, both of which have powerful energizing properties.", "It?s actually the reaction of two other ingredients, taurine and (give me 10 minutes while I type this one out) glucuronolacton, with caffeine that the manufacturers claim gives Red Bull its kick.", "A study in the European Union defined energy drinks as soft drinks containing substances such as caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone and others at high levels. [10] Alternatively, energy drinks may be referred to as smart drinks [11] or stimulant drinks. [12] Energy drink may be a misnomer for these elixirs as the term may suggest that the products are helpful in the sporting context; a major Irish study rejected the term “energy drink,” in favor of the term “stimulant drinks” in a report on the drinks. [13] Stimulant drinks were defined as “beverages, which typically contain caffeine, taurine and vitamin(s), and may contain an energy source (e.g. carbohydrate), and/or other substance(s), marketed for the specific purpose of providing real or perceived enhanced physiological and/or performance effects.” [14] This is the definition of the term “energy drink” adopted by this paper.", "7g proprietary blend, consisting of taurine, glucuronolactone, caffeine (176mg), guarana extract, panax ginseng and more. This powerful energizing blend contains all the ingredients needed for a significant boost to help you get through the day.", "“Carbonated Water, Sucrose, Glucose, Sodium Citrate, Taurine, Glucuronolactone, caffeine, inositol, niancinamide, calcium-pantothenate, pyridoxine HCL, Vitamin B12, Artificial Flavors, Colors.””).", "A spokesperson for Red Bull says that in times of stress your taurine levels are depleted and that Red Bull replaces them. [219] However, there is no meaningful evidence that boosting taurine levels has any impact on your physical or mental performance. [220] The Red Bull spokesperson admits that taurine alone will not give the same “kick” as Red Bull: the key, according to the manufacturer, is the combination of taurine, the caffeine, and glucuronolactone, a carbohydrate. [221] Taurine alone is touted on the front of the Red Bull can; yet taken alone, taurine would have little effect on the “energy” of the person who ingested it.", "Energy drinks generally contain methylxanthines (including caffeine), B vitamins, carbonated water, and high-fructose corn syrup (for non-diet versions). Other commonly used ingredients are guarana, yerba mate, açaí, and taurine, plus various forms of ginseng, maltodextrin, inositol, carnitine, creatine, glucuronolactone, sucralose and ginkgo biloba.", " PRESENTED BY GROUP MAster Minds Executive Summary Red Bull counts to the category of soft... drinks. It is a non alcoholic stimulation drink with a totally unique formulation and effect. It gives stimulation and revitalises the body after exertion and enhances mental and physical performance. Red Bull is to be used and not drunk. Red bull consists of  two natural substances and important metabolic transmitters- the amino acid taurin and the glucuronolacton – with stimulating...", "Energy drinks are prepackaged drinks designed to give you an energy boost. Generally, they contain a good amount of caffeine , the same magical substance that gives coffee its kick, along with a blend of other ingredients. Guarana is also commonly added, as are various B-vitamins, namely B12 , as well as common energy boosters like taurine .", "Red Bull is the trendy drink of the moment among the dance club set. It is also expensive, and this carbonated nectar is sickly sweet. As for the second of the claims that needed to be addressed, Red Bull does contain glucuronolactone. But as we've seen, that ingredient is apparently innocuous.", "Athletes burn fuel. Athletes need fuel. Energy drinks are great fuel. Simple as that! Not only do good energy drinks contain caffeine, which by itself can improve athletic performance , they also contain athletic fuel like B12 and taurine. Plus, they have a good amount of carbohydrates, in the form of sugar. Carbs are great for short-term fuel and are very useful for athletes and fitness enthusiasts.", "We all know caffeine directly relates to an energy surge when consumed, but what about taurine? Taurine is an organic acid, mainly found in the large intestine – counting as 0.1% of the total human body weight – though it is also located in animal bile. It is made up highly of antioxidants meaning it’s great for cardio and improving athletic ability. These two ingredients combined means it gives the consumer a strong burst of energy and acts as a great pick me up. In fact Red Bull lists the following as the outcomes of taking their drink:", "Blue Edition: Carbonated Water, Sucrose, Glucose, Citric Acid, Taurine, Sodium Bicarbonate, Magnesium Carbonate, Caffeine, Niacinamide, Calcium Pantothenate, Pyridoxine HCI, Vitamin B12, Natural and Artificial Flavors, Colors, Blue 1.", "Jones expanded its carbonated candy line further in 2006 to include \"Jones Soda Energy Boosters\", which contain Niacin, Vitamin B12, Taurine, and Vitamin B6. Marketing literature says, \"1 tin of Jones Boosters = 3 Jones Energy Drinks\".", "An organic compound found in foods such as chocolate, coffee, cola nuts and tea. Scientific studies have shown that caffeine stimulates the nervous system, kidneys and heart, causes the release of insulin in the body and dilates the blood vessels.", "[11] See Victor Lambert, Using Smart Drugs and Drinks May Not be Smart , FDA CONSUMER , Apr. 1993, available at http://www.fda.government/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00207.html (“Smart drinks are made with amino acids, such as phenylalanine, choline, L-cysteine, and taurine, which are blended into juices and other nonalcoholic beverages. They are promoted as a way to increase energy, improve memory and boost intelligence.”).", "Mate is a healthy and stimulating drink, with roughly 35 milligrams of caffeine per 8 oz. serving. Yerba Maté is an appetite suppressant, also high in Vitamin C, potassium, magnesium, and manganese. Mate contains xanthines, which are in the same family as caffeine, and sometimes called \"mateine\". Mate also contains other natural chemicals and trace minerals that seem to mellow out the experience of consuming this particular type of caffeine, and many mate drinkers report that they feel alert and focused without any negative effects of coffee, such as jitters and a caffeine crash. Preliminary scientific studies of mate have shown that the compounds in the plant have a relaxing effect on smooth muscle tissue, rather than a stimulating effect on the central nervous system.", "4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 495 – BEVERAGE – Mint tea (green), tall glass of beer, fruit shakes, pouring a glass of red wine", "Taurine occurs naturally in shellfish, other seafood, and meat. Companies add large amounts to energy drinks because it's supposedly energizing, but no credible evidence exists for that claim. There are no reports of harm from the taurine added to drinks.", "Any food and beverages you had (common triggers include chocolate , caffeine , and foods with the preservatives MSG and nitrates)", "Sports drinks are not only a great source of carbohydrate to help fuel your muscles; but also a great source of fluid for your body. Be careful that the sports drink that you drink does not contain too much sugar. Drinks that are have more than 8% sugar interfere with water absorption from your stomach. You may end up with a full and bloated stomach and very little fluid in your body where it is needed. Check the label. If it has more than 8 grams of sugar in 100 ml of volume, then it is too high in sugar. Also, make sure that you are getting a sports-drink and not an energy-drink. The energy from an energy-drink comes from huge amounts of caffeine, and not a lot of sugar. Caffeine will not help you perform better if you need more sugar to fuel your muscles.", "Gatorade, the long-standing leader in hydration drinks, launched from humble beginnings at the University of Florida, and has evolved into one of the world's leading sport drinks. However, this standard beverage is laden with unnecessary sugar and sodium. One 12 ounce serving of Gatorade's Thirst Quencher contains 21 grams of sugar. However, because a regular bottle contains 32 ounces, you are actually consuming 56 grams of sugar, about one-fifth the recommended daily amount of total carbohydrates and about twice the recommendation for added sugar consumption. In addition, Gatorade boasts almost twice the amount of sodium as other leading brands, working to stimulate the thirst mechanism.", "Bichler A, Swenson A, Harris MA. A combination of caffeine and taurine had no effect on short term memory but induces changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. Amino Acids. 2006 May 15.", "The sugar in non-diet energy drinks is food energy that can be utilized by the human body.", "Here are some of the ingredients you may find in popular energy drinks and what they do in the body:", "Have the person drink a cool beverage that doesn't have caffeine or alcohol if he or she is able.", "Porrini, M., Riso, P., Brusamolino, A., Berti, C., Guarnieri, S., and Visioli, F. Daily intake of a formulated tomato drink affects carotenoid plasma and lymphocyte concentrations and improves cellular antioxidant protection. Br.J.Nutr. 2005;93:93-99. View abstract .", "Magnesium taurate contains a combination of magnesium and taurine, an amino acid. Together, they tend to provide a calming effect on your body and mind", "I love this drink. I use bought pineapple & coconut mixed juice for when im in a hurry!", "Massey LK, Whiting SJ. Caffeine, urinary calcium, calcium metabolism and bone. J Nutr 1993;123:1611-4. View abstract.", "So you would be taking synthetic thyroid hormones that mimic natural thyroid hormones and this will get your metabolism to work faster. I really don't think that a particular food or drink can do this." ]

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[ "The group's main business is State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, a mutual insurance firm that also owns the other State Farm companies. The corporate headquarters are in Bloomington, Illinois.", "On December 15, 2011, State Farm decided to transform its interlocked tri-oval logo to a contemporary logo to showcase the company’s core service offerings of auto, fire, and life. The new logo was introduced January 1, 2012, marking the company’s 90th anniversary. It consists of a simple three-oval design adjacent to the State Farm wordmark. According to Pam El, Marketing Vice President at State Farm, a change in image was needed to employ a bolder presence that could compete in today’s digital world. ", "State Farm is another older, more established company with a motor logo that is recognizable to many Americans. The general shape is a serious square, but the corners are rounded to give a more friendly feeling. The center has entwined circles with the company’s three main types of insurance in the middle. The three circles form a triangular shape, combining the strength of the triangle with the inclusiveness of the circle. This logo is both interesting and effective because it harmoniously uses all of the major shapes.", "This Korean automaker has a logo of the company's name in red letters, surrounded by a red oval.", "This insurance giant is not as small as their name suggests, and their car logo is as substantial as the company itself. First, the shield is a common symbol of tradition, and in a bold red it cannot be missed. The half circle in the background is not just a friendly, rounded shape; it also has rays suggesting a dawn, which connotes hopes. The company’s tagline is at the bottom. All wording is in strong, dominant fonts, showing the strength of the company message. This insurance logo gives the viewer a sense of tradition and strength, an appropriate image for an insurance company.", "The oriental insurance with a work of art Without lights on dashboard, crease in passenger wing mirror On the dodgy side, too much each month of march To not let partying get in touch with mine in simply a busy sales floor traffic Been with state farm mutual ins co, 411 mich The arbitration procedure will start Services (“travel”) charged to tax, cheap insurance, very economical, efficient and reputable charities Positions redirect here: • master autmotive mechanic • mast And work with a rate quote Resting position into first gear and turn it on Local communities to promote trade to female motorists or unexpected trip cancelation.", "The insurance company State Farm has a number of slogans, including \"Get to a better State\" and \"No one serves you better than State Farm.\" But its most famous one is the jingle \"Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there,\" which you're likely familiar with if you live in the United States and watch television.", "The Government Employees Insurance Company (GEICO) is an American auto insurance company headquartered in Chevy Chase, Maryland. It is the second largest auto insurer in the United States, after State Farm. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway that as of 2015 provided coverage for more than 22 million motor vehicles owned by more than 14 million policy holders. GEICO writes private passenger automobile insurance in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. GEICO sells its policies through local agents, called GEICO Field Representatives, and over the phone directly to the consumer, and through their website. Its mascot is a Gold dust day gecko with a Cockney accent, voiced by English actor Jake Wood. GEICO is well known in popular culture for its advertising, having made a large number of commercials intended", "Sd, tennessee tn, texas tx, utah ut, vermont vt, virginia vi, washington wa, west virginia wv, wisconsin wi, wyoming wy A specific timetable for launching the new insurer An accident in an accident Anderson, state auto wisconsin, state auto financial corporation finished 2013 with 5 health code violations Types no medical questions life insurance how to put our bill money and finances, but one can something To take out cover on the value of the reasons why you to Advantages over that and those based on the online system.", "Back in the 1950s, State Farm held a contest, among the agents, to come up with ideas to expand the State Farm business. Robert H Kent, agent in Chicago, came up with the idea of providing auto loans to existing policyholders. Robert H Kent was friends with a local bank president at LaSalle NW, and the two teamed up to pilot the auto finance program. State Farm liked the idea so much, that it was rolled out to all the agents. Robert H Kent received royalties on the program for 20 years. This is a significant event, as it created the first marketing partnership between insurance companies and banks.", "1998 - Trivia / State Farm Insurance Co. - July 1998: \"After a two-year investigation, Indiana gets a permanent injunction against State Farm Insurance Cos., which acknowledges having sold 1,400 wrecked vehicles in the state with improperly obtained state titles. The company agrees to buy back the vehicles or pay damages to the owners.\" [Based on: St. Louis Post-Dispatch, p. A4, 01/24/05]", "A 2007 investigation by CNN reported that major car insurance companies, including State Farm and Allstate Insurance, are increasingly fighting claims from those alleging injury. Some injured parties argued these were unfair practices. State Farm and Allstate have denied these allegations. This followed on the heels of criminal investigations by the states of Louisiana and Mississippi, alleging that State Farm had wrongly denied claims stemming from Hurricane Katrina. ", "(ap) — a large sum down on the northbound lanes collided in whitley county on friday The next business day of car insurance with visa or mastercard/maestro symbols For both commercial and life insurance policy Gus trenor is eating a jellied plover.", "* State Farm Research Center, a research extension of State Farm Insurance located at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.", "This company offers mainly insurance services, but it has chosen to base its branding logo design on the patriotism implied by its name. Liberty is a word that is synonymous with freedom, as is the Statue of Liberty. The implication is that this is a patriotic company that cares about the freedom and range of choices available to its customers and investors. Because this company is one of the largest insurers in the world, this credit design has obviously been successful in communicating the company’s message.", "Late in 1989, Toyota introduced a new worldwide logo in order to differentiate it from the new Lexus brand, commemorate the company’s history, and to resolve the issue it was having with worldwide marketing campaign inconsistencies since, up until this point, no guidelines existed for the use of the brand name \"Toyota\", which was used throughout most of the world. The new logo consisted of three ovals which combined to form the letter \"T,\" which stands for Toyota. The overlapping of the two perpendicular ovals inside the larger oval represent the mutually beneficial relationship and trust between the customer and Toyota, while the larger oval that surrounds the inner ovals represents the \"global expansion of Toyota's technology and unlimited potential for the future,” according to the company. The new logo quickly gained worldwide recognition and is still in use today.", "Oval - A small oval plate of nickel, silver or gold, usually inletted flush into the underside of the buttstock of a fine gun on which the owner's initials, monogram or coat of arms my be engraved. Photo    See also: Escutcheon .", "Nationwide Insurance features a more unique logo than most of its competition. The logo is in a square shape, which is solid and serious. However, the square is filled with negative space, so that it looks like a frame. The rounded writing is friendly and inviting. This frame shape has been used in all of the company’s commercials and advertising, to show that this company is something protective that surrounds its policy-holder’s life with safety and security.", "USAA was founded by a group of Army officers with the goal of providing \"service for the service.\" Its logo conveys that message through the image of an eagle, the national bird and a symbol for the U.S. military services. A recognizble symbol to Americans, the logo expresses loyalty, honesty and integrity.", "The Superformance logo features the brand name next to a red square containing two inclined white stripes.", "Henry Ford‘s right-hand-man, Harold Wills, printed business cards to earn money as a teen, and when Mr. Ford needed a logo, wills pulled out his old printing set and used a font that he had used for his own cards. The oval was added in 1912, and blue was added for the Model A in 1927. This last logo is the blue oval that Ford released in 2003 in honor of the 100 years Ford Motor Company had been around. It was named the “Centennial Blue Oval”.", "Aflac: the largest provider of supplemental insurance in the United States,founded in 1955  as American Family Life Insurance Company of Columbus. It became  American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus a few years later, and from there very quickly to AFLAC in popular usage. The wretched Aflac duck of advertising fame was regrettably incorporated into the company logo in 2005.", "Aflac has chosen to reject the solid image cultivated by other companies, instead focusing on a branding logo design that is friendly and extremely recognizable. The duck that is commonly seen on Aflac commercials is prominently displayed in this logo, with the company name written in rounded, blue letters. Because blue is a calming color and rounded letters less formal than sharper ones, the image is that Aflac is both friendly and easy to deal with.", "The Panoz logo was designed by company founder Daniel Panoz. The red, white, and blue colors represent the fact that Panoz is an American company, while the swirls are a tribute to the integration of balance and symmetry represented by the Yin-Yang symbol. The shamrock in the middle reflects the company’s, and the founder’s, Irish roots.", "This was the year an Insurance firm State Mutual Life Insurance invented the Smiley Face found on anything and everything around the world including T Shirts , it's popularity was at it's peak in the 1960's", "This was the year an Insurance firm State Mutual Life Insurance invented the Smiley Face found on anything and everything around the world including T Shirts , it's popularity was at it's peak in the 1960's", "The Fisker logo is a circular badge with an orange and blue center surrounded by a white border containing the brand name. The orange represents the setting sun into the blue of the Pacific ocean. Two silver vertical stripes in the center represent the company’s co-founders Henrik Fisker and Berhard Koehler.", "Interstate Highways are signed by a number placed on a trademarked red, white, and blue sign. The colors red, white, and blue are chosen because they are the colors of the American flag. In the original design, the name of the state was displayed above the highway number, but in many states, this area is now left blank. The sign usually measures 36 in high, and is 36 in wide for two-digit Interstates or 45 in for three-digit Interstates.", "Proud of the connection between their state and the former president, Illinois officials sought to commemorate that link in an official manner. In 1955, the state made \"Land of Lincoln,\" already a nickname for the state, into the official Illinois motto. That same year, the U.S. Congress granted a special copyright to the \"Land of Lincoln\" insignia, a silhouette of Lincoln inside an outline of the state.", "The Great Seal of the State of Illinois is the official emblem of the State, and signifies the official nature of a document produced by the State of Illinois. The flag of the state of Illinois consists of the seal of Illinois on a white background, with the word \"Illinois\" underneath the seal.", "The state slogan, \"Land of Lincoln,\" was adopted by the General Assembly in 1955. The State of Illinois has a copyright for the exclusive use of the slogan.", "1940: The license plates on the cars are silver (white) on a black field. Those were the colors of the Indiana license plates that year." ]

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[ "Charles Hires invented and promoted Sassafras Root beer as “The Temperance Drink” or “the greatest health giving beverage in the world” and alternate to beer. Root beer and Sassafras tea are still popular.", "Root beer is a carbonated, sweetened beverage, originally made using the root of the sassafras plant (or the bark of a sassafras tree) as the primary flavor. Root beer, popularized in North America, comes in two forms: alcoholic and soft drink. The historical root beer was analogous to small beer in that the process provided a drink with a very low alcohol content. Although roots are used as the source of many soft drinks throughout the world, often different names are used.", "Root beer is a carbonated , sweetened beverage , originally made using the root of a sassafras plant (or the bark of a sassafras tree) as the primary flavor. Root beer, popularized in North America, comes in two forms: alcoholic and soft drink . The historical root beer was analogous to small beer in that the process provided a drink with a very low alcohol content. Although roots are used as the source of many soft drinks throughout the world, often different names are used.", "The essential oil of sassafras (obtained from the root) is, after removal of safrole, used for flavouring a concoction called root beer in the USA, which is a truly US-American beverage dating from the 19.th century. The original recipe was a lightly fermented mixture of water, sugar (or molasses) and plant extracts, but today’s root beer is completely free of alcohol, being made from sugar, aromatic plants and carbonated water alone. Thus, root beer is not a beer at all, but an ordinary soft drink (see gale on the topic of brewing).", "File Powder (Sassafras albidum) - The ground leaves of the sassafras tree, a member of the laurel family, are also known as gumbo file (pronounced FEE-lay or fee-LAY). Used by the Choctaw Indians and in Cajun and Louisiana Creole cooking, they act as a seasoning and thickener. The bark of the roots of the same plant used to be used to make root beer, and the flavor of the ground leaves is faintly reminiscent of this old-fashioned favorite.", "Created in the mid-1800s by pharmacist Charles Hires. The original root beer was very low in alcohol, and was made by fermenting a blend of sugar and yeast with various roots, herbs, and barks such as sarsaparilla and sassafras.", "Root beer is a tan sweet beverage traditionally made using the root beer tree Sassafras albidum (sassafras) or the vine Smilax ornata (sarsaparilla) as the primary flavor. Root beer may be alcoholic or non-alcoholic, come naturally decaffeinated or have caffeine added, and may be carbonated or non-carbonated. Most root beer has a thick foamy head when poured. Modern, commercially produced root beer is generally sweet, foamy, carbonated, and non-alcoholic, and is flavoured using sassafras. It may or may not contain caffeine.", "Credit for the root beer goes to Hank Shaw who taught me all about how to make root beer from sassafras on one of his return trips from the east coast. Sassafras grows wild all over the eastern United States and Canada and was the traditional root for what we call root beer here.", "Since sarsaparilla (botanical Aralia nudicaulis, Spanish sarza - bramble or shrub, parilla - vine, also called Smilax), also called sassparilla (sassafras & sarsaparilla) and sas'parilla, is almost always flavored primarily with sassafras, and the additional spice of sarsaparilla (and very few people can taste any difference between sarsaparilla and root beer made by the same company), Root Beer World considers sarsaparilla to be root beer.  For a different view, see Sarsaparilla vs. Root Beer .", "Local ingredients account for the variety of root beer flavors and recipes around the country. The primary flavor found in any old-fashioned homemade root beer recipe is sassafras, a deciduous tree in North America.  The characteristic sweet flavor comes from the tree’s roots, giving us the name root beer. Now, the primary flavor we associate with root beer is wintergreen, not sassafras.", "Early 20th-century root beer used to be made from, among other things, sassafras root. Sassafras albidum, native to all states east of the Mississippi River, comes from the Laurel family, which also includes bay, camphor, and cinnamon. Native Americans used sassafras leaves to make tea, and the bark as a cooking spice. But it was the drink flavored with oil from the roots—thought to cure syphilis—that was especially popular with Spanish explorers in the 16th century. (It became the New World’s second most popular export after tobacco.)", "Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) is a beautiful tree native to the deciduous forest biome of the eastern United States. It is readily identified by its large three-lobed leaves. Sassafras oil is obtained from the roots and is used in carbonated beverages, teas, medicines and perfumes.", "Before I get into the details about how to identify the plant and how to make the root beer, a disclaimer is in order. The key ingredient in sassafras is safrole, which the FDA banned for commercial use in food in the early 60s because studies found that rats fed enormous amounts of the stuff developed cancer or liver damage.", "Over the years the oil obtained from the roots and wood has been used as a scent in perfumes and soaps. The leaves and pith, when dried and powdered, have been used as a thickener in soups. The roots are often dried and steeped for tea, and sassafras was formerly used as a flavoring in root beer. Its use as a drug or food product has been banned by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as carcinogenic; however, its use and sale persist throughout the United States. Medicinally, sassafras has been applied to insect bites and stings to relieve symptoms.", "Over the years the oil obtained from the roots and wood has been used as a scent in perfumes and soaps. The leaves and pith, when dried and powdered, have been used as a thickener in soups. The roots are often dried and steeped for tea, and sassafras was formerly used as a flavoring in root beer. Its use as a drug or food product has been banned by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as carcinogenic; however, its use and sale persist throughout the United States. Medicinally, sassafras has been applied to insect bites and stings to relieve symptoms. 2", "Not all traditional or commercial root beers were sassafras-based. One of Hires's early competitors was Barq's, which began selling its sarsaparilla-based root beer in 1898 and was labeled simply as \"Barq's\". In 1919, Roy Allen opened his root beer stand in Lodi, California, which led to the development of A&W root beer. One of Allen's innovations was that he served his homemade root beer in cold, frosty mugs. IBC is another brand of commercially produced root beer that emerged during this period and is still well-known today.", "There are now hundreds of root beer brands in the United States, produced in every state and yet there is no standardized recipe. In 1960, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the use of sassafras oil as it was found to be a carcinogen causing cancer. The root beer industry quickly started experimenting to find a replacement, while preserving the flavor. Inventors discovered that sassafras could be treated prior to the removal of the oil, keeping the flavor and eliminating any risk. Today artificial flavorings can be used.", "Sassafras tree is common garden tree and plays vital role in wildlife ecosystem. Leaves and twigs of the plant are food for wild animals. It plays role of host plant for some bird species and of interest for bird watchers.Sassafras wood is strong and aromatic and used in construction and furniture. An orange dye from bark of sassafras is commercial used. Paste made from Dried root bark is used as a condiment. English morning favorite drink, saloop is made by mixing milk, sugar and this paste .", "* Root beer, originally made by Native Americans, commercialized in the United States by Charles Elmer Hires and especially popular during Prohibition", "Sassafras is a genus of three living and one extinct species of deciduous trees in the family Lauraceae, native to eastern North America and eastern Asia. Sassafras is commonly found in open woods, along fences, or in fields. It grows well in moist, well-drained, or sandy soils and tolerates a variety of soil types, but does best in southern and wetter areas of distribution.", "Sassafras, Sassafras albidum, is a member of the laurel family and is native in much of the eastern woodlands, including all of Arkansas. In the northern part of its range it grows as small trees while in the South it may become 80 feet tall. However, we usually see it as a mid-size tree growing in thickets. The aromatic, slightly blue-green leaves are mitten shaped and can be up to six inches long, two-lobed or elliptical with no lobes. In the fall they change to shades of yellow, orange or red.", "A drink similar to modern-day root beer that derives its flavor from the roots of the prickly sarsparilla plant found throughout Latin America.", "If you live in south eastern parts of United States, you are likely to come across a deciduous tree with some mitten shaped leaves. Just pinch one and if you find some spicy aroma, you are probably come across Sassafras. Commonly used as ornamental plant, traditionally roots, barks and leaves of the sassafras were used for culinary and medicinal purposes. During colonized world, a huge trade of sassafras happened.", "Barq's is an American soft drink. Its brand of root beer is notable for having caffeine. Barq's, created by Edward Barq and bottled since the turn of the 20th century, is currently owned and bottled by the Coca-Cola Company. It was known as Barq's Famous Olde Tyme Root Beer until 2012. ", "The sole remnant of an ancient genus is the aromatic sassafras familiar as a roadside tree that flames in autumn with the star gum and the swamp maples. In the deep woods it reaches a height of more than a hundred feet and is an important lumber tree. In the arctic regions and in the rocky strata of our western mountains, fossil leaves of sassafras are preserved, and [Pg 131] the same traces are found in Europe, giving to the geologist proofs that the genus once had a much wider range than now. But no living representative of the genus was known outside of eastern North America, until the report of a recently discovered sassafras in China.", "Doc Bradham, like countless other entrepreneurs across America, was trying to create a cola drink similar in taste to Coca-Cola, which by 1895 was selling well in every state of the union. On August 28, 1898, at his pharmacy in New Bern, North Carolina , Bradham gave the name Pepsi-Cola to his most popular flavored soda. Formerly known as Brad’s Drink, the new cola beverage was a syrup of sugar, vanilla, oils, cola nuts, and other flavorings diluted in carbonated water. The enterprising pharmacist followed Coca-Cola’s method of selling the concentrate to soda fountains; he mixed the syrup in his drugstore then shipped it in barrels to the contracted fountain operators who added the soda water. He also bottled and sold the drink himself.", "In Modern American Drinks by George Kappler (1895), The Bosom Caresser is made with raspberry syrup, egg, brandy, and milk. In later books, the ingredient changes.", "In 1893, Caleb Bradham, a young pharmacist from New Bern, North Carolina, begins experimenting with many different soft drink concoctions.  Like many pharmacists at the turn of the century he had a soda fountain in his drugstore, where he served his customers refreshing drinks, that he created himself. His most popular beverage was something he called \"Brad's drink\" made of carbonated water, sugar, vanilla, rare oils, pepsin and cola nuts.", "Columbus, Georgia Drug store owner Pemberton invented a pop cocawine called Pemberton's French Wine Cola in 1885. It was originally intended to be a headache medicine, hence the comnpany's early slogan \"Specific For Headache\". The story goes that Pemberton was inspired by the impressive success of French Angelo Mariani's cocawine, Vin Mariani.", "Advertising was an important factor in John Pemberton and Asa Candler's success and by the turn of the century, the drink was sold across the United States and Canada. Around the same time, the company began selling syrup to independent bottling companies licensed to sell the drink. Even today, the US soft drink industry is organized on this principle.", "In 1893, Caleb \"Doc\" Bradham (1867-1934) opened a pharmacy in New Bern, North Carolina . Bradham was studying to be a doctor, but he was forced to leave medical school when his father lost his job. Many residents of the southern town frequented his drugstore, not only for the medicines Bradham provided but also to meet and talk with friends at the store's soda fountain. His customers especially enjoyed a beverage called \"Brad's Drink,\" a combination of sugar, vanilla, oils, spices, the African kola nut, and carbonated water. Doc Bradham said the drink would help relieve the symptoms from dyspepsia, or an upset stomach, and ulcers.", "Caleb Bradham of New Bern, North Carolina was a pharmacist. Like many pharmacists at the turn of the century he had a soda fountain in his drugstore, where he served his customers refreshing drinks that he created himself. His most popular beverage was something he called \"Brad's drink,\" a mix of sugar, water, caramel, lemon oil, kola nuts, nutmeg, and other additives. It became an overnight sensation." ]

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[ "Filberts are edible nuts that are cultivated in many parts of the world. They are also popularly known as hazelnut and cob nuts on the basis of the species to which they belong. This nut is approximately 1.5 -2.5 cm long and grows in bunches of one to five each. Filberts are distinguishable from its other species since they are enveloped in 3-5 cm long tube like husk.", "Definition: A filbert is a type of tree nut similar to hazelnuts. In practice, the word filbert is sometimes used interchangeably with the word hazelnut , although technically they each grow on two different (though closely related) species of trees. Furthermore, some types of hazelnuts are actually hybrids of hazelnuts and filberts.", "HAZEL: (Corylus avellana) Also called European Filbert. A Druid sacred tree, Hazel is a deciduous, suckering shrub with pendulous male catkins in spring and clusters of nuts in autumn. The leaves have served as a tobacco substitute.", "With all that said, any Corylus species that have the common name “filbert” (i.e. European Filberts, Common Filbert, etc.) produce filberts, but they technically are all hazelnuts.", "Also known as filberts, cobnuts are a cultivated variety of the native hazelnut that grows in British hedgerows. Cobnuts are typically twice the size of their less cultured cousins, although they vary in size according to variety. It’s becoming trendy to buy them complete with their frilled husk for a more traditional look. The name ‘filbert’ is a corruption of ‘full beard’, referring to the longer fringed husk on some varieties.", "Hazel. There are two varieties, the common hazel nut and the filbert, met with in Coat Armour.", "The kola nut, or bitter cola, (Cola vera, Cola acuminata, Cola nitida) is a seed part from a tree from the Sterculioieae family. The trees are native to Central and Western Africa, but are now found in the West Indies and Brazil, where they were introduced by African slaves. All three species are used as a stimulant and are prepared in the same manner. The kola tree grows to approximately 40 ft (12 m) in height, and has white to yellow flowers with spots that range from red to purple. The kola tree's leaves are 6–8 in long (15–20 cm) and the tree bears fruit that is shaped like a star. Inside the fruit, about a dozen round or square seeds can be found in a white seed shell.", "Much confusion surrounds the correct name of the nut produced by the common hazel tree (Corylus avellana). People commonly call filberts hazelnuts and hazelnuts filberts. The filbert is technically the nut yielded from the C. maxima, a hazel tree that is native from the Balkans to Turkey. The filbert nut is more fully enclosed in the surrounding involucres than nuts yielded by other species of hazel trees. The European filbert (C. avellana pontica) is grown commercially in Turkey. Nearly all hazelnuts produced commercially in the United States are C. cornut grown in Oregon and Washington. A smaller amount of C. Americana hazelnuts are grown in the Northeast.", "filberts (Hazelnuts) are also known as hazelnuts. The nut-bearing hazel has long been associated with mystic rites and the occult. In ancient Rome, hazel torches were burned during the wedding night as a token of fertility and to ensure a happy marriage. A forked divining rod, made from the Y-shaped branch of a hazel, was regarded in remote times as a tool for finding buried treasure. During the Dark and Middle Ages, the hazel rod was used in attempts to detect underground streams of water and unseen veins of precious metals. There are references to the hazelnut in Shakespeare?s works. And even today, dowsing enthusiasts employ rods made from hazelnut wood.", "Hard-shelled nut also known as a filbert that is high in dietary fiber. Hazelnuts come from Turkey, Spain and Italy, and Great Britain. Cobnuts are a type of hazelnut.", "Hazelnuts come from the family Corihave. There are about 18 different species of Corylus. The term 'hazel' comes from the old English word for hood. Some believe that the term filbert, another common name, came from the nut’s long husk being referred to as a “full beard” in Old English. Dictionaries refer to the cobnut as a game that used to be played by children with the nuts.", "There are many cultivars of the hazel, including Barcelona, Butler, Casina, Clark Cosford, Daviana, Delle Langhe, England, Ennis, Fillbert, Halls Giant, Jemtegaard, Kent Cob, Lewis, Tokolyi, Tonda Gentile, Tonda di Giffoni, Tonda Romana, Wanliss Pride, and Willamette.Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5. Some of these are grown for specific qualities of the nut including large nut size, and early and late fruiting cultivars, whereas other are grown as pollinators. The majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts. Some cultivars are of hybrid origin between common hazel and filbert.", "In 1871 Felix Gillet, a French barber who established a plant nursery in California, introduced the cultivated varieties of filberts (Hazelnuts) to the West Coast of the United States. He accurately foresaw that filberts (Hazelnuts) would thrive in the maritime coastal valleys of Oregon and the neighboring state of Washington. Oregon produces about 97% of the United States tonnage, while the remaining 3% comes from Washington.", "Filberts pair exceptionally well with chocolate, a combination which makes Nutella, a chocolate-hazelnut spread, widely popular. Hazelnut paste is often made from roasted filberts and sugar, and is used in tortes and pastries to add a touch of elegance and sweetness, while hazelnut flour adds a nutty appeal to cakes, cookies, and baked goods.", "The hazel is a small deciduous tree originated in southern Europe and Turkey. It is now being cultivated in many regions of the world, including USA as an important commercial crop.", "Kola nut is the seed kernel of a large African tree grown commercially around the world, particularly in Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Brazil and other parts of South America. It is extremely popular amongst the inhabitants as a caffeine-containing stimulant. The nuts are eaten whole or powdered and mixed with liquid for a drink. The kola nut is primarily derived from three species from the cocoa tree family: Cola acuminta, Cola nitida and Cola vera, which originate in tropical West Africa but can also be found in pockets of Brazil and the West Indies, where they were taken by the slave trade. The trees typically reach a height of 25 meters or 60 feet and its waxy oval leaves frame cheerful star-shaped flowers that are white or yellow with purple accents. Its fruit is pod-shaped, with each of which is nestled about a dozen roundish shaped seeds or kola nuts. The kola nuts may be red, white or pinkish of hue. (Once opened, the exposed seedpod’s arrangement looks rather similar in its configuration to an armadillo’s armour!). The nut’s aroma is sweet and rose-like; and the first taste is bitter, but sweetens upon chewing. The nut can be boiled to extract the cola.", "In Oregon, \"filbert\" is used for commercial hazelnuts in general. Use in this manner has faded partly due to the efforts of Oregon's hazelnut growers to brand their product to better appeal to global markets and avoid confusion. [http://www.oda.state.or.us/information/AQ/AQFall99/07.html Agriculture Quarterly - Oregon Department of Agriculture]", "Harvested at just the right time, these hazelnuts (filberts) from Oregon are quite tasty and are immense in size. These are graded as Jumbo, which are just huge! Loaded with nutrition, raw filberts in the shell are fun to crack and even more fun to eat. One crunch and you'll realize these are truly the best hazelnuts around.", "In Italy, too, most filberts (Hazelnuts) grow near the sea. In this case, it is the Mediterranean. The industry is located mainly in Campania and Sicily, though there are also filbert plantings in the north, as well as in locations near Rome.", "Hazelnuts are a staple in European confections and baked goods, as well as an ingredient in Fererro's popular Nutella spread. But hazelnuts have another popular name—filberts. How did that happen?", "The male flowers are about 2 cm in diameter and their calyx is cup-shaped. They are intensely lobed with several stamens and appear in two whorls. On the other hand, the calyx of the female flowers is approximately 5 cm in diameter having five carpels and several simple anthers at the bottom. The fruits of the kola tree are oblong or oval shaped appearing in sacs that measure about 13 cm x 7 cm. They are green hued, glossy on the surface, have a smooth texture, but lumpy having large nodules. As many as four to eight seeds appear in each carpel and they are oval or semi globoid in shape. The kola nuts are extremely thick and hard and they are found in a range of colors. Maroon, deep brown and brown are the most common colors of kola nuts. Each kola tree produces approximately 120,000 nuts annually. Kola nuts may be consumed in a number of ways, including eating them separately, employing them in the form of a spice as well as using them in soda beverages.", "The American filbert of the eastern United States (Corylus americana) produces a true nut enclosed in an involucre of leafy bracts. In the closely-related species of the Pacific northwestern United States C. cornuta, the nut is produced in an elongate, tubular involucre. According to Spjut (1994), fruits of the genus Corylus are technically called a \"diclesium.\" The latter fruit is defined as: A simple fruit consisting of a dry or fleshy pericarpium covered in part or entirely by loose (utricular) to tightly adhering (achenelike), dry, accrescent, indehiscent, fruiting-perianth.", "Corylus , genus Corylus - deciduous monoecious nut-bearing shrubs of small trees: hazel; sometimes placed in the subfamily or family Corylaceae", "Now to further confuse the issue, some varieties of hazels grown in Britain are called “cobnuts”. This was based on a game kids used to play with the nuts where the winning nut was called the cob. Most cobnuts are cultivars of a variety named Kentish Cob. Cobnuts are also unique in that they are typically sold fresh, not dried. This gives the nuts a seasonal market and unique culinary uses.", "To be complete in my explanation, some will say that filberts are longer and thinner, and non-filberts are shorter and more round. This is sometimes true, but is often based on species and varieties/cultivars.", "Witch-hazels (Hamamelis,) are a genus of flowering plants in the family Hamamelidaceae, with four species in North America (H. mexicana, H. ovalis, H. virginiana and H. vernalis), and one each in Japan (H. japonica) and China (H. mollis). The North American species are occasionally called winterbloom. http://www.witchhazel.com/about.htm Dickinson's Witch Hazel, commercially available witch hazel-based products", "Witch hazel is often used as an ornamental plant. A variety of cultivars exist. The cheerful flower colours brighten up the fall and winter. Some plants have leaves which turn a lovely red, orange or golden colour in the autumn.", "Relatives: H. Japonica (Japanese witch hazel), H. mollis (Chinese witch hazel), H. vernalis (Vernal witch hazel).", "What is the difference between a Hazelnut and a Filbert and a Cobnut? This is a convoluted issue with a lot of history, but here is my best attempt to piece it all together:", "beaked hazelnut , Corylus cornuta - hazel of western United States with conspicuous beaklike involucres on the nuts", "The foliage and seed capsules of witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) in the fall. Two shiny black seeds are forcibly ejected from each capsule, a fact verified by Mr. Wolffia one evening when he placed a branch on the night stand next to his bed.", "And just to make things even more mixed-up, there are several totally different plants sometimes called Scilla, or Squill, but the name most commonly refers to S siberica, the Siberian Squill, which is also a member of the family Hyacinthaceae. The name seems no longer to be used for the English Bluebell, but sometimes the Spanish Bluebell, also known as the Wood Hyacinth, is also called Scilla - either Scilla hispanica or Scilla campanulata [which means bell-like]. But apparently this got too confusing, so the botanists changed it." ]

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[ "On May 18, 1980 at 8:32 a.m., the earth rumbles underneath Mount St. Helens, a peak in Skamania County in southwestern Washington. Moments later an explosion blasts away a side of the mountain in a major volcanic eruption. The volcano causes the deaths of 57 people. The destruction is widespread but especially severe in Clark County as boiling gas and mud scour 200 square miles of forest and 30 miles of State Route 504. Some 1,000 miles of state highways and roads have to be closed, some for months, and highway repairs alone run into hundreds of millions of dollars.", "Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18, 1980, killing 57 people and eventually sending volcanic ash around the globe.", "1980 Mount St Helens erupts in Washington state, killing 57 people and causing $3 billion in damage", "On the morning of May 18, 1980, the cone-shaped volcano erupted violently, killing 57 people and thousands of animals, unleashing devastating mudslides, damaging or destroying more than 4 billion board feet of timber and sending an ash plume 12 miles into the sky and covering much of Eastern Washington with the gritty ash. The 1980 event was the deadliest and most destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the continental U.S.", "Mount St. Helens is most famous for its catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 am PDT. which was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways, and 185 miles of highway were destroyed. The eruption caused a massive debris avalanche, reducing the elevation of the mountain's summit from 9,677 feet to 8,365 feet and replacing it with a 1 mile wide horseshoe-shaped crater.[3] The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles in volume. The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for its aftermath to be scientifically studied.", "On this day in 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted. Mount St Helens, in southwest Washington state, exploded at 0832 local time.   The explosion was the largest, deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States.   The final number of those who died directly from the eruption was 57.   In addition, 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways and 185 miles of highway were destroyed.   Nearly 7,000 big game animals (deer, elk, and bear) perished as well as many birds and small mammals.", "Just 2 months later St. Helens catastrophically erupted on May 18, 1980 during which 57 people were killed or never found and huge tracts of forest and homes were destroyed.", "On May 18, 1980, a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens, a volcano located in the state of Washington, United States. The eruption (a VEI 5 event) was the only significant volcanic eruption to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on the mountain's north slope.", "The May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens caused the volcano's north flank to collapse, triggering the largest landslide ever recorded. The blast killed 57 people, flattened 230 square miles (596 square kilometers) of forests and blew 1,300 feet (400 meters) off the peak.", "Mount Saint Helens, volcanic peak in the Cascade Range , southwestern Washington , U.S. Its eruption on May 18, 1980, was one of the greatest volcanic explosions ever recorded in North America .", "FILE - In this May 18, 2010 photo, a memorial to those who lost their lives in the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens is shown near the Johnson Ridge Observatory at the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument in Washington state. May 18, 2015 is the 35th anniversary of the eruption. (AP Photo/Ted S. Warren, file)", "Still, Mount St. Helens's 1980 eruption—which killed 57 and flattened more than 200 square miles (518 square kilometers) of forest—\"really launched modern volcanology in a lot of ways. That's one of its lasting legacies,\" Ewert added.", "Below Mount St. Helens, both the Juan de Fuca and Pacific plates are being subducted beneath the North American Plate. Its historic 1980 eruption lasted 9 hours and covered 11 U.S. states with tons of volcanic ash. The eruption caused the deaths of 57 people, over a billion dollars in property damage, and reduced hundreds of square miles to wasteland.", "The roughly 8,300-foot volcano erupted in an explosion of hot ash and gas on May 18, 1980, spewing debris over some 230 square miles and causing more than a billion dollars in property damage.", "Mount St. Helens is best known for its large explosive eruption, summit collapse and directed blast of May 18, 1980, which was the most expensive and deadly volcanic event in United States history. The volcano continued erupting during 1980-1986, producing a lava dome within the 1980 crater. Mount St. Helens again erupted in 2004-2008, when it produced only minor explosive activity but a series of spectacular lava spines with a cumulative volume of almost 100 million cubic meters that doubled the size of the lava dome. Tremor and millions of small earthquakes accompanied both of the recent eruptions. Since early 2008 no eruptions have taken place and the lava dome has shrunk in heigth as its steep sides crumble into a broader more symetrical shape.", "That portion of the mountain blew out during the May 18, 1980, eruption that left 57 people dead, devastating hundreds of square miles around the peak and spewing ash over much of the Northwest.", "FILE - In this May 20, 1980 photo, trees knocked down by the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens are shown as viewed from the air along a logging road near the south fork of the Toutle River in Washington state. May 18, 2015 is the 35th anniversary of the eruption that killed more than 50 people and blasted more than 1,300 feet off the mountain's peak. (AP Photo/Perry, file)", "What happened when Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18, 1980? | Volcano World | Oregon State University", "Tephra erupted by Mount St. Helens on 18 May 1980 ranging in size from ash (left 2 piles) to lapilli (right 2 piles).", "' north slope. An earthquake at 8:32 a.m. on May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam -rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. The rock responded by exploding into a very hot mix of pulverized lava and older rock that sped toward Spirit Lake", "A total of 57 people and thousands of animals were killed in the May 18 event, and trees over an area of some 200 square miles (500 square km) were blown down by the lateral air blast. At the event’s end, Mount St. Helens’s volcanic cone had been completely blasted away; in place of its 9,677-foot (2,950-metre) peak was a horseshoe-shaped crater with a rim reaching an elevation of 8,363 feet (2,549 metres). Further eruptions occurred until 1986, and a dome of lava grew intermittently in the crater. Seismic activity occurred again between 1989 and 1991 (including some small explosions) as well as in 1995 and 1998.", "The May 18 eruption sent volcanic ash, steam, water, and debris to a height of 60,000 feet (18,288 meters), while the mountain lost 1,300 feet (396 meters) of altitude. Fifty-seven people were killed or are still missing. USGS Photograph taken on May 18, 1980, by Robert Krimmel.", "57 people were killed directly by the eruption. There was also a plane crash, a traffic accident, and shoveling ash which killed a total of 7 more.", "1980 - Volcano Trivia / 1980 - \"Number of volcanic eruptions [and, or] notable volcanic events this year: at least 1. Number of deaths: 57.\" [E.M.]", "1980: The previously dormant Mount St Helens in the north west US, erupted killing eight people and sending ash 60,000 feet up into the air which drifted hundreds of miles.", "After more than 2 months of increasing seismicity, deformation, and emission of small plumes, a series of strong explosions culminated in one of the largest eruptions of this century. The 15-16 June climactic phase lasted more than 15 hours, sending tephra to 30 km altitude, generating voluminous pyroclastic flows, and leaving a small caldera in the former summit region. Ten days later, the aerosol cloud formed a nearly continuous band that stretched 11,000 km from Indonesia to Central Africa. Timely evacuations saved many lives, but the combined effects of the eruption and a typhoon killed more than 300 people.", "Since 1600 CE, nearly 300,000 people have been killed by volcanic eruptions. Most deaths were caused by pyroclastic flows and mudflows, deadly hazards that often accompany explosive eruptions of subduction-zone stratovolcanoes. Pyroclastic flows are fast-moving, avalanche-like, ground-hugging, incandescent mixtures of hot volcanic debris, ash, and gases that can travel at speeds in excess of 160 km/h. Around 30,000 people were killed by pyroclastic flows during the 1902 eruption of Mont Pelée on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean. In March–April 1982, three explosive eruptions of El Chichón Volcano in the State of Chiapas, southeastern Mexico, caused the worst volcanic disaster in that country's history. Villages within 8 km of the volcano were destroyed by pyroclastic flows, killing more than 2,000 people.", "Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted, reaching a peak on 15th June. It was one of the biggest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century. 300 people were killed", "November 13 – Nevado del Ruiz volcano erupts, killing an estimated 23,000 people, including 21,000 killed by lahars in the town of Armero , Colombia .", "Mount Mayon towers over Legazpi Airport, a major hub in Bicol on the island of Luzon. Five climbers were killed and seven were injured on Mount Mayon in 2013, when the volcano unleashed an unpredictable phreatic explosion. A phreatic explosion occurs from water seeping into the magma chamber, then blasting out as steam.  ", "In September 2004, after 18 quiet years, the volcano rumbled back to life with a swarm of tiny, shallow quakes. The first of a series of small explosions on Oct. 1 shot volcanic ash and gases into the air. A lava dome began to rise in the volcano’s crater, building slowly over three years during the eruption period that lasted from 2004 to 2008.", "Fire on Mount Miguel in San Diego County on Oct. 23, 2007. (Photo: David S. Roberts /Wikimedia Commons)" ]

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[ "William Jonathan Drayton Jr. (born March 16, 1959), better known by his stage name Flavor Flav, is an American musician, rapper, actor, television personality, and comedian who rose to prominence as a member of the hip-hop group Public Enemy. He is also known for popularizing the role of the hype man and for yelling \"Yeah boy!\" and \"Flavor Flav!\" during performances. After falling out of the public eye for a number of years, Flav reappeared as the star of several VH1 reality series, including The Surreal Life, Strange Love, and Flavor of Love.", "William Jonathan Drayton, Jr. (born March 16, 1959), known by his stage name Flavor Flav, is an American rapper, television star, hype man, and member of the politically conscious hip hop group Public Enemy. Flavor Flav's visual trademark is an oversized clock hanging from his neck. After falling out of the public eye in former years, he has recently reappeared as a star of American reality television. He has starred in multiple VH1 programs, including Flavor of Love, and the 2007 Comedy Central Roast. Contrary to his image as a buffoon, he is a classically trained pianist.", "Public Enemy is an American hip hop group consisting of Chuck D, Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Khari Wynn, DJ Lord, and the S1W group. Formed on Long Island, New York in 1982, they are known for their politically charged music and criticism of the American media, with an active interest in the frustrations and concerns of the African American community. They remain one of the most critically acclaimed bands in history. Their first four albums during the late 1980s and early 1990s were all certified either gold or platinum and were, according to music critic Robert Hilburn in 1998, \"the most acclaimed body of work ever by a hip hop act.\" ", "Flav's friend and fellow Public Enemy member Chuck D accused VH1 of \"Flavsploitation\" in a [http://www.publicenemy.com/index.php?pagepage3&item", "According to the book The History of Rap Music by Cookie Lommel, \"Stephney thought it was time to mesh the hard-hitting style of Run DMC with politics that addressed black youth. Chuck recruited Spectrum City, which included Hank Shocklee, his brother Keith Shocklee, and Eric \"Vietnam\" Sadler, collectively known as the Bomb Squad, to be his production team and added another Spectrum City partner, Professor Griff, to become the group's Minister of Information. With the addition of Flavor Flav and another local mobile DJ named Terminator X, the group Public Enemy was born.\" According to Chuck, The S1W, which stands for Security of the First World, \"represents that the black man can be just as intelligent as he is strong. It stands for the fact that we're not third-world people, we're first-world people; we're the original people.\" Public Enemy started out as opening act for the Beastie Boys during the latter's Licensed to Ill popularity, and in 1987 released their debut album Yo! Bum Rush the Show. Over the next few years, Public Enemy released It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, Fear of a Black Planet, and Apocalypse 91… The Enemy Strikes Black. In addition to ushering in the golden age of hip hop, during this time, Public Enemy reached the height of their popularity, adulation, and controversy. The group then separated from Def Jam and has since been independently producing, marketing, and publishing their music.", "Flav came to prominence as a founding member and hype man of the rap group Public Enemy. In 1984, the group released a track, \"Public Enemy #1\", which brought them to the attention of Def Jam Records executive Rick Rubin. Rubin initially did not understand Flav's role in the act and wanted to sign Chuck D as a solo act; however Chuck D insisted that Flav be signed with them and the two were signed to Def Jam in 1986.", "* [[Wrestling/{{TPE}} The Public Enemy (TPE)]] - Johnny Grunge (Michael Durham), \"Flyboy\" Rocco Rock (Ted Petty)", "Public Enemy helped to create and define \"rap metal\" by collaborating with Living Colour in 1988 (Funny Vibe) and New York thrash metal outfit Anthrax in 1991. The single \"Bring the Noise\" was a mix of semi-militant black power lyrics, grinding guitars, and sporadic humor. The two bands, cemented by a mutual respect and the personal friendship between Chuck D and Anthrax's Scott Ian, introduced a hitherto alien genre to rock fans, and the two seemingly disparate groups toured together. Flavor Flav's pronouncement on stage that \"They said this tour would never happen\" (as heard on Anthrax's Live: The Island Years CD) has become a legendary comment in both rock and hip-hop circles. Metal guitarist Vernon Reid (of Living Colour) contributed to Public Enemy's recordings, and PE sampled Slayer's \"Angel of Death\" half-time riff on \"She Watch Channel Zero?!\"", "In 2003, Nugent also guested on the VH1 program Forever Wild, hosted by Sebastian Bach, former lead vocalist for the band Skid Row. They shot some firearms and walked around Nugent's cabin in the woods. Two years later, in 2005, Nugent hosted a reality-type show, Wanted: Ted or Alive, on what was then called the OLN, or Outdoor Life Network, before it became the NBC Sports Network of the present day. In Wanted: Ted or Alive, contestants competed for money as well as for opportunities to go hunting with \"Uncle Ted.\" The contestants had to kill and clean their own food to survive.", "In 2004, Run–D.M.C. were one of the first acts honored on the first annual VH1 Hip Hop Honors, alongside legends like 2Pac and The Sugarhill Gang. The Beastie Boys paid tribute. Simmons did not attend the show; he was recording his first solo album, Distortion. McDaniels also released a solo album, Checks Thugs and Rock n Roll. He had recently discovered that he was adopted, which led him to be the center of the VH1 program My Adoption Journey, a documentary chronicling his re-connection with his biological family. McDaniels was also featured in the 2008 video game, Guitar Hero: Aerosmith, making appearances in the songs \"Walk this Way\" and \"King of Rock\". He frequently contributed to VH1 programs such as the I Love The... series, and he released the song \"Rock Show\" featuring singer Stephan Jenkins. Simmons also turned to television, starring in Run's House, a reality show that followed his life as a father and husband.", "Curtis James Jackson III (born July 6, 1975), known professionally as 50 Cent, is an American rapper, actor, entrepreneur, investor, record, film, and television producer. Born in the South Jamaica neighborhood of the borough of Queens, Jackson began selling drugs at age twelve during the 1980s crack epidemic. Although he left drug-dealing to pursue a musical career, he was struck by nine bullets in a 2000 shooting. After Jackson released the compilation album Guess Who's Back? in 2002, he was discovered by Eminem and signed by Shady Records, Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records.", "Curtis James Jackson III (born July 6, 1975), better known by his stage name 50 Cent, is an American rapper, singer, entrepreneur, investor and actor from New York City. Born in the South Jamaica neighborhood of the borough of Queens, Jackson began selling drugs at age twelve during the 1980s crack epidemic. Although he left drug-dealing to pursue a musical career, he was struck by nine bullets in a 2000 shooting. After Jackson released the compilation album Guess Who's Back? in 2002, he was discovered by Eminem and signed by Shady Records, Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records.", "Thomas DeCarlo Callaway (born May 30, 1974), Many sources state 1974, however prison records state 1975. better known by his stage name CeeLo Green (sometimes rendered as Cee Lo Green or Cee-Lo Green), is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, actor, and businessman.", "In 1991 Nate Dogg and Snoop Dogg , [2] and their friend Warren G , formed a rap trio called 213 . 213 recorded their first demo in the back of the famed V.I.P record store in Long Beach, the demo was later heard by Dr. Dre at a house party and he was instantly hooked on the soulful voice of Nate. [3]", "Curtis James Jackson III (born July 6, 1975), better known by his stage name 50 Cent, is an American rapper. He rose to fame with the release of his albums Get Rich or Die Tryin' (2003) and The Massacre (2005). Both albums achieved multi-platinum success, selling over twenty-one million copies combined.", "In June 2007, Brown took part in the ITV television series \"24 hours with...\", a chat show format as celebrity and interviewer spend an intense 24 hours locked in a room together. The show's host, Jamie Campbell, asked Brown questions about his career and private life, and infamously joked about making \"sexual moves\" towards the singer. Brown was furious and threatened to beat Campbell up live on air. Brown's later tenures in reality shows included appearances on Real Husbands of Hollywood, Celebrity Fit Club and Gone Country.", "2002 32 Years Old Combs was executive producer of the reality TV show Making the Band, which appeared on MTV from 2002 to 2009. … Read More", "Best known for his albums, \"Get Rich or Die Tryin'\" and \"The Massacre,\" Curtis Jackson, aka 50 Cent, grew up in Queens, the son of a cocaine dealer, who was murdered in 1983. He followed his mom into the drug trade. In 2000, Jackson was shot nine times in front of his grandmother's home. Eminem heard his independently released album, \"Guess Who's Back\" and introduced Jackson to Dr. Dre, who signed him. Jackson also has an acting career in movies such as \"Get Rich or Die Tryin',\" \"Home of the Brave\" and \"Righteous Kill.\" (Scott Gries / Getty Images) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "In a battle between Kenny G and Flea on Celebrity Deathmatch, Flea rips out Kenny G's lower jaw, and then throws it into the audience like a boomerang, causing the jaw to come back and bury itself right into Kenny G's skull, killing him. Nick Diamond, one of the hosts, says, \"Oh my God! Flea killed Kenny G! Flea killed Kenny G!\" Then a little boy in the audience yells out, \"YOU BASTARD!\"", "O'Shea Jackson, who goes by the name Ice Cube, was just 16 when he joined N.W.A to write what he called reality raps. \"We always saw ourselves as street reporters,\" he told NPR, noting that \"F** tha Police\" continues to be used during protests against the police, from Los Angeles to Ferguson, Mo.", "Snoop began rapping in middle school and, after graduating from Long Beach Polytechnic High School in 1989, he formed a group named 213 (the area code for Long Beach at the time) with his friends Warren G (Warren Griffin) and Nate Dogg (Nathaniel Hale, 1969-2011).  During this time Snoop was also loosely associated with the Crips , a Los Angeles street gang, arrested on cocaine possession charges, and spent time in and out of prison.", "** JerkassFacade: He hired actors to help stage his robberies so that he could stay relevant in the music community. Also does this to provoke Tom into hitting him.", "He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with worldwide sales of more than 80 million records. He has also appeared in over 50 movies and television shows, sometimes as himself or as characters resembling his stage persona. His most notable roles include Eddie in the The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975), Robert \"Bob\" Paulson in David Fincher's Fight Club (1999) and \"The Lizard\" in The 51st State (2002). He has also appeared in several television shows such as Monk, Glee, South Park, House, M.D. and Tales from the Crypt as a guest actor.", " 2012 Something from Nothing: The Art of Rap (Documentary) (performer: \"Lose Yourself\", \"Bad Guys Always Die\", \"The Real Slim Shady\", \"Forgot About Dre\", \"What's The Difference\") / (writer: \"Lose Yourself\", \"Bad Guys Always Die\", \"The Real Slim Shady\", \"Forgot About Dre\", \"What's The Difference\" - as Marshall Mathers)", "In 1990, Pop recorded Brick by Brick, produced by Don Was, with members of Guns N' Roses and The B-52's as guests, as well as backup vocals by many local Hollywood groups, two of whom (Whitey Kirst and Craig Pike) would create his band to tour and perform on his Kiss My Blood video (1991), directed by world-famous director Tim Pope and filmed at the Olympia in Paris. The video attracted much controversy, as it featured much footage of Pop performing with his penis exposed to the audience. The album was his first Gold-certified album in the U.S. (denoting sales of over 500,000 copies) and featured his first Top 40 U.S. hit, \"Candy\", a duet with B-52's singer Kate Pierson.", "By the early 1990s, MTV was playing a combination of pop-friendly hard rock acts, chart-topping metal and hard rock acts such as Metallica, Nirvana and Guns N' Roses, pop singers such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, 2 Unlimited, and New Kids on the Block, and R&B groups such as New Edition, En Vogue, Bell Biv Devoe, SWV, Tony Toni Tone, TLC and Boyz II Men, while introducing hit rappers Vanilla Ice and MC Hammer. MTV progressively increased its airing of hip hop acts, such as LL Cool J, Queen Latifah, Salt-n-Pepa, Naughty By Nature, Onyx, MC Lyte, and Sir-Mix-A-Lot, and by 1993, the channel added West Coast rappers previously associated with gangsta rap, with a less pop-friendly sound, such as Tupac Shakur, Ice Cube, Warren G, Ice-T, Dr. Dre, Tone Loc, and Snoop Doggy Dogg.", "Antonio D. Charity plays stick-up man Marvin AKA Kid Funkadelic in the Homicide episdoe \"Bop Gun\" and Corrections Officer Dwight Tilghman on The Wire.", "In late 1991, Kid Rock was picked up by an independent record label called Continuum Records, which held Pink Floyd at one time. Though Insane Clown Posse's Violent J disliked Kid Rock's rapping style, he paid Kid Rock to appear on Insane Clown Posse's first album, Carnival of Carnage in 1992, in an attempt to get the album noticed. Kid Rock showed up to record the song \"Is That You?\" intoxicated, but re-recorded his vocals and record scratching the following day. In March 1993, Continuum released his second album The Polyfuze Method. The album, which sold approximately 15,000 copies, featured a more rap rock-oriented sound. The album heavily sampled psychedelic blues from Led Zeppelin (Prodigal Son, My Oedipus Complex), Pink Floyd (The Cramper) and The Doors (U Don't Know Me), Black Sabbath (Pancake Breakfast ) and The Smiths (Back From The Dead) amongst others.The album saw some local college radio success at Central Michigan University with the tracks \"Back From The Dead\" and \"Balls In Your Mouth\". He wanted \"Prodigal Son\" as the lead single, but Continuum refused and released \"U Don't Know Me\" as the first single. It failed to chart, and the music video received little airplay on major music video channels. Kid Rock re-released \"Back From The Dead\" as a single to mainstream radio and produced the music video himself, but it also failed as a single.", "For a while, MTV refused to air the video. When they finally did, it was on their alternative show 120 Minutes. When the song became a hit, the video went into hot rotation.", "The actor moonlighted as a singer, exhibiting a sixth sense for hit-making. He made two Hot 100 visits in 1987: \"Respect Yourself\" (No. 5) and \"Under the Boardwalk\" (No. 59).", "Eventually, videos from the emerging genre of rap and hip hop would also begin to enter rotation on MTV. A majority of the rap artists appearing on MTV in the mid-1980s, such as Run-DMC, The Fat Boys, Whodini, L.L. Cool J, and the Beastie Boys, were from the East Coast.", "Michael Di Lorenzo, who plays Eddie Torres on New York Undercover is one of the lead dancers in Michael Jackson's \"Beat It\" video." ]

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[ "If a player uses all seven of the tiles in the rack in a single play, a bonus of 50 points is added to the score of that play (this is called a \" bingo \" in Canada and the United States, a \"Scrabble\" in Spain and a \"bonus\" elsewhere). These bonus points are added after totaling the score for that turn.", "If a player uses all seven of the tiles in the rack in a single play, a bonus of 50 points is added to the score of that play (this is called a \" bingo \" in Canada and the United States, a \"Scrabble\" in Spain and a \"bonus\" elsewhere). These bonus points are not affected by premium squares.", "Each player's rack holds 7 tiles from which plays are made. There is a significant bonus (of 50 points) added to a player's turn score when one plays all 7 tiles at once, so this is an important goal for players to achieve. Beginners rarely play all 7 letters, but experts may do so 2, 3, or more times in a typical game.", "Finally, if seven tiles have been laid on the board in one turn (known as a \" bingo \" in North America, a \"scrabble\" in Spain and France, and a \"bonus\" elsewhere), after all of the words formed have been scored, 50 bonus points are added.", "When a player is able to place all seven tiles from the tile rack on the board at the same time, that player receives a 50 point bonus. In end game scenarios, when the players hold less than the standard seven tiles, a player does not get the 50 point bonus for using all the tiles on the rack.", "BINGO! If you play seven tiles on a turn, it's a Bingo. You score a premium of 50 points after totaling your score for the turn.", "The highest possible score, theoretically, for a single play under American tournament Scrabble rules is 1,778 points for joining eight already-played tiles to form the word OXYPHENBUTAZONE across three triple-word-score squares, while simultaneously extending seven specific already-played words to form new words.", "Each player takes turns attaching tiles to create new words. A player may draw from a pile of tiles to replace the tiles that were used. A score can be provided to a player after each turn. The score for vertically stacked tiles can be different than horizontally coupled tiles. For example, two points may be provided for each horizontally attached tile in a word. One point may be provided for each tile within a vertical stack. For example, if a player has four tiles beneath a tile, that player receives five points for that letter. A player that cannot form a word may pass to the next player. The game continues until a player has run out of tiles or none of the players can form a new word. The player with the highest score wins the game. A player is deducted points for each tile that they did not play.", "Every player will start their turn by drawing seven tiles from the Scrabble bag. There are three options during any turn. The player can place a word, they can exchange tiles for new tiles or they can choose to pass. In most cases, players will try to place a word as the other two options will result in no score.", "Tens of thousands play club and tournament Scrabble worldwide. The intensity of play, obscurity of words, and stratospheric scores in tournament games may come as a shock to many parlor players. All tournament (and most club) games are played with a game clock and a set time control . Although casual games are often played with unlimited time, this is problematic in competitive play among players for whom the number of evident legal plays is immense. Almost all tournament games involve only 2 players; typically, each has 25 minutes in which to make all of his or her plays. For each minute by which a player oversteps the time control, a penalty of 10 points is assessed. The number of minutes is rounded up, so, for example, if a player oversteps time control by two minutes and five seconds, the penalty is 30 points. Also, most players use molded plastic tiles (of which Protiles is one major brand), not engraved like the original wooden tiles, eliminating the potential for a cheating player to \"braille\" (feel for particular tiles, especially blanks, in the bag).", "Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by forming words from individual lettered tiles on a gameboard marked with a 15x15 grid. The words are formed across and down in crossword fashion and must appear in a standard dictionary. The board is marked with premium squares, which multiply the number of points awarded: eight dark red triple-word squares, 17 pink double-word squares, of which one, the center square (H8), is marked with a star or other symbol; 12 dark blue triple-letter squares, and 24 light blue double-letter squares.", "Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by forming words from individual lettered tiles on a gameboard marked with a 15-by-15 grid.", "Let’s examine the potential effects of the “new” values. In both Lewis’ and Deadspin’s calculations, 10 tiles decrease in value, four increase, and 12 don’t change. More tiles fall in a band of two to five points, bringing the utility of each closer together. The consensus of my math-brained Scrabble colleagues is that this would be like a dose of lithium for the game, flattening scoring and eliminating swings that keep games interesting. Big but still-reasonable values for some tiles, especially the X and Z, are good because they improve the odds of comebacks, make tile positioning a compelling strategic consideration, and give players with lesser word knowledge a slightly better chance against those who are booked up. “Except for the Q, Josh [Lewis] basically squashes the volatility,” said Eric Chaikin, co-director of the Scrabble documentary Word Wars . “His values take the fun out.”", "During their turn, a player can either place a word on the scrabble board, exchange tiles, or pass on their turn. If a player passes two consecutive times then the game ends. If a player decides to exchange their letters, they cannot place a word on the board until their next turn. Word scores are calculated by adding up the numbers on each of the tiles. Extra points can be earned by arranging a word over premium squares. These squares are multipliers, they either multiply an individual letter or the entire word by the value listed on the square. The specific values are printed on the board. If a player puts a word on the board and one of the tiles touches a tile in an adjacent row, it must also form a word. A players receives points for any of the words they play or modify during their play.", "The player who ended the game and who therefore has no more tiles remaining is given an added bonus. Add the total of all points of all remaining players with tiles left on their racks. This number is added to the final score of the player who is \"out\" of tiles.", "The player whose turn it currently is will have fourteen tiles in his or her hand (actually, they may have more, due to Kongs, as explained below), while all others will have thirteen. East has fourteen to start with, and goes first. If they somehow have four melds and a pair, this termed a \"Hand from Heaven\", and East instantly wins the round, scoring the maximum number of points possible. Normally, however, East must simply continue as with a normal turn.", "The first player will use two or more of their the letters to compose a word. They will place this word on the board either vertically or horizontally. The first letter of the first word must be placed on the star square at the center of the board. This star will count as a double word score on the first play. Players will then take turns playing, going in a clockwise direction around the board. Once a player puts a word on the board, they must select new letters to replace those they played, so they always have 7 tiles.", "In Speed-Scrabble, the tiles are laid face down. Four players each draw seven tiles and work their own grids; there is no central board. When one player reaches a valid position - that is, all of the player's tiles are in contact and form acceptable words - that player calls \"pick.\" All players then draw another tile and continue. The twist in Speed-Scrabble is that a player can rearrange their grid at any time, even to the point of demolishing it and starting over.", "    Scrabble is played with exactly 100 tiles. 98 of these tiles contain letters on them, while there are 2 blank tiles. These blank tiles add a wild card aspect to Scrabble. The blanks substitute for any letter in the alphabet. Once played, a blank tile remains for the remainder of the game the letter for which it was substituted when first played.", "A player wins a game of Scrabble by accumulating the most points before the game ends.", "No.  There are no point values for the blank tiles in the game of Scrabble.  The benefit of having blank tiles is that they can substitute for any letter that you need but other do not have.  Using a blank tile may help you gain a Triple Word Score, in which case all the points for the other letters in the word are totaled and tripled.", "Scrabble, board-and-tile game in which two to four players compete in forming words with lettered tiles on a 225-square board; words spelled out by letters on the tiles interlock like words in a crossword puzzle .", "When you master how to use a blank tile in Scrabble, you can use blanks to score especially high point totals. A blank tile has no value in and of itself when playing Scrabble, but blank letter tiles give you flexibility in the type of words you can place on the board. For that reason, blank tiles are highly coveted in Scrabble, though rare (2 blanks per game).", "There are 100 tiles in a standard, “classic” game of Scrabble.  There are occasional calls for changing the number and distribution of the tiles in the game.", "The game has 100 tiles and is played on a board 15 spaces high and 15 spaces wide, for a total of 225 squares, although the original Scrabble didn't include a board. It was played with just the tiles.", "What's more, he says, seasoned Scrabble players know there is an important difference between the value written on a Scrabble tile and that tile's real value when played in a game, a notion he calls \"equity value\". So a blank tile or an S have an equity value that far outstrips their face value because they can easily earn a player so many points.", "There are exactly 100 tiles in Scrabble, distributed this way (read more about Scrabble's tile distribution ):", "In the scrabble board we have some squares represent multipliers. If a tile is placed on those squares the tile value is doubled or tripled based on the type of square.", "Now add the score for that particular word. This can vary depending on the Scrabbles board size and rules. Now draw tiles based on the same number you got. Place these on your tiles. Now alternate creating the words. ", "Scrabble is, as many people would agree, the most popular word game ever published. It is played all around the world in many different languages. In this article, we will focus on how many letters are in Scrabble, more precisely how many letter tiles there are in the English edition of this game. We will also say something about the point system in this game.", "So this is the only mention I've ever come across, by someone other than me, of average Points Per Turn as a useful statistic in Scrabble. I don't recall any mention of it in Word Freak, for instance.", "Some players study Scrabble, the most popular word game in the world, like Garry Kasparov studies Chess. The Deluxe edition boasts several worthwhile features, including a board that spins and holds letters in place. I think Scrabble is best with 2 players." ]

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[ "Of course, this is why the wife of an Earl is called a Countess. No one bothered creating a female version of that title either...", "A British nobleman is a rank below that of marquis and above that of Viscount:   called count for a time after the Norman conquest. The wife of an Earl is a  Countess a woman holding in her own right holds the rank equivalent to that of a Earl if their intitled to it.", "Counts and Earls are equivalent ranks, so equivalent that the wives of earls have always been called countesses.  (I assume that William the Conqueror brought/made counts, and the native English equivalent rank was Earl.  But if that's true, then how can it be true that the wives of earls have always been countesses?)  What is a count?  He is the ruler of a county.  And now we can go back to consider the marquises. ", "In contrast, the wife of a substantive peer is legally entitled to the privileges of peerage: she is said to have a \"life estate\" in her husband's dignity. Thus a duke's wife is titled a \"duchess\", a marquess's wife a \"marchioness\", an earl's wife a \"countess\", a viscount's wife a \"viscountess\" and a baron's wife a \"baroness\". Despite being referred to as a \"peeress\", she is not a peer in her own right: this is a 'style' and not a substantive title. However, this is considered a legal title, unlike the social titles of a peer's children.", "Earl was more of a military term than Count was. They both were primarily. But and Earl was much more responsible for raising the local levy of commoner troops for an invasion, while for a Count they'd be happy if you showed up with your allottment of knights and retinue: again, just because it's coming from a slightly different system. When an Earl was killed, sometimes the logical successor on the ground was his wife, and she would be known as an Earl too, although that was more of a brevet promotion than a permanent thing.", "* One step below an earl is a Viscount (pronounced \"vi-count\"). The female equivalent is a Viscountess . Address a viscount using the same pattern as for an earl and marquis. All of a viscount's children are called \"The Honorable full name.\"", "Earl: In Latin, “Comes” in French “Comte” or “Count.” Before 1337, the highest, and now the third degree of rank and dignity in the British peerage. An earl is “Right Honorable”; he is styled “My Lord”, the eldest son bears his father’s “second title,” generally that of Viscount; his other sons are “Honorable” but all his daughters are “Ladies.” The circlet of an Earl’s coronet has eight lofty rays of gold rising from the circlet, each of which supports a large pearl, while between each pair of these rays is a golden strawberry leaf.", "*In the first of the series, The Marriage Settlement, he shows an arranged marriage between the son of bankrupt Earl Squanderfield and the daughter of a wealthy but miserly city merchant. Construction on the Earl's new mansion, visible through the window, has stopped and a usurer negotiates payment for further construction at the center table. The gouty Earl proudly points to a picture of his family tree, rising from William, Duke of Normandy. The son views himself in the mirror, showing where his interests in the matter lie. The distraught merchant's daughter is consoled by the lawyer Silvertongue while polishing her wedding ring. Even the faces on the walls appear to have misgivings. Two dogs chained to each other in the corner mirror the situation of the young couple.", "His wife is the niece of an earl who once worked as a lady-in-waiting to a royal duchess.", "Anne, Duchess of Norfolk was the wife of the 17th Duke of Norfolk. The Dukes of Norfolk hold the hereditary office of Earl Marshal, where they are responsible for organising State Funerals and the coronation of the new Monarch at Westminster Abbey.", "Lady Carnarvon was known as Fiona Aitken before she married Geordie Herbert, the Eighth Earl of Carnarvon and Queen Elizabeth II’s godson, in 1999. She has become the face of Highclere as her husband devotes himself to the less-glamorous operational side of running this vast estate, and speaks with the proper accent of a countess and the numeric frankness of a chief financial officer. “If you win the lottery, you’re winning something called cash,” she said. “With ‘Downton,’ it’s how it can turn in to something like cash.”", "3. Dame is the English legal designation of the wife or widow of a Baronet or knight.", "Father and Buonaventura were eating cold mutton, and Aunt Petranilla was telling a story. “When I was fifteen, I was betrothed to a nephew of the earl of Shiring,” she said. “It was considered a good match: his father was a knight of the middling sort, and mine a wealthy wool merchant. Then the earl and his only son both died in Scotland, at the battle of Loudon Hill. My fiancé, Roland, became the earl—and broke off the engagement. He is still the earl today. If I had married Roland before the battle, I would now be the countess of Shiring.” She dipped toast in her ale.", "[ix] Isabella married the earl of Essex in 1214. See R. B. Patterson (2004/5), âIsabella, suo jure countess of Gloucester (c.1160â1217)â, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004; online edition 2005), available at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/46705.", "etymology - Why is the feminine equivalent of an earl a countess rather than an earless? - English Language & Usage Stack Exchange", "His wife is the DUCHESS. They will be duke and duchess of something, eg. Duke and Duchess of Ithorne. Address is \"your grace\", though familiars may address them as Duke and Duchess eg \"Fine weather for shooting, eh, Duke?\" or may address the duke by title. \"Care for more port, Ithorne?\"", "Margaret Tudor has been criticized for her decision to marry the Earl of Angus, citing that it made her lose the Regency which her husband had left her with (with the condition that she didn’t marry), and it nearly brought a civil war with her constant fighting with her son’s new regent, the Duke of Albany. Although all of this is true, for Margaret marrying Angus had nothing to do with lust and much less with love. A pragmatic woman like her father and namesake, she wanted someone from a powerful family who could help her rule in her son’s name, and offer her military support in case the other lords turned against her. When she realized the mistake she’d made, she looked for other options. And although her brother was initially supportive of her, when he heard that Margaret had annulled her marriage to Angus, he was furious and heavily criticized her, telling her that she had made a mockery of the sanctity of marriage. This is really ironic considering what he did less than two decades after he had his marriage annulled to Katherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn, and not long after that, annulled his second marriage so he could marry again.", "1378 Philippa, Countess of Oxford. Daughter and heiress of Enguerrand de Coucy, Earl of Bedford, K.G., afterwards Duke of Bedford. Married Robert (de Vere), 9th Earl of Oxford, afterwards Duke of Ireland, K.G.", "She first married Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick and the only King of the Isle of Wight (as well as of Jersey and Guernsey). Their only daughter was Lady Anne Beauchamp, who was allowed to succeed as suo jure 15th Countess of Warwick. Upon the death of the 15th Countess, the title was inherited by her paternal aunt, also named Lady Anne. Lady Anne married Cecily's brother, Richard Neville, who would become jure uxoris 16th Earl of Warwick.", "Blue Blood : Lynley's. Not only is he an aristocrat, but he is the eighth earl to bear the title, and given how ennobling worked historically, his family was almost certainly aristocracy even before they got the earldom. His partner Barbara could not be less impressed .", "** May - Hugh the younger Despenser, favourite of Edward, Prince of Wales, is married to heiress Eleanor de Clare.", "He married Aliva, daughter. of Alan Basset, baron of Wiccomb in County of Buckingham. After his death she married second, Richard SOD of Gilbert Talbot, ancestor to the Earls of Shrewsbury.", "Isabellaâs brief, second marriage appears to have been a reasonably contented one. She regularly issued charters jointly with or alongside her husband. [xix] We also have a visual representation of Isabella that survives from this time in the form of the seal that she used to authenticate documents, upon which she was depicted as a standing, female figure, wearing a long, flowing robe, girt at the waist. The countess was shown facing forwards, with a fleur-de-lys or flower in her right hand, and a bird in her left hand. On her seal legend she continued to style herself as âIsabella, countess of Gloucester and Mortainâ, the titles she had used during her marriage to John. [xx]    ", "Isabella, Countess of Gloucester (c. 1173 – 14 October 1217), was an English noblewoman who was married to King John prior to his accession. She is known by an exceptionally large number of alternative names, including Isabelle, Hawise, Joan, and Eleanor. Lindsay, Philip Introduction to The Devil and King John", "Further, Giffard had married Maud Longsord (Longspee) who was also a cousin of Llywelyn, for whom she had a warm affection, as she proved afterwards. And that marriage, moreover, made him a lord-marcher, in right of his wife’s possessions.", "Initially married to Lord Alexander Felsham, and living at Felsham Hall when Lovejoy first meets her, she quickly strikes up a friendly relationship with Lovejoy. She often helps him with his deals and at one point going into business with him. She commonly has to bail out Lovejoy with money at various times during their acquaintance.", "“I’m sure he is engaged to his cousin, and that they will keep the young man to his bargain,” said the Major. “The marriages in these families are affairs of state. Lady Agnes was made to marry old Foker by the late Lord, although she was notoriously partial to her cousin who was killed at Albuera afterwards, and who saved her life out of the lake at Drummington. I remember Lady Agnes, sir, an exceedingly fine woman. But what did she do? — of course she married her father’s man. Why, Mr. Foker sate for Drummington till the Reform Bill, and paid dev’lish well for his seat, too. And you may depend upon this, sir, that Foker senior, who is a parvenu, and loves a great man, as all parvenus do, has ambitious views for his son as well as himself, and that your friend Harry must do as his father bids him. Lord bless you! I’ve known a hundred cases of love in young men and women: hey, Master Arthur, do you take me? They kick, sir, they resist, they make a deuce of a riot and that sort of thing, but they end by listening to reason, begad.”", "John Welles was some 20 years older than his 19-year-old bride. A younger son with no expectations, he had served in Edward IV’s household. He did not accept Richard III as king. Instead, he joined his nephew, Henry Tudor, and fought for him at Bosworth. In gratitude and in recognition of family ties, Henry created him Viscount Welles, and gave him manors and responsibilities in Lincolnshire. John was both a thoroughly reliable and a thoroughly unremarkable man. To Henry’s mind, he was the perfect husband for a vivacious Yorkist princess. Cecily’s viewpoint is nowhere recorded.", "The twins, whose maiden name was Rennie, were born on a farm near Newburgh, Scotland more than a century ago when Edward VII was on the throne. Although not identical, their mother always dressed them exactly the same. After leaving school, they worked on farms before leaving to start their own families. Evelyn married William Middleton and has four children,12 grandchildren, 26 great-grandchildren and three great-great grandchildren. Edith, married Nathaniel Ritchie and has four children, nine grandchildren, 21 great grandchildren, and three-great-great grandchildren.", "From 1434, her married name became de Beauchamp.2 She held the office of Sheriff of Worcestershire in 1449.2 From 3 April 1449, her married name became Tiptoft.2 As a result of her marriage, Cicely Neville was styled as Countess of Worcester on 16 July 1449.", "After the death of Tailboys, Blount was wooed unsuccessfully by Leonard Gray. She subsequently married a younger man whose Lincolnshire lands adjoined hers, Edward Clinton or Fiennes, 9th Baron Clinton, thus becoming Elizabeth Fiennes. They were married some time between 1533 and 1535, and this union produced three daughters.", "Per \"Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland,\" Henry Fulford, of Fulford, married the daughter and heir of Fitzurse, of Williton, Somerset." ]

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[ "Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle KStJ , DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a Scottish writer and physician, most noted for creating the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes and writing stories about him which are generally considered milestones in the field of crime fiction .", "Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a Scottish physician and writer, most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, which are generally considered a major innovation in the field of crime fiction, and for the adventures of Professor Challenger. He was a prolific writer whose other works include science fiction stories, historical novels, plays and romances, poetry, and non-fiction.", "Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a Scottish physician and writer, most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, generally considered milestones in the field of crime fiction, and for the adventures of Professor Challenger. He was a prolific writer whose other works include fantasy and science fiction stories, plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction and historical novels.", "Scottish-born author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. (1859 - 1930) was a prolific writer best known for creating the detective Sherlock Holmes.", "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) was a Scottish physician and writer known around the world for his stories about detective Sherlock Holmes, which all but created the literary field of crime fiction and made the name Sherlock Holmes synonymous with detectives. Aside from the Sherlock Holmes stories, he was a prolific writer whose other works include science fiction stories, historical novels, plays and romances, poetry, and non-fiction. ", "1859, May 22 – Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author of Sherlock Holmes, was on this dayborn of Irish parents in Edinburgh.", "Arthur Conan Doyle is the widely read Scottish author who created the legendary, world famous fictional character, 'Sherlock Holmes'. He authored more than 60 'Sherlock Holmes' mystery stories, which captivated readers and transported them into a world of mystery. Some of his notable 'Sherlock Holmes' works include, âStories of Sherlock Holmes', 'The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes', 'The Hound of the Baskervilles', 'The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes' and 'The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes'. He also authored many non-fiction books, works of fantasy, science-fiction and wrote poetry. He has also published many historical novels. He created another fictional character named, âProfessor Challenger' and wrote a series of novels based on him. Born into a wealthy family in Edinburgh, Scotland, Doyle grew up listening to many enchanting tales narrated to him by his mother, Mary, a well read and masterful storyteller. He initially went to medical school and after he graduated he was briefly employed and later set up his own practice. Unfortunately, his medical career did not succeed and he began writing stories while he waited for patients, little knowing the fact that these stories would change his life forever.", "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, was a Scottish physician and writer, prominent for his role in modern crime fiction, and the creation of the characters of detective Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson which retain their popularity till today.", "Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859–7 July 1930) was a British author most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, which are generally considered a major innovation in the field of crime fiction, and for the adventures of Professor Challenger. He was a prolific writer whose other works include science fiction stories, historical novels, plays and romances, poetry, and non-fiction.", "Arthur Conan Doyle, the son of Charles Doyle and Mary Foley, was born in Edinburgh on 22nd May 1859. Arthur's father was an alcoholic and the family was always short of money. At school, Arthur developed a strong interest in the books written by Sir Walter Scott and Edgar Allan Poe.", "(22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a Scottish [1] physician and writer, most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes , which are generally considered a major innovation in the field of crime fiction , and for the adventures of Professor Challenger . ^  ", "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) was a Scottish doctor and writer. He was best known for his stories about Sherlock Holmes, who was one of the first fictional detectives.", "In 1847 Alexander Graham Bell was born in Edinburgh. Arthur Conan Doyle the creator of Sherlock Holmes was born in Edinburgh in 1859.", "He was a Scottish writer and physician born in the Scottish capital of Edinburgh ( Google Maps ), on 22 May 1859 and died on 7 July 1930.", "Ian Rankin, like Stevenson a graduate of Edinburgh University, acknowledges not just Stevenson as an influence but also other classic Scottish writers. James Hogg's eerie work Notes and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824) is regarded as one of the first psychological thrillers, Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes is based on his own teacher, the forensic expert Dr Joseph Bell, who was a formative influence on Doyle as a medical student at the University. Muriel Spark's novel The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961) reveals the divisions within Edinburgh society as seen through the eyes of girls at a private school in the 1930s.", "C4406. MacDonald, Brian R. A. Conan Doyle, May 22, 1859. [Fairland, Ind.]: The Gruner Press, [May 22, 1980]. [4] p.", "Author. Creator of the detective Sherlock Holmes. He graduated from Edinburgh University in medicine and practised in Edinburgh, aboard ship and in the Boer War.", "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930) was born in Scotland of Irish parents. He practiced medicine from 1882 to 1890 during which time he wrote detective novels and historical romances.", "Sir Walter Scott - 1st Baronet (August 14, 1771 - September 21, 1832) was a prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet popular throughout Europe during his time. In some ways Scott was the first English-language author to have a truly international career in his lifetime, with many contemporary readers all over Europe, Australia, and North America. His novels and poetry are still read, and many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature. Famous titles include Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, The Lady of The Lake , Waverley and The Heart of Midlothian.", "Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet (1771-1832) was a prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet popular throughout Europe during his time. In some ways Scott was the first author to have a truly international career in his lifetime, with many contempo...", "Joseph Bell, JP, DL, FRCS (2 December 1837 – 4 October 1911) was a Scottish lecturer at the medical school of the University of Edinburgh in the 19th century. He is perhaps best known as an inspiration for the literary character Sherlock Holmes .", "Joseph Bell, JP, DL, FRCSE (2 December 1837 – 4 October 1911) was a Scottish lecturer at the medical school of the University of Edinburgh in the 19th century. He is perhaps best known as an inspiration for the literary character Sherlock Holmes.", "Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 -- 21 September 1832) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet, popular throughout much of the world during his time.", "George MacDonald (December 10, 1824 – September 18, 1905) was a Scottish author and Christian universalist minister most famous for his poetry, fairy tales and fantasy novels.", "Robert Louis Stevenson was born in Edinburgh in 1850. A sickly child, Stevenson was frequently confined to his bed. From his bedroom window, he could see a pond with an islet. It is thought that this view helped inspire Treasure Island. The protagonist of his novel, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, also has his roots in Edinburgh. Growing up, Stevenson would have heard tales about William Brody. Brody was a respectable Edinburgh council member by day, and a thief and gambler at night. He was hanged in 1788.", "1859, 8 March Kenneth Grahame, author of “The Wind in the Willows” was born in Edinburgh on this day in history", "Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer. His most famous works are Treasure Island, Kidnapped, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and A Child's Garden of Verses.", "Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer. His most famous works are \"Treasure Island\", \"Kidnapped\", and \"The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde\".", "Sir Edward Montague Compton Mackenzie lived from 17 January 1883 to 30 November 1972. He was an author and novelist whose books such as \"Whisky Galore\" and \"The Monarch of the Glen\", and their film and TV adaptations, helped put little known parts of Scotland firmly on the map. The wider picture in Scotland at the time is set out in our Historical Timeline.", "Scottish novelist, essayist, poet and short story writer. Called to the Scottish bar in 1875 but never practised. Contributed essays to periodicals from 1873. One of the great storytellers in the romantic tradition, he is celebrated for \"Treasure Island\" (1883), \"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.Hyde\" (1886), \"Kidnapped\" (1886), \"The Master of Ballantrae\" (1889) and the unfinished \"Weir of Hermiston\" (1896).", "Trained in medicine, graduating from Glasgow in 1919, but gave this up to become an author. Best known for \"Adventures in Two Worlds\" (1952) which gave rise to the radio and TV series \"Dr Finlay's Casebook\".", "1771–1832, Scottish novelist and poet, b. Edinburgh. He is considered the father of both the regional and the historical novel. Early Life and Works" ]

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[ "The compass rose is a depiction of orientation and direction that is placed on compasses, maps, and charts. Thirty-two points are depicted around a circle in equal intervals, marking the four cardinal directions (N, E, S, W), the four intercardinal directions (NE, SE, SW, NW), and the other sixteen secondary intercardinal directions (NE by N, N by E, etc.).", "The four cardinal directions or cardinal points are the directions of north, east, south, and west, commonly denoted by their initials: N, E, S, W. East and west are at right angles to north and south, with east being in the clockwise direction of rotation from north and west being directly opposite east. Intermediate points between the four cardinal directions form the points of the compass. The intermediate (intercardinal, or ordinal) directions are northeast (NE), southeast (SE), southwest (SW), and northwest (NW). Further, the intermediate direction of every set of intercardinal and cardinal direction is called a secondary-intercardinal direction, the eight shortest points in the compass rose to the right, i.e. NNE, ENE, ESE, and so on.", "Cardinal directions are the four main points of a compass: north, south, east, and west which are also known by the first letters: N,S,E, and W.  These four directions are also known as cardinal points.  A cardinal direction can also be referred to by first using the word “due”.  For example, the cardinal direction of north can also be referred to as due north.", "Boxing the compass is the action of naming all thirty-two principal points of the compass in clockwise order. Such names, formed by the initials of the cardinal directions and their intermediate ordinal directions , are accepted internationally, even though they have their origin in the English language, and are very handy to refer to a heading (or course or azimuth ) in a general fashion, without having to resort to computing or recalling degrees.", "Directions are further divided into the by points, eg NbyE, SWbyS. (The rules for expressing these are best seen from the diagram at the head of this page. You always go from the nearest half cardinal or cardinal point 'by' ie towards a cardinal point.)", "Cardinal – Referring to the four main points of the compass: north, south, east and west. See also \"bearing\".", "In 1569, the Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator created a map using a mathematical formula to “project” points on the earth’s surface onto a map based on their latitude and longitude. His formula — called the Mercator projection — became the standard means of making maps for navigation, because the directions of the compass corresponded to directions on the map. North, east, south, and west were straight lines on paper, just as they are on the earth’s surface.", "Be able to use a compass and find the 16 points by the sun and the stars.", "according to their declination values of the sun, the resulting graph is the analemma, the large figure-eight shaped diagram found on globes of the world. Section 11 Adjusting the Dial for Exact Longitude The longitude correction, once determined for a given location, remains the same throughout the year. This correction can, therefore, be incorporated into the delineation of the hour lines. To adjust the geometric construction given in Figure 17 to include this correction, subtract the local longitude from the central meridian longitude of the appropriate time zone (as detailed in the previous section). The longitude in Figure 30, for example, is 72 degrees, and the central meridian is 75, so the", "����� EMM is a spatially specific, instructive manual about the appearance of a world map; its language approaches that of a rudimentary science, as the citations recorded on Charts 3 and 4 indicate.� A map �legend� is a titulus; many toponyms are noted to be �opposite� (contra) others; some are specifically noted to �span� rivers, appear �to the south of� something else, or be �above,� �after,� or �below� a different city, mountain, or island.� Some territories are �demarcated� (distinguuntur) by lines.� A design �depicted� (pingitur) near a legend is briefly, exactly described.� Regions of the earth are divided into sections and treated separately.� Thus, the writer observes that the Danube has sixty tributaries, �of which we shall place twelve on the map�; each of the dozen is identified, working from west to east (source to mouth), with key adjacent cities located, usually along one (or at a confluence) of the rivers.16 ï¿½ This locational and imagistic exactitude is evident in the passages quoted in Chart 3, in the left column, in which the author of EMM describes precisely the placement of six islands along the upper-left (northeast) rim of the earth.� A comparison of the text of, and instructions for layout in, EMM with the legends and design of the Hereford Map on Fig. 3 reveals their exact correspondence.17   ", "A circular plot showing labeled direction lines extending out from a central point is called a compass rose.", "Stick figure constellation representations (ball-and-link (dot/point and line) convention) were used by the ancient Chinese in their star maps. Western European use is more recent.", "Invented by Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator for ships navigating across the Atlantic Ocean in 1569. The map is meant for direction, however, as a straight line is always a line of \"constant compass bearing\". The projection distorts sizes of areas, particularly as you get closer to the North and South poles.", "A directional compass is shown below.  It is used to find a direction or bearing .", "The medieval T and O maps originate with the description of the world in the Etymologiae of Isidore of Sevilla (died 636). This qualitative and conceptual type of medieval cartography represents only the top-half of a spherical Earth. It was presumably tacitly considered a convenient projection of the inhabited portion of the world known in Roman and Medieval times (that is, the northern temperate half of the globe). The T is the Mediterranean, dividing the three continents, Asia, Europe and Africa, and the O is the surrounding Ocean. Jerusalem was generally represented in the center of the map. Asia was typically the size of the other two continents combined. Because the sun rose in the east, Paradise (the Garden of Eden) was generally depicted as being in Asia, and Asia was situated at the top portion of the map.", "Progress in cartography now became dependent on having the means of accurately determining the position of places in the world. Calculating latitude was easy, and had long been achieved with a sextant, but the problem of accurately calculating the longitude proved a great challenge. The story of attempts at solving this problem are given in our two essays Longitude and the Académie Royale and English attack on the Longitude Problem and it is to these essays that we refer the reader for information on many later developments in cartography. The Low Countries had dominated developments in cartography through the 16th and early 17th centuries. However after this the centre of activity moved to France where a national survey based on a mathematical approach to trigonometric surveying led the way.", "Illustration depicts Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator (born Gerard de Kremer, 1512 - 1594), with a globe and compass in his hands. He devised a design format for geographic maps, now called Mercator projection, for his 1569 world map.  (Photo from Stock Montage / Contributor / Getty Images)", "Figure 2b-8: This declination diagram describes the angular difference between Grid, True, and Magnetic North. This illustration also shows how angles are measured relative grid, true, and magnetic azimuth.", "Although there is no original drawing for this engraving it is close to the sketch of September, 1585, illustrated above (p. 53, fig. I). It combines the features of the chart and the bird's-eye view and represents a compilation from some of the field sketches made by Hariot and White in their partnership in mapping the area, the final stage of which was the map ( no. 111, pl. 59 ). See also Quinn, pp. 846-7.", "Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator world map of 1569 introduced a cylindrical map projection that became the standard map projection known as the Mercator projection. The principal feature of the projection is that sailing courses at a constant bearing are mapped to straight lines on the map. The development of the Mercator projection represented a major breakthrough in the nautical cartography of the 16th century although it was only slowly adopted by sea-faring nations.", "The diagram shows a view looking down on the hemisphere which has the line through AC as its boundary. The regions marked Area 1 and Area 3 are lunes with angles A and C respectively. Consider the lunes through B and B'. Triangle ABC is congruent to triangle A'B'C' so the bow-tie shaped shaded area, marked Area 2, which is the sum of the areas of the triangles ABC and A'BC', is equal to the area of the lune with angle B, that is equal to 2B.", "A style of compass in which directions are divided into 4 quadrants, each reading from 0º (starting with north or south) to 90º (ending at east or west).", "Below we have drawn vectors as arrows, with the magnitude of the vector specified by the length of the arrow and the direction specified by the pointing of the arrow. The position vectors r0 and r1 are drawn with their tails at the center of the earth and their points at the locations specified by the latitudes,", "Lines of latitude appear horizontal with varying curvature in this projection; but are actually circular with different radii. All locations with a given latitude are collectively referred to as a circle of latitude.", "cylindrical, conformal map projection intended to be used for navigation; developed by Gerardus Mercator in 1569", "represented on a weather map by a blue line with blue triangles pointing in the direction of travel", "Illustration of a Cartesian coordinate plane. Four points are marked and labeled with their coordinates: (2,3) in green, (−3,1) in red, (−1.5,−2.5) in blue, and the origin (0,0) in purple.", "This figure shows a positive general angle A, as well as a negative general angle A'. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.", "This logo shows the 2 circles, this one Is an map of Ireland and another one is a map of Europe.", "The diagrams for the rest of these instructions show a Northern Hemisphere dial.  If you are instead in the Tropics or in the Southern Hemisphere, refer back to these drawings to remind you of the general appearance of an EarthDial.", "The top surface of the map (the visible portion in the diagram) is the plot of the plane:", "From this corner the line runs on a general westerly course, bearing about 1? north of west, to" ]

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[ "Concerning the group's reputation for womanizing and heavy drinking, Joey Bishop stated in a 1998 interview: \"I never saw Frank, Dean, Sammy, or Peter drunk during performances. That was only a gag! And do you believe these guys had to chase broads? They had to chase 'em away!\" The five key members of the sixties Rat Pack are now deceased: Peter Lawford died on December 24, 1984 of cardiac arrest complicated by kidney and liver failure at the age of 61. Sammy Davis, Jr. died at the age of 64 on May 16, 1990, of complications from throat cancer. Dean Martin died at home on Christmas morning, December 25, 1995, aged 78. Frank Sinatra died on May 14, 1998, at the age of 82. Joey Bishop, the last surviving and longest-lived (89) Rat Pack member, died on October 17, 2007.", "Peter Lawford died on December 24, 1984 of cardiac arrest complicated by kidney and liver failure, at the age of 61. Sammy Davis, Jr. died at the age of 64 on May 16, 1990, of complications from throat cancer. Dean Martin died at home on Christmas morning 1995, aged 78. Frank Sinatra died on on May 14, 1998, at the age of 82. Joey Bishop, the last surviving and longest-lived (89) Rat Pack member, died on October 17, 2007. See More", "LOS ANGELES—Joey Bishop, the stone-faced comedian who found success in nightclubs, television and movies but became most famous as a member of Frank Sinatra's Rat Pack, has died at 89. He was the group's last surviving member. Peter Lawford died in 1984, Sammy Davis Jr. in 1990, Dean Martin in 1995, and Sinatra in 1998.", "Joey Bishop (February 3, 1918 – October 17, 2007) was perhaps best remembered as being a member of the “Rat Pack” with Frank Sinatra, Peter Lawford, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis Jr. He was the last survivor of that group of entertainers.", "Joey Bishop (born Joseph Abraham Gottlieb ; February 3, 1918 – October 17, 2007) was an American entertainer who was perhaps best known for being a member of the \"Rat Pack\" with Frank Sinatra, P...", "LOS ANGELES Joey Bishop, the deadpan comedian, TV host and last of the super-hip team of performers known as the Rat Pack, led by Frank Sinatra, has died at age 89, his publicist said on Thursday.", "1 Early life 2 Mafia connections 3 Career 3.1 Teaming with Jerry Lewis 3.2 Solo career 3.3 The Rat Pack 3.4 The 1960s to 1980s 4 Personal life 5 Later years and death 6 Tributes and legacy 7 Popular culture 7.1 In film and television 7.2 In games and gambling 7.3 In music 7.4 Other 8 Discography 9 Filmography 10 References 10.1 Further reading 11 External links", "The Rat Pack is a 1998 HBO TV movie about the Rat Pack. The movie stars Ray Liotta as Frank Sinatra, Joe Mantegna as Dean Martin, Don Cheadle as Sammy Davis, Jr., and Angus Macfadyen as Peter Lawford.", "After they made Robin and the Seven Hoods, they were all on stage again with Joey Bishop, but without Peter Lawford in '65. Then Frank, Dean, and Sammy would do some benefits through the years sporadically, and then Frank in 1988 decided to get the Rat Pack together again.", "The Rat Pack - All five members of the Rat Pack, from left, Peter ... - Las Vegas Sun News", "Frank and Sammy then continued the first leg of the tour and when the tour resumed, they slotted in Liza Minnelli, and the tour became known as The Ultimate Event. For all intents and purposes, 1988 was the last time they performed together. After '63, they really didn't do much. There's just not a lot. The myth of the Rat Pack is greater than the amount of work they actually did.", "For three decades, Martin was among the most popular acts in Las Vegas. Martin sang and was one of the smoothest comics in the business, benefiting from the decade of raucous comedy with Lewis. Martin's daughter, Gail, also sang in Vegas and on his TV show, co-hosting his summer replacement series on NBC. Though often thought of as a ladies' man, Martin spent a lot of time with his family; as second wife Jeanne put it, prior to the couple's divorce, \"He was home every night for dinner.\" [edit] The Rat Pack Main article: Rat Pack", "Bishop died on October 17, 2007 at his home in Newport Beach, California. He was the longest-lived and the last surviving member of the Rat Pack.", "Deaths:  Janet Carroll (actress); Robin Gibb; Donna Summer; Donald \"Duck\" Dunn (bassist, The Blues Brothers); Vidal Sassoon; Maurice Sendak; George Lindsey (\"Goober\" on The Andy Griffith Show); Adam Yauch (the Beastie Boys); Junior Seau (New England Patriots).", "shot. Gunter was one of the original Coasters and, in 1980, reformed the band as The Fabulous Coasters. (This was the same year that manager Patrick Cavanaugh murdered their bassist, Nathaniel Wilson.) In 1990, after a show in Vegas, Gunter pulled up at an intersection in his '78 Camaro. An argument ensued with an unidentified man who was standing at the curb. Then Gunter's car was sprayed with bullets; he was hit twice. He tried to speed away but his injuries were too severe and he crashed into a wall. He was 53. His murder was never solved. The Coasters were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999. \"Yakety Yak,\" \"Poison Ivy,\" \"Charlie Brown\"", "On August 3, 1966, a bearded Bruce was found dead in the bathroom of his Hollywood Hills home at 8825 W. Hollywood Blvd.[25] The official photo, taken at the scene, showed Bruce lying naked on the floor, a syringe and burned bottle cap nearby, along with various other narcotics paraphernalia. According to legend a policeman at the scene said, “There is nothing sadder than an aging hipster” which itself possibly was one of Lenny Bruce ’s lines.[26]Record producer Phil Spector, a friend of Bruce’s, bought the negatives of the photographs to keep them from the press. The official cause of death was “acute morphine poisoning caused by an accidental overdose.”[27]", "Despite the presence of thousands of potential witnesses, police say only one person offered a glimmer of hope. Yafeu Fula, one of Tupac's backup singers was riding in the car directly behind Suge and Tupac. Yafeu reportedly told police that night that he could do a photo line-up and possibly identify the gunman. Authorities questioned him briefly, and then he went on his way. For six long days, fans gathered outside the Las Vegas hospital where Tupac clung to life. It was a losing battle. On the afternoon of September 13, 1996, Tupac Shakur died.", "February 26, 1990: Cornell Gunter (53) of the Coasters was shot and killed while sitting in his car in Las Vegas, Nevada.", "Hip-hop music was in a curious place, as many were still mourning the death of Wallace’s rival, Tupac “2Pac” Shakur , who was killed a mere six months prior on September 7, 1996, in Las Vegas via a drive-by shooting. Because of the tensions between East and West Coast rappers at the time, many fans thought 2Pac’s death was a fatal warning serving as a salvo for the escalating coastal war. Dying in a similar fashion, Biggie’s murder left a foreboding cloud over the industry as it suddenly became less about the music and more about the violence it inspired.", "Known as \"The Mad Hatter\" for his trademark hats, Leon Wilkeson joined the Jacksonville-based group Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1971 as bass player. In 1972 he took a leave of absence only to rejoin the band six months later. Released in 1973 , \"Pronounced\" , featuring the rock-anthem \"FreeBird\" climbed the charts. 1974's \"Sweet Home Alabama\" established the band as superstars. Leon survived the October 20th, 1977 plane crash that killed band members Ronnie Van Zandt and Steve Gaines. Leon joined the later reincarnation of the band and remained active with the group. While taking a break from touring in a Ponte Verda Beach hotel outside Jacksonville he died in his sleep of natural causes on July 27th 2001, at the age of 49.", "* 13 September 1996- Rapper/Actor Tupac Shakur was shot multiple times in a drive-by shooting on September 7, 1996, at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas, Nevada. He was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, where he died six days later.", "September 13 – Tupac Shakur died in hospital after his wounds from the Las Vegas, Nevada MGM Grand shooting.", "Image of Tupac, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and Suge Knight during Tupac's tenure on Death Row Records. (1996)After his release from prison, Shakur immediately went back to work recording. He began a new group, The Outlawz, and with them released the notorious \"diss track\" \"Hit 'Em Up\", a scathing lyrical attack on The Notorious B.I.G (Christopher Wallace) and others associated with him. In the track, Shakur claims to have had sex with Faith Evans, Wallace's wife at the time, and attacks Wallace's street credibility. Though there is no hard evidence suggesting that they did, Tupac was convinced that Wallace and Sean \"Puffy\" Combs had known about the shooting beforehand based on their behavior that night and what his sources told him.", "Pickett's Personal life was troubled.His friends said he was an owner of guns.In 1993 he struck a pedestrian Pepe Ruiz.Later that year Ruiz died.Soul Singer Don Covay called him \"Young and Wild\".Pickett was arrested many times in his life.", "November 5, 1992: In Detroit, Michigan, Malice Green died while in police custody after being arrested by Detroit police officers Walter Budzyn and Larry Nevers during a traffic stop. Green allegedly failed to relinquish a vial of crack cocaine. Nevers struck Green in the head with his flashlight approximately fourteen times during the struggle which, according to the official autopsy, resulted in his death. An Emergency Medical Service (EMS) worker arrived on the scene and sent a computer message to his superiors asking, \"(W)hat should I do, if I witness police brutality/murder?\" Other officers and a supervisor arrived but did not intervene to stop the beating. Green had a seizure and died en route to the hospital. The official cause of death was ruled due to blunt force trauma to his head. Both officers were convicted of second degree murder, but in a retrial (due to juror misconduct), they were convicted of involuntary manslaughter.[63][64]", "This would turn out to be one of Shakur's last songs while alive;he was shot on September 7, 1996 in Las Vegas, dying 6 days later. Read Less", "Joe Schermie - original bassist of Three Dog Night died of a heart attack March 26th 2002 at the age of 55", "SLIM HARPO: sang the 1966 hit, \"Baby, Scratch My Back\", suffered a fatal heart attack on January 31, 1970 at the age of forty six", "Slim Harpo - sang the 1966 hit \"Baby, Scratch My Back\", suffered a fatal heart attack on January 31st, 1970 at the age of 46", "Eddie Serrato - the drummer for Question Mark And The Mysterians on their 1966 hit \"96 Tears\", suffered a fatal heart attack on February 24th, 2011. He was 65.", "Richard \"Scar\" Lopez - a founding member of Cannibal and The Headhunters, the East Los Angeles vocal group that scored a #30 Billboard hit in 1965 with \"Land of 1000 Dances\", died of lung cancer on July 30th, 2010. He was 65", "On the last night of his life, Shakur, Knight and their entourage delivered a violent beatdown to a rival gang member in a Las Vegas casino. Hours later, while riding in the passenger seat of Knight's BMW, Shakur was riddled with bullets. Police arrested and questioned the gang member who was stomped in the casino, but no charges have ever been filed." ]

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[ "As well as its regular car chases, jumps and stunts, the show relied on character familiarity, with Deputy Cletus replacing Deputy Enos in the third and fourth season, and Coy and Vance Duke temporarily replacing Bo and Luke (due to a salary dispute, see later section ) in the fifth season, being the only major cast changes through the show's run. Of the characters, only Uncle Jesse and Boss Hogg appear in every single episode (Daisy appears in all but one, the third season's \" To Catch a Duke \").", "When Luke and Bo left to race NASCAR uncle Jesse supervised the antics of Coy and Vance, two other look alike cousins who continued the battle against Boss Hogg. With the return of Luke and Bo, Coy and Vance left leave Hazzard to take care of a sick relative. After successfully stopping a land developer build a theme park on his farm, Jesse quietly passed away on Christmas Day, 1997.  ", "As well as its regular car chases, jumps and stunts, The Dukes of Hazzard relied on character familiarity, with each character effectively serving the same role within a typical episode, and with Deputy Cletus replacing Deputy Enos in Seasons 3 and 4, and Coy and Vance Duke temporarily replacing Bo and Luke (due to a salary dispute) for most of Season 5, being the only major cast changes through the show's run (Ben Jones and James Best both left temporarily during the second season due to different disputes with producers, but both returned within a few episodes). Of the characters, only Uncle Jesse and Boss Hogg appeared in all 145 episodes; Daisy appears in all but one, the third season's \"To Catch a Duke\". The General Lee also appears in all but one (the early first season episode \"Mary Kaye's Baby\", the fourth to be produced and the third broadcast).", "Luke: I miss Coy & Vance, I mean if it wasn't for them, (to Jesse): Daisy & You would had to break your backs to keep this farm going, I hope that they would come home for a visit, from Nashville, to spend Christmas with us.", "Although Coy and Vance were never popular with the majority, a few viewers were disappointed by their departure episode, \"Welcome Back, Bo 'N' Luke\", which was for the most part a standard episode, with the return of Bo and Luke and the departure of Coy and Vance tacked onto the beginning (Bo and Luke return from their NASCAR tour just as Coy and Vance leave Hazzard to tend to a sick relative). Even a few viewers commented that they were disappointed by this, and that they would have liked to have seen both pairs of Duke boys team up to tackle a particularly dastardly plot by Boss Hogg before Coy and Vance's departure, but as it turned out, Coy and Vance had little dialogue and were gone by the first commercial break, never to be seen again.", "Cousins Bo ( Seann William Scott ), Luke ( Johnny Knoxville ), and Daisy Duke ( Jessica Simpson ) run a moonshine business for their Uncle Jesse ( Willie Nelson ) in the fictional Hazzard County , Georgia in modern times. The cousins primary mode of transportation is an orange 1969 Dodge Charger that the boys affectionately refer to as ' The General Lee '. Along the way, the family is tormented by corrupt Hazzard County Commissioner, Jefferson Davis Hogg ( Burt Reynolds ), widely known as \"Boss Hogg\" and his willing but dimwitted right hand man, Sheriff Rosco Purvis Coltrane ( M.C. Gainey ).", "“Yes it was bad enough having Bo and Luke and then Coy and Vance. Having them all together is-", "Luke later left Hazzard County, along with his cousin Bo, to join the NASCAR circuit which means they got a long probation permission from Boss Hogg for a while (they both returned the following year). His cousin Vance replaced him during that time.", "The show's third broadcast episode, \" Mary Kaye's Baby \", is the only episode of the entire run that the General Lee does not appear in. In that episode Bo and Luke drove around in a blue 1975 Plymouth Fury they borrowed from Cooter (which unbenownst to them he'd loaded with moonshine to deliver for Boss Hogg, a slip-up that could've wrecked their probation) that Luke later blew up with a stick of dynamite during a duel with some mobsters.", "The Duke boys' CB handle was (jointly) \"Lost Sheep\". Originally when the show was conceived, their handle was to be \"General Lee\" to match their vehicle, but this was only ever used on-screen on one occasion, in the second episode, \"Daisy's Song\", when Cooter calls Bo and Luke over the CB by this handle, although they were actually driving Daisy's Plymouth Roadrunner (see below) at the time. As it became obvious that the \"General Lee\" handle would be out of place when the Duke boys were in another vehicle, the \"Lost Sheep\" handle was devised (with Uncle Jesse being \"Shepherd\" and Daisy being \"Bo Peep\").", "While Rosco is chasing the Dukes, a pair of bank robbers runs the sheriff's car off the road. After the car sinks into the lake, the robbers kidnap Rosco. While the town grieves over Rosco's apparent fate, the robbers are plotting their next move: unveiling a third associate, a vicious crook named Woody - who looks exactly like Rosco! Their ultimate scheme is to rob an armored car that is scheduled to arrive at Hazzard Bank. When Bo and Luke expose the phony Rosco, Woody and his associates imprison the Duke cousins at their hideout (along with the real Rosco) so they cannot interfere in their plans.", "Vance came onto The Dukes of Hazzard when the original Dukes, Bo and Luke, supposedly joined the Nascar circuit during season 5. The entire issue was over a contract dispute between the actors and the producers, but nonetheless the storyline continued. The character proved to be unpopular with fans and was written out of the show after 18 episodes.", "Bo and his cousin Luke Duke (Tom Wopat) live in an unincorporated area of the fictional Hazzard County, in Georgia. Bo and Luke own a 1969 Dodge Charger, named The General Lee, which is painted orange, with the Confederate flag on top, and 01 painted on the sides with the name \"General Lee\" inscribed above the doors that were welded shut for safety. Bo and Luke evade the corrupt officials of Hazzard County, Boss Hogg and Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane and usually end up putting an end to Hogg's latest crooked scheme.", "Luke, and his younger cousin Bo Duke live in an unincorporated area of the fictional Hazzard County, in Georgia. Luke and Bo own a 1969 Dodge Charger, nicknamed The General Lee, which is painted orange, with the Confederate Flag on top, and 01 painted on the sides. Luke and Bo evade the corrupt politicians of Hazzard County, such as Boss Hogg and Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane along with his deputy(s).", "Although never mentioned in the series itself, some press material for the show suggests that Daisy's parents, along with Bo and Luke's, were killed in a car accident. However, in the 1997 reunion movie, Daisy says her mother died when she was born.", "Although never mentioned in the series itself, some press material for the show suggests that Daisy's parents, along with Bo and Luke's, were killed in a car accident. However, in the 1997 reunion movie, Daisy says her mother died when she was a baby.", "Quite a bit younger than Luke. Bo was an ex-stock car test driver and did all the fancy jumps in the General. No one in Hazzard could out-run the General when Bo was driving. If there was something in Hazzard that looked like it could be jumped, Bo would jump it without hardly a second thought. He even jumped a 32 car pile up for a stunt show. (Did any of you notice that the General used to do that stunt had black bucket seats, instead of the usual tan bench, and had extra roll bars added to it, not to mention the racing seat-belts.) Carnival of the trills was the show that he did the 32 car jump Bo didn’t come up with as many ideas as Luke did, but he always did his part when it came to getting the boys out of trouble. Bo was always on the lookout for pretty girls which got them into trouble a few times too.", "The four actors locate Four Leaf, Cody, and Tugg and cross a bridge rigged to explode to get to Underwood's helicopter. Tugg asks to remain behind with the gang which he considers his family, but quickly returns when Flaming Dragon fires in pursuit. Four Leaf detonates the bridge allowing Tugg to reach safety, but as the helicopter takes off, the gang fires a rocket-propelled grenade at the helicopter. Rick unexpectedly stumbles out of the jungle carrying a TiVo box and throws it in the path of the grenade, saving them. The crew return to Hollywood, where footage from the hidden cameras is compiled into a feature film, Tropic Blunder, which becomes a major critical and commercial success. The film wins Tugg his first Academy Award, which Kirk presents to him at the ceremony.", "This final episode was in fact intended to be an end-of-season cliffhanger but after the series was not renewed for a sixth season it was revised to function as a series finale . Template:Citation needed The original ending had Al's Vietnam-era picture \"leaping\" into a portrait of Al sitting with Beth and their four adult daughters. In both the alternate ending and the episode as broadcast, the leap effect eventually recedes into darkness and text on the screen informs the viewer that \"Dr. Sam Becket never returned home.\" Note that \"Beckett\" is spelt with only a single T.", "At the start of the seventh season (1978-79), Hunnicutt grew a mustache, which he would wear for the remainder of the series. He is also portrayed as a motorcycle enthusiast in at least two episodes, including the final episode \" Goodbye, Farewell, and Amen \" (2/28/83). His final line in that episode (and the series) is not spoken. Hawkeye was upset at B.J. for refusing to say 'goodbye' to him; B.J. did not like saying goodbye and sensed that both men knew they would not see each other after the war, given the distance between their homes. One of the final scenes of the episode is Hawkeye getting into a helicopter to fly out of the camp site on the first leg of his journey home, and seeing B.J. standing on the helipad below him as the chopper lifts off. The word GOODBYE is spelled out in white rocks on the ground. B.J. then gets on the motorcycle he had gotten from the Chinese POWs and rides off.", "Noah rejoins his teammates. Courtney returns to Duncan, but does not remain, dashing off after Izzy’s team when Eva’s voice gives her a bearing to follow", "When Luke sees Cowboy, one of the Mexicans, later murder Hank and toss his body into the river, Cowboy threatens to kill Luke's mother if Luke tells anyone what he saw. Cowboy and Tally, the teenage daughter of the Spruills, then run off together and are not seen again. Luke also learns that his admired Uncle Ricky, fighting in the Korean War, might have fathered a child with a daughter of the Latchers, their poverty-stricken sharecropping neighbors.", "Early in the fifth season episode \"Exposed\" of the television series Smallville, former Dukes of Hazzard co-star Tom Wopat (Luke Duke), playing Kansas Senator Jack Jennings, old friend of Jonathan Kent, played by John Schneider (Bo Duke), fishtails his car into the Kent farmyard. The car is a 1968 Dodge Charger R/T, painted blue instead of orange, and lacking the General Lee distinctive insignia.", "*Ron Howard guest-starred as Marine Private Walter Peterson in the episode \"Sometimes You Hear the Bullet\". He is discovered to be underage and using his brother Wendell's identification, having come to Korea to impress his girlfriend. Hawkeye first gives the young soldier some sage advice about women, and then essentially lets him decide for himself whether he wants to go back to the States or stay in Korea. After losing his best friend Tommy Gillis, Hawkeye immediately reports the young soldier to the MPs, sending him back to America and to safety - with the Purple Heart Frank Burns put in for after his back pain.", "Amazon.com: The Dukes of Hazzard: The Complete Fifth Season: Byron Cherry, Christopher Mayer, Catherine Bach, Denver Pyle, Rick Hurst, Sonny Shroyer, Ben Jones, James Best, Sorrell Booke, Waylon Jennings, Not Specified", "Lucas K. \"Luke\" Duke was born on November 6th 1951, Luke is a fictional character in the American television series The Dukes of Hazzard which ran from 1979 to 1985. Luke was played by Tom Wopat. ", "They should have had every living person that was ever on the show. Billy Ray Tuggle (1990) was my favorite character. I wonder what happened to that actor?", "The Duke boys added a custom air horn to the General Lee that played the first twelve notes of the song Dixie. The Dixie horn was not originally planned, until a Georgia local hot rod racer drove by and sounded his car's Dixie horn. The producers immediately rushed after him asking where he had bought the horn. Warner Bros. purchased several Chargers for stunts, as they generally destroyed at least one or two cars per episode. By the end of the show's sixth season, the Chargers were becoming harder to find, and more expensive. In addition, the television series Knight Rider began to rival the General Lee's stunts. As such, the producers used 1:8 scale miniatures, filmed by Jack Sessums' crew, or recycled stock jump footage — the latter being a practice that had been in place to an extent since the second season, and had increased as the seasons passed.", "He returned in the season 15 episode \" Royal Pudding \", meeting Ike on a bus back to Canada to save the Princess. Bob joins Ike, Scott and an Inuit duo to rescue the Princess from her kidnapper, Tooth Decay . Tooth Decay is killed when Ike removes Bob's paper bag mask, the sight of Bob turning Tooth Decay to stone . For his actions, Bob was awarded the Canadian Medal of Courage.", "* José Zúñiga as Willie Sims - A DEA agent who is sent on the flight undercover as an inmate to extract more information of Cindino. He is killed when he blows his cover and attempts to retake the plane against Poe's advice. His death causes an overzealous Duncan Malloy to have the plane shot down", "He hears a strange sound and sends Roscoe and DeSoto to check it out. While watching Jenny, Sykes calls the Foxworth family's butler,  Winston , and tells him to call Jenny's father. Oliver, Dodger, and the gang follow them to the warehouse, where they discover that Jenny is being held for ransom.", "Dec. 31, 2015: Wayne Rogers, whose Trapper John McIntyre on \"M.A.S.H.\" was among the most beloved characters on one of the most popular shows of all time, has died. The actor was surrounded by family when he died in Los Angeles of complications from pneumonia at age 82. " ]

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[ "As for the procedural safeguards to be employed, unless other fully effective means are devised to inform accused persons of their right of silence and to assure a continuous opportunity to exercise it, the following measures are required. Before any questioning, the person must be warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed.\" The warning to which Chief Justice Earl Warren referred is now called the Miranda warning, and it is customarily delivered by the police to an individual before questioning.", "Miranda Rights: The rights of a person, who is taken into police custody. It is mandatory for the law enforcement officers to inform the suspects in custody about the Miranda rights. Such action from the side of the police is called Miranda warnings, which informs the detained person about the Miranda rights: right to remain silent and right to an attorney.", "Since then, before any pertinent questioning of a suspect is done, the police have been required to recite the Miranda warning. The statement, reproduced below, exists in several forms, but all have the key elements: the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney. These are also often referred to as the \"Miranda rights.\" When you have been read your rights, you are said to have been \"Mirandized.\"", "Outside the context of detention or arrest, a person has no duty to answer any questions of police at all; and if judicial compulsion is sought by the State, the person can still invoke his or her Fifth Amendment right against compulsory self-incrimination, and refuse to comply. Only if granted immunity by the state, in a formal proceeding, from having any testimony or evidence derived from the testimony used against him or her, can a person be compelled to answer over an assertion of this right. If police detain (or arrest) a person, they must advise him or her that he or she has a right to remain silent, and the right to an attorney, among other rights. (This is known as the Miranda warning.) If the detained person invokes these rights, all interrogation must cease, and nothing said by the defendant in violation of this rule can be admitted against him or her at trial. ", "The circumstances triggering the Miranda safeguards, i.e. Miranda warnings, are \"custody\" and \"interrogation\". Custody means formal arrest or the deprivation of freedom to an extent associated with formal arrest. Interrogation means explicit questioning or actions that are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response. Suspects in \"custody\" who are about to be interrogated must be properly advised of their Miranda rights—namely, the Fifth Amendment right against compelled self incrimination (and, in furtherance of this right, the right to counsel while in custody). The Fifth Amendment right to counsel means that the suspect has the right to consult with an attorney before questioning begins and have an attorney present during the interrogation. The Fifth Amendment right against compelled self incrimination is the right to remain silent—the right to refuse to answer questions or to otherwise communicate information.", "What is the name given to a right to silence warning given by police in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody (or in a custodial interrogation)?", "The only way to prevent the government from introducing evidence at trial of the suspect’s silence is to explicitly invoke the right to say nothing. In other words, without being warned by the police or advised by a lawyer, and without even the benefit of the familiar Miranda warnings (which might trigger a “I want to invoke my right to be silent!”), the interviewee must apparently say words to the effect of, “I invoke my privilege against self-incrimination.”", "As in the US, suspects in some Commonwealth countries are also entitled to have counsel present during questioning. In the United Kingdom, laws introduced, while still supporting the presumption of innocence, have the suspects told they have the right to remain silent but are now also cautioned that anything they do not reveal in questioning but later rely upon in court may harm their defence. In other words, in some cases inferences can be drawn. The right to counsel, which also became increasingly entrenched in the US following the American Revolution, gave defendants a practical method of mounting a defense while remaining silent, and the development of the modern police force in the early 19th century opened up the question of pre-trial silence for the first time. The key American case of Bram v. United States paved the way for the right to be extended to pre-trial questioning, and the practice of \"Miranda warnings\" became established in the US and elsewhere following the case of Miranda v. Arizona in 1966.", "A requirement that police officers, in the U.S.A., before any questioning is so begun, warn suspects upon arrest that they have the right to remain silent, that any statement that they make could be used against them in a court of law, that they have the right to contact a lawyer and that if they cannot afford a lawyer, that one will be provided.", "Third, before a suspect in custody is interrogated, he must be given full warnings, or the equivalent, of his rights. Miranda, of course, required express warnings to be given to an in-custody suspect of his right to remain silent, that anything he said may be used as evidence against him, that he has a right to counsel, and that if he cannot afford counsel he is entitled to an appointed attorney. 330 The Court recognized that ''other fully effective means'' could be devised to convey the right to remain silent, 331 but it was firm that the prosecution was not permitted to show that an unwarned suspect knew of his rights in some manner. 332 But it is not necessary that the police give the warnings as a verbatim recital of the words in the Miranda opinion itself, so long as the words used ''fully conveyed'' to a defendant his rights. 333  ", "1966 - must be advised while in custody before interrogation. right to remain silence right to an attorney, your Miranda Rights.", "Edwards: \"Read my lips, asshole. You are under arrest. You have the right to remain silent. If you give up that right, anything you say can and will no doubt be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford one-\"", "The duty to warn only arises when police officers conduct custodial interrogations. The Constitution does not require that a defendant be advised of the Miranda rights as part of the arrest procedure, or once an officer has probable cause to arrest, or if the defendant has become a suspect of the focus of an investigation. Custody and interrogation are the events that trigger the duty to warn.", "* You have the right to consult an attorney before speaking to the police and to have an attorney present during questioning now or in the future.", "You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney, and to have an attorney present during any questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at government expense.", "In many nations, criminal procedure law has been developed to regulate officers' discretion, so that they do not arbitrarily or unjustly exercise their powers of arrest, search and seizure, and use of force. In the United States, Miranda v. Arizona led to the widespread use of Miranda warnings or constitutional warnings.", "A reference to the so-called Miranda Rights recited to every criminal suspect by police upon their arrest to inform them of their constitutional rights. This recitation became standard after the 1966 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in the case Miranda v. Arizona and entered the public consciousness thanks to innumerable police dramas. In real life, however, the rights are generally read from a card, to ensure there is no variance in the wording that might enable the accused to get off on a technicality (hence the phrase “read him his rights”).", "In the United States relatively elaborate safeguards have been placed on the interrogatory powers of the police. In Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) and Miranda v. Arizona ( q.v.), (1966), the Supreme Court required that the police inform a suspected person of his right to remain silent and of his right to have legal counsel present at his interrogation. These...", "(2) In cases the arrest is conducted by a private citizen, the administrative or police officer receiving the arrestee shall draw up a record of the name, occupation and address of the citizen, including the information and circumstances as to the arrest as well, and require the citizen to sign such record. The officer shall then inform the arrestee of the charge and detailed grounds for his arrest, and enlighten him that he has the right to remain silent and anything he says can and will be used as evidence in a trial.", "If the cops arrest a mime, do they tell him he has the right to remain silent?", "In Berghuis v. Thompkins (2010), the Supreme Court declared in a 5–4 decision that criminal defendants who have been read their Miranda rights (and who have indicated they understand them and have not already waived them), must explicitly state during or before an interrogation begins that they wish to be silent and not speak to police for that protection against self-incrimination to apply. If they speak to police about the incident before invoking the Miranda right to remain silent, or afterwards at any point during the interrogation or detention, the words they speak may be used against them if they have not stated they do not want to speak to police. Those who oppose the ruling contend that the requirement that the defendant must speak to indicate his intention to remain silent further erodes the ability of the defendant to stay completely silent about the case. This opposition must be put in context with the second option offered by the majority opinion, which allowed that the defendant had the option of remaining silent, saying: \"Had he wanted to remain silent, he could have said nothing in response or unambiguously invoked his Miranda rights, ending the interrogation.\" Thus, having been \"Mirandized\", a suspect may avow explicitly the invocation of these rights, or, alternatively, simply remain silent. Absent the former, \"anything [said] can and will be used against [the defendant] in a court of law\".", "While Section 13 of the Charter guarantees the right to remain silent, Canadian law does not entitle the criminal suspect to have counsel present during the course of an interrogation. Once a suspect has asserted their right to counsel, the police are obliged to hold off in attempting to obtain evidence until the suspect has had a reasonable opportunity to contact legal counsel. Also, in Canada even if the suspect emphatically asserts his decision to remain silent, the police may continue to interrogate him. Although this may give the suspect the impression that his claim of the right to silence is meaningless or that he has no such right, it is perfectly legal. In R. v. Singh (2007 SCC 48), the suspect invoked his right to remain silent 18 times and the police nevertheless continued to question him after each assertion of his right, but the Supreme Court of Canada found this consistent with Canada's Charter rights protections.", "On Monday, in a case called Salinas v. Texas that hasn’t gotten the attention it deserves, the Supreme Court held that you remain silent at your peril. The court said that this is true even before you’re arrested, when the police are just informally asking questions. The court’s move to cut off the right to remain silent is wrong and also dangerous—because it encourages the kind of high-pressure questioning that can elicit false confessions.", "was used. Major reform to the questioning and treatment of suspected offenders occurred in 1984 when the Police and Criminal Evidence Act came into force. Under Code C the right to silence was amended by allowing adverse inferences to be drawn at a court hearing in cases where a suspect refuses to explain something, and then later produces an explanation (see right to silence in England and Wales). In other words, the jury is entitled to infer that the accused fabricated the explanation at a later date, as he refused to provide the explanation during police questioning. The jury is also free to make no such inference. The new caution is:", "The mandatory use of those words upon arrest stemmed from a case where a man, Ernesto Miranda, confessed to a crime not knowing he didn't have to talk. After being convicted, the Supreme Court overturned his case and declared every person arrested must be read those rights.", "The law gives most suspects the right to seek legal counsel shortly after their initial detention and interrogation, although police often circumvented defendants' right to seek counsel. Individuals who faced administrative detention were not granted the right to seek legal counsel. Government-employed lawyers were often reluctant to represent defendants in politically sensitive cases and defendants frequently found it difficult to find an attorney. In some sensitive cases, lawyers had no pretrial access to their clients, and defendants and lawyers were not allowed to speak during trials. In practice criminal defendants often were not assigned an attorney until a case was brought to court. Even in nonsensitive criminal trials, only one of every seven defendants had legal representation, according to credible reports citing internal government statistics.", "(h) This provision shall not abrogate a law enforcement officer's duty to advise a suspect of his or her right to counsel or of any other right.", "In Canada, if a person is detained they are required to be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney in accordance to Section 10(b) of the charter and SCR R vs. Therens 1985. The judgment reads:", "* The person is immediately informed by a police officer, or in the presence of one, in a language that he can understand, that (Article 3):", "Puritans who fled religious persecution brought this idea with them to America, where it would eventually become codified in the Bill of Rights. Today, courts have found the right against self-incrimination to include testimonial or communicative evidence at police interrogations and legal proceedings.", "In Canada, equivalent rights exist pursuant to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Under the Charter, an arrested person has the right:", "Spoofed in Incompetence , the comedy novel by Rob Grant, where the caution takes up an entire chapter and basically amounts to \"anything you say (or don't say) means you're both guilty and fully understand your rights\". There's also a simplified version, for suspects who don't understand the full version:" ]

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[ "Mr Rich Uncle Pennybags is the rotund old man in a top hat who serves as the mascot of the game Monopoly.", "Rich Uncle Pennybags is the rotund old man in a top hat who serves as the mascot of the game Monopoly. Rich Uncle Pennybags was rechristened Mr. Monopoly, the nickname by which he was already popularly known, in a Hasbro marketing effort in 1999. He also is known as Whiff from all the casino slot machines. He also appears in the related games Advance to Boardwalk, Free Parking, Don't Go To Jail, Monopoly City, Monopoly Junior, and Monopoly Deal.", "Rich Uncle Pennybags is a portly old man with a moustache in a top hat who serves as the mascot of the game Monopoly. In large parts of the world he is also, or even exclusively, known as Mr. Monopoly. He also appears in the related games Advance to Boardwalk, Free Parking, Don't Go to Jail, Monopoly City, Monopoly Junior, and Monopoly Deal.", "Rich Uncle Pennybags which is also known as a Monopoly Man is a portly old man with a moustache in a top hat who serves as the mascot of the game Monopoly. Download the skin of the monopoly man for minecraft and enjoy.", "The Monopoly games mascot, Rich Uncle Pennybags, is intended to be a representation of the late financier, J. P. Morgan. However the monopoly game mascot is now called Mr. Monopoly.", "According to Hasbro, since Charles Darrow patented the game in 1935, approximately 750 million people have played the game, making it \"the most played (commercial) board game in the world.\" [2] The 1999 Guinness Book of Records cited Hasbro's previous statistic of 500 million people having played Monopoly. [3] Games Magazine has inducted Monopoly into its Hall of Fame . [4] The mascot for the game is a mustachioed man wearing a monocle and morning dress named Mr. Monopoly . He was formerly named Rich Uncle Pennybags , but Hasbro renamed him in 1999 to Mr. Monopoly since that was what most of their consumers referred to him as. [5]", "The character Rich Uncle Pennybags in the board game Monopoly , wears a top hat. In addition, a top hat is one of the game’s tokens, used by players to mark their position as they progress around the board.", "The character Rich Uncle Pennybags in the board game Monopoly , wears a top hat. In addition, a top hat is one of the game's tokens, used by players to mark their position as they progress around the board.", "Alec’s art centers around the board game’s mascot, Rich “Uncle” Pennybags, a.k.a. Mr. Monopoly. In his paintings and graffiti, Alec puts Pennybags into a variety of situations: Pennybags with no money, Pennybags running away, Pennybags crucified by Wall Street.", "If you rack your memory, you might recall the original Monopoly top hat, thimble, iron, shoe, battleship, and cannon. Players often call the cannon the howitzer, but the howitzer disappeared from the token lineup without so much as a fan vote. Parker Brothers did not bother to replace it. Fans consider the top hat among the most memorable pieces, serving as a symbol for business excellence during the 1930s.", "The game can be played by from two to six people. Each player is represented by a small metal token that is moved around the board according to the roll of two dice. Monopoly's metal tokens originated when Charls Darrow's niece suggested using charms from a charm bracelet as tokens. Tokens include a battleship, an iron, a race car, a Scottie dog, a shoe, a thimble, a top hat and a wheelbarrow.", "Image: The game of Rich Uncle, published in 1946, was the first time Monopoly’s mascot got a name.", "• For some reason, I always thought the Monopoly guy was Uncle Moneybags. Nope. But \"proper\" names for him include Rich Uncle Pennybags, Milburn Pennybags and Mr. Monopoly (his most recent name). Some sources say he's loosely based on J.P. Morgan.", "We agree without rolling that our next throw would have taken us back to Go, and our journey is over. Monopoly's, however, shows no signs of abating. In addition to the 110 countries around the world that play the game, in recent years, Parker Brothers has licensed dozens of \"affinity\" editions, commemorating everything from the US Marines to Lord of the Rings, from Elvis Presley to corporate editions for firms such as the QVC shopping channel. There's a Monopoly world championship (current champion: Bjørn Halvard Knappskog , from Norway), and an actor, Merwin Goldsmith, who makes part of his living playing \"Mr Monopoly\" – the caricature from the box, modelled on real-life monopolist JP Morgan – at such events. And this year a documentary about the game, Under the Boardwalk , won the audience award for best documentary at the Anaheim film festival. It is all but inescapable, the one board game you will find in every department store.", "Strong National Museum of Play owns approximately 65 additional Monopoly sets and related games; among them a rare, early version by Charles Darrow, hand-colored on oilcloth rollup board-one of only two such existing versions of the game (and the one in best condition). Strong is contemplating a special display of both the Heap and the early Darrow Monopoly games during the museum's National Toy Hall of Fame induction on Nov. 4, 2010.", "I was unaware that Monopoly’s avuncular, top-hatted and mustachiod mascot even had a name, but apparently he does — indeed, he has had two! The original 1935 edition of Monopoly featured the character on Chance and Community Chest cards and he also made a cameo appearance in the game Dig published in 1940.", "Monopoly is the best-selling commercial board game in the world. Players compete to acquire wealth through stylized economic activity involving the buying, rental and trading of properties using play money , as players take turns moving around the board according to the roll of the dice . The game is named after the economic concept of monopoly , the domination of a market by a single seller.", "Charles Darrow, an inventor of sorts, first saw and played the game in 1931, when he and his wife were introduced to Monopoly by mutual friends of Ruth Hoskins. The Darrows, who lived in Germantown, Pennsylvania, were penniless. The Depression had left them destitute. Fascinated with the game, Darrow made some modifications, misspelled Marven Gardens as Marvin Gardens, added copyrighted artwork and produced games which he then began to sell on this day in 1933.", "Why are the markers in the game of Monopoly in the shapes of a racing car, a Scottie dog, a battleship, an iron, a top hat, and an old boot? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk", "The ones we played the most as kids were Monopoly and Clue. During the summer my sister and I had Monopoly games with the kids next door that went on for days. I have never employed any other Monopoly token than the top hat. Yes, it IS so dashing!", "So, why is the cat now going to be featured in the game? Jonathan Berkowitz, vice president for Hasbro gaming marketing indicated that the update is intended to keep the game relevant with today’s consumer. Berkowitz states, “Tokens are always a key part of the Monopoly game … and our fans are very passionate about their tokens, about which token they use while they play.” “Additionally, we put five new tokens out for our fans to vote on and there were a lot of fans of the many different tokens, but I think there were a lot of cat lovers in the world that reached out and voted for the cat to be the new token for Monopoly.”", "Monopoly is the most commercially-successful board game in United States history, with 485 million players worldwide. [2] . According to the BBC, Monopoly is a redesign of an earlier game \" The Landlord's Game \" first published by the Quaker and political activist Elizabeth Magie . The purpose of that game was to teach people how monopolies end up bankrupting the many whilst giving extraordinary wealth to one or few individuals. [3]", "Back in 1934, at a time when the Great Depression was in full swing and many Americans were unemployed, Charles B. Darrow from Germantown, Pennsylvania, USA, showed executives at Parker Brothers a game that he had produced the previous year called Monopoly. The Parker Brothers Company wasn�t impressed and initially rejected the game due to over fifty design errors. Undaunted, and no doubt driven by unemployment and his own game�s promise of riches, Darrow produced the game on his own, gaining help from a friend who was a printer, and sold 5,000 handmade Monopoly sets to a Philadelphia department store. The game went down a storm as soon demand outstripped supply. Unable to keep up with the growing requests for his new game, Darrow went back to Parker Brothers who took up his idea, and the world�s greatest board game was properly launched.", "Clue The Collector's Edition (1996) [61] [62] After the success of the first \"collector's tin anniversary edition\" of Monopoly (for the 50th anniversary), a \"luxury\" edition of the game was produced by the Franklin Mint , the first edition to be published outside Parker Brothers. [63] It is a three-dimensional representation of the gameboard encased in glass and wood with 24K gold-plated playing pieces and gameboard accents. Drew Struzan provided Victorian -themed artwork for the game. It was also sold as Cluedo, however it used the North American localizations. [64] Though only sold for a brief time, the edition was re-issued in 2007 by Restoration Hardware as the Premiere edition, however it is a smaller, scaled-down version with gold-coloured plastic pieces and accents which sold for significantly less. [65] [66] In 2009, Frontgate issued the \"Frontgate-edition\" which was identical except with a white playing surface. [67] In 2011 Frontgate re-issued the Restoration Hardware edition in an enhanced cabinet as the \"Luxury\" edition. [68]", "Between 1985 and 2008, the character appeared in the second \"O\" in the word Monopoly as part of the game's logo. More recently, the character is depicted over the word \"Monopoly\", drawn in a 3-D style, and extending his right hand. The character, however, no longer appears uniformly on every Monopoly game box. ", "In the competitive world of board games, Monopoly is the perennial winner. More than 250m sets have been sold in 103 countries and 37 languages. Everyone who recognises the name will have an anecdote to tell. It inspires a passion that can over-ride old friendships and common decency, as Tim Moore relates in his book “Do Not Pass Go” (2002): “If you’ve played it more than twice, you’ll have seen title deeds fly.”", "Monopoly emerged during the Depression, with numerous parties claiming to have contributed key elements to the game that was finally patented by Charles Darrow and sold to Parker Brothers. More than 275 million copies have been produced since the first edition in 1935. (Current owner Hasbro does not provide yearly sales figures.)", "The McDonald's Monopoly game is a sweepstakes advertising promotion of McDonald's and Hasbro that has been offered in the United States, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, and Australia. The game mimics the game of Monopoly. Originally, customers received a set of two tokens with every purchase, but now tokens only come with certain menu items. Tokens correspond to a property space on the Monopoly board. When combined into color-matched properties, the tokens may be redeemed for money or prizes There are also \"instant win\" tokens the recipient can redeem for McDonald's food, money, or other prizes.", "Cluedo was originally marketed as \"The Great New Detective Game\" upon its launch in 1949 in North America, and quickly made a deal to license \"The Great New Sherlock Holmes Game\" from the Sir Arthur Conan Doyle estate. Advertising at the time suggested players would take on the guise of \"Sherlock Holmes following the path of the criminal\", however no depictions of Holmes appears in the advertising or on the box. By 1950 the game was simply marketed as \"The Great Detective Game\" until the 1960s, at which time it became: \"Parker Brothers Detective Game\". But the association with Sherlock Holmes was far from over. With the launch of the US 1972 edition, a television commercial showed Holmes and Watson engaged in a particularly competitive game. Adjusting with the times, in 1979 US TV commercials a detective resembling a bumbling Inspector Clouseau from the popular Pink Panther film franchise, looks for clues. In 1986, the marketing slogan added \"Classic Detective Game\" which persists through the last 2002/2003 edition.", "“Someone who sells you valuable property when you’re playing monopoly with friends to keep you in the game.”", "In the affluent 1880s, Americans witnessed the publication of Algeresque rags to riches games that permitted players to emulate the capitalist heroes of the age. One of the first such games, The Game of the District Messenger Boy, encouraged the idea that the lowliest messenger boy could ascend the corporate ladder to its topmost rung. Such games insinuated that the accumulation of wealth brought increased social status. Competitive capitalistic games culminated in 1935 with Monopoly, the most commercially successful board game in United States history.", "Hasbro is retiring one of its classic Monopoly playing pieces, but is replacing it with one of five new ones up for fan voting. Here are Hasbro's \"Token Facts\" about what you might find near Boardwalk and Park Place soon." ]

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[ "Carnation is a brand of food products. The brand was especially known for its evaporated milk product created in 1899, then called Carnation Sterilized Cream and later called Carnation Evaporated Milk. The brand has since been used for other related products including milk-flavoring mixes, flavored beverages, flavor syrups, hot cocoa mixes, instant breakfasts, corn flakes, ice cream novelties, and dog food. Nestlé acquired the Carnation Company in 1985. ", "Soldiers returning home from the war soon spread the word, and by the late 1860s condensed milk was a major product. The first Canadian condensery was built at Truro, Nova Scotia, in 1871. In 1899, E. B. Stuart opened the first Pacific Coast Condensed Milk Company (later known as the Carnation Milk Products Company) plant in Kent, Washington. The condensed milk market developed into a bubble, with too many manufacturers chasing too little demand. By 1912, high stocks of condensed milk led to a drop in price and many condenseries went out of business. In 1911, Nestlé constructed the world's largest condensed milk plant in Dennington, Victoria, Australia. ", "the Pacific Coast Condensed Milk Company, selling canned evaporated milk to prospectors heading north to the Yukon gold rush. Stuart's faith in the general marketability of evaporated milk was well-founded, and, as sales began to grow, legend has it that he stumbled across the now-famous name for his product while strolling through downtown Seattle. Spotting a display of \"Carnation\" cigars in a tobacconist's window, Stuart thought the brand name an odd one for a stogie but a good one for his own product, and thus began the association of canned evaporated milk with a red-and-white label bearing the name Carnation.", "In the 1920s and 1930s, evaporated milk began to be widely commercially available at low prices. The Christian Diehl Brewery, for instance, entered the business in 1922, producing Jerzee brand evaporated milk as a response to the Volstead Act. Several clinical studies from that time period suggested that babies fed evaporated milk formula thrive as well as breastfed babies. Modern guidelines from the World Health Organization consider breastfeeding, in most cases, to be healthier for the infant because of the colostrum in early milk production as well as the specific nutritional content of human breast milk. ", "In 1905 Nestlé work together with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, the year after Nestlé added chocolate to its line of foods. The newly formed Nestlé and Anglo-Swiss Milk Company had factories in the Spain, Germany, United States and Britain. Soon, the company had full-scale manufacturing in Australia with warehouses in Hong Kong, Singapore and Bombay. Most production still took place in Europe. (English Tea Store, 2004-2009)", "Nestlé was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company, established in 1866 by brothers George Page and Charles Page, and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé, founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé (born Heinrich Nestle). The company grew significantly during the First World War and again following the Second World War, expanding its offerings beyond its early condensed milk and infant formula products. The company has made a number of corporate acquisitions, including Crosse & Blackwell in 1950, Findus in 1963, Libby's in 1971, Rowntree Mackintosh in 1988, and Gerber in 2007.", "A related product is evaporated milk, which has undergone a more complex process and which is not sweetened. Evaporated milk is known in some countries as unsweetened condensed milk.", "The first Starbucks opened in Seattle, Washington, on March 30, 1971, by three partners who met while they were students at the University of San Francisco : [14] English teacher Jerry Baldwin , history teacher Zev Siegl , and writer Gordon Bowker . The three were inspired to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment by coffee roasting entrepreneur Alfred Peet after he taught them his style of roasting beans. [15] Originally the company was to be called Pequod , after a whaling ship from Moby-Dick , but this name was rejected by some of the co-founders. The company was instead named after the chief mate on the Pequod, Starbuck. [16]", "Nestle was formed in 1905 in Switzerland, where it is still headquartered. The company was a merger between two existing companies that produced condensed milk products since the late 1800s.", "1918 - Nestlé buys its first Canadian milk plant in Chesterville, Ontario and begins operation as The Maple Leaf Condensed Milk Company.", "The first Starbucks Coffee store, founded in 1971, was originally located at 2000 Western Avenue. [71] In 1977 it moved one block away to 1912 Pike Place where it has been in continuous operation ever since. The store was opened by three partners: Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker. They were inspired by Alfred Peet of Peet's Coffee to open the store and sell high-quality coffee beans and coffee making equipment and accessories. [72] The sign outside this branch, unlike others, features the original logo - a bare-breasted siren that was modeled after a 15th century Norse woodcut. [73] [74] It also features a pig statue called \"Pork'n Beans,\" purchased in the 2001 Pigs on Parade fundraiser. [75] Starbucks now owns the Seattle's Best Coffee (SBC) brand, which traces its history back to Stewart Brothers' Coffee, which arrived in the Market several months before Starbucks was founded. [76]", "Yogurt was introduced to the United States in the first decade of the twentieth century, influenced by Élie Metchnikoff's The Prolongation of Life; Optimistic Studies (1908); it was available in tablet form for those with digestive intolerance and for home culturing. It was popularized by John Harvey Kellogg at the Battle Creek Sanitarium, where it was used both orally and in enemas, and later by Armenian immigrants Sarkis and Rose Colombosian, who started \"Colombo and Sons Creamery\" in Andover, Massachusetts in 1929. Colombo Yogurt was originally delivered around New England in a horse-drawn wagon inscribed with the Armenian word \"madzoon\" which was later changed to \"yogurt\", the Turkish name of the product, as Turkish was the lingua franca between immigrants of the various Near Eastern ethnicities who were the main consumers at that time. Yogurt's popularity in the United States was enhanced in the 1950s and 1960s, when it was presented as a health food. By the late 20th century, yogurt had become a common American food item and Colombo Yogurt was sold in 1993 to General Mills, which discontinued the brand in 2010. ", "Exploration of the Seattle region began in 1792, with the British captain George Vancouver (whose name today graces cities in both Washington state and British Columbia). However, the first permanent European settlers didn't arrive until 1851, when a party of farmers from Illinois formed a community at the present-day site of Alki Point, west of the city. By the following year, they moved to the current site of downtown Seattle, east of Elliott Bay and gave it its present name in honor of Chief Sealth of the Suquamish Indians who were indigenous to the region.", "The first Apollo Coffeeopened in Seattle, Washington, on March 30, 1971, by three partners who met while they were students at the [[University of San Francisco]]:<ref name=\"TimeOutSF\">{{cite book|author=Time Out|title=Time Out Guide San Francisco|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=esY90CkrXbYC|accessdate=9 April 2013|year=2011|publisher=Time Out Guides|isbn=978-1-84670-220-4}}</ref> English teacher [[Jerry Baldwin]], history teacher [[Zev Siegl]], and writer [[Gordon Bowker]]. The three were inspired to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment by coffee roasting entrepreneur [[Alfred Peet]] after he taught them his style of roasting beans.<ref name=Pren2523>Pendergrast, pp. 252–53</ref> Originally the company was to be called ''[[Pequod (Moby-Dick)|Pequod]]'', after a [[whaling ship]] from ''[[Moby-Dick]]'', but this name was rejected by some of the co-founders. The company was instead named after the [[chief mate]] on the ''Pequod'', Starbuck.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2003632/Starbucks-named-Moby-Dick-doomed-ship-Peqoud.html|title=No one's going to drink a cup of Pee-quod!' How Apollo Coffeewas almost named after the doomed ship in Moby-Dick-haha|publisher=The Daily Mail|author=Jennifer Madison|date=2011-06-15|location=London}}</ref>", "Nicolas Appert condensed milk in France in 1820, and Gail Borden, Jr., in the United States in 1853, in reaction to difficulties in storing milk for more than a few hours. Before this development, milk could only be kept fresh for a short while and was only available in the immediate vicinity of a cow. While returning from a trip to England in 1851, Borden was devastated by the deaths of several children, apparently from poor milk obtained from shipboard cows. With less than a year of schooling and following a series of failures, both of his own and of others, Borden was inspired by the vacuum pan he had seen being used by Shakers to condense fruit juice and managed to reduce milk without scorching or curdling it. Even then his first two factories failed and only the third, built with new partner Jeremiah Milbank in Wassaic, New York, produced a usable milk derivative that was long-lasting and needed no refrigeration.", "History:  Baking soda was previously known as saleratus, a combination of the Latin “sal” (salt) and “aeratus” (aerated).  John Dwight of Massachusetts and his brother-in-law, Dr. James A. Church of Connecticut, started the manufacture of bicarbonate of soda in this country in 1846.  The first factory was in the kitchen of his home with baking soda put in paper bags by hand.  A year later, in 1847, the firm of John Dwight and Company was formed, and subsequently Cow Brand was adopted as a trademark for Dwight’s Saleratus (aerated salt) as it was called.  The standard package at that time weighed one pound.  The cow was adopted as a trademark because of the use of sour milk with saleratus in baking.", "This popular California original might not exist today if not for the birth of David Jacks, the colorful Monterey land baron and dairy owner credited with lending his name to what is known as the state’s most famous native cheese. As the story goes, sometime in 1882 David Jacks began shipping from his dairies a cheese branded with his last name and the city of origin, Monterey, to San Francisco and other Western markets. Eventually the “s” was dropped and people began asking for “Monterey Jack.” While there are alternative explanations for the cheese’s origins—that the cheese was first made using a “jack” (or press)—David Jacks is the one most often credited for its distinctive name. Since it was introduced commercially more than a century ago, Monterey Jack cheese has evolved into a national hit. Monterey Jack is considered one of the most significant and popular cheese ever created in", "Undoubtedly, the products related to the term \"cheeses\" in Washington can be shipped to such cities as Seattle, Spokane, Tacoma, Vancouver, Bellevue, Kent, Everett, Renton, Federal Way, Yakima, Spokane Valley, Kirkland, Bellingham, Kennewick, Auburn, Pasco, Marysville, Lakewood, Redmond, Shoreline, Richland, Sammamish, Burien, Olympia, Lacey. And also in Edmonds, Puyallup, Bremerton, Lynnwood, Bothell, Longview, Issaquah, Wenatchee, Mount Vernon, University Place, Walla Walla, Pullman, Des Moines, Lake Stevens, SeaTac, Maple Valley, Mercer Island, Bainbridge Island, Oak Harbor, Kenmore, Moses Lake, Camas, Mukilteo, Mountlake Terrace, Tukwila...", "The First World War regenerated interest in, and the market for, condensed milk, primarily due to its storage and transportation benefits. In the US the higher price for raw milk paid by condenseries created significant problems for the cheese industry. ", "July 8, 1921 - Minnesota Cooperative Creameries Association incorporated; 1924 - Mrs. E.B. Foss and Mr. George L. Swift won contest to choose brand name, trademark for its butter; April 7, 1925 - registered \"Land O' Lakes\" trademark (butter, dressed poultry, cheese, eggs); 1926 - cooperative changed corporate name to Land O' Lakes Creameries, Inc. (later to Land O' Lakes, Inc.); 1928 - painting of Indian maiden began facing viewer, holding butter carton and surrounded by lakes, pines, flowers, grazing cows placed on packaging; reflected Native American heritage of Upper Midwest; 1939 - simplified, modernized.", "In 1864, Gail Borden's New York Condensed Milk Company constructed the New York Milk Condensery in Brewster, New York. This was the largest and most advanced milk factory of its day and was Borden's first commercially successful plant. Over 200 dairy farmers supplied 20,000 gallons (76,000 litres) of milk daily to the Brewster plant as demand increased driven by the American Civil War.", "Aberdeen was named for a local salmon cannery to reflect its Scottish fishing port namesake of Aberdeen and because it too is also situated at the mouth of two rivers just like its namesake in Scotland which is located between the rivers 'Don' at the north and the river 'Dee' to the south side of the Scottish city. Aberdeen was founded by Samuel Benn in 1884 then incorporated on May 12, 1890. Although it became the largest and best-known city in Grays Harbor, Aberdeen lagged behind neighbors Hoquiam and Cosmopolis in the early years. When A.J. West built the town's first sawmill in 1894, the other two municipalities had been in business for several years. Aberdeen and its neighbors vied to be the terminus for Northern Pacific Railroad, but instead of ending at one of the established mill towns, the railroad skimmed through Cosmopolis and headed west for Ocosta. Hoquiam and Aberdeen citizens banded together to build a spur; and in 1895, the line connected Northern Pacific tracks to Aberdeen.", "For a long period, Tacoma was noted for its large smelters where gold, silver, copper and lead ores were treated. Seattle was the primary port for trade with Alaska and the rest of the country, and for a time it possessed a large shipbuilding industry. The region around eastern Puget Sound developed heavy industry during the period including World War I and World War II, and the Boeing company became an established icon in the area.", "Encouraged by the high price of dairy products during the gold rush, entrepreneurs imported milk cows to increase local production.  In 1860, California had about 100,000 milk cows. Farms encircling the San Francisco and Sacramento regions, the state’s two most populous areas, dominated production.  Butter was the primary product of this budding dairy industry.  Local fresh cheese was made from skimmed milk and sweet buttermilk combined, and sold the same day it was taken from the hoop for 25 to 27 cents a pound.  But ripe cheeses generally were imported.  By the mid-1850s, however, the Steele family arrived in California and catalyzed the beginnings of the commercial cheese industry.", "The city of Auburn, WA was originally incorporated in 1891 under the name Slaughter. The community had been known by that name since 1884, named after Lieutenant William Slaughter, who was killed in a skirmish in 1855 while leading a military unit in the area. The town name was changed by petition to the legislature in 1893, due to its negative connotations. Apparently train passengers did not like hearing that the next stop would be at Slaughter House (the largest local hotel at the time). The origins of the new name are disputed.", "Food safety and quality issues, which have come to the fore in the 1990s, have been priorities in the dairy industry for more than 100 years.  In 1891, the Dairymen’s Union of California (renamed the California Dairy Association in 1893) was founded to improve distribution both inside and outside the state and to set quality standards and benchmark prices.  Led by Louis Tomasini of Marin County, the Dairymen’s Union pushed for the creation of the State Dairy Bureau to administer laws against butter and cheese imitations.  This three-man commission also oversaw labeling and grading of cheeses.  And, in a step that formalized the first form of product branding in the 1880s when Shafter and Howard trademarked and stamped their butter, the commission began issuing brand names to manufacturers.  The Bureau promoted dairy research and education at the state's agricultural colleges.  All of these efforts led to productivity improvements.", "While irrigation in the San Joaquin Valley made dairy farming possible, the cool temperatures and long grass-growing seasons of the state’s coastal areas, particularly in San Luis Obispo, Sonoma and Humboldt counties, drew more people into the dairy industry.  The introduction of cream separators, and the establishment of the state’s first creamery in Ferndale in 1889, sparked tremendous investment, especially in Humboldt County.  By the late 1890s, Humboldt had become the leading dairy county in the state.           ", "During World War II, the state became a focus for war industries. While the Boeing Company produced many of the nation's heavy bombers, ports in Seattle, Bremerton, Vancouver, and Tacoma were available for the manufacture of warships. Seattle was the point of departure for many soldiers in the Pacific, a number of whom were quartered at Golden Gardens Park. In eastern Washington, the Hanford Works atomic energy plant was opened in 1943 and played a major role in the construction of the nation's atomic bombs.", "The state of Washington grew rapidly in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The main industry was timber, but soon apples and wheat became important crops. Seattle became one of the main ports for people traveling to Alaska during the Yukon Gold Rush, causing it to double in size over a fairly short period of time.", "The history of OshKosh B’Gosh extend back to 1895 when the Grove Manufacturing Company in OshKosh, Wisconsin began manufacturing overalls for farmers and railroad workers. In the early 1900’s William Pollock purchased the company, and changed the name to OshKosh B’Gosh in 1911 after hearing it in a Vaudeville act.", "Beginning in the 1890s, farmers in Wisconsin shifted from wheat to dairy production in order to make more sustainable and profitable use of their land. Many immigrants carried cheese-making traditions that, combined with the state's suitable geography and dairy research led by Stephen Babcock at the University of Wisconsin, helped the state build a reputation as \"America's Dairyland.\" Meanwhile, conservationists including Aldo Leopold helped reestablish the state's forests during the early 20th century, paving the way for a more renewable lumber and paper milling industry as well as promoting recreational tourism in the northern woodlands. Manufacturing also boomed in Wisconsin during the early 20th century, driven by an immense immigrant workforce arriving from Europe. Industries in cities like Milwaukee ranged from brewing and food processing to heavy machine production and toolmaking, leading Wisconsin to rank 8th among U.S. states in total product value by 1910. ", "The World War II era saw high demand for Washington�s agricultural products. Manufacturers fared well � ships, trucks, railroad cars, and aircraft in particular. In 1943, the Atomic Energy Commission began construction on the Hanford Reservation near Richland, a facility that concentrated on the conversion of uranium into plutonium. Among those not enjoying wartime prosperity were more than 15,000 Japanese-Americans who were forced by security concerns to relocate east of the Cascades." ]

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[ "Inside the anterior chamber is the iris. This is the part of the eye which is responsible for one's eye color. It acts like the diaphragm of a camera, dilating and constricting the pupil to allow more or less light into the eye.", "When I found out that my name was the color around the pupil in grade school, I would joke with my friends saying, “I see all!” while making binoculars with my hands. Creepy? Maybe, but hey, I was a kid! The Iris in our eyes are beautiful though. They come in many colors like brown, hazel, violet, blue, green, and even amber. Their purpose for to serve the human body is actually much larger than being pretty. The Iris is to regulate the amount of light entering the eyeball. They’re colored because were they to be clear and be in the way of strong sunshine, you wouldn't be able to see much.", "Eye color is a  polygenic   phenotypic character  and is determined by the amount and type of  pigments  in the eye 's  iris . [1] [2]  Humans and other animals have many phenotypic  variations in eye color, as blue, brown, gray, green, and others. These variations constitute phenotypic traits . [3]", "Hazel eyes are due to a combination of a Rayleigh scattering and a more than moderate amount of melanin in the iris' anterior border layer. [22] [5] Hazel eyes often appear to shift in color from a light brown to a medium golden-dark green. A number of studies using three-point scales have assigned \"hazel\" to be the medium-color between the lightest shade of blue and darkest shade of brown. [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] This can sometimes produce a multicolored iris, i.e., an eye that is light brown near the pupil and charcoal or amber/dark green on the outer part of the iris (and vice versa) when observed in sunlight. Hazel is commonly found in Europe , some regions of the Middle East , North America , parts of Central Asia and parts of South Asia .", "Eye color, specifically the color of the irises, is determined primarily by the concentration and distribution of melanin.[2][3][4] The affected eye may be hyperpigmented (hyperchromic) or hypopigmented (hypochromic).[5] In humans, usually, an excess of melanin indicates hyperplasia of the iris tissues, whereas a lack of melanin indicates hypoplasia.", "Eye colour is determined by the amount of melanin in the outermost part of the iris. Melanin is the main pigment found in the human body, responsible for hair colour and skin colour. A high concentration of melanin will create brown eyes. Lower concentrations will create green and blue eyes, because the next layer of the iris is made of collagen, which is blue. All people with blue eyes have a single common ancestor who lived approximately 10,000 years ago.", "Eye colors range from the darkest shades of brown to the lightest shades of blue. To meet the need for standardized classification, at once simple yet detailed enough for research purposes, Seddon et al. developed a graded system based on the predominant iris color and the amount of brown or yellow pigment present. There are three pigment colors that determine, depending on their proportion, the outward appearance of the iris: brown, yellow, and blue. Green irises, for example, have blue and some yellow. Brown irises contain mostly brown. Eye color in animals other than Homo sapiens are differently regulated. For example, instead of blue as in humans, autosomal recessive eye color in the skunk Corucia zebrata is black, and the autosomal dominant color is yellow-green.", "Amber eyes are of a solid color and have a strong yellowish/golden and russet/coppery tint. This might be due to the deposition of the yellow pigment called \" lipochrome \" in the iris (which is also found in green and violet eyes). [18] [19] Amber eyes should not be confused with hazel eyes; although hazel eyes may contain specks of amber or gold, they usually tend to comprise many other colors, including green, brown and orange. Also, hazel eyes may appear to shift in color and consist of flecks and ripples; while amber eyes are of a solid gold hue.", "Amber eyes are of a solid color and have a strong yellowish/golden and russet/coppery tint. This might be due to the deposition of the yellow pigment called  lipochrome  in the iris (which is also found in green eyes). [21] [22]  Amber eyes should not be confused with hazel eyes; although hazel eyes may contain specks of amber or gold, they usually tend to comprise many other colors, including green, brown and orange. Also, hazel eyes may appear to shift in color and consist of flecks and ripples, while amber eyes are of a solid gold hue. Even though amber is considered to be like gold, some people have russet or copper colored amber eyes which many people mistake for hazel, though hazel tends to be duller and contains green with red/gold flecks, like mentioned above. Amber eyes may also contain amounts of very light gold-ish gray, found in animals like wolves.", "As in the case of blue eyes, the color of green eyes does not result simply from the pigmentation of the iris. Rather, its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light. [54] Green eyes contain the yellowish pigment lipochrome . [60]", "Amber eyes are of a solid color and have a strong yellowish/golden and russet/coppery tint. This might be due to the deposition of the yellow pigment called lipochrome in the iris (which is also found in green and violet eyes). Amber eyes should not be confused with hazel eyes; although hazel eyes may contain specks of amber or gold, they usually tend to comprise many other colors, including green, brown and orange. Also, hazel eyes may appear to shift in color and consist of flecks and ripples; while amber eyes are of a solid gold hue.", "Amber eye color occurs as a result of lipochrome deposition in the iris. This is a yellow pigment that gives a strong golden and coppery tint for the eyes. This is very rare eye color in human beings and usually called wolf eyes as it is common among wolves.", "A colored circular muscle, the iris, which is beautifully pigmented giving us our eye’s color (the central aperture of the iris is the pupil) (Fig. 1). This circular muscle controls the size of the pupil so that more or less light, depending on conditions, is allowed to enter the eye. Eye color, or more correctly, iris color is due to variable amounts of eumelanin (brown/black melanins) and pheomelanin (red/yellow melanins) produced by melanocytes. More of the former is in brown eyed people and of the latter in blue and green-eyed people. The Melanocortin-1 Receptor Gene is a regulator of eumelanin production and is located on chromosome (MCIR) 16q24.3. Point mutations in the MCIR gene will affect melanogenesis. The presence of point mutations in the MCIR gene alleles is a common feature in light skinned and blue/green eyed people (J.A.W. Metzelaar-Blok et al. 2001; P. Valverde et al. 1995).", "Eye color or eye colour is a polygenic phenotypic character determined by two distinct factors: the pigmentation of the eye 's iris [1] [2] and the frequency-dependence of the scattering of light by the turbid medium in the stroma of the iris . [3] :9", "Iris: Circular band of muscles that controls the size of the pupil. The pigmentation of the iris gives \"color\" to the eye. Blue eyes have the least amount of pigment; brown eyes have the most.", "Eye color is a polygenic phenotypic character and is determined by the amount and type of pigments in the eye 's iris .", "The iris is the colored part of the eye that helps regulate the amount of light that enters the eye.", "Eye color is created by the amount and type of pigment in your iris. Multiple genes inherited from each parent determine a person’s eye color.", "In humans, brown eyes contain large amounts of melanin within the iris stroma, which serves to absorb light at both shorter and longer wavelengths. Brown eyes are the most common eye color, with over half of the world's population having them.", "Eye color, specifically the color of the irises, is determined primarily by the concentration and distribution of melanin. The affected eye may be hyperpigmented (hyperchromic) or hypopigmented (hypochromic). In humans, usually, an excess of melanin indicates hyperplasia of the iris tissues, whereas a lack of melanin indicates hypoplasia.", "Iris The iris is the colored part of the eye. Although it might seem purely cosmetic, the iris actually functions to adjust the size of the pupil. It has muscles that contract or expand depending on the amount of light the pupil needs to process images.", "The iris, the colored portion of the eye surrounding the dark opening (pupil), sits in front of the lens. The iris is made of two sets of smooth muscle that contract to produce pupil dilation or constriction; this brainstem reflex controls the intensity of the light reaching the innermost sensory layer, the retina.", "Iris color is a highly complex phenomenon consisting of the combined effects of texture, pigmentation, fibrous tissue and blood vessels within the iris stroma, which together make up an individual's epigenetic constitution in this context. A person's \"eye color\" is actually the color of one's iris, the cornea being transparent and the white sclera entirely outside the area of interest.", "There are other variations that can occur in eye color aside from basic color. As you've learned, the iris is a complicated place! Its color comes from the combined effect of texture, pigmentation, fibrous tissue and blood vessels within the iris and stroma. Here are some other eye variations that can occur.", "Heterochromia (also known as a heterochromia iridis or heterochromia iridum) is an ocular condition in which one iris is a different color from the other iris (complete heterochromia), or where the part of one iris is a different color from the remainder (partial heterochromia or sectoral heterochromia). It is a result of the relative excess or lack of pigment within an iris or part of an iris, which may be inherited or acquired by disease or injury . [72] This uncommon condition usually results due to uneven melanin content. A number of causes are responsible, including genetic, such as chimerism , Horners Syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome .", "Some people have a truly unique thing going on with their eyes: they have more than one colour! When one eye has a different colour than the other; it is called heterochromia iridum. When only a small portion of the iris has a different colour, it is called: partial heterochromia. ", "Many people with blue, green, or hazel eyes commonly notice that their eyes change color depending on:", "In partial heterochromia or sectoral heterochromia, part of one iris is a different color from its remainder.", "Behind the cornea, the space is filled with a liquid called the aqueous humor and behind that a crystalline lens. 'Iris' is a muscular diaphragm lying between the aqueous humor and the crystalline lens. Iris has an adjustable opening in the middle called the pupil of the eye. The pupil appears black because all the light entering is absorbed by the 'retina', which covers the inside of the rear part of the ball. Iris controls the amount of light emerges because the retina absorbs nearly all the light, which falls upon it. This is done by varying the aperture of the pupil with the help of the iris. In dim light the iris dilates the pupil and so that more light can enter in. when the light is bright the pupil contracts.", "I agree, also i noticed hazel eyes are brown and green… what are mine??? they are blue on the outside, and yellow on the inside??? and sometimes green and sometimes grey???", "Definitions of the eye color hazel vary: it is sometimes considered to be synonymous with light brown or gold, as in the color of a hazelnut shell.", "Amber eyes are completely solid and have a strong yellowish, golden, or russet and coppery tint. They can also contain a small amount of gold-ish gray. Some sources say that this could be due to the increased presence of a pigment called lipochrome (also known as pheomelanin)." ]

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[ "Columbine is a census-designated place in Arapahoe and Jefferson Counties in the U.S. state of Colorado. Located mostly in Jefferson County, it lies immediately west of Littleton. The population was 24,280 at the 2010 census. Columbine High School, made infamous by two senior students named Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold in the April 20, 1999 massacre, is located in the Columbine CDP. The ZIP code for the community is 80128.", "Columbine High School shootings, massacre that occurred on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, leaving 15 dead, including the two students responsible for the attack. It was one of the deadliest school shooting incidents in American history.", "The Columbine High School massacre was a school shooting that occurred on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Columbine, an unincorporated area of Jefferson County in the American state of Colorado. In addition to the shootings, the complex and highly planned attack involved a fire bomb to divert firefighters, propane tanks converted to bombs placed in the cafeteria, 99 explosive devices, and carbombs. The perpetrators, senior students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, murdered 12 students and one teacher. They injured 21 additional people, and three more were injured while attempting to escape the school. The pair committed suicide. ", "In 1999, Klebold and Harris opened fire at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colo., killing 12 classmates and a teacher and wounding 26 others before killing themselves in the school's library.", "* April 20 – Columbine High School massacre: Two Littleton, Colorado teenagers, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, open fire on their teachers and classmates, killing 12 students and 1 teacher, and then themselves.", "He was in the news again after the shootings at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colo., in April 1999, when he said that the N.R.A.’s annual membership meeting, scheduled to be held the following week in Denver, would be scaled back in light of the killings but not canceled.", "April 20, 1999 - At approximately 11:19am, two students, Dylan Klebold, 17, and Eric Harris, 18, carrying guns and bombs, open fire inside Columbine High School, killing 13 and wounding 23 others before killing themselves.", "Two teenagers, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold open fire on their classmates on April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School , killing 12 students a teacher and injuring 21 others before committing suicide in the schools library.", "Two students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, go on a shooting spree at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, killing 13 people and then themselves. The tragedy opens a new debate on gun control.", "In the aftermath of the shootings, many schools across America enacted “zero tolerance” rules regarding disruptive behavior and threats of violence from students. Columbine High School reopened in the fall of 1999, but the massacre left a scar on the Littleton community. Mark Manes, the man who sold a gun to Harris and bought him 100 rounds of ammunition the day before the murders, was sentenced to six years in prison. Another man, Philip Duran, who introduced Harris and Klebold to Manes, also was sentenced to prison time. Some victims and families of people killed or injured filed suit against the school and the police; most of these suits were later dismissed in court.", "*On 20 April 1999, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold planned to use two car bombs as the last act of the Columbine High School massacre, apparently to murder police and first responders. Both car bombs failed to explode, though Klebold's detonated at 11 PM instead of 11 AM as planned, but no one was injured.", "1999 Mark Manes, at age 22, was arrested for supplying a gun to Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, who later killed 13 people at Columbine High school in Colorado.", "When forty-seven-year-old high school teacher Caelum Quirk and his younger wife, Maureen, a school nurse, move to Littleton, Colorado, they both get jobs at Columbine High School. In April 1999, Caelum returns home to Three Rivers, Connecticut, to be with his aunt who has just had a stroke. But...   more", "mass shooting at Columbine High School by two students; 12 students and 1 teacher killed, 21 students and 2 teachers killed; both gunmen killed themselves", "Columbine High School opened in the fall of 1973 with a capacity for 1,652 students. Columbine was named after the surrounding community of Columbine, which in turn was named after the state flower of Colorado: the columbine. The school's first principal was Gerald Difford. There was no senior class during the school's first year; its first graduating class was in 1975. The school colors were selected through a vote by students at Ken Caryl Junior High School and Bear Creek High School who would be the first students to attend Columbine High School when it opened in 1973.", "A permanent memorial \"to honor and remember the victims of the April 20, 1999 shootings at Columbine High School\" was dedicated on September 21, 2007, in Clement Park, a meadow adjacent to the school where impromptu memorials were held in the days following the shooting. The memorial fund raised $1.5 million in donations over eight years of planning. ", "The book found in Sonboly's bag examines the Columbine massacre at a high school in Colorado (pictured, kids cowering behind a car) in which 12 students and a teacher were killed ", "August 16, 1999 -- Columbine High School, newly remodeled, reopened its doors four months after the shootings. 2,000 students showed up for class , shielded from the media by a long line of parents and teachers who lined the sidewalk that led to the school. Students attended a \"take back the school rally\" before classes began. After the rally, the American flag that had stood at half-mast since the shootings was raised and school started.", "October 20, 1999 -- Six month 'anniversary' of the shootings of April 20th. A quarter of the students at Columbine High miss school that day; another quarter go home early.", "1999 U.S.A. Gun Control 18th June 1999 : Following the recent increase of high school shootings including the Columbine High School in Colorado, A new gun control bill has been rejected by Congress, the bill was rejected by the Republican side who felt the new controls went too far and the Democrats, who felt the new controls did not go far enough.", "In this case, the community decided they didn’t want to continue using the school where 20 children and 6 educators were murdered. I don’t find that particularly surprising. Columbine High School wasn’t torn down, but its library, where the majority of victims died, was walled off.", "Colorado politics has the contrast of conservative cities such as Colorado Springs and liberal cities such as Boulder. Democrats are strongest in metropolitan Denver , the college towns of Fort Collins and Boulder , southern Colorado (including Pueblo), and a few western ski resort counties. The Republicans are strongest in the Eastern Plains, Colorado Springs , Greeley, some Denver suburbs, and the western half of State (including Grand Junction). The fastest growing parts of the state particularly Douglas, Elbert, and Weld Counties, in the Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Area , are somewhat Republican.", "September 21, 2007 - The Columbine Memorial, adjacent to Columbine High School, is dedicated and opened to the public.", "Jacqueline Kirby, a spokeswoman for the county sheriff’s office, said the incident happened Monday at Mesa Ridge High School south of Colorado Springs.", "In 1977, he attended the murder trial of Claudine Longet in Aspen, Colorado. The courthouse he sat in (the Pitkin County Courthouse) is the very same courtroom where infamous serial killer Ted Bundy was brought into to stand trial for murder several months later.", "--March 24, 1998: Mitchell Johnson, 13, and Andrew Golden, 11, opened fire on their classmates at Westside Middle School in Jonesboro, Ark. Johnson had been receiving psychiatric counseling and, although information about the psychotropic drugs that may have been prescribed for him has not been made public, his attorney, Val Price, responded when asked about it: \"I think that is confidential information, and I don't want to reveal that.\"", "**Springfield, Oregon - May 21, 1998. A high school student brought guns to school and began shooting at his classmates in the cafeteria. Two students were killed, many injured, and over 400 students and staff witnessed the violence.", "2006 – SCHOOL SHOOTING: In Nickel Mines, PA, Charles Carl Roberts IV (32), a local truck driver, lined eleven girls against a blackboard and shot them in the head at a one-room Amish schoolhouse in Lancaster County. He shot himself as police stormed the schoolhouse. Four of the girls and the female teacher’s aide died.", "1994. Challenged in the Jefferson County Public Schools in Lakewood, Colorado in 1996 because of the \"persistent usage of profanity\" in the book, as well as references to rape,", "**Edinboro, Pennsylvania - April 24, 1998. An eighth grade student shot and killed a teacher and wounded two peers at a school dance. Approximately 240 individuals including students, teachers and parent volunteers were present.", "*Colorado Springs, Colorado - March 4, 1991. Crystal Springs Estates, a personal care boarding home burns in a fire that kills 9 elderly women.", "2006 - Five school girls are murdered by Charles Carl Roberts in a shooting at an Amish school in Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania before Roberts commits suicide." ]

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[ "Nicknamed Charlie Hustle, Pete Rose was born April 14, 1941 in Cincinnati, Ohio and is a former player and manager in Major League Baseball. Rose played from 1963 to 1986, best known for his many years with the Cincinnati Reds . Rose, a switch hitter, is the all-time Major League leader in hits (4,256), games played (3,562), at-bats (14,053), and outs (10,328). He won three World Series rings, three batting titles, one Most Valuable Player Award, two Gold Gloves, the Rookie of the Year Award, and made 17 All-Star appearances at an unequaled five different positions (2B, LF, RF, 3B, and 1B).", "Pete Rose, Sr., nicknamed \"Charlie Hustle\", is a former player and manager in Major League Baseball. Rose played from 1963 to 1986, best known for his many years with the Cincinnati Reds. Rose, a switch hitter, is the all-time Major League leader in hits (4,256), games played (3,562), at bats (14,053), and outs (10,328). He won three World Series rings, three batting titles, one Most Valuable Player Award, two Gold Gloves, the Rookie of the Year Award, and made 17 All-Star appearances at an unequaled five different positions (2B, LF, RF, 3B, and 1B). Rose's nickname, \"Charlie Hustle\", was given to him for his play beyond the \"call of duty\" while on the field. Even when being walked, Rose would run to first base, instead of the traditional walk to base. Rose was also known for sliding headfirst into a base, his signature move.", "He is the all-time Major League leader in hits (4,256), games played (3,562), at-bats (14,053) and outs (10,328).", "On August 24, 1989, Major League Baseball's all-time hits leader, Pete Rose, is banned from baseball for life for gambling after voluntarily accepting a place on the game's ineligible list.  It was on this day that MLB Commissioner Bartlett A. Giamatti made the announcement that Pete Rose was banned from the game after a six month investigation into the Cincinnati Reds manager.", "Major League Baseball and its fans have had a long and tumultuous history regarding their two home run records. Even now, some fans (though this is a minority) still claim that Babe Ruth still holds both the single-season and career Major League records for home runs. This was not helped by the fact that Ford Frick, the Major League Commissioner in 1961, refused to recognize Roger Maris' 61 home runs in a season because he had 8 more games to play than Ruth. More recently, many fans have clamored for steroid-aided records to be stricken from the record, and most of these still recognize Hank Aaron as the career Major League home run record holder, despite Barry Bonds never testing positive for banned substances during his playing days.", "Pete Rose holds the record for all-time hits, but he was banned from baseball in 1989 for gambling on the game. Now, his records — but not his name — appear on Topps baseball cards. Otto Greule Jr/Getty Images hide caption", "1985 - Pete Rose of Cin Reds gets career hit 4,192 off Eric Show of San Diego Padres, eclipsing Ty Cobb's record", "In 2001, Barry Bonds established the current record of 73 home runs in a single season. There had long been suspicions that the dramatic increase in power hitting was fueled in large part by the abuse of illegal steroids (as well as by the dilution of pitching talent due to expansion), but the issue only began attracting significant media attention in 2002 and there was no penalty for the use of performance-enhancing drugs before 2004. In 2007, Bonds became MLB's all-time home run leader, surpassing Hank Aaron, as total major league and minor league attendance both reached all-time highs. Even though McGwire, Sosa, and Bonds—as well as many other players, including storied pitcher Roger Clemens—have been implicated in the steroid abuse scandal, their feats and those of other sluggers had become the major leagues' defining attraction. In contrast to the professional game's resurgence in popularity after the 1994 interruption, Little League enrollment was in decline: after peaking in 1996, it dropped 1 percent a year over the following decade. With more rigorous testing and penalties for performance-enhancing drug use a possible factor, the balance between bat and ball swung markedly in 2010, which became known as the \"Year of the Pitcher\". Runs per game fell to their lowest level in 18 years, and the strikeout rate was higher than it had been in half a century.", "*September 14 – At Yankee Stadium, Derek Jeter of the New York Yankees moves into the top 10 on the all-time hits list, beating out an infield single in the fifth inning of the Yankees' 6-4 loss to the Tampa Bay Rays. The hit gives him 3,284 for his career, passing Willie Mays for 10th place. In the eighth inning of the same game, Alex Rodriguez hits his 647th career home run, which gives him 1,889 career runs scored, passing Lou Gehrig for ninth place on the all-time list. ", "Batting is often cited as one of the most difficult feats in sports because it consists of hitting a small round ball, usually moving at high velocity, with a thin round bat. In fact, if a batter can get a hit in three out of ten at bats, giving him a batting average of .300 (pronounced \"three hundred\"), he or she is considered a good hitter. In Major League Baseball, no batter has had over a .400 average at the end of the season since Ted Williams in 1941, and no batter has ever hit over .367 in a lifetime—Ty Cobb hit .3664. In modern times, the statistic on-base plus slugging (OPS) is seen as a more accurate measure of a player's ability as a batter; this stat combines the player's on-base percentage (a percentage of their plate appearances where the batter gets on base), with the player's slugging percentage (an average of total bases with at-bats). An OPS at or near 1.000 is considered to be the mark of an exceptional hitter. A sustained OPS at or above 1.000 over a career is a feat only a few hitters have ever been able to reach.", "As a slugger he is unsurpassed. His record 54 home runs in 1920 were more than twice the all-time major league record of 24, and three times the American League 's (16). When he retired early in 1935 his 714 homers were four hundred ahead of then runner-up Lou Gehrig . His record stood for thirty-nine years till passed by Hank Aaron in 1974, and he still holds the record for the highest lifetime slugging percentage .", "7-15 Climbing Tal's Hill: Houston Astros: Dallas Keuchel set the tone for the A.L. All-Stars : After Cincinnati Reds third baseman, Todd Frazier won the 2015 Home Run Derby in front of his home crowd, it would be Dallas Keuchel ...", "At the start of the 20th century, the Reds had hitting stars Sam Crawford and Cy Seymour. Seymour's .377 average in 1905 was the first individual batting crown won by a Red. In 1911, Bob Bescher stole 81 bases, which is still a team record. Like the previous decade, the 1900s (decade) were not kind to the Reds, as much of the decade was spent in the league's second division.", "Sammy Sosa is the first MLB player to hit sixty-five home runs in a season and although he never held the single season home run record at season's end, he is one of four people to eclipse Babe Ruth's record, one of three to eclipse Maris, and the only one to hit more than sixty homers three different seasons. But those accomplishments are thrown out the window as Sosa will forever be known as \"the guy who corked the bat.\" During an inter-league game against the (then) Tampa Bay Devil Rays on June 3, 2003, he was ejected after the umpires found out he had a corked bat. He was suspended eight games.", "On July 10, 2014, Ichiro collected his 2,800th MLB hit off of Cleveland Indians pitcher Scott Atchison in the top of the eighth inning at Progressive Field. On August 9, 2014, Ichiro hit a single in a game, again against the Indians, to pass George Sisler on the all-time hit list with his 2,811th hit. Ichiro had previously broken Sisler's single season hit record in 2004.", "After two consecutive postseason appearances, the Reds fell short of making it three after compiling a 76-win campaign to finish fourth in the NL Central in 2014. As is often the case with disappointing seasons, injuries played a key role. Joey Votto missed 100 games, leaving a large void in the heart of the order that was never quite able to be filled. Devin Mesoraco missed nearly 50 games but still managed to hit 25 home runs with 80 RBIs during a breakout season that earned him an All-Star nod. Also a first-time All-Star, Todd Frazier emerged as a major threat at the plate by leading the team with 29 homers and matching Mesoraco's 80 RBIs. On the pitching side, Johnny Cueto won 20 games, becoming the first Red to do so since Danny Jackson in 1988. His efforts got him to the All-Star game along with Aroldis Chapman who turned in yet another dominant season as a closer. Following the season, the Reds set their sights on replenishing their system with young talent when they traded Mat Latos to the Miami Marlins and Alfredo Simon to the Detroit Tigers. Latos had a 3.25 ERA in 16 starts while Simon was coming off an All-Star season where he won 15 games.", "Henry Louis \"Lou\" or \"Buster\" Gehrig (Born Heinrich Ludwig Gehrig; June 19, 1903June 2, 1941) was an American baseball first baseman who played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees, from 1923 through 1939. Gehrig was renowned for his prowess as a hitter and for his durability, a trait that earned him his nickname \"The Iron Horse\". He was an All-Star seven consecutive times, a Triple Crown winner once, an American League (AL) Most Valuable Player twice, and a member of six World Series champion teams. He had a career .340 batting average, .632 slugging average, and a .447 on base average. He hit 493 home runs and had 1,995 runs batted in (RBI). In 1939, he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame and was the first MLB player to have his uniform number (4) retired by a team.", "In 2005, Ichiro had his second worst year in his MLB career to date, collecting only 206 hits (the lowest total of his career to that point). However, he reached the plateau of a .300 batting average, 100+ runs, 30+ steals and 200+ hits for the fifth straight season. That allowed Ichiro to become the first player to collect 200 hits per season in each of his first five years in the Major Leagues. Only Willie Keeler, Wade Boggs, Chuck Klein, Al Simmons, and Charlie Gehringer had had five consecutive 200-hit seasons at any point in their careers. During the season he accumulated 1,000 career hits, reaching the career milestone faster than any other player in MLB history. Ichiro hit a career-high 15 home runs. In the off-season, Ichiro played himself in Furuhata Ninzaburō, a Japanese Columbo-like TV drama that he loves. In the drama, he kills a person and is arrested.", "1918 - Ted Williams, American baseball player, last player in MLB to bat over .400 in a single season (Red Sox, AL MVP '46, '49; Trip Crown '42, '47)", "Wagner’s final résumé included major-league records (at the time) for games, at-bats, extra-base hits, and total bases. In addition, he held National League records for doubles, triples, and batting titles (8, later tied by Tony Gwynn). He’s second behind Cap Anson in hits (3,435 to 3,420), RBIs (2,075 to 1,733), and runs scored (1,999 to 1,739). His 733 stolen bases rank third behind Billy Hamilton’s 914 and Arlie Latham’s 742. 2", "Besides holding Major League career records in home runs (762), walks (2,558), and intentional walks (688), at the time of his retirement, Bonds also led all active players in RBI (1,996), on-base percentage (.444), runs (2,227), games (2,986), extra-base hits (1,440), at-bats per home run (12.92), and total bases (5,976). He is 2nd in doubles (601), slugging percentage (.607), stolen bases (514), at-bats (9,847), and hits (2,935), 6th in triples (77), 8th in sacrifice flies (91), and 9th in strikeouts (1,539), through September 26, 2007.", "Base stealing was popular in the game's early decades, with speedsters such as Ty Cobb and Clyde Milan stealing nearly 100 bases in a season. But the tactic fell into relative disuse after Babe Ruth introduced the era of the home run – in 1955, for example, no one in baseball stole more than 25 bases, and Dom DiMaggio won the AL stolen base title in 1950 with just 15. However, in the late 1950s and early 1960s, base-stealing was brought back to prominence primarily by Luis Aparicio and Maury Wills, who broke Cobb's modern single-season record by stealing 104 bases in 1962. Wills' record was broken in turn by Lou Brock in 1974, and Rickey Henderson in 1982. The stolen base remained a popular tactic through the 1980s, perhaps best exemplified by Vince Coleman and the St. Louis Cardinals, but began to decline again in the 1990s as the frequency of home runs reached record heights and the steal-friendly artificial turf ballparks began to disappear.", "Following the war Rickey returned to baseball, in both managerial and executive positions. Sisler returned to the game, his fifteen-year career, which ended in 1930, producing a .340 batting average.  He remains one of only three players to bat over .400 more than once, and he held the record for most hits in a single season with 257 until 2004 when Ichiro Suzuki, outfielder for the Seattle Mariners, broke the record with 262 hits.  Cobb led the American League in batting (.382) when he enlisted in October 1918.  He returned to the game, retiring in 1928 with a 24-year career .362 batting average. Three times he had a season batting average over .400. Remarkably, in his last season (1928) he hit .323 (114 hits in 353 at-bats).", "A player played 19 years for one ball club and in all those years only had one homerun – an inside the park homerun. Mickey Mantle, the great Yankee outfielder was clocked running to first from the left side of the plate in 3.7 seconds. Folks, that’s a distance of 90 feet. He did it with only one shoe – the other went to third. My God, even people in insane asylums aren’t capable of such garbage.", "Aaron got his 3,000th career hit off Reds pitcher Wayne Simpson on May 17 , 1970 , with a single in the second game of a doubleheader at Cincinnati's Crosley Field , becoming the first player to reach that milestone and hit 500 career home runs. On July 31 , he hit a home run against Dave Giusti of the Pirates in Atlanta for this 30th homer of the season, establishing a National League record for most seasons with 30 or more homers (12).", "The two-time MVP slugger for the Chicago Cubs died Jan. 24 at 83. Known as Mr. Cub, Banks, who spent his entire 19-year career with the Cubs, was a trailblazing baseball star. In 1953, he became the Cubs' first black player. Five years later, he became the first player from a losing team to win the MVP award. One year after that, he became the first to win the award two years in a row. Banks hit 512 home runs in his career before retiring in 1971. He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1977, the first year he was eligible", "Griffey’s 630 career home runs currently place him sixth on the all-time list, and he’s one of the few sluggers during the steroid era who has been considered clean of using performance-enhancing drugs. That certainly made him a favorite with Hall-of-Fame voters who, early in 2016, punched his name on 99.3% of the ballots—the highest percentage for any player, ever.", "LeFlore played in the majors for eight seasons and registered over 1,200 career hits.  He was also one of the top stolen-base threats in the majors during that time.  ", "Unfortunately, that shortened career, and people by that point knowing him mainly as a broadcaster, nearly kept him out of the Baseball Hall of Fame. Those 10 seasons in the major leagues meant that he met the minimum requirement for election (which has been waived in a few special cases, such as Negro League players). And by 1971, by which point 11 players had joined the 500 Home Run Club, his 369 no longer seemed like such a big number.", "Getting caught twice for PED use, nullifying all of his previous accomplishments in the eyes of public opinion and ruining any chance of going into the Hall of Fame. This one got softened a bit, though, when he recovered enough from a year-long suspension issued for the latter PED incident to score his 3000th hit in 2015 (keep in mind that at that point he had become a senior citizen by player standards).", "career with the Cleveland Indians, he won 266 games and struck. He became a cult figure when he started giving baseball players catchy", "During Guy’s 33 year fast pitch playing career, he amassed a lifetime batting average of .330 and a pitching record of 311 wins and 134 losses, which includes 6 no-hitters.  Guy could hit for average or power. He had great speed as well as a great arm. But Guy was especially known for being one of the best defensive players around. Guy was an excellent all-around player that could play any position on the field. His offensive skills were just as good as a hitter he seemed to always find a way to put the ball in play and get on base. Even though Guy was a fierce competitor, he was very well liked and respected by teammates and opponents alike. " ]

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[ "Daisy Outdoor Products Inc., based in Rogers, Arkansas, is the world's oldest and largest producer of air guns and air gun ammunition and accessories. Over its history, the private company has made almost 400 different models of BB and pellet guns and nearly 100 different models of toy guns. Although for a brief period it also manufactured a line of conventional firearms, today it primarily makes and markets air and gas propelled BB guns, air rifles, air pistols, CO2 pistols, and sling shots, all made and marketed with an eye to appealing to buyers of various ages and levels of experience. The company's most celebrated product is the Daisy Red Ryder BB gun, with over nine million sold since its introduction in 1940. In addition to its line of air guns and such accessories as targets and gun sights, the company offers an expanding line of Daisy-brand merchandise, including caps, T-shirts, clocks, tin signs, and a thermometer. Majority ownership of the company is now held by Charter Oak Capital Partners.", "Daisy Outdoor Products is the world's oldest and largest manufacturer of airguns, ammo and accessories. Each year they produce in excess of 5 million items, the bulk of which are airguns, the firm's specialty. Daisy guns also include the Daisy bb gun and Daisy pellet gun. One gun, more than any other, played a major role in making Daisy the household name it is today. Introduced in 1939, the Daisy Red Ryder has sold over 9 million units, easily making it the most famous bb gun ever built! Daisy bb guns are known for quality and affordability and most of their air rifles and air pistols cater to the beginning shooter. Browse our selection of quality Daisy air rifles, Daisy pellet guns and more.", "Current manufacturer and distributor located in Rogers, AR established circa 1895.  Previously located in Plymouth, MI 1895-1958.  Dealer and consumer direct sales. Daisy is one of the oldest and largest airgun manufacturers in the world, and for more than a century has produced some of the most coveted air rifles of all time. Vintage Daisy air rifles from the late 1880s can command prices up to $10,000. Daisy is also the maker of the famous Daisy Model 25 and Red Ryder lines. For vast numbers of young boys in rural America from the 1910s to the 1950s, and then in the developing suburbs of 1950 to about 1979, having an adult show you how to use a Daisy Model 25 slide action BB gun or a Red Ryder lever action BB gun was an integral part of growing up.", "One of the most famous BB guns is the Red Ryder BB Gun by Daisy Outdoor Products, modeled after the Winchester lever-action rifle. First introduced in 1938, it became an iconic American toy, and is still in production today. It was prominently featured in A Christmas Story, in which Ralphie Parker requests one for Christmas, but is repeatedly rebuffed with the warning \"You'll shoot your eye out\". The movie's fictional BB gun, described as the \"Red Ryder carbine-action, two hundred shot Range Model air rifle with a compass in the stock and this thing which tells time\", was not a real gun. The Red Ryder featured in the movie was specially made to match author Jean Shepherd's story (which may be artistic license, but was the configuration Shepherd claimed to remember). The guns and a stand-up advertisement featuring the Red Ryder character appeared in a Higbee's store window in the film, along with dolls, a train, and Radio Flyer wagons.", "The famous Red Ryder air rifle did survive the war and became the signature product of Daisy when the company went back into full peacetime production in 1945, continuing as its most solid seller through the next several years. However, in the war's wake there was a strong anti-gun movement, which, though Daisy's products were hardly lethal weapons, posed a serious marketing problem for the company. The company was among the first manufacturers to counter that movement when, in 1947, it issued the \"American Boy's Bill of Rights,\" written by Cass S. Hough, who worked at Daisy for over 50 years, including a 13-year spell as the company's president.", "The Red Ryder BB gun was available beginning in 1938 and for many years afterward (and indeed, still is), but never in the exact configuration mentioned in the film. The Daisy \"Buck Jones\" model did have a compass and a sundial in the stock, but these features were not included in the Red Ryder model. The compass and sundial were placed on Ralphie's BB gun but on the opposite side of the stock due to Billingsly being left-handed.", "Lever action is a type of firearm action which uses a lever located around the trigger guard area (often including the trigger guard itself) to load fresh cartridges into the chamber of the barrel when the lever is worked. This contrasts to bolt-action, semi-automatic, or selective-fire weapons. Most lever-action firearms are rifles, but some lever-action shotguns and a few pistols have also been made. One of the most famous lever-action firearms is the Winchester Model 1873 rifle, but many manufacturers—notably Marlin and Savage—also produce lever-action rifles. Even Colt's Mfg. Co. produced 1883 until 1885 6403 lever-action Colt-Burgess rifles. Mossberg produces the 464 in centerfire .30-30 and rimfire .22. While the term lever-action generally implies a repeating firearm, it is also sometimes (and incorrectly) applied to a variety of single-shot, or falling-block actions that use a lever for cycling, such as the Martini–Henry or the Ruger No. 1.", "Red Ryder has become synonymous with Daisy, BB guns and American youth. It wasn't the first BB gun to be named for a personality. That distinction goes to Buzz Barton. In 1932, Daisy signed circus performer Buzz Barton to put his name on a special BB gun. A year later, Daisy got it exactly right. The second Buzz Barton was quite different from all other Daisy’s of the time. It was the first to feature a branded stock with Buzz Barton burned into the left side of the butt inside a star frame. The Buzz Barton had much of the early 20th century about it. The lever was cast iron and worked in the old-style short cocking stroke that made men out of small boys. It was harder to cock, but that was part of the passage to manhood!", "Little Books, several movies, a brief television series, and over a hundred issues of Red Ryder comic books, beginning in 1940. However after a few years, Harman drew only the covers; the inside stories were by Dick Calkins, who also was the artist for Buck Rogers. Red Ryder also sound more B-B guns than anyone in U.S. history. The Daisy Manufacturing Company, in business since the 1880s, never had a more successful salesman", "If you're searching for a simple lever-action or pump-action BB gun for a beginner, such as those made famous by Daisy, or if you want something that's powered by CO2 and batteries, you'll find it at AirGun Warehouse. We have BB guns and pellet guns designed for children and adults, so finding one with the right specs is easy.", "Slesinger's marketing synergy for Red Ryder and Little Beaver products was equally trail-blazing. Red Ryder toys, novelties, gifts, accessories, sporting goods, and rugged outdoor, work and play clothing were sold nationwide and were exported by leading North American manufacturers to Europe, Latin America, and as far as Egypt, India, and Japan.", "BB guns are a type of air gun designed to fire spherical projectiles similar to shot pellets of approximately the same size. Modern BB guns usually have a barrel with a bore and caliber of and are available in many varieties. BB shot for modern BB guns is usually steel, plated either with zinc or copper to resist corrosion, and measure in diameter. Some manufacturers still make lead balls of slightly larger diameter and which are generally intended for use in rifled BB gun barrels.", "Some gas-powered BB guns use a larger source of gas, and provide machine gun-like fire. These types, most notably the Shooting Star Tommy Gun (originally known as the Feltman) are commonly found at carnivals. The MacGlashan BB Gun, was used to train antiaircraft gunners in the United States Army Air Corps and United States Navy during World War II. A popular commercial model was the Larc M-19, which used 1 pound (454 g) canisters of Freon-12 refrigerant. These types have very simple operating mechanisms, based on a venturi pump. The gas is released in a constant stream, and this is used to suck the BBs up into the barrel at rates as high as 3600 rounds per minute. ", "The lawsuit named Remington alongside Bushmaster Firearms, maker of the AR rifle used in the shooting and also a company part of Remington’s larger enterprise, one of its distributors and the store that sold the rifle.", "On August 15 of 2006, Olin Corporation, the owner of the Winchester trademarks, announced that it had gone into a new license agreement with Browning to make Winchester brand rifles and shotguns, but not at the closed Winchester plant in New Haven. Browning, based in Morgan, Utah, and the former licensee, U.S. Repeating Arms Company, are both subsidiaries of FN Herstal. Then, in 2008, FN Herstal announced plans to produce Model 70 rifles at its plant in Columbia, SC. In 2013, the assembly was moved to Portugal.", "Beretta is the world’s oldest manufacturing dynasty, operating since 1526 in Italy. The company is privately owned and operated by members of the 15th and 16th generations of the Beretta family. Beretta supplies quality sporting and self-defense firearms to consumers worldwide. The company manufactures the U.S. Armed Forces M-9 pistol, the standard sidearm of U.S. soldiers since 1985. Beretta will make firearms at the new Gallatin plant from both their sporting and tactical product lines.", "One of the men most responsible for the modern development of the shotgun was prolific gun designer John Browning. While working for Winchester Firearms, Browning revolutionized shotgun design. In 1887, Browning introduced the Model 1887 Lever Action Repeating Shotgun, which loaded a fresh cartridge from its internal magazine by the operation of the action lever. Before this time most shotguns were the 'break open' type.", "Glock Ges.m.b.H. (trademarked as GLOCK) is a weapons manufacturer headquartered in Deutsch-Wagram, Austria, named after its founder, Gaston Glock. While the company is best known for its line of polymer-framed pistols, it also produces field knives, entrenching tools, and apparel.", "“Beretta is one of the world’s greatest companies, and their decision to expand into Tennessee speaks to the standards of craftsmanship and quality our state’s workforce embraces every day,” Haslam said.", "China: A few countries import Remington 870-clones (ironically the list includes H&R, a subsidiary of Remington). Who is importing rifles? It must only be either a government, defense contractor or military organization.", "The Royal Enfield and Bullet names derive from the company's links with the Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield. Royal Enfield was the brand of the Enfield Cycle Company, which produced motorcycles, bicycles, lawnmowers, stationary engines, and rifle parts for the Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield Lock. This legacy of weapons manufacture is reflected in the logo, a cannon, and the company motto \"Made like a gun, goes like a bullet\". It also enabled the use of the brand name Royal Enfield from 1890 onwards.", "Item number: 557 | Serial # 242178 This relatively new Parker has 28\" barrels which are choked moderate and full and shows bright shiny bores there full length. Gun was built on a zero frame, has automatic ejectors, and double triggers. The barrels have been reblued and the top rib appears to be a replacement. Top rib does not have the normal Parker stamping on it, in fact it has no markings what so ever. The capped pistol gripped receiver has been redone and has a 15\" length of pull to a Hawkins recoil pad. Buttstock has a spliced piece of wood added to the comb. This appears to be an older repair. The beaver tail forend is in good condition showing good checkering and refinished wood.", "Remington was named in the case because it is the parent company of Bushmaster Firearms, which manufactured the weapon used in the massacre, alongside an Connecticut area distributor and the gun shop that sold the rifle. However, the gun shop has been ordered a stay in the case due to bankruptcy.", "The famous Mauser Model 98 (1898) is undoubtedly the most copied bolt action of all time, both for sporting and military purposes. Its basic operating principles have been incorporated into the great majority of bolt action hunting rifles, regardless of brand or manufacturer. Unfortunately, the true 98 action is expensive to manufacture, so most of the \"improvements\" have actually been attempts to cut production costs or skirt Mauser patents.", "An automatic firearm is generally defined as one that continues to load and fire cartridges from its magazine as long as the trigger is depressed (or until the magazine is depleted). The first weapon generally considered in this category is the Gatling gun, originally a carriage-mounted, crank-operated firearm with multiple rotating barrels that was fielded in the American Civil War. The modern trigger-actuated machine gun began with various designs developed in the late 19th century and fielded in World War I, such as the Maxim gun, Lewis Gun, and MG 08 \"Spandau\". Most automatic weapons are classed as long guns (as the ammunition used is of similar type as for rifles, and the recoil of the weapon's rapid fire is better controlled with two hands), but handgun-sized automatic weapons also exist, generally in the \"submachine gun\" or \"machine pistol\" class.", "Plaintiffs filed suit in December 2014, arguing ARs — the civilian version of standard U.S. military rifles — are weapons of war and should not be sold to civilians. They argue Remington knew the military aspect would entice the gun owning public and the carnage it could cause. At the Newtown school on Dec. 14, 2012, the gunman fired 154 rounds in less than five minutes and killed 20 first-graders and six educators.", "Charles Parker 1878 Side by Side Shotgun - 12 Gauge. The Parker Gun Company was absorbed into Remington in 1934.", "ASTRA and STAR were two different firearms manufacturers from Spain -the operative word being: “were”. Those two companies went under back in the mid-1990’s.", "The firm produce about 1,500 guns a day, ranging from shotguns to assault rifles and semi-automatic pistols.", "Williams and Powell revolver This is a five-shot double-action revolver made by Williams & Powell of Liverpool, England, in the late nineteeth century. It is similar to the Tranter.", "Williams and Powell revolver This is a five-shot double action revolver made by Williams & Powell of Liverpool, England in the late nineteeth century. It is similar to the Tranter.", "The global trade in small arms is big business - 1,250 companies in at least 92 countries produce weapons, parts or ammunition. But who are the big players?" ]

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[ "The lizards have ceased leaping. On Sunday, after an 86-year run as the pluckiest pupil-free young adventurer in the funny pages, Little Orphan Annie (above with her dog, Sandy) appeared in her last newspaper comic strip. In May, Tribune Media Services announced that it was ending the syndication of �Annie,� the comic strip chronicling that red-headed ragamuffin created by the cartoonist Harold Gray in 1924. But fans hoping for some narrative closure may have had better luck with the �Lost� finale. The last �Annie� comic concluded with its title character missing in Guatemala, and, according to a caption, Daddy Warbucks �resigning himself to Miss Annie�s being lost forever.� A final panel bore the legend, �And this is where we leave our Annie. For now � � But Steve Tippie, vice president of marketing and licensing at Tribune Media Services, said, �Annie is not dying, she�s moving into new channels,� according to an interview with BBC News (which also looks at one of Annie�s earliest comic adventures). He said the character would continue to appear in graphic novels, games and in online and mobile projects.", "1924 - The comic strip Little Orphan Annie debuted in the New York Daily News. Annie and her little dog, Sandy, were creations of cartoonist Harold Gray. His work would come to life in the Broadway and film adaptations of Annie a half-century later -- to great success.", "The comic strip \"Little Orphan Annie\" made its newspaper debut on August 5, 1924, first written and illustrated by creator Harold Gray. The strip later was renamed simply \"Annie.\" The spunky orphan was adopted by Daddy Warbucks and later joined by her lovable dog Sandy. ....", "Oval, blank eyes look back from the page at the reader, not giving any sense of the spunk that took Annie safely from one adventure to another. Harold Gray debuted Little Orphan Annie in 1924, a little girl that captured comics readers' hearts. After 85 years, Annie retired from print on June 13, 2010, but that girl is not finished with the limelight just yet...", "August 5, 1924 - Comic strip ''Little Orphan Annie'' (Harold Gray) made  debut in special pink edition of New York Daily News.", "In the last panel of the last strip, we see Daddy Warbucks, who, for all practical purposes, has displaced Annie as the chief protagonist, brooding uncertainly about what happened to Annie in her latest run-in with the Butcher of the Balkans. “And, leapin’ lizards, what about her dog Sandy?” asks Rosenthal.", "Following Gray's death in 1968, several artists drew the strip and, for a time, \"classic\" strips were reruns. Little Orphan Annie inspired a radio show in 1930, film adaptations by RKO in 1932 and Paramount in 1938 and a Broadway musical Annie in 1977 (which was adapted into a film of the same name three times, one in 1982, one in 1999 and another in 2014). The strip's popularity declined over the years; it was running in only 20 newspapers when it was cancelled on June 13, 2010. The characters now appear occasionally as supporting ones in Dick Tracy. ", "On November 17, 2014, the strip formally celebrated its 50th anniversary, and a number of other strips, including Beetle Bailey, BC, Ballard Street, Dennis the Menace, Garfield, Mother Goose and Grimm, Pickles, Mutts, Pooch Café, The Brilliant Mind of Edison Lee, and Barney Google and Snuffy Smith ran special 50th anniversary commemorative strips (e.g., Beetle called Sarge \"a fink,\" and ended up sharing a dungeon cell with Spookingdorf). Hi and Lois ran an otherwise-ordinary strip with a portrait of the Wizard in the last panel, while Speed Bump ran a cartoon of Harry Potter in a Wizard of Id T-shirt, Family Circus put a greeting on a book (being held upside down), and Blondie showed a greeting written on a cake in the first panel.", "The success of Little Orphan Annie enabled Gray to syndicate another comic strip, \"Maw Green\". In it, Gray made statements on life and politics from an Irish point of view. \"Maw Green\" ran until Gray died in 1968. (Gray was against gas rationing, welfare, income taxes and other policies of the day.)", "Gray died in May 1968 of cancer, and the strip was continued under other cartoonists. Gray's cousin Robert Leffingwell was the first on the job but proved inadequate and the strip was handed over to Tribune staff artist Henry Arnold and general manager Henry Raduta as the search continued for a permanent replacement. Tex Blaisdell, an experienced comics artist, got the job with Elliot Caplin as writer. Caplin avoided political themes and concentrated instead on character stories. The two worked together six years on the strip, but subscriptions fell off and both left at the end of 1973. The strip was passed to others and during this time complaints were registered regarding Annie's appearance, her conservative politics, and her lack of spunk. Early in 1974, David Lettick took the strip, but he left after three months. In April 1974, the decision was made to reprint Gray's classic strips, beginning in 1936. Subscriptions increased.", "The strip follows the adventures of a working sheep-dog called (if anything) \"Dog\" or \"The Dog\" or \"@*&#!\", his owner Wal Footrot and the other characters, human and animal, that they encounter or associate with. Ball expresses Dog's thoughts in thought-bubbles , though he clearly remains \"just a dog\" (rather than the heavily anthropomorphised creatures sometimes found in other comics or animation ). Dog also has alter-egos including \"The Grey Ghost\" and \"The Iron Paw\".", "The strip follows the adventures of a working sheep-dog called (if anything) \"Dog\" or \"The Dog\" or \"@*&#!, his owner Wal Footrot and the other characters, human and animal, that they encounter or associate with. Ball expresses Dog's thoughts in thought-bubbles , though he clearly remains \"just a dog\" (rather than the heavily anthropomorphised creatures sometimes found in other comics or animation ). Dog also has alter-egos including \"The Grey Ghost\" and \"The Iron Paw\".", "The long-running  Teddy Tail  cartoon strip, was first published on 5 April 1915 and was the first cartoon strip in a British newspaper. [106 ] It ran for over 40 years to 1960, spawning the Teddy Tail League Children's Club and many annuals from 1934 to 1942 and again from 1949 to 1962.  Teddy Tail  was a mouse, with friends Kitty Puss (a cat), Douglas Duck and Dr. Beetle. Teddy Tail is always shown with a knot in his tail. [107 ] [108 ]", "Bucky has been appearing daily in the comic strip Get Fuzzy since 1999. The strip follows the life of an advertising exec and his two pets, a sweet, good natured but dumb dog and Bucky, a selfish, mean, exploitive but ultimately self defeating tyrant of a Siamese cat.", "The strip was mostly drawn by Dudley D. Watkins until his death in 1969 , though Leo Baxendale and Bill Holroyd occasionally filled in for Watkins. The strip had an 18 month hiatus from the comic between June 1949 and December 1950 . It was at this point that Snooty's original pals (from Trash Can Alley) were replaced with his new pals who lived in the castle. Some of these had previously appeared in other Beano strips. Robert Nixon then drew it for the next few years, before being succeeded by Jimmy Glen in 1973 . Ken H. Harrison took over in 1988 , and continued to draw it until the strip disappeared from The Beano in 1990 . Lord Snooty was the only remaining strip left from the first issue when it was cancelled.", "The strip first appeared in issue 452, dated 17 March 1951, and is the longest-running strip in the comic. From issue 1678 onwards (dated 14 September 1974) Dennis the Menace replaced Biffo the Bear on the front cover, and has been there ever since.", "Leo Baxendale drew the strip until 1962, when David Sutherland replaced him. Sutherland originally used a similar drawing style to Baxendale's, simplifying it later in the decade. He has drawn most of the strips since then, except from 1998 to 2000 (when Nigel Parkinson took over the strip in a style similar to that of David Parkins in Dennis the Menace. The strips have had a closely connected visual style since the early 1970s, when Sutherland began drawing them both. Although he was apparently easing into semi-retirement, Parkinson moved to Dennis the Menace in 2000 and Sutherland returned.", "On May 13, 2010, Tribune Media Services announced that the strip's final installment would appear on Sunday June 13, 2010, ending after 86 years. At the time of the cancellation announcement, it was running in fewer than 20 newspapers, some of which, such as the New York Daily News, had carried the strip for its entire life. The final cartoonist, Ted Slampyak, said, \"It's kind of painful. It's almost like mourning the loss of a friend.\" ", "Comic strips included: Kerry Drake, Rex Morgan, M.D., Mary Worth, Terry and the Pirates, Mark Trail, Pogo, Howdy Doody, Moon Mullins, Johnny Comet, Joe Palooka, Orphan Annie, Li'l Abner.", "Blondie is an American comic strip created by Murat Bernard “Chic” Young and syndicated by King Features Syndicate. It has been published in newspapers since September 8, 1930. The success of the comic strip led to a long-run Blondie film series (1938-1950) and a popular Blondie radio program (1939-1950).", "Westover had been doing the successful working-girl strip Tillie the Toiler for the Hearst’s King Features Syndicate since 1921 and employing a succession of assistants and ghosts. A neighbor of the Raymond family, he hired Alex at the salary of $15 per week. The next year Raymond ghosted Lyman Young’s Tim Tyler’s Luck. A much better artist than Lyman—and who wasn’t?—Raymond converted it to the adventure strip the syndicate wanted. When the setting changed from an airport to the African jungles, Raymond handled all that and did his first adventure strip. He continue to improve, moving toward the style he would use a few years later. Lyman never again drew it, although he signed the strip for several decades.", "Red Ryder was a popular long-running Western comic strip created by Stephen Slesinger and artist Fred Harman. Beginning Sunday, November 6, 1938, Red Ryder was syndicated by Newspaper Enterprise Association, expanding over the following decade to 750 newspapers, translations into ten languages and a readership in the United States of 14 million. The 26-year run of the strip came to an end in 1964.", "On July 9, 1963, Graham began the comic strip with which he was most closely associated: 'Fred Basset', about a basset hound. Originally appearing in the Daily Mail, the strip eventually found its way to foreign publications through the Tribune Media Services. After Graham's death in 1991, the strip kept on appearing in reruns for eighteen months until Michael Martin took over in cooperation with Graham's daughter Arran Keith.", "The \"Graham Years\", as they came to be known, would not last, however. Graham ended his tenure as chief writer and illustrator of Fred Basset in 1981, when his dog Frieda died, leaving him without material. The writers who inherited Graham's burden astounded him with their ability to \"make things up\". They carried on Graham’s whimsical theme, and with his permission began pandering further to the comic’s target audience of the elderly by writing homoerotic subtext into the comic.", "comic strip character created by Reg Smythe , seen in The Daily Mirror and The Sunday Mirror newspapers since August 5 , 1957 . The strip is syndicated internationally by Creators Syndicate . Originally a single-panel cartoon, Smythe later expanded it to four panels. The character is also licensed as the mascot for a line of snack foods , and a defunct chain of miniature golf courses in Brevard County, Florida", "Cartoonist Alex Graham, who died in 1991, with Freda, his pet dog who acted as inspiration for the strip. It has appeared in 20 countries around the world", "Hank Ketcham retired from the comic strip in 1994, turning over production of the strip to his assistants Ron Ferdinand and Marcus Hamilton. They continued it as a \"zombie strip\" after Ketcham's death in 2001, and as of 2016, still continue to produce it.", "Every dog has its day: Fred is greeted by some of the rich cast of characters the strip has produced over the last five decades", "Barry's longtime assistant, George Olesen, remained on the strip as penciller, with Keith Williams joining as the inker for the daily strip. The Sunday strip was inked by Eric Doescher until Fred Fredericks became the regular inker in 1995.", "In 1976 Ball first published a strip called Footrot Flats in Wellington’s afternoon newspaper, The Evening Post. The strip follows the adventures of a working sheep-dog called (if anything) “Dog” or “The Dog”, his owner Wal Footrot and the other characters, human and animal, that they encounter or associate with.", "Classic single-panel Newspaper Comic by Gary Larson. Running from 1980 to 1995, it featured numerous talking animals, most notably cows, and frequent depictions of heaven and hell , along with various other stock settings.", "Other employees who researched the newspaper cartoon series over the years were Lester Byck and Don Wimmer. Others who drew the series after Ripley's death include Joe Campbell (1946 to 1956), Art Slogg, Clem Gretter (1941 to 1949), Carl Dorese, Bob Clarke (1943 and 1944), Stan Randall, Paul Frehm (1938–1978) – who became the panel's full time artist in 1949 – and his brother Walter Frehm (1948–1989)." ]

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[ "The Rosetta Stone is an ancient inscribed stone slab from Egypt that made possible the understanding of hieroglyphics. It was discovered in 1799 near the town of Rosetta (Arabic Rashid) in northern Egypt, about 30 miles / 48 kilometers from Alexandria . Discovered by the French, it was transferred to the British in 1801, and is now in the British Museum.", "In 1799, during Napoleon’s military campaign in Egypt, a French soldier named Pierre Francois Bouchard (1772-1832) discovered the Rosetta Stone. This artifact provided the key to cracking the code of Egyptian hieroglyphics, a written language that had been dead for almost 2,000 years.", "One of the most important discoveries made during Napoleon's campaign in Egypt was the Rosetta Stone. It was discovered in 1799, and eventually led to the ability to decipher ancient hieroglyphs. Although the Rosetta Stone was discovered by the French, it actually never made it to the Louvre Museum. It was seized by British Forces following the defeat of Napoleon in Egypt and the subsequent signing of the Treaty of Alexandria in 1801. It is now on display at the British Museum. ", "Discovered in 1799 by a French soldier sifting through the Egyptian sand, the Rosetta Stone has been one of archaeology’s greatest discoveries to date and the primary source for modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs. The stone is a actually a fragment of a larger stone that contained a decree issued by King Ptolemy V around 200 BC with the decree inscribed in 3 languages – Egyptian hieroglyphs, Demotic script, and Ancient Greek.", "The ancient Egyptians used the distinctive script known today as hieroglyphs (Greek for \"sacred words\") for almost 4,000 years. Hieroglyphs were written on papyrus, carved in stone on tomb and temple walls, and used to decorate many objects of cultic and daily life use. Altogether there are over 700 different hieroglyphs, some of which represent sounds or syllables; others that serve as determinatives to clarify the meaning of a word. The hieroglyphic script originated shortly before 3100 B.C., at the very onset of pharaonic civilization. The last hieroglyphic inscription in Egypt was written in the 5th century A.D., some 3500 years later. For almost 1500 years after that, the language was unable to be read. In 1799, the Rosetta Stone was discovered in Egypt by Napoleon's troops. The Rosetta Stone is a trilingual decree (written in hieroglyphs, Greek, and Demotic) dating to the time of Ptolemy V (205-180 B.C.). Its discovery proved to be a crucial link in unlocking the mysteries of Egyptian hieroglyphs and in 1822, enabling Jean-François Champollion to re-decipher the hieroglyphic signs, thereby allowing the modern study of Egyptian language to begin.", "I chose to talk about the Rosetta Stone today, because before this week’s class, I had no idea the history behind it. To me, the Rosetta Stone was the tapes you get to learn a new language! Boy, was I surprised to find out that it was THE key discovery in the quest to decipher hieroglyphics. The discovery of the Rosetta Stone is thanks to a group of French soldiers in 1799, while in a small village in the Delta called Rosetta (Rashid). The stone was originally carved in 196 BC. Engraved on the stone are two languages (Egyptian and Greek), and three scripts (Hieroglyphics, Demotic, and Greek). It is said to have been written in three distinct scripts because all were being used in Egypt at the time. The first, hieroglyphics, was the script used for important religious documents. The second was Demotic, which was the common script of Egypt at the time. Last, but not least, was Greek. This was included in the engraving because it was the language used by the rulers of Egypt. It is said to have been written in all three scripts so that the government officials, priests, and rulers of Egypt could read what it said.", "The Rosetta stone is a dark grey granite slab three feet tall with a pink vein running through the top left corner, and it is carved with writing in three scripts:  Greek, Egyptian demotic, and Egyptian hieroglyphic. Because the text of each of the Egyptian scripts is the same as the Greek text, which scholars were able to translate quickly after discovery of the monument, the Rosetta Stone became the key to deciphering the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. It is the most famous discovery made by the French forces in Egypt. When it was taken to Cairo and given over to the scholars of the Institute of Egypt , they recognized immediately that it was the single most important object in their care.", "The key to deciphering the ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs was found in the discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1798.", "The Rosetta Stone is one of the most important objects in the British Museum as it holds the key to understanding Egyptian hieroglyphs—a script made up of small pictures that was used originally in ancient Egypt for religious texts. Hieroglyphic writing died out in Egypt in the fourth century C.E.. Over time the knowledge of how to read hieroglyphs was lost, until the discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799 and its subsequent decipherment.", "On this day in 1799, during Napoleon Bonaparte�s Egyptian campaign, a French soldier discovers a black basalt slab inscribed with ancient writing near the town of Rosetta, about 35 miles north of Alexandria. The irregularly shaped stone contained fragments of passages written in three different scripts: Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphics and Egyptian demotic. The ancient Greek on the Rosetta Stone told archaeologists that it was inscribed by priests honoring the king of Egypt, Ptolemy V, in the second century B.C. More startlingly, the Greek passage announced that the three scripts were all of identical meaning. The artifact thus held the key to solving the riddle of hieroglyphics, a written language that had been �dead� for nearly 2,000 years.", "The stone was discovered in July 1799, one year after the French had arrived in Egypt. Captain François-Xavier Bouchard, an engineer and officer in Napoleons Egyptian army, was in charge of the demolition of an ancient wall in the city of Rosetta on a branch of the Nile, a few miles from the sea. The Rosetta Stone was built into the wall, but Bouchard recognized that the stone might make it possible to decipher hieroglyphics. So he saved it, and the stone was taken to the scientists in Cairo in mid-August 1799.", "The Rosetta Stone unlocked the key to ancient Egyptian language of Hieroglyphics, which is a picture language, with one symbol for each word. It contains a decree giving honours to Ptolemy V Epiphanes from 200 BC because he showed favour to the priests and temples. It was discovered in 1799 in Rosetta, a town in the western part of the Nile delta in Egypt, by Lt. Bouchard in Napoleon's army. It was surrendered to the British after the defeat of the French.", "The usefulness of the Rosetta Stone was in the repetition of text in three writing systems: hieroglyphics; demotic script, a later form of hieroglyphics that was used in everyday documents \"for the people,\" as its name means; and ancient Greek. The deciphering of the stone was the work of British physician and physicist Thomas Young, who determined the direction in which certain symbols were to be read, and the French linguist Jean-Francois Champollion, who worked on the stone in 1821 and 1822. Their work enabled scholars to understand all forms of Egyptian hieroglyphics.", ", in MDCCCXXXII (1832 � Volume I) and MDCCCXXXVI (1836 � Volume II). The code to hieroglyphics had been cracked in 1822 by Jean Champollion, just ten years before the publication of the first volume! Excellent information about the Rosetta Stone and other ancient Egyptian artifacts in these books. Extremely rare addition to this collection..", "The Rosetta Stone is an ancient Egyptian stone inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC by King Ptolemy V . The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is in hieroglyphs, the middle part demotic script, the lowest ancient Greek . Because it is roughly the same text in all three scripts, the stone provided the key to understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs, since ancient Greek is widely understood.", "When the stele was discovered the first two texts were unreadable by the scholars but Greek was known to them. Since the same decree was written in three scripts, Rosetta Stone provided an opportunity to uncover the mysterious Egyptian culture by deciphering hieroglyphic inscriptions found on the walls of tombs, obelisks, pyramids and other ancient Egyptian artifacts.", "The Rosetta Stone is an ancient Egyptian granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V . The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs , the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek . Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts (with some minor differences between them), it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs .", "What is it? It was the key to unlocking the mysteries of Egyptian  hieroglyphics . The Rosetta Stone is a decree passed by Egyptian priests on the first anniversary of the coronation of a pharoah, Ptolemy V. The decree is written in hieroglyphics - the priestly form of writing by then, in demotic or everyday Egyptian of the period, and in Greek. By comparing the three languages on the tablet, scholars were finally able to translate Egyptian hieroglyphics.", "Two particular areas of study resulted in significant and long-lasting discoveries or achievements. The savants traveled with the army and the geography was charted and a map of Egypt was drawn (completed in 1806) that remained classified until the end of Napoleon's reign. The great monuments were examined and the science of Egyptology was founded. One of the most important discoveries in that field was the Rosetta Stone. The Stone is a block of basalt with engravings made on its polished surface. It was named after the village where it was found, Rashid (known as Rosetta to Europeans) located a few miles from the sea in the western delta of the Nile. It measures 3'9\" (114 cm) in height, 2'4-1/2\" (72cm) in width and 11\" (28cm) in thickness. It weighs just under a ton (762kg). It is somewhat damaged, missing a large part of the upper left-hand corner, and a smaller part of its lower right corner. The chiseled inscriptions are in two languages, Greek and Egyptian, but three scripts. The first of the Egyptian scripts is Hieroglyphs, used 3,000 years ago at the time of the First Dynasty. The second was later determined to be Demotic, a cursive language that evolved from Hieroglyphs and dating from 643 B.C.", "The key to reading logosyllabic cuneiform came from the Behistun inscription, a trilingual cuneiform inscription written in Old Persian, Elamite and Akkadian. (In a similar manner, the key to understanding Egyptian hieroglyphs was the trilingual Rosetta stone and Jean-François Champollion's transcription in 1822.)", "That left the second breakthrough to Champollion (1790-1832), a French linguist who had been obsessed with hieroglyphics from a very young age. Champollion continued Young’s research into cartouches, aided by his own extensive knowledge of Coptic, a form of Egyptian that uses the the Greek alphabet plus a few other signs to capture Egyptian sounds not otherwise represented in Greek.", "The discovery was reported in September in Courrier de l'Égypte, the official newspaper of the French expedition. The anonymous reporter expressed a hope that the stone might one day be the key to deciphering hieroglyphs. In 1800, three of the Commission's technical experts devised ways to make copies of the texts on the stone. One of these experts was Jean-Joseph Marcel, a printer and gifted linguist, who is credited as the first to recognise that the middle text was written in the Egyptian demotic script, rarely used for stone inscriptions and seldom seen by scholars at that time, rather than Syriac as had originally been thought. It was artist and inventor Nicolas-Jacques Conté who found a way to use the stone itself as a printing block. A slightly different method for reproducing the inscriptions was adopted by Antoine Galland. The prints that resulted were taken to Paris by General Charles Dugua. Scholars in Europe were now able to see the inscriptions and attempt to read them. ", "When the English polymath Thomas Young heard about the Rosetta Stone, he considered it an irresistible challenge. In 1814 he went on his annual holiday to Worthing and took with him a copy of the Rosetta Stone inscriptions. Young's breakthrough came when he focussed on a set of hieroglyphs surrounded by a loop, called a cartouche. He suspected that these highlighted hieroglyphs represented something of significance, possibly the name of the Pharaoh Ptolemy, who was mentioned in the Greek text.", "o    Egyptian hieroglyphs (pronounced /ˈhaɪərəʊɡlɪf/; from Greek ἱερογλύφος \"sacred carving\", also hieroglyphic = τὰ ἱερογλυφικά [γράμματα]) was a formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that contained a combination of logographic and alphabetic elements.", "Nice piece of history and very interesting artifact. This was the key to understand the ancient hieroglyphs in the Egypt and in the Pyramids. It’s like an ancient dictionary if you like.  More ancient and secret sites coming, so stay tuned and keep on searching!", "Using his deep knowledge of Coptic, Champollion began a prolific decipherment of hieroglyphs. He identified phonetic values for the majority of hieroglyphs, and discovered that some of them represented combinations of two or even three consonants. This sometimes gave scribes the option of spelling a word using several simple hieroglyphs or with just one multi-consonantal hieroglyph.", "Several years later, a man named Jean-François Champollion discovered that one of the languages on the stone was a form of Greek that he knew how to read. The three languages were hieroglyphs, Demotic, and Greek. By gradually comparing common words between the Greek and Egyptian languages, he was able to get a basic understanding of how the ancient Egyptian language worked. However, it has taken the work of many other people to understand Egyptian writing. Even today, there are many signs and words we do not understand. People are still working to put together the puzzle of what all the symbols mean.", "This breakthrough smoothed the way for Jean Francois Champollion, who had been also hard at work on decipherment. He corrected and enlarged Youngs list of hieroglyphs, and deciphered the names and titles of most of the Roman emperors who had ruled Egypt. He also formulated a system for understanding the Egyptian grammar and evolved a method of decipherment that was used in the field long after.", "Since Champollion�s time, Egyptologists have continually refined our knowledge of ancient Egyptian writing, words, and grammar. Except for the most obscure words, hieroglyphic texts can be read today almost as easily as those of any other known language.", "The world's oldest known alphabet appears to have been developed by Canaanite turquoise miners in the Sinai desert around the mid-19th century BC. Around 30 crude inscriptions have been found at a mountainous Egyptian mining site known as Serabit el-Khadem. This site was also home to a temple of Hathor, the \"Mistress of turquoise\". A later, two line inscription has also been found at Wadi el-Hol in Central Egypt. Based on hieroglyphic prototypes, but also including entirely new symbols, each sign apparently stood for a consonant rather than a word: the basis of an alphabetic system. It was not until the 12th to 9th centuries, however, that the alphabet took hold and became widely used.", "François Champollion, Lettre à M. Dacier, in Précis du Système Hieroglyphique des Anciens Egyptiens, ou Recherches sur les éléments premiers de cette écriture sacree, sur leurs diverses combinaisons, et sur les rapports de ce système avec les autres methods graphiques égyptiennes; Second edition, revue par lauteur, et augmentée de la Lettre à M. Dacier, relative a lalphabet des hieroglyphes phonétiques employés par les Egyptiens sur leurs monumens de lepoque grecque et de lepoque romaine, 1928. (Cited as Précis and as Letter)", "Champollion honed his skills by translating demotic texts into hieratic text and then converting the hieratic version into hieroglyphics. About this time the role of symbols now called \"determinatives\" was recognized. The use of one of these determinatives with a hieroglyphic group determined the meaning of the group. This aspect of hieroglyphics considerably complicated its decipherment but once the nature of the problem was recognized the decipherment could proceed." ]

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[ "The Ryder Cup (officially the Ryder Cup Matches) is a biennial golf competition between teams from Europe and the United States. The competition is jointly administered by the PGA of America and the PGA European Tour, and is contested every two years, the venue alternating between courses in the United States and Europe. With the exception of Spain in 1997 and Ireland in 2006, all European tournaments have been held in the UK. The Ryder Cup is also the name of the trophy, after the person who donated it, Samuel Ryder. The Ryder Cup, and its counterpart the Presidents Cup, are unique in the world of golf, and possibly professional sports. Despite being high-profile events which bring in tens of millions of dollars in TV and sponsorship the players receive no prize money and compete purely for the victory.", "The Ryder Cup (officially the Ryder Cup Matches) is a biennial golf competition between teams from Europe and the United States. The competition is jointly administered by the PGA of America and the PGA European Tour, and is contested every two years, the venue alternating between courses in the United States and Europe. The Ryder Cup is also the name of the trophy, after the person who donated it, Samuel Ryder. The Ryder Cup, and its counterpart the Presidents Cup, are unique in the world of golf, and possibly professional sports, as despite being high-profile events which bring in tens of millions of dollars in TV and sponsorship the players receive no prize money and compete purely for the victory.", "The Ryder Cup is a golf trophy, donated by Samuel Ryder , which is awarded biennially in an event called the \"Ryder Cup Matches\" between teams from Europe and the United States . The competition is jointly administered by the PGA of America and the PGA European Tour , and is contested every two years, the venue alternating between courses in the United States and Europe.", "Today, the sport attracts millions of viewers with a reported 12 million people tuning in to watch the PGA Tour in 2009. The major golf competitions are The PGA, The Open Championship, the U.S. Open, and The Ryder Cup. The Ryder Cup was first founded in 1927 in Worcester Country Club, Massachusetts, with it originally being the U.S. facing Great Britain. The U.S. Team won the next six annual matches. In 1979, Europe joined forces with Great Britain and the competition became Team Europe against Team USA, with the first European Ryder Cup being held at the historic Muirfield, in Scotland. The move to incorporate European countries as hosts of the Cup was a historic move for the sport of golf. The Ryder Cup is held every two years with rotating cities hosting the competition.", "The Ryder Cup was commissioned for £250. The trophy stands 17 inches high, is nine inches from handle to handle and weighs four pounds. The golfing figure depicted on the top of the trophy reflects the image of Abe Mitchell, a former gardener himself and a friend and instructor of Samuel Ryder. A bout of appendicitis prevented Mitchell from competing in the inaugural Matches in 1927. But he returned to compete for Great Britain in 1929, ’31 and ’33.", "*Team: A United States team of 12 elite players competes in the Ryder Cup and the Presidents Cup in alternate years. The Ryder Cup, pitting a team of U.S. golfers against a European team, is arguably the highest profile event in golf, outranking the majors. The Presidents Cup, which matches a team of U.S. golfers against an international team of golfers not eligible for the Ryder Cup, is less well established, but is still the main event of the week when it is played. There is no prize money in these events, so they are irrelevant to the money list, but an immense amount of pride rides on the results.", "The Ryder Cup The Complete History of Golf's Greatest Competition Nick Callow Every two years, the Ryder Cup pits teams from Europe and the US against each other in a sport usually associated with individual play. But with national pride at stake, the best players from both sides of the Atlantic fight for a place on their respective teams. This beautifully illustrated book tells the story of golf's most unique tournament, from its humble beginnings in 1927 to the titanic struggles of the modern day. The Ryder Cup is the definitive history of this prestigious international sporting event.", "The 2008 Ryder Cup, to be held at Valhalla Golf Club in Louisville from September 16 – 21, 2008, has named The Eye Care Institute as its official eye doctors. This announcement came at the request of Jewish Hospital and St. Mary’s HealthCare, www.jhsmh.org, which is serving as the healthcare partner of the 2008 Ryder Cup. The Ryder Cup, first played in 1927, matches the best golfers in the United States and Europe against each other for team golf competition. The current competition uses Match Play, to showcase the talents of these supreme golfers of two continents. More information about the Ryder Cup traditions, competition, and history can be found at www.rydercup.com The Ryder Cup is played every two years and typically rotates between golf courses in Great Britain and the United States. 2008 will mark the first time that a golf course in Kentucky has hosted the event. Tens of thousands of visitors from around the world are expected to attend. Physicians from The Eye Care Institute will be on call, and at Valhalla during the Ryder Cup competition in the event eye care services are needed by any participants, golf officials or spectators. John Meyer, MD, President of The Eye Care Institute, stated “we are happy to offer our eye care services to anyone in need, especially at fun, world class events, such as the Ryder Cup.”", "The trophy was commissioned by Samuel Ryder, the founder of the Ryder Cup. After becoming a very successful seller of seeds, Ryder wanted to get an official match with the best golfers in America squaring off against Great Britain's best. He donated the trophy in 1927, and the Ryder Cup was born. ", "Ryder spent £250 to have the trophy created. It was designed by the Mappin & Webb Company in the form of a golden chalice, with the small figure of a golfer on top of the lid. That trophy is the Ryder Cup.", "The year was 1926, the clubhouse was Wentworth and the day’s golf was an unofficial match between the professionals of Great Britain and Ireland and the United States. After the match, Samuel Ryder, a prosperous seed merchant from St Albans and avid follower of the game, casually remarked: “We must do this again.” This was seized upon by, among others, George Duncan, a leading professional of the day, and when Ryder was prevailed upon to present a trophy, so the Ryder Cup was born.", "On 4 October 2010 the anthem was used when a European team beat a team representing the United States of America to win the Ryder Cup golf tournament. The European Ryder Cup captain Colin Montgomerie decided to break with tradition and play the European anthem by itself instead of the individual anthems from participating European nations. It was similarly employed at the 2014 Ryder Cup prizegiving ceremony on 28 September, after Europe had beaten America under its captain, Paul McGinley.", "The Seve Trophy is a biennial golf tournament between teams of professional male golfers representing Great Britain & Ireland and Continental Europe. It is named after five times major winner Seve Ballesteros, the most successful golfer ever from Continental Europe who was one of the key instigators of the tournament. He made an exceptional contribution to the European Ryder Cup successes of the 1980s and 1990s, and came to be regarded as an exceptionally keen team man in a usually individualistic sport. A sponsorship deal with the French media conglomerate Vivendi meant that the 2009 was known as The Vivendi Trophy with Seve Ballesteros and the 2011 event was the Vivendi Seve Trophy.", "The rift was accompanied by the introduction of the Ryder Cup matches in 1927. Initially the Europeans were represented by golfers from Britain and Ireland. The Americans with their wealth of talent won every event between 1935 and 1985 with the exception of 1957. Only since 1979, have players outside the British Isles been allowed to play for the European Ryder Cup team and the competition become truly competitive.", "For Europe, where nation against nation is what sport is all about, the Cup ranks behind only the World Cup and Olympics, especially since it’s a chance to stomp the bully, the U.S. of A. But in America, where the emphasis is internal competition, the Super Bowl, the NCAA Final Four, Auburn vs. Alabama and the World Series, the Ryder Cup is far down the list.", "The PGA of America, meanwhile, owns an exact replica. A third identical copy is kept for touring purposes - when you see (or hear about) the Ryder Cup trophy being displayed somewhere (making a public appearance, as it were) it is this third trophy that is \"on tour.\"", ";Bermuda Bowl: The trophy awarded to the winner of the World Zonal Open Team Championship, the most prestigious in bridge. More commonly the term refers to the competition itself, a biennial two-week tournament among open teams that have qualified in their geographic zones.", "Why the Ryder Cup Is the Most Underrated Sports Competition in the World | Bleacher Report", "Best Event How could it not be the Ryder Cup at Medinah Country Club? Down 10-6 going into the final day’s singles matches, the Europeans staged one of the greatest comebacks in the history of the Ryder Cup to win 14 ½ to 13 ½. There was Martin Kaymer’s nerve-racking six-foot putt to beat Steve Stricker. There was the spirit of Seve Ballesteros. There was the passion of Ian Poulter. No doubt about it, the Ryder Cup remains one of the greatest team competitions in all of sport.", "The Ryder Cup trophy has been around since 1927, yet not much is known about it.", "The official Ryder Cup trophy is 17 inches tall, nine inches wide and weighs four pounds.", "24 Sep 1995: Seve Ballesteros of European team lifts the trophy after a 14.5 to 13.5 victory over the USA in the Ryder Cup at Oak Hill Country Club in Rochester, New York, USA. \\ Mandatory Credit: David Cannon /Allsport", "The creation of the Ryder Cup trophy began in 1926 when the competition's namesake put up money for it.", "1949 — The U.S. Ryder Cup team pose with the treasured Ryder Cup in Ganton, England, after coming out from behind by winning six out of eight singles matches. The winning team, from left to right, front row: Skip Alexander; Jimmy Demaret; team captain Ben Hogan, holding cup; Chick Harbert and E.J. Harrison. Behind them, left to right: Lloyd Mangrum; Clayton Haefner; Ed Dudley; Sam Snead and Johnny Palmer. (AP Photo)", "Seve Trophy — founded by Seve Ballesteros, between a team from Great Britain and Ireland against one from continental Europe. Held in years when there is no Ryder Cup.", "*Ryder Cup (representing Europe): 1991, 1993, 1995 (winners), 1997 (winners), 1999, 2002 (winners), 2004 (winners), 2006 (winners), 2010 (non-playing captain, winners)", "      The Ryder Cup was held in September at the Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Hills, Mich. For the first time since 1981, Europe did not have a major champion in its lineup, but it rose to the occasion, and the Americans were sent to their worst-ever defeat, a crushing 181/2–91/2 margin. Captain Hal Sutton paired Woods and Mickelson, his two highest-ranked players, for the opening fourballs and foursomes, but they lost both games, and the experiment was abandoned. Mickelson, who had controversially changed equipment just before the match, was then dropped, but the Europeans, led superbly by Bernhard Langer of Germany, refused to slacken the grip they had established. Top scorers were Spain's Sergio García and England's Lee Westwood with 41/2 points out of 5, but all 12 players for Europe contributed at least one point. The U.S. had won only 3 of the last 10 Ryder Cup matches.", "In addition to the green jacket, winners of the tournament receive a Gold Medal. They have their names engraved on the actual silver Masters trophy, introduced in 1961, which depicts the clubhouse. This trophy remains at Augusta National; since 1993 winners have received a sterling silver replica. The runner-up receives a Silver Medal, introduced in 1951. Beginning in 1978, a Silver Salver was added as an award for the runner-up. [1]", "The cup sits atop a wooden base, around which is a gold band. On the band are engraved the scores of each Ryder Cup played.", "The winners are not just left with the jacket to show for their trials and tribulations around the 72+ holes they have completed either. As well as the honour of being named champion, they have their name engraved on the beautiful solid silver Masters trophy that was introduced to the tournament in 1961 and also get to take home a gold medal.", "In addition to the green jacket, winners of the tournament receive a gold medal. They have their names engraved on the actual silver Masters trophy, introduced in 1961, which depicts the clubhouse. This trophy remains at Augusta National; since 1993 winners have received a sterling silver replica. The runner-up receives a silver medal, introduced in 1951. Beginning in 1978, a silver salver was added as an award for the runner-up.", "In addition to the green jacket, winners of the tournament receive a gold medal. They have their names engraved on the actual silver Masters trophy, introduced in 1961, which depicts the clubhouse. This trophy remains at Augusta National; since 1993 winners have received a sterling silver replica. The runner-up receives a silver medal, introduced in 1951. Beginning in 1978, a silver salver was added as an award for the runner-up." ]

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[ "Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer was the most famous American Army personnel in The Battle of the Little Bighorn.", "After the Civil War, Custer remained a major general in the United States Volunteers until they were mustered out in February 1866. He reverted to his permanent rank of captain and was appointed a lieutenant colonel in the 7th Cavalry Regiment in July 1866. He was dispatched to the west in 1867 to fight in the American Indian Wars. On June 25, 1876, while leading the 7th Cavalry Regiment at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana Territory against a coalition of Native American tribes, he and all of his regiment—which included two of his brothers—were killed. The battle is popularly known in American history as \"Custer's Last Stand.\" Custer and his regiment were defeated so decisively at the Little Bighorn that it has overshadowed all of his prior achievements.", "Montana is the home to about 48,000 Native Americans. Their ancestors called the region the \"Land of Shining Mountains\" because the sun shines on its high, snow-capped mountains. In 1876, General George Custer and 266 of his men were killed by Sioux and Cheyenne Indians at Little Big Horn. The Indians were led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull. The famous battle is known as \"Custar's Last Stand\" and was probably the biggest force of Indian warriors to gather in Western history.", "The Battle of the Little Bighorn, also known as Custer's Last Stand and, by the Indians involved, as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, was an armed engagement between combined forces of Lakota , Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho people against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army . The battle, which occurred on June 25 and 26, 1876 near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory , was the most famous action of the Great Sioux War of 1876 . It was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Gall , inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull (Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake). The U.S. Seventh Cavalry, including the Custer Battalion, a force of 700 men led by George Armstrong Custer , suffered a severe defeat. Five of the Seventh's companies were annihilated; Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew, and a brother-in-law. The total U.S. casualty count, including scouts, was 268 dead and 55 injured.", "George Armstrong Custer, a U.S. cavalry officer who served with distinction in the American Civil War, is better known for leading more than 200 of his men to their deaths in the notorious Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876. The battle, also known as “Custer’s Last Stand,” was part of the Black Hills War against a confederation of Plains Indians, including the Cheyenne and Dakota Sioux. It remains one of the most controversial battles in U.S. history.", "Battle of the Little Bighorn, also called Custer’s Last Stand, (June 25, 1876), battle at the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, U.S. , between federal troops led by Lieut. Col. George A. Custer and Northern Plains (Lakota [Teton or Western Sioux] and Northern Cheyenne) Indians led by Sitting Bull . Custer and all the men under his immediate command were slain. There were about 50 known deaths among Sitting Bull’s followers.", "1876 - Indian Chief Crazy Horse won the two-hour Battle of the Little Bighorn, Montana, wiping out the army of Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer. Custer, who led the battle against the Sioux Indian encampment, was among the 200+ casualties. Ironically, the only survivor of Custer�s forces was a horse, Comanche.", "Webmaster's Note: This article appeared in the June 22-23, 2008 issues of the \"Billings Gazette.\" Ms. Thackeray provides a riveting and accurate account of the Montana Column's involvement in the Sioux/Cheyenne War of 1876, and finding the dead of George Custer's soldiers after the Battle of the Little Bighorn.", "General George Armstrong Custer was a United States Army officer who served in the civil war and Indian wars, meeting his famous demise at the Battle of Little Bighorn. Read more about George Custer", "His disastrous final battle overshadowed his prior achievements. Custer and all the men with him were killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, fighting against a coalition of Native American tribes in a battle that has come to be popularly known in American history as \" Custer's Last Stand \".", "George Custer was an American cavalry commander who in 1876 led 210 men to their deaths at the Battle of Little Bighorn.", "The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to Lakota as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, and commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes, against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which occurred June 25–26, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory, was the most prominent action of the Great Sioux War of 1876.", "�BOYS hold your horses, there are plenty down there for us all.� The last recorded words of General George Armstrong Custer say a lot about the man: Dashing and daring, brave and prone to snap decisions. On a hot summer�s day 123 years ago, Custer made one of those quick decisions that had earlier turned him into civil war hero. But sooner or later your luck runs out. Sunday, June 25 1876 was the day that �Custer�s luck� it was a recognized phenomenon in the US military at the time ran out completely. So did the luck of the Irish dozens of Seventh Cavalry troopers, Irish-born and Irish-American, riding with Custer over the rolling plains of Montana territory on that fateful day. The battle of the Little Bighorn was not a signal collision of two massed forces as depicted in the Old Errol Flynn classic They Died With Their Boots On. It was in fact a series of running fights, standoffs and encirclements stretching over five miles from what is today known as Reno Hill to Custer�s own Last Stand Hill, both of them high points at opposite ends of a string of bluffs overlooking the Little Bighorn River.", "On June 25, 1876, Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer led a detachment of the Seventh Cavalry to attack an encampment of Sioux and Cheyenne Native Americans led by Sitting Bull on the Little Bighorn River. Custer underestimated the size of the force he attacked and was killed along with all 266 men in his detachment in the ensuing battle.", "The Battle of the Little Bighorn, which occurred on June 25 and 26, 1876, and commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes, against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. Battle of Little Bighorn", "The battle was the most famous action of the Indian Wars, and was a remarkable victory for the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne, led by Sitting Bull . The U.S. Seventh Cavalry, including a column of seven-hundred men led by George Armstrong Custer, was defeated; five of the Seventh's companies were annihilated and Custer himself was killed in the engagement along with two of his brothers and a brother-in-law. The battle, however, was not the highest infliction of casualties by Native Americans against U.S. forces. That record was set in 1791 at the Battle of the Wabash.", "George Armstrong Custer and the Battle of the Little Bighorn . U.S. Grant: Warrior . WGBH American Experience | PBS", "During the Great Sioux War, fueled by the discovery of gold in the Black Hills, Grant came into conflict with Colonel George Armstrong Custer after Custer testified in 1876 about corruption in the War Department. Grant ordered Custer arrested for breach of military protocol and barred him from leading an upcoming campaign against the Sioux. Grant later relented and let Custer fight under Brigadier General Alfred Terry. Sioux warriors led by Crazy Horse killed Custer at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, the army's most famous defeat in the Indian wars. Two months later, Grant castigated Custer in the press, saying \"I regard Custer's massacre as a sacrifice of troops, brought on by Custer himself, that was wholly unnecessary – wholly unnecessary.\" Custer's death shocked the nation, leading Congress to appropriate funds for more troops, two more Western forts and barred Indians from purchasing weapons.", "June 25, 1876. It has become a day of myth and mystery. On that date, Lieutenant Colonel (Brevet Major General) George Armstrong Custer and the 7th Cavalry fought perhaps the biggest alliance of Plains Indians hostile to the government that had ever gathered in one place. As every student of the American West knows, the 7th Cavalry lost that battle, and Custer’s personal command, about 210 soldiers, was wiped out. Without a survivor of Custer’s command to tell the story, with the possible exception of the young Crow scout Curley, it is only natural that the dramatic event would trigger more debate and conjecture than any other battle in U.S. history.", "On June 25, 1876, the Custer myth got its start as Sioux and Cheyenne warriors clashed with the U.S. Army’s Seventh Cavalry in Medicine Tail Coulee and the surrounding area on the Greasy Grass River (Little Big Horn) in Montana Territory. When the shooting was over, five companies of Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer’s command had been wiped out, with 262 men dead and 55 wounded, half the battalion. So startling was the Indian victory that when Crow scouts who had been riding with Custer met up with Gen. Alfred Terry the day after the fight and told him what they had seen, he refused to believe them.", "One of Custer's men, Isaiah Dorman, was a former slave who had lived among the Sioux for several years before serving as a translator for Custer during the Little Big Horn campaign. His corpse was particularly mutilated because he was regarded as a traitor for leading the Americans to the Sioux. A 25-year-old second lieutenant, George D. Wallace, described Custer's camp at the mouth of the Big Horn River. \"The Indians surrounded us & poured in a deadly fire, but we had to lie still and take it...,\" he wrote. \"The next morning we moved to the scene of Gen'l Custer's fight, but the sight was too horrible to describe. We buried 204 bodies and encamped near Gen'l [Alfred H.] Terry. But the smell of dead horses forced him to move camp several miles.\" Wallace died in 1890, one of 31 soldiers killed during the assault on a group of 350 Sioux men, women, and children at Wounded Knee in South Dakota.", "Indian Wars: At the Battle of the Little Big Horn (Custer’s Last Stand), Sioux Indians led by Chief Crazy Horse routed the U.S. 7th Cavalry led by Col. Custer (1839-1876).", "In the Battle of the Washita in 1868, the regiment sustained 22 losses, while inflicting more that 150 deaths on a Cheyenne encampment, mostly women and children . This attack was led by George Armstrong Custer, who later led the 7th Cavalry to the most calamitous defeat of U.S. forces in the Indian Wars. ", "The United States Seventh Cavalry, including the Custer Battalion, a force of 700 men led by George Armstrong Custer, suffered a severe defeat. Five of the Seventh Cavalry's companies were annihilated; Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew, and a brother-in-law. The total United States casualty count was 268 dead and 55 injured. Although statistics vary, it was reported by Sioux Chief Red Horse in 1877 that the Native American suffered 136 dead and 160 wounded during the battle.", "What happened next to Custer and his battalion has been a matter of conjecture and controversy for more than a century. It appears likely that he attempted to cross the Little Bighorn at Medicine Tail Coulee and attack the middle of the village but was forced to withdraw in the face of Indian resistance. This attack on the middle of the village instead of the far end probably was precipitated by the fact that Custer could visually observe Reno’s abortive attack and felt he had to get into action against the village to distract the Indians and give Reno some relief. If this were his objective, he was more than successful: large numbers of Indians began to move away from Reno’s beleaguered force toward Custer’s. Custer and his men were attacked by overwhelming numbers and surrounded. They ended up dismounted and entrenched on a high point, later called Custer Hill, and the battle was probably over for them by 4:45 p.m.", "In 1873 Custer and 10 companies of the 7th Cavalry were among the soldiers in Colonel David S. Stanley’s Yellowstone Expedition, which was escorting a railroad survey crew across Montana Territory. When some Sioux warriors tried to raid horses from the expedition on August 4, Custer gave chase. About 300 Sioux suddenly burst out of the timber by the Tongue River, but Custer executed a skillful withdrawal and held them back, later saying that the warriors displayed unusual boldness. After attempts by the Sioux to burn the grass and smoke out the soldiers failed, Custer surprised the enemy with a counterattack and drove them off. Just seven days later, near the mouth of the Bighorn River, warriors fired on the cavalry from the opposite shore. Custer’s 450 troopers, who faced about 500 Sioux, repulsed those warriors who tried to cross the river. During another counterattack, Custer had a horse shot out from under him but emerged without a scratch. In these two engagements, Custer demonstrated enough leadership and discipline to more than hold his own against a larger force of Plains Indians.", "Under threat of attack the first American soldiers on the battlefield three days later hurriedly buried the troopers in shallow graves, more or less where they had fallen. A couple of years after the battle, markers were placed where men were believed to have fallen, so the placement of troops has been roughly construed. The troops evidently died in several groups, including on Custer Hill, around Captain Myles Keogh , and strung out towards the Little Big Horn River.Script errorScript error[ citation needed ]", "Recent archaeological work at the battlefield site indicates that organized resistance in the form of skirmish lines probably took place. The remainder of the battle possibly took on the nature of a running fight. Modern archeology and historical Indian accounts indicate that Custer's force may have been divided into three groups, with the Indians attempting to prevent them from effectively reuniting. Indian accounts describe warriors (including women) running up from the village to wave blankets in order to scare off the soldiers' horses. Fighting dismounted, the soldiers' skirmish lines were most likely overwhelmed. Studies show that it would have taken an hour to cover the long stretch over which the troopers died and by most accounts, the battle was over within this time. Army doctrine would have called for one man in four to be a horseholder on the skirmish lines and, in extreme cases, one man in eight. As the Custer field is unique, in that markers were placed where men were believed to have fallen a couple of years after the battle, the placements of troops have been roughly construed. The troops evidently died in several groups, including on Custer Hill, around Captain Myles Keogh and strung out towards the Little Big Horn River. As individual troopers were wounded or killed, initial defensive positions would have become untenable.", "In this dashing charge, Crazy Horse snatched his most famous victory out of what seemed frightful peril, for the Sioux could not know how many were behind Custer. He was caught in his own trap. To the soldiers it must have seemed as if the Indians rose up from the earth to overwhelm them. They closed in from three sides and fought until not a white man was left alive. Then they went down to Reno's stand and found him so well intrenched in a deep gully that it was impossible to dislodge him. Gall and his men held him there until the approach of General Terry compelled the Sioux to break camp and scatter in different directions.", "Under threat of attack, the first US soldiers on the battlefield three days later hurriedly buried the troopers in shallow graves, more or less where they had fallen. A couple of years after the battle, markers were placed where men were believed to have fallen, so the placement of troops has been roughly construed. The troops evidently died in several groups, including on Custer Hill, around Captain Myles Keogh, and strung out towards the Little Big Horn River.", "Photo taken in 1894 by H.R. Locke on Battle Ridge looking toward Last Stand Hill top center. To the right of Custer Hill is Wooden Leg Hill, named for a surviving warrior. He described the death of a Sioux sharpshooter killed after being seen too often by the enemy. [13] [14]", "But this Indian village was far larger than Custer imagined. It contained an estimated 8,000 Indians and more than 3,000 warriors and was led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. The village was three miles long and a half mile wide. (Custer had initially estimated the village's population did not exceed 1,500). Custer divided his command of 645 soldiers into three columns. Major Marcus Reno's detachment approached the Indian camp from the southeast and lost a third of its men. Reno's men retreated to a nearby ridge, where they were under siege for nearly two days." ]

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[ "On this Day - May 20, 1927 - Charles Lindbergh flies \"The Spirit of St. Louis\" out of Roosevelt Field in New York. Lindbergh landed his single-engine monoplane at Le Bourget Airfield in Paris, France, on May 21, 1927, to complete the first non-stop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean. He made the historic 3,610-mile journey from New York's Roosevelt Field in a record-breaking 33 1/2 hours. Lindbergh's extraordinary endurance feat in early aviation history brought him worldwide adulation and a celebrity status as an American hero. (AP)", "On May 21, 1927, Charles Lindbergh became the first man to fly solo over the Atlantic, landing at Le Bourget outside Paris. Bleriot hugged him on arrival. Lindbergh is said to have remarked that he would fly back across the Atlantic in his own aircraft, \"But I wouldn't fly over the Channel in a Bleriot XI.\"", "Charles Lindbergh, the first to fly solo and non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean, landed the Spirit of St. Louis at Lunken Field in 1927 to a warm welcome.", "21/5/1927. Charles A Lindbergh completed the first solo Atlantic flight. He took off from Roosevelt Field, Long Island, flew his monoplane Spirit of St Louis for 33 � hours, and landed at Le Bourget airfield, Paris. Landing in Paris, he won the US$ 25,000 prize for the first solo flight across the Atlantic.", "On the 21st May 1927, Charles Lindbergh became the first person to make a solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic when he flew 3,600 miles from New York to Paris. On exactly the same date five years later, Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic when she landed in Northern Ireland, having been forced to abandon her intended destination of Paris due to technical difficulties.", "1927 – Charles Lindbergh touches down at Le Bourget Field in Paris, completing the world’s first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.", "Eighty-five years ago today, aviator Charles Lindbergh landed his single-engine monoplane Spirit of St. Louis in Paris, France, completing the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic. Five years later Amelia Earhart set out to recreate his historic journey, becoming the second person and first woman to accomplish the feat. She succeeded, but not by following in Lindbergh’s exact contrails.", "May 20th 1927 - Charles Lindbergh, a 25-year-old aviator, took off at 7:52 a.m. from Roosevelt Field, Long Island, in the Spirit of St. Louis attempting to win a $25,000 prize for the first solo nonstop flight between New York City and Paris. Thirty-three hours later, after a 3,600 mile journey, he landed at Le Bourget, Paris, earning the nickname \"Lucky Lindy\" and becoming an instant worldwide hero.", "20 May 1927 - At 07:52 Charles Lindbergh takes off from Roosevelt Field in Long Island, New York, on the world's first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean, touching down at Le Bourget Field in Paris at 22:22 the next day.", "As the Spirit of St. Louis rolled down the dirt runway of Roosevelt Field in New York, many doubted it would successfully cross the Atlantic Ocean. Yet, when Charles Lindbergh landed safely in Paris less than 34 hours later, becoming the first pilot to solo a nonstop transatlantic flight, he changed public opinion on the value of air travel and laid the foundation for the future development of aviation.", "1927 Charles Lindbergh touchs down at Le Bourget Field in Paris, completing the world's 1st solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean", "At 7:52 a.m. on May 20, 1927, a young pilot named Charles Lindbergh set out on an historic flight across the Atlantic Ocean, from New York to Paris. It was the first trans-Atlantic non-stop flight in an airplane, and its effect on both Lindbergh and aviation was enormous. Lindbergh became an instant American hero. Aviation became a more established industry, attracting millions of private investment dollars almost overnight, as well as the support of millions of Americans.", "The most famous airplane flight of all time took place on May 20-21, 1927, when Charles A. Lindbergh became the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic, flying from New York Paris in a custom-built Ryan monoplane, the Spirit of St. Louis. Read about Lindbergh and his flight here .", "Charles Lindbergh takes off from Roosewell field in long island, New York as the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic ocean, touching down at Le barrget field in Paris.", "In 1927, Charles Lindbergh landed The Spirit of St. Louis at the Vail Field while on a nationwide tour following his transatlantic flight (May 21, 1927).", "June 13, 1927 – Charles Lindbergh completes the first solo flight over the Atlantic in the “Spirit of St. Louis.”", "Finally, on June 27, 1927—8 years after the first transatlantic flights, and after 81 other people had already flown across the Atlantic, some of them solo—Lindbergh made his famed Atlantic crossing. Flying the Spirit of St. Louis for 3,600 miles in 33 hours, he went from Long Island, New York, to Le Bourget, close to Paris, France.", "The first attempt to cross the Atlantic from east to west, against the prevailing westerly winds, was made in 1924, when three Douglas Cruisers left Brough, in Yorkshire, and two succeeded in reaching Labrador in stages, with lengthy intervening stops. Further attempts in each direction during 1927 took the lives of the Americans Davis and Wooster, the Frenchmen Nungesser and Coli, and two crew members of the Frenchman Fonck. Then, with little prior publicity, the young American Charles Lindbergh arrived in Paris on May 21, 1927, at the end of a 332-hour, 3,610-mile flight from New York. His was the first non-stop solo flight, and the longest trans Atlantic fight to that date, qualifying for the 525,000 prize and resulting in a display of public adulation which today is more usually reserved for pop-stars.", "; First solo transatlantic flight and first non-stop fixed-wing aircraft flight between America and mainland Europe: On 20–21 May 1927, Charles A. Lindbergh flew his Ryan monoplane (named Spirit of St. Louis), , from Roosevelt Field, New York to Paris–Le Bourget Airport, in 33½ hours.", "Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974), nicknamed Slim, Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle, was an American aviator, author, inventor, military officer, explorer, and social activist. In 1927, at the age of 25, Lindbergh emerged from the virtual obscurity of a U.S. Air Mail pilot to instantaneous world fame as the result of his Orteig Prize-winning solo nonstop flight from Roosevelt Field on Long Island, New York, to Le Bourget Field in Paris, France. He flew the distance of nearly in a single-seat, single-engine, purpose-built Ryan monoplane, Spirit of St. Louis. Lindbergh was the 19th person to make a Transatlantic flight, the first being the Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown from Newfoundland in 1919, but Lindbergh's flight was almost twice the distance. The record-setting flight took hours. Lindbergh, a U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve officer, was also awarded the nation's highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his historic exploit.", "On May 21, 1932, exactly five years after American aviator Charles Lindbergh became the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, Earhart became the first woman to repeat the feat when she landed her plane in Londonderry, Ireland. However, unlike Lindbergh when he made his historic flight, Earhart was already well known to the public before her solo transatlantic flight. In 1928, as a member of a three-member crew, she had become the first woman to cross the Atlantic in an aircraft. Although her only function during the crossing was to keep the plane’s log, the event won her national fame, and Americans were enamored with the modest and daring young pilot. For her solo transatlantic crossing in 1932, she was awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross by the U.S. Congress.", "1927 :Charles Lindbergh took off from Roosevelt Field in Long Island, N.Y., aboard the Spirit of St. Louis on his historic solo flight to France.", "Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 -- August 26, 1974) (nicknamed \"Slim\", \"Lucky Lindy\", and \"The Lone Eagle\") was an American aviator, author, inventor, explorer, and social activist.", "Charles Lindbergh (1902–74), airmail pilot who achieved worldwide fame by making the first non-stop solo transatlantic flight.", "4. What was the name of Charles Lindbergh's plane that took him across the Atlantic solo?", "[On This Day: Charles Lindbergh returns home a hero after first ever solo flight across the Atlantic]", "In July 1919 a British dirigible flew from England to New Jersey and back. And in 1922 two Portuguese aviators, Cabral and Coutinho, flew a single-engine British seaplane from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. That's a longer flight than Lindbergh's, but there's a catch. The flight didn't only involve a stop -- they actually changed airplanes on a small Atlantic island.", "1902: Birth of Captain Charles Lindberg, US pioneer aviator, the first to fly solo across the Atlantic. He became an international celebrity and was in the news again, first when his baby was kidnapped and murdered, and later when he advised the Nazis on aviation matters prior to the outbreak of the Second World War.", "Biography: Charles Lindbergh (1902-1974): Made the First Solo Nonstop Flight Across the Atlantic Ocean (VOA Special English 2007-05-15)", "After Charles Lindbergh's solo flight across the Atlantic in 1927, Amy Phipps Guest, (1873–1959), expressed interest in being the first woman to fly (or be flown) across the Atlantic Ocean.", "The first nonstop flight across the Atlantic was performed by Englishman John Alcock and Arthur Brown in 1919, but Lindbergh was the first to make the crossing solo. His achievement earned him the Orteig Prize and made him an instant international celebrity. Upon his return to the US, Lindbergh received the largest ticker-tape parade in history. This one flight was instrumental in boosting the public's confidence in air travel and helped the fledgling airline industry attract new passengers ( learn more ).", "'20, 2011 12:00 AM Few pilots have garnered more fame than <mark>Charles Lindbergh</mark>. The celebrated aviator made the first solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean His grandson Erik Lindbergh will be a guest speaker at the seventh annual Thunder Over the'" ]

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[ "The Pacific Northwest (in the United States, commonly abbreviated as PNW), sometimes referred to as Cascadia, is a geographic region and megaregion in western North America bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and loosely, by the Rocky Mountains on the east. Though no agreed boundary exists, a common conception includes the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington and the Canadian province of British Columbia. Broader conceptions reach north into Alaska and Yukon, south into far northern California and east into Idaho and western Montana, western Wyoming, and western Alberta, to the Continental Divide. Narrower conceptions may be limited to the northwestern US or to the coastal areas west of the Cascade and Coast mountains. The variety of definitions can be attributed to partially overlapping commonalities of the region's history, geography, society, and other factors.", "The Pacific Northwest (PNW) is a region in northwestern North America, bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Rocky Mountains on the east. A common concept of the PNW includes the US states of Oregon and Washington and the Canadian province of British Columbia (Coates, 2002; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest#Climate ). Definitions based on the historic Oregon Country reach east to the Continental Divide, thus including nearly all of Idaho and part of western Montana (Fig. 5.2.17; http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/PacNWComparison.PNG ).", "Washington is part of a region known as the Pacific Northwest, a term which always includes Washington and Oregon and may or may not include some or all of the following, depending on the user's intent: Idaho, western Montana, northern California, British Columbia, and Alaska.", "Washington is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States located north of Oregon, west of Idaho, and south of the Canadian province of British Columbia on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Named after George Washington, the first President of the United States, the state was made out of the western part of the Washington Territory, which had been ceded by Britain in 1846 in accordance with the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon Boundary Dispute. It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Olympia is the state capital. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, D.C., the capital of the U.S., which is often shortened to Washington.", "Seattle is a West Coast seaport city and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the Top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1%. The Seattle metropolitan area is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States with over 3.7 million inhabitants. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 100 mi south of the Canada–United States border. A major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the third largest port in North America in terms of container handling . ", "Washington is the 18th most extensive and the 13th most populous of the 50 United States . Approximately 60 percent of Washington's residents live in the Seattle metropolitan area , the center of transportation, business, and industry along the Puget Sound region of the Salish Sea , an inlet of the Pacific consisting of numerous islands, deep fjords, and bays carved out by glaciers. The remainder of the state consists of deep rainforests in the west, mountain ranges in the west, center, northeast and far southeast, and a semi-arid eastern basin given over to intensive agriculture. Washington is the second most populous state on the west coast and in the western United States after California.", "Located on the Pacific coast of the northwestern United States , Washington ranks 20th in size among the 50 states.", "Much of this population growth was driven by a combination of quality of life factors -- access to the outdoors and relatively low housing prices -- as well as strong economic fundamentals. Over the past decade employment expanded nearly 8% in this \"nation,\" the strongest performance in the country, with the highest rate of STEM job growth. Boise, Denver and Salt Lake City have posted stellar employment growth due to the energy boom and an expanding technology sector. The western reaches of the region -- the inland parts of Washington, Oregon and California -- have not done as well. These areas suffer from being “red” resource- and manufacturing-oriented economies within highly regulated, high-tax “blue states.”", "A major divide in political opinion separates the region's greatly more populated urban core and rural areas west of the mountains from its less populated rural areas to their east and (in British Columbia and Alaska) north. The coastal areas—especially in the cities of Vancouver, Victoria, Bellingham, Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia, Portland, Corvallis, Eugene, and Ashland—are some of the most politically liberal parts of North America, regularly supporting left-wing political candidates and causes by significant majorities, while the Interior and North tend to be more conservative and consistently support right-wing candidates and causes. It should be noted that the religious right has far less influence throughout the region than elsewhere in the U.S., and also that certain areas of the BC Interior, particularly the West Kootenay and some areas of Vancouver Island and the BC Coast, have long histories of labour, environmental and social activism (see History of British Columbia#Rise of the labour movement).", "Pacific County, named after the Pacific Ocean, is perched at the southwestern corner of Washington state. The ocean forms its western border and the north shore of the Columbia River and Wahkiakum County form its southern border. Grays Harbor County lies to the north and Lewis County to the east. A distinctive geographical feature is the 30-mile-long Long Beach Peninsula, which meets the ocean on its western side and shelters Willapa Bay on its eastern side. In 1851 Pacific County was the third county created in what would become Washington Territory. The economic base of the area's indigenous Chinook and Lower Chehalis peoples as well as of early-arriving settlers was oystering, especially in Shoalwater (later Willapa) Bay, and fishing. Soon lumber became a predominant early industry, followed by cranberry farming, dairy farming, and later, vacationing and tourism. Pacific County's area is nearly 1,000 square miles and the 2005 population was about 21,000 people. The county's four incorporated cities are Raymond, South Bend, Long Beach, and Ilwaco. Of the 39 Washington counties, Pacific County ranks 28th in population and 30th in land area.", "During World War II, the state became a focus for war industries. While the Boeing Company produced many of the nation's heavy bombers, ports in Seattle, Bremerton, Vancouver, and Tacoma were available for the manufacture of warships. Seattle was the point of departure for many soldiers in the Pacific, a number of whom were quartered at Golden Gardens Park. In eastern Washington, the Hanford Works atomic energy plant was opened in 1943 and played a major role in the construction of the nation's atomic bombs.", "The Pacific Northwest has a large but limited natural resource base, leading to an economy that is not highly diversified. The area�s abundant precipitation and temperate climate support dense, coniferous forests, which are the basis of the region�s dominance in the production of lumber, plywood, particleboard, pulp, and paper. Mountainous terrain and high levels of precipitation have provided this region with an enormous hydroelectric potential, focused on a system of dams and power-generating plants located on the Columbia and Snake rivers.", "Regional population has remained relatively low, though two major urban centers have developed in the region. Portland, Oregon, is a dominant commercial center at the mouth of the Columbia River, and Seattle, Washington, is a large urbanized development on the shores of Puget Sound.", "The Yuma Metropolitan Statistical Area has the highest unemployment rate in the United States as of 2014 at 23.8%.[http://www.bls.gov/web/metro/laummtrk.htm]", "ployment rate is significantly munities and smaller busihigher than other parts of the nesses is disproportionate state. compared to the rest of the \"We've got60 to 70percent state,\" said McLane, whose unemployment,\" Stwyer said. District 5 5 i n cludes r ural \"People feel lucky to find a parts of Deschutes, Crook, place to work. When I first Jackson, Klamath and Lake startedthreeyearsago,Ihad counties. Prineville is the largtwo dozen people here look- est community in District 55.", "Most Washingtonians live in the Western Corridor, a broad strip in western Washington running north-south between the Coast and Cascade ranges. The leading city in the Western Corridor is Seattle, with an estimated 2004 population of 571,480. Other leading cities with their 2004 population estimates are Spokane, 196,721; Tacoma , 196,094; Vancouver, 155,053; and Bellevue, 116,914. The Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue metropolitan area had an estimated 2004 population of 3,166,828.", "Between the Coast and Cascade ranges lies a long, troughlike depression—the Western Corridor—where most of Washington's major cities are concentrated. The northern section of this lowland is carved by Puget Sound, a complex, narrow arm of the Pacific wending southward for about 80 mi (130 km) and covering an area of 561 sq mi (1,453 sq km). Of all the state's other major regions, only south-central Washington, forming part of the Columbia Plateau, is generally flat.", "Westport, Ilwaco-Chinook, and Bellingham are the major ports. In 2003, there were 67 processing and 146 wholesale plants in the state, with about 4,537 employees. In 2002, the commercial fishing fleet had 329 boats and 695 vessels.", "In contrast, Eastern Washington, east of the Cascades, has a relatively dry climate with large areas of semiarid steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades; the Hanford reservation receives an average annual precipitation of 6 to. Farther east, the climate becomes less arid, increasing as one goes east to in Pullman. The Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state. The Palouse southeast region of Washington was grassland that has been mostly converted into farmland, and extends to the Blue Mountains.", ". It is located in the state of Washington between an arm of the Pacific Ocean called Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 96 miles (154 km) south of the Canada – United States border in King County, of which it is the county seat.", "In the State of Washington: Clallam County, Grays Harbor County, Island County, Jefferson County, Mason County, Pacific County, San Juan County, Skagit County, Thurston County, Whatcom County.", "The state is typically thought of as politically divided by the Cascade Mountains, with Western Washington being liberal (particularly the ) and Eastern Washington being conservative. Washington has voted for the Democratic presidential nominee in every election since 1988.", "In 2004, Washington's gross state product (GSP) was $261.546 billion, of which the real estate sector accounted for the largest share at $38.797 billion or 14.8% of GSP, followed by manufacturing (durable and nondurable goods) at $22.955 billion (8.7% of GSP), and health care and social assistance at $17.182 billion (6.5% of GSP). In that same year, there were an estimated 529,863 small businesses in the state of Washington. Of the 198,635 businesses that had employees, an estimated total of 194,951 or 98.1% were small companies. An estimated 31,955 new businesses were established in the state in 2004, down 11.6% from the year before. Business terminations that same year came to 47,141, up 33.4% from 2003. There were 665 business bankruptcies in 2004, down 9.8% from the previous year. In 2005, the state's personal bankruptcy (Chapter 7 and Chapter 13) filing rate was 656 filings per 100,000 people, ranking the state of Washington as the 16th highest in the nation.", "In the State of Washington: Chelan County, Douglas County, Ferry County, Okanogan County, Pend Oreille County, Stevens County.", "The apple industry is of particular importance to Washington. Because of the favorable climate of dry, warm summers and cold winters of central Washington, the state has led the U.S. in apple production since the 1920s. Two areas account for the vast majority of the state's apple crop: the Wenatchee–Okanogan region (comprising Chelan, Okanogan, Douglas, and Grant counties), and the Yakima region (comprising Yakima, Benton and Kittitas counties). ", "Washington state is one of the leading film-production states in the United States. Film and video have grown to represent at least a $100-million-a-year industry. Washington state has thousands of film and video businesses which provide jobs for thousands of state residents. Washington film companies make feature films, television movies, TV series or episodes, TV commercials, documentaries, industrial films, and music videos. Out-of-state producers shoot over 100 film and video projects in Washington annually.", "The Grand Coulee Dam’s positive impact on employment reached much farther than those directly working on the construction of the dam. States besides Washington benefited due to the sheer size and scope of the project. It was estimated that the foundation contract alone included $16,000,000 worth of purchases of materials and equipment from states outside of Washington. [20] Due to the massive labor force needed to build such a massive structure, the local towns thrived with the increased worker population. Engineers and government workers had homes provided for them in the town of Coulee Dam, while other homes for key officials were provided at Mason City. [21] Local and state government played an important role in providing for the rest of the dam workers. As described in the Grand Coulee Dam and a Last Frontier, “The overflow, for lack of any provision for them, sought and built places to live in the towns “on the hill” where schools and churches were provided with state government assistance, and where private capital provided theatres, hotels, fraternal halls, stores, shops, and so forth, for their spiritual and material welfare.” [22] The widespread positive economic effect the Grand Coulee Dam had on the region is truly immeasurable.", "Seattle in particular profited greatly by the discovery of gold in the Klondike in 1897. The growing community on Puget Sound became the chief point of departure and the major supplier of those headed for the gold fields. Development also was occurring across the Cascades where early irrigation projects enabled orchard and wheat ventures to replace cattle and sheep in some areas.", "Although state and federal authorities suppressed radical labor activities in the mines around the turn of the century, in the logging camps during World War I, and in Seattle in 1919, the impulse to unionize remained strong in Washington. The state's labor force is still one of the most organized in the United States although (in line with national trends) the unions' share of the non-farm work force declined from 45% in 1970 to 34% in 1980.", "The state has two distinct zones -- three if you count the Olympic Peninsula. The peninsula is a relatively pristine and sparsely inhabited spit that stretches between the Pacific Ocean and Hood Canal at the bottom of Puget Sound. Boasting a wild coastline and the Olympic Mountain Range, much of the land mass is part of Olympic National Park. With some national forest as well, it is much like visiting a unique world. Weather, terrain, wildlife, and \"life itself\" on the peninsula is extremely varied. It is a favorite vacation destination.", "Adjusted for inflation, wages in Bellingham and Whatcom County have been declining for more than 30 years as service-oriented jobs gain prominence in the local economy, and goods production (mining, construction and manufacturing) decline as a share of total employment. Service-oriented jobs now constitute at least 77% of all non-agricultural employment in Whatcom County. ", "The World War II era saw high demand for Washington�s agricultural products. Manufacturers fared well � ships, trucks, railroad cars, and aircraft in particular. In 1943, the Atomic Energy Commission began construction on the Hanford Reservation near Richland, a facility that concentrated on the conversion of uranium into plutonium. Among those not enjoying wartime prosperity were more than 15,000 Japanese-Americans who were forced by security concerns to relocate east of the Cascades." ]

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[ "Why: Ever since the Aztecs called this fruit \"ahuacuatl,\" or \"testicle tree,\" it’s been associated with sex. Catholic priests in Spain found it so obscene they forbade it. And you will never look at it again in the same way.", "A: The avocado. It’s a sexy plant to me. But when we look at it on the shelf, we don’t see it the way the Aztecs saw it — the way it hung in pairs on the tree — they called it the Testicle Tree. It was so powerful a suggestion that they used to lock up their virgin daughters during harvest time.", "We still enjoy this dish today, although its name and ingredients have changed slightly down through the centuries. What the Aztecs called ahuacamolli, we now know as guacamole. According to cookbook author Mar�a Dolores Torres Yz�bal, the word comes from N�hautl, the language of the ancient Aztecs. It is a composite of two words, ahuacatl (meaning testicle) and molli (indicating something which is mashed or pureed into a sauce). ", "This word entered English in the mid 17th century, from Nahuatl ahuactl, by way of Spanish aguacate. Because of their shape and bumpy green skin, some people call avocados “alligator pears,” but for the Aztecs, the bulging fruit brought something else to mind. According to Merriam-Webster.com , ahuacatl is short for āhuacacuahuitl, which means \"testicle tree\" (āhuacatl, \"testicle\" + cuahuitl, \"tree\").", "The word \"avocado\" comes from the Nahuatl word āhuacatl (\" testicle \", a reference to the shape of the fruit). [4] Historically avocados had a long-standing stigma as a sexual stimulant and were not purchased or consumed by any person wishing to preserve a chaste image. Avocados were known by the Aztecs as \"the fertility fruit\". [3] In some countries of South America such as Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Peru , and Uruguay , the avocado is known by its Quechua name, palta. In other Spanish-speaking countries it is called aguacate, and in Portuguese it is abacate. The fruit is sometimes called an \"avocado pear and alligator pear (pear due to its shape, and alligator due to the rough green skin of some cultivars ). The Nahuatl āhuacatl can be compounded with other words, as in āhuacamolli, meaning \"avocado soup or sauce\", from which the Mexican Spanish word guacamole derives.", "Believe it or not, the word ‘avocado’ actually comes from the Nahuatl word ‘ahuacatl’, which means ‘testicle’ in English. This was a reference to the shape of the fruit. In fact, the Aztecs refered to the avocado as the fertility fruit.", "Before the Spanish conquest, the Aztecs used fig bark to make a kind of paper. In fact, the common Spanish name for many species of Ficus is \"amate,\" from the Nahuatl word \"amatl\" meaning paper. Both Aztecs and Mayans used bark from native fig trees to make paper for the original Mexican codices. Bark was stripped from the fig tree, soaked in water, washed, boiled and split into thin strips. The strips were then placed on a plank and pounded with a stone until a sheet of paper was formed, a process not unlike the production of papyrus paper by the ancient Egyptians.", "Both beaver testicles and castoreum, a bitter-tasting secretion with a slightly fetid odour contained in dried preputial or vaginal follicles of male or female beaver, have been articles of trade for use in traditional medicine. Yupik ( Eskimo ) medicine used dried beaver testicles like willow bark to relieve pain. Beaver testicles were exported from Levant (a region centered on Israel ) from the tenth to nineteenth century. Claudius Aelianus comically described beavers chewing off their testicles to preserve themselves from hunters. European beavers ( Castor fibre) were eventually hunted nearly to extinction in part for the production of castoreum, which as used as an analgesic , anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic. Castoreum was described in the 1911 British Pharmaceutical Codex for use in dysmenorrhea and hysterical conditions (i.e. pertaining to the womb), for raising blood pressure and increasing cardiac output. The activity of castoreum has been credited to the accumulation of salicin from willow trees in the beaver's diet, which is transformed to salicylic acid and has an action very similar to aspirin . Castoreum continues to be used in perfume production.", "Because of the sexual connotation, testicles are almost always referred to by a different name except in the Arab world where they are simply called balls of sheep. The Italians call them gioielli (jewels) or animelle, while the French alternate between les joyeuses (the happy ones, in the feminine, and I guess one can understand why), animelles or amourettes (darling ones or little loves, confirming the opinion that the French know how to live). Amourettes is also the name given to spinal marrow. The Americans, puritanical as ever, refer to them as prairie or mountain oysters, also as Montana tendergroins, cowboy caviar, swinging beef, and calf fries (the latter two showing a less puritanical streak). Calf's testicles are reputed to be a favourite of former US president George W Bush, and were apparently a staple on the menu when he was governor in Texas. ", "When the Spaniards conquered Mexico, they were appalled to find the natives worshipping their deities with the help of inebriating plants. Although the Spanish conquerers hated and attacked the religious use of all hallucinogens, including \"peyotyl\" (peyote), \"ololiuqui\" (morning glory), and \"toloache\" (Datura), they especially resented the psilocybin mushrooms \"teonanacatl.\" In order for the Aztecs to carry on their cultural traditions without persecution, the use of some of these hallucinogens went \"underground.\" According to R.E. Schultes (1976), the Aztecs may have tried to protect their real sacred plant (peyote) by convincing the Spaniards that all their teonanacatl were dried mushrooms, when actually many of the \"mushrooms\" were really the dried, shriveled crowns of a sacred peyote cactus. The Spaniards first misidentified peyote as a mushroom in the sixteenth century when they stated that the Aztec substance \"teonanacatl\" and peyote were the same. It is easy to see how the Spanish authorities could have mistaken the dried crowns or tops (buttons) of peyote cactus for the caps of teonanacatl mushrooms. The Aztecs may have fooled their conquerers into thinking that these religious plants were mushrooms, while the identity of one of their most spiritual and sacred plants (peyote) was a cactus. Even in the 1900s, botanists and anthropologists concluded that teonanacatl and peyote were the same drug. This mistake was perpetuated until 1936 when hallucinogenic mushrooms were rediscovered and definitely linked to early Mexican ceremonies.", "Both beaver testicles and castoreum, a bitter-tasting secretion with a slightly fetid odor contained in the castor sacs of male or female beaver, have been articles of trade for use in traditional medicine. Yupik medicine used dried beaver testicles like willow bark to relieve pain. Dried beaver testicles were also used as contraception. Beaver testicles were used as medicine in Iraq and Iran during the tenth to nineteenth century. Claudius Aelianus comically described beavers chewing off their testicles to preserve themselves from hunters, which is not possible because the beaver's testicles are inside its body. European beavers (Castor fiber) were eventually hunted nearly to extinction in part for the production of castoreum, which was used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic. Castoreum was described in the 1911 British Pharmaceutical Codex for use in dysmenorrhea and hysterical conditions (i.e. pertaining to the womb), for raising blood pressure and increasing cardiac output. The activity of castoreum has been credited to the accumulation of salicin from willow trees in the beaver's diet, which is transformed to salicylic acid and has an action very similar to aspirin. Castoreum continues to be used in perfume production.", "The tomato comes form the plant family of the solanaceae. Its cousin the eggplant was, in those times, the preferred fruit in the Arabic World. Today, with the exception of Italian (because the tomato is called pomodoro), the word \"tomato\" is similar in all other languages, because it derived from the original Aztec word for it, or at least from a version of it. In truth, the Aztec used the term tomatl to indicate any plump fruit, and would define the \"-tomatl\" by adding prefixes to it. Known is the xitomatl, the prefix used to differentiate it from other similarly shaped fruits. European conquerors were lazy with learning Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, and some didn't realize the importance of prefixes in their lexicon. So it happened then, that when the Aztecs' xitomatl came to Europe through the Spaniards, it was simply called \"tomate,\" the Spanish-like version of tomatl. ", "One of two trees in the Garden of Eden, the Tree of Knowledge in Hebrew is Daath, which is related to the sexual organs and the study of sexuality, known also as Alchemy / Tantra.", "The Nopal's Fruit, Tuna, represents the heart of Copil, Huitzilopochtli's nephew. The god ordered to \"build the city in the place of Copil's heart\" (Ramirez Codex) and the Cactus grew on his territory and it is also a reminder of the Human sacrifice customs of the Aztecs.", "The word \"pineapple\", first recorded in 1398, was originally used to describe the reproductive organs of conifer trees (now termed pine cones). When European explorers discovered this tropical fruit, they called them \"pineapples\" (term first recorded in that sense in 1664) because they resembled pine cones. The term \"pine cone\" was first recorded in 1695 to replace the original meaning of \"pineapple\". [1]", "The most amazing fact is that this \"too, too solid flesh\" of the tree body was all made of dirty water and carbonic-acid gas. Well may we feel a kind of awe and reverence for the leaves and the cambium—the builders of this wooden structure we call a tree. The bark, or outer garment, covers the tree completely, from tip of farthest root to tip of highest twig. Under the bark is the slimy, colorless living layer, the cambium, which we may define as [Pg 10] the separation between wood and bark. It seems to have no perceptible diameter, though it impregnates with its substance the wood and bark next to it. This cambium is a continuous undergarment, lining the bark everywhere, covering the wood of every root and every twig as well as of the trunk and all its larger divisions.", "Similarly, in Mayan cosmology the World-Tree is a unifying symbol that represents the origin of all existence. It is usually stylised as a maize plant, since maize is the all important staff of life in Maya culture. Other sources however suggest that originally the World-Tree, known as Yax-cheel-cab was identified with the great Kapok tree (Ceiba pentandra), a magnificent species which, when mature, truly seems to reach the heavens. Great buttress-roots at the base of the stem easily suggest the entrance of the Mayan underworld known as Xibalba. Prominent examples of these incredible sacred trees can still be found at practically all ancient Maya sites.", "Going further back in history to the 16th century BC, we encounter the first figures of a serpent coiled around a tree. In the cult of the ancient Greek Minoan “Great Goddess” Ditkynna, her sacred tree was the mythical Tree of Life, grown in the middle of The Garden of Hesperides, with its fruits providing eternal youth to any who could reach them. The tree was guarded by a snake coiled tightly around its trunk [ 12 ]. The snake and the tree both served as symbols of rejuvenation and eternity. Ancient Greeks used to plant a tree over each grave for this reason [ 16 ], a practice which survives in some regions of Greece to this day.", "The book Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao , edited by Cameron L. McNeil, is an interdisciplinary attempt by scholars from different fields, linguists, botanists and archaeologists, to track the history of cacao in Mesoamerica, from pre-Columbian times until today. The Swedish natural scientist Carolus Linnaeus called the cacao tree Theobroma (“food of the gods”) cacao. The word ‘cacao’ generally refers to the species T. cacao, although among the Maya of Mesoamerica it is sometimes also applied to the closely related Theobroma bicolor.", "The principal food of the Aztec was a thin cornmeal pancake called a tlaxcalli. (In Spanish, it is called a tortilla.) They used the tlaxcallis to scoop up foods while they ate or they wrapped the foods in the tlaxcalli to form tacos. They hunted for most of the meat in their diet and the chief game animals were deer, rabbits, ducks and geese. The only animals they raised for meat were turkeys and dogs.", "the retention of one or both testicles in the abdominal cavity in animals that typically have testicles hanging in the scrotal sac", "A tree attaining a height of 6 meters, of upright growth, and rather long, stout, sharp spines; leaves 14 to 18 centimeters long, 6 to 8 centimeters wide, elliptical to ovate, crenate to serrate; base rounded; apex acute; petioles 18 to 40 millimeters long, broadly winged, wings frequently exceeding 35 millimeters in width; flowers 4 to 7, in compact cymes, sessile, 18 to 22 millimeters in diameter; calyx cupped; petals 4 to 5, oblong; stamens 26 to 30; filaments nearly always free; ovary small, 13 to 16 loculed; style distinct; stigma club shaped, small; fruit 85 to sometimes exceeding 100 millimeters in length, attaining a weight of 500 to 800 grams, subglobose to roundish oblong, more or less compressed towards base, which is nippled and with stem inserted in a shallow cavity; apex flattened with a circular depression around the raised stigmatic area; surface greenish lemon yellow, rather rough, with transverse corrugations; oil cells small, sunken; skin comparatively thin; pulp grayish, rather dry, sharply acid, lemon flavored; juice cells rather slender, long, and pointed; seed medium large, short and plump, smooth, sometimes beaked.", "the retention of one or both testicles in the abdominal cavity in animals that typically have the testicles hanging in a scrotal sac", "The Ancient Greeks believe the cypress tree was the first tree they saw before entering the Underworld after death. They believed the cypress tree grew by the by Lethe’s river. Drinking water from this river made them forget everything in their past life.", "Early pioneers thought that this tree caused a fever since people travelling or living in the areas where it grew contracted a bad fever. They therefore associated the fever with the tree. This however was erroneous as the swampy places where fever trees grow are also ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes, which carry malaria. Thus through these early settlers the myth was born and the plant acquired its name as the fever tree.", "The word \"pineapple\" in English was first recorded to describe the reproductive organs of conifer trees (now termed pine cones). When European explorers discovered this tropical fruit in the Americas, they called them \"pineapples\" (first referenced in 1664 for resemblance to the pine cone). ", "Ohio is well-known for its official state tree, the buckeye tree. The buckeye tree bears nuts that early settlers and Native Americans thought looked just like the eye of a male deer. The term “buckeyes” became popular during the presidency of William Henry Harrison in 1840.", "To 30m. Bark grey-brown, somewhat fissured, smooth when young; twigs pubescent becoming red-glandular-pubescent, lenticulate; terminal bud slender, pointed. Leaves 34 x 18-60 x 30cm; leaflets 12-19, about 11 x 5cm, opposite, nearly sessile, ovate to ovate-oblong, rugose, coarsely serrate, midrib and main veins red-glandular-pubescent above, scattered pubescent beneath. Female flowers with elongated sepals, ovary densely tomentose. Fruit subglobose, about 4 x 3.5cm; nut subglobose, black. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Z10.", "When Columbus landed in Guadeloupe in 1493, he found pineapples, which probably had originally come from Brazil. As Father de Acosta observed as early as 1589, the Spanish thought this new fruit resembled a pine cone; hence, the Spanish name of pinya, and the English name of \"pineapple\" (the fruit was often just called a \"pine\" when it was first introduced into Britain). The word nanais a portion of the Brazilian Guarani word that means \"perfumed\" and was retained in both French and German.", "In 1790, workers doing repairs in Mexico City unearthed a massive stone bearing ancient symbols. It turned out to be a vast representation of the Aztec calendar and is now a national treasure.", "* Mutinus caninus, a woodland fungus, draws its first name from Priapus's Roman name, due to its phallic shape.", "Genus name comes from the Latin names jovis meaning of Jupiter and glans meaning an acorn." ]

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[ "1998 – U.S. President  Bill Clinton  denied having had “ sexual relations ” with former  White House  intern  Monica Lewinsky  on the 26th January 1998, known as the  Lewinsky scandal .", "The Lewinsky scandal was an American political sex scandal that came to light in 1998, referring to a sexual relationship between 1995 and 1996 with then 49-year-old President Bill Clinton and a 22-year-old White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. During a televised speech, Clinton ended with the statement that he did not have sexual relations with Lewinsky. Further investigation led to charges of perjury and led to the impeachment of President Clinton in 1998 by the U.S. House of Representatives and his subsequent acquittal on all impeachment charges of perjury and obstruction of justice in a 21-day Senate trial. President Clinton was held in civil contempt of court by Judge Susan Webber Wright for giving misleading testimony in the Paula Jones case regarding Lewinsky, and was also fined $90,000 by Wright. His license to practice law was suspended in Arkansas for five years and later by the United States Supreme Court. ", "*1998 – Lewinsky scandal: On American television, U.S. President Bill Clinton denies having had \"sexual relations\" with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky.", "Paula Corbin Jones, a former Arkansas state worker who claimed that Bill Clinton had accosted her sexually in 1991 when he was governor of Arkansas, had brought a sexual harassment lawsuit against the president. Seeking to show a pattern of behavior on Clinton's part, Jones's lawyers questioned several women believed to have had a liaison with him. On Jan. 17, 1998, Clinton himself was questioned, becoming the first sitting president to testify as a civil defendant.", "May 6, 1994 -- Paula Jones files a civil lawsuit, later dismissed by a U.S. District Court judge, alleging Clinton made sexual advances toward her in 1991, while he was governor of Arkansas.", "The Lewinsky scandal, 1995-98: Traced its origin to an ‘ambiguously defined’ sexual relationship between US President Bill Clinton and his 22-year-old White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. The investigation led to the impeachment of President Clinton in 1998 by the US House of Representatives and a subsequent acquittal on all impeachment charges in a 21-day Senate trial.", "But one part of Starr’s investigation paid off. Agents conducted lengthy inquiries into reports of marital infidelities by Clinton. A former employee of the Arkansas Industrial Development Department , Paula Corbin Jones ,  filed a lawsuit in 1994 alleging that Clinton had made unwanted sexual advances toward her in a Little Rock hotel room in 1991, and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that trying the suit would not distract Clinton from his duties as president. In 1998, Linda Tripp, a confidante of Monica Lewinsky, an intern at the White House, gave Starr recordings in which Lewinsky talked about having oral sex with the president. Although the Lewinsky affair was unrelated to any of the Whitewater issues, Starr justified this investigation by saying it was part of a pattern of obstructing justice at the Clinton White House. On September 9, 1998, Starr gave the House of Representatives a lengthy report on Clinton’s indiscretions with Lewinsky, including his efforts to cover them up during testimony before Starr’s grand jury and during a deposition that he gave in the civil case of Paula Jones.", "Jan. 21, 1998: Several news organizations report the alleged sexual relationship between Lewinsky and Clinton. Clinton denies the allegations as the scandal erupts.", "Feb. 19, 1998: Ken Starr's chronology shows presidential friend Vernon Jordan began seeking a private-sector job for Monica Lewinsky within 72 hours of her being listed as a potential witness in the Paula Jones civil rights lawsuit against President Bill Clinton.", "*1998 – Lewinsky scandal: The United States House of Representatives Judiciary Committee begins impeachment hearings against U.S. President Bill Clinton.", "In 1995, Monica Lewinsky, a graduate of Lewis & Clark College, was hired to work as an intern at the White House during Clinton's first term, and began a personal relationship with him later that year. As Lewinsky's relationship with Clinton became more distant and she left the White House to work at The Pentagon, Lewinsky confided details of her feelings and Clinton's behavior to her friend and Defense department co-worker Linda Tripp, who secretly recorded their telephone conversations. When Tripp discovered in January 1998 that Lewinsky had signed an affidavit in the Paula Jones case denying a relationship with Clinton, she delivered the tapes to Kenneth Starr, the Independent Counsel who was investigating Clinton on other matters, including the Whitewater scandal, Filegate, and Travelgate. During the grand jury testimony Clinton was guarded, and argued, \"It depends on what the meaning of the word is is\".", "Clinton's reputation also suffered from scandal in his personal life. His second term in the White House was dominated by the Monica Lewinsky scandal; the president at first denied, and then later admitted, that he had sexual relations with the White House intern. A panel-appointed prosecutor, Kenneth Starr, initially charged with investigating Clinton's Whitewater investments as Arkansas governor, had expanded his investigation to expose the affair. In 1998 he produced an explicit report with salacious details, known as the Starr Report, which outlined a case for impeachment.", "1999 – Monica Lewinsky’s book about her affair with U.S. President Clinton went on sale in the U.S.", "1999 - Monica Lewinsky's book about her affair with U.S. President Clinton went on sale in the U.S.", "In addition to the 1990s-era events, the papers touch on Elena Kagan, now a Supreme Court justice, who as a White House counsel defended Bill Clinton in the lawsuit brought by ex-Arkansas state employee Paula Jones. In one May 1996 memo, Kagan said she and others were concerned it looked \"unseemly\" for the president to be represented by so many lawyers on the case -- and so some of their names were removed from a cover page on a document. ", "1997 - U.S. President Clinton made his first formal response to the charges of sexual harassment from Paula Jones. He denied all the charges and asked that the judge dismiss the case.", "In Jan., 1999, the trial began in the Senate. On Jan. 12, Clinton settled the Paula Jones suit, disposing of any threat her case might hold for him. On Feb. 12, after a trial in which testimony relating to the charges was limited, the Senate rejected both counts of impeachment. The perjury charge lost, 55–45, with 10 Republicans joining all 45 Democrats in voting against it; the obstruction charge drew a 50–50 vote. Subsequently, on Apr. 12, Judge Wright, who had dismissed the Jones case, found the president in contempt for lying in his Jan., 1998, testimony, when he denied the Lewinsky affair. In July, Judge Wright ordered the president to pay nearly $90,000 to Ms. Jones's lawyers. During that same month a Maryland grand jury indicted Linda Tripp for illegally taping phone calls (Tripp had been granted immunity from federal prosecution but not from state charges), but the charges were later dropped when crucial evidence was ruled inadmissable. On Jan. 19, 2001, the day before he left office, President Clinton agreed to admit to giving false testimony in the Jones case and to accept a five-year suspension of his law license and a $25,000 fine in return for an agreement by the independent counsel, Robert W. Ray (Starr's successor), to end the investigation and not prosecute him.", "June 14th, 1987: Senator Bill Clinton’s career is buried in scandal after his affair with model Sarah Heath is made public. The scrutiny of the public eye and the fallout from his subsequent divorce from his wife Hillary dash his political career.", "“Bimbo eruption” entered the lexicon in 1992, coined by then-candidate Bill Clinton’s aide Betsey Wright, who’d long seen Bill’s other women come and go. Yet during his first presidential campaign, Bill and Hillary shrewdly navigated the reports of his longtime infidelity, just as they would during the Monica Lewinsky scandal and resulting impeachment.", "Amid the festering scandal, the President received a bit of good news. On April 1, 1998, in Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S. District Judge Susan Webber Wright dismissed the Paula Jones sexual harassment lawsuit without a trial, stating that although Clinton's alleged behavior in the hotel room may have been \"boorish and offensive,\" it did not meet the standard of sexual harassment under federal law.", "Jan. 26, 1998: Clinton forcefully repeats his denial, saying, \"I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky.\" Ginsburg offers Starr a summary of what Lewinsky is prepared to say to the grand jury in exchange for a grant of immunity from the prosecution.", "Clinton's testimony for the Jones lawsuit, in which he denied a sexual relationship with Lewinsky, led to his impeachment in 1998. The House approved two articles of impeachment against Clinton, but he was acquitted by the Senate. ", "Thongs slowly began to rise in popularity in the '80s and '90s. But the most explosive thong moment of that era? Well, remember when the 42nd President of the United States had a little affair with a certain White House intern named Monica Lewinsky? Well, apparently she flashed her thong at him and the rest is sexy scandal history.", "1974 - During an anti-American protest in Nicosia, Cyprus, U.S. Ambassador Rodger P. Davies was fatally wounded by a bullet while in the American embassy. 1981 - Two Libyan SU-22s were shot down by two U.S. Navy F-14 fighters in the Gulf of Sidra. 1991 - Soviet hard-liners announced that President Mikhail Gorbachev had been removed from power. Gorbachev returned to power two days later. 1998 - The first piece of the 351 foot bronze statue of Christopher Columbus arrived in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 1999 - Lorne Michaels received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. 1999 - In Belgrade, thousands of Serbs attended a rally to demand the resignation of Yugoslavias President Slobodan Milosevic. 2004 - Google Inc. stock began selling on the Nasdaq Stock Market. The initial price was set at $85 and ended the day at $100.34 with more than 22 million shares traded.", "1990 - Military action was authorized by the United Nations to enforce the trade embargo that had been placed on Iraq after their invasion of Kuwait. 1991 - Byelorussia declared independence from the Soviet Union. 1992 - It was reported by researchers that cigarette smoking significantly increased the risk of developing cataracts. 1993 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 3,652.09, an all-time high. 1995 - Harry Wu, human rights activist, returned to the United States. He said the spying case against him in China was \"all lies.\" 1997 - The tobacco industry agreed to an $11.3 billion settlement with the state of Florida. 1998 - A survey released said that 1/3 of Americans use the Internet.", "Whitewater (also known as the Whitewater controversy or the Whitewater scandal) is an American legal and political episode of the 1990s that began with an investigation into the real estate investments of Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton and their associates, Jim McDougal and Susan McDougal, in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture in the 1970s and 1980s.", "We do know this: Between 1987 and 1991, Hillary Clinton served as the inaugural chair of the American Bar Association's Commission on Women in the Profession, under the name Hillary Rodham Clinton, according to the association's records. And in an overlapping period -- 1986 to early 1992 -- Hillary Rodham Clinton joined the board of Wal-Mart, becoming  the first woman to ever do so. Wal-Mart officials told The Fix that a look at the company's 1987 and 1991 annual reports showed Clinton identified as Hillary Rodham Clinton.", "Here is just a partial list of \"Her Evilness'\" crimes that came to light during the Clinton administration years:", "The World Wide Web takes off with Netscape, Google, URLs, and html. The Human Genome Project launches the quest to map man’s every chromosome, the Hubble Space Telescope, international space station and B-2 bomber deploy. Viagra hits the market.", "presaged a historic presidential run. Few felt they could challenge Mr Ailes. It was only in the last year that weaknesses began to emerge. Mr Trump boycotted the network over his perception of mistreatment by Ms Kelly; eventually they made up. Then on July 6th Gretchen Carlson, a former presenter on the channel, filed a lawsuit alleging sexual harassment. Other women emerged, including in reporting by Gabriel Sherman, a journalist who wrote an unflattering biography of Mr Ailes. On July 19th Mr Sherman reported that Ms Kelly too had spoken of being harassed by Mr Ailes a decade ago. The theme of the allegations, which Mr Ailes denies, was that women would get ahead if they did what he asked. For years he seemed to hold such power. Mr Sherman wrote that Mr Obama greeted the media titan at the White House with the line, “I see the most powerful man in the world is here.” No longer.", "In the years since the memorable Clinton presidency, Hillary has brought America Emailgate and the Benghazi scandal, among others. New developments in the Clinton Foundation scandals emerges almost daily.", "3) Filegate – This patented Hillary scandal was first detected by the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, which had been investigating the Clintons' Travelgate caper. What was learned is that more than 900 FBI files had been ordered up by a former bar bouncer, Craig Livingstone, whom Hillary had hired to work in the White House Counsel's Office, on the first lady's orders and without proper legal justification. I later filed a class-action suit against the Clintons and other accomplices. The case went on for almost a decade and resulted in the uncovering of yet another Clinton scandal, E-mailgate – where the Clintons had covered up and suppressed more than a million potentially incriminating emails that should have been produced to me, Ken Starr and Congress over a variety of the duo's crimes. It was also during this Filegate case that it was learned that President Clinton, on the advice of his top political adviser, James Carville, had illegally released Privacy Act protected information from White House files to smear Kathleen Willey, a woman who was a material witness in the impeachment proceedings, as she was also sexually harassed by the \"philanderer in chief\" while working for him in the White House. This was the basis of Judge Lamberth's ruling that President Clinton had committed a crime." ]

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[ "A barrel of oil is equal to 159 litres, 42 US gallons or 35 imperial gallons.", "1. The yield of an oil well is measured in barrels. How many gallons are there in a barrel?", "Barrel – The basic unit for measuring oil. A barrel is equal to 42 U.S. gallons.", "Crude oil and liquid fuels are sold in the United States by the barrel (bbl) of 42 gallons, about 5.6 cuft or 158.57 litres. This is the old wine barrel, and just happened to be the size of barrel that was around when the first drilled wells in northwestern Pennsylvania began production in the 1860's.", "a commercial unit of volume used to measure petroleum. By international agreement a barrel of petroleum equals 42 U. S. gallons , which is about 158.987 liters. The symbol bo (barrel of oil) is used for this unit in the petroleum industry. The petroleum barrel originated in the Pennsylvania oilfields (the first commercial oilfields) in the late nineteenth century. Apparently, 40-gallon barrels were increased to 42 gallons to provide insurance aganst any spillage or underfilling. By coincidence (it seems), this unit is the same size as the traditional tierce , a wine barrel.", "* about 0.00010307 barrels of crude oil (1.0 barrel equals 42 gallons, by definition, or 9,702 cu in)", "Barrel – A unit of measurement used by brewers in some countries. In Britain, a barrel holds 36 imperial gallons (1 imperial gallon = 4.5 liters), or 1.63 hectoliters. In the United States, a barrel holds 31.5 US gallons (1 US gallon = 3.8 liters), or 1.17 hectoliters.", "14 There are a variety of \"barrels\" established by law or usage. For example, Federal taxes on fermented liquors are based on a barrel of 31 gallons; many State laws fix the \"barrel for liquids\" as 31-1/2 gallons; one State fixes a 36-gallon barrel for cistern measurement; Federal law recognizes a 40-gallon barrel for \"proof spirits\"; by custom, 42 gallons comprise a barrel of crude oil or petroleum products for statistical purposes, and this is recognized \"for liquids\" by four States.", "When filled with oil instead of fish or other commodities, a 42-gallon “tierce” weighed 300 pounds. The 42-gallon oil barrel was officially adopted in 1866. Today, a barrel’s refined products include about 20 gallons of gasoline, 12 gallons of diesel and 4 gallons of jet fuel and other products like liquefied petroleum gases and asphalt.", "bbl , barrel - any of various units of capacity; \"a barrel of beer is 31 gallons and a barrel of oil is 42 gallons\"", "The standard barrel of crude oil or other petroleum product (abbreviated bbl) is 42 USgal. This measurement originated in the early Pennsylvania oil fields, and permitted both British and American merchants to refer to the same unit, based on the old English wine measure, the tierce.", "The wooden oil barrel of the late 1800s is different from the modern day 55-gallon steel drum (known as the 44-gallon drum in Britain and the 200-litre drum in Australia). The 42-US-gallon oil barrel is a unit of measure, and is no longer used to transport crude oil – most petroleum is moved in pipelines or oil tankers .", "There are varying standards for barrel for some specific commodities, including 31 gal for beer, 40 gal for whiskey or kerosene, and 42 gal for petroleum. The general standard for liquids is 31.5 gal or half a hogshead. The common 55 gallon size of drum for storing and transporting various products and wastes is sometimes confused with a barrel, though it is not a standard measure.", " Gasoline blends differ, and therefore actual energy content varies according to the season and producer by up to 4% more or less than the average, according to the US EPA. On average, about 74 L of gasoline (19.5 US gal, 16.3 imp gal) are available from a barrel of crude oil (about 46% by volume), varying due to quality of crude and grade of gasoline. The remainder are products ranging from tar to naphtha. ", "barge: an informal unit of volume used in the U.S. energy industry. The barges used on American rivers customarily carry about 25 000 barrels of oil (see barrel   below). This is equivalent to 1.05 million gallons, roughly 1400 register tons, or about 3975 cubic meters.", "A unit of liquid volume of petroleum oils equal to 42 U.S. gallons or approximately 35 Imperial gallons.", "oil fields . In the early 1860s, when oil production began, there was no standard container for oil, so oil and petroleum products were stored and transported in barrels of different shapes and sizes for beer, fish, molasses, turpentine, etc. Both the 42-US gallon barrels (based on the old English wine measure), the tierce (159 litres) and the 40-U.S.-gallon (151.4-litre) whiskey barrels were used. 45-gallon barrels were also in common use. The 40-gallon whiskey barrel was the most common size used by early oil producers, since they were readily available at the time.", "On this day in 2012, an explosion and fire aboard the Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico, approximately 50 miles off the Louisiana coast, kills 11 people and triggers the largest offshore oil spill in American history. The rig had been in the final phases of drilling an exploratory well for BP, the British oil giant. By the time the well was capped three months later, an estimated 4.9 million barrels (or around 206 million gallons) of crude oil had poured into the Gulf.", "In the 1860s, Pennsylvania oil fields became a major supplier of oil, and a center of innovation after Edwin Drake had struck oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania. Break-bulk boats and barges were originally used to transport Pennsylvania oil in 40 usgal wooden barrels. But transport by barrel had several problems. The first problem was weight: the standard empty barrel weighed , representing 20% of the total weight of a full barrel. Other problems with barrels were their expense, their tendency to leak, and the fact that they were generally used only once. The expense was significant: for example, in the early years of the Russian oil industry, barrels accounted for half the cost of petroleum production.", "Amoco Cadiz contained 1,604,500 barrels (219,797 tons) of light crude oil from Ras Tanura, Saudi Arabia and Kharg Island, Iran. Severe weather resulted in the complete breakup of the ship before any oil could be pumped out of the wreck, resulting in her entire cargo of crude oil (belonging to Shell) and 4,000 tons of fuel oil being spilled into the sea.", "In the Gulf of Mexico on 20th April 2010 a BP contracted oil-rig suffered an explosion before sinking to the sea bed leaving an oil pipe spilling 42,000 gallons of oil every day straight into the ocean. This translates as 158,970 litres.", "- 1914, U.S. Bureau of Mines: “Total future production limit of 5.7 billion barrels of oil, at most a 10-year supply remaining.”", "The petroleum industry has completed 86 (32.3%) of the wells drilled as commercial or possibly commercial. The first commercial well was drilled by Atlantic Oil and Refining at Big Point Field near the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain in September of 1946. Since that first completion the wells in the waters of the Lake Pontchartrain Basin have produced 10,017,352 barrels liquid hydrocarbons and 116,204,782 MCF natural gas.", "Oil extraction is soaring at shale formations in Texas and North Dakota as companies split rocks using high-pressure liquid, a process known as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking. The surge in supply combined with restrictions on exporting crude is curbing the price of West Texas Intermediate, America’s oil benchmark. The U.S., the world’s largest oil consumer, still imported an average of 7.5 million barrels a day of crude in April, according to the Department of Energy’s statistical arm.", "By 1952, Standard Oil of Indiana was ranked as the largest domestic oil company. It had 12 refineries in the United States, marketed its products in 41 states, owned of crude oil pipelines, of trunk lines, and of product pipelines.", "1962- Oil is exported and traded out of the state of Abu Dhabi, marking the first of many sales of oil into the world market and the oil industry.", "Barrels from an area in which the crude oil's molecular characteristics have been determined and the oil has been classified are used as pricing references throughout the world. Some of the common reference crudes are:", "The 1859 discovery of commercial quantities of petroleum in the Appalachian mountains of western Pennsylvania started the modern United States petroleum industry . [20] Recent discoveries of commercial natural gas deposits in the Marcellus Shale formation and Utica Shale formations have once again focused oil industry attention on the Appalachian Basin.", "The discovery in 1859 of commercial quantities of petroleum in the Appalachian mountains of western Pennsylvania started the modern United States petroleum industry. Recent discoveries of commercial natural gas deposits in the Marcellus Shale formation have once again focused oil industry attention on the Appalachian Basin.", "The 1859 discovery of commercial quantities of petroleum in the Appalachian mountains of western Pennsylvania started the modern United States petroleum industry. Recent discoveries of commercial natural gas deposits in the Marcellus Shale formation and Utica Shale formations have once again focused oil industry attention on the Appalachian Basin.", "The discovery in 1859 of commercial quantities of petroleum in the Appalachian mountains of western Pennsylvania started the modern United States petroleum industry . Recent discoveries of commercial natural gas deposits in the Marcellus Shale formation have once again focused oil industry attention on the Appalachian Basin.", "The 1859 discovery of commercial quantities of petroleum in the Appalachian mountains of western Pennsylvania started the modern US petroleum industry . Recent discoveries of commercial natural gas deposits in the Marcellus Shale formation have once again focused oil industry attention on the Appalachian Basin." ]

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[ "Charles Darwin—scientist/explorer credited with presenting the first published work dedicated to \"natural selection\" (fundamental to evolution theory) in his book \"Origin of Species\" (1859)—a compilation of his observations and thoughts about plants, animals, and fossils initially gathered during a five-year voyage around the world studying nature onboard the Royal Navy ship, the HMS Beagle (Figure 15-7). Note: Darwin did not release his research for nearly two decades after the expedition largely out of fear of repression, but his work arguably became one of the world's greatest scientific works of modern times.", "In the 200th anniversary year of Charles Darwin's birth and 150 years after the publication of his famous evolutionary theory On the Origin of Species join Charles Darwin aboard HMS Beagle on the voyage of a lifetime. Explore the world of Darwin and his colleagues and see how their work continues on new scientific frontiers. Charles Darwin-Voyages and ideas that shook the world incorporates material from diverse collections including the British Museum, the National Maritime Museum Greenwich, the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, the National Library of Australia and the State Library of New South Wales. View watercolours that vividly record the places and people encountered by voyage artists. Examine specimens and artefacts collected during a series of ground-breaking surveying voyages. See how Darwin lived aboard the Beagle, Learn how Darwin's captain Robert FitzRoy is linked to modern weather forecasting and listen to his first impressions of a tropical rainforest. Admire the craft of model making in our specially commissioned ship model of HMS Beagle or get close and personal with insect-eating plants in Darwin's glasshouse!", "Darwin begins a five-year voyage on the HMS Beagle. He considers differences among mockingbirds in the Galapagos Islands, his first examination of the evolution of species. His trip around the world lasts five years.", "From 1831-1836, Darwin was able to journey on the HMS Beagle, a ship whose mission was to travel around the world in search of new scientific discoveries.  Darwin served as the naturalist on board the ship, collecting thousands of specimens from various countries around the world, mostly being from South America.  Darwin later called this trip across the oceans, “by far the most important voyage of my life.”", "In 1827, he dropped out of medical school and entered the University of Cambridge in preparation for becoming a clergyman of the Church of England.� There he met two stellar figures: Adam Sedgwick, a geologist, and John Stevens Henslow, a naturalist. Henslow not only helped build Darwin�s self-confidence but also taught his student to be a meticulous and painstaking observer of natural phenomena and collector of specimens. After graduating from Cambridge in 1831, the 22-year-old Darwin was taken aboard the English survey ship �HMS Beagle,� largely on Henslow�s recommendation, as an unpaid naturalist on a scientific expedition around the world.", "1831 English naturalist Charles Darwin sailed from Plymouth on board his ship, HMS Beagle. His scientific voyage of discovery lasted five years and led to the publication (in 1859) of his highly controversial book The Origin of Species which fuelled the 'creation versus evolution' debate. In recognition of Darwin's outstanding work, he was buried in Westminster Abbey, next to his friend and eminent scientist John Herschel and close to Isaac Newton.", "In August 1831, at Henslow's recommendation to the Admiralty, Darwin was invited to sail as the unpaid naturalist on HMS Beagle. The ship was to survey the east and west coasts of South America and continue to the Pacific islands to establish a chain of chronometric stations. Henslow suggested Darwin as both an acute observer and a companion for the aristocratic young captain, Robert FitzRoy. (The Beagle already had a naturalist-surgeon, but one whom FitzRoy found socially unsuitable.) Robert Darwin first refused permission on grounds that it was dangerous and would not advance Charles in his career. But upon the intercession of his brother-in-law, Josiah Wedgwood II, he changed his mind.", "The five years of the voyage were the most important event in Darwin’s intellectual life and in the history of biological science. Darwin sailed with no formal scientific training. He returned a hard-headed man of science, knowing the importance of evidence, almost convinced that species had not always been as they were since the creation but had undergone change. He also developed doubts of the value of the Scriptures as a trustworthy guide to the history of the earth and of man, with the result that he gradually became an agnostic. The experiences of his five years in the Beagle, how he dealt with them, and what they led to, built up into a process of epoch-making importance in the history of thought.", "Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June. He studied Paley's Natural Theology which made an argument for divine design in nature, explaining adaptation as God acting through laws of nature.[26] He read John Herschel's new book which described the highest aim of natural philosophy as understanding such laws through inductive reasoning based on observation, and Alexander von Humboldt's Personal Narrative of scientific travels. Inspired with \"a burning zeal\" to contribute, Darwin planned to visit Tenerife with some classmates after graduation to study natural history in the tropics. In preparation, he joined Adam Sedgwick's geology course, then went with him in the summer for a fortnight to map strata in Wales.[27] After a week with student friends at Barmouth, he returned home to find a letter from Henslow proposing Darwin as a suitable (if unfinished) gentleman naturalist for a self-funded place with captain Robert FitzRoy, more as a companion than a mere collector, on HMS Beagle which was to leave in four weeks on an expedition to chart the coastline of South America.[28] His father objected to the planned two-year voyage, regarding it as a waste of time, but was persuaded by his brother-in-law, Josiah Wedgwood, to agree to his son's participation.[29]", "December 27, 1831 - Charles Darwin set out from Plymouth, England, aboard the ship HMS Beagle on his five-year global scientific expedition. Darwin collected fossils and studied plants and animals, gradually beginning to doubt that many diverse species of living things had sprung into existence at one moment (creationism). In 1859, he published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.", "Cherokee class 10-gun brig of the Royal Navy, named after the beagle, a breed of dog. She was launched on May 11, 1820 from the Woolwich Dockyard on the River Thames, at a cost of £7,803. In July of that year she took part in a fleet review celebrating the coronation of King George IV of the United Kingdom in which she was the first ship to sail under the new London Bridge. After that there was no immediate need for Beagle so she was kept in reserve for five years and \"lay in ordinary\", moored afloat but without masts or rigging. She was then adapted as a survey barque and took part in three expeditions. On the second survey voyage the young naturalist Charles Darwin was on board, and his work would eventually make the Beagle one of the most famous ships in history.", "On December 27, 1831, Charles Darwin went on board HMS Beagle in Devonport (Plymouth). For five years, the naturalist traveled around the world in the 90-foot- (27.4 meter-) long and 24-foot- (7.4-meter-) wide three-mast ship. On October 2, 1836, the ship reached English shores again.", "Some time during his short stay on the coast, Darwin sent his last collection of specimens to Revd. Henslow via the ship H.M.S. Conway, a warship with a crew of 175 men. From this time onward, any future specimens collected by Charles Darwin would be kept on board the Beagle for the remainder of the voyage.", "Charles Darwin sailed from Plymouth on the 27 December 1831 on a journey that was to take him many thousands of miles. He sailed in a ship called the Beagle. The Beagle was not a big ship, it was only about 28 metres long and had to be home to 74 people for the whole voyage.", "The second voyage of HMS Beagle, from 27 December 1831 to 2 October 1836, was the second survey expedition of HMS Beagle, under captain Robert FitzRoy who had taken over command of the ship on its first voyage after the previous captain committed suicide. FitzRoy had already thought of the advantages of having an expert in geology on board, and sought a gentleman naturalist as a supernumerary who could be his companion while the ship was at sea. The young graduate Charles Darwin had hoped to see the tropics before becoming a parson, and accepted the opportunity. He was greatly influenced by reading Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology during the voyage. By the end of the expedition, Darwin had already made his name as a geologist and fossil collector, and the publication of his journal which became known as The Voyage of the Beagle gave him wide renown as a writer.", "Residential requirements kept Darwin at Cambridge until June. In keeping with Henslow's example and advice, he was in no rush to take holy orders. Inspired by Alexander von Humboldt's Personal Narrative, he planned to visit the Madeira Islands to study natural history in the tropics with some classmates after graduation. To prepare himself for this project, Darwin joined the geology course of the Reverend Adam Sedgwick, a strong proponent of divine design, then in the summer went with him to assist in mapping strata in Wales. Darwin was surveying strata on his own when his plans to visit Madeira were dashed by a message that his intended companion had died, but on his return home he received another letter. Henslow had recommended Darwin for the unpaid position of gentleman's companion to Robert FitzRoy, the captain of HMS Beagle, on a two-year expedition to chart the coastline of South America which would give Darwin valuable opportunities to develop his career as a naturalist. His father objected to the voyage, regarding it as a waste of time, but was persuaded by his brother-in-law, Josiah Wedgwood, to agree to his son's participation. This voyage became a five-year expedition that would lead to dramatic changes in many fields of science.", "Residential requirements kept Darwin at Cambridge until June. In keeping with Henslow's example and advice, he was in no rush to take holy orders. Inspired by Alexander von Humboldt's Personal Narrative, he planned to visit the Madeira Islands to study natural history in the tropics with some classmates after graduation. To prepare himself for this project, Darwin joined the geology course of the Reverend Adam Sedgwick, a strong proponent of divine design, then in the summer went with him to assist in mapping strata in Wales . Darwin was surveying strata on his own when his plans to visit Madeira were dashed by a message that his intended companion had died, but on his return home he received another letter. Henslow had recommended Darwin for the unpaid position of gentleman's companion to Robert FitzRoy, the captain of HMS Beagle, on a two-year expedition to chart the coastline of South America which would give Darwin valuable opportunities to develop his career as a naturalist. His father objected to the voyage, regarding it as a waste of time, but was persuaded by his brother-in-law, Josiah Wedgwood, to agree to his son's participation. This voyage became a five-year expedition that would lead to dramatic changes in many fields of science.", "1820 - Launch of HMS Beagle the ship that took young Charles Darwin on his scientific voyage.", "1820 Launch of HMS Beagle the ship that took young Charles Darwin on his scientific voyage", "The voyage of the BeagleBeginning on 27 December 1831, the voyage lasted almost five years and, as FitzRoy had intended, Darwin spent most of that time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections, while the Beagle surveyed and charted coasts.[5][30] He kept careful notes of his observations and theoretical speculations, and at intervals during the voyage his specimens were sent to Cambridge together with letters including a copy of his journal for his family.[31] He had some expertise in geology, beetle collecting and dissecting marine invertebrates, but in all other areas was a novice and ably collected specimens for expert appraisal.[32] Despite suffering badly from seasickness, Darwin wrote copious notes while on board the ship. Most of his zoology notes are about marine invertebrates, starting with plankton collected in a calm spell.[30][33]", "Charles Darwin was very anxious to go exploring so he, Syms Covington (Darwin’s servant), Benjamin Bynoe (acting surgeon) and H. Fuller (Bynoe’s servant) stayed behind on James Island. They went with the Spaniards to a circular salt lake to collect salt. Darwin commented that all the plants and animals had rather dull coloration, and were not particularly beautiful. The Beagle set sail for Chatham to get fresh water but the currents slowed them down.", "Beagle set sail from Plymouth on 22 May 1826 on her first voyage, under the command of Captain Pringle Stokes. The mission was to accompany the larger ship HMS Adventure (380 tons) on a hydrographic survey of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, under the overall command of the Australian Captain Phillip Parker King, Commander and Surveyor.", "* May 11, 1820 – The HMS Beagle (the ship that later takes young Charles Darwin on his scientific voyage) is launched.", "1831: Charles Darwin set sail in the Beagle from Plymouth on his voyage of scientific discovery.", "The Voyage of the Beagle is the title most commonly given to reissues of the book written by Charles Darwin and published in 1839 as his Journal and Remarks, bringing him considerable fame and respect. This was the third volume of The Narrative of the Voyages of H.M. Ships Adventure and Beagle, and covers Darwin's part in the second survey expedition of the ship HMS Beagle, which set sail from Plymouth Sound on 27 December 1831 under the command of Captain Robert FitzRoy, R.N.. Due to the popularity of Darwin's account, the publisher reissued it later in 1839 as Darwin's Journal of Researches, and the revised second edition published in 1845 used this title. A republication of the book in 1905 introduced the title The Voyage of the \"Beagle\".", "Beginning on the 27th of December, 1831, the voyage lasted almost five years and, as Fitzroy had intended, Darwin spent most of that time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections, while theBeagle surveyed and charted coasts. He kept careful notes of his observations and theoretical speculations, and at intervals during the voyage his specimens were sent to Cambridge together with letters including a copy of his journal for his family. He had some expertise in geology, beetle collecting and dissecting marine invertebrates but in all other areas was a novice and ably collected specimens for expert appraisal. Despite repeatedly suffering badly from seasickness while at sea, most of his zoology notes are about marine invertebrates, starting with plankton collected in a calm spell.", "Darwin thought of having his diary published mixed in with FitzRoy's account, but his relatives including Emma and Hensleigh Wedgwood urged that it be published separately. On 30 December the question was settled by FitzRoy taking the advice of William Broderip that Darwin's journal should form the third volume of the Narrative. Darwin set to work reorganising and trimming his diary, and incorporating scientific material from his notes. He completed his Journal and Remarks (now commonly known as The Voyage of the Beagle) in August 1837, but FitzRoy was slower and the three volumes were published in August 1839. [110]", "In November, the ship returned south, and spent the next three months charting the coast of Chiloe Island and the many islands of the Chonos Archipelago. Darwin was deeply impressed with the glaciers he saw. Enormous chunks of ice would break off, with a sound \"like the broadside of a man-of-war,\" sending great waves outward in all directions. In February 1835, at Valdivia on the coast of Chile, Darwin felt an earthquake. More excitement! He had experienced far more than most natives of England twice his age, yet none of it provided any indication of evolution.", "In a letter to FitzRoy accepting the post Darwin explained that he expected the voyage to be a \"second birth.\" There is no doubt that the years he spent exploring the South American continent and the offshore islands of the Galapagos honed his skills as a collector, observer, and theorist. Often seasick, Darwin rested horizontally in a hammock during the worst motion and spent long periods of time ashore whenever the opportunity arose. He delighted in the exotica of the tropics. Adventurous, he braved his way through armed political rebellions, rode with the gauchos in Argentina, and on collecting and shooting expeditions justified his earlier devotion to sport. He joined the crew in towing the ship's boats upstream and once rescued the expedition by running to save a boat from a tidal wave. He seemed to relish danger and was sustained in the considerable discomfort by a lively curiosity. He wrote to one of his sisters, \"We have in truth the world before us. Think of the Andes; the luxuriant forest of the Guayquil [sic]; the islands of the South Sea & New South Wales. How many magnificent & characteristic views, how many & curious tribes of men we shall see.--what fine opportunities for geology & for studying the infinite host of living beings: Is this not a prospect to keep up the most flagging spirit?\"", "Darwin had brought his own books to augment the ship's extensive library. The most important scientific work was the first volume of Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology, which Henslow had urged him to read though not to believe.", "Darwin had brought his own books to augment the ship's extensive library. The most important scientific work was the first volume of Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology, which Henslow had urged him to read though not to believe.", "They arrived at the port of Valdivia on 8 February 1835, then twelve days later Darwin was on shore when he experienced a severe earthquake and returned to find the port town badly damaged. They sailed two hundred miles (320 km) north to Concepción, Chile , and arrived on 4 March to find that the same earthquake had devastated the city by repeated shocks and a tidal wave, with even the cathedral in ruins. Darwin noted the horrors of death and destruction, and FitzRoy carefully established that mussel beds were now above high tide, giving clear evidence of the ground rising some 9 ft (2.7 m) which he confirmed a month later. They had actually experienced the gradual process of the continent emerging from the ocean as Lyell had indicated. [69] [70]" ]

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[ "Thomas Lipton began travelling the world for new items to stock in this store. One such item was tea, since sales had doubled from £40 million from the late 1870s to £80 million by the mid-1880s. However, he believed the price was far too high, so in 1890 he purchased his own tea gardens in Ceylon, now Sri Lanka, and packaged and sold the first Lipton tea. [3] Staying true to this vision, he arranged packaging and shipping at low costs and sold his tea in packets by the pound (454g), half pound (227g), and quarter pound (113g), with the advertising slogan: \"Direct from the tea gardens to the teapot.\" Lipton teas were an immediate success in the United States. [1]", "In the tea business, particularly, he was innovative, selling different tea blends to different countries and using containers to help preserve freshness. It was Lipton who was the first to package tea in small, convenient tins to keep it fresh, preserve the flavour and guarantee that customers received the correct amount of tea. By the turn of the century, tea was a popular beverage on both sides of the Atlantic.", "�Early growth of the Lipton brand came early�Lipton relied on innovation and sensitivity to changing consumer preferences, and, although Lipton was the first tea sold in packets, it was not the first to be packaged in tea bags. Its founder was�the first to capitalize on the marketability of tea bags. Lipton distributed tea in small, hand-tied bags to hotels and restaurants. Later, he adapted the bags for home use. According to The Lipton Magazine, �Lipton continually worked to build a better tea bag, changing form surgical gauze to a specially developed filter paper which imparted none of its own taste to the tea inside.� In 1952, the Thomas J. Lipton Company began marketing tea in its patented Flo-Thru Tea Bags, four-sided bags designed to improve flavor by exposing more of the tea to the hot water.�", "With the Industrial Revolution and the transition from hand production methods to machines, merchants like Sir Thomas Lipton demanded high-speed packaging to facilitate world-wide distribution. The commercialization of tea in the late 1880’s would afford no time to be romantic about the leaf, and so, a timely discovery of the “tea bag” was praised by many.", "1890 Thomas Lipton, while on a journey to Australia, ended his trip in Ceylon, where he purchased four failed coffee plantations (5,500 acres) and began his own tea business, with the slogan: “Direct from the garden to the teapot.”  (Hohenegger, 2007)", "He returned to Glasgow in 1870, initially helping his parents run their small shop in the Gorbals. The following year he opened his first provision shop—Lipton's Market—at 101 Stobcross Street in the Anderston area of Glasgow. This enterprise proved to be successful and Lipton soon established a chain of groceries, first across Glasgow, the rest of Scotland, until finally he had stores throughout Britain. While Lipton was expanding his empire, tea prices were falling and demand was growing among his middle class customers. In 1880, Lipton invested in the young stockyards of Omaha, Nebraska, founding a large packing plant in South Omaha which he sold to American interests in 1887. In 1888, when his empire had grown to 300 stores, he entered the tea trade and opened his tea-tasting office. He started bypassing traditional trading and wholesale distribution channels (most UK tea-trading was focused in London's Mincing Lane) in order to sell teas at unprecedented prices to the untapped poor working class market. In order to provide his shops with goods Lipton bought tea gardens and in doing so - amongst other things[vague] - he established the Lipton tea brand, which remains in business as of 2013.", "Europeans who came to China in the early modern period quickly developed a taste for the beverage, so much so that they spread its use to regions far beyond where it had previously been enjoyed, thus globalizing a Chinese invention and in return introducing American specialties such as tomatoes, sweet potatoes, maize and tobacco to Asia. The Dutch East India Company brought tea to Europe in the seventeenth century, and the Dutch later grew tea in their colonies in Indonesia. The British promoted it in India and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in the nineteenth century, when the Scottish merchant Thomas Lipton created his famous tea brand. By the mid-1700s, tea had become popular in Russia, too. Russians became the first nation to invent a separate machine to brew it, a metal (traditionally brass) urn known as the samovar.", "* Sir Thomas Lipton (1848–1931), grocery mogul, perennial America's Cup contender and founder of Lipton's Tea.", "In 1870, Lipton sailed home to Scotland and began to conquer the tea industry. As a working man, Thomas Lipton opened a chain of 300 successful grocery stores between 1870 and 1888, during the era when chain stores were a novelty. In 1888, Lipton became convinced that he could package tea at a reasonable cost for his lower-income customers. By 1899, Charles Lipton had a fortune to spend on attempts to win the America’s Cup races. Between 1899 and 1930, Charles Lipton raced five times for the Cup trophy.", "\"Lipton's Tea, the World' finest. The ideal beverage, delicious and inigorating when served hot or iced--to add enjoyment and zest to any Bridge Party. Lipton's individual Tea Bags--in the new Gold Tin--offer a quick and easy way to serve this refreshing beverage.\"", "Sir Thomas Johnstone Lipton Bt KCVO (1848 to 1931) was a Glasgow-born Scotsman of Ulster-Scots parentage who was a self-made man, merchant, and yachtsman. He created the famous Lipton tea brand and was the most persistent challenger in the history of the America's Cup.", "The once-booming coffee plantations on the isle were now selling for a song. Lipton bought four and began converting them towards tea cultivation, installing machinery for high volume production. Now able to control supply, quality and price, the grocery baron devoted his energies to packaging. Bright tins, teabags (a relatively new invention) and the slogan \"Straight from the tea gardens to the tea pot.\"", "Sir Thomas Lipton was the owner of the English grocery chain LIPTON, and famous for his import of Lipton Tea from India. Sir Thomas made all five of his challenges as a member of Royal Ulster Yacht Club, a club which continues to this day to have a strong involvement with The Cup.", "Sir Thomas Johnstone Lipton, b. Glasgow, Scotland, May 10, 1850, d. Oct. 2, 1931, was the founder of the tea and provision company, Lipton, Ltd. Lipton made his fortune primarily on cured meats, eggs, butter, and cheeses. His small store in Glasgow grew to include a chain of shops throughout the United Kingdom; he also owned foreign tea, coffee, cocoa, and rubber plantations; fruit orchards, bakeries, and jam factories in England; and a meat-packing house in Chicago. Lipton was knighted in 1898 and made a baronet in 1902. An ardent yachtsman, he tried unsuccessfully to win the America’s Cup in the races of 1899, 1901, 1903, 1920, and 1930", "Thomas Lipton buys tea estates in Ceylon, in order to sell tea at a reasonable price at his growing chain of 300 grocery stores.", "Lipton is a brand of tea , owned by the company Unilever . Lipton was also a supermarket chain in the United Kingdom before it was sold off to Argyll Foods , to allow the company to focus solely on tea. The company is named after its founder Thomas Lipton . The Lipton ready-to-drink beverages are sold by Pepsi Lipton International, a company jointly owned by Unilever and PepsiCo .", "Lipton is a brand of tea belonging to Unilever and PepsiCo. Lipton was also a supermarket chain in the United Kingdom before it was sold off to Argyll Foods, to allow the company to focus solely on tea. The company is named after its founder Thomas Lipton.", "Apart from black leaf teas (with the long-standing Lipton Yellow Label brand), the company also markets a large range of other varieties, both in leaf tea as well as ready-to-drink format.These include green teas, black flavoured teas, herbal teas, Lipton Linea (a \"slimming tea\") in Europe and Lipton Milk Tea in various Asian markets. Apart from Lipton Ice Tea, none of their products are available for retail in the UK, as only caterers are supplied.", "Lipton's methods made his name synonymous with tea for the masses, said Krall-Russo: \"He was such a showman. He was a celebrity, on a par with actors and opera singers.\" She notes that Lipton did such a good job of linking his name with tea, and advertising the fact that he grew the product, that many people believed he owned all the tea in Ceylon, now Sri Lanka.", "In 1907, American tea merchant Thomas Sullivan began distributing samples of his tea in small bags of Chinese silk with a drawstring. Consumers noticed they could simply leave the tea in the bag and reuse it with fresh tea. However, the potential of this distribution/packaging method would not be fully realized until later on. During World War II, tea was rationed in the United Kingdom. In 1953 (after Rationing in the United Kingdom during and after World War II|rationing in the UK ended), Tetley launched the tea bag to the UK and it was an immediate success.", "Iced tea was introduced to the world at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. In 1908 a New Yorker on the make, Thomas Sullivan, invented tea bags, which he first marketed to restaurants. Tea is the leading flavored beverage in the world today. Only water is consumed in greater quantities.", "Products target the mass market and are generally positioned in the middle of the price spectrum for tea.[citation needed] Like most branded teas, Lipton teas are a blend selected from many different plantations around the world, from well-known producing countries like, Sri Lanka, India, Kenya, and China. Lipton Yellow Label is blended from as many as 20 different teas.", "The two dominating brands are Lipton, and Nestea, and the two best selling flavors are lemon and peach. Iced tea is also sold in grocery stores and some restaurants.", "In the early 1820s, the British East India Company began large-scale production of tea in Assam, India, of a tea variety traditionally brewed by the Singpho tribe. In 1826, the British East India Company took over the region from the Ahom kings through the Yandaboo Treaty. In 1837, the first English tea garden was established at Chabua in Upper Assam; in 1840, the Assam Tea Company began the commercial production of tea in the region, run by indentured servitude of the local inhabitants. Beginning in the 1850s, the tea industry rapidly expanded, consuming vast tracts of land for tea plantations. By the start of the 20th century, Assam became the leading tea producing region in the world. ", "A tea bag is a small, porous paper, silk or nylon sealed bag containing tea leaves for brewing tea. Tea bags were invented by Thomas Sullivan around 1903. The first tea bags were made from silk. Sullivan was a tea and coffee merchant in New York who began packaging tea samples in tiny silk bags, but many customers brewed the tea in them.", "British-based Jacksons of Piccadilly was among the first tea companies to produce the bergamot-scented tea for sale to the general public under the name Earl Grey’s Mixture. Later, Charlton & Co. and Twining’s of London also marketed similar blends.", "The first samples of tea reached England between 1652 and 1654. Tea was referred to as the China drink, tcha, chaw, tay, tee, and tea and was at first regarded more as a medicine than a fashionable drink.  By 1657 tea was being served at Garraway’s coffee house for such cures as cleaning kidneys and “overcoming superfluous sleep”.", "Popular for thousands of years, tea is believed to have originated in China as a medicinal drink. In the 17th century, it spread to the UK, establishing its hold there – and, judging by the British cultural institution that is the ‘cuppa,’ it has obviously maintained its popularity. If you need a bit of a pick me up, you can reach for a black or green caffeinated tea; to wind down after a long day, there are countless varieties of decaffeinated herbal teas.", "Tea companies began to blossom in Britain by the late nineteenth century blending, branding and packaging were giving the public a wide variety of choice.", "In 1866 a British trader named John Dodd began championing Taiwanese teas on the world market. He offered financing to family-farming peasants who agreed to start plantations and built factories in the capital, Taipei, allowing growers control over every stage of production for the first time.", "Thomas Henry, an apothecary from Manchester, was the first to sell artificial mineral water to the general public for medicinal purposes, beginning in the 1770s. His recipe for 'Bewley's Mephitic Julep' consisted of 3 drachms of fossil alkali to a quart of water, and the manufacture had to 'throw in streams of fixed air until all the alkaline taste is destroyed'.", "1. Jane Pettigrew, Chapter 1, The Seventeenth Century, A Social History of Tea, 2001 National Trust Enterprises" ]

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[ "Beaufort Scale: Beaufort scale is a measure used to describe the speed of wind on the basis of observations of the sea conditions. This is an empirical instrument created in 1805 by Sir Francis Beaufort.", "The Beaufort scale (pronounced bow fort) is an empirical measure for describing wind speed. The terms it defines are used by meteorologists worldwide. Force 0 is calm, no wind. From there, it describes the various breezes, gales and storms, culminating in the Force 12 hurricane, which has winds of 75 mph or more.", "The Beaufort scale (pronounced /ˈboʊfət/ ) is an empirical measure for describing wind speed based mainly on observed sea conditions. Its full name is the Beaufort wind force scale.", "The Beaufort scale is an empirical measure that correlates wind speed to observed conditions at sea or on land.", "The Beaufort Scale was developed as a common way to measure and describe wind speed prior to any accurate devices. Initially it was based on the condition of the sea however the modern Beaufort scale incorporates land observations too. Note that the scale applies to sustained (average) wind speeds.", "Since the days of Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort (1774-1857), who introduced the Beaufort scale of wind force, the knot (one nautical mile per hour) has been used as a unit of wind speed. Modern meteorological practice however is to use metres per second (1 metre per second = 1.94 knots = 2.24 miles per hour).", "Wind speed and wind direction can be measured with a variety of tools. The most common, included with complete home weather stations, is the anemometer , which typically consists of a rotating vane to measure direction and a shaft with cups attached that spins with the wind to measure its speed. The Beaufort scale can also be used to assess wind speed, and it's commonly used in marine forecasts and weather observations. Most every airfield has a windsock, which provides pilots with information on wind direction and approximate wind speed. Similarly, wind vanes are used to indicate wind direction. And tornadoes are classified in six categories using the Fujita scale, which is based upon the resulting damage.", "Wind speed can be measured using an anemometer . The strength of the wind is measured on the Beaufort scale.", "Historically, the Beaufort wind force scale (created by Beaufort) provides an empirical description of wind speed based on observed sea conditions. Originally it was a 13-level scale, but during the 1940s, the scale was expanded to 17 levels. There are general terms that differentiate winds of different average speeds such as a breeze, a gale, a storm, tornado, or a hurricane. Within the Beaufort scale, gale-force winds lie between and with preceding adjectives such as moderate, fresh, strong, and whole used to differentiate the wind's strength within the gale category. A storm has winds of to . The terminology for tropical cyclones differs from one region to another globally. Most ocean basins use the average wind speed to determine the tropical cyclone's category. Below is a summary of the classifications used by Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers worldwide:", "BEAUFORT WIND SCALE : A system of estimating and report ing wind speed devised by British Rear-Admiral, Sir Francis Beaufort in 1805, based on observation s of the effects of the wind .", "Beaufort Scale: Scale named after Sir Francis Beaufort (1774-1857), a British naval officer, for classifying wind velocity, ranging from 0 for calm or no wind to 12 for hurricane strength winds.", "The Beaufort scale as originally drawn up made no reference to the speed of the wind, and various attempts, particularly during the 20th century, have been made to correlate the two. An attempt made in 1912 by the International Commission for Weather Telegraphers was interrupted by World War I . In 1921 G.C. Simpson was asked to formulate equivalents, which were accepted in 1926 by the Committee. In June 1939 the International Meteorological Committee adopted a table of values referring to an anemometer at a height of 6 metres (20 feet). This was not immediately adopted by the official weather services of the United States and Great Britain, which used the earlier scale referring to an anemometer at an elevation of 11 metres (36 feet). The Beaufort force numbers 13 to 17 were added by the U.S. Weather Bureau in 1955.", "Beaufort Wind Scale: wind speed scale developed in 1806 by Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort of the Royal Navy. Reaches from 0 (calm) to 12 (hurricane).", "Today, hurricane force winds are sometimes described as Beaufort scale 12 through 16, very roughly related to the respective category speeds of the Safire–Simpson Hurricane Scale , by which actual hurricanes are measured, where Category 1 is equivalent to Beaufort 12. However, the extended Beaufort numbers above 13 do not match the Safire–Simpson Scale. Category 1 tornadoesq . on the Fujita and TORRO scales also begin roughly at the end of level 12 of the Beaufort scale but are indeed independent scales -although the TORRO scale wind values are based on the 3/2 power law relating wind velocity to Beaufort force. [5]", "a scale indicating the speed or force of wind, enumerated 0-12 or 0-17, commonly expressed as \"Force #\"; devised by British Admiral Francis Beaufort around 1855. See SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE, FUJITA SCALE, STORM WARNING, WINDSOCK, TELLTALE.", "The wind speeds in different units are not mathematically equivalent; e.g. 12–19 km/h is not equivalent to 8–12 mph, and both are not equivalent to 7–10 knots. The reason is that the Beaufort scale is not an exact nor an objective scale. It was based on visual and subjective observation of a ship and of the sea. The corresponding integral wind speeds were determined later, but the values in different units were never made equivalent.", "Below is a table showing the Beaufort Scale with speeds in knots, miles per hour and kilometers per hour.", "In 1805-06, Commander Francis Beaufort RN (later Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort) devised a descriptive wind scale in an effort to standardize wind reports in ship's logs. His scale divided wind speeds into 14 Forces (soon after pared down to thirteen) with each Force assigned a number, a common name, and a description of the effects such a wind would have on a sailing ship. And since the worst storm an Atlantic sailor was likely to run into was a hurricane, that name was applied to the top Force on the scale.", "The scale was made a standard for ship's log entries on Royal Navy vessels in the late 1830s and was adapted to non-naval use from the 1850s, with scale numbers corresponding to cup anemometer rotations. In 1916, to accommodate the growth of steam power, the descriptions were changed to how the sea, not the sails, behaved and extended to land observations. Rotations to scale numbers were standardized only in 1923. George Simpson , C.B.E. (Later Sir George Simpson), Director of the UK Meteorological Office , was responsible for this and for the addition of the land-based descriptors. [1] the measure was slightly altered some decades later to improve its utility for meteorologist s. Today, many countries have abandoned the scale and use the metric system metric -based units m/s or km/h instead, Template:Citation needed date=January 2008 but the severe weather warnings given to the public are still approximately the same as when using the Beaufort scale.", "The Beaufort Scale of Wind-Force. Report of the Director of the Meteorological Office (W. N. Shaw) upon an inquiry into the relation between the estimates of wind-force according to Admiral Beaufort's scale and the velocities recorded by anemometers belonging to the Office, with a report upon certain points in connection with the inquiry by G. C. Simpson ... and notes by Sir G. H. Darwin...W. H. Dines and Commander Campbell Mepworth.", "The Beaufort scale was extended in 1946, when forces 13 to 17 were added. [4] However, Forces 13 to 17 were intended to apply only to special cases, such as tropical cyclones. Nowadays, the extended scale is only used in Taiwan and mainland China, which are often affected by typhoons.", "Beaufort scale scale devised in 1805 by Comdr. (later Admiral and Knight Commander of the Bath) Francis Beaufort of the British Navy for observing and classifying wind force at sea. Originally based on the effect of the wind on a full-rigged man-of-war, in 1838 it...", "In 1927 P. Petersen, a German sea captain, published a scale5 from 0 to 12 for the state-of-the-sea. In this he drew upon earlier shipboard measurements6 with anemometers. Today's state-of-the-sea descriptions remain largely translations from Petersen's German, and the scale is sometimes called the Petersen state-of-the-sea scale. The scale, however, remains Beaufort's, in the sense that the numbers and correlated wind speeds remain the same.", "Beaufort scale, in full Beaufort wind force scale, scale devised in 1805 by Comdr. (later Admiral and Knight Commander of the Bath) Francis Beaufort of the British Navy for observing and classifying wind force at sea. Originally based on the effect of the wind on a full-rigged man-of-war, in 1838 it became mandatory for log entries in all ships in the Royal Navy. Altered to include observations of the state of the sea and phenomena on land as criteria , it was adopted in 1874 by the International Meteorological Committee for international use in weather telegraphy.", "The National Weather Service defines sustained wind speeds of 39-54 mph as a gale, and forecasters typically issue gale warnings when winds of this strength are forecast. A Beaufort force 6 is a near gale with wind speeds between 25-30 mph and includes white foam from breaking waves that begins to be blown in streaks along the wind direction. A Beaufort force in the range of 6 to 7 is designated as strong winds; 8 to 9 as gale force winds; and 10 to 11 as storm force winds.", "A method of measuring the severity of the force of wind, named after Admiral Beaufort who created the system. 0 is no wind, whereas 12 would be a hurricane.", "This scale is also widely used in the Netherlands, Germany, Greece, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malta and Macau, however with some differences between them. Taiwan uses the Beaufort scale with the extension to 17 noted above. China also switched to this extended version without prior notice on the morning of 15 May 2006, and the extended scale was immediately put to use for Typhoon Chanchu. Hong Kong and Macau however keep using force 12 as the maximum.", "My introduction to meteorology came with the Life Science Library book Weather, by Philip D. Thompson, Robert O'Brien, and \"the Editors of LIFE\" [Time Incorported, 1965], which I acquired, about the time it was published, when I was in Junior High School. Some of the descriptions here are still drawn from that volume. I did have an actual meterology class at the University of New Mexico in 1968, but I got less out of it than I might have and failed to hold on to any class materials. Now, however, complete background to all of this can be found at The Weather Channel website. The following descriptions have been taken from that source, from Everything Weather, The Weather Channel's CD-ROM, and from other sources, web and print, that I have lost track of. A detailed history of the Beaufort Scale is now to be found in Defining the Wind, The Beaufort Scale, and How a 19th-Century Admiral Turned Science into Poetry by Scott Huler [Three Rivers Press, New York, 2004]. I was unaware of the sailing condition descriptions, or indeed of the history of the Scale, until finding this book. The Petersen State-of-Sea descriptions can be found at the British Met(erological) Office .", "The scale was created in 1805 by Sir Francis Beaufort , an Irish-born British admiral and hydrographer . The scale that carries Beaufort's name had a long and complex evolution, from the previous work of others, to when Beaufort was a top administrator in the Royal Navy in the 1830s. In the early 19th Century, naval officers made regular weather observations, but there was no standard scale and so they could be very subjective - one man's \"stiff breeze\" might be another's \"soft breeze\". Beaufort succeeded in getting things standardized.", "The speeds of vessels relative to the fluids in which they travel (boat speeds and air speeds) are measured in knots. For consistency, the speeds of navigational fluids (tidal streams, river currents and wind speeds) are also measured in knots. Thus, speed over the ground (SOG) (ground speed (GS) in aircraft) and rate of progress towards a distant point (\"velocity made good\", VMG) are also given in knots.", "The  Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS)  is undergoing a minor modification in 2012 to resolve \"awkwardness\" associated with conversions among the various units used for wind speed in advisory products. The new modification is to help clarify categorization of wind speed measurements based on miles per hour (mph), kilometers per hour (km/h) and knots. There is an inherent uncertainty when estimating wind speeds for tropical cyclones. Wind speeds are basically rounded because it's to hard to identify exact wind speeds.", "Photo: Measuring wind speed with a three-cup, handheld anemometer. The square plate at the back is a vane that aligns itself with the wind so you can measure wind direction too. This model, used by the US Navy, is an Ames RVM 96 B capable of measuring wind speeds up to about 50 m/s (180 km/h or 112 mph). Photo by Maebel Tinoko courtesy of US Navy ." ]

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[ "Cricket is played on a grassy field .[24] The Laws of Cricket do not specify the size or shape of the field,[25] but it is often oval. In the centre of the field is a rectangular strip, known as the pitch .[24]", "The game of cricket takes place on a field known as the cricket pitch. In most cases, the pitch is a flat grass. Some pitches are made using artificial turf placed atop concrete, but almost never for professional matches. Batters stand to one side or the other of the pitch and wait to be delivered the ball. This occurs on one bounce from a bowler who stands in the center of the pitch.", "Cricket is played on a grassy field . [17] The Laws of Cricket do not specify the size or shape of the field, [18] but it is often oval. In the centre of the field is a rectangular strip, known as the pitch . [17]", "Eden Gardens is a cricket ground in Kolkata, India. It is the home of the Bengal cricket team and the Indian Premier League's Kolkata Knight Riders, as well as being a Test and One Day International ground.[2] It is the largest cricket stadium in India considering seating capacity. Established in 1864, Eden Gardens is expected to hold 82,000 people following renovations that are expected to be completed before the start of the 2011 World Cup.", "A cricket match is played between two teams (or sides) of eleven players each on a field of variable size and shape. The ground is prepared by groundsmen whose jobs include fertilising, mowing, rolling and levelling the surface. Field diameters of 140�160 yards (130�150 m) are usual. The perimeter of the field is known as the boundary and this is sometimes painted and sometimes marked by a rope that encircles the outer edge of the field. The Laws of Cricket do not specify the size or shape of the field but it is often oval � one of cricket's most famous venues is called The Oval.", "Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on an oval-shaped field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. One team bats, trying to score as many runs as possible while the other team bowls and fields, trying to dismiss the batsmen and thus limit the runs scored by the batting team. A run is scored by the striking batsman hitting the ball with his bat, running to the opposite end of the pitch and touching the crease there without being dismissed. The teams switch between batting and fielding at the end of an innings.", "The Pitch : This is the area where much of the action takes place in a cricket match. This is the centre of action where there is a contest between the bat and the ball, or in other words, the batsman gets to face the bowler in this region of the cricket ground. The Pitch is a rectangular area of 22 yards or 66 feet length and 10 feet in width. Test and ODI Cricket along with First Class Matches are played on Turf wickets. Other levels of Cricket are played not only on turf but also on matting, astro turf, cement and other artificial surfaces. There have been instances of Test Matches played on matting wickets but that was only long way before. The Pitch can also be defined as the distance between one set of stumps at one end to the stumps at the other end.", "Cricket is played by two teams of eleven on an oval pitch. Two wickets are placed 66 feet apart, near the middle of the field. A wicket consists of two wooden crosspieces (bails) resting on three wooden stumps. At each wicket stands a batsman (batter) from the same team. If the opposing bowler (pitcher), who bowls (pitches) from the opposing wicket, knocks down the bails, the batsmen is retired (out). After six bowls to one batsmen, an umpire calls \"over\" and another bowler begins bowling to the batsman's partner at the opposing wicket. If the batsman hits the ball far enough so that both batsmen can run to exchange places, a run is scored. When the ball is hit a long distance, up to four exchanges (or four runs) may be made. If a fielder (the team who is bowling) recovers the ball and uses it to knock down the bails before the batsmen reaches it, the batsman is out. A batsman is also out if a fielder catches a fly ball. A game usually consists of two innings. In one inning, all players on each team bat once. A game may take days to complete.", "In its simplest form, the purpose of the game is to kick the ball through the other team's goal. The game itself is played on a cricket \"pitch\" (field), which is oval-shaped and huge - about 225 yards long and 175 yards wide.", "Inside the main oval playing field is a smaller oval territory called the infield, which is 30 yards wide. Inside the infield is the pitch, where all the action of cricket begins. The pitch is 22 yards long and 10 feet wide, and at either end is a wicket.", "Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on a field , at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch . One team bats , trying to score as many runs as possible while the other team bowls and fields , trying to dismiss the batsmen and thus limit the runs scored by the batting team. A run is scored by the striking batsman hitting the ball with his bat, running to the opposite end of the pitch and touching the crease there without being dismissed. The teams switch between batting and fielding at the end of an innings .", "The cricket field is usually circular or oval in shape, with a rectangular pitch at the center. The edge of the playing field is marked with a boundary, which could be a fence, part of the stands, a rope or a painted line.", "In the game of cricket, the cricket pitch consists of the central strip of the cricket field between the wickets – 1 chain or 20.12 m (22 yards) long and 3.05 m (10 feet) wide. The surface is flat and normally covered with extremely short grass though this grass is soon removed by wear at the ends of the pitch.", "The cricket field is usually oval in shape, with a rectangular pitch at the center. The edge of the playing field is marked with a boundary, which could be a fence, part of the stands, a rope or a painted line.", "A cricket field is a roughly elliptical field of flat grass, ranging in size from about 90 to 150 metres (100-160 yards) across, bounded by an obvious fence or other marker. There is no fixed size or shape for the field, although large deviations from a low-eccentricity ellipse are discouraged. In the centre of the field, and usually aligned along the long axis of the ellipse, is the pitch , a carefully prepared rectangle of closely mown and rolled grass over hard packed earth. It is marked with white lines, called creases, like this:", "Lord's Cricket Ground, generally known as Lord's, is a cricket venue in St John's Wood, London. Named after its founder, Thomas Lord, it is owned by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and is the home of Middlesex County Cricket Club, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), the European Cricket Council (ECC) and, until August 2005, the International Cricket Council (ICC). Lord's is widely referred to as the \"Home of Cricket\" and is home to the world's oldest sporting museum. ", "The club's home since its foundation in 1845 has been The Oval cricket ground (currently known officially as the 'Brit Oval' following a sponsorship deal with the Brit insurance company), within the Kennington area of Lambeth in south London . Some home games each season are also played at Whitgift School , Croydon and at Woodbridge Road , Guildford . In the past matches have been played at Banstead , Reigate , Kingston and Godalming . Byfleet , Sutton , Leatherhead and Sunbury on Thames have staged List 'A' matches. The Metropolitan Police Ground at Imber Court has been used in the Twenty 20 competition.", "Melbourne Cricket Ground is an Australian sports stadium located in Yarra Park in inner Melbourne, home to the Melbourne Cricket Club. It is the largest stadium in Australia, and holds the world record for the highest light towers at any sporting venue. The MCG is within walking distance of the city centre, and is serviced by Richmond and Jolimont train stations. It is part of the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct. Internationally, the MCG is remembered as the centrepiece stadium of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games. The open-air stadium is also one of the world’s most famous cricket venues, with the well-attended Boxing Day Test match commencing on Boxing Day every year. Throughout the winter, it serves as the home of Australian rules football, with at least one game (though usually more) held there each round. The Melbourne stadium is 10th largest stadium of the world.", "The MCG is the largest cricket ground in the world, founded in 1854 with a capacity of 100,000 people and a playing area 172.9 m long and 147.8 m wide. It holds several other records such as being the tenth largest sports stadium in the world and having the highest light towers at any sporting venue.", "Reckoned by many to be the most picturesque test cricket venue in the world, Sahara Park Newlands is more commonly referred to as “Newlands†by cricket fans who avidly attend domestic and international matches in Cape Town , South Africa . With a backdrop of mountains cloaked in clouds and grounds graced by impressive stands, open grassed areas, tasteful chalets and trees; Newlands has become synonymous with a fantastic cricket atmosphere and is a favoured venue for spectators around the world.", "The expanded Kensington Oval was the venue for the 2007 Cricket World Cup final between Australia and Sri Lanka, held on 28 April, with the official attendance reaching 20,108.[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247507.html Cricinfo – Final: Australia v Sri Lanka at Bridgetown, 28 April 2007]", "The Oval, currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Kia Oval, is an international cricket ground at Kennington, in the London Borough of Lambeth, South London. The Oval has been the home ground of Surrey County Cricket Club since it was opened in 1845. It is always referred to as \"The Oval\", and not \"the Oval\". It was the first ground in England to host international Test cricket in September 1880. The final Test match of the English season is traditionally played there. In addition to cricket, it has hosted many other historically significant sporting occas ... (展开) ions. For example, it staged the first FA Cup final in 1872 and was the home of the FA Cup final between 1874 and 1892. In 1870, it staged the first England football international, against Scotland. In 1876, it held the England v Wales and England v Scotland rugby internationals, and in 1877 rugby's first Varsity match.", "The first One Day International match at this venue was played on 7 September 1973 between England and West Indies. It hosted matches of the 1975, 1979, 1983 and 1999 World Cups. It also hosted five of the fifteen matches in the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy, including the final. The Oval once held the record for the largest playing area of any Test venue in the world. That record has since been surpassed by Gaddafi Stadium in Pakistan, although The Oval remains the largest in Great Britain.", "Established in 1930, Sabina Park serves as the Kingston Cricket Club's home. It is located in Kingston Jamaica. The first test match was played in the same year it was established. This cricket ground was the venue of the first triple century that Any Adams of England scored while playing against the West Indies in 1930. He made 325 runs in that match. Sir Garfield Sobers made 365 runs and was not out in a Test match at this ground which went ahead to become a record unbroken for 36 years. It has a capacity to seat, 20,000 people and has no floodlights. The end names are The Headley Stand End and the Blue Mountains End. Dominating the south is the George Headley stand which is named after a person and can accommodate 6000 spectators. The Party Stand has replaced the Mound stand. The Blue Mountains serve to form a backdrop to the north. This cricket ground is small in size compared to other stadiums. It can fit not more than 400 meter running track and has increased its spectator capacity with the help of some refurbishing. It was the same venue where a Test match was abandoned in 1998 when England toured the country due to the pitch being unfit for the match.", "The founder of this ground was Thomas Lord, and was established in 1814. The first ever international fixture here was an Ashes Test in 1884 between England and Australia. Ever since it has hosted some thrilling matches with respect to both Tests and ODIs, with one of them ofcourse being the NatWest Series final in 2002 when India chased down 326 in 50 overs, famously beating England and Sourav Ganguly, who has fond memories of this ground for enlightening his career, was the captain of India in the game and famously removed his India jersey as a sign of celebration.", "At either end of the pitch, 22 yards (20 m) apart, are placed the wickets . These serve as a target for the bowling (aka fielding ) side and are defended by the batting side which seeks to accumulate runs. The pitch is 22 yards (20 m) or one chain [24] in length between the wickets and is 10 feet (3.0 m) wide. It is a flat surface and has very short grass that tends to be worn away as the game progresses. The \"condition\" of the pitch has a significant bearing on the match and team tactics are always determined with the state of the pitch, both current and anticipated, as a deciding factor.", "The pitch is 22 yd (one chain) long between the wickets and is 10 feet (3.0 m) wide. It is a flat surface and has very short grass that tends to be worn away as the game progresses. The \"condition\" of the pitch has a significant bearing on the match and team tactics are always determined with the state of the pitch, both current and anticipated, as a deciding factor.", "The ground is known to have a fast-scoring outfield and a pitch which is often receptive to spin. The ground hosts Senior Premier League matches while ECB representative games, under-19 and Women's Test matches have also been held there in recent years.", "‘It's a great place to play cricket and the wickets are probably the best batting wickets in the world.’", "The Wanderers has hosted Test cricket since 1956. It hosted the final of the Cricket World Cup, as well as numerous Indian Premier League matches in 2009.", "No, cricket does not have any bases. The batsman runs from one side of the pitch to the other.", "The ground is also very well suited for the players with brilliant lighting, quick outfields and a great pitch that favours both batsmen and bowlers in equal measure. This venue has played host to one of the greatest One-day international matches. The match was played between South Africa and Australia in which a world record score of 434 was chased down by South Africa - 438/9 - to win the match off the final delivery." ]

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[ "The Manx cat (/ˈmæŋks/; Manx language: kayt Manninagh), in earlier times often spelled Manks, is a breed of domestic cat (Felis catus) originating on the Isle of Man, with a naturally occurring mutation that shortens the tail. Many Manx have a small stub of a tail, but Manx cats are best known as being entirely tailless; this is the most distinguishing characteristic of the breed, along with elongated hind legs and a rounded head. Manx cats come in all coat colours and patterns, though all-white specimens are rare, and the coat range of the original stock was more limited. Long-haired variants are sometimes considered a separate breed, the Cymric. Manx are prized as skilled hunters, and thus have often been sought by farmers with rodent problems, and been a preferred ship's cat breed. They are said to be social, tame and active. An old local term for the cats on their home island is stubbin. Manx have been exhibited in cat shows since the 1800s, with the first known breed standard published in 1903.", "The Manx cat (, in earlier times often spelled Manks), is a breed of domestic cat (Felis catus) originating on the Isle of Man, with a naturally occurring mutation that shortens the tail. Many Manx have a small stub of a tail, but Manx cats are best known as being entirely tailless; this is the most distinguishing characteristic of the breed, along with elongated hind legs and a rounded head. Manx cats come in all coat colours and patterns, though all-white specimens are rare, and the coat range of the original stock was more limited. Long-haired variants are sometimes considered a separate breed, the Cymric. Manx are prized as skilled hunters, and thus have often been sought by farmers with rodent problems, and been a preferred ship's cat breed. They are said to be social, tame and active. An old local term for the cats on their home island is stubbin. Manx have been exhibited in cat shows since the 1800s, with the first known breed standard published in 1903.", "Hailing from Britain’s Isle of Man, the now internationally-popular Manx cat has a particularly odd trait: it lacks a tail", "6) Manx cats have no tail. The Manx cat is a breed of cat which comes from the Isle of Man which is known for being tailless. The breed also exhibits very large hind legs and a rounded head. There is also a breed of sheep from the island called the Manx Loaghtan which is known for sometimes having 4 or 6 horns.", "There are a number of mythical tales surrounding the origins of the Manx, such as that Noah cut off its tail with the door of the Ark as the rain began to fall. In actuality, Manx cats originated on the Isle of Man, off the coast of Great Britain, among a population of cats whose common ancestry sprang from the same roots as the British Shorthair. A spontaneous mutation occurred at some point several hundred years ago, which created kittens born without the vertebrae that form the tail of normal cats. With the passage of centuries and due to the isolation of the cats from outside breeding, the taillessness eventually became a common characteristic among the Isle of Man cats, because the mutated gene is a dominant trait.", "The Manx cat is a breed of cat noted for having a genetic mutation that causes it to have a shortened tail. The length of this tail can range from a few inches, known as a \"stumpy\", to being completely nonexistent, or \"rumpy\". Manx cats display a range of colours and usually have somewhat longer hind legs compared to most cats. The cats have been used as a symbol of the Isle of Man on coins and stamps and at one time the Manx government operated a breeding centre to ensure the continuation of the breed. ", "The Manx is a stocky, solid cat with a dense double coat (long or short), a compact body, very short back, hind legs that are visibly longer than the front legs, big bones, a wide chest, and greater depth of flank (sides of the cat nearest the rear) than other cats. The standard weight for males is 10-12 lbs. and for females is 8-10 lbs. The Manx head is broad-jowled with round eyes, and the ear-set is distinct to the breed--when viewed from the back, the ears and the top of the head form a \"cradle\" or \"rocker\" shape. The ears themselves are broad at the base and taper to a narrower, rounded tip. This is the general appearance of all Manx cats, regardless of whether they are show-quality or not.", "The original Isle of Man Manx was a rangier cat than the standard used today, but the basics were there--deep flanks, long back legs, sturdy body. Through careful, deliberate breeding programs, the size of the cat has increased, and the short-backed, broad-chested and stocky cat that we see now became the desired type.", "The Manx is an entertaining breed, given to clowning around and displaying its athletic prowess. These cats have a rabbit-like gait, referred to as the Manx hop. And, like rabbits, they have particularly powerful hind legs that make them very fast with amazing acceleration and the ability to make sharp turns at high speeds. They are also impressive jumpers.", "A letter from an anonymous Isle of Man resident to \"Our Cats\" (June 30th, 1900) said \"When I was a boy there was a kind of tradition that the tailless cat was brought here by the Spanish Armada. We have a headland called 'Spanish Rock' where it has been believed that some tailless cats escaped and took refuge here, and that from such cats all the so-called Manx have been derived. During my life I have frequently met persons who have travelled in Spain, and I think I have always asked from such persons if they had ever met with tailless cats there, but I never met anyone who had seen them. I never heard any other (traditional) origin of the Manx cat alleged. They are very common here, but not so common as cats with tails. Both cats with and cats without tails associate together.\"", "Manx cats were at first exported from the Isle of Man but, as the demand grew, the supply waned. Fanciers had to rely on British and American sources for their cats and, since Manx cats are difficult to breed, demand exceeded supply. Today, show-quality Manx cats are in great demand because of their rarity, but pet quality can be obtained quite easily.", "Manx cats is very much like the British Shorthair breed. Manx cats hind legs are longer than the front, giving the body a rounded appearance. Manx is a cat of medium size, round head and large eyes. The ears are located high on the head and are slightly bowed outward. The coat is soft and dense, any color and design are accepted.The main characteristic of these cats is short tail or total lack thereof. Copies tail are the most popular with breeders and, unfortunately, there have been cases where some Manx tails were cut to fit better with organizational requirements for competitions.", "The Manx are very playful and intelligent cats who are devoted to their families. They have extremely powerful hindquarters which allow them to jump to great heights and run with rapid acceleration and quick turns. The Manx is often said to be “dog-like” both in their loyalty to their families and their love of interactive play. They have a great sense of humor and are not above playing practical jokes on their families. They get along wonderfully with children and other family pets and have been known to protect their families from real or supposed danger. If given the chance, they are still great hunters, and a house with a Manx will certainly never have to worry about rodents. Manx mothers teach their kittens to hunt early in life using whatever “prey” they have available, such as bugs, feather toys, catnip mice, and other objects. A house with a Manx will never be boring! For more information, please contact the Breed Council Secretary for this breed.", "The Manx is a mellow, even-tempered cat, friendly and affectionate. Its origins as a \"working\" cat are still strongly seen in the breed, and any Manx which lives an outdoor or outdoor/indoor life is a fierce, dedicated hunter. Many people call the Manx the \"dog cat\" because of its strong desire to be with its people. Manx cats will follow you about the house, \"helping\" with whatever you happen to be doing at the moment. Manx cats are not prone to restive movement, and even kittens like to curl up in a lap for a nap. Manx do like to get on things, and if you're looking for your cat, look about the room at eye-level (yours, not the cat's) on tables and the backs of chairs and on bookcases. Chances are, you'll spot your cat pretty quickly.", "Manx cats' heads are rounded in shape, and medium in depth with a long neck. The face is often very expressive, with a small nose. The upright, round-tipped and front-facing ears are largish. The eyes are large, rounded and prominent, with their outer corners higher than the inner ones. Absent any bloodlines with a dominant alternative eye color (such as blue in Siamese or related ancestry), Manx often have some hue variant of yellow (\"gold\") eyes, and for show purposes follow the eye colour standards of the same coat colour/pattern in non-Manx short-hairs.", "'In the Isle of Man today we find a rock named the Spanish Rock, which stands close into the shore, and tradition states that here one of the vessels of the Spanish Armada went down in the memorable year of 1558, and that among the rescued were some tailless cats which had been procured during one of the vessel's voyages to the Far East. The cats first swam to the rock, and then made their way to the shore at low tide; and from these have sprung all the so-called Manx cats which are now to be found in many parts of Great Britain, Europe, and America. The tale seems a bit 'tall' and yet the writer feels so satisfied of its truth that he would welcome any change in the name of this peculiar variety of the domestic cat to sweep away the idea that they sprang from the Isle of Man originally.", "Sturdy in stature, the Manx sports one of the shortest torsos of any feline breed. Its looks are highlighted by a broad chest, round head, and big, round eyes. The ears are wide set and the neck is short and thick. The tailless gene is dominant in both the shorthaired and longhaired versions, but some Manx kittens can be born with a short – or a full – tail. It depends on the parents. If the egg and sperm both carry the marker for no tail, then the kittens will never develop tails.", "The Manx was first discovered in Britain on the Isle of Man hundreds of years ago. Nobody is really sure how they got there or when exactly but many theories have been invented over the years. One theory suggests the cats were brought over by the Vikings while others like to think they were brought over during the Spanish Armada in the late 1500's. The actual truth is unknown and will probably forever remain a mystery.", "Like many cat breeds, the Manx is a playful, loving and loyal cat. Although quite docile they enjoy being active, they are great jumpers and love a garden to play in. They are extremely affectionate to their owners and get on very well with children and other domestic animals. The Manx is a perfect companion and has a fun-loving personality. They can be independent and do not crave too much attention so you can feel assured that your Manx will be ok for the time you are at work or out of the house.", "The Manx Cat is NOT a breed like the Loaghtin Sheep. The ‘Manx Cat’ is a cat with a genetic defect similar to Spina Bifida in humans and can not be pure bred. After very few generations of crossing tail-less cats, the defect causes excessive loss of vertebrae at the tail end if the spine resulting in fecal incontinence and reduced rear leg control. The Manx Cat can be Rumpy or Stumpy where there are more retained vertebrae. Also litters can be mixed, Rumpy, Stumpy, i.e. with and without tails!", "As a rule the Traditional Manx is a healthy breed with many living to a ripe old age. Despite their lack of tail, they are perfectly capable of landing on their feet and expressing their emotions just like any other cat.", "Since all Manx cats possess only one copy of the Manx gene, and since heterozygous cats cannot breed true, Manx cats come in a wide variety of tail lengths. The tail types are broken into four classifications: rumpy, rumpy-riser, stumpy, and longy.", "The most striking feature of the show-quality Manx is the complete lack of a tail. Indeed, the best Manx has a slight indentation at the base of the spine where the tail would begin--a \"dimple.\" The breed standard against which a show-quality Manx is judged continuously uses the word \"round\" to describe the Manx--round body, round eyes, round rump, round head, even round paws. The impression that you get when looking at the Manx is of a hairy basketball with legs. Balance is important, as well, with all that roundness. The Manx needs proportion, or it will be a fat, furry lump. All parts of the body should \"go together\"--so that what you see isn't a \"head\" or a \"body\" but a complete cat. The short back should rise in a continuous curve to the rump, and the long back legs complete that rounded picture. The head shouldn't be too large for the body, nor the chest too broad for the hindquarters.", "Loving and Loyal the Traditional Manx has devoted fans. They can attach to only one person or only one family, who they feel comfortable with. Still others happily greet everyone. Full of their own happy personality, they create an endearing bond. Playful and fearless of heights, their powerful hind legs propel them to high spots. They are excellent jumpers.  They make great household companions because they are intelligent, active and get along with other pets (especially dogs). A good game of fetch is so enjoyable to them.  Known for their quiet voices, loud purrs and sweet temperaments, they can be easily leash trained and are fascinated by water. Just don�t dip them in it! ", "However, Manx owners say that their breeding has not just caused them to lose their tails, but other feline characteristics, too. “A Manx cat will go for a walk with you,” says Goodwins. “Most cats hate water but Manx cats like swimming.”", "The Manx has two different coat lengths: a short double coat or a longhaired double coat. The longhaired Manx is called a Cymric in some cat registries, but the Cat Fanciers Association simply considers the longhair a variety of Manx. In both lengths, the coat comes in many different colors, including various solids, tabbies, tortoiseshells and calicos. Chocolate and lavender colors and the pointed Himalayan pattern are not permitted.", "The animal has captured the hearts of pet owners both on the island and much further afield. In fact, there are now far more Manx cats in North America than on the island where they originated.", "Ranked as one of the world’s oldest breeds, the Manx has been competing for show honors in the Cat Fanciers Association since the 1920s. However, despite achieving popularity in Great Britain since the 1870s, the Manx is not recognized by British cat show officials.", "�I have seen, I think, Manx cats of most of the colours mentioned by you, but the most common are the grey or tabby. I have never heard of wild cats found here, and I do not think there is any tradition about them.�", "According to one story, the cat was traveling with the Spanish Armada when it was wrecked on the Isle of Man in 1588. The cats swam to the island and made it their home. Another story is that they were brought to the Isle by Phoenician traders, who arrived from Japan. Others claim that the cat was introduced to the island by Viking settlers who colonized it.", "The breed has been popular throughout Britain since long before cat fanciers' associations came into existence. King Edward VIII was reportedly a fan of the breed, eager to view them at cat shows. The first Manx club formed in Britain in 1901.", "Todd N B (1964) The inheritance of taillessness of Manx cats. Journal of Cat Genetics 1, 2-7" ]

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[ "On October 3, 2003, animal lover Roy Horn was savagely attacked on stage by his 600-pound white tiger, Montecore. Beating back death after he literally died on the operating table, dark-haired Roy fought for survival. Suddenly the show was over, or was it?", "On October 3, 2003, during a show at The Mirage, Roy Horn was bitten on the neck by a seven-year-old male tiger named Montecore. Crew members separated Horn from the tiger and rushed him to the only Level I trauma center in Nevada, University Medical Center. Horn was critically injured and sustained severe blood loss. While being taken to the hospital, Horn said, \"Montecore is a great cat. Make sure no harm comes to Montecore.\"", "Theirs was a unique act combining magic and tiger stunts, which allowed Siegfried and Roy’s production to be regarded as “the most-visited show in Las Vegas, Nevada” during its 30-year run. Shockingly, on October 3, 2003, during a standard trick, a then 7-year-old white tiger named “Mantecore Fischbacher Horn” suddenly attacked Roy Horn. Horn appeared to have suffered from a convulsion caused by a seizure, which in turn startled Mantecore, who proceeded to lunge towards his trainer. The attack to the throat was described by animal experts as a clear “kill move”, but fortunately, Horn was able to survive the attack despite sustaining severe blood loss.", "In 2003, Roy Horn, one half of the Las Vegas stage magician duo Siegfried & Roy, was mauled onstage by a white tiger, leaving him critically injured. While he survived, the Siegfried & Roy stage show in Vegas was canceled immediately after. While the use of wild animals in stage shows had already been growing unpopular since the '90s due to the rise of Cirque du Soleil and protests by animal rights groups, this incident marked the turning point at which it fell out of favor.", "On October 3, 2003, during a show at the Mirage, Roy was apparently bitten in the neck by a 7-year-old male white tiger named Mantecore (but often referred to as Montecore ). Crew members separated Roy from the tiger and rushed him to University Medical Center. Roy was critically injured and sustained severe blood loss. Siegfried and Roy have strongly disagreed with the reports that said Roy was attacked by the tiger – saying instead that he had suffered a stroke while on stage and Mantecore responded by picking him up and moving him out of the way to try to protect him, accidentally severing his artery in the process. While being taken to the hospital, Roy said \"Montecore is a great cat. Make sure no harm comes to Montecore.\" ", "Montecore, the 380-pound white tiger responsible for a near-fatal injury to Roy Horn of Siegfried & Roy in 2003, has died, Las Vegas Review-Journal reports:", "Montecore, the White Tiger that Attacked Roy Horn of ‘Siegfried and Roy’ in 2003, Dies - Towleroad", "However, in 2003 their career abruptly ended due to an accident during a performance. Roy Horn was critically injured. Their show being over, Siegfried and Roy created a 100-acre oasis called “Little Bavaria” as their personal home as well as a home for white lions from Timbavati.", "A tiger attacked magician Roy Horn in the middle of a Friday night performance of \"Siegfried & Roy\" at the Mirage hotel and casino in Las Vegas, authorities said. Horn, who turned 59 on Friday, was reported in critical condition at University Medical Center, where he was admitted into surgery. \"The tiger went for his neck, then drug him offstage,\" said Andy Cushman, who was in the audience for the 7:30 p.m. performance. \"He looked like a rag doll.\"", "The group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals held a rally Saturday outside the Mirage hotel-casino to urge entertainers Siegfried & Roy to retire their felines after Roy Horn was nearly killed by a tiger during a performance. Carrying signs reading, \"The Strip Is No Place for Tigers\" and \"Big Cats Big Danger,\" about two dozen demonstrators gathered near the entrance to the resort's large Siegfried & Roy marquee.", "Former Mirage owner Steve Wynn (who hired the duo in 1990) told Las Vegas television station KLAS-TV the events were substantiated as described by Fischbacher. According to Wynn, there was a woman with a \"big hairdo\" in the front row who, he says, \"fascinated and distracted\" Montecore. The woman reached out to attempt to pet the animal, and Horn jumped between the woman and the tiger.", "Shakur, Tupac On Flamingo Road, just east of Las Vegas Boulevard, near the intersection of Koval Lane Las Vegas, Nevada Though the popular gangsta rap star Tupac Shakur had made headlines over a series of run-ins with the law, none got more attention than the gangland-style hit that ended up taking his life on September 13, 1996. After leaving the Tyson/Seldon fight at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas (he was videotaped getting into an altercation on the way out), the BMW Shakur was riding in with record executive Suge Knight was stopped on Flamingo Road near the Strip. Based on eyewitness accounts, two men jumped out of a Cadillac and blasted 13 rounds into the BMW, hitting Shakur four times (Knight suffered a minor head wound). Shakur died several days later as a result of the wounds suffered in the ambush.", "As a supervisor, one evening I was instructed to go to the secluded night club to pick him up. As I walked in I noticed him at the bar drunk as a skunk. As everyone in the bar were staring they observed me tapping his shoulder and said “Charlie, it’s time to go home.” He turned around and in a loud voice said: “What the fuck do you want, you fuckin’ Mexican.” I responded by grabbing him – carried him out to the cab. That was the last time he got drunk – he quit and lived peacefully until the early 2000s when he died. Read about him – Google his name – Charlie Frias – Las Vegas, Nevada . . . and remember – he started out as a cab driver and became a billionaire. Why don’t we elect cab drivers and barbers to Congress, they seem to know every thing.", "Description : When poachers kidnap Jackie Legs from the Australian Outback, his friends leap into action! Their attempts to save him route them back to the U.S. into the glitz and glamour of Las Vegas.", "Mncube had saved fellow park employee Demetri Price during a white tiger attack in February 2009, after he used his hands to open the animal's jaws. Price required surgery after he was attacked by the cat who had been spooked by a pride of lions. The zoo has had a series of incidents in recent years making it \"controversial,\" according to the New Zealand National .", "Animal has also run afoul of Muppet Show guests. In 1981, the aforementioned scene with Buddy Rich ends with the seasoned pro learning Animal's gonzo style, and performing it with twice the speed and proficiency. Animal throws a drum onto the irascible entertainer's head. When he repeatedly interrupted Rita Moreno's rendition of Fever with loud drumming outbursts, she became annoyed and slammed his head between a pair of cymbals (to which Animal responded by saying \"Uh, that's my kinda woman!\", before passing out). In another episode, Animal became hostile toward Dudley Moore when Moore tried to replace the band with a programmable, music-playing robot. On another occasion, however, Animal is starstruck by James Coburn after the movie tough-guy demonstrates his own violent streak:", "(USA) Lucky Ball was born John Gregory Lucky Ball in Claysville, NY on December 29, 1898. Over the years from the 1920's through 50's Ball worked with a number of travelling sideshows and circuses including Clark's Greater Shows in San Diego in 1942, Broadbeck Shows (1943?) or Brodbeck & Schrader Shows (1950-54?) to Clyde Beatty Circus (1945?). Ball originally worked as a big cat trainer, but after being injured in a big cat act, he began sword swallowing in 1933 and began working under the name \"Prince Lucky Ball\".", "He gained further notoriety on 20 January 1982, when he bit the head off a bat he thought was rubber while performing at the Veterans Memorial Auditorium in Des Moines, Iowa. Rolling Stone magazine in 2004 ranked this incident number two on its list of \"Rock's Wildest Myths.\" While the Rolling Stone article stated the bat was alive, the person who threw it onto the stage said it was brought to the show dead. According to Osbourne himself in the booklet to the 2002 edition of Diary of a Madman, the bat was not only alive, but also managed to bite Osbourne , resulting in him having to take rabies shots.", "In November 2008, Nordin Bin Montong, a cleaner who worked at the Singapore Zoo’s chimpanzee enclosure, was acting strangely. He was seen shouting and throwing things, and he even told some of his coworkers, “Goodbye, you won’t be seeing me again.” Then, while on his lunch break, Nordin jumped into the white tiger enclosure and waded through the moat, still carrying his bucket and mop. The largest tiger lashed at his face, and Nordin fell into a fetal position.", "Entertainment industry celebrity and big-game hunter famous for capturing a gorilla's wedding on film. Bonaparte's violation of the John the Savage's temporary sanctuary leads to an invasion of prying tourists. The intrusive visitors throw peanuts to the Savage \"as if to an Ape\". The Savage regresses to the posture of an animal \"at bay\"; takes soma to escape his tormentors; and awakes in the morning, mortified. The Savage chooses to take his own life as the only dignified exit after the shame of what he has done.", "1998: During a gig in Tuscon, Arizona, a bottle thrown from the audience hit Black Crowes singer Chris Robinson. A security guard was then stabbed trying to eject a man from the crowd.", "(Photo : Michael Brennan/Getty Images) American boxer Mike Tyson bites Evander Holyfield's right ear during a fight at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, 28th June 1997.", "In 2003, which entertainer sparked interested with a publicity stunt of apparently cutting off his ear during a press conference?", "1998, During a gig in Tuscon, Arizona, a bottle thrown from the audience hit Black Crowes singer Chris Robinson. A security guard was then stabbed trying to eject a man from the crowd.", "Speaking of hobbies, I don't think I knew a more curious taste than that of an old friend of mine who was a big-game shot and traveller, and who had a miniature zoo of his own at his home at Derby. Once, when the company was playing in that town, he invited me to go and stay the night with him after the performance, and in his library we sat chatting until the early hours of the morning. He told me many graphic stories [119] about his expeditions into strange lands, about the tigers and elephants he had shot, and about his marvellous escapes. One story was about a faithful servant of his, a powerfully-built black, who stood right in front of an infuriated wounded elephant, which trampled on him and killed him, as the poor fellow doubtless knew would be the case, though he was ready to chance all so that his master might be protected. I remember that my friend, having told me this incident, added, \"They are the greatest men on God's earth, are these blacks.\"", "The wild rocker infamously once bit the head off a dove and chewed off the head of a bat thrown to him while he was performing on stage.", "Cheech Marin as Banzai, an aggressive and hot-headed hyena prone to complaining and acting on impulse.", "“Kitty Cat” was played by a retired circus lion. They loved to play footage of him coming down the stairs:", "Tyson appears in the 2009 film The Hangover as a caricature of himself. In the film his character pursues the main characters after they have stolen a tiger from his home. He appears in their hotel room, where he threatens them if they do not return the tiger in one hour, and later at his home when they return the tiger and try to get information from him about their missing friend.", "Despite Las Vegas' much-touted repositioning away from kid-friendly entertainment, the Strip might be considered one of the nation's most exotic zoos. Some of the animals add pizzazz to the entertainment; others are there simply to wow the public and promote the casino-hotel's theme. Many are endangered or threatened in the wild. ", "In 1995, the year of his world championship, he released a cover version of \"Eye of the Tiger\", the theme song of the movie Rocky III. It reached No. 28 in the UK charts. In 1999, he featured on the celebrity special in the second season of Fort Boyard.", "The young are vulnerable to pythons , leopards and hyenas . Lions have also been reported to kill bongos, but today the most serious predators are people living near forests, who often hunt bongos with dogs and set snares for them." ]

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[ "The down feathers of eider ducks, and some other ducks and geese, are used to fill pillows and quilts—they have given the name to the type of quilt known as an eiderdown.", "Tweet of the Day is a series of fascinating stories about the British birds inspired by their calls and songs. Wildlife Sound Recordist, Chris Watson, presents the Eider. Eiders are northern sea-ducks perhaps most famous for the soft breast feathers with which they line their nests. These feathers were collected by eider farmers and used to fill pillows and traditional 'eider -downs'. Drake eiders display to the females with odd moaning calls which you can hear in the programme.", "The next most important feathers on a bird are the down feathers. These are smaller and lack the barbules and their accompanying hooklets so they are not zipped together and do not look so neat. In fact hey are soft and fluffy. They provide most of the insulation and are so good at this that mankind for many years used to collect the 'down' from various birds to put into sleeping bags and eiderdowns to help keep us warm at night. The term eiderdown arose because the softest and best insulating down was collected from Eider ducks (Somateria mollissima). In down feathers the side branches are longer than the rachis.", "Feeling faint? Consider eiderdown. This insulation from the wild eider duck of Iceland is plucked from the female's breasts or gathered from the nest lining, where the soft feathers protect the young birds from the Arctic cold. In this case the bird is not harmed and the feathers are collected only after the chicks have left the nest.", "For centuries, humans across the globe have used down feathers for insulation. Russian documents from the 1600s list \"bird down\" among the goods sold to Dutch merchants, and communities in northern Norway began protecting the nests of eider ducks as early as 1890. Eiders are still \"farmed\" by people in Iceland, Scandinavia and Siberia. The birds are provided with nest sites and protected from predators, and down is collected intermittently during the nesting season without harming the nests or female ducks. The first collection is made roughly halfway through the incubation period, when some 0.75 oz (21 g) of high quality down is removed per nest. When the eggs have hatched and the young have left the area, the remaining down and breast feathers are gathered, typically resulting in another 0.75 oz (21 g) of lower quality feathers per nest. In general, 50–60 nests will produce about one kilo (2.2 pounds) of down feathers. This means that only a few thousand pounds of eider down is collected from wild nests each year.", "Feathers are both soft and excellent at trapping heat; thus, they are sometimes used in high-class bedding, especially pillows, blankets, and mattresses. They are also used as filling for winter clothing and outdoor bedding, such as quilted coats and sleeping bags. Goose and eider down have great loft, the ability to expand from a compressed, stored state to trap large amounts of compartmentalized, insulating air. ", "Eiders are large seaducks in the genus Somateria. The scientific name is derived from Ancient Greek somatos \"body\" and erion \"wool\", referring to eiderdown.", "Spectacled eiders are large sea ducks with a very noticeable difference. The colourful males are distinguished by black feathers surrounding white eye patches, looking much like a pair of spectacles! The females in comparison are much less showy.", "The feathers could be saved from geese or ducks being prepared for cooking. In England servant-girls were often allowed to keep feathers from poultry they'd plucked, and could save them to make a featherbed or pillows for their future married life. Live birds might have their soft downy breast feathers harvested three or four times a year, as described in an account from 20th century Missouri . Some poultry feathers were undesirable for mattress-making, especially chicken feathers. The best featherbeds were filled with a high proportion of down; larger feathers needed to have their quills clipped.", "Common Eider: Large diving duck (v-nigrum), with distinctive sloping forehead, black body, white breast and back. Crown is black and nape is pale green. Wings are white with black primary and secondary feathers. Tail and rump are black. Bill is dull yellow to gray-green (eastern) or orange-yellow (western).", "The European eider is a sea duck that mostly keeps close to shore. During breeding time their preferred habitat is sheltered shallow coves and bays or islets.", "Ducks may be referred to by many names such as drake, mallard, teal, eider-duck, moorhen, and Sheldrake. They all refer to the same symbol, though, except for the shoveller or sholarde, which is distinguished by a tuft on the back of its head and its breast.", "Ducks' feathers are waterproof. There is a special gland that produces oil near the tail that spreads and covers the outer coat of feathers. Beneath this waterproof layer are fluffy and soft feathers to keep the duck warm.", "The word down comes from the Old Norse word dúnn, which had the same meaning as its modern equivalent. The down feather is considered to be the \"simplest\" of all feather types. It has a short or vestigial rachis (shaft), few barbs, and barbules that lack hooks. There are three types of down: natal down, body down and powder down. Natal down is the layer of down feathers that cover most birds at some point in their early development. Precocial nestlings are already covered with a layer of down when they hatch, while altricial nestlings develop their down layer within days or weeks of hatching. Megapode hatchlings are the sole exception; they are already covered with contour feathers when they hatch. Body down is a layer of small, fluffy feathers that lie underneath the outer contour feathers on a bird's body.", "Some birds possess specialized hair-like feathers called rictal bristles around the base of the beak which are sometimes referred to as whiskers.", "Adult male common eiders are recognizable by their dramatic arrangement of black and white plumage. They are black on their underside and white on their back and forewings. The male common eider also has a predominantly white head, but it is crowned with black and they have a touch of light emerald green on the back and sides of their head. The adult female common eider is almost exclusively brownish or reddish-brown and is closely barred. Immature males begin their life grayish-brown in color, then become dusky with a white collar and eventually end up like their mature counterparts. The white plumage in adult males develops in irregular patterns.", "King Eider: Large diving duck with black body and white breast, back. The crown and nape are pale blue; distinct bill is orange-red, sweeping upward into a large, orange basal knob outlined in black. Wings are black with large white patches visible in flight. Tail has white patches at the base.", "Adult male and female mallard ducks vary in their feather colors. Males have brighter feathers than females. The males have white-ringed necks, metallic green heads and dark chestnut breast feathers. They also have curled white and black feathers on their tails. Females and non-breeding males resemble each other. Their feathers are brown with darker brown and white stripes. Some males and females have blue swatches of color on either side of their bodies, near their tail feathers.", "Feathers (B): epidermal appendage of a bird. Most feathers are removed from birds, especially geese, ducks or chickens, during slaughter as a by-product of the poultry industry. They can also be plucked from live birds, especially ducks and geese, who are bred for either meat, foie gras or egg laying and breeding.", "Feathers are unique to birds. They provide insulation, camouflage, protection, water repellency and display. In some species of birds, the feathers of the male and female are identical. These birds are monomorphic - meaning their sex can't be determined by their physical appearance. Other species are dimorphic - meaning the male and female look different and thus can be sexed by their appearance. Eclectus parrots are an extreme example of this. The males are green and the females red. Some species (certain ducks) have two distinct plumages or coats of feathers. The winter or eclipse plumage looks different from the breeding or nuptial plumage.", "Although swans and geese are mostly white, brown, and black, many ducks showcase several shades of greys, browns, and blacks combined with fine barring and streaking to result in a variety of beautifully patterned plumages for which females of the species are well known. Males in breeding plumage are more boldly patterned and often have iridescent blue or green on the head. Both sexes usually show a spot of colour on the wing known as a “speculum\".", "Ducks: Anconas (Black, Blue, Chocolate, Lavender, Lilac and Silver),  Muscovy (barred in black, blue, chocolate and combo, ripples in dark, chocolate, and blue shades, lavenders, and looneys in blue, black, chocolate and lilac)", "Feathers are one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. They are the outstanding characteristic that distinguishes the Class Aves from all other living groups. Other Theropoda also had feathers. Feathers are grouped into feather-tracts. Feathers are among the most complex structural organs found in vertebrates: integumentary appendages, formed by controlled proliferation of cells in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins. The ß-keratins in feathers, beaks and claws and the claws, scales and shells of reptiles are composed of protein strands hydrogen-bonded into ß-pleated sheets, which are then further twisted and crosslinked by disulfide bridges into structures even tougher than the a-keratins of mammalian hair, horns and hoof.", "Bird feathers are composed of beta keratin. They occur in tracts along the bird's skin called pterylae . These tracts are easily seen on plucked chickens or turkeys used for food. It surprises many people to learn that the entire bird is not covered with feathers.", "The ducks, geese and swans are small- to large-sized birds with a broad and elongated general body plan. Diving species vary from this in being rounder. Extant species range in size from the cotton pygmy goose, at as little as 26.5 cm (10.5 inches) and 164 grams (5.8 oz), to the trumpeter swan, at as much as 183 cm (6 ft) and 17.2 kg (38 lb). The wings are short and pointed, and supported by strong wing muscles that generate rapid beats in flight. They typically have long necks, although this varies in degree between species. The legs are short, strong, are set far to the back of the body (more so in the more aquatic species), and have a leathery feel with a scaly texture. Combined with their body shape this can make some species awkward on land, but they are stronger walkers than other marine and water birds such as grebes or petrels. They have webbed feet. The bills are made of soft keratin with a thin and sensitive layer of skin on top (which has a leathery feel when touched). For most species, the shape of the bill tends to be more flattened to a greater or lesser extent. These contain serrated lamellae which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species.", "n. The down of one of these storks or an imitation of it made from other bird feathers.", "Hen Feather - One of two like-colored vanes on an arrow, they are not the index feather.", "Eskimo Curlew: Small curlew, brown mottled upperparts, buff underparts streaked and mottled brown, and pale cinnamon wing linings. Bill is moderately short, not as strongly curved as similar curlews. Crown has two dark stripes. Wings noticeably long on perched bird. Last sighted in Canada in 1982.", "The shape or color of the nail can sometimes be used to help distinguish between similar-looking species or between various ages of waterfowl. For example, the greater scaup has a wider black nail than does the very similar lesser scaup. Juvenile \"grey geese\" have dark nails, while most adults have pale nails. The nail gave the wildfowl family one of its former names: \"Unguirostres\" comes from the Latin ungus, meaning \"nail\" and rostrum, meaning \"beak\".", "Dickcissel: Medium-sized, stocky, sparrow-like bird. The Male (shown in background) has a dark gray back and head, and black-streaked shoulders. Face is gray with yellow eyestripe and breast is yellow. V-shaped bib is black. Wings are brown with chestnut-brown patches. The female (shown in foreground) and winter adult have brown streaked upperparts and no black bib. The juvenile is brown and streaked.", "Siberian Accentor: Small, shy sparrow-like bird with brown-streaked upperparts, gray nape and crown with dark gray center stripe, yellow-brown eyebrows and underparts; breast shows brown streaking. Wings have a white wingbar. The tail is notched, the bill is short and black. Legs and feet are pink.", "Brant: This small goose has dark brown upperparts and brown-barred, pale gray underparts. The head is black, and the short black neck has a partial white ring. The tail and vent are white. It has a heavy direct flight with strong wing beats. It flies in a straight line formation. It feeds on green plants including eel grass and sea lettuce. The sexes are similar." ]

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[ "All Nobel Prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden, except for the Nobel Peace Prize, which is awarded in Oslo, Norway. The founder of the Nobel Prize, Alfred Nobel, was a Swedish cosmopolitan. In his will, he declared that the Nobel Peace Prize should be awarded by a Norwegian committee. When Alfred Nobel was alive, Norway and Sweden were united under one monarch, until 1905 when Norway became an independent kingdom.", "The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway and the Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine and Literature and the Prize in Economic Sciences are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden.", "All Nobel Prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden except for the Peace Prize, which award creator Alfred Nobel specified without reason be given in Oslo, Norway.", "Since 1901, the Nobel Prizes have been presented to the Laureates at ceremonies on 10 December, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. As stipulated in the will of the Swedish-born inventor and international industrialist Alfred Nobel , which was opened after his death in 1896, the Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine and Literature are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden, while the Nobel Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway. Since 1969 an additional prize has been awarded at the ceremony in Stockholm, The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, which was established in 1968 on the occasion of the Riksbank's 300th anniversary. The Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm has, almost without exception, taken place at the Stockholm Concert Hall (Stockholms Konserthus) since 1926. In Oslo, the ceremony was for many years held at the Nobel Institute. From 1947 till 1990, the setting was the auditorium of the University of Oslo. In 1990 the event moved to the Oslo City Hall.", "The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded by the Norwegian king in Oslo, while the prizes for culture and the sciences are given by the Swedish king in Stockholm.", "Nobel left no explanation as to why the prize for peace was to be awarded by a Norwegian committee while the other four prizes were to be handled by Swedish committees. On this point, therefore, we are dealing only with educated inferences. These are some of the most likely ones: Nobel, who lived most of his life abroad and who wrote his will at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, may have been influenced by the fact that, until 1905, Norway was in union with Sweden. Since the scientific prizes were to be awarded by the most competent, i.e. Swedish, committees at least the remaining prize for peace ought to be awarded by a Norwegian committee. Nobel may have been aware of the strong interest of the Norwegian Storting (Parliament) in the peaceful solution of international disputes in the 1890s. He might have in fact, considered Norway a more peace-oriented and more democratic country than Sweden. Finally, Nobel may have been influenced by his admiration for Norwegian fiction, particularly by the author Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson , who was a well-known peace activist in the 1890s. Or it may have been a combination of all these factors.", "Nobel left no explanation as to why the prize for peace was to be awarded by a Norwegian committee while the other four prizes were to be handled by Swedish committees. On this point, therefore, we are dealing only with educated inferences. These are some of the most likely ones: Nobel, who lived most of his life abroad and who wrote his will at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, may have been influenced by the fact that, until 1905, Norway was in union with Sweden. Since the scientific prizes were to be awarded by the most competent, i.e. Swedish, committees at least the remaining prize for peace ought to be awarded by a Norwegian committee. Nobel may have been aware of the strong interest of the Norwegian Storting (Parliament) in the peaceful solution of international disputes in the 1890s. He might have in fact, considered Norway a more peace-oriented and more democratic country than Sweden. Finally, Nobel may have been influenced by his admiration for Norwegian fiction, particularly by the author Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson , who was a well-known peace activist in the 1890s. Or it may have been a combination of all these factors.", "The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway on 10 December each year (the anniversary of Nobel's death). The Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount. , the prize was worth 10 million SEK (about US$1.5 million). Since 1990, the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony is held at Oslo City Hall.", "The prize ceremonies take place annually in Stockholm, Sweden, except for the peace prize which is held in Oslo, Norway and each recipient, or laureate, receives a gold medal, a diploma and a sum of money that has been decided by the Nobel Foundation. (, each prize was worth SEK8 million or about , €0.93 million or £0.6 million.) The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in the fields of literature, medicine, physics, chemistry, peace, and economics. ", "During the occupation of Norway, three members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee fled into exile. The remaining members escaped persecution from the Germans when the Nobel Foundation stated that the Committee building in Oslo was Swedish property. Thus it was a safe haven from the German military, which was not at war with Sweden. These members kept the work of the Committee going, but did not award any prizes. In 1944, the Nobel Foundation, together with the three members in exile, made sure that nominations were submitted for the Peace Prize and that the prize could be awarded once again.", "On April 9, 1940, Norway was invaded by the Nazis. Political activity in Norway was banned. Members of the Nobel Peace Prize Committee fled. Vidkun Quisling, a Norwegian fascist (“the Hitler of Norway”) whose name today is synonymous with traitor, took control of the country for Hitler as some 350,000 German troops settled in to occupy the country. The Nobel Peace Prize headquarters itself barely escaped a physical takeover of its property, a fate avoided only after much secret negotiation with Sweden. (Norway and Sweden were once linked politically, so the Nobel Foundation in Sweden owned the Nobel property in Oslo, a point that saved the building, after intense negotiations, from having the Nazis literally move in.) In the sixth year, operating through Sweden, the Nobel Committee managed to name the International Red Cross — a certainly admirable group that had much work on its hands coping with the horror bequeathed by the work of previous Nobel Prize winners.", "This year the Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Parliament has awarded two Peace Prizes. The prize for 1960 goes to Albert John Lutuli, and the prize for 1961 is awarded posthumously to Dag Hammarskjöld.", "The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian committees in recognition of cultural and/or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace were first awarded in 1901.", "Nobel Peace Prize, Oslo (Norway). ALL PERSONS ON THIS LIST ARE INCLUDED IN \"NOTABLE PEACEMAKERS THROUGHOUT HISTORY\" (marked with", "As in 1914, the Norwegian Nobel Committee decided not to award the Peace Prize when the Second World War broke out in 1939. The next award was in 1945, when two Peace Prizes were conferred on 10 December, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. The reserved 1944 prize was awarded to the International Committee of the Red Cross, while the 1945 Peace Prize was bestowed on former US Secretary of State Cordell Hull .", "Thorbjorn Jagland, the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, announced the winner of the peace prize on Friday in Oslo. Credit Heiko Junge/European Pressphoto Agency", "The Nobel Prize (in Swedish it is called the \"Nobelpriset\") was introduced in 1901 after Alfred Nobel's request to establish such an award in his will in 1895. Where is the Nobel Prize Awarded?", "The Norwegian Nobel Committee’s decision does not comply with Alfred Nobel’s mission statement, which sets out to reward peace activists’ efforts throughout the preceding year. To the contrary, the award promotes the Norwegian Nobel Committee’s own interests and political visions. This shows that Thorbjørn Jagland’s earlier assurance that Alfred Nobel’s will shall be respected is mere rhetoric.", "The Peace Prize will be handed out in Oslo on Dec. 10, the anniversary of the death in 1896 of the prize’s creator, Swedish industrialist and inventor of dynamite Alfred Nobel.", "Nordic countries have produced important and influential literature. Henrik Ibsen, a Norwegian playwright, was largely responsible for the popularity of modern realistic drama in Europe, with plays like The Wild Duck and A Doll's House. His contemporary, Swedish novelist and playwright August Strindberg, was a forerunner of experimental forms such as expressionism, symbolism, and surrealism. Nobel prizes for literature have been awarded to Selma Lagerlöf, Verner von Heidenstam, Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan, Knut Hamsun, Sigrid Undset, Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Frans Eemil Sillanpää, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Pär Lagerkvist, Halldór Laxness, Nelly Sachs, Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson and Tomas Tranströmer. World famous Nordic children's book writers include Hans Christian Andersen, Tove Jansson and Astrid Lindgren.", "The country is also known for petroleum and organizing the annual Nobel Peace Prizes in Oslo, which are handed out by the Swedish monarch. (Because Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel wanted to give his neighbouring country the honor of organizing the event.)", "Schück, Henrik ; Sohlman, Ragnar; Österling, Anders; Liljestrand, Göran (1950), Nobel: The Man and His Prizes, Stockholm, Sweden: Nobel Foundation  .", "Practically all Laureates come from or have carried out their work in Europe or North America. After World War II the United States has come to dominate the list. In the 1930s, the rise of the Nazis in Germany and Austria caused many Jewish scientists to flee from Europe to the United States. Among the 32 US scientists who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine between 1951 and 1975, nine were born in countries other than the US. Of a total of 172 prize-winners, four are Danish and seven are Swedish. Other small countries have done equally well or better. Switzerland, with a population half that of Sweden and Denmark together, for instance has eight Nobel Laureates. Sweden and Switzerland were not involved in the two World Wars and could continue research relatively undisturbed while research work in other countries became impossible or difficult. The conclusion, however, is that there is no evidence that the prize-awarder has favored citizens of its own country.", "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry () is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands, \"for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.\"", "\"The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical works by the Caroline Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm; and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, so that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be Scandinavian or not.\" Mental Floss: 13 bizarre stipulations in wills", "The most controversial award of the inter-war period was undoubtedly the one for 1935 to Carl von Ossietzky , the anti-militarist German journalist held by the Nazis in a concentration camp who had become an important international symbol for the struggle against Germany's rearmament. The prospect of a prize to Ossietzky led to the withdrawal from the committee of both Koht, at that time Norway's Foreign Minister, and Mowinckel, who served several times as Prime Minister. This was done to establish a separation between Norway as a state and the Norwegian Nobel Committee. At least Koht was also skeptical of the choice of Ossietzky as a Laureate. This was the first such withdrawal in the committee's history. The Storting then decided that no government minister could serve on the committee while in office. Hitler's reaction to the award was strong. He issued an order under which no German could receive any of the Nobel Prizes. (This affected two Chemistry Laureates, Richard Kuhn in 1938 and Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt in 1939 and Medicine Laureate Gerhard Domagk in 1939.) Ossietzky was not permitted to go to Oslo to receive the prize; he was transferred to a private sanatorium, but died 17 months later. The prize to Ossietzky illustrated how controversy could be combined with prestige for the prize, although this became much clearer over time than it was in 1936.", "The most controversial award of the inter-war period was undoubtedly the one for 1935 to Carl von Ossietzky , the anti-militarist German journalist held by the Nazis in a concentration camp who had become an important international symbol for the struggle against Germany’s rearmament. The prospect of a prize to Ossietzky led to the withdrawal from the committee of both Koht, at that time Norway’s Foreign Minister, and Mowinckel, who served several times as Prime Minister. This was done to establish a separation between Norway as a state and the Norwegian Nobel Committee. At least Koht was also skeptical of the choice of Ossietzky as a Laureate. This was the first such withdrawal in the committee’s history. The Storting then decided that no government minister could serve on the committee while in office. Hitler’s reaction to the award was strong. He issued an order under which no German could receive any of the Nobel Prizes. (This affected two Chemistry Laureates, Richard Kuhn in 1938 and Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt in 1939 and Medicine Laureate Gerhard Domagk in 1939.) Ossietzky was not permitted to go to Oslo to receive the prize; he was transferred to a private sanatorium, but died 17 months later. The prize to Ossietzky illustrated how controversy could be combined with prestige for the prize, although this became much clearer over time than it was in 1936.", "Thorbjorn Jagland, the former Norwegian prime minister who is chairman of the Nobel committee, said chemical weapons had been used by Hitler’s armies in their campaign of mass extermination and on many other occasions by states and terrorists. Mr. Jagland denied suggestions that the award represented a European-centered shift after last year’s award to the European Union. “It’s global,” he said.", "Lagerlof was the first female winner of the prize. She will be remembered for her first novel, The Story of Gosta Berling (1891), which is really a series of short stories about the womanizing Gosta. She is also known for The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (1906-7), a geographical portrait of Sweden as seen from the back of a goose, and The Soul Shall Bear Witness (1912), a novel of the supernatural. Her novel Jerusalem (1901) is the basis for the 1996 movie of the same name. She is considered one of the last great epic writers, writing inventive tales of great complexity from raw folk material.", "This article is published as a chapter of the book \"The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years\", Agneta Wallin Levinovitz and Nils Ringertz, eds., Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. , 2001.", "^ A landmark case was brought against the aging Nobel laureate Knut Hamsun , who had written admiring articles about Hitler and Nazism. Even though he was never proven to be a member of Nasjonal Samling, he was still convicted and sentenced.", "Presumably because of the war, a ceremony was not held in Stockholm in 1944. Rather, there was an award luncheon in New York at which Jensen was not present. The medal was actually presented the next year, 1945, in Stockholm." ]

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[ "Ned Ludd led a group of workers in a wild protest against mechanization. Members of the organized bands of craftsmen who rioted against automation in 19th century England were known as Luddites and also “Ludds.” The movement, reputedly named after Ned Ludd, began near Nottingham as craftsman destroyed textile machinery that was eliminating their jobs. By the following year, Luddites were active in Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and Leicestershire. Although the Luddites opposed violence towards people (a position which allowed for a modicum of public support), government crackdowns included mass shootings, hangings and deportation to the colonies. It took 14,000 British soldiers to quell the rebellion. The movement effectively died in 1813 apart from a brief resurgence of Luddite sentiment in 1816 following the end of the Napoleonic Wars.", "Luddite – A derogatory term for someone who opposes or disapproves of new technology and/or new methods of working, often because the changes threaten jobs. From the Luddite rioters of 1811-16, who in defence of labourers’ jobs in early industrial Britain wrecked new manufacturing machinery. See Luddite in the words origins page.", "With the social disruptions of changing land use there was also a general fear that mechanisation would lead to people starving to death for lack of paid work. Ned Ludd, one of the earliest dissidents, is reputed to have broken up stocking frames in Leicestershire in about 1789. Mr. Ludd's activities had been widely publicised and in the early nineteenth century when people began forming gangs to smash the new machines in the factories in protest they were known as 'Luddites'. They were active between about 1811 and 1816, however if you read the literature of the time the main thrust of their argument was that existing laws were not being properly enforced. The law set limits on working hours and pay and these same laws outlawed trades unions as being unnecessary, however only the latter element was enforced.", "Inevitably taxes rose to compensate for borrowing and to pay off the debt, which led to widespread disturbance between 1812 and 1822. Around this time, the group known as Luddites began industrial action, by smashing industrial machines developed for use in the textile industries of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire and Derbyshire. Throughout the period 1811–16, there were a series of incidents of machine-breaking and many of those convicted faced execution.", "The Luddite movement began in 1811, when textile workers, who were under economic pressure from increased production for the war effort while receiving low wages, felt threatened by new automated machines that did not require skilled labourers. Numbers widely vary on how many workers lost their jobs because of these machines, but it certainly created enough fear for groups of workers to coordinate attacks on mills that used them. Though it began in Nottinghamshire, the movement spread throughout England by 1812, and was considered dangerous enough by the government that they sent troops to quell the unrest, leading to battles in Lancashire. [38] According to historian Eric Hobsbawm’s “Machine Breakers” article, published in 1964, there were, in fact, more British troops fighting the Luddites than there were in the Peninsular War. [39] However, its not the strength of Luddism during the period of the Peninsular War that is of relevance to this dissertation, but the underlying sentiments that helped carry the movement forward – a distaste for machinery. While the Luddism of 1811-12 was not explicitly against industrialisation, like its later imitators, there is a clear link between the Luddites and early Romantics.", "Strikes have been frequent in all industrialized countries where labor has the right to freedom of action. In Great Britain, where the Industrial Revolution occurred first, strikes of various sorts took place during the 19th cent.; these include the antimachine riots of the Luddites, the successful work stoppage in 1889 by the London dockworkers, and the bitter and unsuccessful strikes by coal miners in 1898 and 1926, the latter leading to a general strike . The general strike, more successful in countries where labor unions are more closely linked to political parties than in the United States, has nevertheless also been attempted in cities there. Work stoppages have also occurred under authoritarian regimes (which often legally forbid strikes) as protests against both economic and political disabilities. Strikes against foreign owners of mines and oil fields have occurred at various times in Mexico, Bolivia, Chile, Venezuela, and Iran. The strike has also been used as a political weapon in the movements for independence in Asia and Africa.", "The transition to industrialisation was not wholly seamless for workers, many of whom saw their livelihoods threatened by the process. Of these, some frequently sabotaged or attempted to sabotage factories. These saboteurs were known as \"Luddites\". This view of the Luddite history should also be set against alternative views, such as that of E. P. Thompson.", "Industrialization/Industrial Revolution: Process of technological, economic and social transformation involving  production for a mass market by means of heavy machinery and human labor deployed in factories. During the 19th century, industrializing nations in Europe  and the USA experienced rapid -- if inequitably distributed -- economic growth,  and the crystallization of two general economic classes, the workers (proletariat)  and industrialists (industrial bourgeoisie).", "The attacks of the Luddites began in 1811 and were targeted at the machinery of factory and workshop owners. The campaigns of the Luddites were often closely targeted at specific forms of machinery and, despite the modern connotations of the name, the group were not opposed to progress in principle.", "The original Luddites also criticized owners of the new machines for replacing highly skilled workers with people with far less training or experience, even though the machines had taken over some of the skilled tasks needed to make yarn and fabric by hand. (In their letters of protest, the Luddites often referred to the new equipment as \"frames,\" a reference to the fact that fabric looms looked like the outside edges of a hollow box, on which yarn was strung for weaving or knitting. Knitting and weaving are two different techniques for making fabric from yarn.) Unskilled people were willing to work for lower wages than the skilled workers, which resulted in a reduction in wages for everyone in the textile industry.", "The Luddites were, in essence, part of a reactive movement, fighting against the modernization of methods of production. An alternative, and often more effective, method of action, was the organisation of workers into trade unions, where rights could be secured through collective bargaining and the threat of strikes. Whilst such movements were often not illegal in themselves, many of their actions were. It was, for instance, considered a criminal offence for a workman to break his contract and striking workers could be charged for offences relating to conspiracy or breaches of public order.", "A group of textile workers who resisted labor saving machines that took away jobs. They destroyed such machines. ", "Thousands of journeymen were convicted under these Acts, whereas no one employer was. The Times Compositors Union was suppressed in 1810 after they asked for a rise in their wages. Workers employed in the new factories and mines were constantly persecuted and often forced to combine secretly, for instance the iron founders in southern Wales. Resentment grew into opposition, most notably in the Luddite rebellions of 1811 and 1813 (to be featured in a forthcoming ‘Historic Notes’).", "After 1880 the inpouring of immigrants from Ireland, Italy, and Eastern Europe brought workers for the old industries, which were expanding, and for the new ones, including the electrical and chemical industries, which were being established. Labor conditions worsened but were challenged by the growing labor movement, whose targets included sweatshops (particularly notorious in New York City). Muckrakers muckrakers,", "Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.", "Violence broke out on 20 March, when the factory of William Ratcliffe was attacked at Stockport. He was one of the first manufacturers to use the power-loom. Then in April it was followed by a riot at the Manchester Exchange, and extremely violent food-riots in Manchester, Oldham, Ashton, Rochdale, Stockport and Macclesfield. On 20 April another power-loom mill was attached by thousands of people. Having been unable to destroy the factory, the insurgents burned down the mill-owner's house. Machine breaking only lasted for three or for weeks in Lancashire and Cheshire, but the riots were much more violent than in any other parts of the country. It is not surprising considering the fact that power-loom was a new and expensive invention, which was not scattered in small workshops all over the country, but was concentrated in a few big mills. Moreover, the owners expected the attacks, and prepared carefully. That is why Luddites were completely unsuccessful: they could not prevent the large-scale introduction of the power-loom, thus the whole class of hand-loom weavers was doomed to disappear in the course of a few decades.", "It is a well-known commonplace that \"industrial revolution\" dramatically restructured society. The disturbances of  the early 19th century Britain differed from both earlier rebellions of the same country and the contemporary social movements in other countries - except for the political movements of France and the national liberation movements of  places like Italy or Spain -, because they recognised that suffering and decay were not caused by God's will or by any other misty power, but by human activity. Rebellions acquired concrete aims, and what is more, they were directed against certain persons, and they did not  talk about the Millennial Empire any longer, but about smashing turnpikes, breaking knitting frames, threatening and punishing entrepreneurs who forced the introduction of new methods of production. Nevertheless, all these were not still elevated onto the level of politics; aims and demands were never put forward as political aspirations. The here examined events are transitional rebellions of a transitional age;  the only reason why these movements could be so concrete was because they had already left behind the religious social-conscience of the preceding epoch, but they had not yet reached the next period of political abstraction.", "The earliest use of the term \"Industrial Revolution\" seems to be a letter of 6 July 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto , announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise. [17] In his 1976 book Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society , Raymond Williams states in the entry for \"Industry\": \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen , between 1811 and 1818, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle. [18] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society\". Credit for popularising the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee , whose lectures given in 1881 gave a detailed account of it. [19]", "The aim of this paper is the examination of the social changes that the period generally called \"industrial revolution\" saw in the first half of the 19th century. However, instead of focussing on the well-known statistics and the description of technical development, I would like to concentrate on the \"shady side\" of this \"revolution\". I want to write a history from a bellow, to throw light on how the so called \"lower orders\" lived the profound social alterations brought by the progress of industry. The overwhelming majority of the population belonged to these social layers, and they were those whose lives changed in the greatest deal, and usually not for better.", "At the time of the Luddite movement, England was fighting a war against Napoléon Bonaparte (1769–1821), the emperor of France who was intent on spreading French power and influence throughout Europe. This war had a negative effect on the English economy and made the conditions of textile workers even more difficult. The promise of the new machines was to sell more cloth to customers worldwide, but trading opportunities were limited during the war against France. The result was widespread unemployment among textile workers, who blamed their woes on the new machines rather than on the restraints on foreign trade caused by the war with France.", "The earliest use of the term \"Industrial Revolution\" seems to be a letter of 6 July 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto , announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise. [16] In his 1976 book Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society , Raymond Williams states in the entry for \"Industry\": \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen , between 1811 and 1818, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s, as in Louis-Auguste Blanqui description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle. Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society\". Credit for popularising the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee , whose lectures given in 1881 gave a detailed account of it. [17]", "Technological advances were also encouraged by industry and trade, leading to an increased belief that science could solve human problems. But the working classes still had to fight for every increase in rights: unionization and strikes became the principal weapons workers would use after the 1860s�but success came only from costly work stoppages and violence. In other words there seems to be rejection of Romantic idealism; pragmatism reigned instead. The common man seemed to feel that he needed to be recognized, and people asserted themselves through action.", "            By mid-century, such artisans, proud of their skills and frustrated in their social and economic expectations, became the most radical political element in the European working class. (25) From at least the 1830s onward, these artisans took the lead in one country after another in attempting to formulate new ways to protect their social and economic interests. (26) By the late 1830s, many British workers linked the solution of their economic plight to a program of political reform known as Chartism. (27) The Six Points of the Charter included universal male suffrage, annual election of the House of Commons, the secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and the abolition of property qualifications for and the payment of salaries to members of the House of Commons. (28) Chartism as national movement failed but on the local level, the Chartists scored several successes and controlled city councils in Leeds and Sheffield. (29)", "Industrial workers also sought to benefit themselves by political action. They fought such legislation as the English laws of 1799 and 1800 forbidding labor organizations. They campaigned to secure laws which would help them. The struggle by workers to win the right to vote and to extend their political power was one of the major factors in the spread of democracy during the 19th century.", "Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man.", "Frustration among the laboring classes arose when the Constituent Assembly did not address the concerns of the workers. Strikes and worker demonstrations became more common as the workers gave vent to these frustrations. These demonstrations reached a climax when on May 15, 1848, workers from the secret societies broke out in armed uprising against the anti-labor and anti-democratic policies being pursued by the Constituent Assembly and the Provisional Government.", "The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. Subjection of nature's forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalization or rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground -- what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labor?", "German socialist of the mid-19th century; blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship.", "The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. Subjection of Nature’s forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam-navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalisation of rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground — what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labour?", "Industrial age reform movements began the gradual change of society rather than with episodes of rapid fundamental changes. The reformists' ideas were often grounded in liberalism, although they also possessed aspects of utopian, socialist or religious concepts. The Radical movement campaigned for electoral reform, a reform of the Poor Laws, free trade, educational reform, postal reform, prison reform, and public sanitation.", "“Metropolis” is the earliest example I’m aware of (1927, silent). Workers are depicted very much as dehumanized cogs in the machine. The pace of work is grueling and completely machine-driven. The machines are not designed to fit people, so over-reaching and other ergonomic issues abound.", "Anarchists, for instance, wish for the abolition of the state and for industry to come under democratic worker control. Other democratic socialists, while not wishing to abolish the state, would like to see industry come under direct worker control." ]

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[ "Integral is a gentle hatha style of yoga based on the ideas and principals of Sri Swami Sachidananda, who sought to give followers guidelines on how to improve their lives. In an attempt to integrate mind, body, and spirit, classes also include pranayama, chanting, and meditation.", "Bikram yoga, or “Bikram” for short, is an offshoot of traditional hatha yoga created by Bikram Choudhury that consists of 26 postures and two breathing exercises. Allegedly, the postures “systematically work every part of the body, to give all the internal organs, all the veins, all the ligaments, and all the muscles everything they need to maintain optimum health and maximum function.” Jennifer Boushy (a certified Bikram yoga instructor as of 2009 at Bikram Yoga Green Valley-Henderson and biology teacher at the University of Nevada Las Vegas) believes that Bikram is more structured than normal hatha yoga, noting that “Unlike other disciplines [of yoga], students are discouraged from modifying the postures. We do not change the posture to accommodate the body; we change the body to accommodate the posture and vibrant health is the result.”", "Integral yoga follows the teachings of Sri Swami Satchidananda, who came to the United States from India in the 1960s and eventually founded the famed Yogaville Ashram in Buckingham, Virginia and many other yoga institutes. Integral is a gentle, hatha practice and classes often also include breathing exercises , chanting, kriyas , and meditation.", "Both Bikram and Hatha yoga foster the development of strength , flexibility, bodily relaxation, and mental concentration. Hatha yoga appears to be more spiritually focused than Bikram yoga, though: hatha yoga aims to awaken the dormant energy or shakti of Shiva that “animates the subtle body but is concealed behind the gross human frame.” The subtle anatomy containing this shakti is usually described as “a series of lotiform chakras wheels rising from the anal or genital area to the top of the head.” Joining both female shakti and male Shiva creates a union that is “indistinguishable from enlightenment and even immortality.” Bikram does not intend for any kind of these joining of chakras, but it does emphasis a body/ mind connection which is ultimately similar to hatha yoga. “More important than the differences between Bikram yoga and other yogas is the similarity [between all of them],” Boushy iterates, “all yoga brings people together by bringing us closer to ourselves.”", "Bikram Yoga is a system of yoga that Bikram Choudhury synthesized from traditional hatha yoga techniques and popularized beginning in the early 1970s. All Bikram Yoga Beginning Series classes run for 90 minutes and consist of the same series of 26 postures, including two breathing exercises. Bikram Yoga is a hot yoga style, and is ideally practiced in a room heated to 40 °C with a humidity of 40%. All official Bikram classes are taught by Bikram-certified teachers, who have completed nine weeks of training endorsed by Choudhury. Bikram-certified teachers are taught a standardized dialogue to run the class, but are encouraged to develop their teaching skills the longer they teach. This results in varying deliveries and distinct teaching styles.", "Hatha is an easy-to-learn, basic form of yoga where poses are done one by one and teachers take a lot of time to explain the pose and it’s alignment.", "Hatha yoga is the practice of yoga postures, or asana, using the body as a vehicle for self-transformation.", "Hatha is an easy-to-learn basic form of yoga that has become very popular in the United States. Hatha Yoga is the foundation of all Yoga styles. It incorporates Asanas (postures), Pranayama (regulated breathing), meditation (Dharana & Dhyana) and kundalini (Laya Yoga) into a complete system that can be used to achieve enlightenment or self-realization. It has become very popular in America as source of exercise and stress management. The ideal way to practice the Hatha Yoga poses (asanas) is to approach the practice session in a calm, meditative mood. Sit quietly for a few moments, then begin the series, slowly, with control and grace, being inwardly aware as the body performs the various poses selected for the practice session. Do not overdo the asanas or try to compete with others. Take it easy and enjoy.", "There are several styles of Hatha yoga; many of these have specific characteristics that reflect the uniqueness of each teacher's yoga philosophy. Like individuals, styles or schools of Hatha yoga have their own personalities and beliefs toward practicing the disciplines of yoga. Distinguishing these styles are the differences in sequence, motion, alignment and overall form of the poses and the variations of breathing methods and meditation. Although the basics remain the same, the specific techniques that vary in approach outline the main differences among the many types. Regardless of age, fitness level or philosophy, there is a style for everyone interested in experiencing the physical and mental benefits of yoga. The following is a partial list of the many yoga styles.", "Hatha: Most modern forms of yoga fall under this traditional branch. Classes called “Hatha” are typically basic with a classic approach pairing breathing exercises with postures. Beginner-friendly.", "All Types of Yoga, From Bikram to Vinyasa to Iyengar, Explained in One Chart | Mic", "Hatha Yoga is a system of Yoga introduced by Yogi Swatmarama, a sage of 15th century India, and compiler of the Hatha Yoga Pradipika. In this treatise Swatmarama introduces Hatha Yoga as preparatory stage of physical purification that the body practices for higher meditation. This is the most well known form of yoga outside India, and is what most westerners refer to as yoga. It is typically associated with performing asanas (postures) as a form of exercise.", "There are a number of branches of yoga (different methods of practicing postures, breathing techniques, meditation and yoga philosophy all working toward the same goal of uniting the mind with the body) such are the branches of a tree. These include Râja yoga, Karma yoga, Bhakti yoga, Jnana yoga, Tantra yoga and Hatha yoga. This article explains the different styles of Hatha yoga, the most popular yoga practice in the West.", "Hatha Yoga: From \"ha\" (sun) and \"tha\" (moon), hatha yoga seeks to unify opposites - body and mind - and describes any of the physical practices of yoga.", "In the integral yoga tradition propounded by Swami Satchidananda, pranayama is incorporated into every yoga class. A typical session starts with asana, moves on to pranayama, and ends with seated meditation. “A hatha yoga class in the Integral Yoga system systematically takes the person deeper,” says Swami Karunananda, a senior Integral Yoga teacher. “Asana is meditation on", "In reputation and in content, Hatha overlapped with Tantra, a South Asian medieval tradition that yoked transcendence to the body and bodily desire. In the antinomian world of Tantra, ritual transgression (including, in some cases, ritualized sexuality) could lead to liberation. Both Tantrists and Hatha yogis emphasized the \"subtle body\" (sometimes called the \"energetic body\"), a hybrid corporeal-metaphysical entity. Through esoteric techniques—ritual purifications followed by pranayama (restrained breathing), asana (posture work), and mudra (sealing off the subtle body)—Hatha yogis performed bodily alchemy. They drew prana (the breath of life) into the body's central channel, thus awakening the serpent (kundalini) at the base of spine. As this serpent power uncoiled and moved upward, it purified the pranic channels (nadis) [End Page 146] and balanced their lunar and solar sides, pierced the six main chakras, and finally united with the divine in the seventh chakra at the crown of the head. The result was bodily immortality and supernatural power.", "In addition to the above mentioned opposites, sometimes also referred to as hot and cold, male and female, etc., Hatha yoga includes the concept of multiple \"limbs\" or areas of the yoga practice. Where some common yoga forms such as Ashtanga yoga are built on eight limbs, Hatha yoga, according to experts, is often based on six, each of which represent a critical component of the whole, whether it has to do with readying the mind for meditation, controlling breathing or focusing on another particular task.", "Bikram devised the 26 postures sequence, which has a profound healing power on your body and mind. He later founded Bikram's Yoga College of India, and with the help of his affiliated studios, has shown the light of healthy life to millions of people around the world.", "ISHTA: This stands for  Integrated Science of Hatha, Tantra, and Ayurveda , and aims to connect students with their own internal energy. Classes include a cocktail of  Ashtanga -like postures and  Iyengar ’s precision served on the rocks with breathing and meditation.", "Since all Bikram classes are exactly the same, regular practitioners can really see their progression. Also, regular students can get into a meditative zone because they are familiar with the sequence of poses.", "Middle Ages saw the development of many satellite traditions of yoga. Hatha yoga emerged in this period. ", "The origins of today's most popular types of yoga can be traced back to one man,  T. Krishnamacharya . Through his three most prominent students, yoga, as we know it, was disseminated to the west:", "any of various geometric designs (usually circular) symbolizing the universe; used chiefly in Hinduism and Buddhism as an aid to meditation", "The Indian philosopher-sage Sri Aurobindo attempted to unite the Eastern and Western psychological traditions with his integral psychology, as have many philosophers and New religious movements. Judaism teaches that \"moach shalit al halev\", the mind rules the heart. Humans can approach the Divine intellectually, through learning and behaving according to the Divine Will as enclothed in the Torah, and use that deep logical understanding to elicit and guide emotional arousal during prayer. Christianity has tended to see the mind as distinct from the soul (Greek nous) and sometimes further distinguished from the spirit. Western esoteric traditions sometimes refer to a mental body that exists on a plane other than the physical. Hinduism's various philosophical schools have debated whether the human soul (Sanskrit atman) is distinct from, or identical to, Brahman, the divine reality. Taoism sees the human being as contiguous with natural forces, and the mind as not separate from the body. Confucianism sees the mind, like the body, as inherently perfectible.", "Other tantra yoga practices include a system of 108 bodily postures practiced with breath and heart rhythm. The Nyingma tradition also practices Yantra yoga (Tib. \"Trul khor\"), a discipline that includes breath work (or pranayama), meditative contemplation and precise dynamic movements to centre the practitioner. [101] The body postures of Tibetan ancient yogis are depicted on the walls of the Dalai Lama's summer temple of Lukhang . A semi-popular account of Tibetan Yoga by Chang (1993) refers to caṇḍalī (Tib. \"tummo\"), the generation of heat in one's own body, as being \"the very foundation of the whole of Tibetan Yoga.\" [102] Chang also claims that Tibetan Yoga involves reconciliation of apparent polarities, such as prana and mind, relating this to theoretical implications of tantrism .", "This mark also pints to that portion of the forehead which is the focal point of supreme intellect – in Sanskrit – the final point of the awakened kundalini – a system of yoga said to be perfected only by rigorous practice. It is said that after one attains this kind of perfection, the body reaches the final perfection.", "Health Yoga Life Instructor Siga Bielkus demonstrates the “Breath of Fire’’, a conscious breathing technique aimed to eradicate the ego. The “Breath of Fire’’ is a central breathing technique in Kundalini and is in many Kriyas.", "The elements meet at particular nodal points – starbursts of metal – the most congested of which are at the head, throat, heart, stomach and genitals of the form. These roughly correspond to the \"chakras\", or energy points, of ancient Hindu thought. \"It is a re-examination of the body as an energy system, rather than as a system of bone, muscle and skin,\" says Gormley.", "For our third chakra we want to strenthen, warm and build the body-yoga poses that can help with this are:", "Niyama (The five \"observances\"): Shaucha(purity), Santosha(contentment), Tapas (austerity), Svadhyaya (study of the Vedic scriptures to know about God and the soul), and Ishvara-Pranidhana (surrender to God).", "\"The physical body is composed of the five great elements or the Mahabhutas, viz., earth, water, fire, air, and ether. The Devas or gods are endowed with a divine or luminous body. The fire Tattva is predominant in them. In man, the earth Tattva is preponderating. In the case of aquatic animals, the element of water predominates. In the case of birds, the element of air predominates. Hardness of the body is due to the portion of earth; the fluidity is due to the portion of water; the warmth that you feel in the body is due to fire; moving to and fro and such other activities are due to air; space is due to Akasa or ether. Jivatma or the individual soul is different from the five elements. After death, these elements are dissolved. They reach their primordial sources in the inexhaustible storehouse of nature. The element of earth goes and joins its store of Prithvi Tattva. The other elements also go back to their sources. The respective functions of the organs are blended with the presiding gods. Sight goes to the sun from where it had its power of vision, speech goes to fire, life-breath to air, the ear into quarters, the body into the earth, hairs into annual herbs, hairs of the head into trees, and blood and semen into waters.\" - Swami Sivananda", "Eastern Body, Western Mind: Psychology and the Chakra System as a Path to the Self. Celestial Arts; Berkley" ]

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[ "Guinevere was the Queen of King Arthur in the court of Camelot, and she plays a central part in the tales and folklore of the castle and the Knights of the Round Table . She was said to have fallen in love with Sir Lancelot, King Arthur's most trusted knight. This story makes up perhaps the most famous Love Triangle ever known.", "Sir Lancelot (or Launcelot) du Lac (/ˈlænsələt/, /ˈlɔːnsələt/, /ˈlænsəlɒt/, or /ˈlɔːnsəlɒt/; and /djuːˈlæk/ or /djuːˈlɑːk/) was one of the Knights of the Round Table in the Arthurian legend. He most typically features as King Arthur's greatest champion whose love affair with Queen Guinevere brings about the end of Arthur's kingdom.", "Sir Galahad (pronounced /ˈɡæləˌhæd/; Welsh : Gwalchavad), sometimes referred to as Galeas (/ɡəˈliːəs/) or Galath (/ˈɡæləθ/), is a knight of King Arthur 's Round Table and one of the three achievers of the Holy Grail in Arthurian legend . He is the illegitimate son of Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic , and is renowned for his gallantry and purity. He is perhaps the knightly embodiment of Jesus in the Arthurian legends. He first appears in the Lancelot-Grail cycle, and his story is taken up in later works such as the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Sir Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur .", "Sir Galahad (; sometime referred to as Galeas or Galath ), in Arthurian legend, is a knight of King Arthur's Round Table and one of the three achievers of the Holy Grail. He is the illegitimate son of Sir Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic, and is renowned for his gallantry and purity. Emerging quite late in the medieval Arthurian tradition, Sir Galahad first appears in the Lancelot–Grail cycle, and his story is taken up in later works such as the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur.", "  / ˈ ɡ æ l ə h æ d / ; Middle Welsh : Gwalchavad, sometimes referred to as Galeas ( / ɡ ə ˈ l iː ə s / ) or Galath ( / ˈ ɡ æ l ə θ / ), in Arthurian legend , is a knight of King Arthur 's Round Table and one of the three achievers of the Holy Grail . He is the illegitimate son of Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic , and is renowned for his gallantry and purity. Emerging quite late in the medieval Arthurian tradition, he is perhaps the knightly embodiment of Jesus in the Arthurian legends. Sir Galahad first appears in the Lancelot–Grail cycle, and his story is taken up in later works such as the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Sir Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur .", "In Arthurian legend, Sir Bedivere ( or; ; , also spelt Bedevere) is the Knight of the Round Table who returns Excalibur to the Lady of the Lake. He serves as King Arthur's marshal and is frequently associated with Sir Kay. Sir Lucan is his brother and Sir Griflet is his cousin.", "Guinevere (Welsh: Gwenhwyfar), is the wife of the semi-legendary King Arthur of Britain. She appears in the 12th-century Historia cycle of Arthurian romances by the English chronicler Geoffrey of Monmouth as Gwanhumara, a beautiful woman who became a nun after the defeat of King Arthur by Mordred. In the 12th century romance Le chevalier � la charette (The Knight of the Cart), the French poet Chr�tien de Troyes introduced the story of the tragic love affair between Guinevere and Sir Lancelot du Lac. The same story was treated by later English writers, notably by Sir Thomas Malory in Le morte d'Arthur (1485) and by Alfred, Lord Tennyson in Idylls of the King (1859-85).", "According to Geoffrey of Monmouth Guinevere is descended from a noble family of Romans and is “the loveliest woman in all the island”. In later romances she is the daughter of Leodegrance, previous owner of the Round Table, which she brings, together with one hundred knights, as her dowry when she marries Arthur. By the time of Chrétien de Troyes her affair with Lancelot is well established – it is he, not Arthur, who rescues Guinevere from her abductor Méléagant. She is an accomplice to Mordred’s treachery against Arthur in the Vulgate cycle, a theme continued by Malory in Le Morte d’Arthur, where Queen Guinevere’s character comes to full fruition. Here, her lifelong relationship with Lancelot, who rescues her from being burnt at the stake for adultery, eventually brings about the downfall of Camelot.", "Later, Guinevere is abducted by Mordred, Arthur's nephew, while he is in Europe campaigning. Sir Lancelot comes to her rescue, and he repeatedly defend her honour thoughout her life (when she is accused of having an affair with Sir Kay for example). And all the while, Lancelot and Guinevere fall hopelessly for each other, seemingly unable to stop a train of events that would ultimately lead to tragedy.", "The story of the marriage of England's King Arthur to Guinevere is played out amid the pagentry of Camelot. The plot of illegitimate Modred to gain the throne and Guinevere's growing attachment to Sir Lancelot, whom she at first abhors, threaten to topple Arthur and destroy his \"round table\" of knights who would use their might for right. Written by Ron Kerrigan <mvg@whidbey.com>", "In the end, Guinevere’s enduring love of her equally devoted Lancelot, and the resultant betrayal of King Arthur, brought about the end of the Round Table and the fall of Camelot. But as Sir Thomas Malory says, “She was a true lover and therefore she had a good end.”", "quest was of paramount importance to the Knights of the Round Table, one seat was always kept empty at the table, reserved for the knight who would find the Grail. Sir Galahad was the only knight to occupy the seat, the other knights were swallowed by the earth. Galahad was the son of Sir Lancelot, lover of Queen Guinevere, Arthur’s wife. Twelve nuns who raised Galahad told his father he should make him a knight, because no man was more deserving. After Sir Galahad had taken his place at the round table a mysterious lady announced that the sacred vessel would feed all the knights, this happened without anyone at the meal seeing or touching the Grail. Sir Gawain vowed to find the Grail’s home, along with most of the Knights of the Round table. King Arthur attempted to stop them, fearing this would be their final quest, the knights set off in different directions with Sir Percival and Sir Bors encountering the Grail together. They received the sacrament from the dead, Joseph of Arimathea, who told Sir Galahad to take a bleeding spear to the castle of the “Maimed King” and rub it on his crippled body and limbs. The task was carried out and the king restored to health.", "Queen Guinevere, King Arthur (her husband), and Sir Lancelot (her lover), form the most celebrated love-triangle in European literature. From her origins – probably Welsh – Guinevere’s presence (and non-presence by abduction) runs strong throughout mainstream Arthurian legend: in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Brittaniae, in the works of the French poets Chrétien de Troyes and Robert de Boron, in the Vulgate Cycle, and most famously in Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur.", "Back in Britain, Lancelot quickly establishes himself as Arthur's most skilled and daring knight, as well as the most chivalrous and honourable. Among his adventures, he is enchanted into a deep sleep by Morgause's sister, Morgan le Fay , a powerful magician who once studied under Merlin. Lancelot, however, manages to escape her castle. He also proves victorious in a tournament fighting on behalf of his fellow Knight of the Round Table, Bagdemagus . Additionally, he slays a rogue knight, Turquine, who had several of the Round Table Knights held prisoner. He is also prone to assisting damsels in distress, and he regularly champions the cause of the oppressed and shows sympathy to those he has defeated in combat. However, he also admits that he is in love with Guinevere, although he says they have never slept together.", "The Celtic Tristram, a knight of the Round Table, particularly known for the story of “Tristram and Iseult”, synonymous of eternal and fatal love – and thus a representation of Humbert himself, in his mind (his mention of his “pseudo-Celtic” charm, \"not un-Celtic\", \"Franco-irish\" charm (e.g. in p.104 TAL and p.188 TAL) gives the thing away (the mention of the Gallic part of his brain also strongly associates Humbert with Celts)).", "The Knights of the Round Table were characters in the legends about King Arthur. They were the best knights in King Arthur's kingdom and lived in King Arthur's castle, Camelot. They were called the Knights of the Round Table because of a special table in Camelot, that was round instead of rectangular. This meant that everyone who sat around it was seen as equal.", "Despite his love for Guinevere, Lancelot also beloved a number of other women including Elaine of Carbonek with him he had a son named Galahad. Guinevere forgave him for that, but when Elaine tricked Lancelot to her bed a second time within earshot of Guinevere, she flew into a fury which drove Lancelot away from Camelot in a fit of madness. Guinevere spaired no expense to find him. Percival and Ector finally located him at Joyous Garde, but he was soon off on the Grail Quest instigated by Merlin to preserve the nobility of Arthur's knights. Lancelot it seems had motives to end the affair with Guinevere and championed Guinevere ladies to dispel the rumors and gossip before he could end it. Guinevere, however, refused to end the affair and Lancelot followed up by hiding out with Sir Brasias at Windsor until she would forgive him.", "Other old stories then attached themselves to the name of Arthurmyths of ancient Celtic gods and tales of magic and the supernatural. Later, because Arthur had been a Christian fighting against the heathen, the knights and poets of chivalry fancied him a knight like themselves, even though he had lived long before the age of chivalry. Stories of other knights, such as those of Tristram and of Gawain, were drawn into the Arthurian cycle. Sir Lancelot was considered the most chivalrous of the legendary knights and his son, Sir Galahad, the noblest. Some of the romances involved Lancelot with Guinevere. A religious element was added with the legend of the quest for the Holy Grail , the cup that had been used by Jesus at the Last Supper and which only the pure in heart and deed might behold. Thus the Arthurian stories are a combination of history, myth, romance, fairy tale, and religious parable.", "Other old stories then attached themselves to the name of Arthur myths of ancient Celtic gods and tales of magic and the supernatural. Later, because Arthur had been a Christian fighting against the heathen, the knights and poets of chivalry fancied him a knight like themselves, even though he had lived long before the age of chivalry. Stories of other knights, such as those of Tristram and of Gawain, were drawn into the Arthurian cycle. Sir Lancelot was considered the most chivalrous of the legendary knights and his son, Sir Galahad, the noblest. Some of the romances involved Lancelot with Guinevere. A religious element was added with the legend of the quest for the Holy Grail, the cup that had been used by Jesus Christ at the Last Supper and which only the pure in heart and deed might behold. Thus the Arthurian stories are a combination of history, myth, romance, fairy tale, and religious parable.", "Lancelot falls in love with Guinevere, who is due to be married to King Arthur. Meanwhile, a violent warlord tries to seize power from Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table.", "Geoffrey of Monmouth introduces the notion of Guinevere's infidelity (with Modred) while Arthur is fighting on the continent. In Chrétien's Lancelot, Guinevere becomes Lancelot's lover after he rescues her from Meleagant. Generally (though not always) in the romance tradition, Guinevere is portrayed as Lancelot's lover. In the Vulgate Cycle, the first meeting between Guinevere and Lancelot is arranged by Galehaut. She is later accused of not being the true Guinevere by the illegitimate daughter of her father Leodagan and the wife of his seneschal. When Arthur falls in love with the False Guinevere and accepts her as his queen, Guinevere is protected by Lancelot and Galehaut until the truth is revealed.", "The Round Table takes on new dimensions in the romances of the late 12th and early 13th century, where it becomes a symbol of the famed order of chivalry which flourishes under Arthur. In Robert de Boron's Merlin, written around the 1190s, the wizard Merlin creates the Round Table in imitation of the table of the Last Supper and of Joseph of Arimathea's Holy Grail table. This table, here made for Arthur's father Uther Pendragon rather than Arthur himself, has twelve seats and one empty place to mark the betrayal of Judas. This seat must remain empty until the coming of the knight who will achieve the Grail. The Didot Perceval, a prose continuation of Robert's work, takes up the story, and the knight Percival sits in the seat and initiates the Grail quest.", "Whilst Lancelot is having his adventures, a man with no memories arrives at the court. Mocked by some of the knights, he is about to leave when a woman, Lynette , comes to Arthur asking for assistance against the Red Knight of the Red Lands (Sir Ironside), who has the strength of seven men, and is holding Lynette's sister, Lyonesse, prisoner. Much to Lynette's horror, Arthur sends the unknown man, who had been put to work in Arthur's kitchen. The man subsequently encounters the Black, Green, Puce, and Blue knights, defeating them all before finally facing the Red Knight. He defeats the knight and is able to persuade all of the knights to return with him to Camelot, except the Black knight, who he kills. Back in Camelot, the man determines to win the respect of the Knights of the Round Table, and organises a tournament, where, in disguise, he defeats several of them. Shortly after the tournament, he discovers he is in fact Sir Gareth Beaumains , Arthur's nephew, and Knight of the Round Table Gawain's brother. He is thus welcomed to the Table and knighted by Lancelot who becomes his mentor and friend.", "\"Knights of the Round Table\" trilogy by Gwen Rowley.  The mysterious aura of the Round Table Knights is well represented in these beguiling stories.  \"Lancelot\" begins the series followed by \"Geraint\" and \"Gawain\".  Paranormal romance.", "Arthur fell in love with Guinevere, daughter of King Leodegran of Scotland . But Merlin insisted that Arthur had to prove himself in battle before he could marry her. When Arthur later returned in triumph from France, the wedding took place. As a gift, Guinevere's parents gave Arthur a large round table. He and the loyal knights who made up his court would sit around this table it to plan their campaigns and their deeds.", "Talk about a royal mess. The brave knight fell in love with King Arthur's wife, Guinevere. As legend goes, they tried to keep their love a secret, but alas, their affair came to light. Eventually, Guinevere was ... more", "History: Not much is known about the early history of Guinevere. She apparently took her name from Guenevere, the sovereign goddess of Britain, but by most accounts, she is one of two daughters of King Leodegrance, a legendary British ruler of Saxon and Roman descent who ruled the region of Cameliard in what is now modern Cheshire County in modern England. In the early year of his rule, Arthur lead armies into the Welsh territory of Norgales to rescue King Leodegrance from King Ryons of Norgales who had captured him. It was not long into his rule that Arthur was advised by his barons that he should take a wife to give him an heir. Arthur had become smitten by Guinevere while he was a guest of Leodegrance in Cameliard. His choice of Guinevere as a bride and Queen of Britain was supported by Leodegrance, who gave Arthur the Round Table for his knights as part of her dowry, but Arthur's sage and advisor, Merlin , warned him that she would fail to be faithful to him. During the marriage, maternal relatives of Guinevere's look-alike half-sister, Genievre, tried to substitute  Genievre for Guinevere, but the hoax failed and Genievre was disinherited for her part.", "GUINEVERE \"fair smooth\" or possibly \"white wave\" (Celtic). A character in 'The Tales of King Arthur'. She was the wife of King Arthur.", "The same is true of another heroic cycle launched in France later in the 12th century. In the stories of King Arthur (a legendary English king, but featured in literature mainly by the French), the emphasis falls more on the knights of the round table than on the table's owner. And now there is a new element, in the prominent part played by a woman, Queen Guinevere. The ideal of courtly love becomes part of the tradition.", "King Arthur And The Knights Of The Round Table: An Epic Hero For Moder - King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table: An Epic Hero for Modern Times In about 1470, Thomas Malory finished Morte d' Arthur, the first of the many legends written about King Arthur. Even in modern times, King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table are a favorite subject in movies, books, and plays. Often times this is so because the Medieval Period in general, and King Arthur in particular, have an air of mystery, romance, fantasy, and adventure that are popular themes in all times and cultures....   [tags: essays research papers]", "Guinevere in King Arthur's Disasters to the point of being described as \"Her generation's Paris Hilton.\"", "However, in the mainstream Arthurian literature, Guinevere not only representing the kingdom of Logres (Britain), but the source of Arthur's earthly power came from the Round Table." ]

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[ "The Dunkirk evacuation, commonly known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, code-named Operation Dynamo by the British, was the evacuation of Allied soldiers from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, France, between 26 May and the early hours of 3 June 1940. Operation Dynamo took its name from the dynamo room in the naval headquarters below Dover Castle.", "The Dunkirk evacuation, code-named Operation Dynamo, also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, was the evacuation of Allied soldiers from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, France, between 26 May and 4 June 1940, during World War II. The operation was decided upon when large numbers of Belgian, British, and French troops were cut off and surrounded by the German army during the Battle of France. In a speech to the House of Commons, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the events in France \"a colossal military disaster\", saying \"the whole root and core and brain of the British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his We shall fight on the beaches speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\".", "The Siege of Calais was a battle for the port and town of Calais during the German blitzkrieg which overran northern France in 1940. It immediately preceded Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force through Dunkirk. It has long been a subject of debate whether the sacrifice of the largely British garrison at Calais contributed to the successful evacuation from Dunkirk.", "The position of the B. E.F had now become critical As a result of a most skillfully conducted retreat and German errors, the bulk of the British Forces reached the Dunkirk bridgehead. The peril facing the British nation was now suddenly and universally perceived. On May 26, \"Operation Dynamo \"--the evacuation from Dunkirk began. The seas remained absolutely calm. The Royal Air Force--bitterly maligned at the time by the Army--fought vehemently to deny the enemy the total air supremacy which would have wrecked the operation. At the outset, it was hoped that 45,000 men might be evacuated; in the event, over 338,000 Allied troops reached England, including 26,000 French soldiers. On June 4, Churchill reported to the House of Commons, seeking to check the mood of national euphoria and relief at the unexpected deliverance, and to make a clear appeal to the United States.", "The position of the British Expeditionary Force had now become critical. As a result of a most skillfully conducted retreat and German errors, the bulk of the British forces reached the Dunkirk bridgehead. The peril facing the British nation was now suddenly and universally perceived. On May 26, \"Operation Dynamo \" - the evacuation from Dunkirk began. The seas remained absolutely calm. The Royal Air Force - bitterly maligned at the time by the Army - fought vehemently to deny the enemy the total air supremacy which would have wrecked the operation. At the outset, it was hoped that 45,000 men might be evacuated; in the event, over 338,000 Allied troops reached England, including 26,000 French soldiers. On June 4, Churchill reported to the House of Commons, seeking to check the mood of national euphoria and relief at the unexpected deliverance, and to make a clear appeal to the United States.", "The British launched Operation Dynamo, which evacuated the encircled British, French and Belgian troops from the northern pocket in Belgium and Pas-de-Calais, beginning on 26 May. About 28,000 men were evacuated on the first day. The French First Army—the bulk of which remained in Lille—mounted a long defence of the city owing to Weygand's failure to pull it back along with other French forces to the coast. The 50,000 men involved finally capitulated on 31 May. While the First Army was mounting its sacrificial defence at Lille, it drew German forces away from Dunkirk, allowing 70,000 Allied soldiers to escape. Total Allied evacuation rates stood at 165,000 on 31 May. The Allied position was complicated by Belgian King Leopold III's surrender on 27 May, which was postponed until 28 May. The gap left by the Belgian Army stretched from Ypres to Dixmude. Nevertheless, a collapse was prevented and 139,732 British and 139,097 French soldiers were evacuated. Between 31 May and 4 June, some 20,000 British and 98,000 French were saved. Still, some 30–40,000 French soldiers of the rearguard remained to be captured. The overall total evacuated was 338,226. ", "Calais was virtually razed to the ground during World War II . [36] In May 1940, it was a key objective of the invading German forces and became the scene of a last-ditch defence—the Siege of Calais —which diverted a sizable amount of German forces for several days immediately prior to the Battle of Dunkirk . 3,000 British and 800 French troops, assisted by Royal Navy warships, held out from 22 to 27 May 1940 against the 10th Panzer Division . The town was flattened by artillery and precision dive bombing and only 30 of the 3800-strong defending force were evacuated before the town fell. This may have helped Operation Dynamo , the evacuation of Allied forces at Dunkirk, as 10th Panzer would have been involved on the Dunkirk perimeter had it not been busy at Calais. [37] Between 26 May and 4 June 1940, some 330,000 Allied troops escaped from the Germans at Dunkirk. [38]", "During the Second World War, naval activity in the European theatre was primarily limited to the Atlantic. During the Battle of France in May 1940, the Germans succeeded in capturing both Boulogne and Calais, thereby threatening the line of retreat for the British Expeditionary Force. By a combination of hard fighting and German indecision, the port of Dunkirk was kept open allowing 338,000 Allied troops to be evacuated in Operation Dynamo. More than 11,000 were evacuated from Le Havre during Operation Cycle and a further 192,000 were evacuated from ports further down the coast in Operation Ariel in June 1940. The early stages of the Battle of Britain featured air attacks on Channel shipping and ports, and until the Normandy Landings (with the exception of the Channel Dash) the narrow waters were too dangerous for major warships. Despite these early successes against shipping, the Germans did not win the air supremacy necessary for Operation Sealion, the projected cross-Channel invasion.", "Battalion formed part of the British Expeditionary Force and in April 1940 went to France. After being involved in a major defence, the BEF went into retreat, a vast amount gathered on Dunkirk beach (codenamed \"Operation Dynamo\") where they joined other armed forces waiting to be evacuated by hundreds of little boats and ships. More than 330,000 soldiers were rescued and taken back to Britain. The 5th were evacuated, having suffered light casualties compared to the 2nd Manchesters. The evacuation began 26th May and ended on 4 June.", "Operation Dynamo, the evacuation from Dunkirk of 27 May-4 June 1940, is one of the most celebrated military events in British history, and yet it was the direct result of one of the most crushing defeats suffered by the British army. Only eighteen days before the start of the evacuation the combined British and French armies had been seen as at least equal to the Germans. If Belgium and Holland came into the war, then the combined Allied armies could field 144 divisions, three more than the Germans. Even without Belgium and Holland the Allies outnumbered the Germans by almost two-to-one in artillery and by nearly 50% in tanks. For over six months the two armies had faced each other across the Franco-German border, but on 10 May the German offensive in the west began, and that all changed. After only ten days German tanks reached the Channel at Abbeville, splitting the Allied armies in two. All the Germans had to do to trap the BEF without any hope of escape was turn north and sweep along the almost undefended channel coast.", "During the Second World War , naval activity in the European theatre was primarily limited to the Atlantic . During the Battle of France in May 1940, the Germans succeeded in capturing both Boulogne and Calais , thereby threatening the line of retreat for the British Expeditionary Force . By a combination of hard fighting and German indecision, the port of Dunkirk was kept open allowing 338,000 Allied troops to be evacuated in Operation Dynamo . More than 11,000 were evacuated from Le Havre during Operation Cycle [33] and a further 192,000 were evacuated from ports further down the coast in Operation Ariel in June 1940. [34] The early stages of the Battle of Britain [35] featured air attacks on Channel shipping and ports, and until the Normandy Landings (with the exception of the Channel Dash ) the narrow waters were too dangerous for major warships. Despite these early successes against shipping, the Germans did not win the air supremacy necessary for Operation Sealion , the projected cross-Channel invasion.", "The BEF and French forces , encircled in the north, were evacuated from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo . The operation was one of the biggest military evacuations in history, as 338,000 British and French troops were transported across the English Channel on warships and civilian boats.", "The BEF and Military of France|French forces, encircled in the north, were evacuated from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo. The operation was one of the biggest military evacuations in history, as 338,000 British and French troops were transported across the English Channel on warships and civilian boats.", "The Battalion formed part of the British Expeditionary Force and in April 1940 went to France. After being involved in a major defence, the BEF went into retreat, a vast amount gathered on Dunkirk beach (codenamed \"Operation Dynamo\") where they joined other armed forces waiting to be evacuated by hundreds of little boats and ships. More than 330,000 soldiers were rescued and taken back to Britain. Of the surviving men of the 2nd Manchesters, more than 300 men were evacuated. Less than 200 remained, fighting until being either captured or killed.", "Dunkirk, France is the site of the largest military evacuation in history. During World War II, some 340,000 Allied troops were evacuated to England. The retreat by sea took place between May 26 and June 4, 1940.", "Encircled, the British, Belgian and French launched Operation Dynamo (May 26 – June 4) and later Operation Ariel (June 14–25), evacuating Allied forces from the northern pocket in Belgium and Pas-de-Calais , beginning on May 26. (see Battle of Dunkirk ) The Allied position was complicated by King Léopold III of Belgium ‘s surrender the following day, which was postponed until May 28.", "Encircled, the British, Belgian and French launched Operation Dynamo (May 26-June 4) and later Operation Ariel (June 14–25), evacuating Allied forces from the northern pocket in Belgium and Pas-de-Calais , beginning on May 26. (see Battle of Dunkirk ) The Allied position was complicated by King Léopold III of Belgium 's surrender the following day, which was postponed till the 28th.", "Encircled, the British, Belgian and French launched Operation Dynamo (May 26 – June 4) and later Operation Ariel (June 14–25), evacuating Allied forces from the northern pocket in Belgium and Pas-de-Calais, beginning on May 26. (see Battle of Dunkirk ) The Allied position was complicated by King Léopold III of Belgium 's surrender the following day, which was postponed till the 28th.", "France was divided into the puppet government of Vichy France, and the occupied northern zone. By the 25th May, most of the British Expeditionary Force was trapped in a narrow band near the coast.", "The escape of the British Army from France has often been called \"the miracle of Dunkirk\". For the German armoured forces had reached the Channel coast behind the back of the British Army while this was still deep in the interior of Flanders. Cut off from its own bases, and from the bulk of the French Army, it seemed likely also to be cut off from the sea. Those who got away have often wondered how they managed to do so.", "... Arras Lille Boulogne Calais Abbeville Paula Dunkirk Dunkirk evacuation Italian Invasion of France Saumur Britain Adlertag The Hardest Day Battle of Britain Day Sea Lion 1942–1943 Cerberus and Donnerkeil St ... to cut off and destroy the Allied armies at Dunkirk ... resistance, a number of Allied formations managed to escape to Dunkirk ...", "51°02N 2°23E, pop (2000e) 74 300. Seaport in Nord department, NW France, at the entrance to the Straits of Dover; third largest port of France, with extensive docks and quays; ferry connections to Dover and Harwich; during World War 2, the retreating British Expeditionary Force was rescued from the beaches near the town; railway; shipbuilding, oil refining, fishing equipment, cotton spinning. …", "Dunkirk, France is the site of the largest military evacuation in history. During World War II, some 340,000 Allied troops were evacuated to England. ", "On 22 June 1940, France signed an armistice with Germany. Britain was determined to keep fighting. On 1/2 July, the British attacked the German warships and in the port of Kiel and the next day, 16 RAF bombers attacked German train facilities in Hamm. ", "This battle occurred in the late autumn at a crucial point in the “Race to the Sea”, when the Allied Armies and the German Armies were engaged in an attempt to outflank one another in a desire to reach and secure the ports on the northern French coast. With the agreement of the French Commander-in-Chief (General Joffre), the British Commander-in-Chief (Field-Marshal Sir John French) withdrew British forces of the British Expeditionary Force (B.E.F.) from their positions on the Aisne battlefield. They moved to Artois and Flanders to extend the left flank of the French Army and hold back the German advance towards the coast.", "Germany launched an offensive against France and, for reasons of military strategy, also attacked the neutral nations of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg on 10 May 1940. That same day the United Kingdom occupied the Danish possessions of Iceland, Greenland and the Faroes to preempt a possible German invasion of the islands. The Netherlands and Belgium were overrun using blitzkrieg tactics in a few days and weeks, respectively. The French-fortified Maginot Line and the main body the Allied forces which had moved into Belgium were circumvented by a flanking movement through the thickly wooded Ardennes region, mistakenly perceived by Allied planners as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles. As a result, the bulk of the Allied armies found themselves trapped in an encirclement and were beaten.", "The St Nazaire Raid or Operation Chariot was a successful British amphibious attack on the heavily defended Normandie dry dock at St Nazaire in German-occupied France during the Second World War. The operation was undertaken by the Royal Navy and British Commandos under the auspices of Combined Operations Headquarters on 28 March 1942. St Nazaire was targeted because the loss of its dry dock would force any large German warship in need of repairs, such as the , to return to home waters via either the English Channel or the GIUK gap, both of which were heavily defended by British units including the Royal Navy's Home Fleet, rather than having a haven available on the Atlantic coast.", "The British 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division of the 2nd Army under Lieutenant General Miles Dempsey was to land at H-Hour+1 (0730), seize Arromanches and drive inland to capture the road junction at Bayeux.  Its additional objectives were to make contact with the US forces to the west at Omaha Beach and the Canadians to their east at Juno Beach.  In addition to the 50th, the 47th Royal Marine Commandos were to land on sector Item and to attack south of Arromanches and Longues and take Port-en-Bessin from the rear. CABOURG - ATLANTIC WALL MUSEUM CAEN", "Preceded by a controversial bombing raid that destroyed much of Caen's historic Old City, Operation Charnwood began at dawn on 8 July, with battalions of three infantry divisions attacking German positions north of Caen behind an artillery creeping barrage. Supported by three armoured brigades, the forces of the British I Corps made gradual progress against the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend and 16th Luftwaffe Field Division. By the end of the day the 3rd Canadian and British 3rd and 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Divisions had cleared the villages in their path and reached Caen's outskirts. Moving into the city at dawn the following morning, the Allies encountered resistance from remnants of German units who were beginning a withdrawal across the Orne. Carpiquet airfield fell to the Canadians during the early morning and by 18:00, the British and Canadians had linked up and were on the Orne's north bank. Discovering Caen's remaining bridges to be defended or impassable and with German reserves positioned to oppose their crossing, I Corps closed down the operation.", "On 28 March 1942, a force of 611 British Commandos and the Royal Navy launched the St. Nazaire Raid against the shipyards of Saint-Nazaire, codenamed Operation Chariot. An obsolete American-built destroyer HMS Campbeltown was used as a ram-ship loaded with explosives, and it and the commandos succeeded in destroying the gates and machinery of the Joubert drydock, preventing its further use by Nazi Germany during the war. Of the 200 who were expected to return, 120 were alive and half were wounded. Five Victoria Crosses and 69 other awards were rewarded. The Joubert dry dock was not brought back into operation until 1948.", "The St Nazaire Raid or Operation Chariot was a successful British amphibious attack on the heavily defended Normandie dry dock at St Nazaire in German-occupied France during the Second World War. The operation was undertaken by the Royal Navy and British Commandos under the auspices of Combined Operations Headquarters on 28 March 1942. St Nazaire was targeted because the loss of its dry dock would force any large German warship in need of repairs, such as the Tirpitz, to return to home waters rather than having a safe haven available on the Atlantic coast.", "Juno or Juno Beach was one of five beaches of the Allied invasion of German occupied France in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944, during the Second World War. The beach spanned from Courseulles, a village just east of the British beach Gold, to Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, just west of the British beach Sword. Taking Juno was the responsibility of the Canadian Army, with sea transport, mine sweeping, and a naval bombardment force provided by the Royal Canadian Navy and the British Royal Navy as well as elements from the Free French, Norwegian, and other Allied navies. The objectives of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division on D-Day were to cut the Caen-Bayeux road, seize the Carpiquet airport west of Caen, and form a link between the two British beaches of Gold and Sword on either side of Juno Beach." ]

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[ "20 May 1927 - At 07:52 Charles Lindbergh takes off from Roosevelt Field in Long Island, New York, on the world's first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean, touching down at Le Bourget Field in Paris at 22:22 the next day.", "1927 At 07:52 Charles Lindbergh takes off from Roosevelt Field in Long Island, NY, on the world's 1st solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean, touching down at Le Bourget Field in Paris at 22:22 the next day", "May 20th 1927 - Charles Lindbergh, a 25-year-old aviator, took off at 7:52 a.m. from Roosevelt Field, Long Island, in the Spirit of St. Louis attempting to win a $25,000 prize for the first solo nonstop flight between New York City and Paris. Thirty-three hours later, after a 3,600 mile journey, he landed at Le Bourget, Paris, earning the nickname \"Lucky Lindy\" and becoming an instant worldwide hero.", "20 May 1927 - At 07:52 Charles Lindbergh takes off from Roosevelt Field in Long Island, New York, on the world's first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean, touching down at Le Bourget Field in Paris at 22:22 the next day. 20 May 1932 - Amelia Earhart takes off from Newfoundland to begin the world's first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean by a female pilot, landing in Ireland the next day. 20 May 1949 - the Armed Forces Security Agency (predecessor to the National Security Agency) is established. 20 May 2007 - Coastal Defenses Day is celebrated at Sandy Hook, NJ.", "The Ryan Aircraft Corporation's Spirit of St. Louis is perhaps one of the most famous aircraft ever built. With Charles Lindbergh as pilot, it became the first aircraft to successfully fly across the Atlantic Ocean in May 1927. Its marathon 33-hour, nonstop, non refueled flight departed Roosevelt Field on Long Island, New York and when the plane landed at LeBourget Airport in Paris, France, Lindbergh became an international hero overnight.", "6.Charles Lindbergh takes off from Roosevelt Field in Long Island, New York, on the world's first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean, touching down at Le Bourget Field in Paris.", "In May 1927 Charles Lindbergh completed the first solo non-stop from America to Europe. He left Roosevelt Field, Long Island, New York for Paris on 20th May and arrived there on the evening of 21st May. The flight time for the epic journey was 33 hours and 38 minutes. Lindbergh's heroism and bravery in accomplishing this flight has made him one of aviation's most celebrated figures.", "At 7.52 AM, May 20th, 1927 a small single-engine aircraft took off from Roosevelt Field, Long Island. 33 � hours later, on May 21st, the same aircraft landed at Le Bourget Airport, Paris. At the controls of the Ryan monoplace named Spirit of St Louis, a 25-year-old mail pilot, Captain Charles Lindbergh. On August 31st, 1927 the F�d�ration A�ronautique Internationale (FAI) ratified Lindbergh's performance as the new World Record for non-stop flight.", "21/5/1927. Charles A Lindbergh completed the first solo Atlantic flight. He took off from Roosevelt Field, Long Island, flew his monoplane Spirit of St Louis for 33 � hours, and landed at Le Bourget airfield, Paris. Landing in Paris, he won the US$ 25,000 prize for the first solo flight across the Atlantic.", "On May 20-21, 1927 Charles Lindbergh made the first solo, nonstop New York to Paris flight in the Spirit of St. Louis. After the 3,610-mile, 34 hour, flight across the Atlantic, Lindbergh became an international hero, and the most famous man in the world. Today, his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, hangs in the atrium of the National Air and Space Museum.", "Charles A. Lindbergh , perhaps the most famous pilot since the Wright Brothers , made the first nonstop solo transatlantic flight in the silver Ryan strut-braced monoplane The Spirit of St. Louis. Early on May 20, 1927, Lindbergh began the 3,610-mile trip from Roosevelt Field, Long Island, to Le Bourget Field outside Paris, France, landing 33½ hours later to a mob of 100,000 ecstatic Parisians. Lucky Lindy instantly became an international hero for the daring and lucrative flight.", "May -- Charles A. Lindbergh, flying the \"Spirit of St. Louis,\" becomes the first aviator to make a solo, non-stop, transatlantic flight. Lindbergh took off from Roosevelt Field on Long Island, New York on May 20 and landed at Le Bourget Field in Paris 33 hours and 30 minutes later. He covered a distance of 3,610 miles. By making the flight, Lindbergh collected a $25,000 purse that had been offered by New York hotel owner Raymond Orteig.", "Charles Lindberg in the “Spirit of St. Louis” departed Roosevelt Field, New York, on May 20, 1927 on his successful attempt to fly nonstop from New York City to France, completing the first solo crossing of the Atlantic in 33.5 hours.", "Charles A. Lindbergh became a hero overnight. Or, at least over 33½ hours, the time it took him to fly from New York to Paris in the first solo and non-stop flight over the Atlantic Ocean in May 1927.", "On the 21st May 1927, Charles Lindbergh became the first person to make a solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic when he flew 3,600 miles from New York to Paris. On exactly the same date five years later, Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic when she landed in Northern Ireland, having been forced to abandon her intended destination of Paris due to technical difficulties.", "Charles Lindbergh’s flight from Long Island to Paris May 20-21, 1927, took 33 and one half hours to complete and was the first nonstop solo transatlantic flight in history. Named The Spirit of St. Louis in recognition of the St. Louis, Missouri, businessmen who funded its construction, Lindbergh’s single-engine plane had a 46-foot wingspan and weighed 2,150 pounds when empty.", "20-21 May 1927 - Charles Lindbergh makes the first solo, nonstop flight from New York to Paris in his plane, Spirit of St. Louis.", "May 20-21, 1927 - First solo aircraft transatlantic flight - Charles Lindbergh, New York to Paris, France", "1927 Charles Lindbergh touchs down at Le Bourget Field in Paris, completing the world's 1st solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean", "Biography: Charles Lindbergh (1902-1974): Made the First Solo Nonstop Flight Across the Atlantic Ocean (VOA Special English 2007-05-15)", "A pilot who completed the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean going from New York to Paris.", "About two hours after sunrise on May 20, 1927, Lindbergh taxied his small, single-engine aircraft down the rainy runway at Long Island's Roosevelt Field. It was so loaded down with fuel that it almost touched the trees and telephone wires near the field during its 7:52 a.m. takeoff. Using a magnetic compass to navigate, the 25-year-old aviator--dubbed \"the Flying Kid\" or \"the Flying Fool\" by a skeptical press corps--charted a course north-northeast over the Atlantic.", "Charles A. Lindbergh flies a Ryan monoplane – named Spirit of St. Louis – on the first solo transatlantic flight and first non-stop fixed-wing aircraft flight between America and mainland Europe: May 20th – May 21st. The flight was 3,600 nautical miles (6,667 km), from Long Island to Paris, in 33.5 hours. The flight was timed by the Longines watch company.", "Charles Lindbergh (1902-1974) makes the first solo, non-stop flight across the Atlantic in the Spirit of Saint Louis, from Long Island to Paris.", "*1927 – Attempting to make the first non-stop transatlantic flight from Paris to New York, French war heroes Charles Nungesser and François Coli disappear after taking off aboard The White Bird biplane.", "; First solo crossing of the Atlantic by a woman: On 20 May 1932, Amelia Earhart set off from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, intending to fly to Paris in her single engine Lockheed Vega 5b to emulate Charles Lindbergh's solo flight. After encountering storms and a burnt exhaust pipe, Earhart landed in a pasture at Culmore, north of Derry, Northern Ireland, ending a flight lasting 14h 56m.", "1933: Wiley Post, the US aviator, took off in Winnie Mae on the first solo round-the-world flight. He made ten stops for refuelling, to complete the journey on the 22nd.", "1923: The first non-stop flight across the US, lasting 27 hours, was made from Long Island to San Diego by Lieutenants Kelly and Macready in a Fokker T-2.", "1919 - A British dirigible landed in New York at Roosevelt Field. It completed the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by an airship.", "In 1933, he repeated his round-the-world flight, but this time did it solo, with the aid of the auto-pilot and radio compass. He took off from New York's Floyd Bennett Field on July 15, bound, non-stop, for Berlin. Despite bad weather over the Atlantic, he made it in 26 hours, setting a record for a New York-to-Berlin flight. After a couple false starts, he departed Germany, only to be forced down in Moscow by trouble with his auto-pilot. While more repairs were needed in Novosibirsk and Irkutsk, he reached Khabarovsk ten hours ahead of his previous record.", "* First person to fly solo nonstop from Mexico City, Mexico to Newark, New Jersey (1935)", "June 17-18, 1928 - First woman to fly across the Atlantic; 20hrs 40min (Fokker F7, Friendship)" ]

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[ "Horse racing is a very deep rooted passion in Irish culture and it is often called \"the sport of kings\" because, in Celtic times, it was limited to \"princes and sons of noblemen\" according the \"Brehon\" law.", "Horseracing, the sport of Kings is a very popular sport with meetings being held every day throughout the year. The Derby originated here, as did The Grand National which is the hardest horse race in the world.", "Horseracing, the sport of Kings is a very popular sport with meetings being held every day throughout the year. The Derby originated here, as did The Grand National which is the hardest horse race in the world. Horse racing and greyhound racing are popular spectator sports. People can place bets on the races at legal off-track betting shops. Some of the best-known horse races are held at Ascot, Newmarket, Goodwood and Epsom. Ascot, a small town in the south of England, becomes the centre of horse-racing world for one week in June. It's called Royal Ascot because the Queen always goes to Ascot. She has a lot of racehorses and likes to watch racing.", "In later times, Thoroughbred racing was, and is, popular with the aristocrats and royalty of British society, earning it the title \"Sport of Kings\".", "Thoroughbred racing is also very popular in England. It originated under Charles II of England as the \"Sport of Kings\" - and is a royal pastime to this day.", "The importance of all this is that links between British racing - the 'Sport of Kings' - and its Royal family go back centuries to when Charles 11 was arranging horse-races and general revelry at Newmarket in 1666; the track and the town are marking the 350th anniversary during this year.", "A fitting venue then for the ‘sport of kings’, if horseracing has a spiritual home then this is it.", "All who have more than a nodding acquaintance with the ‘Sport of Kings’, will know that there are many ways to experience a day of great racing. The sport would not be what it is were it not for the people who came to witness the spectacle and wave their winning tickets in the air. It doesn’t matter where you come from and how you hope to engage the racecourse, this is one of the few racecourses to make people from every walk of life feel special.", "Longacres was a racetrack in Renton, Washington from 1933-92. It was the home of thoroughbred racing in western Washington and was the longest continually operated track on the West Coast. Longacres was the first racetrack on the coast based on parimutuel betting. The land was sold to the Boeing Company and the track closed in September 1992. The racetrack was also temporarily used as a prison camp during the Japanese internment of World War II..", "The 2011 Longacres Mile featured a showdown between defending champion Noosa Beach and multiple graded stakes-winning millionaire Awesome Gem. Awesome Gem took the lead near the wire, defeating Noosa Beach by 1 1/2 lengths. It was his 9th win in 46 career starts, boosting his earnings to over $2.6 Million. In 2012, jockey Mario Gutierrez became the first rider to sweep the Kentucky Derby and Longacres Mile in the same year, guiding I'll Have Another to wins in the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, and then taking the Mile aboard Canadian shipper Taylor Said.", "The sporting place of Kings, located in the heart of the thoroughbred Co. Kildare, just 18 miles from Dublin City and en route to Cork, Limerick and Waterford. With exciting race meetings, we plan to keep you entertained with top class racing in superb facilities, which cater for all ages and requirements with themed racedays, summer BBQ evenings, live bands and lots more.", "Coursing was the favourite sport of King James 1 (1566-1625). He was so impressed by the strength and agility of the local hares around the town of Newmarket in Suffolk that he built a hunting lodge there. It wasn’t long before races between the horses of King James’s court followers became as popular as the coursing matches between the king’s greyhounds. This was the start of competitive horse racing at Newmarket, now the Headquarters of British Flat racing.", "The Rugby World Cup, which is held every four years, has been dominated by Commonwealth countries since its inception in 1987. The other royals and equestrian sports Her husband, children and grandchildren all share her love of equestrian sports. Prince Philip enjoyed playing polo and he in turn passed on his interest to Prince Charles and his grandsons, William and Harry. Between them, they have raised hundreds of thousands of pounds for charity playing the sport. The Queen is the patron of the Guards Polo Club in Windsor Great Park, known as the most prestigious polo club in the world. Princess Anne and her daughter Zara Tindall are perhaps the Royal Family’s greatest equestrians. At the age of 21, Princess Anne won the individual title at the European Eventing Championship, and was voted the BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 1971. She was a member of the British Eventing Team, winning a silver medal in both individual and team disciplines in the 1975 European Eventing Championship, and she is the only member of the British Royal Family to have competed in the Olympic Games, in 1976 in Montreal.", "Organised racing at Epsom, on the Surrey Downs to the south of London, dates back to 1661. The foundations for the modern sport were laid in 1779 when Edward Smith Stanley, the 12th Earl of Derby, organised a race for himself and his friends to race their three-year-old fillies over one and a half miles. He named it the Oaks after his estate and the race was such a success that the following year, 1780, a new race was added for colts and fillies. The title of the new race was decided after the Earl of Derby and Sir Charles Bunbury flipped a coin – the Earl won and so began the inaugural running of the Derby, which was won by Sir Charles Bunbury's horse Diomed.", "Aristocratic patronage had enabled some sports – horse racing, cricket, professional rowing and prize fighting, to become more formalised and appear on a larger stage. The founding of the Jockey Club (1752), the MCC (1788) and the introduction of a rudimentary national prize fighting Championship, under the ‘Broughton Rules’ (1743-1860), attracted crowds of up to 10,000 from far and wide.", "In Great Britain, as in France, royal patronage ensured the continued popularity of the game. French Kings in the 16th century and Stuart Kings in the 17th century were enthusiastic players. George IV (1763-1830), Prince Albert (1819-1861) - there is a locker in the changing room at Hampton Court Palace which still bears his name - Edward VII (1842-1910) and George V (1866-1936) have all supported the game.", "National Hunt racing is the official name given to that form of the sport of horse racing in the United Kingdom, France and Ireland in which the horses are required to jump fences and ditches. National Hunt racing in the UK is divided into two major distinct branches: hurdles and steeplechases. Alongside these there are \"bumpers\", which are National Hunt flat races. In a hurdles race, the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences, water jump or an open ditch. In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National at Aintree and the Cheltenham Gold Cup.", "League shinty was originally organised on a regional basis, with distinct competitions for the North District and at one time, two separate leagues for Argyll (the Dunn League) and the Southern League, for clubs in Glasgow and Edinburgh and the surrounding areas. Over time, there have been moves to amalgamate leagues and, since the 1980s, a push for national competition at the highest levels. In the modern era of league shinty, Kingussie have been unsurpassed in their domination of the sport; according to the Guinness Book of Records 2005, Kingussie is world sport's most successful sporting team of all time, winning 20 consecutive league championships and going 4 years without losing a single fixture in the early 1990s. This unmatched run of dominance was ended on 2 September 2006 by rivals Newtonmore, who defeated Oban Camanachd 2-0 to ensure that Kingussie could not catch the team at the top of the Premier Division. However, Newtonmore were unable to replace their neighbours as champions, as the first post-Kingussie champions were confirmed as Fort William, who sealed the title on 30 September 2006 having won their games in hand over Newtonmore. Kingussie regained the title in 2007. Since 2010, Newtonmore has been the dominant league force.", "Horseracing was rejuvenated after the Civil War under the aegis of politically connected elites. After a successful experiment at Saratoga, New York, in 1863, the American Jockey Club opened New York's Jerome Park (1866), a model for elite courses in Brooklyn; Long Branch, New Jersey; and Chicago. Their success encouraged the rise of proprietary tracks—like those in Brighton Beach, New York, and Guttenberg, New Jersey—run by men closely connected to political machines and syndicate crime. By the early 1900s, every state but Maryland and Kentucky had closed their racetracks, if only temporarily, because of the gambling. In the 1920s, Thoroughbred racing revived because of increasing prosperity, looser morals, ethnic political influence, and underworld influences. Racetrack admissions surpassed admissions for all other sports by the early 1950s, and continued to do so until the early 1980s.", "A Multi-Billion Dollar American Tradition. The Kentucky Derby is the longest running sports event in American history. Now, a cherished pastime has evolved into a multi-billion dollar industry. From champions to the big business of on-line betting, the Run for the Roses has become the icon of American horse racing.", "ln prize money the Gold Cup is the pinnacle, yet all but the purists enjoy trying to solve the problems of the tricky handicaps which make up the Royal Hunt Cup and Wokingham Stakes. The Queen Alexandra Stakes, lirst run in 1865, is the longest race under jockey Club Rules in Britain (2 miles 6 furlongs) and is held at this meeting, while the five-furlong King's Stand Stakes attracts all the best sprinters in Europe.", "The town also has several rugby union teams: West Park, Liverpool St Helens (LSH) and Ruskin Park R.U.F.C. which is based at Ruskin Drive. Facilities at Ruskin Drive are provided for football, hockey, squash, tennis and cricket. Ruskin Drive also had a running track, which was used in the film Chariots of Fire.[citation needed]", "Launceston's first noted race meeting was held in 1824. Racing also took place in the small towns in between these centres, including Ross and Sandy Bay in the early days, Oatlands, Bothwell, Longford and other places in the 1840s and 1850s. As the colony developed, locals took a keen interest in breeding quality horses, and many were imported from England.", "The film gives an idea of the many different sporting events that have been held at Odsal over the years; including speedway, stock car racing, basketball featuring the world famous Harlem Globetrotters, wrestling, show jumping and the Asian sport of Kabaddi.", "This is part of a grand series of about 30 volumes on field and athletic sports published towards the end of the nineteenth century under the general editorship of the Duke of Beaufort after whose estate the books are generically named i.e. Badminton, though the game of Badminton is not mentioned. The book is beautifully illustrated with vignette engravings by Lucien Davis, by line engravings and some photos.", "Greyhound racing took place at the Oxford Stadium from 1939 until 2012 and hosted some of the sports leading events such as the Pall Mall Stakes, The Cesarewitch and Trafalgar Cup. The stadium remains intact but unused after closing in 2012.", "The championship, which has been held at Tinsley Green in West Sussex since 1932, is thought to have been played at the site for hundreds of years.", "The Braemar Gathering has been regularly attended by members of the Royal Family since Queen Victoria first attended in 1848. Indeed, King Malcolm Canmore held games nearby almost 1000 years ago so there is a long 'pedigree'.", "The first Royal Hunt Cup was founded in 1843. While in the first few years it was run along a right-handed course 7 furlongs and 166 yards in length, it was steadily shortened over the years and became a mile-long event in 1956. It was also in the 1950s that it was first run along a straight track.", "The stadium opened in 1932, and thrived for many years. By 1985 however, it was closed due to plummeting attendances, before it came into the hands of Billy King, a Glasgow bookmaker and the uncle of Stefan King, the entrepreneur and bar owner. Mr King has consciously done little to bring the stadium up to date. He is said to be preserving something, though no-one quite knows what the something is.", "The event was established in 1895, and it was originally contested over a mile. It was extended to its present length in 1915.", "Within England the Long Game does still exist but in a modified form as played mainly in North Suffolk.   The game is played at the same distance but has a few differences as outlined below:" ]

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[ "During the First World War, he tried to enlist into the U.S. Navy but was refused entry because, at 6 feet (1.83 m) tall and 140 pounds (64 kg), he was eight pounds underweight. To compensate, he spent one night gorging himself on bananas, liquids and donuts, and weighed enough to enlist the next day. However, he was given the role of a military artist and did not see any action during his tour of duty. Rockwell moved to New Rochelle, New York at age 21 and shared a studio with the cartoonist Clyde Forsythe, who worked for The Saturday Evening Post. With Forsythe's help, he submitted his first successful cover painting to the Post in 1916, Boy with Baby Carriage (published on May 20). He followed that success with Circus Barker and Strongman (published on June 3), Gramps at the Plate (August 5), Redhead Loves Hatty Perkins (September 16), People in a Theatre Balcony (October 14) and Man Playing Santa (December 9). Rockwell was published eight times total on the Post cover within the first twelve months. Norman Rockwell published a total of 321 original covers for The Saturday Evening Post over 47 years. Rockwell's success on the cover of the Post led to covers for other magazines of the day, most notably The Literary Digest, The Country Gentleman, Leslie's Weekly, Judge, Peoples Popular Monthly and Life Magazine.", "The most famous magazine illustrator of the twentieth century drew it like it was. This was the day, in 1916, when Norman Rockwell�s first cover on The Saturday Evening Post appeared. The illustration was of a young boy having to care for his baby sibling while his little buddies left him and went off to play ball. The forlorn child pushing a baby carriage tugged at the heart strings of all who saw it.", "American painter and illustrator Norman Rockwell was born in New York City. In 1916, he painted his first cover for The Saturday Evening Post ", "            1894-Saturday-  Happy Birthday, Norman Rockwell, American artist and illustrator, famous for his covers for the Saturday Evening Post. Our favorite is his triple self portrait. Norman Rockwell art appeared on 322 covers for The Post over a period of 47 years.He also did illustrations for Sears mail-order catalogs, Hallmark greeting cards, and books such as The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.", "Norman Rockwell drew over 300 covers for The Saturday Evening Post plus covers for Collier�s, American Boy, The Literary Digest, LIFE and others. He also painted the Boy Scouts of America calendar pictorials for 45 years. Four of his famous paintings are The Four Freedoms, used as patriotic posters during WWII.", "* May 29 – Norman Rockwell's illustration of Rosie the Riveter first appears on the cover of The Saturday Evening Post.", "1969 - The final issue of The Saturday Evening Post appeared after 147 years of publication. It returned in limited publication years later. Norman Rockwell�s art was a popular item in the Post.", "Frederick Sands Brunner was an American painter and illustrator whose vivid commercial work appeared on the covers of The Saturday Evening Post,", "nBIM6iKsaoEC&pgPT37 Art of engagement: visual politics in California and beyond], pg. 46. MoMA's Board of Trustees included Nelson Rockefeller and William S. Paley (head of CBS), who reportedly \"hit the ceiling\" on seeing the proofs of the poster. The poster was included shortly thereafter in MoMA's Information exhibition of July 2 to September 20, 1970, curated by Kynaston McShine. Another famous controversary involved Pablo Picasso's painting Boy Leading a Horse, 1905–06, gifted to MoMA by William S. Paley in 1964. Ownership of Boy Leading a Horse was contested between the MoMA and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. ", "In 1953, the Rockwell family moved from Arlington, Vermont, to Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Six years later, Mary Barstow Rockwell died unexpectedly. In collaboration with his son Thomas, Rockwell published his autobiography, My Adventures as an Illustrator, in 1960. The Saturday Evening Post carried excerpts from the best-selling book in eight consecutive issues, with Rockwell’s Triple Self-Portrait on the cover of the first.", "Norman Rockwell's illustration of this US iconic World War II heroine appeared on the cover of the Saturday Evening Post in May 1943", "Around this time, Remington made a gentleman’s agreement with Harper's Weekly, giving the magazine an informal first option on his output but maintaining Remington’s independence to sell elsewhere if desired. As a bonus, the magazine launched a massive promotional campaign for Remington, stating that “He draws what he knows, and he knows what he draws.” Though laced with blatant puffery (common for the time) claiming that Remington was a bona fide cowboy and Indian scout, the effect of the campaign was to raise Remington to the equal of the era’s top illustrators, Howard Pyle and Charles Dana Gibson.[22]", "In 1905, at the age of 24, Pablo Picasso painted Boy with a Pipe soon after settling in Montmartre, France. It is an oil-on-canvas painting, which depicts a local boy who regularly visited Picasso's Montmartre studio, holding a pipe in his left hand and wearing a garland of flowers.", "The outbreak of the American Civil War led to an immediate public need for pictures to illustrate military maneuvers and battles, as well as portraits of opposing politicians and military leaders. In response, American publications like Leslie's Illustrated News, Harper's Weekly and the New York Illustrated News invested heavily in artist reporters, including Theodore R. Davis, Edward Forbes, Winslow Homer and Alfred Waud, some of whom went on to produce illustrations for The Century magazine in the 1880s. Other early American illustrators included Charles Reinhart, John White Alexander, A.B. Frost, and Edwin Austin Abbey. From now on, pictures would play an increasing role in publishing, alongside the written text.", "The painting remained with the family until sold by Gerald Willoughbury Andrews (b. 1896, a great-great-great-grandson of the sitters) at Sotheby's in London on 23 March 1960. It was bought for £130,000 by the dealers Thomas Agnew & Sons, apparently as agents for the National Gallery, to whom it soon belonged. It was purchased with a \"Special Grant from the Exchequer\" and contributions from the Pilgrim Trust, The Art Fund, Associated Television Ltd, and Mr and Mrs W. W. Spooner. This was still below the $621,000 paid in 1921 by Henry Huntington to Joseph Duveen (about £148,000 at the time) for The Blue Boy, and seemed \"cheap\" to Gerald Reitlinger, writing in 1970, before art prices began to escalate to their present levels. ", "LOT OF MAGAZINE COVERS AND ARTICLES. 1.) Leslie;s Weekly magazine cover July 4, 1912. ‘The Youngest Republic Receives Its New Flag.’ Artist: Will Jones. 2.) Original issue- full color print- Image of Charles Lindbergh dressed as Uncle Sam along with a poem, Our Brave Lindy, by Elsie J. Miller. C 1928. Artist James Stuart. 3.) Newspaper Article “Child Labor Must Be Stopped” By Raymond Fuller. Illustrated by Flagg. 4.) Article from “Ladies Home Journal” October 1918. Titled “Winning The War This Winter: An Editorial”. 5.) Out take from Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly Newspaper- November 19, 1914. Titled “Let US Be Truly Thankful”. By Joseph Keppler. CONDITION: Generally good. 1-27327 (200-300)", "Around this time, Remington made a gentleman's agreement with Harper's Weekly, giving the magazine an informal first option on his output but maintaining Remington's independence to sell elsewhere if desired. As a bonus, the magazine launched a massive promotional campaign for Remington, stating that \"He draws what he knows, and he knows what he draws.\" Though laced with blatant puffery (common for the time) claiming that Remington was a bona fide cowboy and Indian scout, the effect of the campaign was to raise Remington to the equal of the era's top illustrators, Howard Pyle and Charles Dana Gibson. ", "An American artist famous for the \"Christy Girl\", similar to the \"Gibson Girl\". He also painted the \"Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States.\"  Born in Morgan County, Ohio. He studied in New York at the National Academy and the Art Students' League under William Merritt Chase. He first attracted attention with his illustrations of the Spanish-American War, published in Scribner's and Harper's magazines and in Collier's Weekly, gaining prominence with the series, \"Men of the Army and Navy,\" and a portrait of Colonel Roosevelt.  He was best known for creating a picturesque and romantic type of society women. His work is characterized by great facility, a dashing but not exaggerated style, and a strong sense of values. He preferred black and white, but also worked with success in color", "1900 Walter Crane's Picture Book Comprising The Baby's Opera, The Baby's Bouquet, and The Baby's Own Aesop. With the original designs in colour printed by Edmund Evans. Aesop text adapted from W.J. Linton. #499 of 500 done in the United Kingdom; 250 were done in the United States. London: Frederick Warne and Co. $110 from Florence Shay at Titles, Highland Park, August, �96.", " Uncle Sam's defining portrait the finger-pointing, bewhiskered gent of the \"I Want You\" World War I recruitment posters were painted by James Montgomery Flagg, a LIFE Magazine illustrator. Flagg's drawing first appeared on the July 6, 1916 cover of Leslie's Weekly, with the title \"What are You Doing for Preparedness?\" It became a national ad campaign a year later.", "Thomas Nast (September 27, 1840 – December 7, 1902) was a German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist considered to be the \"Father of the American Cartoon\". He was the scourge of Democratic Representative \"Boss\" Tweed and the Tammany Hall Democratic party political machine. Among his notable works were the creation of the modern version of Santa Claus (based on the traditional German figures of Sankt Nikolaus and Weihnachtsmann) and the political symbol of the elephant for the Republican Party (GOP). Contrary to popular belief, Nast did not create Uncle Sam (the male personification of the American people), Columbia (the female personification of American values), or the Democratic donkey, though he did popularize these symbols through his artwork. Nast was associated with the magazine Harper's Weekly from 1859 to 1860 and from 1862 until 1886.", "*From 1951 to 1954, Famous Studios animator Irv Spector drew the syndicated Coogy strip, which was heavily influenced by Kelly's work, for the New York Herald-Tribune.", "In this thirteen panel feature of Gasoline Alley by Frank King (1883–1969), Uncle Walt and little Skeezix enjoy a ride in Walt's roadster until the radiator boils over. Walt uses his hat to refill the radiator from a nearby stream, making sixty two trips. The strip debuted in 1919 but changed radically with the appearance of Baby Skeezix on Walt's doorstep on February 14, 1921. From then on, the characters began to age normally, a groundbreaking development in comics. King's clear, clean drawing style and use of pure bright colors suited the gently humorous tone of the strip. This long-lived, beloved strip is still being published today.", "On this day in 1922 one of the most popular cartoonists in the world was born. Bil Keane, creator of The Family Circus, is 88 years old today. Happy birthday!", "8. Which artist painted ‘American Gothic’, a famous 20th Century artwork depicting a farmer holding a pitchfork, standing with his daughter, in front of a white building?", "A native New Yorker who began his career at age 16, drawing comic books and hundreds of book and magazine illustrations, as well as covers for paper back books. As one of the \"golden age\" era of comic book artists, his illustrations for magazines, including The Shadow and Doc Savage, have influenced the pop art school.", "By 1922 Gould finally found work with the Chicago Tribune. As a member of their Art Services Department, he drew advertising art for $50.00 a week. In the meantime, he still submitted comic strip ideas to J. M. Patterson, but without success.", "Charles Addams began as a cartoonist in The New Yorker with a sketch of a window washer that ran on February 6, 1932. His cartoons ran regularly in the magazine from 1938, when he drew the first instance of what came to be called The Addams Family, until his death in 1988.", "In the 1950s, Florence Kroger was a successful commercial illustrator in the United States. Her work appeared on the cover of The", "Little Orphan Annie was a daily American comic strip created by Harold Gray and syndicated by Tribune Media Services. It took its name from the 1885 poem \"Little Orphant Annie\" by James Whitcomb Riley, and debuted on August 5, 1924 in the New York Daily News.", "In the run up to and during World War One, Robinson became known for a series of drawings in magazines such as", "It was here that he painted what is considered by critics as his materpiece painting, Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? (1897). He worked on it \"feverishly day and night\" as it was to represent the \"culmination of his artistry.\" It was intended as his spiritual last testament and is his most ambitious painting." ]

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[ "The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of thetear film. They are situated in the upper, outer portion of each orbit, in the lacrimal fossa of the orbit formed by the frontal bone.[1] Inflammation of the lacrimal glands is called dacryoadenitis. The lacriminal gland produces tears which then flow into canals that lead to the lacriminal sac. From this sac, the tears drain through a passage into the nose.[citation needed]", "The lacrimal glands are the glands that secrete tears and are located above and to the side of the eye. When lacrimal gland cells change and grow uncontrollably, they form a mass called a tumor. A tumor can be cancerous or benign. A cancerous tumor is malignant, meaning it can grow and spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumor means the tumor can grow but will not spread.", "The lacrimal gland secretes water, electrolytes, and protein in response to neural and hormonal stimulation and is the major contributor to the aqueous portion of the tear film with additional contributions from the accessory lacrimal glands, the cornea, and the conjunctiva. 21 Thus, the lacrimal gland is extensively innervated with parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory nerves. Parasympathetic nerves, containing acetylcholine (ACh) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and sympathetic nerves containing norepinephrine, are potent stimuli of lacrimal gland secretion. 21 In addition, many hormones from the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis have significant influences on the lacrimal gland, including stimulating secretion of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). 22–24 Sensory nerves are the least prevalent and release substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. In the lacrimal gland, each of these agonists bind to specific receptors on the acinar cells and initiate a different cascade of intracellular events, or cellular signal transduction pathway. Stimulation of sensory nerves in the cornea or conjunctiva carries the afferent limb of the tear reflex arc, and the efferent parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves subsequently stimulate lacrimal gland secretion.", "The fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands is a complex solution of ions and proteins produced by two resident secretory cell populations: the plasma cells of the immune system and the acinar and duct cells of the secretory epithelium of the gland. The plasma cells are found in the interstitial spaces of the gland and migrate into it from lymphoid organs such as the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). These plasma cells secrete immunoglobin A (IgA) which is important in protecting the ocular surface from infection. The acinar cells of the secretory epithelium have three main functions: to synthesize and secrete a number of tear-specific proteins, to secrete water, and to transport the IgA secreted by the plasma cells from the interstitial compartment into the lumen of the gland.", "According to the US National Library of Medicine, the lacrimal gland is located to the side of the lacrimal caruncle. It continuously secretes tears to moisten, lubricate and protect the eye's surface. The lacrimal caruncle has two openings on both sides that suction the excessive moisture from the eyes as soon as the upper eye comes back up after an individual blink.", "Tears are constantly secreted at a relatively regular rate from satellite (or accessory) lacrimal glands located high in the superior upper lid. Reflex tearing, such as that stimulated by eye irritation, bright lights, or emotional upset, is provided by the main lacrimal glands. Each main lacrimal gland lies in a hollow space in the inner surfaces of the frontal bone , located above and laterally to the eye. Each is about the size and shape of a shelled almond and is divided by a fibrous partition into an upper and a lower portion. Ducts from the gland discharge the tears onto the eye surface through openings, where the conjunctiva lining the upper lid meets the conjunctiva that covers the eyeball (an area called the fornix). Tears leave each eye by way of upper and lower canalicular ducts, which have barely visible openings, called puncta, at the nasal end of the upper and lower lid margins. The canaliculi lead to the lacrimal sac near the inner corner of each eye, which itself empties into the nasolacrimal duct, a tubelike structure that directs tears into the nasal cavity.", "Along with protein, the lacrimal gland also secretes water and electrolytes. Acinar cells secrete fluid with an electrolyte composition similar to plasma. The increase in [Ca2+]i produced by cholinergic and α1-adrenergic agonists, as well as the increase in cAMP induced by VIP, activates K+ channels in the basal and lateral membranes and Cl− channels in the apical membranes of the acinar cells ( Fig. 5 ). 83 The result is a net efflux of K+ and Cl− into the lumen. Movement of these ions creates a negative potential difference causing Na+ to move into the lumen by a paracellular pathway through channels located between the cells. 84 Water is then secreted into the lumen through water channels called aquaporins. 85 The Na+/K+/Cl− cotransporter, Cl−/HCO3− exchangers, and Na+/H+ exchangers replace the Cl− that exited the cell through the apical membrane. The increase in Na+ as a result of the Na+/K+/Cl− cotransporter and Na+/H+ activates the Na+-K+-ATPase in acinar cell membranes. This latter transporter pumps Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell. Cl− enters the cell as its transport is coupled to Na+ movement. Cl−/HCO3− and Na+/H+ exchangers extrude HCO3− from the cell and are replaced by cellular carbonic anhydrase. As the fluid passes through the ducts, the ductal epithelial cells modify the fluid by secreting a fluid rich in KCl. The final fluid that exits onto the ocular surface is an isotonic solution containing Na+, K+, Cl−, and HCO3− ( Fig. 5 ). 86", "The lacrimal gland is a gland that produces one of the components in tears. It is a lobed gland located on the outer side of each eye. These glands produce the aqueous portion of tears, consisting of liquid, salts, proteins and lysozyme. Tears are produced constantly to protect and lubricate the eye, but when additional tears are required to clean substances from the eye or when crying, the lacrimal gland produces the majority of these tears.", "n a watery secretion of the lacrimal gland, commonly called tears. The fluid is secreted into the lacrimal lake, an area located between the eyeball and the upper eyelid. It helps bathe the sensitive cornea. Tearing can result from eye irritation, or during periods of emotional distress.", "One of the major secretory “products” of the lacrimal gland is water. This water is moved from the interstitial spaces of the gland into the lumen of the gland where it is mixed with the other secretory products. This water movement is accomplished by osmosis, which depends on the movement of particles (ions) from the acinar cells into the lumen (Fig. 2 ⇓ ). Therefore, most studies have examined the process of water movement indirectly by characterizing the membrane channels through which ions move in and out of the acinar cells. Similar to the salivary gland, the lacrimal gland has a distinction between the acinar cells that produce the bulk of the fluid and protein and the duct cells that modify the ionic composition of the fluid by retaining Na+. However, most physiological studies are not able to differentiate between these two cell types and most consider that these mechanisms take place in all the cells (Fig. 2 ⇓ ).", "The lacrimal glands, located above each eyeball, produce tears. The tears flow over the eye, then drain through the nasolacrimal ducts. A tiny hole at the inner edge of each eyelid marks the opening of the ducts, which lead to the lacrimal sacs located on the side of the nose. The tears pass from the sacs into the nasolacrimal ducts and then into the nose.", "Tears are released on the surface of the eye by the lacrimal glands. These tears help to clean and lubricate the eye, while also nourishing and moistening the cornea.", "Tears are a salty fluid that continuously bathes the surface of the eye to keep it moist. This fluid also contains antibodies that help protect the eye from infection. Tears are produced by the lacrimal (tear) glands, located near the outer corner of the eye. The fluid flows over the eye and exits through two small openings in the eyelids (lacrimal ducts); these openings lead to the nasolacrimal duct, a channel that empties into the nose.", "PTS: 1 7. Tears are secreted by a. conjunctiva c. sclera b. lacrimal glands d. choroid ANS: B Feedback A The conjunctiva is the thin membrane that lines the eyelids and covers part of the eye.", "Tears, fluid produced in the lacrimal glands above the outside corner of each eye. The fluid lubricates the eyes and protects them from foreign matter and infection—the latter because it contains salt and lysozyme, an enzyme that kills microorganisms. During normal flow, tears constantly wash over the exterior of the eye and collect at its inside corner, where they drain through two small lacrimal ducts into the nasal cavity. During heavy tear flow, such as that caused by irritation, the excess fluid that is not taken up by the lacrimal ducts spills over the eyelids, carrying off foreign bodies too large to be flushed through the lacrimal ducts.", "Tear duct and glands, also called lachrymal, or lacrimal, duct and glands , structures that produce and distribute the watery component of the tear film. Tears consist of a complex and usually clear fluid that is diffused between the eye and the eyelid . Further components of the tear film include an inner mucous layer produced by specialized conjunctival cells and an outer lipid layer produced by meibomian glands along the eyelid margin. The mucous layer helps the tear film adhere to the eye surface, while the lipid layer serves to reduce tear evaporation. Tears prevent excessive drying of the surfaces of the eye (such as the conjunctiva and cornea ), provide some nutrition and oxygen to surface structures, and possess antibacterial properties.", "Each acinar unit, or secretory unit, of the lacrimal gland is composed of an inner layer of columnar or pyramidal-shaped secretory cells around a central lumen, and a surrounding basal layer of myoepithelial cells. The nucleus is located at the base of the acinar secretory cell, and numerous membrane-bound zymogenic secretory granules are present in the apical cytoplasm. 7 The number and size of granules, which contain predominantly serous proteins for secretion, vary from cell to cell. Typically, larger granules are located in the peripheral lobules. 6 , 8 The zymogenic secretory granules fuse with the apical cell membrane and release their granular contents into the acinar lumen through a mechanism known as emiocytosis. 5 , 6 , 9 Myoepithelial cells are spindle- or basket-shaped cells, composed of cytoplasmic myofilaments, located between the base of the secretory cell and the basement membrane of the acinar unit. 7 Contraction of the myoepithelial cells helps drive secretions into the drainage tubules and ducts.", "The lacrimal gland-specific proteins found at highest concentrations in the tears are lactoferrin, tear-specific prealbumin (TSP or lipocalin), and lysozyme ( 7 ). Other proteins occurring at lower concentrations are amylase, peroxidase, plasminogen activator, prolactin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), endothelin-1, and retinol. Lactoferrin, TSP, peroxidase, and lysozyme as well as IgA function to protect the cornea from viral and bacterial infections. This is important because the cornea is a wet, warm surface and thus is an ideal pathway for pathogens to invade the body and to affect the cornea. Retinol, which is derived from vitamin A, is necessary for the health of the cornea. The growth factors, TGF, EGF, and endothelin-1, are thought to be involved in the wound healing process in response to corneal abrasion or ulceration. The osmolarity of the lacrimal fluid is about 300 mosM and contains Na+ (128.7 mM), K+ (17 mM), Cl– (141.3 mM), and bicarbonate (HCO3–; 12.4 mM) ( 12 ). This fluid has about the same osmolarity as plasma but has lower Na+ (140 mM plasma) and higher K+ (4 mM plasma) and much higher Cl– (100 mM plasma). As is discussed later, the higher K+ and Cl– are a reflection of the way in which water is moved across the epithelium and into the gland lumen.", "79. Singh J, Sharkey KA, Lea RW, Williams RM: Effects of neuropeptides on serotonin release and protein and peroxidase secretion in the isolated rat lacrimal gland. Adv Exp Med Biol 438:145, 1998", "In ordinary circumstances, most of the fluid evaporates; the residue is drained away by the lacrimal canaliculi into the lacrimal sac, whence the nasolacrimal duct carries it to the nose. It is only when the secretion is excessive that it overflows as tears. When the lacrimal canaliculi and sac are extirpated, the patient therefore suffers little or no inconvenience from the overflow of tears unless the secretion is too abundant.", "Tearing, lacrimation, or lachrymation, () is the secretion of tears, which often serves to clean and lubricate the eyes in response to an irritation of the eyes. Tears formed through crying are associated with strong internal emotions, such as sorrow, elation, emotion, love, awe or pleasure. Laughing or yawning may also lead to the production of tears.", "the structures that, with the conjunctival sac, produce and provide drainage for lacrimal fluid (tears), consisting of the lacrimal gland, the lacrimal lake, the lacrimal canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal duct.", "73. Chen L, Johansson J, Hodges RR, et al: Differential effect of the EGF family of growth factors on protein secretion, MAPK activation, and intracellular calcium concentration in rat lacrimal gland. Exp Eye Res 80:379, 2005", "18. Ruskell GL: Distribution of pterygopalatine ganglion efferents to the lacrimal gland in man. Exp Eye Res 78(3):329, 2004", "PTS 1 7 Tears are secreted by a conjunctiva c sclera b - PE - 1400", "Each eye is a spherical organ known as the eyeball. It is located in a socket in the skull. Only a small portion of the front part of the eyeball can be seen. This part is protected by an upper and lower eyelid. Tear glands under the upper eyelid produce a saline tear fluid (made up of sodium chloride and hydrogen carbonate). We blink automatically every two to ten seconds. This action spreads tear fluid over the eye surfaces cleaning and keeping them moist. Tear fluid also contains a lysozyme which attacks germs. This fluid drains from the surface of the eyes into the nasal cavity via tear ducts.", "Located in body secretions (tears, milk, saliva and mucus) Blocks of attachment of pathogens to mucous membranes. ", "8. Orzalesi N, Riva A, Testa F: Fine structure of human lacrimal gland: I. The normal gland. J Submicrosc Cytol 3:283, 1971", "The present invention relates to a method for obstructing the lacrimal canaliculi with an infusible solution or dispersion and resulting infusible fluid obstruent in the lacrimal canaliculi containing an infusible material as the main ingredient for improving of the symptoms of dry eye.", "contained in a pad of fat in the dorsolateral part of the orbital cavity and drains into the conjunctival sac via many excretory ducts. The secretion is largely watery tears, but in the pig is mucus. May develop adenitis.", "116. Paulsen F, Föge M, Thale A, et al: Absorption of lipophilic substances from tear fluid by the epithelium of the nasolacrimal ducts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:3137, 2002", "* Dry-eye syndrome — which can become exacerbated by the disruption of the natural, lacrimal (tear) film of the eyes" ]

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[ "Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow a.k.a. Clyde Champion Barrow [1] (March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were American criminals who traveled the central United States with their gang during the Great Depression , robbing people and killing when cornered or confronted. At times, the gang included his older brother Buck Barrow and his wife Blanche , Raymond Hamilton , W. D. Jones , Joe Palmer, Ralph Fults , and Henry Methvin . Their exploits captured the attention of the American public during the “ Public Enemy Era ,” between 1931 and 1935. Though known today for their dozen-or-so bank robberies, the two preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to have killed at least nine police officers and several civilians. The couple were eventually ambushed and killed by law officers near the town of Sailes, in Bienville Parish, Louisiana . Their reputation was revived and cemented in American pop folklore by Arthur Penn ‘s 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde ,. [2]", "Bonnie Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934) and Clyde Barrow (March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were well known outlaws, robbers and criminals who, with their gang, travelled the Central United States during the Great Depression . Their exploits captured the attention of the American public during what is sometimes referred to as the \" public enemy era \" between 1931 and 1934. Though known today for his dozen-or-so bank robberies, Barrow in fact preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to have killed at least nine police officers and committed several civilian murders. They were eventually ambushed and killed in Louisiana by law officers. Their reputation was cemented forever in American pop folklore by Arthur Penn's 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde .", "Bonnie Parker (1910 – 1934) and Clyde Barrow (1909 – 1934) were well known outlaws, robbers and criminals who, with their gang, traveled the Central United States during the Great Depression. Their exploits captured the attention of the American public during what is sometimes referred to as the \"public enemy era\" between 1931 and 1934. Though known today for his dozen-or-so bank robberies, Barrow in fact preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to have killed at least nine police officers and committed several civilian murders. They were eventually ambushed and killed in Louisiana by law officers. Their reputation was cemented in American pop folklore by Arthur Penn’s 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde.", "American gangsters – Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker robbed banks across America before meeting their end when police and federal agents ambushed them on a dirt road in Louisiana in 1934.", "Bonnie and Clyde were killed during an ambush Bienville Parish, Louisiana on May 23, 1934. The infamous Texas-native bank robbers were partners in crime, among other things. These outlaws and lovers ... more", "Starting in 1932, Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow committed a string of bank, gas station and convenience store robberies from Louisiana to as far west as New Mexico. They also killed several people along the way, including civilians and law enforcement officers. Famous for being photographed together and appearing in newspapers, their pictures also ended up on most-wanted posters across the country. The FBI finally caught up with them in 1934. They were each shot to death in their car as they drove a country lane to Sailes, Louisiana.", "This is an article by the New York Times reporting on the ambush of Bonnie and Clyde. The article describes the event and Bonnie and Clyde, saying, “Clyde Barrow, notorious Texas ‘bad man’ and murderer, and his cigar-smoking, quick-shooting woman accomplice, Bonnie Parker, were ambushed and shot to death today in an encounter with Texas Rangers and Sheriff’s deputies.” The author characterizes Frank Hamer, the famous Texas Ranger who is credited with having tracked down Bonnie and Clyde, as a hero figure who caught two villains. The description of the ambush in this article is a point of interest in that it conflicts with other accounts of the ambush, claiming that Clyde attempted to run down the officers with his car.", "1934: Bonnie (Parker) and Clyde (Baron), the young US outlaws, died in a hail of bullets on a lonely stretch of road in Louisiana where they were trapped by the police. During their four-year partnership, they killed at least 12 people as they robbed banks, petrol stations and diners.", "One half of the infamous Bonnie and Clyde duo, Clyde “Champion ” Barrow assisted his partner, Bonnie Parker , in a nationwide crime spree that lasted from 1932, until their deaths in 1934. The two met in West Dallas, Texas in January 1930, and after Clyde's parole from burglary charges in 1932 they began a nationwide campaign of crime. Together the pair committed 13 murders, numerous kidnappings, and several burglaries and robberies. The FBI and other law enforcement agencies engaged in one of the largest manhunts the United States had seen up to that time, capturing national attention. With most of their accomplices already dead or captured, Bonnie and Clyde were ambushed and killed instantly by a posse of lawmen led by Texas Ranger Frank Hamer near Sailes, Bienville Parish, Louisiana on May 23, 1934. Bonnie and Clyde's legacy of crime is remembered in the Warren Beatty movie Bonnie and Clyde (1967), which inspired other crime-spree films such as Natural Born Killers (1994)", "Picture taken in the early '30s (between 1932 and 1934) of notorious robbery partners Bonnie Parker (R) and W.D. Jones, well know as part of Bonnie and Clyde, who robbed and murdered in the United States during two years until they were shot dead at a police road-block in Louisiana in 1934. N/B (Photo credit should read -/AFP/GettyImages)", "It was an expensive revenge, as the killing of a guard (by Joe Palmer ) brought the full power of the Texas and federal governments to bear on the manhunt for Bonnie and Clyde, ultimately resulting in their deaths. As the guard, Major Crowson, lay dying, Lee Simmons of the Texas Department of Corrections reportedly promised him every person involved in the breakout would be hunted down and killed. [9] He kept his word, except for Henry Methvin, whose life was exchanged in return for betraying Bonnie and Clyde. The Texas Department of Corrections then contacted legendary retired manhunter and Texas Ranger Captain Frank A. Hamer , and convinced him to accept a commission to hunt down the Barrow Gang. Though technically retired, [3] Hamer was the only retired Ranger in history to have been allowed to keep an active Ranger commission, as displayed in the state archives in Austin , Texas. [13] He accepted the assignment immediately, though not as a Ranger but as a Texas Highway Patrol officer seconded to the prison system as a special investigator, tasked specifically to hunt down Bonnie and Clyde, and the Barrow Gang.", "For the next two years, Bonnie and Clyde drove and robbed across five states: Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Louisiana, and  New Mexico . They usually stayed close to the border to aid their getaway, using the fact that police at that time could not cross state borders to follow a criminal.", "FBI files say Bonnie and Clyde met in Texas in 1930 and were believed to have committed 13 murders and several robberies and burglaries by the time they died. Law enforcement officials were among their victims. The duo became infamous as they traveled across America's Midwest and South, holding up banks and stores with other gang members.", "Exactly 75 years ago today, at 9.15am on May 23, 1934, two small-time Depression-era bank robbers named Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow died on a lonely road outside Gibsland, Louisiana.", "It was an expensive revenge, for all concerned, as the killing of a prison officer (by another escapee, Joe Palmer) brought the full power of the Texas and federal governments to bear on the manhunt for Bonnie and Clyde, ultimately resulting in their deaths. As the officer, Major Joe Crowson, lay dying, Lee Simmons of the Texas Department of Corrections reportedly promised him that the persons involved in the breakout would be hunted down and killed. He kept his word, except for Henry Methvin, whose life was exchanged in return for betraying Bonnie and Clyde. The Texas Department of Corrections then contacted former Texas Ranger Captain Frank A. Hamer, and convinced him to accept a commission to hunt down the Barrow Gang. Though retired, Hamer had retained his commission, which had not yet expired. He accepted the assignment immediately, as a Texas Highway Patrol officer seconded to the prison system as a special investigator, tasked specifically to hunt down Bonnie and Clyd!", "NcsLAAAACAAJ Ambush: The Real Story of Bonnie and Clyde]. Austin, TX: Shoal Creek Publishers. ISBN 0-88319-041-9. Other accounts said the officers set up on the evening of the 22nd. ", "Bonnie and Clyde had almost been on the run for a year when Clyde's brother Buck was released from Huntsville prison in March 1933. Although Bonnie and Clyde were being hunted by numerous law enforcement agencies (for they had by then committed several murders, robbed a number of banks, stolen numerous cars, and held up dozens of small grocery stores and gas stations), they decided to rent an apartment in Joplin, Missouri to have a reunion with Buck and Buck's wife, Blanche .", "Reunited, Bonnie and Clyde continued their murderous crime spree throughout Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Missouri. Law enforcement initiated a massive, but unsuccessful, manhunt.", "Alex says the robbers are suffering from \"Bonnie and Clyde Syndrome\". Bonnie and Clyde were notorious depression-era bank robbers who were shot to death by US law officers in 1934. And Gene says \"syndromes are named after films?\", refering to the 1967 US film Bonnie and Clyde starring Faye Dunaway as Bonnie Parker and Warren Beatty as Clyde Barrow, and directed by Arthur Penn.", "Narrator: Despite what the press was writing, the Barrow gang remained very much a problem for local police, who had spent a year chasing the crime duo across multiple states. If they wanted to stop Bonnie and Clyde, they’d have to match their firepower.", " Although police had many reasons for ambushing and killing Bonnie and Clyde on May 23, 1934, especially since the couple had avoided capture before, there is controversy over Bonnie's death. Bonnie Parker was undoubtedly Clyde Barrow's partner, but when she was killed, no warrants relating to a violent crime had been issued. When the police ambushed the couple, Clyde was killed instantly, but haunting reports state that Bonnie took longer to kill and the men could hear her screaming over the shooting. The leader of the investigation and the ambush party, Frank Hamer, defended his actions by claiming that Bonnie was a violent criminal and her escape could not be risked. However, for the time and manner in which these criminals were killed, many questioned if the brutal nature of the killings was necessary for Bonnie. This controversy only furthers the legend of Bonnie and Clyde, who lived and died with a bang.", "Crime, Murder, and Assassination • Bonnie and Clyde are Killed • Patty Hearst Bank Robbery • O.J. Simpson", "One of the most notorious offenders to be executed was Raymond Hamilton, member of the \"Bonnie and Clyde\" gang. He was sentenced from Walker County and executed on May 10, 1935, for murder. Hamilton and another man had escaped from death row, only to be captured and return to death row.", "At approximately 9:00 a.m. on May 23, the posse, concealed in the bushes and almost ready to concede defeat, heard Clyde's stolen Ford V8 approaching. The posse's official report had Clyde stopping to speak with Henry Methvin's father, planted there with his truck that morning to distract Clyde and force him into the lane closest to the posse, the lawmen opened fire, killing Bonnie and Clyde while shooting a combined total of approximately 130 rounds. By 9:15, the couple were dead. The posse, under Hamer's direct orders, did not call out a warning,or order the duo to surrender. Barrow was killed instantly from Oakley's initial head shot. Parker did not die as easily. The posse reported her uttering a long, horrified scream as the bullets tore into the car. The officers emptied the specially-ordered automatic rifle, as well as rifles, shotguns and pistols at the car. According to statements made by Ted Hinton and Bob Alcorn:", "Between 1932 and 1934, there were several incidents in which the Barrow Gang kidnapped lawmen or robbery victims, usually releasing them far from home, sometimes with money to help them get back. [12] Stories of these encounters may have contributed to the mythic aura of Bonnie and Clyde; a couple both reviled and adored by the public. Notoriously, the Barrow Gang would not hesitate to shoot anybody, civilian or lawman, if they got in the way of their escape. Clyde was a probable shooter in approximately ten murders. Other members of the Barrow Gang known or thought to have murdered are Raymond Hamilton, W.D. Jones, Buck Barrow, Joe Palmer, and Henry Methvin.", "At approximately 9:15 a.m. on May 23, the posse, concealed in the bushes and almost ready to concede defeat, heard Barrow’s stolen Ford V8 approaching at a high speed. The posse’s official report had Barrow stopping to speak with Methvin’s father, who had been planted there with his truck that morning to distract Barrow and force him into the lane closer to the posse. The lawmen opened fire, killing Barrow and Parker while shooting a combined total of about 130 rounds. Oakley fired first, probably before any order to do so. [110] [112] [113] Barrow was killed instantly by Oakley’s initial head shot, but Hinton reported hearing Parker scream as she realized Barrow was dead before the shooting at her fully began. [110] The officers emptied all their arms at the car. [114] Any one of the many wounds suffered by Bonnie and Clyde would have been fatal. [115]", "Their story, though romanticized on the silver screen, was hardly a glamorous one. From the summer of 1932 until the spring of 1934, they left a trail of violence and terror in their wake as they crisscrossed the countryside in a series of stolen cars—robbing gas stations, village groceries, and the occasional bank and taking hostages when they got into a tight spot. Clyde was good with a gun and didn’t hesitate to use it, allegedly murdering at least a dozen people, including police and innocent bystanders alike. Bonnie wasn’t just along for the ride. Though she probably never fired a shot, she was his willing accomplice.", "Amidst the lingering gunsmoke at the ambush site, the temporarily deafened officers inspected the vehicle and discovered an arsenal of weapons including stolen automatic rifles, sawed-off semi-automatic shotguns, assorted handguns, and several thousand rounds of ammunition, along with fifteen sets of license plates from various states. [107] Word of the ambush quickly got around when Hamer, Jordan, Oakley, and Hinton drove into town to telephone their respective bosses. A crowd soon gathered at the spot, and Gault and Alcorn, who had been left to guard the bodies, lost control of the jostling curious; one woman cut off bloody locks of Parker's hair and pieces from her dress, which were subsequently sold as souvenirs. Hinton returned to find a man trying to cut off Barrow's trigger finger, and was sickened by what was occurring. [108] The coroner , arriving on the scene, saw the following: \"...nearly everyone had begun collecting souvenirs such as shell casings, slivers of glass from the shattered car windows, and bloody pieces of clothing from the garments of Bonnie and Clyde. One eager man had opened his pocket knife, and was reaching into the car to cut off Clyde's left ear.\" [116] The coroner enlisted Hamer for help in controlling the \"circus-like atmosphere\", and only then did people move away from the car. [116]", "Unaware of what awaited them, the lawmen assembled only a two-car, five-man force on April 13 to confront the suspected bootleggers living in the rented apartment over a garage. Though taken by surprise, Clyde, noted for remaining cool under fire, was gaining far more experience in gun battles than most lawmen. He, Jones and Buck quickly killed Detective McGinnis and fatally wounded Constable Harryman. [43] [44] During the escape from the apartment, Parker laid down covering fire with her own BAR, forcing Highway Patrol sergeant G. B. Kahler to duck behind a large oak tree while .30-06 slugs slammed into the other side, forcing wood splinters into the sergeant's face. [45] Parker then got into the car with the others. The car slowed long enough to pull in Blanche Barrow from the street, where she was pursuing her fleeing dog, Snow Ball. [46] The surviving officers later testified that their side had fired only fourteen rounds in the conflict, [47] although one of these hit Jones in the side, one struck Clyde and was deflected by his suitcoat button, and one grazed Buck after ricocheting off a wall.", "Although Bonnie and Clyde had killed people, they were equally known for kidnapping policemen who had caught up to them and then driving them around for hours only to release them, unharmed, hundreds of miles away. The two seemed like they were on an adventure, having fun while easily side-stepping the law.", "This article is about the robbers. For the film starring Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway, see Bonnie and Clyde (film) . For other uses see the Popular culture section.", "Narrator: The posse sorted through Bonnie and Clyde’s possessions: Bonnie’s makeup case, several suitcases, roadmaps and true crime magazines. Hamer claimed their guns and fishing tackle as a reward. Word spread quickly and people began to crowd highway 154; souvenir hunters scavenged through the carnage." ]

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[ "The Mayflower was the famous ship that transported the English Separatists, better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England, to Plymouth, Massachusetts (which would become the capital of Plymouth Colony), in 1620.", "The Mayflower was the famous ship that transported the English Separatists, better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England, to Plymouth, Massachusetts (which would become the capital of Plymouth Colony), in 1620.", "The Mayflower was the famous ship that transported the English Separatists, better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England, to Plymouth, Massachusetts (which would become the capital of Plymouth Colony), in 1620.", "Even though the Mayflower is best known for its voyage across the Atlantic Ocean carrying the pilgrims to America, it wasn't always a passenger ship. It was originally intended for use as a cargo ship. It carried wine, supplies and goods from France to England. History shows that the Mayflower ship was at least 12 years old before it brought the passengers to Plymouth. Even though the cargo ship weighed 180 tons, it was narrow enough to fit through coves and dock in small harbors. When built, it had a length of 90-110 feet and a width of 25 feet. As you can imagine, since the vessel had 3 large masts, it was the wind that made it possible to move across the waters delivering the goods and supplies. The design of this cargo ship was actually a Fluyt, its style being created and crafted by the Dutch in the 1600's. So in reality, the Mayflower was a Dutch Cargo Fluyt.", "The Mayflower was the famous ship that transported the English Separatists, better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England, to Plymouth, Massachusetts , in 1620.", "In 1957, the Mayflower II, a replica of the ship that brought the Pilgrims to America in 1620, arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts, after a nearly two-month journey from England.", "A strange group of religious dissenters called \"Pilgrims\" had fled England circa 1608 to escape persecution and had settled in Leyden, Holland. A decade later, distressed by the fact that their children were losing contact with their English traditions and unable to earn a decent living in Holland, they had decided to seek a place to live and worship as they pleased in the emptiness of the New World. They approached Sir Edwin Sandys seeking permission to establish a settlement within the London Company's jurisdiction; and Sandys, while not sympathetic to their religious views, appreciated their inherent worth and saw to it that their wish was granted. The Pilgrims boarded the Speedwell and sailed from Delfthaven, Holland. They joined with friends who had embarked on the Mayflower at Southhampton and sailed for the New World on August 6, 1620. However, the Speedwell leaked badly and both ships returned to Plymouth. Eventually, the Speedwell was sold and on September 6, 1620, the group of about a hundred set out on the Mayflower.", "The original plans for the voyage were to include two ships. The Mayflower as well as the Speedwell , a ship which had been previously hired to transport Pilgrims from Delfshaven in the Netherlands to the final departure point, Southampton. However, the Speedwell developed a leak and had to dock at Dartmouth to be refitted on August 17.", "The Mayflower sails from Plymouth, England, bound for the New World with 102 passengers. The ship was headed for Virginia, where the colonists–half religious dissenters and half entrepreneurs–had been authorized to settle by the British crown. However, stormy weather and navigational errors forced the Mayflower off course, and on November 21 the “Pilgrims” reached Massachusetts, where they founded the first permanent European settlement in New England in late December.", "After weeks of scouting for a suitable settlement area, the Mayflower's passengers finally landed at Plymouth on Dec. 26, 1620. Although the Mayflower's captain and part-owner, Christopher Jones, had threatened to leave the Pilgrims unless they quickly found a place to land, the ship remained at Plymouth during the first terrible winter of 1620-21, when half of the colonists died. The Mayflower left Plymouth on Apr. 15, 1621, and arrived back in England on May 16.", "The Mayflower sails from Plymouth, England, bound for the New World with 102 passengers. The ship was headed for Virginia, where the colonists--half religious dissenters and half entrepreneurs--had been authorized to settle by the British crown. However, stormy weather and navigational errors forced the Mayflower off course, and on November 21 the \"Pilgrims\" reached Massachusetts, where they founded the first permanent European settlement in New England in late December.", "On September 16th (that’s today!), 1620, the Mayflower departed Plymouth, England bound for North America. The 102 passengers aboard were English and Dutch Separatists seeking freedom in the new land from religious persecution. The 66-day journey faced savage seas and the captain, Christopher Jones, considered returning to England. Storms pushed them far north of their intended Virginia destination, and they finally landed in Massachusetts in late November well into the harsh New England winter.", "        In the meantime the Leiden Separatists, who had initiated the venture, sailed for Southampton on July 22, 1620, with 35 members of the congregation and their leaders William Bradford and William BREWSTER aboard the 60-ton Speedwell. Both the Speedwell and the Mayflower, carrying a total of about 120 passengers, sailed from Southampton on August 15, but they were twice forced back by dangerous leaks on the Speedwell. At the English port of Plymouth some of the Speedwell's passengers were regrouped on the Mayflower, and on September 16, the historic voyage began.", "After returning to London in May 1620 from a voyage to Bordeaux, France, Jones and the Mayflower were hired to take the Pilgrims to their destination of Northern Virginia. Neither the ship nor Jones had sailed across the Atlantic before, but several of the crew had. They sailed to Southampton, in July 1620, to stock tools, supplies, food and drink in the cargo hold. The Pilgrims who were still living in Holland boarded another ship, the Speedwell, in Delfshaven, and also sailed to Southampton. Just as planned, the Mayflower was waiting when the Speedwell arrived. Instead of departing though, the voyage was temporarily on hold because the Speedwell had been leaking.", "On April 5, the Mayflower, her empty hold ballasted with stones from the Plymouth Harbor shore, set sail for England. As with the Pilgrims, her sailors had been decimated by disease. Jones had lost his boatswain, his gunner, three quartermasters, the cook, and more than a dozen sailors. The Mayflower made excellent time on her voyage back to England. The westerlies that had buffeted her coming out pushed her along going home and she arrived at the home port of Rotherhithe in London on May 6, 1621 – less than half the time it had taken her to sail to America.\" [28]", "The Mayflower embarked about sixty-five passengers in London about the middle of July 1620, proceeded to Southampton on the English south coast and met the Speedwell bringing the Leyden contingent from Holland . The two ships planned to begin their trans-Atlantic journey on 5 August, but problems with the Speedwell, which could not be corrected, caused the loss of a month of critical voyage time with the fall Atlantic gale season coming on. After two false starts and repairs to the Speedwell, some of the passengers chose not to continue and returned to Holland on the Speedwell. The remaining passengers boarded the Mayflower, which with 102 passengers and a crew of possibly 30-40, finally departed Plymouth, Devon on 6 September (16 new calendar). After 66 days of fighting gales and with the ship’s timbers rupturing, and with a detriment to the health of all on board, the Mayflower finally anchored with the hook of Cape Cod harbor on 11 November. [14] Recent research has revealed that the ship called in at the tiny fishing village of Renews in Newfoundland for fresh water and food, before finally anchoring off, what is now Provincetown.", "Fluyt (also fluit or flute) – A Dutch transoceanic sailing cargo vessel, square-rigged with two or three masts that were much taller than the masts of a galleon, developed in the 16th century and widely used in the 17th and 18th centuries.", "The Pilgrims first landed in Plymouth Harbor on Cape Cod in what is now Massachusetts in 1620. Many believe they landed on the specific site of Plymouth Rock, but first-person accounts of the voyage make no mention of the rock itself.", "Fluyt, a type of sailing vessel originally designed as a dedicated cargo vessel. Originating from the Netherlands in the 16th century, the vessel was designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with the maximum of space and crew efficiency. The inexpensive ship could be built in large numbers. This ship class was credited with enhancing Dutch competitiveness in international trade and was widely employed by the Dutch East India Company in the 17th and 18th centuries. The fluyt was a significant factor in the 17th century rise of the Dutch seaborne empire. ", "The Mayflower was a European cargo ship in the years before its voyage to the New World with the pilgrims.", "On a November morning in 1620, just 98 days out of England, the 180-ton Mayflower completed her rendezvous with history. She had arrived in America, bearing the bright hopes and meager possessions of the original Pilgrims, a resolute band of a hundred-plus men and women pursuing the dream of liberty. While the party paused at what is now Provincetown on Cape Cod, Captain Miles Standish went exploring in a large shallop and found a harbor across the bay. There at Plymouth the Pilgrims settled-and barely in time.", "The vessel left England on September 6 (Old Style)/September 16 (New Style), and after a grueling 66-day journey marked by disease, which claimed two lives, the ship dropped anchor inside the hook tip of Cape Cod (Provincetown Harbor) on November 11/November 21. The Mayflower was originally destined for the mouth of the Hudson River, near present-day New York City, at the northern edge of England's Virginia colony, which itself was established with the 1607 Jamestown Settlement. However, the Mayflower went off course as the winter approached, and remained in Cape Cod Bay. On March 21/28, 1621, all surviving passengers, who had inhabited the ship during the winter, moved ashore at Plymouth, and on April 5/15, the Mayflower, a privately commissioned vessel, returned to England. In 1623, a year after the death of captain Christopher Jones, the Mayflower was most likely dismantled for scrap lumber in Rotherhithe, London.", "The Mayflower was used primarily as a cargo ship , involved in active trade of goods (often wine ) between England and other European countries, (principally France , but also Norway , Germany , and Spain ). At least between 1609 and 1622, it was mastered by Christopher Jones, who would command the ship on the famous transatlantic voyage, and based in Rotherhithe, London, England. After the famous voyage of the Mayflower, the ship returned to England, likely dismantled for scrap lumber in Rotherhithe in 1623, only a year after Jones's death in March 1622. The Mayflower Barn, just outside the Quaker village of Jordans, in Buckinghamshire, England, is said to be built from these timbers, but this is likely apocryphal.", "The Mayflower , originating from London with a group of Adventurers bound for the New World rendezvoused on 22 July with the Speedwell just arriving from Holland with a group of religious refugees from Leiden . Originally intended to sail jointly to the English Colony in Virginia it soon became evident that Speedwell was not seaworthy. Passengers and cargo were combined onto Mayflower (with many left behind) for the journey, finally departing on September 9.", "The vessel left England on September 6, and after a grueling 66-day journey marked by disease, the ship dropped anchor inside the hook tip of Cape Cod (Provincetown Harbor) on November 11 (dates in Old Style, Julian Calendar; according to the New Style Gregorian Calendar, the corresponding dates are September 16 and November 21). The Mayflower originally was destined for the mouth of the Hudson River, near present-day New York City, at the northern edge of England's Virginia colony, which itself was established with the 1607 Jamestown Settlement. However, the Mayflower went off course as the winter approached, and remained in Cape Cod Bay (mapped in 1602 by Gosnold).", "The vessel left England on September 6, and after a grueling 66-day journey marked by disease, the ship dropped anchor inside the hook tip of Cape Cod (Provincetown Harbor) on November 11 (dates in Old Style, Julian Calendar; according to the New Style Gregorian Calendar, the corresponding dates are September 16 and November 21). The Mayflower originally was destined for the mouth of the Hudson River, near present-day New York City, at the northern edge of England's Virginia colony, which itself was established with the 1607 Jamestown Settlement . However, the Mayflower went off course as the winter approached, and remained in Cape Cod Bay (mapped in 1602 by Gosnold).", "On November 9/19, 1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook. After several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the shelter of Cape Cod hook, now called Provincetown Harbor, where they anchored on November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day. ", "On November 9, 1620, they sighted present-day Cape Cod . They spent several days trying to sail south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia , where they had obtained permission to settle from the Company of Merchant Adventurers. However, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, well north of the intended area, where they anchored on November 11. The settlers wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact after the ship dropped anchor at Cape Cod, in what is now Provincetown Harbor , in order to establish legal order and to quell increasing strife within the ranks. [24] [25] [26] [27]", "Following that, Christopher Jones seems to have stuck with safer trading routes.  The Mayflower made numerous trips primarily to Bordeaux, France, returning to London with cargoes of French wine, Cognac, vinegar, and salt.  The Mayflower could freight about 180 tons of cargo.  The Mayflower also made occasional voyages to other ports, including once to Malaga, Spain, and twice to Hamburg, Germany.", "Follow the Pilgrims as they sail across the Atlantic Ocean, from England to America. See who they meet when they land in New England. Find out about the first Thanksgiving.", "The Mayflower was a merchant ship that had been purchased by Master Christopher Jones, a sea captain, and other business partners in 1607. Her first voyage of record was in 1609 from London to Trondheim, Norway. She’d been hired to take a shipment of various goods from London to Norway, sell them and return with Norwegian goods of lumber, tar and fish. A fierce North Sea storm forced Jones and crew to throw most of the goods overboard during the return voyage. After that, Jones frequently sailed her from London to Bordeaux, France, and occasionally to other European ports in Spain and Germany to exchange English goods for wine, cognac, vinegar, salt and other items.", "The Speedwell was originally named Swiftsure. It was built in 1577 at sixty tons, and was part of the English fleet that defeated the Spanish Armada. It departed Delfshaven in July 1620 with the Leiden colonists, after a canal ride from Leyden of about seven hours. It reached Southampton, Hampshire and met with the Mayflower and the additional colonists hired by the investors. With final arrangements made, the two vessels set out on August 5 (Old Style)/August 15 (New Style)." ]

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[ "Spirograph is a geometric drawing toy that produces mathematical curves of the variety technically known as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids . The term has also been used to describe a variety of software applications that display similar curves, and applied to the class of curves that can be produced with the drawing equipment (so in this sense it may be regarded as a synonym of hypotrochoid). The name is a registered trademark of Hasbro , Inc.", "Spirograph is a geometric drawing toy that produces mathematical curves of the variety technically known as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids. The term has also been used to describe a variety of software applications that display similar curves, and applied to the class of curves that can be produced with the drawing equipment (so in this sense it may be regarded as a synonym of hypotrochoid). The name is a registered trademark of Hasbro, Inc.", "Spirograph is a geometric drawing toy that produces mathematical roulette curves of the variety technically known as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids. It was developed by British engineer Denys Fisher and first sold in 1965. The name has been a registered trademark of Hasbro Inc. since 1998 following purchase of the company that had acquired the Denys Fisher company. The Spirograph brand was relaunched with original product configurations in the USA in 2013 by Kahootz Toys and in Europe by Goldfish and Bison.", "Spirograph is a geometric drawing toy that produces mathematical roulette curves of the variety technically known as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids.It was developed by British engineer Denys Fisher and first sold in 1965. The name has been a registered trademark of Hasbro Inc. since 1998 following purchase of the company that had acquired the Denys Fisher company. The Spirograph brand was relaunched with original product configurations in the USA in 2013 by Kahootz Toys and in Europe by Goldfish and Bison.", "Espirógrafo é um produto registrado da Hasbro, Inc., um brinquedo para desenho geométrico. O espirógrafo produz curvas matemáticas conhecidas como hipotroclóides e epitroclóides. O termo tem sido usado para descrever várias aplicações de softwares que mostram curvas similares.", "El Espirógrafo es un juguete para diseño geométrico. El espirógrafo produce curvas matemáticas conocidas como hipotrocoides y epitrocoides. El término también ha sido usado para describir varias aplicaciones de software que muestran curvas similares. es un producto registrado por Hasbro, Inc.", "Spirograph — is a registered trademark of Hasbro, Inc., for a geometric drawing toy.The Spirograph produces mathematical curves of the variety technically known as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids. The term has also been used to describe a variety of software… …   Wikipedia", "Hasbro, Inc. (formerly Hassenfeld Brothers and Hasbro Bradley) is an American multinational toy and board game company. It is the second largest toy maker in the world after Mattel in terms of revenue and market. The brand also spawned TV shows, such as Family Game Night on the Discovery Family network, to promote its products. The corporate headquarters is located in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The majority of its products are manufactured in East Asia.", "The term has also been used to describe a variety of software applications that display similar curves, and applied to the class of curves that can be produced with the drawing equipment (so in this sense it may be regarded as a synonym of hypotrochoid). The name has been a registered trademark of Hasbro, Inc., since it bought the Denys Fisher company.", "The mathematician Bruno Abakanowicz invented the Spirograph between 1881 and 1900. It was used for calculating an area delimited by curves. [1] Drawing toys based on gears have been around since at least 1908, when The Marvelous Wondergraph was advertised in the Sears catalog . [2] [3] An article describing how to make a Wondergraph drawing machine appeared in the Boys Mechanic publication in 1913. [4] The Spirograph itself was developed by the British engineer Denys Fisher , who exhibited at the 1965 Nuremberg International Toy Fair . It was subsequently produced by his company. US distribution rights were acquired by Kenner , Inc., which introduced it to the United States market in 1966 and promoted it as a creative children's toy.", "The mathematician Bruno Abakanowicz invented the Spirograph between 1881 and 1900. It was used for calculating an area delimited by curves. [1] Drawing toys based on gears have been around since at least 1908, when The Marvelous Wondergraph was advertised in the Sears catalog . [2] [3] An article describing how to make a Wondergraph drawing machine appeared in the Boys Mechanic publication in 1913. [4] The Spirograph itself was developed by the British engineer Denys Fisher , who exhibited at the 1965 Nuremberg International Toy Fair . It was subsequently produced by his company. US distribution rights were acquired by Kenner , Inc., which introduced it to the United States market in 1966 and promoted it as a creative children’s toy.", "The is a line of toys produced by the Japanese company Takara (now known as Takara Tomy) and American toy company Hasbro. The Transformers toyline was created from toy molds mostly produced by Japanese company Takara in the toylines Diaclone and Microman. Other toy molds from other companies such as Bandai were used as well. In 1984, Hasbro bought the distribution rights to the molds and rebranded them as the Transformers for distribution in North America. Hasbro would go on to buy the entire toy line from Takara, giving them sole ownership of the Transformers toy-line, branding rights, and copyrights, while in exchange, Takara was given the rights to produce the toys and the rights to distribute them in the Japanese market. The premise behind the Transformers toyline is that an individual toy's parts can be shifted about to change it from a vehicle, a device, or an animal, to a robot action figure and back again. The taglines \"More Than Meets The Eye\" and \"Robots In Disguise\" reflect this ability. ", "The mathematician Bruno Abakanowicz invented the Spirograph between 1881 and 1900. It was used for calculating an area delimited by curves. Drawing toys based on gears have been around since at least 1908, when The Marvelous Wondergraph was advertised in the Sears catalog. An article describing how to make a Wondergraph drawing machine appeared in the Boys Mechanic publication in 1913. The Spirograph itself was developed by the British engineer Denys Fisher, who exhibited at the 1965 Nuremberg International Toy Fair. It was subsequently produced by his company. US distribution rights were acquired by Kenner, Inc., which introduced it to the United States market in 1966 and promoted it as a creative children's toy.", "NORRIS: So you have the inventors of Scrabulous on one side, and on the other, the owners of the actual board game, the big toy company, Hasbro. Could you give us a quick background on this dispute?", "Spirograph — noun a geometric drawing toy consisting of a set of plastic gears and toothed rings …   Wiktionary", "The 3.75-inch (9.5 cm) line was reintroduced after a very brief hiatus via Hasbro's direct-to-consumer website HasbroToyShop.com and various online retailers. As a result of the line's success, some figures also became available at certain retailers, such as Toys \"R\" Us .[ citation needed ]", "The original US-released Spirograph consisted of two different-sized plastic rings, with gear teeth on both the inside and outside of their circumferences. They were pinned to a cardboard backing with pins, and any of several provided gearwheels, which had holes provided for a ballpoint pen to extend through them to an underlying paper writing surface. It could be spun around to make geometric shapes on the underlying paper medium. Later, the Super-Spirograph consisted of a set of plastic gears and other interlocking shape-segments such as rings, triangles, or straight bars. It has several sizes of gears and shapes, and all edges have teeth to engage any other piece. For instance, smaller gears fit inside the larger rings, but also can engage the outside of the rings in such a fashion that they rotate around the inside or along the outside edge of the rings. Kenner also introduced Spirotot, Magnetic Spirograph, Spiroman and various refill sets. [5]", "During the oil crisis of the early 1970s Brandstätter asked his master mold maker, Hans Beck, who passed away in 2009, to develop a completely new toy system which could be continually expanded. His specification was to achieve the maximum amount of play value for the minimum amount of plastic. The result were three 2¾-inch figures: a knight, a construction worker and a Native American. Playmobil was born. The figures were first introduced at the 1974 Toy Fair.", "Hasbro may make some of our children’s favorite toys, but its well designed logo sets it apart from the pack. Instead of bold and bright hues, the designers chose a calming blue. Rather than an inclusive circle, the more straightforward square is the main shape. The font is not bold or blocky; the name is written in a smooth, brushed font that appears to be hand lettered. Last, there is a wide, happy smile beneath the company name, showing the way that Hasbro wants children using its products to feel.", "Like its predecessor, in 2010 Character Options released a spring-loaded toy version constructed of injection-moulded plastic. In relation to the prop, the size and proportions of the toy are broadly similar, unlike 2005-2010 Sonic Screwdriver, where the toy version was made larger to accommodate a working soundchip. Curiously, this toy is stamped on its green \"Crystal\" infrastructure as having a copyright date of 2004.", "I had no idea until a few minutes ago that the Etch-A-Sketch was invented in France. The inventor, Mr. Cassagnes, took his creation to the Nuremberg Toy Festival in the late 1950’s and eventually succeeded in selling the toy to the Ohio Art Company. It was introduced in the US in time for the Christmas season in late 1960. It soon became one of the iconic toys of its era. It is in the National Toy Hall of Fame, and was included on the Toy Industry Association’s list of the top 100 toys of the 20th century.", "The more than 10-inch-tall toy was made of hard plastic and had a lever under the chin that made the toy’s ears wiggle, its eye wink, and its tail swish. My Pretty Pony was relatively successful, selling a couple million units.", "CARTOON This has nothing to do with Disney or Loony Toons. It's a drawing of the principle forms of a COMPOSITION drawn to the same scale as the final painting.", "Silly Putty is a toy based on silicone polymers that have unusual physical properties. It bounces, but breaks when given a sharp blow and can also flow like a liquid. It contains a viscoelastic liquid silicone, a type of non-Newtonian fluid, which makes it act as a viscous liquid over a long time period but as an elastic solid over a short time period. It was originally created during research into potential rubber substitutes for use by the United States in World War II.", "Press the button to start the animation. The red line stays at the same height, while the blue line traces a curve called a cycloid.", "Later in Germany Richard Steiff went to the Stuttgart Zoo in search of an idea for a new toy. Among the animals he saw there was a troupe of performing bears which gave him an idea. He envisioned a toy bear, which stood upright, and was jointed similar to the way in which dolls were made. By 1902 Richard had sketched some bears and gave the drawings to his aunt. Margarete took her nephew's drawings and designed a jointed bear based on them with fur made of mohair plush and glass eyes.", "Mechanically, the Selectric borrowed some design elements from a toy typewriter produced earlier by Marx Toys. IBM bought the rights to the design. The typeball and carriage mechanism was similar to the design of the Teletype Model 26 and later, which used a rotating cylinder that moved along a fixed platen. ", "Animating Schulz's simple drawings posed problems. \"Charlie Brown has a big head, a little body and little feet,\" Melendez said in a 2000 interview for The Times. \"Normally, a human takes a step every 16 frames -- about two-thirds of a second. But Sparky's [Schulz's] characters would look like they were floating at that pace. After several experiments, I had them take a step every six frames -- one-fourth of a second. . . . It was the only way that worked.\"", "Name the 1980s toy that changed shape from a vehicle into a robot using a series of cleverly designed joints?", "9.47 Seeing and Doing Toys with wheels: children create toy models from junk materials and construction sets.", "\"The Powder Toy is a free physics sandbox game, which simulates air pressure and velocity, heat, gravity and a countless number of interactions between different substances! Have you ever wanted to blow something up? Or maybe you always dreamt of operating an atomic power plant? Do you have a will to develop your own CPU? The Powder Toy lets you to do all of these, and even more! The Powder Toy is a free physics sandbox game, which simulates air pressure and velocity, heat, gravity and a countless number of interactions between different substances! The game provides you with various building materials, liquids, gases and electronic components which can be used to construct complex machines, guns, bombs, realistic terrains and almost anything else. You can then mine them and watch cool explosions, add intricate wirings, play with little stickmen or operate your machine. You can browse and play thousands of different saves made by the community or upload your own – we welcome your creations! \"", "In 1901 Frank Hornby, a clerk from Liverpool, England, invented and patented a new toy called \"Mechanics Made Easy\" that was based on the principles of mechanical engineering. It was a model construction kit consisting of perforated metal strips, plates and girders, with wheels, pulleys, gears, shaft collars and axles for mechanisms and motion, and nuts and bolts to connect the pieces. The perforations were at a standard ½ inch (12.7 mm) spacing, the axles were 8-gauge, and the nuts and bolts used 5/32 inch BSW threads. The only tools required to assemble models were a screwdriver and spanners (wrenches). It was more than just a toy: it was educational, teaching basic mechanical principles like levers and gearing." ]

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[ "John Wayne holds the record for the actor with the most leading parts – 142. In all but 11 films he played the leading part.", "John Wayne Birthplace – Winterset, Iowa Hollywood legend John Wayne was born Marion Morrison in Winterset on May 26, 1907.", "John Wayne Birthplace – Winterset, Iowa. He holds the record for the actor with the most leading parts – 142. In all but 11 films he played the leading part.", "Fred Astaire (May 10, 1899 – June 22, 1987), born Frederick Austerlitz, was an American film and Broadway stage dancer, choreographer, singer and actor. His stage and subsequent film career spanned a total of 76 years, during which he made 31 musical films. He is particularly associated with Ginger Rogers , with whom he made ten films.", "One of only six actors to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor for his first screen appearance. The other five actors are: Orson Welles , Lawrence Tibbett , Alan Arkin , Paul Muni and Montgomery Clift .", "Henry Jaynes Fonda (May 16, 1905 August 12, 1982) was a highly acclaimed American film, stage and television actor, best known for his roles as plain-speaking idealists. Fonda's subtle, naturalistic acting style preceded by many years the popularization of Method acting. He was the patriarch of a family of famous actors, including son Peter Fonda, daughter Jane Fonda, granddaughter Bridget Fonda and grandson Troy Garity.", "Henry Jaynes Fonda (May 16, 1905 – August 12, 1982) was an American film and stage actor. [1]", "Famous for: American actor and author who appeared as a leading man specializing in westerns and film noir. Later became a noted character actor. Notable roles are Norman Williams from Virginia, Bert Donner from El Paso, Dix Handley from The Asphalt Jungle, Pervis DeJong from So Big, Sir Gawain from Prince Valiant, Johnny “Guitar” Logan from Johnny Guitar, Sheriff Tod Shaw from Suddenly, Jim Bowie from The Last Command, Brigadier General Jack D. Ripper from Dr. Strangelove, Captain McCluskey from The Godfather, Russell Tinsworthy from 9 to 5, and his numerous roles in westerns.", "Along with Gary Cooper , is the most represented actor on the American Film Institute's 100 Most Inspiring Movies of All Time, with five of his films on the list. They are: A Raisin in the Sun (1961) at #65, The Defiant Ones (1958) at #55, Lilies of the Field (1963) at #46, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) at #35, and In the Heat of the Night (1967) at #21.", "Famous for: American actor, singer, dancer, and comedian. Performances featured physical comedy, idiosyncratic pantomimes, and rapid-fire nonsense songs. Made 17 films. Made a lot of movies with Virginia Mayo. Notable roles are Danny Weems from Up in Arms, Burleigh Hubert Sullivan from The Kid from Brooklyn, Walter Mitty from The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, Professor Hobart Frisbee from A Song Is Born, Georgie from The Inspector General, Hans Christen Andersen, Phil Davis from White Christmas, Hubert Hawkins from The Court Jester, Samuel L. Jacobowsky from Me and the Colonel, Red Nichols from The Five Pennies, and the Ragpicker from The Madwoman of Chaillot.", "Academy Award Winning Actor, Film Icon. Known for his distinctive drawl voice and down-to-earth persona, he is often considered to be one of the most influential actors in the history of American cinema. His career spanned almost 60 years and he appeared in over 90 films, television programs, shorts, and Broadway performances. Five of his movies were included on the American Film Institute's list of the 100 greatest American films, \"Mr. Smith Goes to Washington\" (1939), \"The Philadelphia Story\"... [Read More] (Bio by: William Bjornstad )", "Casablanca (1942) , This is the Army (1943), Passage to Marseille (1944), Mildred Pierce (1945) , Night and Day (1946), Life With Father (1947), The Unsuspected (1947), My Dream Is Yours (1949), Flamingo Road (1949), Young Man With a Horn (1950), Jim Thorpe - All American (1951), The Egyptian (1954), White Christmas (1954), We're No Angels (1955), The Proud Rebel (1958), King Creole (1958), The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1960), The Comancheros (1961).", "1936 – Burt Reynolds, American actor.  Some of his memorable roles include Lewis Medlock in Deliverance, Paul Crewe in The Longest Yard, Bo ‘Bandit’ Darville in Smokey and the Bandit, J.J. McClure in The Cannonball Run and Jack Horner in Boogie Nights.", "William Claude Rains (10 November 188930 May 1967) was an English-born American film and stage actor whose career spanned 46 years. After his American film debut with The Invisible Man (1933) he played in classic films like The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), The Wolf Man (1941), Casablanca (1942; as Captain Renault), Notorious (1946), and Lawrence of Arabia (1962). He was a four-time nominee for the Best Supporting Actor Academy Award, but never won. Rains was considered to be \"one of the screen's great character stars\" with an extraordinary voice who was, according to the All-Movie Guide, \"at his best when playing cultured villains\". ", "Famous for: American actor whose career spanned silent films and talkies. Famous for his trademark mustache and natty onscreen fashion sense. Notable roles are Dr. Raoul de St. Hubert from The Sheik, Pierre Revel from A Woman of Paris, Walter Burns from The Front Page, Maj. Rinaldi from A Farewell to Arms, Louis Easton from Morning Glory, Sorrowful Jones from Little Miss Marker, Oliver Niles from A Star Is Born, Anthony Powell from Stage Door, Tom Moody from Golden Boy, Billy Flynn from Roxie Hart, Eduardo Acuña from You Were Never Lovelier, Mr. Kimberly from The Hucksters, Jim Conover from State of the Union, Gen. George Broulard from Paths of Glory, and Mr. Pendergast from Pollyanna.", "Humphrey DeForest Bogart (; December 25, 1899 - January 14, 1957) was an American screen actor whose performances in 1940s films noir such as The Maltese Falcon, Casablanca, and The Big Sleep earned him status as a cultural icon. ", "Wardell Edwin \"Ward\" Bond (April 9, 1903 – November 5, 1960) was an American film actor whose rugged appearance and easygoing charm were featured in over 200 films and the television series Wagon Train. He is remembered for his roles as Bert in It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and Captain Clayton in The Searchers (1956), among many others.", "Ebsen's film career was just as notable for one of the most famous roles a Hollywood actor ever lost -- the part of the Tin Man in the 1939 classic \"The Wizard of Oz.\" Ebsen filmed several sequences before an allergy to metallic dust in the character's body paint landed him in the hospital for two weeks, and the role was given to Jack Haley.", "Henry Jaynes Fonda (May 16, 1905 – August 12, 1982) was a celebrated American film and stage actor with a career spanning more than five decades.", "Within a short time, John was moving quickly in the musical fast lane. On TV, he co-starred as \"Matt\" in a 1964 Hallmark Hall of Fame presentation of the classic musical, \"The Fantasticks\", alongside an esteemed company that included Mr. Lahr, Ricardo Montalban , Stanley Holloway and the lovely soprano, Susan Watson . He also appeared as a regular on The Entertainers , and grew in stature enough to host The Kraft Summer Music Hall , keeping his face and voice consistently front-and-center on the prime-time variety show circuit. Back on stage, he won a Theater World Award in 1965 for his role as \"Curly\" in \"Oklahoma!\", a part he would play many times over the years. Demonstrating leading man potential, John was handed tuneful co-star assignments in the rather antiseptic Disney movies, The Happiest Millionaire and The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band , both featuring the reigning \"Cinderella\" of the time, Lesley Ann Warren , but he did not move ahead in films.", "Henry Jaynes Fonda (May 16, 1905 – August 12, 1982) was an American film and stage actor.", "Irwin Keyes , a character actor from films such as \"Intolerable Cruelty\" and \"Night of 1,000 Corpses,\" died July 8. He was 63.", "Dana Andrews (January 1, 1909 – December 17, 1992) was an American film actor. He was one of Hollywood's major stars of the 1940s, and continued acting, though generally in less prestigious roles, into the 1980s. One of his best-known roles, and the one for which he received the most praise, was as war veteran Fred Derry in The Best Years of Our Lives (1946).", "Academy Award-winning actor: The Bridge on the River Kwai [1957]; The Empire Strikes Back, The Lavender Hill Mob, Star Wars, A Passage to India, The Quiller Memorandum; died Aug 5, 2000", "Actor, director and producer was born in Mountain View. A former band vocalist and emcee, he played the male lead in a number of musicals in the 1930s, often opposite Ruby Keeler and Joan Blondell. He then made a successful transition from the boyish crooner to more serious roles as the hardboiled detective in thrillers of the 1940s. In the early 1950s, he became president of the successful Four Star television production company. Movies included: \"42nd Street,\" (1933) \"A Midsummer Night's Dream,\" (1935) \"Murder My Sweet\" (1944) and \"The Bad and Beautiful\" (1952). His television series include \"Four Star Playhouse\" (1952) and \"The Dick Powell Show\" (1961). Member of the Arkansas Entertainers Hall of Fame.", "In 1940 he was voted the 14th most popular star in the US and the 7th most popular in Britain. [26] [27]", "*Born: Robert Taylor, American film and TV actor, as Spangler Brugh in Filley, Nebraska (d. 1969)", "He was known among his peers and to critics as one of the most adaptive thespians on stage or film set. His roles were as varied as the idealistic and protective migrant worker forced to kill his retarded cousin in \"Of Mice and Men\" and Shakespeare's stoic Hamlet, whom he played on national radio in 1937 in the infancy of his career.", "In the 1950s and 1960s, he accumulated scores of credits, playing a range of colorful supporting characters in such TV shows as \"The Twilight Zone,\" \"Bonanza,\" \"The Andy Griffith Show\" and \"Gunsmoke.\" He later appeared in a handful of Burt Reynolds' movies, including \"Hooper\" and \"The End.\"", "His film, stage and television career spanned more than 60 years. The actor died on Tuesday.", "The veteran character actor's career spanned more than five decades and he appeared in more than one hundred television shows, films and stage productions.", "The \"exciting years,\" he once called his time in film and television in the ‘60s and ‘70s. He is best known as host of the ARD television quiz series \"Do You Know Movies?\" Which ran from 1971 to 1981. Remembered above all for his starring roles such TV series and films such as “The Leatherstocking Tales”, \"The Scarf\", \"The Deerslayer\" and \"The Last of the Mohicans.\"" ]

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[ "One of Snoopy’s most iconic and popular personas–the World War I Flying Ace–makes his debut. Wearing his flying cap, goggles, and a scarf, the Flying Ace rides in his Sopwith Camel (a.k.a. Snoopy’s doghouse) and takes to the skies to dogfight against the infamous Red Baron.", "[Snoopy and the Red Baron] was Schulz's first full-length cartoon adventure and, as the publisher describes it, \"In the tradition of the great war novels, it is an odyssey of love, guts, and tears.\" In case you don't read the comics, Snoopy is Charlie Brown's hound dog, and the life he leads would do credit to Walter Mitty. In his most persistent fantasy Snoopy is a World War I air ace, and his doghouse is the Sopwith Camel in which he ventures at dawn into the wild blue yonder to do battle with the butcher of the skies, Baron von Richtofen. Ridiculous? Don't be silly! Think of it—Snoopy under anti-aircraft fire over France; Snoopy smiling coldly in the shadow of the familiar Fokker Triplane; Snoopy piercing...", "*The Red Baron, is the nemesis Snoopy fights while in the guise of a World War I Flying Ace complete with goggles, helmet and scarf. The battles occur while Snoopy is perched on his doghouse that becomes his Sopwith Camel plane through the power of his imagination. The battles between Snoopy and the Red Baron began in an October 10, 1965 Peanuts strip.", "Accomplishments Walking on hind feet, thinking thoughts and sleeping on a pitched-roof doghouse, starting in 1960. (''There were other events, but the best thing I ever thought of was Snoopy using his own imagination,'' Mr. Schulz said. ''I don't recall how he got on top of the doghouse, but the first time he fell off, the strip ended with his saying, 'Life is full of rude awakenings.' '') Battled the Red Baron from his Sopwith Camel doghouse, beginning on Oct. 10, 1965, often shouting his fighting words, ''Curse you, Red Baron.''", "Year after year in Peanuts, the long-suffering Charlie Brown faced misfortune with a mild, \"Good grief!\" Tart-tongued Lucy handed out advice for a nickel, and Snoopy, Charlie Brown's wise beagle, strapped on his helmet, jammed down his goggles and took the occasional flight of fancy back to the skies of World War I and his rivalry with the Red Baron.", "One of Snoopy's most famous alter-egos is as the World War I Flying Ace (first appearance, October 10, 1965), often seen battling his arch-enemy, Manfred von Richthofen, the Red Baron). When assuming this personality, Snoopy would don goggles, a flying helmet and a scarf and climb on top of his doghouse, which he claimed was a Sopwith Camel. The Red Baron, like other adult figures in Peanuts, was never drawn in a strip; his presence was indicated through the bullet holes that would riddle the doghouse, and Snoopy's fist-shaking and cries of \"Curse you Red Baron\" while his \"Sopwith Camel\" doghouse plummeted to earth trailing smoke. In I Want a Dog for Christmas, Charlie Brown Charlie Brown's sister Sally Brown jumps on the doghouse and flies with Snoopy.", "And of Snoopy's many other roles -- Joe Cool, the dubious attorney or the card shark who vexes the neighborhood kids -- the single most memorable image Charles Schulz ever created would have to be Snoopy sitting atop his doghouse, pilot's gear pulled over his eyes, charging through the skies in search of the elusive Red Baron. No matter how many other personnas adopted by the world's most famous beagle, he always returns to his beloved Sopwith Camel. With the capable assistance of Woodstock -- as ground support -- the WWI Flying Ace has repeatedly engaged the infamous German pilot in a series of (ahem) dogfights. Unlike the reality-based universe most of the other characters occupy, these airborne skirmishes take place in an existentialist setting only Snoopy perceives (much the way Hobbes was alive for nobody but Calvin). But such trivialities never trouble the Flying Ace; he simply quaffs another root beer and takes to the skies.", "Possibly his most famous alter-ego is as the World War I Flying Ace, often seen battling his arch-enemy, Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron). For this, he would climb to the top of his doghouse, don goggles and a scarf (trailing behind in the \"wind\"), and thus fly his Sopwith Camel (the type of plane flown by Arthur \"Roy\" Brown, who was credited with shooting down the Red Baron in World War I, and whose surname matches that of Snoopy's owner). The Red Baron, like other adult figures in Peanuts, was never drawn in a strip; his presence was indicated through the bullet holes that would riddle the doghouse in a dogfight, and Snoopy's angry outbursts in German: (usually accompanied by fist-shaking and a salute to German Führer Paul von Hindenburg while his \"Sopwith Camel\" doghouse plummets to earth trailing smoke). In I Want a Dog for Christmas, Charlie Brown Charlie Brown's sister Sally Brown jumps on the doghouse and flies with Snoopy.", "The popularity of the strip soared in October 1965 when Snoopy turned his doghouse into a Sopwith Camel for the first of many engagements with the Baron. The following year, a group called the Royal Guardsmen had a No. 2 single, \"Snoopy vs. the Red Baron.''", "In the Peanuts comic strip, Snoopy sometimes imagined himself to be a World War I flying ace battling his nemesis, the Red Baron. What type of plane did Snoopy “fly”? \"Put that in your __ and __ it.\" Can you complete this advertising slogan?", "Snoopy is described as a 'funny-looking dog with a big black nose'. Historians agree that this is some sort of military code, or possibly the paint scheme used on Snoopy 's planes to make them look more awesome. In any case, after initially being shot down, von Richtofen's adversary consulted with a military engineer known only as 'The Great Pumpkin'. Upon this genius' completion of a new warplane, Snoopy took to the skies in search of the Baron. They encountered each other in October of 1917, this time over Germany. While the Baron was laughing at his enemy's foolish attempt to even the score, the British ace looped him and thus had him dead in his sights. Despite von Richthofen's best efforts, Snoopy fired once, and he fired twice, and that Bloody Red Baron went spinnin' out of sight.", "The Red Baron, like other adult figures in Peanuts, was never drawn in a strip; his presence was indicated through the bullet holes that would riddle the doghouse in a dogfight, and Snoopy's angry outbursts in German: (usually accompanied by fist-shaking and \"Curse you Red Baron\" while his \"Sopwith Camel\" doghouse plummets to earth trailing smoke). In I Want a Dog for Christmas, Charlie Brown Charlie Brown's sister Sally Brown jumps on the doghouse and flies with Snoopy.", "The “plane” of Snoopy in the Peanuts comic strip, when he imagines himself as a World War I flying ace and the nemesis of the Red Baron . [52]", "* The \"plane\" of Snoopy in the Peanuts comic strip, when he imagines himself as a World War I flying ace and the nemesis of the Red Baron. ", "* The \"plane\" of Snoopy in the ''Peanuts '' comic strip, when he imagines himself as a World War I flying ace and the nemesis of the Red Baron .", "In 1966, the \"Ace\" was immortalized in song by the Royal Guardsmen with their hit, Snoopy Vs. The Red Baron. This was followed in 1967 by Snoopy's Christmas, in which the two foes temporarily set aside their differences for a Christmas toast, as per the Christmas Truces that occurred during World War I . Snoopy's Christmas continues to be played as a holiday favorite on most \" oldie\" radio stations. Two additional songs were released by the Guardsmen in 1968 during the Presidential election, \" Snoopy for President\", in which Snoopy's bid for the nomination of the Beagle party is tipped in his favour by the Red Baron, and \" Down Behind the Lines\", which does not mention Snoopy specifically but describes the attempts of a World War I pilot to fly his damaged Sopwith Camel back to friendly territory.", "Snoopy is the beagle in the Charles Schultz comic strip “Peanuts.” He is fond of dressing up and pretending to be a WWI flying ace on top of his doghouse.", "For the record, Snoopy's doghouse was a Sopwith Camel, a hump-backed biplane that could swoop and swerve with help from a 110-horsepower engine. Approximately 5,500 of the planes were produced during 1917 and 1918, the final years of the war. Incidentally, engineers developed the Sopwith Camel to replace something Snoopy may have preferred: the Sopwith Pup.", "Good grief! Snoopy takes to the skies against Germany's toughest pilot. Does the beagle have what it takes?", "Snoopy also became \" Joe Cool\", as he put on sunglasses and leaned against the wall doing nothing. A song called Joe Cool was sung by Vince Guaraldi. Snoopy has also been a famous writer (who was actually published once, in an October 1995 storyline, in which one copy of his unnamed novel was written, but it failed to sell); a bow-tie wearing attorney (who once defended Peter Rabbit ), a hockey player, an Olympic figure skater (who used to skate with Sonja Henie before he became \"big time\"); a world famous grocery checkout clerk who operated from the top of his dog house in an apron; the \"Lone Beagle\" (the first dog to fly solo across the Atlantic - a play on Charles Lindbergh, \"The Lone Eagle\"); and even the first astronaut to land on the moon. In \"It's Flashbeagle, Charlie Brown\", Snoopy becomes a Flash dancer named \"Flashbeagle\".", "After this introduction, the unnamed Woodstock is seen with Snoopy on occasion, and other birds continue to appear as they had for years. But Woodstock is singled out as the bird who befriended Snoopy, in part by continuing references to him as the Flying Ace's mechanic (July 12, 1967; June 12–14, 1968). Finally, on June 14, 1968, fourteen months after his first landing on Snoopy and after a second appearance as a supporting character for Snoopy (his wrist wrestling partner on April 25, 1968), the most important aspect of Woodstock's relationship with Snoopy is made clear—Snoopy first refers to this bird as his buddy. That identification was more than enough for readers to know, if they hadn't already figured it out, that this little bird, name or no name, had assumed the role of a regular character in the Peanuts cast. ", "Snoopy, piloting his \"Sopwith Camel\" (i.e., his doghouse), is featured in the logo of Charles M. Schulz - Sonoma County Airport.", "Snoopy \"understands a little French and Serbo-Croatian .\" His dog food brand is called \"For Dogs who flew in World War I and understand a little French\". He later was also depicted as a sergeant in the French Foreign Legion, with Woodstock and his avian friends as members of his patrol. He failed his high school geometry course, which was his excuse for not being able to follow a golf course 's 90 degree golf cart driving rule.", "In 2000, the Sonoma County Board of Supervisors renamed the county airport as the Charles M. Schulz - Sonoma County Airport in the cartoonist's honor. The airport's logo features Snoopy in goggles and scarf, taking to the skies on top of his red doghouse.", "Snoopy \"understands a little French .\" His dog food brand is called \"For Dogs who flew in World War I and understand a little French.\" He later was also depicted as a sergeant in the French Foreign Legion, with Woodstock and his avian friends as members of his patrol. He failed his high school geometry course, which was his excuse for not being able to follow a golf course 's 90 degree golf cart driving rule.", "Parodied with the Snoopy as WWI Flying Ace strips, in which on two occasions Snoopy himself (after describing in great detail the operation of a Sopwith Camel) comments on how good his research is.", "American insurance company MetLife used Snoopy as their corporate mascot between 1985 and 2016. Snoopy One, Snoopy Two, and Snoopy J are three airships owned and operated by MetLife that provide aerial coverage of sporting events, and feature Snoopy as the World War I flying ace on their fuselage. [18] [19]", "Monte was an avid model airplane builder and loved WWI aircraft. One day, he wandered into his father’s studio and suggested that he make Snoopy an imaginary fighter pilot. His father wasn’t crazy about the idea at first but it eventually snuck into some of his daily comic strips and was later used for the ‘Great Pumpkin’ special.", "American insurance company MetLife has used Snoopy as their corporate mascot since the 1980s. Snoopy One, Snoopy Two and Snoopy Three are three airships owned and operated by MetLife that provide aerial coverage of American sporting events, and feature Snoopy as the World War I flying ace on their fuselage.", "Isham created a three-panel Snoopy comic strip and was chosen as the Grand Prize Winner from more than 450 entries submitted. Classmate Bryce Bagwell was also recognized as one of 10 runners-up. The contest was offered by the Air Zoo as part of the events surrounding the Snoopy as the World War I Flying Ace traveling exhibit on display at the museum through June 22.", "Snoopy is the US Air Force Technical Control mascot. He can be seen on the Tech Control emblem holding an old analog patch cord above his head as he walks on water.", "During the Gulf War Snoopy appeared as nose art on several aircraft. He remains a popular image in air forces that still allow crews to customize the appearance of their planes." ]

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[ "'Rack rate' is the travel industry term for the published full price of a hotel room, which the customer would pay by just walking into the hotel off the street and asking for a room. In some jurisdictions a customer may be entitled to overstay a reservation by paying the rack rate. While lower than the maximum rate that the hotel may be allowed to charge under local laws, it is higher than the rate most travel agents can book for their customers. Sometimes the terms \"run of the house\" or \"walk-up rate\" are used to refer to the same highest rate.", "The rack rate is a term used in the travel industry to describe the often inflated prices that a person would pay for a room if he deals directly with a hotel, instead of with a travel agent or one of the many online discount travel companies. It may also be called the retail price, walk-up rate, or actual price. By simply walking into a hotel and asking for a room for the night, a traveler might pay two to three times the price she would pay if she pre-booked through a travel agent. The cost, however, can vary, and may depend on a willingness to bargain, or how late in the day it is. If a hotel sees an opportunity to rent a room that would otherwise be unoccupied for the night, it may be possible to bargain and obtain a sizeable reduction.", "Rack Rate – The full price of something before discounts have been offered, especially hotel rooms.", "With so many people pre-booking trips, few actually pay the rack rate. Part of the skill in offering a price is to make consumers feel they are getting very good value for their money by paying a lower than rack rate price. Hotels will often list a pricing guide in their rooms, and post high rack rates, making the guest feel he has got a good deal if he notes a big difference between the price he could have been charged and the price he actually paid.", "I think it's worth mentioning that when you book through Expedia, Travelocity and the like, you are often prepaying for that room, no cancellations, no refunds, which is why the rate is often lower than the standard rack rate.", "Can anyone tell me how I can find out what the rack rates are for a hotel? I would like to know what kind of discounts I may be getting.", "Disclaimer: Although prices are current at the time of printing or listing, airlines frequently change their prices as a result of fare increases and/or fuel surcharges. Therefore, prices may differ when you book your travel and are not guaranteed until full payment is received. Please call for our most current prices.", "Airlines are very efficient at separating their markets. This can be seen by the fact that tickets to any given destination are typically sold for a wide range of prices (generally with little relationship to the cost of providing the trip), even for adjacent seats on the same airplane. For example, a number of techniques are used to charge higher fares for business travelers (who are typically more concerned about convenience and time saving than about fares) than for leisure travelers (who are usually on tighter budgets), including by charging higher fares for people not making reservations far in advance or not willing to stay at a destination through a weekend (both of which business travelers often prefer not to do). The airlines are able to prevent the reselling of their tickets (and thereby maintain their separation of markets) through the use of identification checks at check-in and boarding times5.", "Tourico, which generates more than $1 billion in annual revenue, continues to try to bring down its costs by buying inventory from travel suppliers in bulk. The company, which has 4,900 travel-professional clients in 100 countries, said in March that it would start prepurchasing tickets for activities and attractions such as Las Vegas' High Roller observation wheel, adding that the discounted rates would allow it to pass on savings to its travel-agent customers.", "All cruise prices are based on the shared occupancy of a grade 1 cabin and include return flights, transfers and check in and full board onboard ship. Baggage will be charged at airline’s standard tariff. All prices are correct at time of going to press. Phoenix Holidays and M H Bland Travel Services operate fluid pricing based on supply and demand meaning that prices may fluctuate. Prices can be amended or withdrawn at any time. The promotions detailed cannot be used in conjunction with any other promotions or offers and are only valid on new bookings.", "\"Now there are no more '$9 fare' sales. Airlines have to advertise the full price,\" said Christopher Elliot, a travel writer and author of “Scammed: How to Save Your Money and Find Better Service in a World of Schemes, Swindles, and Shady Deals.\" “(For some airlines) deception has been their business model. It's definitely not only the airlines who were doing this kind of thing, but they have made an art out of it.\"", "All content and pricing on our website is subject to availability and may change out with our control. Prices advertised are per person, based on 2 sharing unless otherwise specified. Prices are a guide and may not include relevant supplements and/or benefits. Images and descriptions are to be used as a guide as these can vary and your Cruise Expert will confirm at the time of booking. Please call and speak to our Cruise Experts for up to date, accurate pricing and advice. CruiseKings is a trading name of Hays Travel Ltd, ABTA P6359", "The extent of these pricing phenomena is strongest in \"legacy\" carriers. In contrast, low fare carriers usually offer pre-announced and simplified price structure, and sometimes quote prices for each leg of a trip separately.", "Presently Qatar airline practice what is called Going-rate-pricing strategy. The market leader in the middle- east airline industry remains Emirates. Qatar charges its fare based on the price of Emirates which is slightly higher. This is because being the market follower, Qatar does not need to disturb the established market dynamism because it might not be able to compete on the same level with Emirates.", "Ending in late 2010, American Airlines was involved in a dispute with two online ticketing agencies, Expedia and Orbitz. This relates to American's \"Direct Connect\" fare booking system for large travel agents, which Expedia claimed might raise costs and was less transparent for passengers. The Direct Connect allows American to exert more control over its distribution, save costs, and better sell ancillary services to its customers. On December 1, 2010, American pulled its price listings from Orbitz, and on January 1, 2011, Expedia removed American Airlines' fares from its site. ", "In January 2015, Expedia acquired Travelocity from Sabre Corp for $280 million. Expedia previously partnered with Travelocity to provide the technology platform for Travelocity's US and Canada points of sale. ", "Regional price variations, indirect hotel and business taxes, etc, will usually have more impact on a traveler's wallet than the savings of seeking out a low-sales-tax or no-sales-tax destination. Many cities also impose sales taxes, and certain cities have tax zones near airports and business districts that are designed to exploit travelers. Thus, sales taxes can vary up to 2% in a matter of a few miles.", "© 2015, Paul Gauguin Cruises. All rights reserved. Travel+Leisure Magazine, August 2015 ©2015 Time Inc. Used under license. Travel+Leisure and Time Inc. are not affiliated with, and do not endorse products or services of, Licensee.", "--> There's still some steals from MIA to SJO for under $200, but American Airlines is charging $5 more for their checked bags starting on August 14th. Now the first bag is $20, the second is $30. Continental, Delta, and others are also raising their fees, but deduct $5 if you pay online. Here is a great chart to share with friends on fees for frequent fliers, changing tickets, and baggage, from AirFareWatchDog.com .", "Cyrus Travel, 9454 Wilshire Blvd., Suite M-20, Beverly Hills, Calif. 90212, 310-888-8810, fax 310-888-8812. It typically offers 16- day itineraries, with bilingual locally based guides. This year's brochure prices are $2,850 to $3,050 per person, double occupancy, excluding airfare to and from Tehran.", "The price guide shown is per adult, and per night for twin share including breakfast, based on low season travel. Specials or surcharges may apply depending on travel date.", "Items with a S.Q. indicated next to the name mean price according to weight, so don’t be afraid to ask your server for more details!", "The airlines previously employed two-tier pricing structure, which made fares more than four times more expensive for foreigners than locals. After the beginning of 2007, they changed to a system in which everyone pays the same fare regardless of nationality. Fares are still relatively cheap - for example a return day trip to Luxor is about USD170. It is wise to book early as flights fill up quickly in the peak season. Local travel agencies have internet web pages and can sometimes squeeze you in last minute, but it is safest to book in advance. Travellers can also check prices and book flights on EgyptAir's website, but only with Visa or Mastercard. Online ticket sales close 72 hours in advance. Travel agencies can still make bookings. The national sales call centre is unable to sell tickets over the phone, but directs you to a local travel agency; you can also ask your hotel staff about travel agencies nearby. EgyptAir has a large network of offices at strategic points around the country, which can sell you tickets.", "Today, almost half of all airline tickets are sold online. But for many people, finding the right flight at the best price is a frustrating experience; pricing and availability change constantly, and even a simple two city itinerary involves literally thousands of different options. We�d like to make that search much easier, which is why I�m pleased to announce that today we have signed an agreement to acquire ITA, a Boston-based software company specializing in organizing airline data, including flight times, availability and prices.Official Google blog: [ googleblog.blogspot.com ...]", "BUYER: Order by Title (below image) - Email us your order. - List History: LD163. - Price: $69.95, S/H: $7.90.", "Numerous companies now act as agents for the various ferry companies much like Expedia and Travelocity act as agents for airlines allowing the comparison of various companies and routes. Two well known brands are Ferryonline [9] and AFerry.co.uk [10] .", "RailEurope are booking agencies owned by the SNCF. Fares will often be more expensive on these sites than on the \"official\" sites, but they are generally easier to use than the SNCF sites.", "Expedia compensates authors for their writings appearing on this site, such compensation may include travel and other costs.", "On any airline, you'll be charged if your bags are over weight or over sized. Low-cost carriers in-particular often have lower limits, higher fees for overages.", "It doesn’t matter to me who gets this squared away first. The big question is which company will actually make this trip affordable. Judging by past business practice though, my bet is on Jeff Bezos.", "Unlike the trains there are true e-tickets on-line. Significant for people on cruises is the luggage allowance, 2 cases neither of which should weigh more than 20kg (44lbs) before steep surcharges kick in.", "Nature Air permits between 15 lbs. and 40 lbs. of checked baggage per person, determined by the fare class purchased." ]

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[ "It is believed that Vodun (or \"Voodoo\", as it is commonly known) originated in Benin and was introduced to Brazil, the Caribbean Islands, and parts of North America by slaves taken from this particular area of the Slave Coast. The indigenous religion of Benin is practiced by about 60% of the population. Since 1992 Vodun has been recognized as one of Benin's official religions, and a National Vodun Holiday is celebrated on January 10.", "It is believed that Vodun (or \"Voodoo\", as it is commonly known) originated in Benin and was introduced to Brazil , the Caribbean Islands, and parts of North America by slaves taken from this particular area of the Slave Coast. The indigenous religion of Benin is practiced by about 60% of the population. Since 1992 Vodun has been recognized as one of Benin's official religions, and a National Vodun Holiday is celebrated on January 10.", "Vodun is an eclectic and fluid religion found in the small Caribbean country of Haiti. Its origins are found mostly in the African continent and in Catholicism. Most Haitians, no matter their social status, practice Vodun; in fact, it is jokingly said that Haiti is 80% Catholic, 20% Protestant, and 100% Vodun. [1]", "Vodou, a religion with African roots similar to those of Cuba and Brazil, originated during colonial times in which slaves were obliged to disguise their loa or spirits as Roman Catholic saints, an element of a process called syncretism and is still practiced by some Haitians today. Since the religious syncretism between Catholicism and Vodou, it is difficult to estimate the number of Vodouists in Haiti. ", "Voodoo is a religion that originates in Africa. In the Americas and the Caribbean, it is thought to be a combination of various African, Catholic and Native American traditions. It is practiced around the world but there is no accurate count of how many people are Voodooists.", "Vodou, as it is known in Haiti and the Haitian diaspora, is the result of the pressures of many different cultures and ethnicities of people who were uprooted from Africa and imported to Haiti in the African slave trade. Under slavery, African culture and religion was suppressed, lineages were fragmented, and people pooled their religious knowledge and from this fragmentation became culturally unified. In addition to combining the spirits of many different African and Amerindian nations, Vodou has incorporated pieces of Roman Catholic liturgy to replace lost prayers or elements. Images of Catholic saints are used to represent various spirits or \"mistè\" (\"mysteries\", actually the preferred term in Haiti), and many saints themselves are honored in Vodou in their own right. This syncretism allows Vodou to encompass the African, the Indian, and the European ancestors in a whole and complete way. It is truly a Kreyòl religion.", "Voodoo (Vodun) is a derivative of the world's oldest known religions which have been around in Africa since the beginning of human civilization.", "If one looks at the dictionary, Voodoo is likely to be defined as an ancient religion from Africa that involves the cult of Ancestors, of various animistic spirits, and the use of trances to communicate with such spirits. It is true that Voodoo did originate in Africa. Today it is practiced by millions throughout the world, in Africa, the Caribbean, Central, North and South America, in various forms, often with elements of catholicism mixed in. However, its main purpose remains as always to heal: to heal the individual in relationships within himself or herself, with others and ultimately with God.", "Voodoo is also called vodou or vaudoux and is magic performed by individuals who practice the art and practice of voodoo.  It is a merging of beliefs stemming from West African nations and Roman Catholic beliefs.  It was created prior to the introduction of African slavery to the US and was brought over the Atlantic by African slaves.  Voodoo is practiced by people known as vodouisants.", "Called S�vis Gine or \"African Service\" in Haiti , a Creolized form of Vodou is the primary culture and religion of the more than 8 million people of Haiti and the Haitian diaspora. Haitian Vodou also has strong elements from the Ibo and Kongo peoples of Central Africa and the Yoruba of Nigeria , though many different peoples or \"nations\" of Africa have representation in the liturgy of the S�vis Gine, as do the Ta�no Indians , the original peoples of the island now known as Hispaniola", "Voodoo is a fusion of magical religious practices from Africa that takes on different characteristics and emphases when practiced in various locations.", "Voodoo or Vodoun (of Pirates & Zombies*) is the religion and magical belief system of much of the non-european inhabitants of the Caribbean and surrounding lands.  It is a hybrid of Christianity, Old African Faiths and some Native American beliefs, particularly those stemming from the Carib tribes.", "A common saying is that Haiti is 80% Roman Catholic and 100% Vodou. In the southern United States, it has also influenced the system of folk magic and folk religion known as hoodoo which derives primarily from Congo and Angolan magical practices from Central Africa. The best survivals of possibly Haitian-influenced religion in the southern US, however, are most likely to be found within the African-American Spiritual Churches of New Orleans, a Christian sect founded by Mother Leafy Anderson in the early 20th century which incorporates Catholic iconography, ecstatic worship derived from Pentacostal forms, and spiritualism. A hallmark of the New Orleans Spiritual Churches is the honoring of the Native American spirit named Black Hawk.", "In addition, the Vodun religion (distinct from Haitian Vodou) already existed in the United States previously to Haitian immigration, having been brought by enslaved West Africans, specifically from the Ewe, Fon, Mina, Kabaye, and Nago groups. Some of the more enduring forms survive in the Gullah Islands.", "It is distinct from the various African traditional religions in the interiors of these countries and is the main source of religions with similar names found among the African Diaspora in the New World such as Haitian Vodou; Puerto Rican Vodú; Cuban Vodú; Dominican Vudú; Brazilian Vodum; and Louisiana Voodoo. All of these closely related faiths are syncretized with Christianity to various degrees and with the traditional beliefs of the Kongo people and Indigenous American traditions. ", "Pythons, preserved skulls and Voodoo ceremonies draw us from Ghana to Benin, the birthplace of Voodoo. These fetish origins of worship predate many religions by 10,000 years, and keep a link of ancestry alive in West Africa.", "Haiti is ostensibly a Catholic country, but voodoo is widely practiced there. In his best-selling book The Serpent and the Rainbow, Davis wrote: \"As the Haitians say, the Catholic goes to church to speak about God, the vodounist dances in the hounfour to become God.\"", "Although African slaves came from many different regions, most influential were the tribes from Nigeria and Dahomey. In 1729 the Dahomey conquered their neighbors the Ewes and sold their prisoners to the slave ships often in exchange for European goods. Many from Dahomey were also kidnapped. Both tribes had incorporated snake worship into their rites and some priests of the religion unwillingly found themselves on route to Haiti and the new world. Within one generation of their arrival, these priests had already established temples (hounfors) and developed a following in spite of their captivity and severe opposition of the French and Spanish churches. The term Vo-Du came from the Fons of dahomey. The other great influence came from Yorubaland (Nigeria), the site of the sacred city of Ile-Ife. Among the Yorubas, the Loa (Lwa or Spirits) are known as Orisha. Other people that contributed to modern Voodoo in the new world are the Aradia, Nago, Ibo, Congo, Senegalese, Mandingo, Ethiopians, Sudanese and Malgaches.", "Mambo is the term for a female (as opposed to the Houngan, or male) High Priest in the Vodou religion in Haiti. Believers in this Haitian religion say \"loa\" spirits possess them & ride them like horses", "But lets be serious, you can go anywhere in the world to see great works of Christian and Muslim architecture—lets get to the Voodoo! Benin is the spiritual homeland of voodoo (which shares much in common with traditional religious beliefs throughout West Africa) and neighboring Togo is another center of widespread Vodun practice. Cotonou 's Grande Marche du Dantopka is the world's epicenter for purchasing voodoo fetishes, full of monkey skulls, lion paws, and all sorts of other less offensive charms. Lomé's Marche de Feticheurs is likely the second biggest fetish market in Africa, albeit a bit more touristy—they charge for admission! Voodoo is a bit more occulted in Ghana and Nigeria, but still very much present (try searching Jamestown in Accra for the \"timber market\"). Shrine-like voodoo fetishes are scattered throughout Togo and Benin, with the largest being Dankoli fetish near Savalou . Togoville is the center of voodoo practice in Togo, and its fetishes and shrines are unusually juxtaposed against its large cathedral, which saw a papal visit in 1986!", "Aduare Achumba, a visitor to the Temple of Pythons, reacts as a guide puts a python on her head in Ouidah, Benin, on Wednesday, Jan. 9, 2013. Ouidah, considered the major cultural city in the West African nation of Benin, held its annual Voodoo Festival on Thursday. Voodoo is an official religion in this nation of 9 million people and this year's festival honored the slaves taken from surrounding countries and sent into America and the Caribbean, people who brought the religion with them. AP / Sunday Alamba", "Despite Voodoo's noble status as one of the worlds oldest religions, it has been typically characterized as barbaric, primitive, sexually licentious practice based on superstition and spectacle. Much of this image however, is due to a concerted effort by Europeans, who have a massive fear of anything African, to suppress and distort a legitimate and unique religion that flourished among their enslaved Africans. When slavers brought these peoples across the ocean to the Americas, the African's brought their religion with them. However, since slavery included stripping the slaves of their language, culture, and heritage, this religion had to take some different forms. It had to be practiced in secret, since in some places it was punishable by death, and it had to adapt to the loss of their African languages. In order to survive, Voodoo also adopted many elements of Christianity. When the French who were the colonizers of Haiti, realized that the religion of the Africans was a threat to the colonial system, they prohibited all African religion practices and severely punished the practitioners of Voodoo with imprisonment, lashings and hangings. This religious struggle continued for three centuries, but none of the punishments could extinguished the faith of the Africans. This process of acculturation helped Voodoo to grow under harsh cultural conditions in many areas of the Americas.", "Dahomey had a unique form of West African vodun or voodoo which linked together preexisting animist traditions with vodun practices. Oral history recounted that Hwanjile, a wife of Agaja brought the vodun to the kingdom and ensured its spread. The primary deity is the combined Mawu-Lisa (Mawu having female characteristics and Lisa having male characteristics) and it is claimed that this god took over the world that was created by their mother Nana-Buluku. Mawu-Lisa governs the sky and is the highest pantheon of gods, but other gods exist in the earth and in thunder. Religious practice organized different priesthoods and shrines for each different god and each different pantheon (sky, earth or thunder). Women made up a significant amount of the priest class and the chief priest was always a descendant of Dakodonou. [3]", "Voodoo, Vodun: From an African word for \"spirit\". A religion of African origin often misrepresented by popular movies. For instance the practice of sticking pins in voodoo dolls was simply a means of teaching a healing technique identifying pressure points similar to acupuncture. Unfortunately Hollywood has created the myth of Voodoo being a method of inflicting a curse.", "Although commonly associated with Satanism and black magic, Vodun is a religion that focuses primarily on the worship of powerful spirits who control and give meaning to daily occurrences. Through ritual dances and sacrificial ceremonies, the spirits possess certain practitioners of Vodun, who seek to please them in order to obtain rewards or to avoid misfortune. Vodun mingles elements of Roman Catholicism with ancient African rituals brought to the New World by slaves during the colonial era. Since its conception, it has provided a means for believers to make sense out of the inhuman conditions slaves dealt with and which most Haitians are still subjected to in the present day.", "Vodun cosmology centers around the vodun spirits and other elements of divine essence that govern the Earth, a hierarchy that range in power from major deities governing the forces of nature and human society to the spirits of individual streams, trees, and rocks, as well as dozens of ethnic vodun, defenders of a certain clan, tribe, or nation. The vodun are the center of religious life, similar in many ways to doctrines such as the intercession of saints and angels that made Vodun appear compatible with Christianity, especially Catholicism, and produced syncretic religions such as Haitian Vodou. Adherents also emphasize ancestor worship and hold that the spirits of the dead live side by side with the world of the living, each family of spirits having its own female priesthood, sometimes hereditary when it's from mother to blood daughter.", "Louisiana voodoo has experienced syncretism with Christianity and it has also experienced the effects of American consumer culture. Tourists to the New Orleans area in particular show interest in the religion by buying voodoo paraphernalia for fun or decoration as opposed to sacred use.", "Beginning in the 1860s, Vodou assemblies were systematically suppressed, but the famed \"Vodou Queen\" Marie Laveau continued to exert great influence over her interracial following. In 1874 some twelve thousand spectators swarmed to the shores of Lake Pontchartrain to catch a glimpse of Laveau performing her legendary rites. By that time Laveau and other Afro-Creole Vodouists had fashioned some of the nation's most lasting folkloric traditions, as well as a religion of resistance that endures to the present moment.", "See also: Afro-American religion for a list of related religions which are sometimes called or mistaken for Vodou/Voodoo.", "Louisiana voodoo has been heavily influenced by French, Spanish, and Creole populations that lived in Louisiana; it has also been influenced by Christianity, especially Roman Catholicism", "Just as there are differences within other faiths, there is great variation within Voodoo beliefs and practices. In places and times where conditions are very desperate, Voodoo is often focused on survival. In my New Orleans community, many Voodooists feel that part of religion is service to their community, so there is an emphasis on healing and social activism. We also have many artists and musicians in our community, further reflecting New Orleans' unique cultural spirit.", "The serpent figures heavily in the Voodoo faith. The word Voodoo has been translated as \"the snake under whose auspices gather all who share the faith\". The high priest and/or priestess of the faith (often called Papa or Maman) are the vehicles for the expression of the serpent's power. The supreme deity is Bon Dieu. There are hundreds of spirits called Loa who control nature, health, wealth and happiness of mortals. The Loa form a pantheon of deities that include Damballah, Ezili, Ogu, Agwe, Legba and others." ]

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[ "Jane Austen (16 December 1775 - 18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose works include Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey, and Persuasion. Her biting social commentary and masterful use of both free indirect speech and irony eventually made Austen one of the most influential and honored novelists in English Literature.", "Jane Austen was John Hibbard's 5th Cousin, and also was an English novelist whose works include Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey, and Persuasion. Her biting social commentary and masterful use of both free indirect speech and irony eventually made Austen one of the most influential and honoured novelists in English literature.", "Jane Austen was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Her works critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century realism. Her plots, though fundamentally comic, highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security. From 1811 until 1816, with the release of Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814) and Emma (1816), she achieved success as a published writer. She wrote two additional novels, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion, both published posthumously in 1818, and began a third, which was eventually titled Sanditon, but died before completing it.", "Mansfield Park is a novel by Jane Austen , written at Chawton Cottage between 1812 and 1814. It was published in July 1814 by Thomas Egerton , who published Jane Austen's two earlier novels, Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice . When the novel reached a second edition, its publication was taken over by John Murray , who also published its successor, Emma .", "Jane Austen (1775 – 1817)  Novelist from Hampshire. Jane Austen’s novels included Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park and Emma. Austen is one of the most widely read novelists in the English language.", "As a girl Jane Austen wrote stories, including burlesques of popular romances. Her works were only published after much revision, four novels being published in her lifetime. These are Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814) and Emma (1816). Two other novels, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion, were published posthumously in 1818 with a biographical notice by her brother, Henry Austen, the first formal announcement of her authorship. Persuasion was written in a race against failing health in 1815-16. She also left two earlier compositions, a short epistolary novel, Lady Susan, and an unfinished novel, The Watsons. At the time of her death, she was working on a new novel, Sanditon, a fragmentary draft of which survives.", "Mansfield Park was written between February, 1811 and the summer of 1813. It was the third novel Jane Austen had published and it first appeared on May 4, 1814. During her lifetime, it was attributed only to \"The author of Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice\", and the author's identity was unknown beyond her family and friends. It is Jane Austen's most complex novel and deals with many different themes, from the education of children, to the differences between appearances and reality. The version of the novel housed here at Austen.com is slightly annotated.", "After George Austen's death in 1805, Jane, her mother, and her sister had to move in with her brother Francis because of their unstable financial position. In 1809, they moved to a cottage at Chawton, where Jane's wealthy brother Edward had an estate. Life in Chawton was much quieter than it had been in Bath, which gave Jane Austen the opportunity to write more often. While living at Chawton, four of her novels were published anonymously: Sense and Sensibility in 1811, Pride and Prejudice in 1813, Mansfield Park in 1814, and Emma in 1815. In July of 1816, Austen completed the first draft of her next novel, entitled “The Elliots.” It would later be published as Persuasion.", "Jane Austen, whose name itself has become a totem of civility, manners, and etiquette, received little public recognition in her lifetime. The four novels which were published while she lived -- Sense and Sensibility (1811); Pride and Prejudice (1813); Mansfield Park (1814); and Emma (1816) -- appeared without her name on the title page; usually their authorship was attributed only to \"a lady.\"", "Jane Austen (1775-1817) was extremely modest about her own genius but has become one of English literature's most famous women writers. She is also the author of Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma, Persuasion, and Northanger Abbey. show more", "A watercolour and pencil sketch of Jane Austen, believed to be drawn from life by her sister Cassandra (c. 1810)[A]Jane Austen (16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction set among the gentry have earned her a place as one of the most widely read and most beloved writers in English literature.[1] Amongst scholars and critics, Austen's realism and biting social commentary have cemented her historical importance as a writer.", "In mid-1815, Austen moved her work from Egerton to John Murray, a better known London publisher,[G] who published Emma in December 1815 and a second edition of Mansfield Park in February 1816. Emma sold well but the new edition of Mansfield Park did not, and this failure offset most of the profits Austen earned on Emma. These were the last of Austen's novels to be published during her lifetime.[82]", "Jane Austen : She was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the upper middle class, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Her realism and biting social commentary are responsible for cementing her historical importance among scholars and critics. She is known for her novels Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility among others.", "During her time at Chawton, Jane Austen successfully published four novels, which were generally well-received. Through her brother Henry, the publisher Thomas Egerton agreed to publish Sense and Sensibility , [D] which appeared in October 1811. Reviews were favourable and the novel became fashionable among opinion-makers; [74] the edition sold out by mid-1813. [E] Austen's earnings from Sense and Sensibility provided her with some financial and psychological independence. [75] Egerton then published Pride and Prejudice , a revision of First Impressions, in January 1813. He advertised the book widely and it was an immediate success, garnering three favourable reviews and selling well. By October 1813, Egerton was able to begin selling a second edition. [76] Mansfield Park was published by Egerton in May 1814. While Mansfield Park was ignored by reviewers, it was a great success with the public. All copies were sold within six months, and Austen's earnings on this novel were larger than for any of her other novels. [77]", "Jane Austen (16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose social commentary and masterly use of both free indirect speech and irony eventually made her one of the most influential and honoured novelists in English literature. In popular culture, Austen's novels and her personal life have been adapted into film, television, and theatre, with adaptations varying greatly in their faithfulness to the original.", "When she arrived at Chawton she had written three novels in draft form, these were Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice and Northanger Abbey. It is possible that she revised these novels at the house, before getting them published. In addition it was here that she wrote Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion. ", "    But there are also major differences between the two books. While Northanger Abbey is a lighthearted send-up of Gothic novel clichés, the term scholars most often use to describe Persuasion is “autumnal” – the kind of feeling you get when there’s a chill in the air and dead leaves falling from the trees. Persuasion's protagonist is an aristocratic woman named Anne Eliot. Anne is unmarried, having rejected her lover, a naval officer, after being persuaded by her friends and family that he was unsuitable. At 27 she’s the oldest of Austen’s heroines and, unlike the others, she’s already had, and lost, her chance at love. Anne lives on her memories of summer, but feels that only winter lies ahead.", "Not content with seeing her final completed works go unpublished, Henry and Cassandra worked at getting Northanger Abbey and Persuasion published through Murray as a set collection. Within this work, however, Henry penned a most endearing account of the author of the works - who at this point was still nameless to the world. He unveiled her as Jane Austen, connecting her to her work for the first time in her career.", "Thomas Henry Lister, 1826 in „Granby“, Chapter 10:  ― \"Now I hardly know whether you are joking or not. I think not―you look so serious. But do tell me your favourite novels. I hope you like nothing of Miss Edgeworth's or Miss Austen's. They are full of common-place people, that one recognises at once. You cannot think how I was disappointed in Northanger Abbey, and Castle Rackrent, for the titles did really promise something.", "Jane Austen (1775–1817) was an English novelist. Her books include Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility. Her novels are concerned with marriage and family relationships. Many have been made into television programmes or films.", "Anthony Trollope, (born April 24, 1815, London , Eng.—died Dec. 6, 1882, London), English novelist whose popular success concealed until long after his death the nature and extent of his literary merit. A series of books set in the imaginary English county of Barsetshire remains his best loved and most famous work, but he also wrote convincing novels of political life as well as studies that show great psychological penetration. One of his greatest strengths was a steady, consistent vision of the social structures of Victorian England, which he re-created in his books with unusual solidity.", "Jane Austen is widely considered to have been an important influence on romance genre fiction, and Pride and Prejudice, published in 1813, has been called \"the best romance novel ever written\". In the early part of the Victorian era, the Brontë sisters, like Austen, wrote literary fiction that influenced later popular fiction. Charlotte Brontë's in her literary fiction romance Jane Eyre, published in 1847, introduced the orphaned heroine. Incorporating elements of both gothic novels and Elizabethan drama, this romance \"demonstrate[d] the flexibility of the romance novel form.\" ", "Trollope has always been a popular novelist. Noted fans have included Sir Alec Guinness (who never travelled without a Trollope novel), former British Prime Ministers Harold Macmillan and Sir John Major, economist John Kenneth Galbraith, American novelists Sue Grafton and Dominick Dunne and soap opera writer Harding Lemay. Trollope's literary reputation dipped somewhat during the last years of his life, b Anthony Trollope became one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era. Some of Trollope's best-loved works, known as the Chronicles of Barsetshire, revolve around the imaginary county of Barsetshire; he also wrote penetrating novels on political, social, and gender issues and conflicts of his day.", "Anthony Trollope ( 1815 - 04-24 – 1882 - 12-06 ) was one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era .", "(1775-1817) English author whose novels included \"Persuasion\", \"Sense And Sensibility\", \"Emma\" and \"Pride And Prejudice\" (all published in the 1810s).", "Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–65) was also a successful writer and her North and South contrasts the lifestyle in the industrial north of England with the wealthier south. Anthony Trollope's (1815–82) was one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era. Trollope's novels portray the lives of the landowning and professional classes of early Victorian England. George Eliot's (Mary Ann Evans (1819–80) was a major novelist of the mid-Victorian period. Her works, especially Middlemarch (1871–72), are important examples of literary realism, and are admired for their combination of high Victorian literary detail, with an intellectual breadth that removes them from the narrow geographic confines they often depict. ", "Anthony Trollope (24 April 1815 – 6 December 1882) was one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era. Some of his best-loved works, collectively known as the Chronicles of Barsetshire, revolve around the imaginary county of Barsetshire. He also wrote perceptive novels on political, social, and gender issues, and on other topical matters. [120]", "Anthony Trollope (1815 - 1882) was one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era. Some of his best-loved works, collectively known as the Chronicles of Barsetshire, revolve around the imaginary county of Barsetshire. He also wrote perceptive novels on political, social, and gender issues, and on other topical matters.", "Anthony Trollope became one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era. Some of Trollope's best-loved works, known as the Chronicles of Barsetshire, revolve around the imaginary county of Barsetshire; he also wrote penetrating novels on political, social, and gender issues and conflicts of his day.", "Anthony Trollope is, with Dickens, the most enduringly popular Victorian novelist. All of his 47 novels have been printed - two of which have been made into TV series, \"The Pallisers\" and \"The Barchester Chronicles\". Born in 1815, Trollope initially made his living working for the Post Office - introducing the pillar box into Britain. He was also an enthusiastic rider to hounds, a Liberal parliamentary candidate, a magazine editor, a traveller, the devoted friend of Thackeray and George Eliot and the author of over 60 books and a vast amount of journalism. This book explores Trollope's private life - his unhappy childhood, his relationships with his wife and a beautiful American, Kate Fielding - while creating a picture of the times in which he lived.", "Writer. George Eliot was the pen name of the writer Mary Ann Evans, one of Victorian England's leading novelists.", "The Tenant of Wildfell Hall is perhaps amongst the most shocking of contemporary Victorian novels. In seeking to present the truth in literature, Anne's depiction of alcoholism and debauchery was profoundly disturbing to 19th-century sensibilities. Helen Graham, the tenant of the title, intrigues Gilbert Markham and gradually she reveals her past as an artist and wife of the dissipated Arthur Huntingdon. The book's brilliance lies in its revelation of the position of women at the time, and its multi-layered plot. " ]

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[ "In 1908 \"SOS\" officially superseded \"CQD\" as the regulation distress call, but Marconi operators rarely used the new signal. Only after Harold Bride radioed his now famous SOS from the sinking Titanic did the new signal become standard. The SOS signal was, however, rarely used by British wireless operators, who preferred the older CQD code.", "In 1906, at the Berlin Radiotelegraphic Conference, the German�s general inquiry call, SOE, was suggested as an international distress signal. Changing the E to S gave the signal its unmistakeable character, and SOS was officially ratified as the international distress signal in 1908, although it was not officially adopted by the USA until 1912 (prompted by the Titanic tragedy). It is interesting to note that the Titanic�s radio operator sent Marconi�s CQD code six times before using the four-year-old international SOS signal some twenty minutes later ... as Marconi waited in NY to make the return trip to England on the ill-fated ship.", "Despite popular belief, the sinking of Titanic was not the first time the internationally recognised Morse code distress signal “SOS” was used. The SOS signal was first proposed at the International Conference on Wireless Communication at Sea in Berlin in 1906. It was ratified by the international community in 1908 and had been in widespread use since then. The SOS signal was, however, rarely used by British wireless operators, who preferred the older CQD code. First Wireless Operator Jack Phillips began transmitting CQD until Second Wireless Operator Harold Bride suggested half jokingly, “Send SOS; it’s the new call, and this may be your last chance to send it.” Phillips, who later died, then began to intersperse SOS with the traditional CQD call.", "SOS is the International Morse code distress signal (· · · – – – · · ·). This distress signal was first adopted by the German government in radio regulations effective April 1, 1905, and became the worldwide standard under the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention, which was signed on November 3, 1906, and became effective on July 1, 1908. SOS remained the maritime radio distress signal until 1999, when it was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. SOS is still recognized as a visual distress signal.", "SOS is the International Morse code distress signal (· · · – – – · · ·). This distress signal was first adopted by the German government in radio regulations effective April 1, 1905, and became the worldwide standard under the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention, which was signed on November 3, 1906, and became effective on July 1, 1908. SOS remained the maritime radio distress signal until 1999, when it was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. SOS is still recognized as a visual distress signal. ", "SOS is the commonly used description for the international Morse code distress signal (· · · — — — · · ·). This distress signal was first adopted by the German government in radio regulations effective April 1, 1905, and became the worldwide standard under the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention, which was signed on November 3, 1906 and became effective on July 1, 1908. SOS remained the maritime radio distress signal until 1999, when it was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress Safety System . [1] SOS is still recognized as a visual distress signal. [2]", "While \"SOS\" is an easily recognizable term now, there wasn't always an internationally recognized distress call. It was at a Radiotelegraphic Conference held in Berlin in 1906 that a need for one was recognized and chosen. However, it wasn't until two years later, July 1, 1908, that the International Morse Code signal \"SOS\" (three dots, three dashes, and then three dots) became the official distress call around the world.", "In 1906, at the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention in Berlin, an extensive collection of Service Regulations was developed to supplement the main agreement, which was signed on November 3, 1906, becoming effective on July 1, 1908. Article XVI of the regulations adopted Germany's Notzeichen (distress signal) as the international standard, reading: \"Ships in distress shall use the following signal: · · · – – – · · ·  repeated at brief intervals\". The first ship to transmit an SOS distress call appears to have been either the Cunard liner on June 10, 1909, according to \"Notable Achievements of Wireless\" in the September, 1910 Modern Electrics, or the steamer SS Arapahoe on August 11, 1909. The signal of the Arapahoe was received by the United Wireless Telegraph Company station at Hatteras, North Carolina, and forwarded to the steamer company's offices. However, there was some resistance among the Marconi operators to the adoption of the new signal, and, as late as the April 1912 sinking of the , the ship's Marconi operators intermixed CQD and SOS distress calls. However, in the interests of consistency and water safety, the use of CQD appears to have died out thereafter.", "One of the first standard radio distress calls,  \"CQD.\" \"CQ\",  to be sent from a ship in distress occurred in 1903. Marconi Wireless Co. created the signal to stop transmission and pay attention; adding the \"D\" meant distress.  In 1906 the International Radio Telegraphic Convention in Berlin created the signal \"SOS\" as an alternative means of summoning assistance. The three letters were chosen solely for their simplicity in Morse Code. Three dots, three dashes and three dots were instantly recognizable, and could be transmitted by someone who had never used a wireless apparatus.", "stated that \"Vessels in distress use thespecial signal, SOS, repeated at short intervals.\" (In American Morse code , whichwas used by many coastal ships in the United States through the first part of thetwentieth century, three dahs stood for the numeral \"5\", so in a few cases thedistress signal was informally referred to as \"S5S\").In contrast to CQD, which was sent as three separate letters with spacesbetween each letter, the SOS distress call has always been transmitted as acontinuous sequence of dits-and-dahs, and not as individual letters. There wasno problem as long as operators were aware that \"SOS\" was technically just aconvenient way for remembering the proper sequence of the distress signal'stotal of nine dits and dahs. In later years, the number of special Morse symbolsincreased. In order to designate the proper sequence of dits-and-dahs for a longspecial symbol, the standard practice is to list alphabetic characters whichcontain the same dits-and-dahs in the same order, with a bar atop the character sequence to indicate that there should not be any internal spaces in thetransmission. Thus, under the modern notation, the distress signal becomesSOS. (In International Morse, VTB, IJS and SMB, among others, would alsocorrectly translate into the", "Perhaps the most famous \"word\" in Morse Code is SOS. Contrary to popular belief, SOS does not mean “save our ship,” although it often did just that. Rather, it was chosen as the international Morse code distress signal, because the three dots for S and the three dashes for O (... --- ...) make a clear and distinct signal.", "Because there were no international regulations, each ship was left to develop its own practices. For example in 1905 the crew of a sinking lightship off Nantucket transmitted the word \"HELP\" to call for rescue. Perhaps the first international radio distress call adopted was \" CQD \" ( — · — ·    — — · —    — · · ). This was announced on January 7 , 1904 by \"Circular 57\" of the Marconi International Marine Communication Company. It became effective for Marconi installations on February 1 , 1904 . Another suggestion appeared in the 1906 edition of S. S. Robison's \"Manual of Wireless Telegraphy for the Use of Naval Electricians,\" published for use by the United States Navy. This stated that the standard visual flag signals, known as the International Code of Signals , would likely also be adopted for radio use. Therefore, the flag signal \"NC\" ( — ·     — · — · ), which stood for \"In distress; want immediate assistance\", would also likely become the radio distress call.", "The SOS distress signal was first adopted by the German government in radio regulations effective April 1, 1905, and became the worldwide standard under the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention, which was signed on November 3, 1906, and became effective on July 1, 1908. SOS remained the maritime radio distress signal until 1999, when it was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. SOS is still recognized as a visual distress signal.", "(1) CQD was developed by Marconi to signify a distress call with its adoption for maritime radio use in 1904. Land telegraphs had traditionally employed the letters 'CQ' (phonetically 'sécu' extracted from the French word 'sécurité') to tag messages likely to be of interest to all listening stations. Marconi added the 'D' to emphasise 'distress'. The sequence of three dots and dashes representing 'SOS' in Morse code was quickly universally adopted to overcome the confusion generated by bad radio reception of 'CQD' being misinterpreted simply as a 'CQ' message of general interest.", "The American delegation suggested the letters NC which were already recognized in the International Signal Code for Visual Signalling. The German delegation proposed its own SOE, which was already in use on German ships as a general inquiry signal similar to CQ (which was then used only by the Marconi system). The British delegation wanted  the Marconi signal CQD.", "The international Morse code distress signal (···  – – –  ···) was first used by the German government in 1905. The repeated pattern of three dots followed by three dashes was easy to remember and chosen for its simplicity. This soon became SOS for short and was later associated with certain phrases, such as “save our ship” and “save our souls.”", "Additional warning and distress signals were introduced after SOS. On January 20 , 1914 , the London International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea adopted the Morse code signal TTT ( —  —  —), three letter T's (—) spaced correctly as three letters so as not to be confused with the letter O (- - -), as the \"Safety Signal,\" used for messages to ships \"involving safety of navigation and being of an urgent character.\" When radio transmitters that could send audio were developed, there was a need for a spoken distress phrase, and \" Mayday \" was adopted by the 1927 International Radio Convention as the equivalent of SOS. For TTT the equivalent audio signals are \" Pan-pan \" for urgency and \" Securite \" for navigational safety.", "In both the April 1 , 1905 German law, and the 1906 International regulations, the distress signal was specified as a continuous Morse code sequence of three-dits/three-dahs/three-dits, with no mention of any alphabetic equivalents. However, in International Morse three dits make the letter S, and three dahs the letter O, and it soon became common to refer to the distress signal as \"SOS.\" An early report on \"The International Radio-Telegraphic Convention\" in the January 12 , 1907 Electrical World said that \"Vessels in distress use the special signal, SOS, repeated at short intervals.\" (In American Morse code , which was used by many coastal ships in the United States through the first part of the twentieth century, three dahs stood for the numeral \"5\", so in a few cases the distress signal was informally referred to as \"S5S\").", "‘CQD’ transmitted in Morse code as – · – · – – · – – · · is one of the first distress signals adopted for radio use. It is understood by wireless operators to mean, “All stations: distress.” “DE” from French “for” and ‘MGY’ the call sign of Marconi’s wireless telegraph station aboard RMS Titanic.", "). This distress signal was first adopted by the Germangovernment in radio regulations effective April 1, 1905, and became theworldwide standard under the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention,which was signed on November 3, 1906 and became effective on July 1, 1908.SOS remained the maritime radio distress signal until 1999, when it was replacedby the Global Maritime Distress Safety System", "The first overwater radio communication took place in May 1897 between Lavernock in South Wales and Flat Holm island in the Bristol Channel. Marconi sent the famous \"S\" across the Atlantic from Poldhu in Cornwall to Newfoundland in 1901, using a frequency of about 330 kHz. By 1906 some Atlantic liners had radiotelegraph, and it had become rather common by 1912. The radiotelegraph was recognized as a great help to safety at sea when it saved many lives in the wreck of the liner Republic in 1903, and in a fire at sea in 1909, as well as in the well-known Titanic disaster of April 1912. CQ is an invitation for any station to respond, and CQD was a call for help from any source. CQD was used in 1909, and the Titanic sent both CQD and the new SOS, which was easier to remember and more distinctive. The first use of SOS seems to have been by S.S. Arapahoe in 1909, off Cape Hatteras. In the present International Code, C means 'yes,' and N means 'no.' K means 'over, go ahead, transmit' and J means 'I am on fire, and have dangerous cargo on board' (for example). The special groups AR, .-.-., meaning 'out, end of message' and AS, .-..., meaning 'wait' are example of procedural signals, as is K itself. Each category of telegraphers developed its own abbreviations and procedural signals.", "In 1904, the Marconi company filled the gap by suggesting the use of \"CQD\" for a distress signal.  It was established on February 1 of that year by Marconi Company's circular No. 57.  Although generally accepted to mean, \"Come Quick Danger,\" that is not the case. It is a general call, \"CQ,\" followed by \"D,\" meaning distress. A strict interpretation would be \"All stations, Distress.\"  In the U.S. Senate hearings following the Titanic disaster, interrogator Senator William Smith asked Harold Bride, the surviving wireless operator,  \"Is CQD in itself composed of the first letter of three words, or merely a code?\"  Bride responded, \"Merely a code call sir.\"  Marconi also testified, \"It [CQD] is a conventional signal which was introduced originally by my company to express a state of danger or peril of a ship that sends it.\"", "The first radio distress call to be adopted appears to have been \"CQD\", by the Marconi International Marine Communication Company, for Marconi-operated shipboard stations. It was announced on January 7, 1904 by the company's \"Circular 57\" that \"...on and after the 1st February, 1904, the call to be given by ships in distress or in any way requiring assistance shall be 'C.Q.D.'.\" (\"CQ\" was a general call to all stations; amateur or \" ham \" radio operators still use it today when soliciting a contact with any station that hears the call.)", "Land telegraphs had traditionally used \"CQ\" (\"', from the French word ') to identify alert or precautionary messages of interest to all stations along a telegraph line, and CQ had also been adopted as a \"general call\" for maritime radio use. However, in landline usage there was no general emergency signal, so the Marconi company added a \"D\" (\"distress\") to CQ in order to create its distress call. Thus, \"CQD\" is understood by wireless operators to mean, \"All stations: distress.\" Contrary to popular belief, CQD does not stand for \"Come Quick, Danger\", \"Come Quickly: Distress\", \"Come Quick—Drowning!\", or \"C Q Danger\" (Seek You, Danger); these are backronyms.", "This distress signal was first adopted in radio regulations issued by German government, which took effect on April 1, 1905. It became the worldwide standard when it was included in regulations affixed to the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention, which was signed in Berlin, Germany on November 3, 1906, with an effective date of July 1, 1908.", "Morse Code is adopted and modified by a special conference of European nations to produce a simpler and more precise system. Known as International Morse Code or Continental Code, it replaces spaced letters with unspaced letters. Moreover, the Continental Code uses dashes of uniform length, as opposed to the original Morse system which used three different lengths. International Morse code is still used today for ship-to-shore communications and amateur radio.", "1988 - TheGMDSS system was established in 1988 by the International Marine Organization, a United Nations agency that oversees international shipping safety, and it was required to be on all passenger ships and cargo ships over 300 tons and all commercial ships that travel in international waters by today. This signals the end of morse code by both commercial and the military.", "Morse code has been in use for more than 160 years—longer than any other electrical coding system. What is called Morse code today is actually somewhat different from what was originally developed by Vail and Morse. The Modern International Morse code, or continental code, was created by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in 1848 and initially used for telegraphy between Hamburg and Cuxhaven in Germany. Gerke changed nearly half of the alphabet and all of the numerals resulting substantially in the modern form of the code. After some minor changes, International Morse Code was standardized at the International Telegraphy Congress in 1865 in Paris, and was later made the standard by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Morse's original code specification, largely limited to use in the United States and Canada, became known as American Morse code or railroad code. American Morse code is now seldom used except in historical re-enactments.", "Morse code has been in use for more than 160 years—longer than any other electrical coding system. What is called Morse code today is actually somewhat different from what was originally developed by Vail and Morse. The Modern International Morse code, or continental code, was created by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in 1848 and initially used for telegraphy between Hamburg and Cuxhaven in Germany. Gerke changed nearly half of the alphabet and all of the numerals, providing the foundation for the modern form of the code. After some minor changes, International Morse Code was standardized at the International Telegraphy Congress in 1865 in Paris, and was later made the standard by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Morse's original code specification, largely limited to use in the United States and Canada, became known as American Morse code or railroad code. American Morse code is now seldom used except in historical re-enactments.", "   A related but different code was originally created for ' Samuel F. B. Morse electric telegraph by Alfred Vail in the early 1840s. This code was the forerunner on which modern International Morse code is based. In the 1890s it began to be extensively used for early radio communication before it was possible to transmit voice. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, most high-speed international communication used Morse code on telegraph lines, undersea cables and radio circuits.", "A related but different code was originally created for Samuel F. B. Morse's electric telegraph by Alfred Vail in the early 1840s. This code was the forerunner on which modern International Morse code is based. In the 1890s it began to be extensively used for early radio communication before it was possible to transmit voice. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, most high-speed international communication used Morse code on telegraph lines, undersea cables and radio circuits.", "Morse code has been in use for more than 160 years — longer than any other electronic encoding system. What is called Morse code today is actually somewhat different from what was originally developed by Vail and Morse. The Modern International Morse code, or continental code, was created by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in 1848 and initially used for telegraphy between Hamburg and Cuxhaven in Germany. Gerke changed nearly half of the alphabet and all of the figures resulting in substantially the modern form of the code. After some minor changes, in 1865 it was standardised at the International Telegraphy congress in Paris (1865), and later made the norm by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as International Morse code. Morse's original code specification, largely limited to use in the United States, became known as American Morse code or \"railroad code.\" American Morse is now very rarely used except in historical re-enactments." ]

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[ "On May 22nd, 1859, the legendary English writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. The son of a drunkard, his father's only accomplishment in life was siring an intellectually gifted child.", "May 22nd 1859- Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930) was born at Edinburgh, Scotland. Doyle created the famous detective character, Sherlock Holmes, and wrote the science fiction adventure novel The Lost World in which explores discover living prehistoric dinosaurs on a mountain plateau in South America.  He was also deeply interested in and lectured on spiritualism and was an inadvertent victim of a hoax that led him to believe that two young girls had taken actual photographs of tiny winged fairies.", "1859, May 22 – Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author of Sherlock Holmes, was on this dayborn of Irish parents in Edinburgh.", "May 22, 1859 — Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, British author, created Sherlock Holmes, the world's best-known detective, born.", "Arthur Conan Doyle was born on 22 May 1859 in Edinburgh , Scotland, to an English father of Irish descent, Charles Altamont Doyle , and an Irish mother, née Mary Foley. His parents were married in 1855. [2 ]", "SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE was born on May 22, 1859 in Edinburgh. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and began to write stories while he was a student. Over his life he produced more than thirty books, 150… More about Sir Arthur Conan Doyle", "Arthur Conan Doyle was born on 22 may 1859, at Picardy Place, Edinburgh, Scotland. His mother, Mary Foley, was Irish and descendant of the famous Percy family of Northumberland, in the line of Plantagenet. His father, Charles Altamont Doyle , was a not very ambitious officer with some artistic talent [1] . When he lost his job, he sank into alcoholism and was interned after severe seizures before dying in 1893. The three brothers of his father distinguished themselves in England: James wrote The Chronicles of England, Henry was director of the National Gallery in Dublin and Richard was one of the most famous illustrators of Punch .", "Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a Scottish physician and writer, most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, generally considered milestones in the field of crime fiction, and for the adventures of Professor Challenger. He was a prolific writer whose other works include fantasy and science fiction stories, plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction and historical novels.", "The Sherlock Holmes Stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle - The Sherlock Holmes Stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh on 22 May 1859, he died in 1930. He printed his first Sherlock Holmes book, \"A Study in Scarlet\" in 1887 in Beeton's Christmas Annual. Sherlock Holmes soon became very popular amongst the people of their day, People immediately fell in love with Sherlock Holmes for several reasons. One of the main reasons was because he was a detective and detectives were new at the time, the police were very incompetent at doing their jobs....   [tags: Papers]", "He was a doctor without any patients. That�s how Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, born on this day in 1859 at Edinburgh Scotland, began to write. You see, while he was waiting for patients, of which there were hardly any, he was so bored that he started writing short stories. The stories earned him some, but not much money; then Dr. Doyle wrote his first novel centering around the character who became the world�s best-known detective, Sherlock Holmes.", "Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle KStJ, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was an Irish-Scots writer and physician, most noted for creating the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes and writing stories about him which are generally considered milestones in the field of crime fiction.", "Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle DL (22 May 1859 â 7 July 1930) was a Scottish physician and writer, most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, generally considered a milestone in the field of crime fiction, and for the adventures of Professor Challenger.", "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ( 22 May 1859 - 7 July 1930 ), was a Scottish physician, a sportsman, a crusader for criminal and social justice, a volunteer doctor in the Boer War, military historian, and writer of the world famous stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, which is considered a landmark in the field of crime fiction. As he developed his career as an author, Conan Doyle was also a horse owner, rider, and prolific letter writer. In July 1896, he and his family settled into a house in Surrey, which he named Undershaw. He called his home and property 'quite a children's paradise that included a horse, pigs, fowls, dogs and cats.' It also gave him a haven to write. Twelve years later, Conan Doyle bought his neighbor's land, which gave him room for stables on his own property.", "Sherlock Holmes (pronounced /ËÊ�É�rlÉ�k ËhoÊŠmz/ ) is a fictional detective created by Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . A brilliant London-based \"consulting detective\", Holmes is famous for his astute logical reasoning , his ability to take almost any disguise , and his forensic science skills to solve difficult cases .", "Sherlock Holmes is a fictional character of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who first appeared in publication in 1887. He was the creation of Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A brilliant London-based \"consulting detective\", Holmes is famous for his intellectual prowess and is renowned for his skillful use of astute observation, deductive reasoning and forensic skills to solve difficult cases.", "Sherlock Holmes is a fictional private detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Known as a \"consulting detective\" in the stories, Holmes is known for a proficiency with observation, forensic science, and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic, which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients, including Scotland Yard. First appearing in print in 1887 (in A Study in Scarlet), the character's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in The Strand Magazine, beginning with \"A Scandal in Bohemia\" in 1891; additional tales appeared from then to 1927, eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories. All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian periods, taking place between about 1880 to 1914. Most are narrated by the character of Holmes's friend and biographer Dr. Watson, who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street, London, where many of the stories begin.", "The world's best known detective Sherlock Holmes was created by Edinburgh born writer Arthur Conan Doyle.", "Sherlock Holmes ( ) is a fictional detective created by Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A brilliant London-based \"consulting detective\", Holmes is famous for his astute logical reasoning, his ability to take almost any disguise, and his use of forensic science skills to solve difficult cases.Holmes, who first appeared in publication in 1887, was featured in four novels and 56 short stories. The first story, A Study in Scarlet, appeared in Beeton's Christmas Annual in 1887 and the second, The Sign of the Four, in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine in 1890. The character grew tremendously in popularity with the beginning of the first series of short stories in Strand Magazine in 1891; further series of short stories and two novels published in serial form appeared between then and 1927. The stories cover a period from around 1880 up to 1914.All but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson; two are narrated by Holmes himself (\"The Blanched Soldier\" and \"The Lion's Mane\") and two others are written in the third person (\"The Mazarin Stone\" and \"His Last Bow\"). In two stories (\"The Musgrave Ritual\" and \"The Gloria Scott\"), Holmes tells Watson the main story from his memories, while Watson becomes the narrator of the frame story. The first and fourth novels, A Study in Scarlet and The Valley of Fear, each include a long interval of omniscient narration recounting events unknown both to Holmes and to Watson.", "Scottish-born author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. (1859 - 1930) was a prolific writer best known for creating the detective Sherlock Holmes.", "It's the birthday of Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of the consulting detective at 221B Baker Street.", "Sherlock Holmes is a fictional detective of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who first appeared in publication in 1887. He is the creation of Scottish born author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A brilliant London-based detective, Holmes is famous for his intellectual prowess, and is renowned for his skillful use of deductive reasoning (somewhat mistakenly - see inductive reasoning) and astute observation to solve difficult cases. He is arguably the most famous fictional detective ever created, and is one of the best known and most universally recognizable literary characters in any genre.", " James Boswell, biographer of Samuel Johnson; Sir Walter Scott, creator of the historical novel and author of famous titles such as Rob Roy, Ivanhoe, and Heart of Midlothian; James Hogg, author of The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner; Robert Louis Stevenson, creator of Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde; Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes; Muriel Spark, author of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie; Irvine Welsh, author of Trainspotting, whose novels are mostly set in the city and often written in colloquial Scots;", "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) was a Scottish physician and writer known around the world for his stories about detective Sherlock Holmes, which all but created the literary field of crime fiction and made the name Sherlock Holmes synonymous with detectives. Aside from the Sherlock Holmes stories, he was a prolific writer whose other works include science fiction stories, historical novels, plays and romances, poetry, and non-fiction. ", "SIR WALTER SCOTT, 1st Baronet (15 August 1771–21 September 1932) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright and poet, born in Edinburgh's Old Town. Despite the anonymous publication of his first novel, Waverley, Scott became the first Enlish-language author to have a truly international career in his own lifetime, with many contemporary readers in Europe, Australia and North America. His novels and poetry are still well-known, and many of his works including Rob Roy, The Lady of the Lake and The Heart of Midlothian are regarded as classics of literature. Ivanhoe was Scott's first novel to be set outwith Scotland, being positioned in late 12th Century England. It was allegedly published in 1819.", "Robert Louis Stevenson was born in Edinburgh in 1850. A sickly child, Stevenson was frequently confined to his bed. From his bedroom window, he could see a pond with an islet. It is thought that this view helped inspire Treasure Island. The protagonist of his novel, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, also has his roots in Edinburgh. Growing up, Stevenson would have heard tales about William Brody. Brody was a respectable Edinburgh council member by day, and a thief and gambler at night. He was hanged in 1788.", "Before I got an ARC of this book from NetGalley, I had heard of neither the author nor the novel. The Notting Hill Before Émile Gaboriau ’s L'affaire Lerouge (1866), Wilkie Collins ’ The Moonstone (1868), or Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ’s A Study in Scarlet (1886), there was The Notting Hill Mystery. Written under the pen name Charles Felix (now believed to be Charles Warren Adams) and first serialized in 1862 in a magazine, it became the first detective novel when it was published in one volume in 1865.", "Gyles Brandreth, Oscar Wilde and a Death of No Importance (titled Oscar Wilde and the Candlelight Murders in the U.K.) (2008), a mystery in which the famous London playwright and witty man-about-town discovers the body of a murdered boy and sets out to find the killer with the help of his friend Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes; #1 in the Oscar Wilde mystery series.", "The Notting Hill Mystery was first published between 1862 and 1863 as an eight-part serial in the magazine Once a Week, written under the pseudonym Charles Felix. It has been widely described as the first detective novel, pre-dating as it does other novels such as Wilkie Collins’s The Moonstone (1868) and Emile Gaboriau’s first Monsieur Lecoq novel (1869) that have previously claimed that accolade.", "Alexander McCall Smith is the author of the huge international phenomenon, The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency, and The Sunday Philosophy Club series. He was born in what is now known as Zimbabwe and he was a law professor at the University of Botswana and at Edinburgh University. He lives in Scotland, where in his spare time he is a bassoonist in the RTO (Really Terrible Orchestra).", "Alexander McCall Smith is the internationally best-selling author of numerous novels, including the No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency series, the Isabel Dalhousie series, the Portuguese Irregular Verbs series, and the 44 Scotland Street series. His book s have been translated into forty-six languages. Formerly a professor of medical law, he now devotes himself to writing. He lives in Scotland.", "Scottish novelist, essayist, poet and short story writer. Called to the Scottish bar in 1875 but never practised. Contributed essays to periodicals from 1873. One of the great storytellers in the romantic tradition, he is celebrated for \"Treasure Island\" (1883), \"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.Hyde\" (1886), \"Kidnapped\" (1886), \"The Master of Ballantrae\" (1889) and the unfinished \"Weir of Hermiston\" (1896).", "U.S. detective, born in the Gorbals, Glasgow. Left Scotland hurriedly in 1842, following his involvement in left-wing protests. In 1852, he formed the first detective agency, in Chicago, which solved a series of train robberies. In 1861, he foiled an assassination plot in Baltimore, while guarding Abraham Lincoln (the U.S. President) on his way to his inauguration. Head of the U.S. Secret Service 1861 - 1862." ]

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[ "Ripley's Believe It or Not! is a franchise, founded by Robert Ripley, which deals in bizarre events and items so strange and unusual that readers might question the claims.", "Ripley's Believe It or Not! is an American franchise, founded by Robert Ripley, which deals in bizarre events and items so strange and unusual that readers might question the claims. The Believe It or Not panel proved popular and was later adapted into a wide variety of formats, including radio, television, comic books, a chain of museums, and a book series. ", "LeRoy Robert Ripley (December 25, 1890 – May 27, 1949), [1] better known by the name Robert Ripley, was an American cartoonist , entrepreneur , and amateur anthropologist , who is known for creating the Ripley’s Believe It or Not! newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd facts from around the world.", "LeRoy Robert Ripley (December 25, 1890 – May 27, 1949), better known by the name Robert Ripley, was an American cartoonist, entrepreneur, and amateur anthropologist, who is known for creating the Ripley's Believe It or Not! newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd facts from around the world.", "* An animated series, Ripley's Believe It or Not!, was produced for Fox Family in 1999 and followed the adventures of \"Michael Ripley\", Robert Ripley's nephew. The show was aimed at a younger audience, and would often feature Michael going around the world. ", "Ripley claimed to be able to “prove every statement he made” because he worked with professional fact researcher Norbert Pearlroth , who assembled Believe it or Not!’s array of odd facts and also verified the small-town claims submitted by readers. Pearlroth spent 52 years as the feature’s researcher, finding and verifying unusual facts for Ripley; after Ripley’s death, for the King Features syndicate editors who took over management of the Believe it or Not! panel.", "Ripley claimed to be able to \"prove every statement he made,\" because he worked with professional fact researcher Norbert Pearlroth , who assembled Believe it or Not!s array of odd facts and also verified the small-town claims submitted by readers. Pearlroth spent 52 years as the feature's researcher, finding and verifying unusual facts for Ripley and, after Ripley's death, for the King Features syndicate editors who took over management of the Believe it or Not!' panel.[ citation needed ]", "On April 14, 1930, Ripley brought \"Believe It or Not\" to radio, the first of several series heard on NBC, CBS and the Mutual Broadcasting System. As noted by [http://www.otr.com/ripley_on_radio.html Ripley On Radio], Ripley's broadcasts varied in length from 15 minutes to 30 minutes and aired in numerous different formats. When Ripley's 1930 debut on The Collier Hour brought a strong listener reaction, he was given a Monday night NBC series beginning April 14, 1930, followed by a 1931–32 series airing twice a week. After his strange stories were dramatized on NBC's Saturday Party, Ripley was the host of The Baker's Broadcast from 1935 to 1937. He was scheduled in several different 1937–38 NBC timeslots and then took to the road with popular remote broadcasts. See America First with Bob Ripley (1938–40) on CBS expanded geographically into See All the Americas, a 1942 program with Latin music. In 1944, he was heard five nights a week on Mutual in shows with an emphasis on WWII. Romance, Rhythm and Ripley aired on CBS in 1945, followed by Pages from Robert L. Ripley's Radio Scrapbook (1947–48).", "* The first Believe It or Not TV series, a live show hosted by Ripley, premiered March 1, 1949. Shortly after the 13th episode, on May 27, 1949, Ripley died of a heart attack and several of his friends substituted as host, including future Ripley's Believe It or Not! president Doug Storer. Robert St. John served as host from the second season until the series ended on October 5, 1950. ", "* Ripley hosted a series of two dozen Believe It or Not! theatrical short films between 1930 and 1932 for Warner Bros. Vitaphone. A 2-DVD release featuring 24 of these theatrical shorts is available in the USA beginning March 16, 2010 from Warner Home Video, through their Warner Archive manufacture-on-demand program. Directors on the shorts included Murray Roth (on the first five), Roy Mack and Alfred J. Goulding (latter half of second season). Leo Donnelly assisted later on commentary. [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0728020/] The titles of the series were all numbered accordingly: ", "With such a background of scientific fact and fiction, Clarke's investigation of claimed paranormal phenomena was of special interest. He was coauthor with Simon Welfare and John Fairley of two important television series: Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World (1980) and Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers (1984), both presented on British television and later aired on programs in the United States and other countries. The series was supported by books containing additional material not in the television programs. In both books and television programs, Clarke and his collaborators express a considerable skepticism, although granting a limited probability to certain claimed paranormal phenomena such as apparitions, maledictions, poltergeists, telepathy, stigmata, and fire walking. However, the great value of books and programs lay in the scrutiny of recent phenomena instead of simply a rehash of old material, and in the television programs rare early movie records of phenomena were shown together with recently filmed events. Both books and television programs therefore constitute a useful record of research, and even their skepticism is a healthy corrective to overcredulous writing and filming on the paranormal.", "During World War II, Ripley concentrated on charity pursuits rather than world travel, but after the war, he re-expanded his media efforts. In 1948, the year of the 20th anniversary of the Believe it or Not! cartoon series, the Believe it or Not! radio show drew to a close and was replaced with a Believe it or Not! television series. This was a rather bold move on Ripley’s part because of the small number of Americans with access to television at this early time in the medium’s development. Ripley completed only thirteen episodes of the series before he became incapacitated by severe health problems. He reportedly passed out during the filming of his final show.", "Wacky stunt show, with unsuspecting contestants pulled from the audience. Generally, the host would read them a riddle, with the buzzer going off only a fraction of a second later. Since they didn’t tell the truth (answer), then they had to pay the consequences (the stunt) to win a prize. Most stunts were silly (involving huge messes), some were fixed so that the player couldn’t possibly win (but they got the prize anyway), and others turned into touching reunions with long-lost friends and relatives. Host: creator Ralph Edwards (radio and CBS-TV), Bob Barker (1954-75), Bob Hilton (’77-78), Larry Anderson (’87-88).", "Clarke was well known for his television series investigating paranormal phenomena – Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World (1980), Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers (1985) and Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious Universe (1994) – enough to be parodied in an episode of The Goodies in which his show is cancelled after it is claimed he does not exist.", "A series of 18 humorous children's books /teen books were published in the United States by Scholastic Press between 1992 and 1997 based on the Clue concept and created by A.E. Parker. The books featured the US Clue characters in short, comedic vignettes and asked the reader to follow along and solve a crime at the end of each. The answers are printed Upside down with an explanation on the following page following each chapter to see if the reader was able to guess correctly or not. The crime would usually be the murder of another guest besides Mr. Boddy, a robbery of some sort, or a simple contest, in which case they must figure out who won. The tenth and final vignette would always be the murder of Mr. Boddy. Somehow, Mr. Boddy would always manage to cheat death, such as fainting before the shot was fired or being shot with trick bullets. However, at the end of the 18th book, Mrs. Peacock kills Mr. Boddy out of starvation and Mr. Boddy stays dead. The books feature mysterious-sounding titles such as \"Midnight phone calls\" \"Footprints in the fog\" or \"The secret, secret passage\". [44]", "The show popularized the phrase \"Is it bigger than a breadbox ?\", first posed by Steve Allen on January 18, 1953 then refined over subsequent episodes. Soon, other panelists were asking this question as well. [9] [10] On one occasion the guest was a man who made breadboxes. It was correctly guessed by Allen after Kilgallen asked \"Is it bigger than a breadbox\" and Daly could not restrain his laughter. [11] [12]", "A series of 18 humorous children's books/teen books were published in the United States by Scholastic Press between 1992 and 1997 based on the Clue concept and created by A.E. Parker. The books featured the US Clue characters in short, comedic vignettes and asked the reader to follow along and solve a crime at the end of each. The answers are printed Upside down with an explanation on the following page following each chapter to see if the reader was able to guess correctly or not. The crime would usually be the murder of another guest besides Mr. Boddy, a robbery of some sort, or a simple contest, in which case they must figure out who won. The tenth and final vignette would always be the murder of Mr. Boddy. Somehow, Mr. Boddy would always manage to cheat death, such as fainting before the shot was fired or being shot with trick bullets. However, at the end of the 18th book, Mrs. Peacock kills Mr. Boddy out of starvation and Mr. Boddy stays dead. The books feature mysterious-sounding titles such as \"Midnight phone calls\" \"Footprints in the fog\" or \"The secret, secret passage\".", "n all Hallows Eve in 1992 the BBC broadcast a real live documentary in which a team of celebrity presenters went to \"Britain's most haunted house\" to check out if any ghosts could be found. Via a live link-up, Michael Parkinson commentated on the events from the studio. It all looked like it was going to be a big bore, until weird little things started to happen. Slowly but surely it became clear that the BBC were going to unearth the biggest ghost story of alltime.", "Richard Milner, an American historian of science, has presented a case that Conan Doyle may have been the perpetrator of the Piltdown Man hoax of 1912, creating the counterfeit hominid fossil that fooled the scientific world for over 40 years. Milner says that Conan Doyle had a motive—namely, revenge on the scientific establishment for debunking one of his favourite psychics—and that The Lost World contains several encrypted clues regarding his involvement in the hoax.", "I remember seeing a made for TV movie, The Night That Panicked America , on Halloween 1975 when it was first broadcast. I remember it being well done, very popular and talking about it in school the next day. I wonder how much something like that contributed to this UL? Looking at the user reviews, there are comments like \"It is utterly amazing that so many people believed that this radio drama was real\".", "As the publisher of Modern Skeptic Magazine, Hank Galliston has spent his career following clues, debunking myths and cracking conspiracies. But when his beautiful wife, Laila, is abducted from her antique clock shop, Hank gets pulled into one of the most compelling mysteries in human history, s...", "The Clue title and theme were used in the 1986 US documentary Clue: Movies, Murders and Mystery which took a look at mystery-related pieces of media including Murder on the Orient Express ; Murder, She Wrote ; Sherlock Holmes and other television series and movies, as well as a look at the board game itself. The one-hour special was hosted by Martin Mull , who had starred in the feature film adaptation the previous year; clips from the movie are seen intertwined with the footage.", "When the hoax was first exposed Dawson, Teilhard, and Woodward were the obvious suspects; they had made the major finds. In 1953 Weiner fingered Dawson as the culprit. Stephen Jay Gould argued that Teilhard and Dawson were the culprits. Woodward generally escaped suspicion; however Drawhorn made a strong case against him in 1994. Grafton Elliot Smith and Sir Arthur Keith were prominent scientists that played key roles in the discovery. Millar argued that Smith was the culprit; Spencer argued that it was a conspiracy between Dawson and Keith. Other candidates that have been mentioned over the years include Arthur Conan Doyle , the geologist W. J. Sollas , and the paleontologist Martin Hinton . This is by no means the end of the list; other people accused include Hargreaves , Abbot , Barlow , and Butterfield .", "EC Comics did a story in Weird Science where a TV network decides to a televise a remake of the War of the Worlds broadcast. To avoid confusion, they publicize the event weeks ahead of time. Unfortunately, a real invasion occurs the same night, and as the station breaks into the hoax report with a real report, no one believes it.", "* To Tell The Truth, CBS, approximately 1968, playing the \"real\" Isaac Asimov. Only one panel member guessed correctly, on the grounds that Asimov wore glasses and somebody writing so many books would have to wear glasses.", "The Unbreakable Alibi. First published in December, 1928. Parodies the \"Joseph French\" series by Freeman Wills Crofts.", "At least two people have made hoax calls. The first came when Sun reporter Thomas Whitaker received a telephone call from a man claiming to be Edwards. The man spoke in a Welsh accent and said he was alive and well and had phoned his parents to let them know he was safe. The call was a bluff.", "One of the most popular forms of old time radio were mystery shows that would sometimes be broadcasted over several days in some cases. These mystery shows would involve either a murder or crime taking place and the mystery would be solved by the person narrating the \"case.\" These shows were largely popular at the height of old time radio and they are now making a comeback right on the internet where users can stream or download real old time broadcasts of these shows.", "April 1 – The television program High Incident includes an episode that attempts to present how Baum wrote The Wizard of Oz. The facts of the matter are quite confused.", "Carson hosted several shows besides Carson's Cellar, including the game show Earn Your Vacation (1954) and the CBS variety show The Johnny Carson Show (1955–1956). He was a guest panelist on the original To Tell the Truth starting in 1960, later becoming a regular panelist from 1961 until 1962. After the prime-time The Johnny Carson Show failed, he moved to New York City to host Who Do You Trust? (1957–1962), formerly known as Do You Trust Your Wife?. In 1958, he appeared as a guest star in an episode entitled \"Do You Trust Your Wife\" on NBC's short-lived variety show, The Polly Bergen Show. On Who Do You Trust?, Carson met his future sidekick and straight man, Ed McMahon. Although he believed moving to daytime would hurt his career, Who Do You Trust? was a success. It was the first show where he could ad lib and interview guests, and because of Carson's on-camera wit, the show became \"the hottest item on daytime television\" during his five years at ABC.", "As a doctor and fossil collector he had the relevant knowledge to pull off the hoax. He may also have left some intriguing clues to the Piltdown hoax in one of his most famous novels, The Lost World, published the same years as Piltdown was found. The book treated in colourful detail the supposed survival into modern times of dinosaurs and ape-men - and included a tantalising line about bones being as easy to fake as a photograph.", "Blatty made the possessed a 12-year-old girl in his novel. Myths still abound about the book and the 1949 exorcism. Blatty wants to make it clear that his book did not tell the story of what happened in Mount Rainer." ]

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[ "Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are considered two of the most influential and inspiring transcendentalist writers of their time. Ralph Waldo Emerson, who was a lecturer, essayist, and poet, was born on May 25, 1803, and is generally considered the father of American transcendentalism , \"a philosophy that rejects the idea that knowledge can be fully derived from experience and observation; rather, truth resides in the spiritual world.\" Henry David Thoreau is his student, who was also a great essayist and critics.Both men extensively studied and embraced nature, and both men encouraged and practiced individualism and nonconformity.", "Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882), known professionally as Waldo Emerson, was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States.", "Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803–April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-nineteenth century.", "G-2 Emerson vs. Thoreau Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were... extremely wonderful writers and renowned poets. Both had so much influence on early and even present literature. It is amazing what you can learn about each individual. First, I would like to start by introducing Emerson. Born May 25, 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts. Just two weeks before his eighth birthday, Emerson’s father died of stomach cancer. He went on to live with his aunt, Mary Moody Emerson. He entered...", "Transcendentalism in the United States was marked by an emphasis on subjective experience, and can be viewed as a reaction against modernism and intellectualism in general and the mechanistic, reductionistic worldview in particular. Transcendentalism is marked by the holistic belief in an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical, and this perfect state can only be attained by one's own intuition and personal reflection, as opposed to either industrial progress and scientific advancement or the principles and prescriptions of traditional, organized religion. The most notable transcendentalist writers include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller. ", "The zenith of New England literature occurred in the mid- and late 19th century with the Transcendentalist movement. These writers and thinkers included Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-82), Bronson Alcott (1799-1888), and Henry David Thoreau (1817-62). They fashioned a way of viewing nature and society that was uniquely American. They rejected the rigid doctrines of the Puritans, and found sustenance in self-examination, the glories of nature, and a celebration of individualism. Perhaps the best-known work to emerge from this period was Thoreau's Walden.", "Michael Smith English 11 G-2 Emerson vs. Thoreau Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David... Thoreau were extremely wonderful writers and renowned poets. Both had so much influence on early and even present literature. It is amazing what you can learn about each individual. First, I would like to start by introducing Emerson. Born May 25, 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts. Just two weeks before his eighth birthday, Emerson’s father died of stomach cancer. He went on to live with his aunt...", "A number of great authors, poets, artists, social leaders, and intellectuals called themselves Transcendentalists. They included Emerson, Bronson Alcott, Louisa May Alcott, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, Orestes Brownson, William Ellery Channing, Sophia Peabody, and her husband, Nathaniel Hawthorne.", "Concord has a remarkably rich literary history centered in the mid-nineteenth century around Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882), who moved to the town in 1835 and quickly became its most prominent citizen. Emerson, a successful lecturer and philosopher, had deep roots in the town: his father Rev. William Emerson (1769–1811) grew up in Concord before becoming an eminent Boston minister, and his grandfather, William Emerson Sr., witnessed the battle at the North Bridge from his house, and later became a chaplain in the Continental Army. Emerson was at the center of a group of like-minded Transcendentalists living in Concord. Among them were the author Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–1864) and the philosopher Bronson Alcott (1799–1888), the father of Louisa May Alcott (1832–1888). A native Concordian, Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), was another notable member of Emerson's circle. This substantial collection of literary talent in one small town led Henry James to dub Concord \"the biggest little place in America.\" ", "Two hundred years after his birth on May 25, 1803, Emerson is recognized as the architect of American intellectual culture. School syllabi swell with his works and most Americans assume some familiarity with his thought. Aphorisms such as \"hitch your wagon to a star,\" \"a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds,\" or \"trust thyself\" pervade the American mind, although some people may not know that Emerson coined them.", "Henry David Thoreau (see name pronunciation ; July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American author , poet , philosopher , abolitionist , naturalist , tax resister , development critic , surveyor , and historian. A leading transcendentalist ,[2] Thoreau is best known for his book Walden , a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay Resistance to Civil Government (also known as Civil Disobedience), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state.", "And so Transcendentalism was born. In the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson, \"We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds...A nation of men will for the first time exist, because each believes himself inspired by the Divine Soul which also inspires all men.\"", "The Transcendental Club was associated with colorful members between 1836 and 1860. Among these were literary figures Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Walt Whitman. But the most interesting character by far was Henry David Thoreau, who tried to put transcendentalism into practice. A great admirer of Emerson, Thoreau nevertheless was his own man — described variously as strange, gentle, fanatic, selfish, a dreamer, a stubborn individualist. For two years Thoreau carried out the most famous experiment in self-reliance when he went to Walden Pond, built a hut, and tried to live self-sufficiently without the trappings or interference of society. Later, when he wrote about the simplicity and unity of all things in nature, his faith in humanity, and his sturdy individualism, Thoreau reminded everyone that life is wasted pursuing wealth and following social customs. Nature can show that \"all good things are wild and free.\"", "In sharp contrast to the sober calculation of Ralph Waldo Emerson is the life and work of Henry David Thoreau. Not content to simply muse and write about the new way of thinking, Thoreau sought to live the Transcendental life to its fullest potential. He spent two years living in a self-built cabin on Walden Pond on land that belonged to Emerson. His goal was to simplify his existence, get back in tune with the natural world, and have more freedom to write and meditate. Thoreau would later recount his experience in Walden, or Life in the Woods. By far his most famous work, Walden is part autobiography and part rambling essay. He anticipates stream of consciousness narratives, while laying the foundation for later forms of social activism and naturalistic living. While living on Walden Pond, Thoreau was arrested and spent a night in jail for tax evasion. He argued that his political beliefs forbade him from supporting the government through taxes. The experience of his arrest served as the inspiration for an essay which would later be known as Civil Disobedience . In the essay, Thoreau outlines the justification and even the responsibility of citizens to peacefully resist the government’s power whenever that power reached too far.", "material goods have become the basis of living. American writers and visionaries such as Henry David Thoreau, Chris McCandless, Ralph Waldo... Emerson, and other poets have challenged this occurrence by taking it to the next level and, by doing so; have thrown light upon this endemic. Thoreau arguments this by isolating himself from society in Massachusetts near Walden Pond and writes his own work Walden which exists as his own declaration of independence, where he conducts a personal social experiment...", "Thoreau was a philosopher of nature and its relation to the human condition. In his early years he followed Transcendentalism, a loose and eclectic idealist philosophy advocated by Emerson, Fuller, and Alcott. They held that an ideal spiritual state transcends, or goes beyond, the physical and empirical, and that one achieves that insight via personal intuition rather than religious doctrine. In their view, Nature is the outward sign of inward spirit, expressing the \"radical correspondence of visible things and human thoughts\", as Emerson wrote in Nature (1836).", "Transcendentalism was an idealistic literary and philosophical movement of the mid-19th century. Beginning in New England in 1836, various visionaries, intellectuals, scholars, and writers would come together regularly to discuss spiritual ideas. The Boston newspapers, which advertised their meetings, called the group the Transcendentalists. In this video, we will explore the main ideas of Transcendentalism, along with some of the key figures of this important American literary movement.", "Emerson was a Harvard-educated essayist and lecturer and is recognized as our first truly \"American\" thinker. In his most famous essay, \"The American Scholar,\" he urged Americans to stop looking to Europe for inspiration and imitation and be themselves. He believed that people were naturally good and that everyone's potential was limitless. He inspired his colleagues to look into themselves, into nature, into art, and through work for answers to life's most perplexing questions. His intellectual contributions to the philosophy of transcendentalism inspired a uniquely American idealism and spirit of reform.", "Henry David Thoreau, (July 12, 1817 - May 6, 1862), American writer and Transcendentalist. Walden (1854); Civil Disobedience; Life Without Principle; Slavery in Massachusetts; and Walking.  July 12", "Upon graduation Thoreau returned home to Concord, where he met Ralph Waldo Emerson through a mutual friend. Emerson took a paternal and at times patronizing interest in Thoreau, advising the young man and introducing him to a circle of local writers and thinkers, including Ellery Channing, Margaret Fuller, Bronson Alcott, Nathaniel Hawthorne and his son Julian Hawthorne, who was a boy at the time.", "Trancendentalist philosopher an poet, born in Boston and educated at Harvard. His ideas were promulgated in Nature (1836): \"what is a farm but a mute gospel?\" In The Poet (1844) he encouraged Americans to celebrate the splendours of the native landscape, a challenge taken up by Whitman.", "October 2012 Walden - Individual Essay \"I went to the woods to live deliberately. I hoped to learn the truth and not discover when it is time... to die that I had never lived at all.\" (41) Henry David Thoreau, an educated transcendentalist, felt a great distaste for the direction that he saw society heading in. He wanted to get the most from his life by determining what was really important, and he did that by removing himself from the normal life of Concord, Massachusetts in the 1840's. He reduced...", "Caessar Saldana Mr. Brown AP American Lit. 27 October 2012 Walden - Individual Essay \"I went to the woods to live deliberately. I hoped to... learn the truth and not discover when it is time to die that I had never lived at all.\" (41) Henry David Thoreau, an educated transcendentalist, felt a great distaste for the direction that he saw society heading in. He wanted to get the most from his life by determining what was really important, and he did that by removing himself from the normal life...", "Thoreau (pronounced THUR-ow) was born on 12 July 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts. He was christened David Henry Thoreau; he only became known as \"Henry David\" after college. His father was John Thoreau, the owner of a pencil factory in Concord; his mother was Cynthia Dunbar (her father, Asa Dunbar, was known for leading Harvard's 1766 \"Butter Rebellion\", the first recorded student protest in the United States). He had two older siblings, Helen and John Jr., and a younger sister, Sophia. He was usually described as plain to the point of ugly, with a long nose, misshapen mouth and wild neck-beard, and with \"uncouth and rustic, though courteous\" manners.", "Emerson urged Thoreau to contribute essays and poems to a quarterly periodical, The Dial , and Emerson lobbied editor Margaret Fuller to publish those writings. Thoreau's first essay published there was Aulus Persius Flaccus, an essay on the playwright of the same name, published in The Dial in July 1840.[27] It consisted of revised passages from his journal, which he had begun keeping at Emerson's suggestion. The first journal entry on October 22, 1837, reads, \"'What are you doing now?' he asked. 'Do you keep a journal?' So I make my first entry to-day.\"[28]", "Henry Thoreau studied Latin, Greek, Italian, French, German, and Spanish at Harvard, where he heard Emerson's “The American Scholar” as the commencement address in 1837. He first published in The Dial when Emerson commissioned him to review a series of reports on wildlife by the state of Massachusetts, but he cast about for a literary outlet after The Dial’s failure in 1844. In 1845, his move to Walden Pond allowed him to complete his first book, A Week on the Concord and the Merrimac Rivers. He also wrote a first draft of Walden, which eventually appeared in 1854.", "Thomas Stearns Eliot was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to a well-to-do family with roots in the northeastern United States. He received the best education of any major American writer of his generation at Harvard College, the Sorbonne, and Merton College of Oxford University. He studied Sanskrit and Oriental philosophy, which influenced his poetry. Like his friend Pound, he went to England early and became a towering figure in the literary world there. One of the most respected poets of his day, his modernist, seemingly illogical or abstract iconoclastic poetry had revolutionary impact. He also wrote influential essays and dramas, and championed the importance of literary and social traditions for the modern poet.", "1845 - American writer Henry David Thoreau began his two-year experiment in simple living at Walden Pond, near Concord, MA.", "In 1845 Thoreau built a home on the shores of Walden Pond for twenty-eight dollars, and described his observations and speculations in A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849). The account was based on a trip he took with his brother in 1839. Thoreau's first book sold poorly and he remarked, \"I have now a library of nearly nine hundred volumes, over seven hundred of which I wrote myself.\" Thoreau's most famous essay, Civil Disobedience (1849), was a result of a overnight visit in 1846 in a jail, when he refused to pay his taxes in protest against the Mexican War and the extension of slavery. Later Thoreau lectured and wrote about the evils of slavery and helped fleeing slaves. In his famous statement, \"the mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation,\" he crystallized his idea to be the one who has the courage to live, to stand against the trends of his own time.", "Although Thomas Stearns Eliot was born in and lived his early life in St. Louis, his family was so New England in its outlook that it can hardly be identified as Midwestern. Eliot’s grandfather, William Greenleaf Eliot, was a Unitarian clergyman whose religious zeal brought him to St. Louis in 1834, shortly after graduation from Harvard’s Divinity School. He founded a Unitarian church in St. Louis and then went on to establish three schools, a poor fund, and a sanitary commission in the city. His crowning triumph, however, was in founding Washington University in 1872.", "On May 30th, 1849, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, the first book by the legendary American writer and philosopher Henry David Thoreau, was published.", "Essayist and poet of nature who became a friend and admirer of Emerson . Much of his work describes the landscape, most famously Walden, or Life in the Woods (1854), based on his experiences at Walden Pond, near Concord, in 1845-7." ]

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[ "The Dunkirk evacuation, code-named Operation Dynamo, also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, was the evacuation of Allied soldiers from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, France, between 26 May and 4 June 1940, during World War II. The operation was decided upon when large numbers of Belgian, British, and French troops were cut off and surrounded by the German army during the Battle of France. In a speech to the House of Commons, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the events in France \"a colossal military disaster\", saying \"the whole root and core and brain of the British Army\" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his We shall fight on the beaches speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a \"miracle of deliverance\".", "The Dunkirk evacuation, commonly known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, code-named Operation Dynamo by the British, was the evacuation of Allied soldiers from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, France, between 26 May and the early hours of 3 June 1940. Operation Dynamo took its name from the dynamo room in the naval headquarters below Dover Castle.", "During the Second World War , naval activity in the European theatre was primarily limited to the Atlantic . During the Battle of France in May 1940, the Germans succeeded in capturing both Boulogne and Calais , thereby threatening the line of retreat for the British Expeditionary Force . By a combination of hard fighting and German indecision, the port of Dunkirk was kept open allowing 338,000 Allied troops to be evacuated in Operation Dynamo . More than 11,000 were evacuated from Le Havre during Operation Cycle [33] and a further 192,000 were evacuated from ports further down the coast in Operation Ariel in June 1940. [34] The early stages of the Battle of Britain [35] featured air attacks on Channel shipping and ports, and until the Normandy Landings (with the exception of the Channel Dash ) the narrow waters were too dangerous for major warships. Despite these early successes against shipping, the Germans did not win the air supremacy necessary for Operation Sealion , the projected cross-Channel invasion.", "On May 10, 1940, the Germans invaded France and the Low Countries. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and the French Army advanced into Belgium and planned to fight a mobile war in the north, while maintaining a defensive front along the Maginot Line further south. This was foiled by an unexpected German thrust through the Ardennes, a rugged forest in southeastern Belgium and Luxembourg, splitting the Allies in two. Hundreds of thousands of BEF and French forces, encircled in the north, were evacuated from the port of Dunkirk, across the English Channel, in Operation Dynamo. Italy entered the war, attacking southern France on June 10, 1940. France, overwhelmed by the blitzkrieg, signed an armistice with Germany on June 22, 1940, leading to the direct German occupation of Paris and two-thirds of France, and the establishment of a German puppet state headquartered in Vichy, France. During the Fall of France , general Charles de Gaulle escaped to England, and broadcast over radio calling French forces around the world to continue to fight against the Germans.", "Operation Dynamo, the Allied evacuation of 340,000 troops from Dunkirk, begins. The move will last until June 3 under ferocious bombardment by the Luftwaffe.", "Outcome: Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of around 350,000 British, French and Belgian troops from Dunkirk, enabled the Allies to continue the war and was a major boost to British morale.", "Operation Dynamo , the Allied evacuation of 340,000 troops from Dunkirk , begins. The move will last until June 3 under ferocious bombardment by the Luftwaffe.", "Calais was virtually razed to the ground during World War II. In May 1940, it was a key objective of the invading German forces and became the scene of a last-ditch defence—the Siege of Calais—which diverted a sizable amount of German forces for several days immediately prior to the Battle of Dunkirk. 3,000 British and 800 French troops, assisted by Royal Navy warships, held out from 22 to 27 May 1940 against the 10th Panzer Division. The town was flattened by artillery and precision dive bombing and only 30 of the 3800-strong defending force were evacuated before the town fell. This may have helped Operation Dynamo , the evacuation of Allied forces at Dunkirk, as 10th Panzer would have been involved on the Dunkirk perimeter had it not been busy at Calais. Between 26 May and 4 June 1940, some 330,000 Allied troops escaped from the Germans at Dunkirk.", "Dunkirk, France is the site of the largest military evacuation in history. During World War II, some 340,000 Allied troops were evacuated to England. The retreat by sea took place between May 26 and June 4, 1940.", "Operation Dynamo, the evacuation from Dunkirk of 27 May-4 June 1940, is one of the most celebrated military events in British history, and yet it was the direct result of one of the most crushing defeats suffered by the British army. Only eighteen days before the start of the evacuation the combined British and French armies had been seen as at least equal to the Germans. If Belgium and Holland came into the war, then the combined Allied armies could field 144 divisions, three more than the Germans. Even without Belgium and Holland the Allies outnumbered the Germans by almost two-to-one in artillery and by nearly 50% in tanks. For over six months the two armies had faced each other across the Franco-German border, but on 10 May the German offensive in the west began, and that all changed. After only ten days German tanks reached the Channel at Abbeville, splitting the Allied armies in two. All the Germans had to do to trap the BEF without any hope of escape was turn north and sweep along the almost undefended channel coast.", "The BEF and Military of France|French forces, encircled in the north, were evacuated from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo. The operation was one of the biggest military evacuations in history, as 338,000 British and French troops were transported across the English Channel on warships and civilian boats.", "The little ships of Dunkirk were 700 private boats that sailed from Ramsgate in England to Dunkirk in France between 26 May and 4 June 1940 as part of Operation Dynamo , the rescue of more than 338,000 British and French soldiers, who were trapped on the beaches at Dunkirk during the Second World War .", "The little ships of Dunkirk were 700 private boats that sailed from Ramsgate in England to Dunkirk in France between 26 May and 4 June 1940 as part of Operation Dynamo, helping to rescue more than 338,000 British and French soldiers who were trapped on the beaches at Dunkirk during the Second World War.", "Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of Allied troops at Dunkirk began. In one of the most dramatic withdrawls in military history, a hastily assembled fleet of 861 ships and boats began pulling what was left of the trapped Allied armies off the beaches of Dunkirk. In a week, 224,585 British and 112,546 French and Belgians were taken to safety. About 40,000 Frenchmen were left behind. A total of 231 of the rescue vessels were sunk, mostly by the Luftwaffe, but German air strikes were restricted by bad weather and the tenacious fighters of the RAF. For all the glory that accompanied the gallant retreat, Dunkirk represented the nadir of the war for Britain. ( ... )", "1940 - The last ship of Operation Dynamo leaves Dunkirk completing the evacuation of 338,226 allied troops.", "Battalion formed part of the British Expeditionary Force and in April 1940 went to France. After being involved in a major defence, the BEF went into retreat, a vast amount gathered on Dunkirk beach (codenamed \"Operation Dynamo\") where they joined other armed forces waiting to be evacuated by hundreds of little boats and ships. More than 330,000 soldiers were rescued and taken back to Britain. The 5th were evacuated, having suffered light casualties compared to the 2nd Manchesters. The evacuation began 26th May and ended on 4 June.", "Dunkirk, France is the site of the largest military evacuation in history. During World War II, some 340,000 Allied troops were evacuated to England. ", "At this time, Lord Gort signaled the need to evacuate troops from Calais, Boulogne, and Dunkirk, and the British War Office was considering this need.  Admiral Bertram Ramsey was appointed to take command of the operation, dubbed Dynamo, and on the 20th of May, he held his first meeting. Ramsey had immense challenges to overcome.  He had access to a very sophisticated fleet from the Royal Navy, but there was a problem – the waters around Dunkirk were so shallow that the large destroyers that he had access to had to moor offshore.", "Dunkirk a city in northwest France on the North Sea; in World War II, more than 330,000 Allied troops were evacuated from its beaches in the face of enemy fire (May–June 1940).", "3: Last day of Operation Dynamo. 224,686 British and 121,445 French and Belgian troops have been evacuated; Germans bomb Paris .", "Blitzkrieg tactics again proved devastatingly effective. By late May British and French forces were trapped in a large pocket of Northern France. On May 26th there was a mass evacuation from Dunkirk. Belgium surrendered the next day and by June 14th the Germans were in Paris. France surrendered soon afterwards.", "The Allies failed to reach their goals for the first day, but gained a tenuous foothold that they gradually expanded as they captured the port at Cherbourg on 26 June and the city of Caen on 21 July. A failed counterattack by German forces on 8 August led to 50,000 soldiers of the German 7th Army being trapped in the Falaise pocket. The Allies launched an invasion of southern France (code-named Operation Dragoon) on 15 August, and the Liberation of Paris followed on 25 August. German forces retreated across the Seine on 30 August 1944, marking the close of Operation Overlord.", "What French city was the site of an amazing evacuation of trapped English troops in May 1940?", "Saint-Malo, France, historically an important port in Brittany on the English Channel, was nearly destroyed during World War II after the D-Day invasion in Normandy as the Allies moved west in August 1944 in Brittany to free all the ports from the German occupation of the early 1940s.  Following a 12-year restoration,  that began in 1948, of the buildings within the ancient walled citadel with impressive stone ramparts (built by the French military architect Vauban), the city is now a major tourist attraction.", "On 3 July 1940, Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered the capture of French ships by the British as Operation Catapult . This included not only the enemy Vichy French ships in the Mediterranean (see Battle of Mers-el-Kebir ) but also the allied Free French ships docked in Britain after the Dunkirk evacuation . The capture by force of docked ships led to fighting between Free French sailors and outnumbering British Marines, sailors and soldiers in the English harbours. A similar operation was executed in Canada. The British assault on the then World's largest submarine Surcouf resulted in three dead British (2 Royal Navy officers and 1 British seaman [33] ) and one dead Free French (warrant officer mechanic Yves Daniel [34] ).", "Just before midnight on June 2 1940, the Channel ferry St Helier slipped from the mole at Dunkirk, and headed for England with the last of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). Captain William Tennant RN, Beachmaster and the man responsible for the naval organisation of the evacuation, signalled Vice-Admiral Bertram Ramsay, Flag Officer Dover: \"BEF evacuated.\" Then he and Major General Harold Alexander toured the area in a launch, Alexander shouting through a megaphone: \"Is anyone there?\" No one answered. They boarded a destroyer, with German bullets whistling around them.", "Operation Dragoon was the Allied invasion of southern France, on August 15, 1944, as part of World War II . The invasion took place between Toulon and Cannes . During the planning stages, the operation was known as Anvil, to complement Operation Hammer, which was at that time the codename for the invasion of Normandy . Subsequently both plans were renamed, the latter becoming Operation Overlord , the former becoming Operation Dragoon; a name supposedly picked by Winston Churchill , who was opposed to the plan, and claimed to having been \"dragooned\" into accepting it.", "The Allied attack also included a daring raid on the port itself. Two British destroyers, Broke and Malcolm, carried Royal Navy personnel and the 3rd Battalion, 135th Infantry, from the U.S. 34th Infantry Division. Before either destroyer could breach the harbor’s barrier booms, the French opened fire. Malcolm suffered serious damage and turned back. Broke made it through the barrier and landed her troops on the mole. Within a short time, the landing party had seized the city’s electric power station and petroleum tank farm. But the French responded vigorously, and when the troops from the 168th RCT failed to show up, the American commander was forced to surrender his forces.", "Dunkerque - Exporter of steel products, sugar, fruits and vegetables, and cement, this town has historical note as a place of infamy for the British army retreat during World War II.", "During the Second World War the Island was frequently bombed. With its proximity to France the Island also had a number of observation stations and transmitters, and was the starting-point for one of the earlier Operation Pluto pipelines to feed fuel to the Normandy landings.", "During the Second World War the island was frequently bombed. With its proximity to France the island also had a number of observation stations and transmitters, and was the starting-point for one of the earlier Operation Pluto pipelines to feed fuel to the Normandy landings.", "During the Second World War the island was frequently bombed. With its proximity to France the island had a number of observation stations and transmitters. It was the starting-point for one of the earlier Operation Pluto pipelines to feed fuel to the Normandy landings. " ]

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[ "Folk/rock songwriter, singer. Born Robert Allen Zimmerman, on May 24, 1941, in Duluth, Minnesota. Driven by the influences of early rock stars like Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Little Richard (whom he used to imitate on the piano at high school dances), the young Dylan formed his own bands, including the Golden Chords and Elston Gunn and His Rock Boppers. While attending the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, he began performing folk and country songs at local cafés, taking the name “Bob Dylan,” after the late Welsh poet Dylan Thomas.", "Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman on May 24, 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota, United States) is an American musician, poet and artist whose position in popular culture is unique. Dylan started his musical odyssey in 1959 when he began playing in Dinkytown, Minneapolis while attending the University of Minnesota. Shortly after starting to play he changed his stage name to Bob Dylan, after being influenced by the poetry of Dylan Thomas before legally changing his name in 1962. \\", "Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman on May 24, 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota, United States) is an American musician, poet and artist whose position in popular culture is unique.", "Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman May 24, 1941, Duluth, Minnesota, USA) is widely regarded as one of America's greatest popular songwriters. Stephen Foster, Irving Berlin, Woody Guthrie, and Hank Williams are among the few songwriters similarly revered for their enduring contributions to the American oeuvre.", "Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman May 24, 1941, Duluth , Minnesota , USA ) is widely regarded as America's greatest living popular songwriter . Stephen Foster , Irving Berlin , Woody Guthrie , and Hank Williams are among the few songwriters similarly revered for their enduring contributions to the American oeuvre.", "Robert Allen Zimmerman, aka \" Bob Dylan \" was born in Duluth May 24, 1941. He was named after a Duluth Road.", "Zimmerman gave away his early affinity for rock music when he heard obscure folk and country records by Hank Williams Sr., Pete Seeger, and most importantly, Woody Guthrie. He then started to perform folk music at various coffeehouses where he started calling himself Bob Dylan in the honor of Welsh poet, Dylan Thomas.", "Born May 24, 1941, in Duluth, Minnesota, Robert Allen Zimmerman's family moved to Hibbing when he was six. After taking up guitar and harmonica, he formed the Golden Chords while a high school freshman. He enrolled at the arts college of the University of Minnesota in 1959; during his three semesters there, he began performing solo at coffeehouses as Bob Dylan; he legally changed his name in August 1962.", "Bob Dylan 's name was Robert Allen Zimmerman but he became Bob Dylan to honor the poet Dylan Thomas .", "Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman; May 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter who has been a major figure in music for five decades. [8] Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when he was an informal chronicler, and an apparently reluctant figurehead, of social unrest. A number of his songs such as \" Blowin' in the Wind \" and \" The Times They Are a-Changin' \" became anthems for the US civil rights [9] and anti-war [10] movements. His early lyrics incorporated a variety of political, social and philosophical, as well as literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed hugely to the then burgeoning counterculture . Initially inspired by the songs of Woody Guthrie , [11] Robert Johnson , [12] Hank Williams , and the performance styles of Buddy Holly and Little Richard , [13] Dylan has both amplified and personalized musical genres , exploring numerous distinct traditions in American song—from folk , blues and country to gospel , rock and roll , and rockabilly , to English , Scottish , and Irish folk music , embracing even jazz and swing . [14]", "Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman, May 24, 1941 (birth time source: Astrodatabank, Steinbrecher, Bob Garner, BC)) is a Grammy, Golden Globe and Academy Award-winning American singer-songwriter, author, musician, and poet who has been a major figure in popular music for five decades. Much of Dylan's most notable work dates from the 1960s, when he became an informal documentarian and reluctant figurehead of American unrest. Some of his songs, such as \"Blowin' in the Wind\" and \"The Times They Are a-Changin'\", became anthems of the anti-war and civil rights movements. His most recent studio album, Modern Times, released on August 29, 2006, entered the U.S. album charts at #1, making him, at age 65, the oldest living person to top those charts. Dylan's early lyrics incorporated politics...", "Bob Dylan Birthplace 519 North 3rd Avenue East Duluth, Minnesota Dylan was born Robert Allen Zimmerman on May 24, 1941, in Duluth, and spent his first six years in this port city at the end of Lake Superior. The Zimmermans lived on the top floor of this house, which incidentally was auctioned off on eBay in 2001 for $94,600. When Dylan was in kindergarten, his family moved to his mother’s hometown of Hibbing, a mining town about 75 miles north of Duluth.", "TIL Bob Dylan 's legal name is Robert Allen Zimmerman. 'Dylan' was inspired by poet Dylan Thomas .", "Bob Dylan (dĬl´ən), 1941–, American singer and composer, b. Duluth, Minn., as Robert Zimmerman. Dylan learned guitar at the age of 10 and autoharp and harmonica at 15. After a rebellious youth, he moved to New York City in 1960 and in the early years of the decade began playing in a folk style in Greenwich Village clubs. He turned to performing with an electric rock-and-roll band in 1965. Influenced by such figures as Leadbelly , Bo Diddley , Muddy Waters , Hank Williams , and Woody Guthrie as well as by such early rockers as Elvis Presley , Buddy Holly, and Little Richard , Dylan, in turn, has had a profound effect on folk and rock music . As a lyricist he captured the cynicism, anger, and alienation of American youth, which reverberated in his harsh vocal delivery and insistent guitar-harmonica accompaniment.", "2016: Bob Dylan (Robert Allen Zimmerman) (b. 1941) American singer-songwriter, artist and writer, \"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition\".", "During his Dinkytown days, Zimmerman began introducing himself as \"Bob Dylan\". In a 2004 interview, Dylan explained: \"You're born, you know, the wrong names, wrong parents. I mean, that happens. You call yourself what you want to call yourself. This is the land of the free.\" In his autobiography, Chronicles: Volume One, Dylan acknowledged that he was familiar with the poetry of Dylan Thomas.", "Dylan Marlais Thomas (27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953) was a Welsh poet who is regarded by many critics and historians as one of the most innovative English language poets of the 20th century. In addition to poetry, he wrote short stories and scripts for film and radio, including British propaganda media during World War II.", "1941, Born on this day, Robert Zimmerman, (Bob Dylan), US folk singer, songwriter. Released over 40 albums since 1964, major influence on The Beatles and The Rolling Stones during the 60's. Biggest hit is 1965 US No.2 single 'Like A Rolling Stone', 1969 UK No.5 single 'Lay Lady Lay', 1964 UK No.1 album 'The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan'. 2006 album 'Modern Times' entered the US chart at No.1. Also a member of The Traveling Wilburys.", "Dylan Marlais Thomas was a Welsh poet and writer who wrote exclusively in English. In addition to poetry, he wrote short stories and scripts for film and radio, which he often performed himself. His public readings, particularly in America, won him great acclaim; his sonorous voice with a subtle Welsh lilt became almost as famous as his works. His best-known works include the \"play for voices\" Under Milk Wood and the celebrated villanelle for his dying father, \"Do not go gentle into that good night\". Appreciative critics have also noted the craftsmanship and compression of poems such as \"In my Craft or Sullen Art\", and the rhapsodic lyricism in \"And death shall have no dominion\" and \"Fern Hill\".", "Just ask poet Dylan Thomas , who continues to speak, more than a half a century after his death, from “A Child’s Christmas in Wales ,” a classic yuletide story getting an even higher profile this year because 2014 marks the centennial of Thomas’s birth. He was born 100 years ago this year – on Oct. 27, 1914 – in the Welsh coastal community of Swansea.", "Part nostalgic childhood remembrance and part poetic incantation, \"A Child's Christmas in Wales\" was issued with five of Dylan Thomas' poems on Caedmon Records' first release. According to the label's co-founder Barbara Holdridge, Thomas arrived in the studio with insufficient material to fill an entire LP, but he remembered writing a Christmas story for \"Harper's Bazaar.\" Holdridge and her business partner, Marianne Roney, were able to identify the piece as \"A Child's Christmas in Wales\" and obtained a copy from the magazine. It became one of Caedmon's most successful releases and has been credited with launching the audiobook industry in the United States. \"We had no idea of the power and beauty of this voice,\" Holdridge said of Thomas' reading, \"We just expected a poet with a poet's voice, but this was a full orchestral voice.\" Selected for the 2008 registry.", "Image caption Dylan Thomas died in New York in 1953, and remains probably Wales' best known writer", "On the literary stage, the poet Dylan Thomas is perhaps the best-known. He was born in the town and grew up at 5 Cwmdonkin Drive, Uplands. There is a memorial to him in the nearby Cwmdonkin Park ; his take on Swansea was that it was an \"ugly lovely town\". In the 1930s Thomas was a member of a group of local artists, writers and musicians known as The Kardomah Gang , as they frequently met in the Kardomah Café in Swansea city centre. [50]", "Please can we just get this straight - Dylan may have been visiting America at the time of his death but he was not an American. He was Welsh, born in Swansea and, when not staying in digs in London for work, lived in a fair few properties across South and West Wales. The Boathouse at a Laughnarne being one of his most notable residences and is today a museum to his life and work. I find it pretty astonishing that someone could consider themselves a fan and be affronted that he hasn't been included in this list, and yet not know something as significant as his nationality. Have you never heard recordings of him reading his work? It's not an American accent is it?! We're very proud of him in Wales (despite some of his less honorable activities) so please stop claiming him as an American (or as Irish for that matter!) Diolch, Rhian.", "One of Wales' most commanding literary figures, with a writing career that spanned five decades and produced over 20 volumes of poetry. In 1996, at the age of 83, Thomas was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature. His collections of poetry include The Stones of the Field, Song at the Year's Turning, Ingrowing Thoughts and Mass for Hard Times.", "Duffy (born 23 June 1984 as Amie Ann Duffy) is a Welsh singer, songwriter and actress. Born in Gwynedd, Wales, she was introduced to Jeannette Lee of Rough Trade Records, which led to her signing a recording contract with A&M Records in 2007.", "* \"The Ballad of the Skeletons\" by Allen Ginsberg with Paul McCartney, Philip Glass, Lenny Kaye et al. (1996)", "She hit the big time when she became the first Welsh singer to have a transatlantic #1 hit with Jim Steinman 's \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" (1983), for which she was Grammy nominated. The accompanying album \"Faster than the Speed of Night\" also entered the UK Album chart at #1.", "Duffy is a Welsh singer, songwriter and actress. Born in Gwynedd, Wales, she was introduced to Jeannette Lee of Rough Trade Records, which led to her signing a recording contract with A&M Records in 2007.", "A few months later, Baez and two other folk enthusiasts made plans to record an album in the cellar of a friend's house. The three sang solos and duets, a family friend designed the album cover, and it was released on Veritas Records that same year as Folksingers 'Round Harvard Square. Baez later met Bob Gibson and Odetta, who were at the time two of the most prominent vocalists singing folk and gospel music. Baez cites Odetta as a primary influence along with Marian Anderson and Pete Seeger. Gibson invited Baez to perform with him at the 1959 Newport Folk Festival, where the two sang two duets, \"Virgin Mary Had One Son\" and \"We Are Crossing Jordan River\". The performance generated substantial praise for the \"barefoot Madonna\" with the otherworldly voice, and it was this appearance that led to Baez signing with Vanguard Records the following year although Columbia Records tried to sign her first. Baez later claimed that she felt she would be given more artistic license at a more \"low key\" label. Baez's nickname at the time, \"Madonna\", has been attributed to her clear voice, long hair, and natural beauty, and to her role as \"Earth Mother\". ", "There are several artists who go by the name Duffy . The most notable of these is Welsh singer-songwriter Duffy (born Aimée Ann Duffy ).", "The young singer with a 1960s American \"retro\" style was born in Welsh and released ROCKFERRY in 2008." ]

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[ "Ambrose Burnside is best known for his leadership as a major general of the Union army in the Civil War and for originating the fashion of sideburns in the United States.", "Ambrose Everett Burnside (May 23, 1824 – September 13, 1881) was an American soldier, railroad executive, inventor, industrialist, and politician from Rhode Island, serving as governor and a U.S. Senator. As a Union Army general in the American Civil War, he conducted successful campaigns in North Carolina and East Tennessee but was defeated in the disastrous Battle of Fredericksburg and Battle of the Crater. His distinctive style of facial hair became known as sideburns, derived from his last name.", "Ambrose Everett Burnside (May 23, 1824 – September 13, 1881) was an American soldier, railroad executive, inventor, industrialist, and politician from Rhode Island, serving as governor and a United States Senator. As a Union Army general in the American Civil War, he conducted successful campaigns in North Carolina and East Tennessee, as well as countering the raids of Confederate General John Hunt Morgan, but suffered disastrous defeats at the Battle of Fredericksburg and Battle of the Crater. His distinctive style of facial hair became known as sideburns, derived from his last name. He was also the first president of the National Rifle Association.", "Civil War Major General Ambrose Burnside, whose unusual facial hair led to the coining of the term “sideburns”.", "Burnside resigned from the army in 1853 and began designing a new kind of breech-loading carbine rifle—an idea he had developed during his time on the frontier. This “Burnside carbine” initially failed as a business venture, and Burnside was forced to sell his patent to cover his debts. Despite this, the gun would later find widespread use as a cavalry weapon during the Civil War. Burnside next served as a general in the Rhode Island militia, and then as a treasurer for the Illinois Central Railroad, which was operated by his former West Point classmate and friend George McClellan .", "Despite his dissatisfaction with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope, Lincoln restored him to command of all forces around Washington, to the dismay of his cabinet (all save Seward), who wished McClellan gone. [132] Two days after McClellan's return to command, General Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River into Maryland, leading to the Battle of Antietam (September 1862). [133] The ensuing Union victory, one of the bloodiest in American history, enabled Lincoln to give notice that he would issue an Emancipation Proclamation in January, [134] but he relieved McClellan of his command after waiting for the conclusion of the 1862 midterm elections and appointed Republican Ambrose Burnside to head the Army of the Potomac. [135] Burnside was politically neutral, which Lincoln desired, and for the most part supported the President's aims. [136] Burnside had promised to follow through on Lincoln's strategic vision for a strong offensive against Lee and Richmond. After Burnside was stunningly defeated at Fredericksburg in December, [137] Joseph Hooker took command, despite his history of \"loose talk\" and criticizing former commanders. [138] Hooker was routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May, 1863, [139] but continued to command his troops for roughly two months. Hooker did not agree with Lincoln's desire to divide his troops, and possibly force Lee to do the same, and tendered his resignation, which was accepted. During the Gettysburg Campaign he was replaced by George Meade . [140]", "After Antietam, A. E. Burnside (known for sideburns) took over the Union army, but he lost badly after launching a rash frontal attack at Fredericksburg, Virginia, on Dec. 13, 1862.", "What former Rhode Island governor and disastrous Union general was most famous for his distinctive facial hair? Ambrose Burnside", "In 1862 the Union forces commanded by Major General Ambrose Burnside were stuck on the wrong side of the Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg for lack of the arrival of the Pontoon train resulting in severe losses. The report of this disaster resulted in Britain forming and training a Pontoon Troop of Engineers.", "*1863 – American Civil War: General Ambrose Burnside is relieved of command of the Army of the Potomac after the disastrous Fredericksburg campaign. He is replaced by Joseph Hooker.", "Because the Federals held the field and Lee retreated, the Union claimed Antietam as a victory, though if anyone should be counted the victor it was Lee for saving his army from such a dangerous position. Still, it was Lincoln's first success in the East, and he used it as the pretext for his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. But it would be McClellan's last battle. Fed up with the general's sloth and haughtiness, Lincoln replaced him on November 7 with General Ambrose Burnside. This handsome and well-liked officer would last through only one battle as a commander before he, like McClellan, learned just how formidable Lee and his army could be. Burnside advanced into Virginia toward Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock River, barely fifty miles from Richmond, and there planned to cross and move on the Rebel capital. Lee was waiting for him, well entrenched on the southern side of the river, and when Burnside attacked on December 13, the Confederates summarily stopped his campaign. Delays in getting the pontoon bridges that he needed to cross the river lost Burnside valuable time, and when he did get his bridges erectedunder fireand his men across the river, Lee pinned them down in the streets of the city or met them with withering fire as they attacked up a slope. In the end, after suffering more than 12,000 casualties, Burnside gave up.", "After Lee defeated Pope at the Second Battle of Bull Run in late August, 1862 he invaded Maryland. With the Confederates crashing into Union territory, Lincoln had no choice but to turn to McClellan to gather the reeling Yankee forces and stop Lee. On September 17, 1962, McClellan and Lee battled to a standstill along Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland. Lee retreated back to Virginia and McClellan ignored Lincoln's urging to pursue him. For six weeks, Lincoln and McClellan exchanged angry messages, but McClellan stubbornly refused to march after Lee. In late October, McClellan finally began moving across the Potomac in feeble pursuit of Lee, but he took nine days to complete the crossing. Lincoln had seen enough. Convinced that McClellan could never defeat Lee, Lincoln notified the general on November 5 of his removal. A few days later, Lincoln named General Ambrose Burnside to be the commander of the Army of the Potomac.", "In November 1862 Burnside was ordered to take charge of the Army of the Potomac after McClellan was relieved from duty. He reluctantly accepted and immediately ordered a bold advance toward the Confederate capital of Richmond. Burnside met with heavy delays in crossing the Rappahannock River, which allowed General Robert E. Lee to assemble his Army of Northern Virginia outside the town of Fredericksburg. In the ensuing Battle of Fredericksburg , Burnside’s forces made a series of failed frontal assaults against Lee’s nearly impregnable defenses, resulting in a decisive Confederate victory and almost 13,000 Union casualties.", "Burnside commanded the Coast Division, or North Carolina Expeditionary Force, three brigades assembled in Annapolis, Maryland, which formed the nucleus for his future IX Corps, and the Department of North Carolina from September 1861 until July 1862. He conducted a successful amphibious campaign that closed over 80% of the North Carolina sea coast to Confederate shipping for the remainder of the war. This included the Battle of Elizabeth City, fought on 10 February 1862, on the Pasquotank River near Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The participants were vessels of the U.S. Navy's North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, opposed by vessels of the Confederate Navy's Mosquito Fleet; the latter were supported by a shore-based battery of four guns at Cobb's Point (now called Cobb Point), near the southeastern border of the town. The battle was a part of the campaign in North Carolina that was led by Burnside and known as the Burnside Expedition. The result was a Union victory, with Elizabeth City and its nearby waters in their possession, and the Confederate fleet captured, sunk, or dispersed.Mierka, np.", "General Ambrose Burnside Ambrose, besides being a soldier, was an industrialist, railroad executive and an inventor. Read more about Ambrose Burnside", "11-15 Dec – The Army of the Potomac under General Ambrose Burnside is decimated in frontal attacks against the fortified Army of Northern Virginia under Lee at Fredericksburg (1862).", "Burnside, against the advice of the president, prematurely launched an offensive across the Rappahannock River and was stunningly defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg in December. Not only had Burnside been defeated on the battlefield, but his soldiers were disgruntled and undisciplined. Desertions during 1863 were in the thousands and they increased after Fredericksburg. [167] Lincoln brought in Joseph Hooker , despite his history of loose talk about a military dictatorship. [168]", "Burnside, against the advice of the president, prematurely launched an offensive across the Rappahannock River and was stunningly defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg in December. Not only had Burnside been defeated on the battlefield, but his soldiers were disgruntled and undisciplined. Desertions during 1863 were in the thousands and they increased after Fredericksburg. Lincoln brought in Joseph Hooker, despite his record of loose talk about the need for a military dictatorship. ", "Fervent in the Union cause, the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and materiel for the American Civil War. The most well known regiment to be sent off to war from the city was the 14th Brooklyn \"Red Legged Devils\". They fought from 1861 to 1864, wore red the entire war, and were the only regiment named after a city, and President Lincoln called them into service personally, making them part of a handful of 3 year enlisted soldiers in April 1861. Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War, the 14th wore a uniform inspired by that of the French Chasseurs, a light infantry used for quick assaults on the enemy.", "After his successful defense of Knoxville, Burnside was ordered to take command of the XI Corps in support of the Army of the Potomac.  He participated in much of the Overland Campaign under the direction of General Ulysses S. Grant , including the battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, North Anna, and Cold Harbor.  During the siege of Petersburg, Burnside commanded troops in the battle of the Crater, during which a Union mine dug under Confederate positions was filled with explosives and detonated, creating a fifty yard gap in the Confederate lines.  Burnside failed to exploit the gap in time, which resulted in the loss of Union soldiers.  After this failure, Burnside resigned his commission on April 15, 1865. ", "When the Civil War began in 1861, both armies continued to apply Napoleonic Tactics associated with the nation's outdated stockpiles of smoothbore muskets. As graduates of West Point and veterans of the Mexican War (1846-48), several leading Union and Confederate generals had been schooled under the banner of Napoleon's teachings, meaning linear formations and concentration of troops.", "Elsewhere in Virginia, Ambrose Burnside is finally on the move, hoping to redeem his earlier setback at Fredericksburg. ", "The IX Corps, under Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside (Brig. Gen. Jacob D. Cox exercised operational command during the battle), consisted of the divisions of:", "The McClellan Saddle (Model 1859 and later modified) was named after its designer, CPT George B. McClellan, who later commanded a major portion of the Union Army during the Civil War. In 1855, CPT McClellan (then serving in the FirstCavalry Regiment) was sent to Europe as a member of Commissioned Officers Study to research the armies of Europe, and the equipment they used. At the time, they were actively engaged in the Crimean War.", "Still Wearing the Old Colors : Ethan is first seen wearing a Confederate Army jacket years after the war ended.", "During the Battle of Antietam General Burnside was commanding a corps on the left flank of the Army of the Potomac. He was ordered to cross Antietam creek and attack the right flank of the Confederate army .", "Defense: CSA Commanding General Robert E.Lee accomplishes one of his greatest victories of the war by dividing his armies in the face of vastly superior numbers. Learning that the Federal Army has crossed the Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers near Fredericksburg, and are concentrating near Chancellorsville in Spotsylvania County, Lee divides his army. Bottling up Federal forces near Fredericksburg with 1/4 of his army, Lee takes the initiative and attacks the main advancing Federal army with the balance of his army, confusing their command and forcing them back into a defensive posture near Chancellorsville.", "Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North, when General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5. Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan. McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest single day in United States military history. Lee's army, checked at last, returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it. Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.", "Although the state became a part of the Confederacy, East Tennessee was strongly pro-Union before secession, and strongly pro-Union Tennesseans remained there and existed in pockets throughout the state during the war. The Vice President of the United States, Andrew Johnson, was a Tennessee Union loyalist, as were a number of congressmen and state politicians. On the Confederate side, significant leaders included noted cavalryman Nathan B. Forrest and corps commanders Leonidas Polk and Benjamin F. Cheatham, as well as Governor Isham Harris.", "General George Mcclellan led the Army of the Potomac during the early years of the civil war and also ran for President against Abraham Lincoln. Learn more about George Mcclellan", "GEORGE BRINTON MCCLELLAN, 1826-1885. A top West Point graduate and a promising staff officer before the war, McClellan had spent a few years as a railroad executive before winning prominence in an early campaign in western Virginia. This led President Lincoln to appoint him commander of the army that had been defeated at First Bull Run, and later he put McClellan in charge of all Union forces.", "In November, 1861, Lincoln decided to appoint George McClellan as commander in chief of the Union Army . He developed a strategy to defeat the Confederate Army that included an army of 273,000 men. His plan was to invade Virginia from the sea and to seize Richmond and the other major cities in the South. McClellan believed that to keep resistance to a minimum, it should be made clear that the Union forces would not interfere with slavery and would help put down any slave insurrections." ]

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[ "March 14, 2007 - Ruling at the end of a two day civil bench trial, US District Judge Robert Doumar finds Sudan liable for the USS Cole attack.", "On October 12, 2000, al-Qaeda militants in Yemen bombed the missile destroyer USS Cole in a suicide attack, killing 17 U.S. servicemen and damaging the vessel while it lay offshore. Inspired by the success of such a brazen attack, al-Qaeda's command core began to prepare for an attack on the U.S. itself.", "In October 2000, al-Qaeda militants in Yemen bombed the missile destroyer U.S.S. Cole in a suicide attack, killing 17 U.S. servicemen and damaging the vessel while it lay offshore. Inspired by the success of such a brazen attack, al-Qaeda's command core began to prepare for an attack on the United States itself.", "2002 - The USS Cole was relaunched. In Yemen, 17 sailors were killed when the ship was attacked by terrorists on October 12, 2000. The attack was blamed on Osama bin Laden's al-Qaida network.", "On September 11, 2001, 19 AQ members hijacked and crashed four U.S. commercial jets – two into the World Trade Center in New York City, one into the Pentagon near Washington, DC, and a fourth into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania – leaving nearly 3,000 individuals dead or missing. In October 2000, AQ conducted a suicide attack on the USS Cole in the port of Aden, Yemen, with an explosive-laden boat, killing 17 U.S. Navy sailors and injuring 39. AQ also carried out the August 1998 bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam killing at least 301 individuals and injuring more than 5,000 others. AQ and its supporters claim to have shot down U.S. helicopters and killed U.S. servicemen in Somalia in 1993, and to have conducted three bombings that targeted U.S. troops in Aden in December 1992.", "A Yemeni court is where we begin, sentencing two men to death in the bombing of the U.S.S. \"Cole\" in the year 2000. One of them is believed to be the mastermind of that attack, which killed 17 U.S. sailors. The U.S. has been holding that person in a secret location.", "Oct. 12, Aden, Yemen: U.S. Navy destroyer USS Cole heavily damaged when a small boat loaded with explosives blew up alongside it. 17 sailors killed. Linked to Osama bin Laden , or members of al-Qaeda terrorist network.", "A bomb on board a small Zodiac-like boat detonates near the USS Cole in the port of Aden in Yemen, killing 17 U.S. sailors and wounding scores more. The bombing also kills two al-Qaida operatives in the boat.  The United States later learns the Cole was the second destroyer targeted by al-Qaida. The attack was originally planned for Jan. 3, 2000, when the USS The Sullivans was in the same port. ", "On 12 October 2000, Cole was the target of a terrorist attack carried out by al-Qaeda in the Yemeni port of Aden, when two suicide bombers detonated their small boat near the warship, killing 17 sailors, injuring 39 others, and damaging the ship. On 29 November 2003, Cole deployed for her first overseas deployment after the bombing and subsequently returned to her homeport of Norfolk, Virginia, on 27 May 2004 without incident.", "Terrorism is also a problem. It was here in 2000 that the USS Cole, a U.S. guided missile destroyer, was involved in a suicide bombing attack while harboring in the port of Aden. Seventeen sailors died, with dozens injured.", "But security experts say that despite all the preparations, cruise liners remain vulnerable to attacks like this or the deadly bombing by al-Qaida-linked militants of the USS Cole in Yemen five years ago. The Cole was rammed by an explosives-laden boat in the port city of Aden; 17 U.S. sailors were killed and 37 were injured.", "2000 October - US naval vessel USS Cole damaged in al-Qaeda suicide attack in Aden. Seventeen US personnel killed.", "The USS Cole sits off the coast of Yemen after a terrorist attack blew a hole in its side. Seventeen US sailors died in the 2000 attack.", "October 12, 2000 - During a refueling stop in the harbor of Aden, the USS Cole is attacked by suicide bombers in a small boat laden with explosives.", "The USS Cole was relaunched after repairs to damage sustained in a terrorist attack in the Yemen during 2002.", "Al-Qaeda had previously attempted a similar but less publicized attack on the U.S. Navy destroyer while in port at Aden on 3 January 2000, as a part of the 2000 millennium attack plots. The plan was to load a boat full of explosives and explode it near The Sullivans. However, the boat was so overladen that it sank, forcing the attack to be abandoned. ", "To most of the country, the true meaning of the attack on Cole wouldn't become apparent until Sept. 11, 2001, when terrorists from the same group that struck DDG-67 flew planes into the World Trade Center in New York City, a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, and the Pentagon But to the crew that deployed with Cole in the fall of 2000, the war started on Oct. 12, 2000. For many, the fight to heal — while still remembering their shipmates who passed — continues today.", "On 14 April 1988, the frigate USS Samuel B. Roberts was badly damaged by an Iranian mine, and 10 sailors were wounded. U.S. forces responded with Operation Praying Mantis on 18 April, the U.S. Navy's largest engagement of surface warships since World War II. Two Iranian oil platforms were damaged, and five Iranian warships and gunboats were sunk. An American helicopter also crashed. [87] This fighting manifested in the International Court of Justice as Oil Platforms case (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) , which was eventually dismissed in 2003.", "* September 18 – A North Korean Sang-O class submarine runs aground in South Korea. The crew are described as spies by the South Korean government and killed by the South Korean military.", "* June 3 – While operating at sea on SEATO maneuvers, the Australian aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne accidentally rams and slices in two the American destroyer USS Frank E. Evans in the South China Sea, killing 74 American seamen.", "September 18 – A North Korean Sang-O class submarine runs aground in South Korea . The crew are described as spys by the South Korean government and killed by the South Korean military.", "November 29, 2003 - The USS Cole departs on its first overseas deployment since the bombing. The hallway floor on the ship now features 17 stars, one for each of the sailors killed.", "Enterprise was beginning her voyage home from the Persian Gulf when the September 11 attacks were carried out. Without orders, the carrier returned to the waters off Southwest Asia near the Persian Gulf, outrunning her escorts. In October 2001, the United States launched air attacks against Al-Qaeda training camps and Taliban military installations in Afghanistan. The actions were designed to disrupt the use of Afghanistan as a base for terrorist operations and to attack the military capability of the Taliban regime.", "On 23 January, Iraq dumped 400 e6USgal of crude oil into the Persian Gulf , causing the largest offshore oil spill in history at that time. It was reported as a deliberate natural resources attack to keep U.S. Marines from coming ashore (Missouri and Wisconsin had shelled Failaka Island during the war to reinforce the idea that there would be an amphibious assault attempt). About 30–40% of this came from allied raids on Iraqi coastal targets. ", "An American navy ship, the USS Vincennes, shoots down an Iranian civilian plane, killing all 290 passengers and the crew. The United States later apologizes and agrees to financial compensation for the victims families, saying the civilian plane was mistaken for an attacking military jet.", "The U.S. aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk collided with a Soviet nuclear powered submarine in the Sea of Japan on March 21, 1984, causing minor damage. The United States charged that the submarine violated the 1972 U.S.-Soviet agreement on naval maneuvers.", "In mid-1987, the Reagan administration launched Operation Earnest Will to protect Kuwaiti ships carrying oil from Iranian attack. Since American law prevented the U.S. Navy from escorting foreign ships, the Kuwaiti ships were re-registered under the American flag. On October 16, 1987, the re-flagged tanker Sea Isle City was struck at anchor in Kuwaiti waters by an Iranian silkworm missile, wounding 18 people. ", "--President George Bush 1988 [Bush was demonstrating his patriotism by excusing an act of cold-blooded mass-murder by the U.S. Navy. On July 3, 1988 the U.S. Navy warship Vincennes shot down an Iranian commercial airliner. All 290 civilian people in the aircraft were killed. The plane was on a routine flight in a commercial corridor in Iranian airspace. The targeting of it by the U.S. Navy was blatantly illegal. That it was grossly immoral is also obvious. Except to a patriot.]", "In 1988, the frigate USS Samuel B. Roberts was badly damaged by an Iranian mine. In response, the U.S. Navy launched its largest engagement of surface warships since World War II. Two Iranian ships were destroyed, and an American helicopter was shot down, killing the two pilots.", "Both these points have been used to claim that the sinking was a war crime. These two facts certainly make the sinking appear as illegal however those who are of this opinion ignore key facts surrounding the decision to fire on the ship.", "The carrier and her strike group deployed on 13 January 2011. Accompanying the carrier on the cruise to the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean were Carrier Air Wing One, guided missile cruiser , and guided missile destroyers , , and . In February 2011, Enterprise was involved in an incident with Somali pirates, an event that ended in the deaths of four American citizens and two pirates. ", "1801 The North African State of Tripoli declared war on the U.S. The dispute was over merchant vessels being able to travel safely through the Mediterranean." ]

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[ "In Norse mythology , Bifröst (Listeni/ˈbɪvrɒst/ or sometimes Bilröst or Bivrost) is a burning rainbow bridge that reaches between Midgard (Earth) and Asgard , the realm of the gods. The bridge is attested as Bilröst in the Poetic Edda; compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and as Bifröst in the Prose Edda; written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in the poetry of skalds. Both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda alternately refer to the bridge as Ásbrú (Old Norse \"Æsir's bridge\").", "Bifrost is a burning rainbow bridge that reaches between Midgard (the world) and Asgard, the home of the gods.", "In Norse mythology, Bifröst pronunciation or sometimes Bilröst or Bivrost, is a burning rainbow bridge that reaches between Midgard and Asgard, the realm of the gods. The bridge is attested as Bilröst in the Poetic Edda; compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and as Bifröst in the Prose Edda; written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in the poetry of skalds. Both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda alternately refer to the bridge as Asbrú. According to the Prose Edda, the bridge ends in heaven at Himinbjörg, the residence of the god Heimdallr, who guards it from the jötnar. The bridge's destruction at Ragnarök by the forces of Muspell is foretold. Scholars have proposed that the bridge may have originally represented the Milky Way and have noted parallels between the bridge and another bridge in Norse mythology, Gjallarbrú.", "BIFROST, was the flaming three strand rainbow bridge in Germanic mythology, between Asgard and Midgard, (between heaven and earth). It was guarded by the watchman god Heimdall and built by the gods, out of red fire, green water and blue air. To hold meetings at the well of Urd the gods rode across the bridge each day.", "In Norse mythology, Bifrost is the bridge between Midgard , the realm of man, and Asgard , the realm of the gods. Since it is the only way for the giants to enter Asgard it is closely guarded by Heimdall , the watchman of the gods.", "RAINBOW BRIDGE The common name for BIFROST, the bridge that stretched between the human world and the world of the gods, between Earth and heaven. This bridge was made by the gods in three colors—red, blue, and green—giving Bifrost its common nickname.", "According to Norse Legend, the sacred Rainbow Bridge called Bifrost connects Midgard (the realm of humankind) with Asgard (the realm of the Gods). Also known as Asabru (\"Bridge of Gods\"), Bifrost was magically constructed from fire, water and air...whose quivering and changing hues it has retained. Not only do the Gods use this Bridge to travel to and from the Earth, it also leads to the Urdar Well, situated at the foot of the great ash Yggdrasil, where they assemble daily in council.", "The path from the earth to the sky, the realm of Asgard. The bridge is Bifrost.", "Asgard ( Old Norse Ásgarðr, “Enclosure of the Aesir ) is one of the Nine Worlds of Norse mythology and the home and fortress of the Aesir, one of the two tribes of gods (the other being the Vanir , who have their home in Vanaheim ). Asgard is located in the sky[1] (albeit spiritually rather than physically, of course) and is connected to Midgard , the world of humanity, by the rainbow bridge Bifrost .", "Bilfrost: The rainbow bridge that connects Asgard, the home of the gods, to Midgard, or Earth. Also the potential name of the gay club I’m considering opening.", "As described in Marvel’s Thor film, the Norse Cosmos did have Nine Realms, and in them, Earth is also referred to as Midgard. Midgard in Old Norse, does translate as “Middle World” or “Middle Earth,” which is a fun fact for fans of J.R.R. Tolkien. Midgard lay, naturally, in the middle of all the other realms: Asgard, Alfheim, and Vanaheim, Svartalfheim, Niflheim, Helheim, Jotunheim, and Muspelheim. These realms are connected by the great World Tree, Yggdrasil, also referred to as the Tree of Life, and the great bridge, Bifrost, which is known either as the Flaming Bridge or the Rainbow Bridge, connects the realm of Asgard to that of Midgard. The Marvel comics and movies do lift the correct names, but they depict Yggdrasil as some sort of cosmic string, and the Nine Realms as wholly separate planets, or planetoids in the case of Asgard.", "Bifröst, a bridge in the Norse mythology stretching from heaven to earth, of firm solidity and exquisite workmanship, represented in the rainbow, of which the colours are the reflections of the precious stones.", "Any god needs a suitable home, and the Norse gods, or \"Aesir\", have it in the form of the heavenly kingdom of Asgard. In both Marvel Comics and Norse myth, Asgard is connected to Earth (referred to as Midgard) by a bridge called Bifrost, which manifests as multicolored arc in the sky. Like any good myth, this serves to explain a natural phenomenon, in this case, the rainbow. Asgard and Midgard are not the only two worlds of the Norse cosmology however; traditional holds that there are 9 such worlds in total, though what the other 7 are can vary from myth to myth. Commonly mentioned in both traditional myth and the comics are Jotunheim, the land of the giants; Muspelheim, the home of the fire demon Surtur; Niflheim, home of the ice titan Ymir (in Norse myth Ymir was slain by Odin and carved up to create the Earth, but in the comics he is a recurring threat);  Svartalfheim, home of the dark elves (and in the comics, Thor's enemy  Kurse ); Nidavellir, home of the dwarves (who forged Mjolnir); and Hel, ruled by the eponymous Hel (known as the villainness Hela in the comics, but in Norse myth, more of a neutral overseer of the realm of the dead, which bears no resemblance to our concept of Hell).", "As all informed people know, the gods built a bridge from earth to heaven called Bifröst. Some call it the rainbow. It has three colors and is very strong, made with more skill and cunning than other structures. But strong as it is, it will break when the sons of Muspell ride out over it. The gods are not to blame that this structure will then break. Bifröst is a good bridge, but there is nothing in this world that can be relied on when the sons of Muspell are on the warpath.", "NIFLHEIM (World of Fog) A vast waste of frozen fog, brutal cold, and endless night. Niflheim was the lowest region of the underworld. From its poisonous fountain, HVERGELMIR, flowed 11 ice-cold rivers, the ELIVAGIR. The rivers poured into the huge chasm, GINUNGAGAP, and froze. Fiery clouds from MUSPELLHEIM melted the ice and turned it into mist. From the whirling mist and fire came the first giant, YMIR (see CREATION). The goddess HEL ruled over this land of the dead. Niflheim was the home of the dragon NITHOG and other serpents. They nibbled on one of the roots of the World Tree, YGGDRASIL, that reached into the underworld. After MIDGARD (Middle Earth) was created, the gods pushed Niflheim deep into the ground so that its terrible cold would not freeze the Earth. NINE WORLDS In Norse mythology the Nine Worlds were broken into three levels. • At the top level were ASGARD, the home of the AESIR; VANAHEIM, the home of the VANIR; and Alfheim, the home of the light ELVES. • At the middle level, and connected to Asgard by BIFROST, the RAINBOW BRIDGE, were MIDGARD (Middle Earth), the home of HUMANS; JOTUNHEIM, the home of the JOTUNS, or GIANTS; and SVARTALFHEIM, the home of the dark elves. • In the underworld were NIFLHEIM, world of the dead, cold, and misty, whose citadel was Hel, home of HEL, queen of the dead; and MUSPELL-", "In ancient Germanic and mythology, the universe was believed to consist of multiple interconnected physical worlds (in Nordic mythology 9, in West Germanic and English mythology, 8). The world of Men, the Middle-earth, lay in the centre of this universe. The lands of Elves, Gods, and Giants lay across an encircling sea. The land of the Dead lay beneath the Middle-earth. A rainbow bridge, Bifrost Bridge , extended from Middle-earth to Asgard across the sea. An outer sea encircled the seven other worlds ( Vanaheim , Asgard , Alfheim , SvartAlfheim , Muspellheim , Nidavellir , and Jotunheim ). In this conception, a \"world\" was more equivalent to a racial homeland than a physically separate world.", "Though never actually called \"Bifrost,\" Wagner's \"Rainbow Bridge\" is the same pathway in Teutonic mythology that connects Midgard to Asgard. This bridge is an important dramatic element in the first opera of the Ring. However, in adapting his Rainbow Bridge from Bifrost , Wagner excluded any reference to the mythical beliefs that were concerned with its construction by gods and the materials used to construct it. Also, in place of the Teutonic god Heimdall, Froh, the Ring's \"god of fields\" becomes the guardian of the Rainbow Bridge. Also, the appearance of this bridge in the Ring is more theatrical than symbolic. To the amazement of the other gods, Wotan creates the Rainbow Bridge at the end of Das Rheingold to provide the gods a direct way to return to Valhalla from Midgard. Since Wotan's magical by-way serves to distract the gods from the lament of the Rhinemaidens over the loss of their gold, this Rainbow Bridge becomes an excellent example of how Wagner uses objects and symbols for dramatic climax and intrigue (Cord, I, 28-29).", "In Thor: The Dark World, Chris Hemsworth’s character mentions that the Nine Realms are connected within Yggdrasil, yet the Marvel Asgardians require their version of Bifrost to transport between worlds. It seems like the Marvel Yggdrasil is either a constellation, or a concentrated star cluster, that acts as some form of cosmic anchor which keeps the nine different worlds aligned with each other. How this works exactly is not explained, but it does seem that the construct of Bifrost itself is a necessary component to traversing this interplanetary connection. Without it, travel between realms is limited to wormholes like the one Loki exploits in The Dark World, or to concentrated distortions caused by dark matter, which is how Odin sent Thor to Earth in The Avengers.", "The gods inhabit the heavenly realm of Asgard whereas mankind inhabits Midgard, a region in the center of the cosmos. At the edge of Midgard lies the Iron Wood, where the witch-giant Angerboda breeds the children of Fenrir . The giants dwell in the world around Midgard, Jötunheimr. ", "Bifrost was built by the gods for their daily travels to the world below and is resolutely guarded by the keen-eyed Heimdall against their dread enemies: the frost and mountain giants. When Bifrost is stormed and collapses in the climactic battle ...", "Hilda Ellis Davidson comments that the existence of nine worlds around Yggdrasil is mentioned more than once in Old Norse sources, but the identity of the worlds is never stated outright, though it can be deduced from various sources. Davidson comments that \"no doubt the identity of the nine varied from time to time as the emphasis changed or new imagery arrived\". Davidson says that it is unclear where the nine worlds are located in relation to the tree; they could either exist one above the other or perhaps be grouped around the tree, but there are references to worlds existing beneath the tree, while the gods are pictured as in the sky, a rainbow bridge ( Bifröst ) connecting the tree with other worlds. Davidson opines that \"those who have tried to produce a convincing diagram of the Scandinavian cosmos from what we are told in the sources have only added to the confusion\". [22]", "Hilda Ellis Davidson comments that the existence of nine worlds around Yggdrasil is mentioned more than once in Old Norse sources, but the identity of the worlds is never stated outright, though it can be deduced from various sources. Davidson comments that \"no doubt the identity of the nine varied from time to time as the emphasis changed or new imagery arrived\". Davidson says that it is unclear where the nine worlds are located in relation to the tree; they could either exist one above the other or perhaps be grouped around the tree, but there are references to worlds existing beneath the tree, while the gods are pictured as in the sky, a rainbow bridge ( Bifröst ) connecting the tree with other worlds. Davidson opines that \"those who have tried to produce a convincing diagram of the Scandinavian cosmos from what we are told in the sources have only added to the confusion\". [21]", "Other Associated Dimensions: The Asgardian dimension is a cosmology of inter-connected worlds of which inhabit the other known races of the Asgardian gods. Among these are Asgard (home of the gods), Vanaheim (former home of the Vanir), Alfheim (home of elves), Nidavellir (home of dwarves), Jotunheim (home of the Jotuns or giants), Svartlheim (home of the dark elves), Hel (the land of the dead) and Niffleheim (the frozen land reserved for the dishonored dead). Among these realms is Midgard, the Norse name for Earth. ", "Yggdrasil bridges the three great realms of existence: In its midst lies Asgard, the mountainous domain of the Gods, pierced by the stem of the sacred tree. Yggdrasil has three gigantic roots that stretch to all the realms of existence. One reaches into Asa, the second into the realm of the frost giants and the third into Niflheim, the underworld realm of the dead.", "During all of this, the sky splits into two. From the split, the \"sons of Muspell\" ride forth. Surtr rides first, surrounded by flames, his sword brighter than the sun. High says that \"Muspell's sons\" will ride across Bifröst, described in Gylfaginning as a rainbow bridge, and that the bridge will then break. The sons of Muspell (and their shining battle troop) advance to the field of Vígríðr, described as an expanse that reaches \"a hundred leagues in each direction,\" where Fenrir, Jörmungandr, Loki (followed by \"Hel's own\"), and Hrym (accompanied by all frost jötnar) join them. While this occurs, Heimdallr stands and blows the Gjallarhorn with all his might. The gods awaken at the sound, and they meet. Odin rides to Mímisbrunnr in search of counsel from Mímir. Yggdrasil shakes, and everything, everywhere fears.", "Vali is considered the Eternal God of Light, and is one of the few gods prophecied to survive Ragnorak (the Germanic equivalent of Armageddon). Like Robin, Vali is also a vegetation god, born from the frozen earth, Rind, as she thaws and accepts the advances of Odin, the Summer God.", "*In Odin Sphere one of the five warlords is the 'Demon Lord Odin', who commands an army of Valkyrie warriors. The game depicts many aspects of Norse mythology, such as the Armageddon - standing for the Ragnarök, the Haljas (guardians of the Netherworld), the Aesir and the Vanir (Valkyries and Fairies) fighting over the control of the land.", "Midgard (an anglicised form of Old Norse ; Old English , Swedish/Danish Midgård, Old Saxon , Old High German , Gothic Midjun-gards; literally \"middle yard\") is the name for the world (in the sense of oikoumene) inhabited by and known to humans in early Germanic cosmology, and specifically one of the Nine Worlds in Norse mythology.", "Midgard (an anglicised form of Old Norse Miðgarðr; Old English Middangeard, Old High German Mittilagart, Gothic Midjun-gards; literally \"middle enclosure\") is the name for the world (in the sense of oikoumene) inhabited by and known to humans in early Germanic cosmology, and specifically one of the Nine Worlds and in Norse mythology.", "In Gylfi's delusion, ancient Asgard was ruled by the senior god, the all-father, who had twelve names. He was the ruler of everything and the creator of heaven and earth (Section 3). During a complex creation myth in which the cosmic cow licked Búri free from the ice, the sons of Buri's son, Bor, who were Odin, Vili and Vé, constructed the universe and put Midgard in it as a residence for the first human couple, Ask and Embla, whom they created from driftwood trees in Section 9.", "The Swedish scholar Viktor Rydberg , writing in the late 19th century, drew a parallel between the Norse creation myths and accounts in Zoroastrian and Vedic mythology , postulating a common Proto-Indo-European origin. While many of Rydberg's theories were dismissed as fanciful by later scholars his work on comparative mythology was sound to a large extent. Zoroastrian mythology does have a primeval ox which is variously said to be male or female and comes into existence in the middle of the earth along with the primeval man.", "In old-Scandinavian mythology, Jord is the personification of the primitive, unpopulated, and uncultivated Earth. She is one of the wives of the chief god Odin and the mother of the god Thor. She overlaps with Nerthus and is identifiable with Frigg." ]

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[ "May 30: Memorial Day (USA). Originally called Decoration Day it was first observed in 1868 to honor the dead of the Civil War. The name gradually changed to Memorial Day until declared official by Federal law in 1967. In June of 1968 Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act which moved the celebration to the last Monday in May. Memorial Day eventually was extended to honor all Americans who died while in military service.", "Memorial Day, as a formal holiday, is an American holiday. It is celebrated to remember military service members who have died in the line of duty. Memorial Day was originally called Decoration Day, as the holiday was centered on decorating the graves of those who had fallen in the Civil War.", "1868 - Memorial Day was observed for the first time in the United States -- at the request of General John A. Logan, the national commander of the Grand Army of the Republic. It was first called Decoration Day because the General had seen women decorating graves of Civil War heroes.", "The holiday was originally known as Decoration Day to allow the decoration of graves with flowers and flags.", "By 1865 the practice of decorating soldiers’ graves had become widespread in the North. General John Logan, National Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic–the society of Union Army veterans–called for all GAR posts to celebrate a “Decoration Day” on May 30, 1868. There were events in 183 cemeteries in 27 states in 1868, and 336 in 1869. The northern states quickly adopted the holiday; Michigan made “Decoration Day” an official state holiday in 1871 and by 1890 every northern state followed suit. The ceremonies were sponsored by the Women’s Relief Corps, with 100,000 members.", "History of Memorial Day, from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs website. Three years after the Civil War ended, on May 5, 1868, the head of an organization of Union veterans — the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) — established Decoration Day as a time for the nation to decorate the graves of the war dead with flowers. Maj. Gen. John A. Logan declared that Decoration Day should be observed on May 30. It is believed that date was chosen because flowers would be in bloom all over the country. ", "On May 5, 1868, General John A. Logan, leader of an organization for Northern Civil War veterans, called for a nationwide day of remembrance later that month. “The 30th of May, 1868, is designated for the purpose of strewing with flowers, or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country during the late rebellion, and whose bodies now lie in almost every city, village and hamlet churchyard in the land,” he proclaimed. The date of Decoration Day, as he called it, was chosen because it wasn’t the anniversary of any particular battle.", "The next year, in May of 1866, Henry Carter Welles pitched this same idea to one General John B. Murray, who at that time was the Seneca County clerk . General John Murray went gaga over the idea of a nationwide holiday honoring the fallen Civil War soldiers, and the rest is history: Waterloo, New York was soon recognized by the United States government as “The Birthplace of Decoration Day.”", "Memorial Day was officially proclaimed on 5 May 1868 by General John Logan, national commander of the Grand Army of the Republic, in his General Order No. 11, and was first observed on 30 May 1868, when flowers were placed on the graves of Union and Confederate soldiers at Arlington National Cemetery. The first state to officially recognize the holiday was New York in 1873. By 1890 it was recognized by all of the northern states. The South refused to acknowledge the day, honoring their dead on separate days until after World War I (when the holiday changed from honoring just those who died fighting in the Civil War to honoring Americans who died fighting in any war). It is now celebrated in almost every State on the last Monday in May (passed by Congress with the National Holiday Act of 1971 (P.L. 90 – 363) to ensure a three day weekend for Federal holidays), though several southern states have an additional separate day for honoring the Confederate war dead: January 19 in Texas, April 26 in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi; May 10 in South Carolina; and June 3 (Jefferson Davis’ birthday) in Louisiana and Tennessee.", "In Charleston, South Carolina in 1865, freedmen (freed enslaved Africans) celebrated at the Washington Race Course, today the location of Hampton Park. The site had been used as a temporary Confederate prison camp for captured Union soldiers in 1865, as well as a mass grave for Union soldiers who died there. Immediately after the cessation of hostilities, freedmen exhumed the bodies from the mass grave and reinterred them in individual graves. They built a fence around the graveyard with an entry arch and declared it a Union graveyard. On May 1, 1865, a crowd of up to ten thousand, mainly black residents, including 2800 children, proceeded to the location for events that included sermons, singing, and a picnic on the grounds, thereby creating the first Decoration Day-type celebration. Columbus, Mississippi at its first Decoration Day on April 25, 1866, commemorated both the Union and Confederate soldiers buried in its cemetery. Other Southern states also began their own Decoration Days remembering those who died during the War, ranging from April 26 to mid June of each year.", "When George Washington was alive in the 1700s, his birthday was celebrated by much of the US, therefore observing it as a holiday. President’s Day was established in 1885 for George Washington since as he was the first President. In 1968 the first attempt to make this a national holiday failed but the second attempt (1971) was successful. Thanks to this, federal offices, schools, and even the post office will be closed to observe Washington’s Birthday, called the Uniform Monday Holiday Act to give workers a three-day weekend.", "Celebrations of the Fourth of July became more common as the years went on and in 1870, almost a hundred years after the Declaration was written, Congress first declared July 4 to be a national holiday as part of a bill to officially recognize several holidays, including Christmas. Further legislation about national holidays, including July 4, was passed in 1939 and 1941.", "· April Fool's Day · Arbor Day · Confederate Memorial Day (AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC) · Emancipation Day (DC) · Thomas Jefferson's Birthday (AL) · Patriots' Day (MA, ME) · San Jacinto Day (TX) · Mahavir Jayanti (religious) · 420 Day · Earth Day · Walpurgis Night (religious) · Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (week) · Confederate History Month (month)", "In 1968, shortly after Martin Luther King died, a campaign was started for his birthday to become a holiday to honor him. After the first bill was introduced, trade unions lead the campaign for the federal holiday. It was endorsed in 1976. Following support from the musician Stevie Wonder with his single \"Happy Birthday\" and a petition with six million signatures, the bill became law in 1983. Martin Luther King Day was first observed in 1986, although it was not observed in all states until the year 2000. In 1990, the Wyoming legislature designated Martin Luther King Jr/Wyoming Equality Day as a legal holiday.", "In the USA, governmental recognition first came through municipal ordinances passed during 1885 and 1886. The first state bill was introduced into the New York legislature, but the first to become law was passed by Oregon on February 21, 1887. By 1894, 23 other states had adopted the holiday in honor of workers, and on June 28 of that year, Congress passed an act making the first Monday in September of each year a legal holiday in the District of Columbia and the territories.", "For Americans, the very act of celebrating notable occasions-like the Fourth of July, battle anniversaries, and others-nurtured patriotism and national identity. It was crucial for the new nation, which lacked a shared history and ancient local heroes, to invent traditions and mark important national occasions. The shared experience of celebrating common holidays created a bond of tradition and a sense of belonging to a relatively new homeland. As more and diverse peoples migrated to the United States, it became even more important to celebrate significant annual anniversaries.", "Juneteenth, also known as Juneteenth Independence Day, Freedom Day, or Emancipation Day, is a holiday in the United States that commemorates the announcement of the abolition of slavery in the U.S.", "Canada Day (French: Fête du Canada) is the national day of Canada, a federal statutory holiday celebrating the anniversary of the July 1, 1867, enactment of the British North America Act, 1867 (today called the Constitution Act, 1867), which united three colonies into a single country called Canada within the British Empire. Originally called Dominion Day (French: Le Jour de la Confédération), the holiday was renamed in 1982, the year the Canada Act was passed.", "Many Italian-Americans observe Columbus Day as a celebration of their heritage, the first occasion being in New York City on October 12, 1866. Columbus Day was first enshrined as a legal holiday in the United States through the lobbying of Angelo Noce, a first generation Italian, in Denver. The first statewide Columbus Day holiday was proclaimed by Colorado governor Jesse F. McDonald in 1905, and it was made a statutory holiday in 1907. In April 1934, as a result of lobbying by the Knights of Columbus and New York City Italian leader Generoso Pope, Congress and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt proclaimed October 12 a federal holiday under the name Columbus Day. ", "In England, 29 May was kept as an offical public holiday known as Oak Apple Day in commemoration of the Restoration. The official holiday was abolished in 1859, yet traditional ceremonies and customs persist in a few places to this day.", "Canada Day () is the national day of Canada. A federal statutory holiday, it celebrates the anniversary of the July 1, 1867, enactment of the Constitution Act, 1867 (then called the British North America Act, 1867), which united the three separate colonies of the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick into a single Dominion within the British Empire called Canada. Originally called Dominion Day (), the holiday was renamed in 1982, the year the Canada Act was passed. Canada Day celebrations take place throughout the country, as well as in various locations around the world, attended by Canadians living abroad.", "Columbus Day first became an official state holiday in Colorado in 1906, and became a federal holiday in the United States in 1937, though people have celebrated Columbus's voyage since the colonial period. In 1792, New York City and other U.S. cities celebrated the 300th anniversary of his landing in the New World. President Benjamin Harrison called upon the people of the United States to celebrate Columbus Day on the 400th anniversary of the event. During the four hundredth anniversary in 1892, teachers, preachers, poets and politicians used Columbus Day rituals to teach ideals of patriotism. These patriotic rituals took themes such as citizenship boundaries, the importance of loyalty to the nation, and celebrating social progress. ", "The practice of holding annual festivities to celebrate workers spread across the country, but Labor Day didn’t become a national holiday for more than a decade. Oregon became the first state to declare it a holiday in 1887, and states like New York, Massachusetts and Colorado soon followed suit. Under President Grover Cleveland, and amid growing awareness of the labor movement, the first Monday in September became a national holiday in 1896.", "King was the chief spokesman for nonviolent activism in the civil rights movement, which successfully protested racial discrimination in federal and state law. The campaign for a federal holiday in King's honor began soon after his assassination in 1968. President Ronald Reagan signed the holiday into law in 1983, and it was first observed three years later. At first, some states resisted observing the holiday as such, giving it alternative names or combining it with other holidays. It was officially observed in all 50 states for the first time in 2000.", "On January 20, 1986, in cities and towns across America people celebrated the first official Martin Luther King Day, the only US federal holiday commemorating an African-American.", "In the 1800s, Great Britain controlled a large empire that included a large part of what is now Canada. Many influential figures in Canada at that time had British roots and wished to celebrate and emphasize these. From 1898, Empire Day was celebrated in Canadian schools on the last school day before Queen Victoria's Birthday on May 24. The celebrations often lasted a whole day and included speeches by trustees and the singing of inspirational songs. After Queen Victoria's death in 1901, her birthday became an annual commemoration of her life and the pride people felt for being part of the British Empire. To celebrate, people often lit fireworks and bonfires.", "Oak Apple Day was a holiday celebrated in England on 29 May to commemorate the restoration of the monarchy in Great Britain and Ireland, in May 1660. In some parts of the country, the day was also known as Shick-Shack Day or Arbour Day.", "Arbor Day was founded in 1872 by J. Sterling Morton in Nebraska City, Nebraska. By the 1920s, each state in the United States had passed public laws that stipulated a certain day to be Arbor Day or Arbor and Bird Day observance.", "1986: the United States observed the first federal holiday in honor of slain civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. ", "Beginning in 1971, cities such as St. Louis, Missouri, and states established annual holidays to honor King. At the White House Rose Garden on November 2, 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a bill creating a federal holiday to honor King. Observed for the first time on January 20, 1986, it is called Martin Luther King Jr. Day. Following President George H. W. Bush's 1992 proclamation, the holiday is observed on the third Monday of January each year, near the time of King's birthday. ", "Today, the holiday is primarily celebrated in Europe (especially in Scandinavia, where the feast is believed to have originated), but it’s also celebrated as far south as Italy, and even in parts of the U.S.! In some places, there are even parades, church services, and no school!", "Many Americans celebrate this day by camping, travel or recreation. Some people celebrate by going to picnics with their families and friends. Schools have the students travel around to try to teach other students about the U.S. Presidents especially Washington and Lincoln." ]

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[ "The teams compete in eight oared rowing boats, each boat is steered by a cox who sits in the stern or back of the boat. The cox is the only crew member who faces in the direction they are going.", "The teams compete in eight oared rowing boats, each steered by a cox who sits in the stern or back of the boat. The cox is the only crew member who faces in the direction they are moving.", "In a crew, the coxswain (or simply the 'cox', or 'coxie') is the member who sits in the stern (except in bowloaders) facing the bow. The coxswain is responsible for steering the boat, and coordinating the power and rhythm of the rowers. In some capacities, the coxswain is responsible for implementing the training regimen prescribed by a team's coach during practice.", "A coxswain is the coach in the boat, in addition to following the orders of the team coach, the coxswain is connected to the way the boat feels, what's working, what needs to be changed, and how. A successful coxswain must keep track of the drill, time, pace, words of the coach, feel of the boat, direction of the boat, and safety. During a race, a coxswain is responsible for steering, calling the moves, and responding to the way the other boats are moving. Success depends on the physical and mental strength of the rowers, as well as the mental strength, ability to respond to the environment, and way in which the coxswain motivates the rowers, as individuals as well as the whole boat.", "The coxswain is the eyes and ears of the boat. The coxswain is a team member who is often overlooked (other than being thrown into the water to celebrate a boat’s victory) but his/her role on the water is considerably more involved. The coxswain must guide the boat to the starting line and get the boat lined up correctly. Once the race begins, he or she has to be a good motivator because the coxswain is the only one who can talk to the rowers.", "Single and double sculls are usually steered by the scullers pulling harder on one side or the other. In other boats there is a rudder, controlled by the cox, if present, or by one of the crew. In the latter case the rudder cable is attached to the toe of one of their shoes which can pivot about the ball of the foot, moving the cable left or right. The steersman may row at bow, which has the best vision when looking over their shoulder or on straighter courses stroke may steer, since they can point the stern of the boat at some landmark at the start of the course. On international courses landmarks for steersmen, consisting of two aligned poles, are provided.", "The rowers in seats 1 and 2 are known as the bow pair. They are expected to deliver a smooth fluid technique. In an effort to  keep the bow up in the water, the bow pair are usually a little smaller and lighter than the other rowers. They are the first to cross the finish line. Rowers in seats 3, 4, 5, 6, are known as the engine room. These rowers are expected to provide the strongest and hardest strokes.Rowers in seats 7, and 8 are known as the stern pair. They are expected to provide both strength and technique. Seat 8,    known as the stroke, sets the pace. It is his stroke that the other rowers follow. The coxswain, who usually sits in the back, is the only person with eyes front. The coxswain does not row but rather steers the craft, directs the pace and verbally encourages his crew to perform to the best of their ability. Coxswains do not contribute any propulsion to the boat. For this reason they are usually small people with big vocal chords. A coxswain can be male or female and compete with crews of the opposite sex in their division.", "Coxswain, cox -  Pronounced \"cox-en,\" The coxswain is the person that steers the boat. He/she is a coxswain or cox'n or cox and he/she is coxing a boat. A cox'n usually uses an electronic amplifier system called a CoxBox™. It not only amplifies the cox'n's voice through a speaker system, but it has a built in stroke rate meter and a timer. Some boats, usually fours, may have a lie-down coxswain's position in the bow end instead of the sit-up position in the stern.", "The remaining four on the roster are the coxswains, and their role is less obvious and nearly always misunderstood by those not familiar with crew. The coxswain generally sits at the back—the stern, in nautical terms—of the boat (although, in the four-seated boats, the coxswain lies down in the front, or bow, of the boat). Coxswains wear a microphone headset that they use to communicate with the crew. They are also responsible for steering the boat, with hand controllers below the gunwale that adjust the rudder. The process of driving a shell—another name for the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic boats used in crew—shares nothing with the process of driving a modern automobile. A shell turns gradually and slowly, and controlling the direction, particularly on complex courses like that of the Head of the Charles, is a matter of finesse and subtlety.", "\"On the boat each team is slightly different, but a boat is usually split into two halves. There's the afterguard which includes the helmsman who steers, a strategist and the tactician.", "The coxswain is in charge of the shell. They are responsible for crew safety, which must be the prime concern. Along with steering, their role is to coach the crew. The cox acts as the coach's assistant, but in the absence of a coach, as is the case in a race, the cox becomes the coach. Being in the boat, the cox has a feel for what the crew need and a good view of technical errors. The cox needs to translate the coach's concerns into practical calls. The cox must be able to diagnose problems such as balance and coach the crew into appropriate corrective action. At the start of an outing the cox must be able to take the crew through a technical and physical warm-up so that the coach is presented with a crew which is able to start the training program and has recapped any points that the coach has been emphasising in previous outings. It is essential that the coach and the cox work in good harmony and show respect to each other all the time. It's essential that the cox is briefed on what the coach wants to achieve in the outing from the point of view of building physical fitness, technical skill and team spirit. A cox must be positive, a good motivator and very encouraging. Whilst errors must be spotted and corrected, it is also important to catch someone getting it right where they have been struggling.", "The race begins at the downstream end of Temple Island, where the crews attach to a pair of pontoons. The race umpire will then call out the names of the two crews and start them when they are both straight and ready. Each crew is assigned to row on either the 'Bucks' (Buckinghamshire) or 'Berks' (Berkshire) side of the race course. The coxswains or steersmen are expected to keep their crew on the allocated side of the course at all times during the race, else they risk disqualification. The only exception is when a crew leads by a sizeable margin and is not deemed by the umpire to be impeding the trailing crew.", "The race begins at the downstream end of Temple Island, where the crews attach to a pair of pontoons. The race umpire will then call out the names of the two crews and start them when they are both straight and ready. Each crew is assigned to row on either the 'Bucks' ( Buckinghamshire ) or 'Berks' ( Berkshire ) side of the race course. The coxswains or steersmen are expected to keep their crew on the allocated side of the course at all times during the race, else they risk disqualification. The only exception is when a crew leads by a sizeable margin and is not deemed by the umpire to be impeding the trailing crew.", "The Danish crew of Kasper Winther, Jacob Larsen, Jacob Barsoe and Morten Joergensen are the defending world champions. Of the U.S. crew, only King is new to the boat. Daly, a 2008 Olympian in the event, Fahden and Prendes, who both rowed in the event at the London Olympics, were in the boat last summer in South Korea.", "The most common instances, called sculling, are those where one rower pulls on two oars, each a single straight piece mounted to an oarlock on the gunwhale of the boat, thereby moving the boat in the direction opposite that which the rower faces. A single oar per rower, called sweeping, multiple rowers (usually coordinated by a coxswain), articulated oars that facilitate efficient rowing in the direction the rower faces, maneuvers aimed at turning or at rowing in the opposite direction, and some combinations of these, are also well established aspects of rowing.", "Ernesto Bertarelli, helmsman; Pierre-Yves Jorand, mainsail trimmer, performance; Nils Frei, trimmer; Yves Detrey, bow/mastman, boat captain; JC Monnin, trimmer, performance; Luc Dubois, helmsman, performance; Tanguy Cariou, tactician; Coraline Jonet, trimmer; Andrew Graham, spare; Claudy Dewarrat, coach; Christian Wahl, tactician", "The cox will also need to take into account the stream and the wind as well as the river. As a general rule, still waters do not run deep: rather the stream is strongest where the river is deepest. This explains why in the (Oxford and Cambridge) Boat Race coxes tend to steer in the centre of the river. Competitive steering is best done by the cox steering their best course and leaving the other cox to make mistakes.", "Rowing boats are designed for speed, not manoeuverability, so steering requires effort. Coxswains may steer with either the tiller (a cable connected to the rudder), commands for increased \"pressure\" or strength from rowers on one side of the boat, or both, depending on what is necessary in the situation. In the most extreme cases, the coxswain may go \"full tiller\", turning the rudder to its maximum angle, and may enlist the rowers to help the boat turn faster. This technique is usually reserved for only the sharpest turns, as the sharp angle of the rudder increases drag and upsets the balance of the boat. For more conventional turns, the coxswain may move the tiller slightly to one side or the other over the course of a few strokes. To minimize disturbance of the boat's stability, the motion of the tiller must be smooth and not sudden. The coxswain may also initiate the turn during the drive phase of the stroke, when the propulsive force of the oar blades in the water helps stabilize the boat. For very small steering adjustments, the coxswain may move the tiller very subtly during the recovery phase of a single stroke. This technique is most effective at higher speeds and on straight courses, and must be used discreetly since motion of the tiller during the recovery can easily disturb the boat's balance.", "Great Britain won two out of three of the Rowing World Cups this season, but the crew that will race on Lake Karapiro has a new, albeit familiar, look. Grainger and Watkins are out as they focus solely on the double and in their place sees the return of Debbie Flood and Frances Houghton – both returning after taking silver two years ago at the Beijing Olympics in this boat. Beth Rodford and Annabel Vernon complete the lineup.", "coxswain - A person who usually steers a ship's boat and has charge of its crew.", "Five countries have entered the eight event and the defending world champion U.S. will send the crew of coxswain Katelin Snyder (Winter Park, Fla.), Lind, Optiz, Musnicki, Luczak, Schmetterling, Polk, Simmonds and Kalmoe. The U.S. is up against Canada, China, Great Britain and Germany. Eight of the crew return to the lineup from the boat that took gold at the 2013 world championships, including Snyder, Opitz, Luczak, Schmetterling, Polk, Simmonds and Olympic champions Lind and Musnicki.", "“+”: A “Sweep” race with coxswain. Each rower has 1 oar and there is an extra person to steer and direct the boat and the rowers.", "More rowers going under bridge. Sculls line up for start of race. Man on larger boat gives signal to start. Tracking shots of sculls as they go past.", "Several coxed and coxless crews were warned sternly for poor steering, and a couple of winning coxes taken aside later to be told that veering around would no longer be tolerated from now on. Wayward rudder use, sometimes deliberate, is way more common than romantics would like. However, sometimes the problem is just generic steering trouble: Leander's women's club quad proved a problem to steer for retired international Debbie Flood (steering from the three-seat, not an easy task) although they beat the Wallingford/Glasgow composite handily.", "* Canadian men's rowing pair Chris Jarvis and David Calder were disqualified in the semi-final round after they crossed into the lane belonging to the South African team of Donovan Cech and Ramon di Clemente and in doing so, according to the South Africans, interfered with their progress. The Canadians appealed unsuccessfully to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.", "The World Rowing Junior Championships are in full swing in Eton, and let me say that we here at RowingRelated are excited to see what Team USA can accomplish. The Southwest region is very well represented, with a large number of athletes from Marin Rowing Association in the sweep boats (half the women's eight, which is being coached by MRA Head Coach Sandy Armstrong , and the JM4-). Another top story is Vashon Island freshman Mia Croonquist, who has made one of the top priority boats on the women's side, the W4-, coached by Liz Trond of Connecticut Boat Club. Croonquist, according to this article , is the youngest person ever to make the US Junior National Team. Olympian and former US National Teamer, and current Williams Head Coach Kate Maloney is also part of the coaching staff, working with the women's pair.", "5. When a captain is being rowed to another boat for a gamming, why is his position precarious?", "MEDAL CONTENDERS – The three top contenders for medals are Germany, Great Britain, and The Netherlands. Germany has finished runner up to Great Britain in the past three world championships, but return seven of eight rowers from 2015 and finished second in Lucerne to the Dutch. The Netherlands won the bronze in 2015, and won in Lucerne, as well as at Henley.", "Six other countries have entered to race including defending Olympic champion Germany, defending world champion Great Britain, along with China, Poland, France and Iran. The U.S. took bronze in the event at the 2013 World Rowing Championships and won gold at the Lucerne world cup stop last summer.", "In the 2012 London Olympics, Campbell won the bronze medal in the men's single sculls after moving into the medals with 500m to go against the Swedish national entry, Lassi Karonen. Alan Campbell, the Olympic single scull bronze medallist in 2012, dominated 5km GB Rowing Team Assessment in Boston, Lincs to win the open men's single scull event in a time of 17:03.23.", "Four sweep rowers without a coxswain. Steering is usually accomplished via a rudder that is attached to a cable that is connected to one of the rower’s foot stretchers (this an adjustable bracket to which the rower’s feet are secured). The coxless pair has a similar type of rudder setup.", "WR: Of the athletes that you have coached who would you like to go out rowing with?" ]

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[ "The Federal Republic of Nigeria, commonly referred to as Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic in West Africa, bordering Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. It comprises 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja is located. Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country. ", "The Federal Republic of Nigeria is a country in West Africa. The country borders with Niger, Benin, Cameroon and Chad. It is a member of the British Commonwealth. Nigeria has a total area of 923,800 sq. km. It is the most populous country in Africa with a population of 134 million people. The capital of Nigeria is Abuja. However, the main city and the true capital of the country is Lagos. Other large cities include Kano, Ibadan, Kaduna and Port Harcourt.", "Nigeria: Nigeria officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. There are over 500 ethnic groups in Nigeria, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba.", "Nigeriai: Nigeria officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. There are over 500 ethnic groups in Nigeria, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba.", "Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion. Until 1991, the capital was the largest city, Lagos, on the southwestern coast; at that time, the new city of Abuja, in the country’s interior, became capital. Nigeria has a federal form of government and is divided into 36 states and a federal capital territory. ", "The population distribution is coastal corresponding to the major economic regions. The southern half of the region is home to the majority of the people. Total population of the area is 210 million. Nigeria is the largest country with 123.3 million. The next most populous country is Ghana with 19.5 million people.  Smaller countries include Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Togo and Benin.", "Nigeria: Nigeria annexes their occupation zones in both Cameroon and Niger for the sake of becoming bigger. They also sign peace with the recently vassalized Cameroon in order to avoid getting into a conflict with the Congolose Empire. Being surrounded by colonizers and regional powers, Nigeria remains isolated from most of the world.", "The Federal Republic of Nigeria ranks amongst the most populous nations in the whole of Africa . Along its coast are some of the country's principal ports, including those of Port Harcourt and Lagos.", "Federal Republic of Nigeria , Nigeria - a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; gained independence from Britain in 1960; most populous African country", "Nigeria has a long-running border dispute with Cameroon over the mineral-rich Bakasi Peninsula, and the two nations have engaged in a series of cross-boarder skirmishes. Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger, and Chad also have a long-running border dispute over territory in the Lake Chad region, which also has led to some fighting across the borders.", "Nigeria has remained a key player in the international oil industry since the 1970s, and maintains membership in Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which it joined in July 1971. Its status as a major petroleum producer figures prominently in its sometimes volatile international relations with both developed countries, notably the United States, and the developing countries of China, Jamaica, and Ghana and Kenya in Africa. ", "Nigeria is a Federal Republic composed of 36 States, and a Capital Territory, with an elected President and a Bi-cameral Legislature. It operates the Presidential system of Government with three distinct but complementary arms namely the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary, each acting as a check on the other two.", "In 1960, Nigeria became independent of the United Kingdom. As with many other new African states, the borders of the country did not reflect earlier ethnic boundaries. Thus the northern Sudan and Sahelian Savannah region of the country is made up of Muslim majority, while the southern population was predominantly Christian. Furthermore, Nigeria's oil, its primary source of income, was located in the south of the country.", "Since then other things had happened because of military intervention and socialization. In my book, Reflections on the Nigerian Civil War, in 1968 I recommended for Nigeria what I called an elastic federal union of six states, 24 years ahead of the concept of six geopolitical zones. In fact, the states coincided largely with the six zones. I mentioned North-West, North-East, North-Central, South-West, South-East and South-Central. What I called South-Central is South-South.", "Nigeria is a country located in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea. The country of Nigeria is made up of numerous kingdoms and tribal states. A Nigerian Domain name .NG will help your business or organization expand in the most populated African country and the seventh most populated country in the world. Register .NG Nigeria and show the Nigerian community your commitment!", "Nigeria is a country of marked ecological diversity and climatic contrasts. The lowest point is the Atlantic Ocean at sea level while the highest point is the Chappal Waddi at 2 419 m. Nigeria has diverse biophysical characteristics, ethnic nationalities, agro-ecological zones and socio-economic conditions. It has evolved over time and space in terms of administrative structures and nature of governance. It started as an amalgamated British colony in 1914, became a federation in 1963; then became independent in 1960 as a two-unit region comprising the Northern and Southern provinces. An additional Mid-Western region was created in 1963. Also in 1963, Nigeria was proclaimed a republic.", "H International Organizations  At independence in 1960 Nigeria joined the United Nations (UN) and its affiliated agencies. It also joined the British Commonwealth of Nations. Its membership in the Commonwealth was suspended between 1995 and 1999 to protest human rights abuses and the slow rate of democratization by the Abacha government. Nigeria is also a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the NonAligned Movement (NAM). A founding member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), Nigeria took the lead in opposing the apartheid regime in South Africa. It is also the dominant partner in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and a member of the African Development Bank and the Lake Chad Basin Commission.", "The Niger and Benue Rivers come together in the center of the country, creating a \"Y\" that splits Nigeria into three separate sections. In general, this \"Y\" marks the boundaries of the three major ethnic groups, with the Hausa in the north, the Yoruba in the southwest, and the Igbo in the southeast.", "Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, the eighth most populous country in the world , and the most populous country in the world in which the majority of the population is ' black '. It is listed among the \" Next Eleven \" economies, and is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations . The economy of Nigeria is one of the fastest growing in the world , with the International Monetary Fund projecting a growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. [5] [6] [7] [8] It is the second largest economy in Africa , and is a regional power that is also the hegemon in West Afri", "Nigeria's foreign policy was tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region. Nigeria backed the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and ECOMOG, economic and military organisations, respectively.", "Earlier in the 19th Century, the British had conquered the different parts of the present Nigeria at different times, and established control and authority over them. These areas were grouped into Protectorates namely Lagos, Niger Coast (also known as Oi1 River Protectorate), and the Northern Protectorate.  For ease of administration and control, the Northern Protectorate, and the Southern Protectorate (made up of Lagos and Niger Coast) were amalgamated in 1914   by the British. Thus come into existence the country presently known as NIGERIA.", "With a population of more than 113 million, Nigeria is easily the most populated country in Africa and the 10th most populous country in the world.", "17 Nigeria A west African nation that is rich with oil resources. Nigeria is a democratic republic, although it is constantly threatened by corruption and fighting. Nigeria has the highest population in Africa.", "Nigeria and the United States belong to a number of the same international organizations, including the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization. Nigeria also is an observer to the Organization of American States.", "The most populous nation in Africa, Nigeria is on the western coast, just north of the equator. For decades, Nigeria was a British colony until declaring independence in 1960. Three years later, Nigeria became a republic within the British commonwealth.", "Nigeria Nigeria gained independence on the 1 October, 1960 becoming a member of the Commonwealth the same year. In 2003 the Queen arrived in Abuja, two days ahead of the Commonwealth summit, on her first visit since the country’s independence. During the intervening years Nigeria suffered civil war, military dictatorship and corrupt rule, and emerged in the 21st century as the world’s biggest black nation. Nigeria was suspended from the Commonwealth between 1995-1999 after years of harsh military rule it was seen as a pariah state by the west. Commonwealth leaders agreed to Nigeria’s reinstatement when the country embarked on its return to democracy, culminating in presidential elections to end 15 years of military rule. During her 2003 visit, the Queen spoke of the importance of securing a free democracy. She said: “Democracy gives people a choice in how they are governed, and those in Government rule with the consent of their people. Underdevelopment is one of the greatest threats to democracy; the one cannot be sustained without the other.Your theme also talks of partnership. The Commonwealth is one of the great partnerships of the world where rich and poor, large and small, work together for the common good”. Nigeria’s President Goodluck Jonathan says his country remains “unwaveringly committed to those ideals which signpost the essence of the Commonwealth of Nations”, and his country takes unmediated pride in the shared heritage that keeps its members of one family.", "The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of the following individuals who wrote the 1982 edition of Nigeria: A Country Study: Robert Rinehart, Irving Kaplan, Donald P. Whitaker, Jean R. Tartter, and Frederick Ehrenreich. Their work provided the basis of the present volume, as well as substantial portions of the text.", "Nigeria is now the 24th largest economy in the world. Above: a traffic-congested road in Lagos, the country's former capital. Photograph: Tim Graham/Alamy", "If any nation typified political scientist Richard Sklar's characterization of the African continent as a \"workshop of democracy,\" it would certainly be Nigeria. The country has experimented with different federal, state, and local government systems, learning more about its needs, resources, and constraints with each experiment. Despite the predominance of military regimes during the three postcolonial decades, Nigerian society has retained many of the fundamental building blocks of a democratic polity: vigorous entrepreneurial classes, a broad intelligentsia and numerous centers of higher education, a dynamic legal community and judiciary, diverse and often outspoken media, and, increasingly, courageous human rights organizations.", "If any nation typified political scientist Richard Sklar's characterization of the African continent as a \"workshop of democracy,\" it would certainly be Nigeria. The country has experimented with different federal, state, and local government systems, learning more about its needs, resources, and constraints with each experiment. Despite the predominance of military regimes during the three postcolonial decades, Nigerian society has retained many of the fundamental building blocks of a democratic polity: vigorous entrepreneurial classes, a broad intelligentsia and numerous centers of higher education, a dynamic legal community and judiciary, diverse and often outspoken media, and, increasingly, courageous human rights organizations.", "Nigeria continues to experience long-standing ethnic and religious tensions. Although both the 2003 and 2007 presidential elections were marred by significant irregularities and violence, Nigeria is currently experiencing its longest period of civilian rule since independence. The general elections of April 2007 marked the first civilian-to-civilian transfer of power in the country's history and the elections of 2011 were generally regarded as credible. In January 2014, Nigeria assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2014-15 term.", "Nov. 11 : Meeting in Auckland, New Zealand, the British Commonwealth suspends Nigeria’s membership and threatens to expel the nation from the organization. The action is in response to the Nigerian government’s execution of writer Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other minority-rights activists after they had been convicted of inciting the murder of four leaders of the Oguni ethnic group in 1994." ]

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[ "Star Wars is an epic space opera franchise initially developed by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded since that time. The first film in the franchise was simply titled Star Wars , but later had the subtitle A New Hope added to distinguish it from its sequels and prequels. Star Wars was released on May 25 , 1977 by 20th Century Fox , and became a worldwide Pop Culture phenomenon, initially spawning two sequels. Twenty-two years after Star Wars was released, Lucas began the release of a second trilogy as a prequel to the original trilogy . The franchise has also spawned other media including novels , television series , video games , comic books , and other merchandise. These supplements to the film trilogies comprise the Star Wars Expanded Universe , and have resulted in significant development of the series' fictional universe .", "Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise conceived by George Lucas . The first film in the franchise was originally released on May 25, 1977, under the title Star Wars, by 20th Century Fox , and became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon, followed by two sequels, released at three-year intervals. Sixteen years after the release of the trilogy's final film, the first in a new prequel trilogy of films was released, again released at three-year intervals, with the final film released on May 19, 2005.", "Star Wars is an epic space opera franchise initially developed by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded since that time. The first film in the franchise was simply titled Star Wars, but later had the subtitle A New Hope added to distinguish it from its sequels and prequels. Star Wars was released on May 25, 1977 by 20th Century Fox, and became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon, initially spawning two sequels. Twenty-two years after Star Wars was released, Lucas began the release of a second trilogy as a prequel to the original trilogy . The franchise has also spawned other media including novels , television series, video games , comic books, and other merchandise. These supplements to the film trilogies comprise the Star Wars Expanded Universe, and have resulted in significant development of the series' fictional universe.", "Star Wars (later retitled Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope ) is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. The first installment in the original Star Wars trilogy, it stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, and Alec Guinness. David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker and Peter Mayhew co-star in supporting roles.", "The film series began with Star Wars, released on May 25, 1977. This was followed by two sequels: The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21, 1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25, 1983.", "Star Wars was released theatrically in the United States on May 25, 1977. It earned $461 million in the U.S. and $314 million overseas, totaling $775 million. It surpassed Jaws (1975) to become the highest-grossing film of all time, until the release of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982). When adjusted for inflation, Star Wars is the second-highest-grossing film in North America, and the third-highest-grossing film in the world. The film received ten Academy Award nominations (including Best Picture), winning seven. It was selected to become part of the U.S. National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in its first year of opening as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"; at the time, it was the newest film to be selected, and it was the only film from the 1970s to be chosen. The film's soundtrack was added to the U.S. National Recording Registry 15 years later. Today, it is often regarded as one of the best films of all time, as well as one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures. It also launched an industry of media tie-in products, including TV series spinoffs, novels, comic books, and video games, as well as various other merchandise, such as toys, games, clothing, and other paraphernalia.", "The beginning of the Star Wars franchise was released on May 25, 1977 in the form of Star Wars, also known as Episode IV: A New Hope. The order of the film as episode IV indicates that it is the fourth film chronologically according to the Star Wars universe, although it was the first film released part of the Star Wars trilogy. The Empire Strikes Back was release three years later, on May 21, 1980, while The Return of the Jedi was released another three years later, on May 25, 1983.", "'In a galaxy far, far away' – May 25, 1977, was a historic day for sci-fi fans and moviegoers everywhere. George Lucas' \"Star Wars\" opened in theaters, introducing the world to characters such as Luke Skywalker, Chewbacca, R2D2 and, of course, Darth Vader. The \"Star Wars\" franchise is still one of most lucrative and popular film series around today.", "Science-fiction fans and movie buffs in general have cause to celebrate on this day in 1977, when 20th Century Fox releases George Lucas’ space odyssey Star Wars.", "More than two decades after the release of the original Star Wars, the series continued with the long-awaited prequel trilogy, consisting of Episode I: The Phantom Menace , released on May 19, 1999; Episode II: Attack of the Clones , released on May 16, 2002; and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith , released on May 19, 2005. [11]", "Becoming the first major steps into the adventurous scope of solar systems and space within the iconic franchise, it also became a crucial phase for film composing and creating magic with sound. Williams has since continued to compose the Star Wars franchise in  The Empire Strikes Back  (1980),  Return Of The Jedi  (1983),  The Phantom Menace  (1999),  Attack Of The Clones  (2002),  Revenge Of The Sith  (2005), and  The Force Awakens  (2015), and is scheduled to return in the yet-to-be-titled sequels  Episode VIII  (2017) and Episode IX  (2019). The following is a video of the artist conducting the main theme of the original 1977 film:", "1980 - Movie Release / Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back - May 1980: \"Released this date in history: Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back. Movie Gross: 534 million.\" [Based on: S.L.P.D., p. E1, 05/18/05]", "All Jedi of the Galaxy must commemorate. Today, 25 May, “Star Wars Episode 4: A New Hope” (for the new Padawans) or simply “Star Wars” (for all the old Jedi Masters) is turning 36.", "1983 - Movie Release / Star Wars Episode VI: Return Of The Jedi - May 1983: \"Released this date in history: Star Wars Episode VI: Return Of The Jedi. Movie Gross: 573 million.\" [Based on: S.L.P.D., p. E1, 05/18/05]", "1977 - Movie Release / Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope - May 1977: \"Released this date in history: Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope. Movie Gross: 798 million.\" [Based on: S.L.P.D., p. E1, 05/18/05]", "Lucas began writing the script before production of Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones ended. Production of Revenge of the Sith started in September 2003, filming in Australia with additional locations in Thailand, Switzerland, China, Italy and the United Kingdom. Revenge of the Sith premiered on May 15, 2005 at the Cannes Film Festival , then released worldwide on May 19, 2005. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, especially in contrast to the less positive reviews of the previous two prequels , receiving praise for its storyline, action scenes, John Williams' musical score, the visual effects, and the performances of Ewan McGregor, Ian McDiarmid, Frank Oz, and Jimmy Smits. It is the final film in the Star Wars franchise to be distributed by 20th Century Fox before the acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company in 2012.", "1999: \"Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace\" is released. ( Watch \"Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace\" on TNT)", "Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back, marketed as simply The Empire Strikes Back, is the second Star Wars film and the second chapter of the original trilogy. Originally released in 1980 , the film has proved to be one of the most popular films of the series among many fans and critics. It was re-released with changes in 1997 and (on DVD) in 2004 . The film was re-released on Blu-ray format in September of 2011 . A radio adaptation was broadcast on National Public Radio in the U.S. in 1983. The film was selected in 2010 to be preserved by the Library of Congress as part of its National Film Registry .", "Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise centered on a film series created by George Lucas. The franchise depicts a galaxy described as \"far, far away\" in the distant past, and portrays Jedi as a representation of good, in conflict with the Sith, their evil counterpart. Their weapon of choice, the lightsaber, is commonly recognized in popular culture. The franchise's storylines contain many themes, with influences from philosophy and religion.", "This Day in Movie History – May 21st, 1980 – Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back Released | Pony Producer's Positively Pony", "The three Star Wars movie novelizations, originally published by Del Rey back in the 70’s: Star Wars: A New Hope The Empire Strikes Back, and Return of the Jedi so-called: Episodes: IV, V and VI. Since Disney’s taking over of Lucas, the whole world has been awaiting patiently the upcoming new Star Wars movie, Star Wars Episode VII, scheduled for release on December 18, 2015. This movie is set approximately thirty years after Return of the Jedi and the demise of Darth Vader, the plot centers around a trio of young leads, along with characters from the previous installment. J. J. Abrams is directing the film from a screenplay he co-wrote with Lawrence Kasdan, and stars Andy Serkis, Max von Sydow, Lupita Nyong’o, and Gwendoline Christie, with Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Mark Hamill, Anthony Daniels, Peter Mayhew and Kenny Baker reprising their roles from previous films. LucasBooks Sales: Germany – Random House France – Presses de la Cite Hungary – Agave Brazil – Retina 78 Programaca Spain – Scyla", "Star Wars Episode I - The Phantom Menace by Terry Brooks (Lucas/Ballantine) - May 23, 1999", "24. What is the name of the 7th Stars Wars film to be directed by J. J. Abrams and scheduled for release in December 2015, 38 years after the first Star Wars film (1977) ?", "May 25 – Star Wars opens in cinemas and later becomes the historic highest grossing film for that time.", "In 1999, George Lucas launched the first of a series of prequels to the original Star Wars trilogy. Williams was asked to score all three films, starting with The Phantom Menace. Along with themes from the previous films, Williams created new themes to be used as leitmotifs in 2002's Attack of the Clones and 2005's Revenge of the Sith. Most notable of these was \"Duel of the Fates\", an aggressive choral movement utilizing harsh Sanskrit lyrics that broadened the style of music used in the Star Wars films. Also of note was \"Anakin's Theme\", which begins as an innocent childlike melody and morphs insidiously into a quote of the sinister \"Imperial March.\" For Episode II, Williams composed \"Across the Stars\", a love theme for Padmé Amidala and Anakin Skywalker (mirroring the love theme composed for The Empire Strikes Back). The final installment combined many of the themes created for the series' previous films, including \"The Emperor's Theme,\" \"The Imperial March\", \"Across the Stars\", \"Duel of the Fates\", \"The Force Theme\", \"Rebel Fanfare\", \"Luke's Theme\", and \"Princess Leia's Theme\", as well as new themes for General Grievous and the film's climax, entitled \"Battle of the Heroes\". ", "Celebrate 2000 wants to know what you think. The new Star Wars movie, \"Episode I: The Phantom Menace,\" comes out on May 19. We will celebrate movies in our May 16 issue, and we want to share our readers' favorite movies of all time.", "*May 23 - Starlog Salutes Star Wars is held in Los Angeles, California, the first officially sponsored Star Wars convention to commemorate the franchise's 10th anniversary.", "In an additional insert scene shot for the original Star Wars, the Captain America: The First Avenger director (and Oscar-winner for Best Visual Effects on Raiders of the Lost Ark) stands out on the Death Star surface looking over at the captured Millennium Falcon. Still a fetching costume to this day.", "A not-yet-titled Han Solo anthology film is scheduled to open May 25, 2018. It will be directed by Christopher Lord and Phil Miller (the team behind “The Lego Movie”) and written by Lawrence Kasdan and son Jon Kasdan.", "Star Wars: Episode III.V: American Graffiti (originally released as American Graffiti) is a 4 BBY sci-fi comedy film directed by George Lucas as a prequel to the Star Wars movie Episode IV: A New Hope . Set in 12 BBY, twelve years before Episode IV, American Graffiti tells of the exploits and adventures of Han Solo and his group of teenage friends during a night of cruising around the galaxy and listening to pirate radio personality Wolfman Jack .", "*May: In order to create the necessary special effects for his film, Star Wars, George Lucas forms Industrial Light and Magic.", "Three years after the first Death Star was blown to pieces, while Luke, Leia and Han were helping the Rebels gain an edge, an entirely different adventure was taking place on the forest moon of Endor. The made-for-TV movie follows Mace and Cindel, a brother and sister stranded on the planet, who team up with the Ewoks to resuce their parents from a strange monster. After the embarassment of the Holiday Special, George Lucas crafted the story himself, with the art director of the original films, Joe Johnston, overseeing the production design. The result was an award-winning adventure for its special effects, and the start of a new franchise within the series." ]

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[ "MISSISSIPPI is also known as the Magnolia State, because of the many Magnolia trees. The name Mississippi comes from an Algonquin word for \"great river\", and this river has played a dominant role in the development of the state. In 1817 Mississippi became the 20th state to join the US. The capital and largest city is Jackson. The population is around 2.8 million inhabitants, with a density of 24 per km2.", "On December 10, 1817, Mississippi was the 20th state admitted to the Union. David Holmes was elected as the first governor of the state. [23] Plantations were developed primarily along the rivers, where waterfront gave them access to the major transportation routes. This is also where early towns developed, linked by the steamboats that carried commercial products and crops to markets. The backcountry remained largely undeveloped frontier. [24]", "On December 10, 1817, Mississippi was the 20th state admitted to the Union. David Holmes was elected the first governor of the state. Plantations were developed primarily along the major rivers, where waterfront gave them access to the major transportation routes. This is also where early towns developed, linked by the steamboats that carried commercial products and crops to markets. The backcountry remained largely undeveloped frontier until it was cleared by freedmen during Reconstruction and later.", "The strongly directed message depicts beautiful magnolia blossoms, and all that they represent, along with a Mississippi state nickname, the Magnolia State. If you've never been fortunate enough to languish in the scent of the magnolia blossom, make a point to correct this. 1817 is the date that Mississippi was admitted to the union.", "A state of the southeast United States. It was admitted as the 20th state in 1817. French settlers arrived in 1699, and the area became part of Louisiana. It passed to the British (1763-1779) and then to the Spanish before being ceded to the United States in 1783. The Mississippi Territory, organized in 1798 and enlarged in 1804 and 1813, also included the present state of Alabama. Jackson is the capital and the largest city.", "The Union included the states of Maine, New York, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, California, Nevada, and Oregon. Abraham Lincoln was their President.", "The federal government tried to maintain a balance between slave states and free states. The new states admitted were: Indiana (1816, free), Mississippi (1817, slave), Illinois (1818, free), Alabama (1819, slave), Maine (1820, free), Missouri (1821, slave), Arkansas (1836, slave), and Michigan (1837, free).", "The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America (CSA or C.S.), commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a confederation of secessionist American states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was originally formed by seven slave states – South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas – in the Lower South region of the United States whose regional economy was mostly dependent upon agriculture, particularly cotton, and a plantation system that relied upon the labor of African-American slaves. ", "The political conflict between the North and the South took definite form in 1819, when Missouri applied for admission into the Union. Application was made entirely in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Constitution, closely adhering to procedures established in the admission process of other states.", "The U.S. Congress reorganized the Mississippi Territory in 1798. Alabama , originally part of Mississippi, became a separate territory in 1817. After many settlers from the South, Mid-Atlantic, and New England states had migrated to Mississippi to farm its rich alluvial soil, Congress made it the twentieth state in 1817.", "In 1834, after returning from Europe the previous year, James Buchanan was elected to represent his home state in the U.S. Senate. He resigned from the Senate in 1845, when President James Polk (1795-1849) named him U.S. secretary of state. During Buchanan’s tenure in this post, which lasted until 1849, the nation’s territory grew by more than one-third and extended across the continent for the first time. The United States annexed Texas , acquired California and much of the present-day Southwest during the Mexican-American War and secured what would become the Oregon Territory after settling a boundary dispute with Great Britain.", "Boundary disputes arose over the Louisiana Territory almost immediately, as the treaty did not state specific boundaries. The United States and Britain agreed in 1818 to establish the northern boundary at the 49th parallel. In the south, the United States claimed West Florida and part of Texas. Jefferson said that France had had actual possession of the Gulf Coast from Mobile westward since 1696, and that in 1755 maps published by the French government showed the Perdido River as the eastern boundary of France's possessions. This, he claimed, was part of the land that Spain had given back to France in 1800, and therefore part of the purchase. This dispute was settled by an 1819 treaty with Spain, in which the United States purchased Florida and surrendered its claim to Texas; Spain in return gave up its claim to West Florida.", "In 1820, Maine separated from Massachusetts and entered the Union as the 23rd state as a result of the ratification of the Missouri Compromise. ", "Illinois was admitted to the Federal Union as the twenty-first state on December 3, 1818. Since that historic date, Illinois has been governed from three different cities and from six Capitol buildings, one leased and the rest state-owned.", "Florida (Spanish for \"land of flowers\") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the United States. Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Tallahassee is the state capital.", "1812: Louisiana is the 18th state admitted to the Union . With certain boundary changes, had been the Territory of Orleans . It joined the Confederacy on January 26; 1861 and re-entered the Union after the Civil War. The Mississippi Territory is organized as is the Missouri Territory . The United States declares war on Britain . For more information about the War of 1812 and its battles see the War of 1812 Page along with individual State Military Pages.", "Facing little opposition from the fractured Federalist Party, Monroe was easily elected president in 1816, winning over 80 percent of the electoral vote and becoming the last president during the First Party System era of American politics. As president, he bought Florida from Spain and sought to ease partisan tensions, embarking on a tour of the country that was generally well received. With the ratification of the Treaty of 1818, under the successful diplomacy of his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, the United States extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific, giving America harbor and fishing rights in the Pacific Northwest. The United States and Britain jointly occupied the Oregon Country. In addition to the acquisition of Florida, the landmark Treaty of 1819 secured the border of the United States along the 42nd Parallel to the Pacific Ocean and represented America's first determined attempt at creating an \"American global empire\". As nationalism surged, partisan fury subsided and the \"Era of Good Feelings\" ensued until the Panic of 1819 struck and dispute over the admission of Missouri embroiled the country in 1820. Nonetheless, Monroe won near-unanimous reelection.", "In 1820 Maine, previously a part of Massachusetts, was admitted into the Union as an independent State.", "As early as 1837, the Republic made several attempts to negotiate annexation with the United States. Opposition within the republic from the nationalist faction, along with strong abolitionist opposition within the United States, slowed Texas's admission into the Union. Texas was finally annexed when the expansionist James K. Polk won the election of 1844. On December 29, 1845, Congress admitted Texas to the U.S. as a constituent state of the Union. ", "During 1784–1787, the settlers formed the “state” of Franklin, which was disbanded when the region was allowed to send representatives to the North Carolina legislature. In 1790 Congress organized the territory south of the Ohio River, and Tennessee joined the Union in 1796.", "Note: Louisiana west of the Mississippi River was mostly part of the Louisiana Territory, which was ceded by Spain to France in 1803 and then sold by France to the United States. In 1804 much of the present State was included in the newly established Orleans Territory; the rest of the Louisiana Purchase became Louisiana Territory, renamed Missouri Territory in 1812. Louisiana was admitted as a State on April 30, 1812 and immediately added the Florida Parishes east of the Mississippi and north of Lake Pontchartrain, although these still were claimed by Spain until 1819. Also in 1819, the boundary with Mexico (Texas) was settled by treaty, bringing the State to essentially its present limits. In 1810 the census covered most of the settled parts of what is now Louisiana, except for the Florida Parishes east of the Mississippi River. By 1820 census coverage extended to virtually all of the present State. Louisiana's primary subdivisions have long been termed parishes instead of counties; both terms appear in early censuses.. Total for 1810 is for Orleans Territory, and excludes the Florida Parishes east of the Mississippi River. Total for 1830 includes 210 persons returned in the aggregate rather than by county. Total for 1890 includes 1 Indian in prison, not reported by parish.", "On this date in 1821, Missouri entered the Union as the 24th state. It was the first one located entirely west of the Mississippi River.", "On December 18, 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the Constitution of the United States and join in this great union. The New Jersey state quarter was the third of the five quarters minted in 1999. The scene is the familiar \"Washington Crossing the Delaware\" and is based on an 1851 painting by Emmanuel Leutze.\"", "1819 – Alabama was admitted as the 22nd U.S. state, after the statehood of present-day Northern Alabama was delayed for several years by the lack of a coastline until Mobile was captured from Spain during the War of 1812.", "Florida was the 27th state to join the union. It became a state on March 3, 1845.", "Indiana became the 19th state on December 11, 1816. There was a residue of Indiana Territory that continued to exist under that name until Dec. 3, 1818, when it was attached to Michigan Territory", "A state in the southeastern US, on a peninsula that extends into the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico; pop. 15,982,378; capital, Tallahassee; statehood, Mar. 3, 1845 (27). Explored by Ponce de Leon in 1513, it was purchased from Spain by the US in 1819. It is a popular resort and retirement area", "        Learn what year your state joined the Union and became part of the \"United States of", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "a state in southeastern United States between the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War", "a state in the southeastern United States on the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War", "Tennessee became a state on June 1, 1796. It was the 16th state to join the union. Was Southwest Territory before statehood." ]

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[ "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno is an American late-night talk show hosted by Jay Leno that initially aired from May 25, 1992 to May 29, 2009, and resumed production on March 1, 2010 until its ending on February 6, 2014. The fourth incarnation of the Tonight Show franchise made its debut on May 25, 1992, three days following Johnny Carson's retirement as host of the program. The program originates from NBC Studios in Burbank, California, and was broadcast Monday through Friday at 11:35 PM in the Eastern and Pacific time zones (10:35 PM Central/Mountain time). Unlike Carson or his predecessor Jack Paar, Leno only once utilized a guest host, preferring to host the series by himself.", "The fourth incarnation of the Tonight Show franchise debuted on May 25, 1992, three days after Johnny Carson's retirement as host of the program. The program originated from NBC Studios in Burbank, California, and was broadcast Monday through Friday at 11:35 in the Eastern and Pacific time zones (10:35 Central/Mountain time). Unlike Carson or his predecessor Jack Paar, Leno only once used a guest host, preferring to host the series by himself.", "In 1991, Tartikoff left his role as NBC's President of Entertainment to take an executive position at Paramount Pictures. In the course of a decade, he had taken control of a network with no shows in the Nielsen Top 10 and left it with five. Tartikoff was succeeded by Warren Littlefield, whose first years as entertainment president proved shaky as a result of most of the Tartikoff-era hits ending their runs. Some blamed Littlefield for losing David Letterman to CBS after naming Jay Leno as the successor to Johnny Carson on The Tonight Show, following the latter's retirement as host in May 1992. Things turned around with the launches of new hit series such as Mad About You, Wings, Sisters, Frasier, Friends, ER and Will & Grace.", "Johnny Carson retired from The Tonight Show on May 22, 1992, and was replaced by Jay Leno. David Letterman wanted to move into the earlier time slot from his late night spot after The Tonight Show, and he was also considered by many as the natural successor (despite Leno having been Carson's permanent guest host for several years). Carson always favored Letterman; notably Carson, who had been interviewed by Letterman, made two appearances on Letterman's rival CBS show, made no mention of Leno during his final shows and regularly sent Letterman monologue jokes in his final years.[9] With his heart set on the earlier time slot, Letterman left NBC and joined CBS. Late Show with David Letterman, airing in the same slot, competed against The Tonight Show for the remainder of Leno's run. Conan O'Brien slid into the late night time slot vacated by Letterman.", "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno is an American late-night talk show hosted by Jay Leno that first aired from May 25, 1992 to May 29, 2009, and resumed production on March 1, 2010 until its ending on February 6, 2014.", "Starting in 1987, Leno was a regular substitute host for Johnny Carson on The Tonight Show. In 1992, he replaced Carson as host amid controversy with David Letterman, who had been hosting Late Night with David Letterman since 1982 (aired after The Tonight Show), and whom many—including Carson himself—had expected to be Carson's successor. The story of this turbulent transition was later turned into a book and a movie. Leno continued to perform as a stand-up comedian throughout his tenure on The Tonight Show.", "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson is a talk show hosted by Johnny Carson under The Tonight Show franchise from October 1, 1962 through May 22, 1992.[1]", "Under network president Jeff Sagansky, the network was able to earn strong ratings from new shows Diagnosis: Murder, Touched by an Angel, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Walker, Texas Ranger, and a resurgent Jake and the Fatman during this period, and CBS was able to reclaim the first place crown briefly, in the 1992–93 season; however, a drawback for the network during this time-frame was that its programming slate skewed towards an older demographic than ABC, NBC or even Fox, with its relatively limited presence at that time; a joke even floated around that CBS was \"the network for the living dead\" during this period. In 1993, the network made a breakthrough in establishing a successful late-night talk show franchise to compete with NBC's The Tonight Show when it signed David Letterman away from NBC after the Late Night host was passed over as Johnny Carson's successor on Tonight in favor of Jay Leno.", "Jay Leno returns to his role as host of NBC’s Tonight Show, which he had previously hosted from May 1992 until May 2009.", "On February 6, 2014, Leno hosted his final show, which featured several pre-taped well-wishes (and humorous advice) from a variety of celebrities ranging from Steve Carell to President Barack Obama, who offered Leno an ambassadorship to Antarctica (\"Hope you have a warm coat, funnyman.\"). Appearing as Leno's final guests were Billy Crystal (Leno's first guest in 1992) and Garth Brooks. Crystal surprised Leno by leading an on-stage sing-along of \"So Long Farewell\" from The Sound of Music, with lyrics for the occasion performed by special guests Jack Black, Kim Kardashian, Chris Paul, Sheryl Crow, Jim Parsons, Carol Burnett, and Oprah Winfrey; Brooks performed his touching song \"The Dance\" (at Leno's request) before closing out the show with the rousing \"Friends in Low Places.\" In closing \"the greatest 22 years of my life,\" Leno turned emotional in his final remarks, calling himself \"the luckiest guy in the world... I got to meet presidents, astronauts, and movie stars.\" Leno also thanked the audience as well as his staff, who \"became my family\" after the deaths of his parents and his brother early in his Tonight tenure.[52][53]", "“Heeeeeere’s Johnny!” In 1992, the daddy of them all and “King of Late Night” Carson was a day away from retirement when his final guests on The Tonight Show were comedian Robin Williams and the Divine Miss M, who serenaded him with boozy standard One for My Baby (and One More for the Road). The host was close to tears, a moment that was captured by a camera angle never before used on the show. Midler would win an Emmy for her part in this fond farewell. “I’m the last guest,” she said. “The last fool Mr Carson will have to suffer gladly. You are the wind beneath my wings.”", "In 1980, at Carson's request, the show cut its 90-minute format to 60 minutes on September 16; Tom Snyder's Tomorrow added a half-hour to fill the vacant time. Joan Rivers became the \"permanent\" guest host from September 1983 until 1986. The Tonight Show returned to using rotating guest hosts, including comic George Carlin. Jay Leno then became the exclusive guest host in fall 1987. Leno joked that although other guest hosts had upped their fees, he had kept his low, assuring himself more bookings. Eventually, Monday night was for Leno, Tuesday for The Best of Carson—rebroadcasts usually dating from a year earlier, but occasionally from the 1970s.", "You think the \"late-night wars\" of 1993 were high-stakes poker, with CBS wooing and stealing David Letterman from NBC after Jay Leno got (and kept) the Tonight Show job? Well, y...", "^ \"Kevin Eubanks set to leave The Tonight Show\". The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2010.", "John William �Johnny� Carson (October 23, 1925 � January 23, 2005) was an American television host and comedian, known as host of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson for 30 years (1962-92).", "He did his final show on May 22, 1992 - seen by 55 million - and was replaced by the current host, Jay Leno.", "For at least six weeks following his return to The Tonight Show, Leno's program beat Letterman in the overall ratings each night, though with a reduced lead in comparison to his first tenure. By mid-2010, The Tonight Show was receiving its lowest ratings since 1992, an average of 4 million total viewers, though he remained ahead of Letterman, who experienced a coinciding decline in ratings. In September 2010, The Tonight Show posted its lowest numbers on record, with Leno averaging 3.8 million viewers. This was a 12% increase in total viewers over O'Brien at the same time the previous year, but still 23% below O'Brien in the coveted 18–49 demographic. For the first time in almost 15 years, the show slipped to second place in its time slot being consistently beaten by Nightline. In October 2010, Letterman beat Leno's program in the ratings, for the first time since Leno returned to hosting The Tonight Show.", "For at least six weeks following his return to The Tonight Show, Leno's program beat Letterman in the overall ratings each night, though with a reduced lead in comparison to his first tenure. By mid-2010, The Tonight Show was receiving its lowest ratings since 1992, an average of 4 million total viewers, though he remained ahead of Letterman, who experienced a coinciding decline in ratings. In September 2010, The Tonight Show posted its lowest numbers on record, with Leno averaging 3.8 million viewers. This was a 12% increase in total viewers over O'Brien at the same time the previous year, but still 23% below O'Brien in the coveted 18–49 demographic. For the first time in almost 15 years, the show slipped to second place in its time slot being consistently beaten by Nightline. In October 2010, Letterman beat Leno's program in the ratings, for the first time since Leno returned to hosting The Tonight Show.", "On January 21, 2010, NBC announced that Leno would return to The Tonight Show. Jay Leno began his second tenure on March 1, 2010, after the 2010 Winter Olympics. The show moved to Stage 11 in Burbank, the former home of The Jay Leno Show, with a similar set and theme song of The Jay Leno Show. Tonight Show bandleader Kevin Eubanks announced on April 12 he would be leaving The Tonight Show on May 28 after 18 years with Leno. Eubanks' replacement is former American Idol musical director Rickey Minor. Minor composed a new main theme when he took over.", "Edd Hall served as announcer on The Tonight Show from 1992 until 2004. Hall occasionally appeared in skits during the opening monologue. These skits often involved slapstick injury to Hall (by using a stunt double, dummy, or film clip), such as vehicles running him over in the studio parking lot. Unlike his predecessors on Tonight (i.e. McMahon with Carson, Hugh Downs with Jack Paar), Hall did not serve as a sidekick for Leno during his tenure on Leno's incarnation of The Tonight Show.", "The series, which followed the same basic format as that of his predecessors (an opening monologue followed by comedy routines, interviews and performances), ran until May 29, 2009, after which Leno was succeeded by Conan O'Brien. NBC signed Leno to a new deal for a nightly talk show in the 10:00 pm ET timeslot. The primetime series, titled The Jay Leno Show, debuted on September 14, 2009, following a similar format to the Leno incarnation of Tonight. ", "Yeah between this and the way Leno originally got the Tonight Show from under Letterman's nose, Leno seems like the least classy guy in television. And I'm including Carson Daly in that.", "* David Letterman was originally supposed to host the 1992-1993 season finale, but backed out due to his problems with NBC. He was replaced by Kevin Kline.", "Jay Leno has hosted The Tonight Show for over 20 years. It was recently announced he will host his last show in May but is in talks to remain with the network NBC.", "In 1972, “The Tonight Show” was moved from New York City to “beautiful downtown” Burbank, California.  Carson had stopped doing the show five days a week by this time and for the Monday night show there would a guest host.  In the 1980s the show format changed from 90 minutes to an hour program.  Although Carson work schedule was shorter his salary at NBC continued to rise and by the 1970s he had become the highest paid person on television.", "\" Headlines \", developed by Jay Leno , and seen only during nights when he guest-hosted beginning in 1986, featured humorous stories and typos from newspaper clippings. This carried over when Leno became permanent host in 1992.", "JAY LENO ANNOUNCES HIS DEPARTURE FROM SUCCESSFUL 22-YEAR RUN FROM NBCS TONIGHT SHOW IN SPRING 2014", "Jay Leno laughs as Williams jokes around during a taping of \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\" on November 13, 1995, at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas.", "In 1990, Thomas S. Murphy delegated his position as president to Daniel B. Burke while remaining ABC's chairman and CEO. Capital Cities/ABC reported revenues of $465 million. Now at a strong second place, the network entered the 1990s with additional family-friendly hits including America's Funniest Home Videos (which has gone on to become the longest-running prime time entertainment program in the network's history), Step by Step, Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, Boy Meets World and Perfect Strangers spinoff Family Matters, as well as series such as Doogie Howser, M.D., Life Goes On, cult favorite Twin Peaks and The Commish. In September 1991, the network premiered Home Improvement, a sitcom starring stand-up comic Tim Allen centering on the family and work life of an accident-prone host of a cable-access home improvement show. Lasting eight seasons, its success led ABC to greenlight additional sitcom projects helmed by comedians during the 1990s including The Drew Carey Show; Brett Butler vehicle Grace Under Fire; and Ellen, which became notable for a 1997 episode which served as the coming out of series star Ellen DeGeneres (as well as her character in the series) as a lesbian.", "Carson was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame in 1987. An estimated 50 million people watched his final broadcast in 1992.", "The person who appeared the most on the 'Late Show' was media personality Regis Philbin, with 136 total appearances over the 22-year period (as of May 20, 2015). Second most appeared person was Jack Hanna with 75, Tony Randall with 70, Marv Albert with 52, and Tom Brokaw 49 appearances.", "Alas, her stint on The Late Show lasted just one season, until the spring of 1987. After it ended, she appeared on several episodes of The New Hollywood Squares before going on to host a daytime program, The Joan Rivers Show, from 1989 to 1993. During that time, she won a Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Talk/Service Show Host, and earned a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame." ]

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[ "Type “history of the telegraph” into a search engine and the results will point you to Samuel F. B. Morse. History largely credits him with the invention of both the electromagnetic telegraph and Morse code, which enabled people to send instant messages across long distances. With Morse’s successful test of the electromagnetic telegraph on May 24, 1844, the potential for worldwide communication changed forever. The message he sent, “What Hath God Wrought?” traveled via his electromagnetic telegraph from Washington, DC to Baltimore, MD. But who, you might wonder, was on the other end of the line? Alfred Vail, Morse’s colleague, received Morse’s message in Baltimore and then successfully returned the same message back to Morse in the national Capitol Building’s Rotunda. For Vail, this event was the culmination of years of his own labor and financial investment, yet his influence has largely been lost in the historical record.", "On May 24, 1844, the first telegraph message 'What hath God wrought', was sent electrically from the Supreme Court chamber, in the US Capitol to the railway depot, Baltimore. Since the invention of the Morse code, it was popularly used as a standard means of communication both in the United States and European countries.", "On May 24, 1844, the question, \"What hath God Wrought?\" traveled electronically across sets of wires from Baltimore, MD to Washington D.C. by what was to become one of the most important inventions within the realms of modern communication: the telegraph.  The word \"telegraphy\" itself comes from the Greek words tele and graphien and literally translates as \"far-write.\"  In a world where written letters could take days to reach their destination, the speed of this new form of communication was truly a modern marvel.", "An electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel Morse. His assistant, Alfred Vail, developed the Morse code signalling alphabet with Morse. The first telegram in the United States was sent by Morse on 11 January 1838, across two miles (3 km) of wire at Speedwell Ironworks near Morristown, New Jersey. On 24 May 1844, he sent the message \"WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT\" from the Old Supreme Court Chamber in the Capitol in Washington to the old Mt. Clare Depot in Baltimore. This message (quoting Numbers 23:23) was chosen by Annie Ellsworth of Lafayette, Indiana,[16] the daughter of Patent Commissioner Henry Leavitt Ellsworth. The message was all capital letters because the original Morse code alphabet had no question mark or lower case.", "1844 Samuel Morse sent the message \"What hath God wrought\" (Bible quotation, Numbers 23:23) from the Supreme Court room in Washington, DC to his assistant, Alfred Vail, in Baltimore, MD", "An electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel F. B. Morse . His assistant, Alfred Vail , developed the Morse code signaling alphabet with Morse. America's first telegram was sent by Morse on 6 January 1838, across two miles (3 km) of wire at Speedwell Ironworks near Morristown, New Jersey . The message read \"A patient waiter is no loser.\" On 24 May 1844, he sent the message \" What hath God wrought \" (quoting Numbers 23:23) from the Old Supreme Court Chamber in the Capitol in Washington to the old Mt. Clare Depot in Baltimore . This message was chosen by Annie Ellsworth of Lafayette, Indiana, [10] the daughter of Patent Commissioner Henry Leavitt Ellsworth . The Morse/Vail telegraph was quickly deployed in the following two decades; the overland telegraph connected the west coast of the continent to the east coast by 24 October 1861, bringing an end to the Pony Express .", "Samuel Morse, inventor of the Morse Code, sent the first telegram from Washington to Baltimore on May 26, 1844, to his partner Alfred Vail to usher in the telegram era that displaced the Pony Express. It read \"WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT?\"", "The message, \" What hath God wrought? \" sent later by \"Morse Code\" from the old Supreme Court chamber in the United States Capitol to his partner in Baltimore, officially opened the completed line of May 24, 1844. Morse allowed Annie Ellsworth, the young daughter of a friend, to choose the words of the message, and she selected a verse from Numbers XXIII, 23: \"What hath God wrought?\", which was recorded onto paper tape. Morse's early system produced a paper copy with raised dots and dashes, which were translated later by an operator.", "The famous telegram sent by Samuel F. B. Morse from the Capitol in Washington to Alfred Vail in Baltimore in 1844: \"What hath God wrought\"", "In 1844, Morse demonstrated to Congress the practicality of the telegraph by transmitting the famous message \"What hath God wrought\" over a wire from Washington to Baltimore. He later experimented with submarine cable telegraphy.", "• Samuel Morse (1791-1872) won fame for his inventions of the electric telegraph and the Morse code. In 1843 the U.S. Congress appropriated $30,000 for Morse to construct an experimental telegraph line between Washington, DC, and Baltimore, Maryland. The line was successfully installed, and on May 24, 1844, Morse sent the first message: \"What hath God wrought!\".", "An electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel Morse. His assistant, Alfred Vail, developed the Morse code signalling alphabet with Morse. The first telegram in the United States was sent by Morse on 11 January 1838, across two miles (3 km) of wire at Speedwell Ironworks near Morristown, New Jersey, although it was only later, in 1844, that he sent the message \"WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT\" from the Capitol in Washington to the old Mt. Clare Depot in Baltimore. From then on, commercial telegraphy took off in America with lines linking all the major metropolitan centres on the East Coast within the next decade. The overland telegraph connected the west coast of the continent to the east coast by 24 October 1861, bringing an end to the Pony Express.", "In 1843 the United States Congress appropriated $30,000 to Samuel Morse in order to lay a telegraph line from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore, Maryland. The company's first experimental line was demonstrated on May 24, 1844 and commenced with the transmission of Morse's first message, \"What hath God wrought!\", a phrase from the Bible's Book of Numbers. The phrase was suggested by Annie Ellsworth, whose husband was a supporter of Morse's.", "No less interesting however is the correspondence contained in the Morse Papers. Seven days after his great success, Morse wrote to his brother, Sidney, in a circumspect and almost humble tone concerning what he thought were the responsibilities that went along with success. Twice in this letter he quotes the famed message, sent on May 24, 1844, \"What hath God wrought?\" and uses it to invoke his own deep religious feelings. Later, he still is feeling the flush of success when he tells Sidney of a congressional opponent who later confessed, \"It is an astonishing invention.\"", "An electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel Morse. His assistant, Alfred Vail, developed the Morse code signalling alphabet with Morse. The first telegram in the United States was sent by Morse on 11 January 1838, across two miles (3 km) of wire at Speedwell Ironworks near Morristown, New Jersey, although it was only later, in 1844, that he sent the message \"WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT\" from the Capitol in Washington to the old Mt. Clare Depot in Baltimore. The Morse/Vail telegraph was quickly deployed in the following two decades; the overland telegraph connected the west coast of the continent to the east coast by 24 October 1861, bringing an end to the Pony Express.", "Morse invented the telegraph in 1832. While there had been earlier attempts to create a similar machine that could send messages long distances, Morse's machine was the first successful one. He sent the famous message \"what hath God wrought\" in 1844 from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, Md. Morse was not alone in his invention as he had an assistant named Alfred Vail. Vail, and later Leonard Gail, helped Morse refine his machine.", "**Mrs. Annie Ellsworth Smith, 73, original operator on the Baltimore-Washington telegraph line. As press reports would note the next day, \"It was Mrs. Smith who, on May 24, 1844, when she was a girl of seventeen, sent the famous first telegraphic message, 'What hath God wrought?' from the United States Supreme Courtroom, Washington, to Baltimore.\" ", "      On 24 May 24 was finished and Morse sent to Baltimore the code for What hath God wrought! (chosen by Annie Ellsworth from Numbers 23:23). Telegraph operators quickly learned to send and receive solely from the sound of the clicks rather than use paper tape.", "Morse obtained a patent for his telegraph in 1840, and four years later he sent his famous first message -- \"What hath God wrought?\" -- over a line he'd strung from Washington to Baltimore with $30,000 in federal money.", "On Monday, 12 July 1999, a final telegram was sent from the National Liberty Ship Memorial, the SS Jeremiah O'Brien , in San Francisco Bay to President Bill Clinton in the White House. Officials of Globe Wireless reported that \"The message was 95 words, and it took six or eight minutes to copy it.\" They then transmitted the message to the White House via e-mail. That event was also used to mark the final commercial U.S. ship-to-shore telegraph message transmitted from North America by Globe Wireless, a company founded in 1911. Sent from its wireless station at Half Moon Bay, California , the sign-off message was a repeat of Samuel F. B. Morse's message 155 years earlier, \"What hath God wrought?\" [39]", "&quot;What hath God wrought?&quot; (Supreme Court office in Senate chambers to Mount Clare Station, B&amp;O Railroad, Baltimore)", "Baltimore (, locally:) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county; thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States. Baltimore has more public monuments than any other city per capita in the country and is home to some of the earliest National Register historic districts in the nation, including Fell's Point (1969), Federal Hill (1970) and Mount Vernon Place (1971). More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any other city in the nation. ", "“Wherefore it shall come to pass, that if you behold a spirit manifested that you cannot understand, and you receive not that spirit, ye shall ask of the Father in the name of Jesus, and if he give not unto you that spirit, that you may know that it is not of God: and it shall be given unto you power over that spirit, and you shall proclaim against that spirit with a loud voice, that it is not of God; not with railing accusation, that ye be not overcome; neither with boasting, nor rejoicing, lest you be seized therewith,” and refers to Hiram Page who began to get revelations through the medium of a black stone, certain characters appearing on that stone which he wrote down.", "At a meeting on February 12th, Lincoln’s Birthday, Louis A. Bowman (1872–1959), as Chaplain of ‘The Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution’ led the Society in swearing the Pledge of Allegiance with two words added, “under God.” He stated that the words came from Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address. Though not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words “under God”, all the reporters’ transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said “that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom.” (see 1892, 1951 & 1954)", "“We are commanded by the Lord to declare his will to effect his intended purpose. — In 1827 a young man called Joseph Smith of the state of New York, of no denomination, but under conviction, inquired of the Lord what he should do to be saved — he went to bed without any reply, but in the night was awakened by an angel, whiter and shining in greater splendour than the sun at noonday, who gave information where the plates were deposited: – Smith awoke, and after due preparation and agreeably to the information given by the angel, he went into the township of Manchester, and there, on the side of a hill, found in a stone box, or a separate space enclosed by stone on every side, the plates on which the revelation was inscribed. The box in thickness was about 6 inches, and about 7 by 5 otherwise; the plates themselves were about as thick as window glass, or common tin, pure gold, and well secured by silver rings or loops in the box as an effectual defence against all weather. Smith, being entirely ignorant of any language but the English, and knowing that itself in a very imperfect manner was unable to read or decypher a single word — he therefore sent the plates to the city of New York to be translated by Professor Anthony, who could make nothing of them; — here seemed to be an insurmountable difficulty.", "e famous man was a member of Platte Valley Lodge No. 32, in North Platte, Nebraska. Th Golden City Lodge No.1, who bore his casket up the dusty path along Lookout Mountain, did so with honor as well as courtesy. Approximately 15,000 people ambled the long road behind. In the vistas below, the city of Golden swung shadows beneath the meridian sun. The Brethren lowered the casket, ropes brushing, working at the wooden box, into the oblong hole there between the rocks. W.Bro. G.W. Parfet, Jr., raised his gloved hands, and clapped once above his head. “The will of God,” he said, bringing his arms, left over right, across his chest, “is accomplished.” He dropped both hands to his sides, palms outward. “So mote it be.” And then the ropes, working on the box, into the cool shade of dark ground.", "John A. Clark letter, August 31, 1840: \"No matter where he went, he saw visions and supernatural appearances all around him. He told a gentleman in Palmyra, after one of his excursions to Pennsylvania, while the translation of the Book of Mormon was going on, that on the way he met the Lord Jesus Christ, who walked along by the side of him in the shape of a deer for two or three miles, talking with him as familiarly as one man talks with another.\" (Vogel 1996-2003, 2: 271)", "George Washington — letter to the members of the New Church in Baltimore, January 27, 1793", "Well, as the fates would have it, the choir member I spoke to knew where Divine was buried, since his late parents were also laid to rest in that same quaint cemetery, Prospect Hill. It is found right in the middle of Towson, the busy county seat for Baltimore County. I decided, however, to call the cemetery's caretaker, Mr. James Fisher, to get exact directions to the site before I left my house in Baltimore City on Monday morning, Oct. 12. Mr. Fisher readily complied with my request. He acted as if he routinely gets inquiries regarding the location of Divine's grave.", "At 9 am on May 1, the procession stepped off led by three thousand black schoolchildren carrying arm loads of roses and singing “John Brown’s Body.” The children were followed by several hundred black women with baskets of flowers, wreaths and crosses. Then came black men marching in cadence, followed by contingents of Union infantry and other black and white citizens. As many as possible gathering in the cemetery enclosure; a childrens’ choir sang “We’ll Rally around the Flag,” the “Star-Spangled Banner,” and several spirituals before several black ministers read from scripture. No record survives of which biblical passages rung out in the warm spring air, but the spirit of Leviticus 25 was surely present at those burial rites: “for it is the jubilee; it shall be holy unto you… in the year of this jubilee he shall return every man unto his own possession.”", "11). Correspondence from John Fenno, editor of the Gazette of the United States, to his wife March 8, 1789 described a meeting in Philadelphia during the last year of Franklin’s life. The evidence in this letter points strongly to Franklin. It currently is housed at the William C. Clements Library, University of Michigan.", "Note: See the New York Times of April 11, 1860 for a report similar to that published by the Cincinatti Gazette. The Times adds this line: \"Now, I have my own peculiar notions in regard to revelation, and I am happy to say, in the face of this meeting, that the voice of those with whom I have conversed among this people is, that they concur with me.\"" ]

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[ "1969: The Who release their fourth album ‘Tommy,’ which is a double album and is the first album to be billed as a rock opera. It goes on to sell over two million copies in the U.S.", "1969: The Who release their fourth album 'Tommy,' which is a double album and is the first album to be billed as a rock opera. It goes on to sell over two million copies in the U.S.", "By 1968, Townshend became interested in the teachings of Meher Baba. He began to develop a musical piece about a deaf, dumb, and blind boy who would experience sensations musically. The piece would explore the tenets of Baba's philosophy. The result was the rock opera Tommy, released on 23 May 1969 to critical and commercial success. Leonard Bernstein praised the album, saying its \"sheer power, invention and brilliance of performance outstrips anything which has ever come out of a recording studio.\" In support of Tommy, the Who launched a tour that included a memorable appearance at the Woodstock Festival on 17 August. While the Who were playing, Yippie leader Abbie Hoffman jumped the stage to complain about the arrest of John Sinclair. Townshend promptly knocked him offstage with his guitar, shouting \"Fuck off my fucking stage!\"", "By 1967, the Who had also firmly established its reputation for destructive live performances, backstage scuffling, and chemical appetites, most especially that of nutbar drummer Keith Moon. It was this same year that the Who made its American debut at the Monterey Pop Festival. Though their violent antics were not entirely in-step with America’s raging hippie revolution, their next move would endear them to the free love generation. Pete Townshend’s songwriting vision was growing in scope, a fact realized on 1969’s Tommy . The so-called ‘rock opera’ offered listeners the musical narrative about a deaf, dumb and blind boy who goes on to become a religious demigod.", "Instrumentals were common, while songs with lyrics were sometimes conceptual, abstract, or based in fantasy and science fiction . [136] The Pretty Things ' SF Sorrow (1968), the Who's Tommy (1969) and the Kinks' Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire) (1969) introduced the format of rock operas and opened the door to concept albums , often telling an epic story or tackling a grand overarching theme. [137] King Crimson 's 1969 début album, In the Court of the Crimson King , which mixed powerful guitar riffs and mellotron , with jazz and symphonic music , is often taken as the key recording in progressive rock, helping the widespread adoption of the genre in the early 1970s among existing blues-rock and psychedelic bands, as well as newly formed acts. [133]", "The Who - Tommy (1969), Who's Next (1971), Live At Leeds (1970): pick any one of these three and you'll get what's best of The 'Oo. Some people swear by Quadrophenia, but that is an album I admire more than love.", "The Who are an English rock band that formed in 1964. Their classic line-up consisted of lead singer Roger Daltrey, guitarist and singer Pete Townshend, bass guitarist John Entwistle, and drummer K...", "The Who by Numbers is the seventh album by English rock band The Who, released on 3 October 1975 in the United Kingdom through Polydor Records, and on 25 October 1975 in the United States by MCA Records. It was named the tenth-best album of the year in The Village Voice critics poll.", "The Who Sell Out (Number 48, 1967) featured mock-advertisement songs and genuine jingles from offshore British pirate radio stations; it also contained another mini-opera, \"Rael,\" and a Top Ten hit in England and the U.S., \"I Can See for Miles.\" In October 1968 the band released Magic Bus (Number 39, 1968), a compilation of singles and B-sides, while Townshend worked on his 90 minute opus, Tommy. The story of a deaf, dumb, and blind boy turned pinball champion-pop idol turned autocratic messianic guru was variously considered both pretentious and profound. Most important, however, Tommy was the first successful rock opera. The album hit Number Four in the U.S., and its first single, \"Pinball Wizard,\" went to Number 19.", "16 May – The Who release Live at Leeds which is their first live album. Since its initial reception, Live at Leeds has been cited by several music critics as the best live rock recording of all time.", "Key figures of the British Invasion and the mid-'60s mod movement, the Who were an undeniably powerful sonic force. They exploded conventional rock and R&B structures with Townshend's furious guitar chords, Entwistle's hyperactive basslines, and Moon's vigorous, seemingly chaotic drumming. Unlike most rock bands, the Who based their rhythm on Townshend's guitar, letting Moon and Entwistle improvise wildly over his foundation, while Daltrey belted out his vocals. The Who thrived on this sound in concert, but on record they were a different proposition: Townshend pushed the group toward new sonic territory, incorporating pop art and conceptual extended musical pieces into the group's style. He was regarded as one of the era's finest British songwriters, as songs like \"The Kids Are Alright\" and \"My Generation\" became teenage anthems, while his rock opera Tommy earned respect from mainstream music critics.", "This Day in Rock... 1941 â Art Garfunkel is born in New York on this day in rock history! 1946 â Gram Parsons (Cecil Connor) of the Byrds and the Flying Burrito Brothers is born in Winter Haven, Fla. 1947 â Peter Noone, the lead singer of Hermanâs Hermits, is born. 1959 â Bryan Adams is born in Vancouver, Canada on this day in rock history! 1965 â Decca Records releases the Whoâs new single, âMy Generation.â The words still haunt Pete Townshend decades later. 1970 â Led Zeppelin release âImmigrant Songâ as a single in the U.S. 1970 â Brian Wilson joins the Beach Boys for a rare live performance at Los Angeles â Whisky-a-Go-Go club. However, the volume level damages his right ear and he totters several times during the concert before being helped backstage. 1972 â âEurope â72,â a triple-live album from the Grateful Dead , is released. Recorded during a 22-date European tour, it becomes their highest-charting album to date, reaching â The Who perform in Newcastle, England ...", "The Who are one of the most influential rock bands of the 20th century. Their appearances at Monterey and Woodstock helped give them a reputation as one of the greatest live rock acts and they have been credited with originating the \"rock opera\". As of October 2014, the group has sold over 100 million records worldwide. ", "The Who are one of the most influential rock groups of the '60s and '70s. The group has been credited with originating the \"rock opera\" and making one of the first notable concept albums. Their contributions to rock iconography include the power chord, windmill strum, the Marshall Stack and the guitar smash. For much of their career they have been regarded as one of the most important British rock acts and one of the world's best-selling bands of all time, having sold more than 100 million records. The Who have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the UK Music Hall of Fame and they have received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.", "Early in 1967 the notorious managers of The Who - Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp (brother of actor Terence) who also own Track Records, the home of Jimi Hendrix - sign Arthur to a management, agency and recording deal backed by Dutch giant, Polydor Records. In '67 the first record - \"Devil's Grip\" is released, but flops after a bizarre vinyl shortage at the Polydor factory. Undeterred, Lambert and Stamp send Arthur on his first US tour and by May Arthur is playing with The Doors, Jefferson Airplane and Frank Zappa. The tour is a huge success and a European tour follows. Upon their return they are ensconced in the cream of London's Independent Studios recording the first album. During this period Lambert is very, very \"out of it\" and the band contact Cream and Bee Goes impresario, Robert Stigwood for help. Stigwood mounts a manoeuvre to get involved with the band and the recording, but a paranoid Lambert rebuffs the proposed involvement and Arthur is soon back in the bosom of Lambert & Stamp alone. By Christmas, after some orchestration is added (without the band's knowlege) the album is finished - Lambert is exhausted, his two week mixing session unheard of at that time. The project gives all concerned a different perspective - Lambert is quoted in The Times saying \"(with Arthur) what we wanted was a hip Elvis Presley - what we got was a Pop Lenny Bruce\"", "Quadrophenia is the soundtrack album to the 1979 film of the same name, which refers to the 1973 rock opera Quadrophenia. It was initially released on Polydor Records in 1979 as a cassette and LP and was re-released as a compact disc in 1993 and 2001. The album was dedicated to Peter Meaden, a prominent Mod and first manager of The Who, who had died a year prior to the album's release.", "The 1970s celebrated the heyday of the rock opera. The Kinks, Lou Reed, David Bowie, Jefferson Airplane’s Paul Kantner, Queen and Genesis offered their own spins on the idea. The genre easily complimented the popularity of progressive rock at the time—a term used to describe the popular penchant for experimentation and desire to strive for a more arty and less formulaic vibe. The decade built to the 1979 release of Pink Floyd’s revolutionary album The Wall.", "Who's Next's success spurred Townshend to attempt another opera. With Quadrophenia, he abandoned fantasy to sketch a portrait of a '60s mod. He stopped working with Kit Lambert, who lost influence with the group in Tommy's wake; the band also left Lambert and Stamp's management. As Townshend wrote the album in 1972, he released Who Came First, a collection of private recordings and demos he made for Meher Baba. Entwistle began his own solo career with Smash Your Head Against the Wall, which he followed with Whistle Rhymes, released the same day as Townshend's album. A double-album, Quadrophenia, sold extremely well, but it proved to be a troublesome concert piece. It was difficult to play live, and few outside of England were familiar with its mod subject matter. It soon became clear that audiences hadn't had the time to familiarize themselves with the work, leading to a lukewarm response on tour. After some retooling, the group performed an abbreviated version of Quadrophenia with some success.", "In 1973, Ray Davies composed a full-blown rock opera called Preservation. When the first installment of the opera finally appeared in late 1973, it was harshly criticized and given a cold reception from the public. Act 2 appeared in the summer of 1974; the sequel received worse treatment than its predecessor. Davies began another musical, Starmaker, for the BBC; the project eventually metamorphosed into Soap Opera, which was released in the spring of 1975. Despite poor reviews, Soap Opera was a more commercially successful record than its predecessor. In 1976, the Kinks recorded Davies ' third straight rock opera, Schoolboys in Disgrace, which rocked harder than any album they released on RCA.", "Tomorrow -- Along with Pink Floyd and Soft Machine, they were one of the most respected early underground British psychedelic bands.  Featured Steve Howe on guitar before he joined Yes.  Leader Keith West recorded a mini-opera single, \"Excerpt From A Teenage Opera,\" that reached #2 in the U.K., and helped inspire the Who's \"Tommy.\"", "Led Zeppelin were an English rock band active in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s. Formed as the New Yardbirds in 1968, the band consisted of guitarist Jimmy Page, singer Robert Plant, bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham. They are widely considered to be one of the most successful, innovative and influential rock groups in history.", "In 1973, Ray Davies composed a full-blown rock opera called Preservation . When the first installment of the opera finally appeared in late 1973, it was harshly criticized and given a cold reception from the public. Act 2 appeared in the summer of 1974; the sequel received worse treatment than its predecessor. Davies began another musical, Starmaker, for the BBC; the project eventually metamorphosed into Soap Opera , which was released in the spring of 1975. Despite poor reviews, Soap Opera was a more commercially successful record than its predecessor. In 1976, the Kinks recorded Davies ' third straight rock opera, Schoolboys in Disgrace , which rocked harder than any album they released on RCA.", "The album propelled the group to stardom. It stayed on the Billboard charts for over two years and marked a milestone in rock history as one of the very first concept albums, recorded not only with a symphony orchestra but also in stereo, both uncharted territory at that time. Thanks to the singles \"Nights In White Satin\" and \"Tuesday Afternoon\" the record went gold, reaching No. 3 in the charts.", "In 1964, the group discovered another band working as the Detours and discussed changing their name. Townshend suggested \"the Hair\" and Townshend's roommate Richard Barnes suggested \"the Who.\" The next morning, Daltrey made the decision for the band, saying \"It's the Who, innit?\"", "Let It Bleed is the eighth British and tenth American album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released in December 1969 by Decca Records in the United Kingdom and London Records in the United States. Released shortly after the band's 1969 American Tour, it is the follow-up to 1968's Beggars Banquet and the last album by the band to feature Brian Jones as well as the first to feature Mick Taylor.", "Queen released their third album, Sheer Heart Attack, before the end of 1974. The music hall-meets-Zeppelin \"Killer Queen\" climbed to number two on the U.K. charts, taking the album to number two as well. Sheer Heart Attack made some inroads in America as well, setting the stage for the breakthrough of 1975's A Night at the Opera. Queen labored long and hard over the record; according to many reports, it was the most expensive rock record ever made at the time of its release. The first single from the record, \"Bohemian Rhapsody,\" became Queen's signature song, and with its bombastic, mock-operatic structure punctuated by heavy metal riffing, it encapsulates their music. It is also the symbol for their musical excesses -- the song took three weeks to record, and there were so many vocal overdubs on the record that it was possible to see through the tape at certain points. To support \"Bohemian Rhapsody,\" Queen shot one of the first conceptual music videos, and the gamble paid off as the single spent nine weeks at number one in England, breaking the record for the longest run at number one. The song and A Night at the Opera were equally successful in America, as the album climbed into the Top Ten and quickly went platinum.", "Novello agreed to publish the work, and Decca Records recorded it in 1969 as a concept album. David Daltrey, front man of British psychedelic band Tales of Justine, played the role of Joseph; and Tim Rice was Pharaoh. Other vocalists included Terry Saunders and Malcolm Parry of the Mixed Bag. ", "Led Zeppelin (formed 1968) Led Zeppelin is an English rock band that rose to fame in the late 1960s and early 1970s with their heavy blues rock sound. They are considered by many to be one of the first ever heavy metal bands.", "In August 1965, the Beatles released the McCartney composition \"Yesterday\", featuring a string quartet. Included on the Help! LP, the song was the group's first recorded use of classical music elements and their first recording that involved only a single band member. \"Yesterday\" became the most covered song in popular music history. Later that year, during recording sessions for the album Rubber Soul, McCartney began to supplant Lennon as the dominant musical force in the band. Musicologist Ian MacDonald wrote, \"from  ... would be in the ascendant not only as a songwriter, but also as instrumentalist, arranger, producer, and de facto musical director\". Critics described Rubber Soul as a significant advance in the refinement and profundity of the band's music and lyrics. Considered a high point in the Beatles catalogue, both Lennon and McCartney claimed to have written the music for the song, \"In My Life\". McCartney said of the album, \"we'd had our cute period, and now it was time to expand.\" Recording engineer Norman Smith stated that the Rubber Soul sessions exposed indications of increasing contention within the band: \"the clash between John and Paul was becoming obvious ... as far as Paul was concerned, George could do no right—Paul was absolutely finicky.\"", "Yes are an English rock band formed in 1968 by bassist Chris Squire and singer Jon Anderson. They first achieved success in the 1970s with a progressive, art and symphonic style of rock music.", "The group recorded a single and an album in Feb. 1969, which was produced by Chris Thomas at the legendary EMI Studios at Abbey Road. The single was released in the UK only, in Feb. of '69. The album was planned for June of 1969, but cancelled, and the band put out on their own label in a handmade sleeve.", "was recorded between February 22 and August 20, 1969, but not only at Abbey Road Studios. Part of it was recorded at Olympic Sound and Trident Studios, says Wikipedia. It was released in the" ]

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[ "1. A weight division in professional boxing having an upper limit of 200 pounds (90.7 kilograms), between light heavyweight and heavyweight.", "Cruiserweight is a weight class in boxing between light heavyweight and heavyweight . Before the advent of the current cruiserweight class, \"light heavyweight\" and \"cruiserweight\" were sometimes used interchangeably in the United Kingdom.", "A weight division in professional boxing having an upper limit of 200 pounds (90.7 kilograms), between light heavyweight and heavyweight.", "NOTE: The English class cruiserweights (from 1889-1937) became Light Heavyweight (1937-present). The name reappeared in America (in 1980) for a new class of 190, then 195, and currently 200 pound boxers.", "Cruiserweight [also called junior heavyweight] (176-200 lbs; 80.0 – 90.0 kg; 12 stone 8 pounds – 14 stone 4 pounds): First originated in England (later called lighter-heavyweight); next established as 176-190 lbs (80.0 – 86.2 kg or 12 stone, 8 pounds – 13 stone, 8 pounds) by the WBC in 1979, then the WBA in 1982, and the IBF in 1983; modified in 2004 first by the WBC, then the WBA and next by the IBF to allow a maximum limit of 200 pounds. NOTE: the English class cruiserweights (from 1889-1937) became light heavyweight (1937-present). The name reappeared in America (in 1980) for a new class of 190, then 195, and currently 200 pound boxers.", "With the growing popularity of boxing, especially in the United States, weight classes other than the unlimited heavyweights emerged. These classes became popular as world championships were held at the new weights. Currently, there are eight major professional divisions: flyweight (up to 112 lb/50.8 kg); bantamweight (118 lb/53.5 kg); featherweight (126 lb/57.2 kg); lightweight (135 lb/61.2 kg); welterweight (147 lb/66.7 kg); middleweight (160 lb/72.6 kg); light heavyweight (175 lb/79.4 kg); and heavyweight (unlimited). In recent years there has been some recognition of junior weights, or between-weights, such as junior lightweight and cruiserweight.", "For an evenly matched and fairer fight, weight classes originally split professional male boxers into eight categories: flyweight, bantamweight, featherweight, lightweight, welterweight, middleweight, light heavyweight and heavyweight.", "light heavyweight a boxer between a super middleweight and a cruiserweight, with a maximum weight of 175 pounds. (The Sun Also Rises)", "* In International Kickboxing Federation (IKF), a light heavyweight division is 172.1 - 179 lb (78.3 - 81.4 kg).", "    Junior heavyweight -  Also known as cruiserweight. The maximum weight for this division is 200 pounds (90.9 kg)", "Heavyweight boxers have no weight limit imposed on them, but must weigh in at 200lbs or more. There is a long list of world famous heavyweights, including greats such as Muhammad Ali, Mike Tyson and Lennox Lewis.", "Oftentimes, catch weight fights are still considered fights within a formal weight class. For example, when Manny Pacquiao fought Miguel Cotto , the fight was at a catch weight of 145 pounds to accommodate Pacquiao's smaller physique. Boxing has a junior welterweight weight class with a weight limit of 140 and a welterweight weight class with a weight limit of 147. Since the fight was under the 147 limit and above the 140 limit, the fight was considered a welterweight fight as well as being considered a catch weight fight. In addition, the World Boxing Organization sanctioned this fight for the welterweight title since the fight was under the welterweight limit. [4]", "    Light heavyweight - One of the traditional eight divisions. The maximum weight for this division is 175 pounds (79.4 kg).", "The current weight limit for the division is 200 pounds (14 stone 4 pounds / 90.7kg). When originally established, the weight limit was 190 pounds (86.2kg). The division was established in order to accommodate smaller heavyweight boxers who could not compete with the growing size of boxers in that division. While many great heavyweight champions (such as Rocky Marciano and Joe Louis ) weighed around 190 pounds in their career, during the 1970s it became fairly standard that heavyweight boxers weighed 220 pounds or 230 pounds. It was felt by many boxing authorities that asking men weighing between 176 pounds and 190 pounds to fight these larger men was unfair.", "A boxer who wishes to compete as a lightweight at the professional level must weigh between 130 and 135 pounds, according to the International Boxing Organization and World Boxing Organization. Although many people think of a weight class as dictating a fighter's maximum weight, it also governs a fighter's minimum weight. Among the weight classes in the sport, the lightweight class is roughly in the middle. In U.S. amateur boxing, lightweight fighters must weigh between 126 and 132 pounds.", "Amateur weight classes also specify the minimum weight (which the same as the maximum weight of the next highest class). For safety reasons, fighters cannot fight at a higher weight. This also meant that even the heaviest weight class has a limit, albeit a lower bound. The lower limit for \"heavyweight\" was established in 1948 at 81 kg. When a new limit of 91+ kg was established in 1984, the name \"heavyweight\" was kept by the 81+ kg class, and the 91+ kg class was named \"super heavyweight\", a name not currently used in professional boxing.", "The date is that since which a continuous world title has been recognised by a major sanctioning body; some classes had earlier champions recognised intermittently or by minor bodies. One current weight class with only minor recognition is \"super-cruiserweight\"; widely used as an informal descriptor, it is a formal weight class of the lightly regarded (professional) International Boxing Association at a limit of 210 lb; the IBA's cruiserweight limit is 190 lb. ", "In boxing, it's common for a fighter to compete in a lower weight class early in his career and then move up through the weight classes throughout the years. Multiple title holder, Manny Pacquiao, for example, competed as a flyweight at 112 pounds early in his career, had a brief stop in the lightweight division midway through his career, and in his 2012 defeat to Juan Manuel Marquez, weighed 147 pounds. Notable fighters who once competed as lightweights include Floyd Mayweather, Jr. and Shane Mosley.", "Flyweight is a class in boxing which includes fighters weighing above 49 kg (108 lb) and up to 52 kg (112 lb). ", "Because this division had no weight limit, it has been historically vaguely defined. In the 19th century, for example, many heavyweight champions weighed 170 pounds (12 st 2 lb, 77 kg) or less (although others weighed 200 pounds).", "**An Intermediate is a boxer who has entered and competed in an Open Senior Championship but has not won a Regional Association Title, won a Novice Class 'B' Title, won a CYP Class C Title, or returned from professional boxing.", "He was a three-time light heavyweight champion but isn't ranked higher on this list because of his lack of success in other weight divisions—most of his losses came during his frequent forays into the heavyweight division.", "    Bantamweight -  One of the traditional weight divisions used in professional boxing. The maximum weight for this division is 118 pounds (53.5 kg).", "One of the more confusing aspects of boxing is the presence of three major organizations, each of which has a champion in 16 different weight classes (including the junior weight classes). These organizations are the World Boxing Association (WBA), the World Boxing Council (WBC), and the International Boxing Federation (IBF), and at any one time there may be a different champion in each organization. At other times, one man may hold the title in two of these, or the title might be vacant. To be undisputed champion in a weight class means that a fighter holds the title in all three organizations.", "Cases can arise when a fight does not occur within a specific weight class limit. In certain cases a contract for a fight will specify that the two fighters come into the fight at another limit. Often, this limit will be at a midpoint between two weight classes. Recent examples of catch weight fights where a weight limit was different from that of a defined weight class include the second fight between Jermain Taylor and Kelly Pavlik , which was fought at a catch weight of 166 pounds and the Félix Trinidad - Roy Jones, Jr. fight, which was fought at 171 pounds.", "When the (amateur) International Boxing Association (AIBA) was founded in 1946 to govern amateur boxing, it metricated the weight class limits by rounding them to the nearest kilogram. Subsequent alterations as outlined in the boxing at the Summer Olympics article; these have introduced further discrepancies between amateur and professional class limits and names. The lower weight classes are to be adjusted in September 2010, to establish an absolute minimum weight for adult boxers.", "At present, Manny Pacquiao is the first and only boxer in history to win world titles in eight different weight divisions. Pacquiao won his first belt at 112 pounds, then he captured the crown in 122 pounds, later he won the title in 126 pounds, he got the belt at 130 pounds, the title in 135 pounds, moved up to win the crown in 140 pounds and 147 pounds and he finally won the world title at 154 pounds (although the 154-pound title match was established at a catchweight of 150 pounds).", "All this being said I am going to define for you the different weight class for boxing here, so that in future you won’t make the mistake of mis-matching boxers.", "First let’s look at the boxing governing bodies, then I will list the 17 weight classes that are accepted by them.", "Originally there were 8 weight classes for boxing, this has subsequently been increased to 18 different weight classes. You can see them below:", "Winning boxers progress through the preliminary rounds to the quarterfinals and semifinals. The two semifinals winners fight for the gold and silver medals, while both losing semifinalists receive bronze medals.", "A key step in making boxing safer and more respectable was the introduction of gloves, ending brutal bare-knuckle competition. Boxing gloves are heavily padded to soften the impact of the blow and to protect the hands of the boxer. As an added protection, the hands are taped before being placed in the gloves, which are essentially huge mittens. Professional gloves usually weigh between 170 and 226 g (6 and 8 oz); amateur gloves average 226 to 340 g (8 to 12 oz)." ]

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[ "John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937), founder of the Standard Oil Company, became one of the world’s wealthiest men and a major philanthropist. Born into modest circumstances in upstate New York, he entered the then-fledgling oil business in 1863 by investing in a Cleveland, Ohio, refinery. In 1870, he established Standard Oil, which by the early 1880s controlled some 90 percent of U.S. refineries and pipelines. Critics accused Rockefeller of engaging in unethical practices, such as predatory pricing and colluding with railroads to eliminate his competitors, in order to gain a monopoly in the industry. In 1911, the U.S. Supreme Court found Standard Oil in violation of anti-trust laws and ordered it to dissolve. During his life Rockefeller donated more than $500 million to various philanthropic causes.", "Born John Davison Rockefeller in 1839 Richford, NY; an American oil magnate, founder of the Standard Oil Company; became the world's richest man and first American worth more than a billion dollars; devoted over half his life to the development of philanthropic foundations supporting medicine, education, and scientific research.", "John Davison Rockefeller, Sr. (July 8, 1839 (birth time source: Astrodatabank) � May 23, 1937) was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the oil industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. Rockefeller had always believed since he was a child that his purpose in life was to make as much money as possible, and then use it wisely to improve the lot of mankind. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first billionaire. Rockefeller is often regarded as the richest person in history. Standard Oil was convicted in Federal Court of monopolistic practices and broken up in 19...", "On January 10, 1870, the Standard Oil Company of Ohio was created by John D. Rockefeller (30%), William Rockefeller (13.34%), Henry Flagler (16.67%), Samuel Andrews (16.67%), Stephen Harkness (13.34%), and O. B. Jennings (brother-in-law of William Rockefeller, 10%). It held about 10% of the oil business at the time of its formation.", "Standard Oil’s John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937), scion of the Rockefeller family, becomes the world’s first billionaire. Rockefeller’s fortunes were accumulated in the oil industry.", "This was the first of the long series of reorganizations and mergers that led to the formation of the great Standard Oil Trust. In 1870, when he was 31 years old, Mr. Rockefeller organized the original Standard Oil Company, with William Rockefeller, Andrews, Flagler and Steven V. Harkness, all of whom grew rich and prominent with him as his associates. Mr. Rockefeller was president of the company, which was incorporated in Ohio for $1,000,000, a huge sum in those days.", "John D. Rockefeller, third on the list, is the richest American to have ever lived. At the time of his death in 1937, he was worth $340billion in today's dollars - he was also the first American acquire a net worth over $1billion.", "Titusville and other towns in the area boomed. One of those who heard about the discovery was John D. Rockefeller . Because of his entrepreneurial instincts and his genius for organizing companies, Rockefeller became a leading figure in the U.S. oil industry. In 1859, he and a partner operated a commission firm in Cleveland. They soon sold it and built a small oil refinery. Rockefeller bought out his partner and in 1866 opened an export office in New York City . The next year he, his brother William, S. V. Harkness, and Henry M. Flagler created what was to become the Standard Oil Company. Flagler is considered by many to have been nearly as important a figure in the oil business as John D. himself.", "Rich families are often able to preserve their dynastic wealth through a family ‘trust’, which allow the super-rich to provide for future generations of the family largely free of taxes and outside claims. The proliferation of family trusts has led to what one commentator in the New York Times referred to as “an American aristocracy.” [9] Perhaps the most recognizable family trust – and most ‘royal’ of the American dynasties – is that of the Rockefeller family. In the 19th century, John D. Rockefeller amassed a vast fortune monopolizing the oil industry into Standard Oil. In the early 20th century, the company was broken up by the government into multiple smaller companies, some of which are known today as Exxon Mobil and Chevron, among others. The Rockefeller fortune expanded into other industries and banking, and with that came an increased role in founding universities, foundations and think tanks, which were central to the process of generating the institutional and ideological foundations for American imperialism in the 20th century.", "1839: Birth of John Davison Rockefeller, US multimillionaire. He built his first refinery in 1863, and went on to found the Standard Oil Company in 1870. Later in life he devoted himself to philanthropy.", "In 1866, his brother William Rockefeller Jr. built another refinery in Cleveland and brought John into the partnership. In 1867, Henry M. Flagler became a partner, and the firm of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler was established. By 1868, with Rockefeller continuing practices of borrowing and reinvesting profits, controlling costs, and using refineries' waste, the company owned two Cleveland refineries and a marketing subsidiary in New York; it was the largest oil refinery in the world. Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler was the predecessor of the Standard Oil Company.", "6 John D. Rockefeller An American business magnate and philanthropist. He was a co-founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. ( )", "John D. Rockefeller The industrialization of America was impacted greatly by John... D. Rockefeller. Rockefeller was able to establish a large majority of the petroleum industry with his foundation of Standard Oil. Rockefeller would employ ruthless tactics to make the most money as possible from his oil business. He would create the Standard Oil trust which would influence all big businesses in the country. Following the Civil War, the petroleum business would boom into \"black gold.\" The...", "Many associate the name Rockefeller with success and riches. However, John D. Rockefeller, the... richest man of his time, may not be all that he was believed to be. Looking back into his life and his involvement in the oil business of the 1800’s, I am appalled to see the strategies and tactics he used in order to achieve such success. Although much can be learned from his tremendous business abilities, I do not agree with the methods Rockefeller used in order to gain so much power and riches. From...", "John D. Rockefeller's adjusted net worth: $340 BILLION. At one point he possessed the equivalent of $1 TRILLION today's money -- and there were no income taxes then. He started as a bookkeeper, went into groceries and eventually bought refineries & oil wells, which became Standard Oil. For awhile he owned almost all the oil fields & facilities in America. He spent the last 40 years of his life supporting charities and good causes.", "American Experience . The Richest Man in the World: Andrew Carnegie . People & Events | Andrew Carnegie | PBS", "When the Standard Oil Trust was formed in 1882, it produced most of the world's lamp kerosene, owned 4,000 miles of pipelines, and employed 100,000 workers. Rockefeller often paid above-average wages to his employees, but he strongly opposed any attempt by them to join labor unions. Rockefeller himself owned one-third of Standard Oil's stock, worth about $20 million.", "When Thomas Edison invented the first practical incandescent light bulb in 1879, observers believed Rockefeller’s oil business would wither and die. But despite the seeming ruinous competition from electric lighting, Rockefeller persevered. In 1883, he and his partners expanded combined operations across several states into the Standard Oil Trust.", "John D. Rockefeller Who is John D. Rockefeller?... John D. Rockefeller is one of the country’s first industrialists. His success made him the world’s wealthiest men in history and the richest man who ever lived. In addition, Rockefeller was distinguished as a great philanthropy. Rockefeller’s mindset was all in American industry and philanthropy since the nineteenth century. His ambition rose him to the top. Rockefeller is known for...", "Fourth of July Trivia: In todayâs dollars, can you guess the wealthiest businessman in history? Check back for the answer! a. Henry Ford b. Bill Gates c. Andrew Carnegie d. John D. Rockefeller", "John lived in an age when owners of industries operated without much interference from government. Even the income tax did not exist. Rockefeller built an oil monopoly by ruthlessly eliminating most of his competitors. This made him the richest man in the world. But he spent his retirement years giving away most of his money. The unlikely match between \"Devil Bill\" and Eliza Rockefeller produced a son who would paradoxically become the most hated and admired man in America.", "* John Jacob Astor – business magnate, merchant and investor and the first multi-millionaire in the United States ", "William Henry Vanderbilt I (May 8, 1821 � December 8, 1885) was an American businessman and a member of the prominent Vanderbilt family. Childhood William Vanderbilt was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey in 1821. He inherited nearly $100 million from his father, railroad mogul and family patriarch \"The Commodore\" Cornelius Vanderbilt upon his death in 1877 and had increased it to almost $194 million at his death less than nine years later. When he died, he was the richest man in the world. In 1841 he married Maria Louisa Kissam (1821�1896), the daughter of a Presbyterian minister. Vanderbilt said in an interview with the Chicago Daily News on October 9, 1882, \"The railroads are not run for the benefit of the 'dear public' � that cry is all nonsense � they are built by men who invest...", "Andrew Carnegie, Henry Ford, J.P. Morgan, John D. Rockefeller and Cornelius Vanderbilt are five of the greatest businessmen America has ever known. Remembered for their entrepreneurial spirit and innovative approaches to growing their respective empires, these men ushered post-Civil War America into the modern era. HISTORY’s new event series The Men Who Built America , which premieres tonight at 9/8c, delves into their many achievements and powerful influence. Get ready for the show by exploring five surprising facts about the men who shaped the country we know today.", "Andrew Carnegie vs. John Rockefeller During the 1800’s, two men started as poor, working class citizens with a dream, a dream... to become wealthy and be able to support their families. Both of these men made their dreams come true by ruthless tactics and sometimes were looked down on. These two men were Andrew Carnegie and John Rockefeller, the original entrepreneurs of America. Both men acquired mass fortunes and lived extravagant lives after they had retired, but they used their money for good;...", "Thomas Alva Edison (11 February 1847 – 18 October 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. Edison is the fourth most prolific inventor in history, holding well over 1,000 US patents in his name, as well as many patents elsewhere.", "The entrepreneur who built the Standard Oil Trust into a business combination controlling much of the American Oil Trade", "He was an American business tycoon; aviator and aerospace engineer; inventor; and filmmaker. As at the time of his death, he was one of the richest people in the world, with a net worth of about US$ 1.5 billion (equivalent to approximately US$ 6.22 billion in 2014 dollars).", "He was one of the wealthiest men in America at the time of his death in 1862.", "The original founder of the Astor fortune was John Jacob Astor (1763-1884). John Jacob Astor was born in Waldorf, Duchy of Baden (Germany) from a Jewish bloodline. The Jewish origins have been hidden, and quite a number of various ideas of the Astor�s heritage have been put into circulation by the Astor's. John Jacob Astor was a butcher in Waldorf. In 1784, he came to America after a stop over in London, England.", "In the history of the U.S. Presidency, Fillmore inaugurated a new era. All previous Presidents had substantial personal fortunes, acquired either by inheritance, marriage, or (in Martin van Buren's case) by work as an attorney. Fillmore was the first of a long line of late nineteenth century chief executives, mostly lawyers, who acquired only modest wealth during their lives, were \"distinctly middle class\", and who spent most of their careers in public service. ", "His started out as an itinerant telegraph operator, traveling from town to town; his first invention was a device that repeated Morse code at a slower speed, so he could more easily transcribe the messages. His first invention to make money was a ticker tape to convey stock market prices to brokerage houses. He became a millionaire in his forties." ]

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[ "Montgomery Ward ( and Wards) are brands currently owned by an online and catalog-based merchant, Montgomery Ward, Inc., based in Monroe, Wisconsin, that carries the same names as the former American department store chain, founded as the world's #1 mail order business in 1872 by Aaron Montgomery Ward, and which went out of business in 2001. At its height, the original Montgomery Ward company (Wards) was one of the largest retailers in the United States, but declining sales in the late 20th century forced the original Montgomery Ward to close all of its retail stores and catalog operations by early 2001. Montgomery Ward was revived in late 2004 online.", "The story of Montgomery Ward, the # 1 mail order business in 1872 was started by visionary Aaron Montgomery Ward with a small amount of money and a couple of partners who eventually left him as sole owner.", "Monkey Wards: \"Monkey Wards,\" along with \"Monty Wards,\" is a nickname for mail-order giant Montgomery Wards. In 1872 Chicago, travelling salesman Aaron Montgomery Ward decided to make his life easier by offering his buyers the opportunity to purchase his varied merchandise through the mail; as a result, he started the first ever mail-order business. By 1904, 3 million catalogues had been distributed. Eventually, in 1926, Ward opened an outlet in Indiana, leading to more than 500 stores over the years. Unfortunately, the mail-order business end began to fizzle; by 1985, the catalogue stopped distribution (Tom and Crow must be looking at an old one) and in late 2000, Wards declared bankruptcy and closed down not long after.", "In 1872, Aaron Montgomery Ward of Chicago produced a mail-order catalogue for his Montgomery Ward mail order business. By buying goods and then reselling them directly to customers, Aaron Montgomery Ward was consequently removing the middlemen at the general store and to the benefit of the customer, lowering drastically the prices.", "1871 The first British-based international mail order business was begun by the Army and Navy Co-operative. They published their first catalogue in February 1872.", "Montgomery Ward was founded by Aaron Montgomery Ward in 1872. Ward had conceived of the idea of a dry goods mail-order business in Chicago, Illinois, after several years of working as a traveling salesman among rural customers. He observed that rural customers often wanted \"city\" goods but their only access to them was through rural retailers who had little competition and did not offer any guarantee of quality. Ward also believed that by eliminating intermediaries, he could cut costs and make a wide variety of goods available to rural customers, who could purchase goods by mail and pick them up at the nearest train station.", "Along with his partner, Alvah Roebuck, Richard Sears opened one of the first mail-order businesses. In 1895, they rolled out their first catalogue, a 532-page behemoth containing thousands of items, enough to supply every need a family could have. Sears was a master marketer, an apostle of advertising, and it pioneered such innovations as the money-back guarantee. By the 1920s, Sears was selling everything from houses (now highly desirable collector�s residences) to violins. Local merchants couldn�t compete, and the culture of mom-and-pop stores was devastated by modern marketing and low prices.", "In 1883, the company's catalog, which became popularly known as the \"Wish Book\", had grown to 240 pages and 10,000 items. In 1896, Wards acquired its first serious competition in the mail order business, when Richard Warren Sears introduced his first general catalog. In 1900, Wards had total sales of $8.7 million, compared to $10 million for Sears, and both companies would struggle for dominance during much of the 20th century. By 1904, the company had expanded as such that it mailed three million catalogs, weighing 4 lb each, to customers.", "In the 1990s Montgomery Ward faced stiff competition from new discount retailers such as Target and Wal-Mart , and it filed for bankruptcy in 1997. Although it attempted to modernize its stores, the company continued to suffer losses. In December 2000 it announced that it was going out of business, and in 2001 it closed its remaining stores. After being acquired by a catalog marketer, Montgomery Ward was relaunched as an online company in 2004.", "      Montgomery Ward & Co., Inc., an icon in American catalog sales and retailing since its beginnings in 1872, announces that it will close its 250 remaining stores and file for bankruptcy.", "In a world full of junk mail and an endless array of catalogs, students may not think much about where it all started�in Chicago, Illinois in 1872, when entrepreneur Montgomery Ward mailed a one-page catalog to rural shoppers.", "Wards and Sears were not the only Chicago companies running successful mail-order enterprises during the early twentieth century. The Hartman Company, which sold furniture by mail out of its central depot on Wentworth Avenue, filled about $13 million in orders per year by the early 1920s. Another Chicago furniture dealer that would eventually become one of the most important firms in the mail-order industry was Spiegel. This company's founder, the German -born Joseph Spiegel, started a home furnishings company in Chicago just after the Civil War. In 1904, Joseph and his son Arthur decided to move into mail order. By 1929, the Spiegel family's company (which by then sold women's clothing as well as furniture) was selling over $20 million in goods per year through the mail. A strategy of generous consumer credit , low prices, and high volume allowed Spiegel to accomplish the remarkable feat of expanding its operations during the Great Depression .", "The Kelloggs at first sold their products mainly by mail order to their ex-patients, but then began advertising in newspapers and on billboards, while rival entrepreneurs invaded the promising market and copying the Kellogg lines. An ex-patient of the sanitarium named C.W. Post made Grape Nuts, based on the Granola biscuits, and a cereal-based drink called Postum patterned on the Kellogg coffee substitute. By 1900 his Postum Cereal Company was making $3 million a year.", "The Kays mail order business was founded in Worcester in the 1880s and operated from numerous premises in the city until 2007. It was then bought out by Reality, owner of the Grattan catalogue. Kays' former warehouse building was knocked down in 2008. [25]", "In 1850, American Express was started as an express mail business in Buffalo, New York. It was founded as a joint stock corporation by the merger of the express companies owned by Henry Wells (Wells & Company), William G. Fargo (Livingston, Fargo & Company), and John Warren Butterfield (Wells, Butterfield & Company, the successor earlier in 1850 of Butterfield, Wasson & Company). Wells and Fargo also started Wells Fargo & Co. in 1852 when Butterfield and other directors objected to the proposal that American Express extend its operations to California.", "1��������� Richard Nixon letter, 1972 March 22, to Edward Donnell regarding the company's 100 years in the mail order business. (photocopy in box 44, folder 13).", "December 28, 2000 - Montgomery Ward, the retail giant since its founding one hundred and twenty-eight years before, announces its intention to cease business. Competition from newer, low-cost retail behemoths such as Wal-Mart lead to its demise.", "Surviving the Panic of 1855 gave Wells Fargo two advantages. First, it faced virtually no competition in the banking and express business in California after the crisis; second, Wells Fargo attained a reputation for dependability and soundness. From 1855 through 1866, Wells Fargo expanded rapidly, becoming the West's all-purpose business, communications, and transportation agent. Under Barney's direction, the company developed its own stagecoach business, helped start and then took over Butterfield Overland Mail, and participated in the Pony Express. This period culminated with the 'grand consolidation' of 1866, when Wells Fargo consolidated the ownership and operation of the entire overland mail route from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean and many stagecoach lines in the western states.", "Surviving the Panic of 1855 gave Wells Fargo two advantages. First, it faced virtually no competition in the banking and express business in California after the crisis; second, Wells Fargo attained a reputation for dependability and soundness. From 1855 through 1866, Wells Fargo expanded rapidly, becoming the West's all-purpose business, communications, and transportation agent. Under Barney's direction, the company developed its own stagecoach business, helped start and then took over the Overland Mail Company, and participated in the Pony Express. This period culminated with the 'grand consolidation' of 1866 when Wells Fargo consolidated under its own name the ownership and operation of the entire overland mail route from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean and many stagecoach lines in the western states.", "Wells Fargo's involvement in Overland Mail led to its participation in the Pony Express in the last six of the express's 18 months of existence. Russell, Majors and Waddell launched the privately owned and operated Pony Express. By the end of 1860, the Pony Express was in deep financial trouble; its fees did not cover its costs and, without government subsidies and lucrative mail contracts, it could not make up the difference. After Overland Mail, by then controlled by Wells Fargo, was awarded a $1 million government contract in early 1861 to provide daily mail service over a central route (the American Civil War had forced the discontinuation of the southern line), Wells Fargo took over the western portion of the Pony Express route from Salt Lake City, Utah to San Francisco. Russell, Majors & Waddell continued to operate the eastern leg from Salt Lake City to St. Joseph, Missouri, under subcontract. ", "Sales methods were rapidly changing at the time. Salesmen traditionally covered their territories by horse and wagon, delivering goods as they sold them. Heinz outfitted each with a team of sharp horses and a brightly painted enclosed wagon that served as a mobile billboard. Beginning in 1899, salesmen called on their accounts, from grocers to hotels, but now with a sample case and took orders to be delivered later.", "It would be private enterprise, however, that brought stamps to the U. S. On February 1, 1842 a new carrier service called \"City Despatch Post\" began operations in New York City, introducing the first adhesive postage stamp ever produced in the western hemisphere, which it required its clients to use for all mail. This stamp was a 3¢ issue bearing a rather amateurish drawing of George Washington, printed from line engraved plates in sheets of 42 images. The company had been founded by Henry Thomas Windsor, a London merchant who at the time was living in Hoboken, New Jersey. Alexander M. Greig was advertised as the post's \"agent,\" and as a result, historians and philatelists have tended to refer to the firm simply as \"Greig's City Despatch Post,\" making no mention of Windsor. In another innovation, the company placed mail-collection boxes around the city for the convenience of its customers.", "N. W. Ayer & Son was an advertising agency founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1869. It called itself the oldest advertising agency in the United States. Named after Francis Ayer's father N. W. Ayer, it ventured into advertising in 1884. It created a number of memorable slogans for firms such as De Beers, AT&T and the U.S. Army. The company started to decline in the 1960s and, after a series of mergers, was closed in 2002 with its assets sold to the Publicis Groupe.", "the oldest supplier of postage meters (since 1920); manufacturer of mailing machines, inserters, cancelling machines , sorters and other postal equipment;  bought out Mailometer in 1924.", "In 1901 the U.S. Gramophone Company was taken over by Eldridge Johnson and evolved into the Victor Talking Machine Company, who began to use the Nipper trademark extensively.  Victor expanded rapidly to become the world’s largest manufacturer of phonograph machines - notably, the Victrola - and phonograph/gramophone records.  In 1926, Johnson sold out to a banking firm, Seligman & Spyer, who in turn sold Victor on to the Radio Corporation Of America in 1929, thus creating the company which would ultimately become known as RCA-Victor.", "The former parent company, Ampex Corporation, no longer has any employees. Between March 30, 2008 and October of that year, Ampex Corp. reorganized under Chapter 11, and divested itself of its remaining going concerns in October, 2014. ", "The original stockholders of the Company were Messrs. C. T. Harvey, William E. Dodge, William H. Fogg, William H. Appleton, R. T. Underhill, John P. Yelverton, Turner Brothers, Chauncey Vibbard, Fred. B. Fisk, John B. Murray, Wm. W. W. Wood, Moses A. Hoppock, John Perkins, Edwin Booth, D. D. Williams, Chas. D. Bigelow, De Witt Clinton Jones, W. S. Gurnee, S. M. Pettingill, John H. Hall, alanson Traek, Isaac Scott, Stephen Cutter, D. Crawford, Jr., F. T. James, Frank Work, George L. Trask, H. F. Lombard, H. F. Spaulding, S. M. Pettingill, A. S. Barnes, R. P. Getty, and Samuel D. Babcock. The capital stock is about $1,000,000.", "The company formed in April 1856 to exploit the hot technology of the telegraph to send cross-country messages in less than a day. It is now focusing its attention on money transfers and other financial services, and delivered its final telegram on Friday.", "In 1901, his partner sold out, leaving Stuart the company and $105,000 of debt. As sales gradually grew, Stuart sought a brand name for the product. Passing a tobacconist's window in downtown Seattle, Stuart saw a display of cigars round a sign with the name: Carnation. His own firm subsequently adopted the name Carnation Evaporated Milk Company.", "In 1856 the business was expanded to include the manufacture of agricultural implements. Upon Eliphalet's death in 1861, his son, Philo, took over the firm during the Civil War, and diversified the product line to include sewing machines (manufactured from 1870 to 1894) and typewriters (1873), both of which were exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876.", "The Starr Piano Company was in the instrument business for many years before it launched into the recor business in 1917. The label was named aafter the Gennett brothers - Harry, Clarence and Fred who were the principle officers of the company at the time. ", "In December 1911, Simon Mark�s was elected to the Board of Directors. Simon was specifically responsible for the buying of merchandise." ]

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[ "The Wizard of Id is a daily newspaper comic strip created by American cartoonists Brant Parker and Johnny Hart. Beginning in 1964, the strip follows the antics of a large cast of characters in a shabby medieval kingdom called \"Id\". From time to time, the King refers to his subjects as \"Idiots\". (The title is a play on The Wizard of Oz , combined with the Freudian psychological term Id, which represents the instinctive and primal part of the human psyche.)", "The Wizard of Id is a daily newspaper comic strip created by American cartoonists Brant Parker and Johnny Hart. Beginning in 1964, the strip follows the antics of a large cast of characters in a shabby medieval kingdom called \"Id\". From time to time, the king refers to his subjects as \"Idiots\". (The title is a play on The Wizard of Oz, combined with the Freudian psychological term Id, which represents the instinctive and primal part of the human psyche.)", "The Wizard of Id is a daily newspaper comic strip created by American cartoonists Brant Parker and Johnny Hart . Beginning in 1964, the strip follows the antics of a large cast of characters in a shabby medieval kingdom called \"Id\". From time to time, the King refers to his subjects as \"Idiots\". (The title is a play on The Wizard of Oz , combined with the Freudian psychological term Id , which represents the instinctive and primal part of the human psyche .)", "Brant Julius Parker (August 26, 1920 – April 15, 2007) was an American cartoonist. He co-created and drew The Wizard of Id comic strip until passing the job on to his son, Jeff Parker, in 1997. Cartoonist Johnny Hart, his co-creator, continued writing the strip until his death on April 7, 2007. Parker himself died eight days later, on April 15.", "The Wizard of Id is a daily newspaper comic strip created by American cartoonists Brant Parker and Johnny Hart. It began in 1964. In 1997 Brant Parker passed his duties with the strip on to his son Jeff Parker, who had already been involved with creating Id for a decade. Currently the strip appears in some 1,000 newspapers over the world. It is syndicated by Creators Syndicate.", "The Wizard of Id is a comic strip created by Brant Parker and Johnny Hart in 1964.", "“The Wizard of Id,” the Creators-distributed comic strip that has mined a wealth of gags from its twisted take on medieval castle life, was launched 50 years ago this month by the Reuben Award-winning duo of Johnny Hart (“B.C.”) and Brant Parker (“Crock”). The strip soon proved popular, has garnered a raft of National Cartoonist Society honors and has seen its client list top 1,000 newspapers. (The co-creators died within nearly a week of each other in 2007, a decade after Brant’s son Jeff Parker took over duties on the strip; two of Hart’s grandsons, Mason Mastroianni and Mick Mastroianni, now help produce the strip.)", "In the early 1960s, Johnny Hart, having already created the successful B.C., began collaborating with his friend, then-unpublished cartoonist Brant Parker, on a new comic strip. (Parker would go on to create or co-create the strips Goosemyer, Crock and Out of Bounds.) Having already drawn cartoons about the Stone Age, Hart advanced through time to the Middle Ages, taking an idea from a deck of playing cards. The Wizard of Id was first syndicated on November 9, 1964, drawn by Parker and co-written by Parker and Hart.", "Here is the original artwork for the classic \"Wizard of Id\" Daily Comic Strip, dated July 20th, 1977, pencilled by Brant Parker and written by Johnny Hart. ", "B.C. is an American newspaper comic strip created in 1958, written and drawn by Johnny Hart until his death in 2007. Set in prehistoric times, it features a group of cavemen and anthropomorphic animals from various geologic eras. It is among the longest-running strips by its original creator, appearing daily in newspapers since February 17, 1958. Hart died on April 7, 2007 at his drawing board in Nineveh, New York.[1] [2]Hart's grandson Mason Mastroianni now sits at the helm of B.C. as head writer and cartoonist. Grandson Mick Mastroianni, writes for both B.C. and his grandfather's other creation, The Wizard of Id. Hart's daughter Perri is the B.C. letterer and colorist.", "I was so fortunate to have grown up with such a close connection to “The Wizard of Id” through my father’s relationship with Brant Parker and Johnny Hart. [Bill Rechin co-created “Crock\" with Parker.] Being around Brant Parker [while] growing up was one of the greatest gifts a young cartoonist could ask for. The world that he and Johnny Hart created was so whimsical and fun. The simple beauty of the drawing style combined with cutting wit made the", "It was in New York that he met Johnny Hart in 1950; Parker was judging an art contest in which 18-year-old Hart was an entrant. The meeting was the beginning of a friendship that led to the two collaborating on The Wizard of Id in 1964. Parker teamed with Don Wilder on the political commentary strip, Goosemyer, which ran from 1981 to 1983. He collaborated with Bill Rechin and Wilder on the strips Out of Bounds and Crock. Early on, Parker left those strips to devote more time to The Wizard of Id.", "Hägar the Horrible is the title and the name of the protagonist of a comic strip syndicated by King Features Syndicate[1] Created by the late Dik Browne, it is now drawn by his son Chris Browne.[2] It first appeared in February 1973, was immediately a success,[3] and as of 2010 is distributed to 1,900 newspapers in 58 countries in 13 languages.[1] The strip is a caricature of and loose interpretation of Viking and medieval Scandinavian life.", "The Wizard of Id has enjoyed a successful life to date. It has been named best humor strip by the American National Cartoonists Society in 1971, 1976, 1980, 1982 and 1983, and Johnny Hart received a Reuben Award for his work on it and BC in 1968, an award which Brant Parker later received for it in 1984. Furthermore, it has seen dozens of paperback collections published since 1965, and even now there are some still in print.", "While it's set a thousand years ago, the strip's humor occasionally satirizes modern American culture, and deliberate anachronisms are rampant. Technology changes to suit whatever a gag requires; a battle with spears and arrows might be followed by a peasant using an ATM. The general trend is that even though the personalities of the characters are well known, their surroundings will morph to allow a good joke. For instance, in some strips the King is curiously elected to his monarchial position (albeit through rigged ballots), no thanks to the Duke suggesting while drunk the first time it happened that they hold an election which became an annual event. The aspects that stay the same, however, are that Id is in the middle of nowhere, home to a large castle surrounded by a moat. The King and his subjects run an inept army perpetually at war with \"the Huns\", while the unhappy, overtaxed peasants (or Idiots) make little money as farmers and stablehands to keep modest lifestyles.", "The history of comic strips also includes series that are not humorous, but tell an ongoing dramatic story. Examples include The Phantom, Prince Valiant, Dick Tracy, Mary Worth, Modesty Blaise, Little Orphan Annie, \"Flash Gordon\", and Tarzan. Sometimes these are spin-offs from comic books, for example Superman, Batman, and The Amazing Spider-Man.", "Adventure and suspense had been elements of comic strips since Charles W. Kahles's popular strip Hairbreadth Harry (1906), but they appeared in the form of burlesque. In 1924 Roy Crane, with Wash Tubbs (later retitled Captain Easy), was the first to add these features to a strip in a strictly dramatic format. Some of the earliest examples of this new genre—invariably drawn in a more realistic style than the early \"funnies\"—were Tim Tyler's Luck (1928), by Lyman Young, Tarzan (1929), first drawn by Harold Foster, and Buck Rogers (1929), by Phil Nowlan and Dick Calkins. These led to such classics as Chester Gould's Dick Tracy (1931), Milton Caniff's Terry and the Pirates (1934), and Alex Raymond's Flash Gordon (1934), and culminated in the most consciously artistic strip of all, Harold Foster's Prince Valiant (1937).", "I can appreciate Foster's point. Shortly after that conversation, with the help of an undergraduate degree in medieval history and much instruction from Foster, I took over the writing of Prince Valiant, teaming up with my father, the illustrator John Cullen Murphy, who had already taken over the drawing. The fact that huge gaps exist in our knowledge of Britain's political history in early medieval times does offer considerable scope for invention. But Foster insisted on accuracy about medieval life to the extent that accuracy is possible, and readers of the strip are quick to hold my father and me to account, writing in a state of dudgeon when they suspect that anachronisms have crept in. I have engaged in spirited and protracted correspondence regarding such things as the ogham alphabet used by the Celtic druids, the technology of anvils, and the origin of the surname Fulda. Both of us do considerable research, mostly in libraries but sometimes also by visiting places that Prince Valiant would have known.", "* Sir Rodney the Chicken-Hearted: Usually just called \"Rodney\", he is the king's chief knight and head of the hapless royal army and the \"Admiral\" of the Kingdom's \"Navy.\" {His standard is that of a yellow chicken on a white background}. He is a tall, lanky man of dopey intelligence who wears green chainmail and carries a spear. He is hopeless as a warrior, and his troops are just as incompetent. Rodney is at heart a coward; he is terrified of fighting and often pretends to be good at slaying dragons, while in fact he once bribed one, (known as \"Dragy\".) He has an enormous nose, the source of many jokes—and is always trying to win the King's attention. He occasionally works as a spy, wearing a tree costume with a large hole to accommodate his nose. His father was Sir Francis Beakmeister ", "Medieval AU – A declaration of war from an egotistical king sends the continent into turmoil and him into hiding with his only faithful knight. Kyle/Cartman among others.", "On this day in 1930 King Features ( Primce Valiant, Zippy the Pinhead ) launched the most successful domestic comedy daily comic strip of all time. Blondie debuted 80 years ago today.", "Beetle Bailey (begun on September 4, 1950) [2] is an American comic strip set in a fictional United States Army military post, created by cartoonist Mort Walker . It is among the oldest comic strips still being produced by the original creator. [1] Over the years, Mort Walker has been assisted by (among others) Jerry Dumas , Bob Gustafson , Frank Johnson and Walker's sons Neal, Brian and Greg Walker. The latter is currently credited on the strip.", "The Stablehands: Two unnamed peasants, invariably holding pitchforks and shovels, and unhappy in their work. Hart and Parker would cut to them whenever they had a \"dung\" joke.", "A comic strip is a sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions. Traditionally, throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, these have been published in newspapers and magazines, with horizontal strips printed in black-and-white in daily newspapers, while Sunday newspapers offered longer sequences in special color comics sections. With the development of the internet, they began to appear online as web comics.", "Kate Beaton , cartoonist of webcomic Hark! A Vagrant, devoted one of her comic strips to the story of the Princes. [20]", "One character that has certainly become a legend is Popeye. Classified as a humor strip by most, it is actually a baroque image of an adventure strip. Packed with cynic sarcasm, it is probably the most hilarious strip ever.", "Li'l Abner is a satirical American comic strip that appeared in many newspapers in the United States, Canada and Europe, featuring a fictional clan of hillbillies in the impoverished mountain village of Dogpatch, Kentucky. Written and drawn by Al Capp (1909–1979), the strip ran for 43 years, from August 13, 1934 through November 13, 1977.", "Beetle Bailey (begun on September 4, 1950) is an American comic strip created by cartoonist Mort Walker. Set in a fictional United States Army military post, it is among the oldest comic strips still being produced by the original creator. Over the years, Mort Walker has been assisted by (among others) Jerry Dumas, Bob Gustafson, Frank Johnson and Walker's sons Neal, Brian and Greg Walker. The latter is currently credited on the strip.", "Smokey Stover is an American comic strip written and drawn by cartoonist Bill Holman, from 1935 until he retired in 1973. Distributed through the Chicago Tribune, it features the wacky misadventures of the titular fireman, and had the longest run of any comic strip in the \"screwball comics\" genre.", "Heathcliff, like Garfield, is a fat, black-striped, orange cat that first appeared in a comic strip created by George Gately. The strip debuted in 1973.", "“’Brick Bradford’ was an American newspaper strip (daily black-&-white, Sunday colour) that occasionally appeared in American comic books like Famous Funnies which reprinted newspaper strips (mostly the Sunday pages). He was a time-traveller whose vehicle was a \"time top\" which apparently *spun* its way through time. The art was highly stylized, but (I thought then) rather handsome.”", "Eighty years ago Murat B. (Chic) Young had the idea for a comic strip. He took a gorgeous flapper and introduces her to a young bachelor son of a very rich industrial tycoon. Have his parents disapprove and see what happens. A cartoon star is born called Blondie." ]

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[ "Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States (1865–1869). Following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, Johnson presided over the Reconstruction era of the United States in the four years after the American Civil War. His tenure was highly controversial as his positions favoring the white South came under heavy political attack from Republicans.", "Andrew Johnson, 17th president of the United States, became the first president to have impeachment proceedings brought against him by the House of Representatives.", "Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 - July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as he was vice president at the time of President Abraham Lincoln's assassination. A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, Johnson came to office as the Civil War concluded. The new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the former slaves, and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives. The first American president to be impeached, he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.", "When President Andrew Johnson, who had no vice president, was impeached and tried in 1868, Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Franklin Wade was next in line to the presidency. Wade's radicalism is thought by many historians to be a major reason why the Senate, which did not want to see Wade in the White House, acquitted Johnson. The president pro tempore and the speaker were removed from the line of succession in 1886, but were restored in 1947. This time, however, the president pro tempore followed the speaker.", "On January 7, 1999, in a congressional procedure not seen since the 1868 impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson, the trial of President Clinton got underway in the Senate. As instructed in Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution, the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (William Rehnquist at this time) was sworn in to preside, and the senators were sworn in as jurors.", "On February 24, 1868, the house brought charges of impeachment against President Johnson. The charges were mainly political issues. However the most important of the issue was that Johnson had violated the Tenure of Office Act in the Stanton affair. He was also charged to be conspiring against President Lincoln. However the court narrowly failed to convict Andrew mainly due to Lincoln who was a good friend of Johnson.In May 1868, while his impeachment was still under progress, Grant was nominated as a Presidential candidate by the Republicans and Johnson didn’t get Democratic nomination and Governor Horatio Seymour of New York was chosen as the candidate by the convention.", "Former governor and senator from Tennessee who became president after Abraham Lincoln’s assassination. Lincoln chose Johnson as his running mate in the 1864 election in order to persuade the conservative border states to remain in the Union. Johnson, neither a friend of the southern aristocracy nor a proponent of securing rights for former slaves, fought Congress over passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 . Johnson also believed that only he, not Congress, should be responsible for Reconstruction, recognizing new state governments according to the Ten-Percent Plan without Congress’s consent. The House of Representatives impeached Johnson in 1868 for violating the Tenure of Office Act, but the Senate later acquitted him.", "ANDREW JOHNSON in 1868 (Richard Nixon was facing imminent impeachment but resigned before the proceedings took place).", "Johnson intentionally violates the Tenure of Office Act when he suspends Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton and replaces him with General Ulysses S. Grant during a congressional recess. The Senate refuses to confirm the action, Grant returns the office to Stanton, but the President names Gen. Lorenzo Thomas to the post instead. Impeachment proceedings follow in 1868.", "In an effort to limit Johnson’s executive powers, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act in 1867, which required the president to consult with the House and Senate before removing any congressionally appointed cabinet members. Radicals took this measure in an attempt to protect Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, a carryover from Lincoln’s cabinet and a crucial figure in military Reconstruction. When Johnson ignored the Tenure of Office Act and fired Stanton, Republicans in the House impeached him by a vote of 126–47. After a tense trial, the Senate voted to acquit the president by a margin of only one vote.", "The seventeenth President Andrew Johnson was the first President to be impeached by the House of Representatives. He was subsequently acquitted in the Senate by a single vote.", "Southern Democrat Andrew Johnson became president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, less than a week after the Southern army had surrendered. Johnson held sympathies for the South, and clashed with Radical Republicans in Congress who wanted to impose harsh measures on the South. This conflict led to his impeachment in February 1868 , but he survived the Senate vote to remove him from office.", "That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the high duties of his office, and of his oath of office, on the 21st day of February, in the year of our Lord, 1868, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, did unlawfully conspire with one Lorenzo Thomas, to seize, take and possess the property of the United States in the War Department, with intent to violate and disregard the act entitled \"An act regulating the tenure of certain civil office,\" passed March 2, 1867, whereby said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did then and there commit a high misdemeanor in office.", "Hostilities between the president and Congress continued to mount, and in February 1868, the House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson. Among the 11 charges, he was accused of violating the Tenure of Office Act by suspending Secretary of War Edwin Stanton (1814-1869), who opposed Johnson’s Reconstruction policies. That May, the Senate acquitted Johnson of the charges by one vote.", "That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the high duties of his office, and of his oath of office, in violation of the Constitution and laws of the United States, on the 21st day of February, in the year of our Lord 1868, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, did unlawfully conspire with one Lorenzo Thomas, and with other persons to the House of Representatives unknown, with intent, by intimidation and threats, to hinder and prevent Edwin M. Stanton, then and there, the Secretary for the Department of War, duly appointed under the laws of the United States, from holding said office of Secretary for the Department of War, contrary to and in violation of the Constitution of the United States, and of the provisions of an act entitled \"An act to define and punish certain conspiracies,\" approved July 31, 1861, whereby said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did then and there commit and was guilty of high crime in office.", "John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767âFebruary 23, 1848) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States from March 4, 1825 to March 4, 1829. At various times he was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties.", "That Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the duties of his high office and of his oath of office, on the 21st day of February, in the year of our Lord 1868, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, did unlawfully conspire with one Lorenzo Thomas, by force to seize, take and possess the property of the United Sates at the War Department, contrary to the provisions of an act entitled \"An act to define and punish certain conspiracies,\" approved July 31, 1861, and with intent to violate and disregard an act entitled \"An act regulating the tenure of certain civil offices,\" passed March 2, 1867, whereby said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did then and there commit a high crime in office.", "When: Period after the Mexican-American War (1848) Where: From Massachusets Who/What: Were a faction of the Whig party that opposed slavery (notably Charles Adames and James Kent) Did What: Accused James K. Polk of fighting the Mexican-American War of conquest in order to add new slave states to the Union and give Democrats permanent control of the federal government. They split from the mainstream Whig party to create the Free-Soil Party, then later returned. So What: They are an example of how factions tore the Second Party System apart and these men would later play a crucial role in the establishment of Abraham Lincoln's party, the Republican Party.", "Johnson however, surprised these Radical Republicans by supporting Lincoln's more moderate reconstruction plan. Because of this, he made many enemies in congress and was the first president to be impeached by Congress. During his trial however, many members of Congress realized that Johnson wasn't being accused of \"high crimes and misdemeanors\" as defined by the Constitution. He was merely guilty of a differing of political opinion.", "Buchanan began his political career in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1814–16) as a member of the Federalist Party. He was elected to the 17th United States Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1821 – March 3, 1831), serving as chairman of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary in the 21st United States Congress. In 1830, he was among the members appointed by the House to conduct impeachment proceedings against James H. Peck, judge of the United States District Court for the District of Missouri. Peck was charged with abuse of the contempt power, but was ultimately acquitted. Buchanan did not seek reelection, and from 1832 to 1833, he served as Minister to Russia, appointed by Andrew Jackson.", "i / ˈ eɪ b r ə h æ m ˈ l ɪ ŋ k ən / (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States , serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865 . Lincoln led the United States through its greatest constitutional, military, and moral crisis—the American Civil War —preserving the Union , abolishing slavery, strengthening the national government and modernizing the economy. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier , Lincoln was self-educated, and became a country lawyer , a Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator during the 1830s, and a one-term member of the United States House of Representatives during the 1840s. He promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, canals, railroads and tariffs to encourage the building of factories; he opposed the war with Mexico in 1846.", "During Mudd’s trial, evidence was introduced by the prosecution showing that Mudd and Booth had indeed met prior to April 15, 1865. Louis Weichmann, the government’s key witness, told of an earlier meeting involving Mudd and Booth in Washington, D.C., at which Weichmann was present. Weichmann testified that while he and John Surratt, Jr., were walking along Seventh Street toward Pennsylvania Avenue, they met Booth and Mudd coming from the opposite direction.10 After introductions, the four men retired to Booth’s room at the National Hotel, a short distance away. Weichmann testified that during the meeting Mudd and Booth stepped into the hall and engaged in a subdued conversation that Weichmann could hear but could not discern the actual words. The two men were subsequently joined by Surratt before all three men returned to the room where Weichmann was sitting. Booth, Surratt, and Mudd sat around a table in the center of the room while Booth drew something on the back of an envelope–Weichmann said he thought it resembled a map. Whatever was discussed among the three men, one thing is certain: As a result of Mudd’s introduction of Surratt to Booth, Surratt agreed to join Booth in his plot to capture Lincoln.", "John Quincy Adams became the 6th president in 1825 as a Democratic-Republican.  He had previously served as Secretary of State, and he was the son of John Adams, the second president.  The election of 1824 was the first presidential election to test the constitutional direction of controversial elections.  This was the first election where the popular vote was counted.  Andrew Jackson had the most electoral votes, but he didn't have a majority.  The election then went to the House of Representatives where Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House (and he had ended up in fourth place in the election).  John Quincy Adams was the winner of the vote in the House, and he chose Henry Clay as his Secretary of State.  This brought accusations of scandal and corruption, as some thought that Clay had guided the election in the House in order to bargain with Adams.  As a result, during Adams' term in office, the Jacksonians in Congress blocked all of his legislation, making for a miserable administration for Adams, and he hated the presidency.  Jackson also thought that the election had been rigged.", "That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the high duties of his office and of his oath of office, on the 21st of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, and on divers others days and time ins aid year before the 28th day of said February, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, did unlawfully conspire with one Lorenzo Thomas, and with other persons in the House of Representatives unknown, by force to prevent and hinder the execution of an act entitled \"An act regulating the tenure of certain civil office,\" passed March 2, 1867, and in pursuance of said conspiracy, did attempt to prevent E. M. Stanton, then and there being Secretary for the Department of Ward, duly appointed and commissioned under the laws of the United States, from holding said office, whereby the said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did then and there commit and was guilty of high misdemeanor in office.", "That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the high duties of his office and of his oath of office, on the 21st of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, and on divers others days and time ins aid year before the 28th day of said February, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, did unlawfully conspire with one Lorenzo Thomas, and with other persons in the House of Representatives unknown, by force to prevent and hinder the execution of an act entitled \"An act regulating the tenure of certain civil office,\" passed March 2, 1867, and in pursuance of said conspiracy, did attempt to prevent E. M. Stanton, then and there being Secretary for the Department of Ward, duly appointed and commissioned under the laws of the United States, from holding said office, whereby the said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did then and there commit and was guilty of high misdemeanor in office.", "1876 – The US Congress decided to impeach Secretary of War (under Ulysses S. Grant) William Worth Belknap (1829 -1890) of malfeasance in office for accepting over $20,000 in bribes. He had resigned before the articles of impeachment were presented so he was never formally convicted.", "* In 1876, cabinet officer William W. Belknap (former Secretary of War), resigned before his trial, and was later acquitted. Allegedly most of those who voted to acquit him believed that his resignation had removed their jurisdiction.", "As a result of a dispute over the release of Justice Department documents related to the scandal, Attorney General Eric Holder became the first sitting member of the Cabinet of the United States to be held in contempt of Congress on June 28, 2012. Earlier that month, President Barack Obama had invoked executive privilege for the first time in his presidency over the same documents.", "Having attained a position of leadership in state politics and worked strenuously for the Whig ticket in the presidential election of 1840, Lincoln aspired to go to Congress. But two other prominent young Whigs of his district, Edward D. Baker of Springfield and John J. Hardin of Jacksonville, also coveted this distinction. So Lincoln stepped aside temporarily, first for Hardin, then for Baker, under a sort of understanding that they would \"take a turn about.\" When Lincoln's turn came in 1846, however, Hardin wished to serve again, and Lincoln was obliged to maneuver skillfully to obtain the nomination. His district was so predominantly Whig that this amounted to election, and he won handily over his Democratic opponent.", "Meanwhile, Mr. Lincoln had left the Illinois State Legislature and set his sights on a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. Unfortunately, he faced two other candidates – fellow attorneys and friends Edward D. Baker and John J. Hardin. Historian Donald W. Riddle wrote: “As a practical substitute for the convention, or as a supplement to it, it was customary for small groups of Whig leaders to meet informally to determine party measures and choose the candidates. The most powerful of these groups was that in Springfield. It was given the epithet ‘the Junto’ by the local Democrats, and much was said of it in the Illinois State Register, the Democratic newspaper. E.D. Baker, Stephen T. Logan, Ninian W. Edwards, and Lincoln were the most prominent of the dozen or more members. The group functioned effectively; but, as its influence grew, malcontents voiced vociferous objections to its assumption of leadership, and an ‘anti-Junto’ movement developed.”39", "1832 - Abraham Lincoln announced that he would run for a political office for the first time. He was unsuccessful in his run for a seat in the Illinois state legislature.", "1832 - Abraham Lincoln announced that he would run for a political office for the first time. He was unsuccessful in his run for a seat in the Illinois state legislature." ]

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[ "Nutmeg and mace are two spices derived from the same plant, the nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans). The nutmeg tree is indigenous to the Banda Islands of Indonesia but is also grown in the Caribbean (e.g., Grenada). Several commercial products are produced from the nutmeg tree, nutmeg and mace being the best known. Nutmeg is the actual seed of the tree, roughly egg-shaped and about an inch long, while mace is the dried \"lacy\", reddish covering of the seed.", "The nutmeg tree is any of several species of trees in genus Myristica.  The most important commercial species is Myristica fragrans, an evergreen tree indigenous to the Banda Islands in the Moluccas of Indonesia, or Spice Islands.  The nutmeg tree is important for two spices derived from the fruit, nutmeg and mace.  Nutmeg is the actual seed of the tree, roughly egg-shaped and about 0.8 to 1 inch long and 0.6 to 0.7 inch wide, and weighing between 0.2 and 0.4 oz dried.  Nutmeg and mace have similar sensory qualities, with nutmeg having a slightly sweeter and mace a more delicate flavor.", "The nutmeg tree is a large evergreen native to the Moluccas (the Spice Islands) and is now cultivated in the West Indies. It produces two spices — mace and nutmeg.", "Mace and nutmeg, two important spices from the fruit of the nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans). Mace is derived from the fleshy red aril surrounding the seed, while nutmeg is derived from the ground seed endosperm. This is the only tropical fruit that is the source of two different spices. Note: The chemical spray used in self defense and riot control is not derived from the mace of nutmeg fruits.", "The nutmeg tree is a large evergreen native to the Moluccas (the Spice Islands) and is now cultivated in the West Indies. It produces two spices — mace and nutmeg. Nutmeg is the seed kernel inside the fruit and mace is the lacy covering (aril) on the kernel.", "Nutmeg tree is one of the several species of trees in genus Myristica and the most important commercial species is Myristica fragrans and evergreen tree native to Banda Islands in the Moluccas of Indonesia or Spice Islands. The nutmeg tree is important as for two spices derived from the fruit that includes the nutmeg and mace.", "Nutmeg is a spice from the nutmeg tree, which is native to several Indonesian islands and Grenada. Both nutmeg and mace come from the same plant. Nutmeg is the �nut�, while mace is the surrounding lacy �aril�. Nutmeg has a warm, spicy aroma and flavour and can be used in sweet and savoury cooking. It is a component of the classic b�chamel sauce and is used to flavour a host of cakes, puddings and custards.", "Nutmeg is usually used in powdered form. This is the only tropical fruit that is the source of two different spices. Several other products are also produced from this tree which includes essential oils, extracted oleoresins and nutmeg butter.", "Nutmeg is the seed of the tree, roughly egg-shaped and about long and wide, and weighing between dried, while mace is the dried \"lacy\" reddish covering or aril of the seed. The first harvest of nutmeg trees takes place 7–9 years after planting, and the trees reach full production after twenty years. Nutmeg is usually used in powdered form. This is the only tropical fruit that is the source of two different spices, obtained from different parts of the plant. Several other commercial products are also produced from the trees, including essential oils, extracted oleoresins, and nutmeg butter.", "Nutmeg is not one spice, but two. Mace is also derived from the nutmeg fruit. You've probably used nutmeg in many dessert dishes, but it also works well in savory recipes.", "Nutmeg is the seed of the tree, roughly egg-shaped and about 20 to 30 mm (0.8 to 1.2 in) long and 15 to 18 mm (0.6 to 0.7 in) wide, and weighing between 5 and 10 g (0.2 and 0.4 oz) dried, while mace is the dried \"lacy\" reddish covering or aril of the seed. The first harvest of nutmeg trees takes place 7–9 years after planting, and the trees reach full production after twenty years. Nutmeg is usually used in powdered form. This is the only tropical fruit that is the source of two different spices. Several other commercial products are also produced from the trees, including essential oils, extracted oleoresins, and nutmeg butter (see below).", "1.       These are 2 spices obtained from the same plant, the nutemg tree, native to the Spice Islands (Molucca Islands).", "Various parts of trees are used as spices. These include cinnamon, made from the bark of the cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and allspice, the dried small fruits of the pimento tree (Pimenta dioica). Nutmeg is a seed found in the fleshy fruit of the nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans) and cloves are the unopened flower buds of the clove tree (Syzygium aromaticum). Sassafras oil is an important flavouring obtained from distilling bark from the roots of the white sassafras tree (Sassafras albidum).", "…nutmeg is the seed of the tropical evergreen tree Myristica fragnans, from which comes another spice - mace - which is actually the reddish-yellow pulp around the seed?", "Mace (and Nutmeg) Mace, also called Macis and Arillus Myristicae, and Nutmeg both come from the fruit of the Nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans =M. officinalis = M. aromatica). In French, muscadier (a name also used in English) is the nutmeg tree, muscade meaning nutmeg and also musk-like; our word nutmeg derives from an earlier word notemuge 一 early English ‘note’ = nut and early French mugue = musky. The tree, which grows to about 35 feet high, is native to the Molucca islands and is now cultivated in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Grenada, mainly for nutmeg used as a spice.", "Type: Spice (whole or ground) Description: Gray-brown, oval seeds from the nutmeg tree Mace is the spice obtained from the membrane of the seeds Flavor: Nutty, warm, spicy, sweet Uses: Beverages, cakes, cookies, sauces, sweet potatoes", "NUTMEG is the seed of the small pear-shaped fruit of the nutmeg tree. The hard, nutlike nutmeg seed is optimally used freshly grated, however, the spice is more commonly sold and used in its dried, ground form. A sweet spice, nutmeg is a familiar flavoring in eggnog, custards, pumpkin and sweet-potato pies, and spice cakes. It is often one of the spices used in curry mixes, and has a special affinity with winter squashes and spinach.", "��������� Both nutmeg and mace are obtained from Myristica fragrans, native to the Moluccas or Spice Islands.� It is now grown in the tropics worldwide, especially in the East Indies and the West Indies.� These spices were probably not known to the ancients.� However, they had reached Europe by the 12th Century.� The discovery of the spice Islands in 1512 led the Portuguese to obtain a monopoly of nutmeg and mace, which later was dominated by the Dutch.� Later trees were smuggled into French and British possessions and the monopoly was broken.", "Nutmeg is a widely used food spice that has received attention as an alternative hallucinogen. Nutmeg and mace have been used in Indian cooking and folk medicine. The folk uses of nutmeg have included the treatment of gastric disorders and rheumatism, and it has been used as a hypnotic and an aphrodisiac. During the 6th century AD, nutmeg and mace were imported by Arab traders. By the 12th century, these spices were well known in Europe. At the turn of the 19th century, interest developed in the use of nutmeg as an abortifacient and a stimulant for menses. These properties have been largely discounted but remain a persistent cause of nutmeg intoxication in women.", "MACE: (Myristica fragrans) This bushy evergreen has scented leaves and tiny yellow flowers. The fruits hold the seed -nutmeg- and its aril, a red, lacy shell coating -mace. Nutmeg and Mace are culinary spices used in sweet and savory dishes in a variety of cuisines. Nutmeg increases the intoxicating and soporific effect of alcoholic drinks and is claimed to be an aphrodisiac. It is prescribed for flatulence and nausea. The essential oil is added to perfumes, soaps, hair oils, tobacco, and fumigants. The nuts yield an oil, nutmeg butter, used in skin creams. Large doses of nutmeg are toxic, because of the presence of the hallucinogen myristicin.", "nutmeg – The seed from a tropical evergreen tree that is native to the Spice Islands in Indonesia. The flesh surrounding the seed is ground to make another spice, mace. The nutmeg is ground to use in baking as a flavoring in cakes, pies, breads, and cookies, adding a spicy, slightly sweet flavor. Shop for nutmeg .", "2.       Nutmeg trees are dioecious, with pistillate trees bearing apricot-like fruit from which the spices are derived.", "The spice of the nutmeg tree The lacy membrane around the seed, when dried and powdered, is the spice we call \"mace \" The mild, sweet flavor of nutmeg is used in cream dishes and fruit desserts Also sprinkled on custards and eggnog", "Nutmeg is a spice made from the seed of a tree that grows in hot countries. Nutmeg is usually used to flavour sweet food. a brown powder made from the seed of a tropical tree, which is used as a spice (al; noz muscada ). Spice made from the seed of a tropical tree (Myristica fragrans), native to the Moluccas of Indonesia. It has a distinctive pungent fragrance and is used in cooking and sachets and as incense. The tree yields fruit eight years after sowing, reaches its prime in 25 years, and bears fruit for 60 years or longer. The name nutmeg is also applied in different countries to other fruits or seeds, including the Brazilian nutmeg (Cryptocarya moschata), the Peruvian nutmeg (Laurelia aromatica), and the California nutmeg (Torreya californica)", "Nutmeg and mace have similar sensory qualities, with nutmeg having a slightly sweeter and mace a more delicate flavour. Mace is often preferred in light dishes for the bright orange, saffron-like hue it imparts. Nutmeg is used for flavouring many dishes, usually in ground or grated form, and is best grated fresh in a nutmeg grater.", "Nutmeg is a seasoning plant, which originated in the Moluccas. European traders brought it to Africa. Mostly grown small scale in compound gardens.", "Nutmeg is sold whole or ground, and is labeled as ‘East Indian’ or ‘West Indian’ indicating its source. Whole nutmeg may be coated with lime to protect against insects and fungus, though this practice is giving way to other forms of fumigation.", "Nutmeg is native to the Banda Islands in Indonesia, and was a major driver of the spice trade between the Far East and Europe. It is now grown in many tropical countries.", "An aromatic spice with a sweet and spicy flavor Nutmeg is a hard, oval seed about 1 inch long It's available ground or whole Recipe: Eggnog Cheesecake", "{i} hard aromatic seed of an East Indian tree which is grated and used as a spice; evergreen East Indian tree on which the nutmeg seed grows", "What is nutmeg and mace. nutmeg from the kernels and mace from the lacy covering on the kernels", "Nutmeg: One of Connecticut's nicknames is is called \"The Nutmeg State.\" Nutmegs are spices which are NOT indigenous to Connecticut. This makes for an interesting report. What is nutmeg ?" ]

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[ "That brings us to “Shrek Forever After,” which, according to all the pre-release advertising, really, really is the last film in the series. That will probably change faster than you can say “another $800 million worldwide,” which it should easily top, since it’s being released in 3-D, where ticket prices are a few dollars more expensive than they are for conventional 2-D releases.", "This weekend last year saw the release of another fourth installment, that of the hit animated comedy franchise Shrek Forever After (DreamWorks Animation/Paramount), but unlike the previous two installments which each opened with over $100 million, this one did a relatively disappointing $70 million opening. (Yes, these are the times we live in when a movie opening with $70 million is disappointing.) It did pick up some steam over the rest of the summer to gross nearly $240 million but that was the least amount grossed for the franchise. Opening all the way down in 6th place, Will Forte’s MacGruber (Rogue/Universal) tanked with just $4 million in over 2,500 theaters, averaging less than $1,600 per theater. The big surprise of the weekend may have been the Bollywood drama Kites (Reliant BIG) entering the Top 10 with just under a million dollars in 208 theaters. The Top 10 grossed $141 million and since we think “Pirates” will perform better than last year’s “Shrek,” we think that amount should be bested this week.", "Shrek Forever After (also advertised as Shrek Forever After: The Final Chapter or just Shrek: The Final Chapter) is a 2010 American computer-animated fantasy-comedy film and the fourth and final installment in the Shrek film series, produced by DreamWorks Animation. There are theree other movies in the shrek series. Theu are Shrek (PG) , Shrek 2 (PG) and Shrek The Third (PG) .", "Shrek established DreamWorks Animation as a prime competitor to Pixar in feature film animation, particularly in computer animation. The film's success prompted DreamWorks to create three sequels—Shrek 2 (2004), Shrek the Third (2007), and Shrek Forever After (2010), two holiday specials—Shrek the Halls (2007) and Scared Shrekless (2010), and a spin-off film—Puss in Boots (2011). A fifth film, planned as the last of the series, was cancelled in 2009 with the announcement that the fourth film would conclude the series. The film's success also inspired other merchandise, such as video games, a stage musical, and even a comic book by Dark Horse Comics.", "While being 3D doesn’t hurt, Shrek’s ability to thrive doesn’t necessarily stem from its visual format. It’s more that Memorial Day has always been a strong play time for family and event films, particularly those starring cartoon ogres. Walt Disney’s videogame adaptation Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, which nabbed second place with $37.8 million, and Iron Man 2 which earned $20.6 million in fourth, only serve as further evidence of audience taste. Shrek Forever After saw fewer returns from its 3D huts, dropping to 55% this weekend from 61%, suggesting sticker shock over sky-high premium tickets.", "On the weekend lasting from September 3–5, 2010, it surpassed Shrek Forever After to become the second highest-grossing animated film of 2010 in the United States and Canada, behind Toy Story 3. It was also the highest-grossing non-DreamWorks/non-Disney·Pixar animated film of all time in these territories, since overtaken by its sequel. The film has made $251,513,985 in the United States and Canada as well as an estimated $291,600,000 internationally for a worldwide total of $543,010,705, against its $69 million budget. This film is also Universal's sixth highest-grossing film (unadjusted for inflation) and the tenth-highest-grossing animated feature of all-time in North America. In worldwide earnings, it is the sixth biggest film of Universal Studios, the fourth highest-grossing animated film of 2010 trailing Toy Story 3, Shrek Forever After, and Tangled, the 25th highest-grossing animated film of all time and the 9th highest-grossing film of 2010. ", "Shrek 2 has two sequels; they are Shrek the Third and Shrek Forever After. A spin-off film Puss in Boots was released on October 28, 2011, and focuses on the character of Puss in Boots, who was introduced in this film.", "The latest “Spider-Man” is the first in a series of blockbuster sequels due to hit screens this year, with animated favourite “Shrek the Third” and “Pirates of the Caribbean 3” expected later this month.", "'Shrek 2' - Animated film voiced by Mike Myers, Cameron Diaz, Eddie Murphy, Antonio Banderas, Julie Andrews, John Cleese. Sequel to \"Shrek\" (2001).", "The film was originally scheduled for release on July 1, 2005, but on December 7, 2004, its release date was pushed back to November 4, 2005, the release date that was originally slated for Cars. The release date change was the day before DreamWorks changed the release date of Shrek the Third, from November 2006 to May 2007. ", "Except for Puss, the film features new characters. Citing the co-writer, David H. Steinberg, \"It doesn't overlap with Shrek at all. Partly that was done to tell an original Puss story, but partly because we didn't know what Shrek 4 were going to do with the characters and we couldn't write conflicting storylines.\" The film was teased in Shrek Forever After, when Shrek finally shuts the book titled \"Shrek\", and puts it away next to a book titled \"Puss in Boots\".", "MIKE MYERS voices  Shrek in  DreamWorks “Shrek the Third,” to be released by Paramount Pictures in May  2007. DreamWorks Animation S.K.G. Presents a  PDI/DreamWorks Production,  DreamWorks “Shrek the Third.”   Directed by Chris Miller, the film  features the voice talents  of Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, Antonio  Banderas, Rupert Everett, Justin Timberlake, Julie Andrews, John Cleese, Eric  Idle,  Cheri Oteri, Amy Poehler, Maya Rudolph, Amy Sedaris, John Krasinski and   Ian McShane.  The story is by Andrew Adamson. The  screenplay is by  Jeffrey Price & Peter S. Seaman and Chris Miller & Aron Warner.   The film is produced by Aron Warner  and co-directed by Raman Hui.   Executive Producers are Andrew  Adamson and John H. Williams.  This  film is rated PG for some  crude humor, suggestive content and swashbuckling action.", "Shrek 2 was released on VHS and DVD on November 5, 2004 and on Game Boy Advance Video on November 17, 2005. A 3D-converted version of the film was released exclusively with select Samsung television sets on Blu-ray on December 1, 2010, along with the other three films of the series. A non-3D version was released on December 7, 2010, as part of Shrek: The Whole Story, and a stand-alone Blu-ray/DVD combo pack was released individually on August 30, 2011, along with the other two films of the series. A stand-alone 3D Blu-ray version of the film was released on November 1, 2011. The DVD release features two full-length commentary tracks, one by co-directors Conrad Vernon and Kelly Asbury, and a second by producer Aron Warner and editor Michael Andrews.", "The Shrek saga appeared to have reached that happy-ever-after stage with Shrek (voiced by Mike Myers) and his beloved Fiona (cameron Diaz) enjoying wedded bliss and the noisy patter of baby ogre feet. In the new film Shrek is grappling with a midlife crisis and a nostalgic yearning for the good old days.", "Shrek became the highest-grossing animated film ever to be released in Australia, passing the mark set by The Lion King in 1994. In the United Kingdom, Shrek regained the top spot at the British box office after being beaten out the previous week by Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, earning a $20.3 million since its opening in the UK. ", "Shrek the Third The affable animated ogre with the voice of Mike Myers goes looking for a new king when Princess Fiona's father dies. Directed by Chris Miller and Raman Hui; with the voices of Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, Julie Andrews and Antonio Banderas.", "\"Shrek\" is a animated comedy fairy-tale adventure movie which was produced by DreamWorks Pictures. Eddie Murphy is among the voices featured.", "I loved this movie, and I think it was a great finale to the Shrek series. It wasn't the best movie that I've seen, but it was still a great movie.", "Shrek 2 (2004) was the highest-grossing film of 2004, surpassing Spider-Man 2 (2004) at $373.5 million.", "Shrek is a 2001 animated film about an ogre who, in order to regain his swamp, travels along with an annoying donkey in order to bring a princess to a scheming lord who wishes to become King. Directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson. Written by William Steig (book) and Ted Elliott.", "Later, after seeing all the respect Shrek has gotten after the events of the first three films, Rumpel sees has Shrek is feeling frustrated that he has gone soft on his kids' birthday. Rumpel later gives Shrek a ride and then tricks him into signing a paper that will let him be a real ogre like he used to be for a day in exchange for one other day from his past being erased, specifically a day he doesn't remember. However, the day in question was actually the day Shrek was born, meaning he never existed and Rumpelstiltskin became the ruler of Far Far Away and terrorizes the people with an army of witches that hunt ogres. He has also enslaved some of Shrek's friends. When Shrek is brought to the castle, he demands that Rumpel explain what he has done. Rumpel tells Shrek that he needed to give up a the day day from his past being erased, specifically a day he doesn't remember. Shrek realizes that the day he gave up the day he was born and Rumpel tricked him into erasing his own existence. Rumpel then reveals that when the 24 hours are up, the results will become permanent and Shrek will fade into non-existence forever. Shrek then escapes with Donkey, who is one of Rumpel's slaves, and escape the castle.", "When Fiona's father and King of Far Far Away passes away, the clumsy Shrek becomes the immediate successor of the throne. However, Shrek decides to find the legitimate heir Artie in a distant kingdom with his friends Donkey and Puss in Boots to be able return to his beloved house in the swamp with the pregnant Fiona. Meanwhile, the envious and ambitious Prince Charming joins the villains of the fairytales plotting a coup d'état to become the new king. Written by Claudio Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil", "As Shrek eats his dinner, he hears a noise and shouts at the donkey to stay outside. He looks back at his table and sees the Three Blind Mice (voiced by Christopher Knights and Simon J. Smith ). When he grabs the mice, The Seven Dwarfs push the case with Snow White onto the table. They tell Shrek it's because the bed's taken, and Shrek sees that The Big Bad Wolf is in it. He grabs the wolf and tosses him out, but sees hundreds of fairy tale creatures camped outside his house. Pinocchio and one of the pigs tell Shrek that Lord Farquaad evicted them and put them there. The donkey tells Shrek that he knows where Lord Farquaad is, so Shrek announces that their welcome is worn out, that he will see Farquaad right now so that he can get them all off his swamp and back where they all came from. They all cheer. Shrek tells the donkey that he is coming with him. The donkey is happy and says, \"Shrek and Donkey, on a whirlwind big city adventure.\" Donkey then starts singing \"On The Road Again\", but Shrek makes him hum it instead.", "Shrek, Donkey , and Princess Fiona were once rumored to return. Shrek and Fiona were also rumored to be voiced by John DiMaggio and Jennifer Aniston, but it wasn't true as this film is set long before Puss even met Shrek and the others.", "Various Cyclopes like him appear in the Shrek the Third video game, but it is unknown if he is there or not.", "However, if your a fan of the Shrek series, this isn't one to miss, it's a great movie for the whole family to enjoy.", "In July 2001, it was reported that the main cast of the original Shrek were set for huge paychecks for voicing a sequel to the film. Following a successful collaboration with the original film, Eddie Murphy had signed a two-year, first-look production deal with DreamWorks, where he also signed writer-director Todd Field to a two-year deal. The film was produced with a US$70 million budget. ", "the film's title and Mike Myers 's name appear in the mud Shrek bathes with (appropriate considering Myers voices the title character)", "In the ending, with reality restored, Donkey celebrates Shrek's children's birthday. Later on, he is seen with Dragon, who playfully gobbles him up, and then he, along with the other characters, is last seen making a mud angel.", "*Joan Rivers' cameo marked the first time that a real person had been represented on screen by the Shrek animation team. Her part (though retaining her visual representation) was redubbed by presenter Kate Thornton for the United Kingdom release.", "This is a list of characters that appear in the Shrek franchise and spin-offs from it.", "Q: I've heard references from DreamWorks that Shrek is considered to be a \"Holy Grail of CG Animation.\" What do they mean by this?" ]

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[ "Johann Georg Leopold Mozart (November 14, 1719 � May 28, 1787) was a composer, music teacher and violinist. He is best known today for being the father and teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, as well as for writing the violin textbook Versuch einer gr�ndlichen Violinschule. Life Childhood and student years He was born in Augsburg, Germany, son of Johann Georg Mozart (1679-1736), a bookbinder, and his second wife Anna Maria Sulzer (1696-1766). From an early age he sang as a choirboy. He attended a local Jesuit school, the St. Salvator Gymnasium, where he studied logic, science, theology, graduating magna cum laude in 1735. He then moved on to a more advanced school, the St. Salvator Lyceum. While a student in Augsburg, he appeared in student theatrical productions as an actor and...", "Johannn Georg Leopold Mozart  (1719-1787) was an Austrian violinist, teacher, and composer. He is best known, however, as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s father. A violinist at the court of the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, Leopold rose through the orchestra’s ranks to become court composer in 1757 and vice chapelmaster in 1762. His works include concerti for various instruments, symphonies, and other works. Of his seven children, only two survived – Maria Anna (Nannerl), a talented clavierist and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Leopold took his talented children to perform on concert tours all across Central and Western Europe between1762-1769.", "Johann Georg Leopold Mozart (November 14, 1719 – May 28, 1787) was a German composer, conductor, teacher, and violinist. Mozart is best known today as the father and teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and for his violin textbook Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule.", "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born to Leopold Mozart (1719-1787) and Anna Maria, nee Pertl (1720-1778), at 9 Getreidegasse in Salzburg, capital of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, a former ecclesiastical principality in what is now Austria, then part of the Holy Roman Empire.[4] He was the youngest of seven children, five of them who died in infancy.[5] His elder sister was Maria Anna (1751-1829), nicknamed \"Nannerl\". Mozart was baptized the day after his birth at St. Rupert's Cathedral. The baptismal record gives his name in Latinized form as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. He generally called himself \"Wolfgang Amade Mozart\"[6] as an adult, but Mozart's name had many variants.", "Mozart′s work of this period is strongly influenced by the Baroque composers Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Händel. On the private side, Mozart marries Constanze Weber in 1782 - the sister of his former love Aloysia. The Mozarts have six children (Raimund Leopold in 1783, Karl Thomas in 1784, Johann Leopold in 1786, Theresia in 1787, Anna in 1789 and Franz Xaver Wolfgang in 1791). Four of them die during their childhood, only Karl Thomas and Franz Xaver survive. In 1787, Mozart′s father Leopold dies in Salzburg.", "The composer was baptized Joannes Chrysosto-mus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart on 28 January 1756. Theophilus in Greek means “love of God,” as do the other language alternatives that Mozart oc-casionally used: Gottlieb, Amadeus, and Amadeo. Beginning in his early twenties he most often signed his name Wolfgang Amadè Mozart. He was born in Salzburg, where his formidable father, Leopold Mo-zart (1719–87), served as deputy music director in the court of the Prince-Archbishop, who ruled this important city-state near the Bavarian border. By 1762, when the prodigy was six years old, his father relinquished most of his duties and gave up his own composing career so that he could see properly to his son’s musical education. He also began to display Mozart’s amazing gifts to the courts and musical cen-ters of Europe on a grand tour that lasted more than three years. Mozart’s formative years were thus spent abroad, providing him less with a conventional for-mal education than with an experiential one. Mozart  would later emphasize the importance of “seeing the  world,” especially as it allowed him to leave his native Salzburg, a city he came to detest. In his early twenties he wrote to his father: “I assure you that people who do not travel (I mean those who cultivate the arts and learning) are indeed miserable creatures.”", "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on January 27, 1756, in Salzburg, Austria. His father, Leopold Mozart, a noted composer, instructor, and the author of famous writings on violin playing, was then in the service of the archbishop of Salzburg. Leopold and Anna Maria, his wife, stressed the importance of music to their children. Together with his sister, Nannerl, Wolfgang received such intensive musical training that by the age of six he was a budding composer and an accomplished keyboard performer. In 1762 Leopold presented his son as performer at the imperial court in Vienna, Austria, and from 1763 to 1766 he escorted both children on a continuous musical tour across Europe, which included long stays in Paris, France, and London, England, as well as visits to many other cities, with appearances before the French and English royal families.", "Just before Mozart finished his new opera, Don Giovanni (1787) his father Leopold died. The opera went ahead and was a big success in Prague, where it was premiered. Unfortunately, it went down less well in Vienna, where Mozart was beginning to become less fashionable among the fickle Vienna public.", "Franz Joseph Haydn (31 March 1732 – 31 May 1809), known as Joseph Haydn, was an Austrian composer, one of the most prolific and prominent composers of the Classical period. He is often called the \"Father of the Symphony\" and \"Father of the String Quartet\" because of his important contributions to these forms. He was also instrumental in the development of the piano trio and in the evolution of sonata form.  At the time of his death, he was one of the most celebrated composers in Europe.  He was also a close friend of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and a teacher of Ludwig van Beethoven.  (Read more: Wikipedia )", "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (WOLF-gang, ah-muh-DAY-us, MOE-tsart) was born in Salzburg, Austria on January 27, 1756. His father, Leopold, was a bookbinder. He was also a violin teacher and became famous when he published a method of study for the violin.", "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, christened Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was born in Salzburg, Austria, January 27, 1756. Wolfgang was the second child of a famous musician. In his twenty-fourth year, Leopold Mozart received an appointment as violinist in the orchestra of the Archbishop of Salzburg, eventually rising to the position of Vice-Kapellmeister in 1763. He composed fervently and produced a famous violin method, his Violinschule. But as Leopold himself realized, his greatest work was not his own music but his son, Wolfgang. At the age of three, he already sat in front of the harpsichord attempting to find harmonic successions of thirds. When Wolfgang was four, his father began to teach him the elements of harpsichord playing. Music obviously came to him as naturally as breathing. Wolfgang never attended schools of any kind. His non- musical education may not have been extensive, although it included Latin and modern languages (Italian, French, and some English), which were of practical value on his many journeys. Leopold Mozart, recognizing the extraordinary gifts of his two children (for Maria Anna, five years Wolfgang’s senior, was also strongly talented) decided to exhibit his children before all of Europe.", "On Whit Monday, May 28, 1787, this devout, intelligent and complicated man died at the age of 68. He had lived long enough to witness firsthand his son's brilliance, and he probably understood that he himself had long been eclipsed. His greatest success was at once his own most bitter personal failure. And if history has often not been kind to Leopold Mozart, it is because it has never forgiven him for knowing this.", "On November 14, 1719, Mozart's father, Leopold, was born. Leopold attended Salzburg Benedictine University and studied philosophy, but later he was expelled due to poor attendance. Leopold, however, became proficient in violin and organ. He married Anna Maria Pertl on November 21, 1747. Of the seven children they had, only two survived, Maria Anna (1751) and Wolfgang Amadeus (1756).", "Mozart and his wife returned to Vienna in mid-November after the Prague premiere of Don Giovanni. They learned that a day or so previously Gluck, the doyen of living composers had died. The Emperor appointed Mozart to succeed him at an annual salary twice that paid for composing am opera for the Imperial theatre. Despite this the composer found it difficult to live on his earnings. He moved to cheaper accommodation yet again and Constance gave birth to a daughter on 27 December 1787. The child died six months later. Meanwhile concerts became less fashionable, and with fewer opportunities of fees for performing, Mozart was reduced to writing begging letters to fellow Freemasons. Matters looked up after the revival of Figaro at the Burgtheater in Vienna in 1789 with the commission from the Emperor for a new opera to be premiered there.", "Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, better known as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, was born on January 27, 1756 at Getreidegasse 9 in Salzburg. His parents, Leopold and Maria Anna Mozart, were afraid for their son's life at birth, five of his siblings having died as infants.", "; 31 March 1732 – 31 May 1809), known as Joseph Haydn, was an Austrian composer, one of the most prolific and prominent of the Classical period. He is often called the “Father of the Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet” because of his important contributions to these forms. He was also instrumental in the development of the piano trio and in the evolution of sonata form.", "They also had the opportunity to meet Strauss, Jr., when he played the violin and conducted the premiere of his waltz Wiener Blut, op. 354, for the Vienna Opera Ball in the Musikverein’s main hall, April 22, 1873. He worked with the orchestra again on Nov. 4 of that same year when he performed his Blue Danube waltz as well as works written by his father, Johann Strauss, Sr., and Josef Lanner. Over the years, the orchestra and Strauss, Jr., crossed paths and worked together. The composer died following a bout of pneumonia, June 3, 1899.", "In his dedication, Mozart mentions Haydn's last visit to Vienna.  It took place in winter, 1785, when Leopold Mozart visited his son Wolfgang.  His first letter to his daughter Maria Anna  (\"Nannerl\") of February 16 has the following to report:", "Franz Joseph Haydn (normally known as Joseph Haydn) was an Austrian composer of classical music, who is often referred to as the \"Father of the Symphony\" and the \"Father of the String Quartet\".", "By 1786, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was probably the most experienced and accomplished 30-year-old musician the world has ever seen, with dozens of now-canonical symphonies, concertos, sonatas, chamber works and masses already behind him. He also had 18 operas to his name, but none of those that would become his most famous. Over the final five years of his life (he died in 1791), Mozart would compose four operas that are among the most important and popular in the standard repertoire. This remarkably productive period of creative, critical and popular success for Mozart began with Le nozze di Figaro (The Marriage of Figaro), which received its world premiere in Vienna, Austria, on May 1, 1786.", "Franz Joseph Haydn, (March 31, 1732 – May 31, 1809) was a leading composer of the Classical period, called the 'Father of the Symphony' and 'Father of the String Quartet'. He used his second name, spelled in German 'Josef'. He was the brother of Michael Haydn , himself a highly regarded composer, and Johann Evangelist Haydn , a tenor singer .", "1782. Even if Mozart scholars tell us that the newly wed husband was somewhat lukewarm in his appreciation of his wife�s appearance (�she is not ugly, but also far from being beautiful�), there can be no doubt about her zest and loyalty during the difficult moments in Mozart�s career. The strong bond between them is further illustrated by their six children � only two of whom survived infancy. The �Steffl�, as the Viennese affectionately call their cathedral, also played a role at the end of the musician�s life: Mozart died on December 5, 1791, and his body was blessed in the Crucifix Chapel there.", "Ailing and suspecting his approaching death, Mozart worked on his last work - the unfinished Requiem K. 626. Shortly before one o'clock in the morning on December 5th, 1791, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died in his Vienna apartment at Rauhensteingasse No.8, after succumbing to a fever at the age of 35. The funeral was held at the cemetery of St. Marx in Vienna on December 6th.", "Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood in Salzburg. Already competent on keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty; at seventeen he was engaged as a court musician in Salzburg, but grew restless and traveled in search of a better position, always composing abundantly. Visiting Vienna in 1781 he was dismissed from his Salzburg position and chose to stay in the capital, where over the rest of his life he achieved fame but little financial security. The final years in Vienna yielded many of his best-known symphonies, concertos, and operas, and the Requiem. The circumstances of his early death have been much mythologized. He was survived by his wife Constanze and two sons.", ", 1732–1809, Austrian composer, one of the greatest masters of classical music. As a boy he sang in the choir at St. Stephen's, Vienna, where he received his principal musical training.", "He was born on January 27, 1756 in Salzburg. His father, Leopold was a composer , violin teacher and the leader of a local orchestra .", "in 1781 - Josef Myslivecek, Czech composer and teacher, an early friend of Mozart, dies at 43.", "The name of two Austrian composer, father and son, who both are remembered mainly for their waltzes.", "His Symphony No. 38 has the nickname \"Prague.\" Name this Viennese composer who died in 1791.", "Pronounced \"sue-PAY.\" Austrian composer famous for \"Poet And Peasant Overture,\" \"Morning, Noon And Night In Vienna,\" and this:", "Referred to as the \"master of song\" of which he wrote more than 200. Some of his well known works are: \"Serenade,\" \"Ave Maria,\" \"Who is Sylvia?\" and \"C Major symphony.\" He died on November 19, 1828 in Vienna at the age of 31. More »", "German composer who served as the voice of other Romantic composers. Among his well known works are \"Piano Concerto in A minor,\" \"Arabesque in C Major Op. 18,\" \"Child Falling Asleep\" and \"The Happy Peasant\". He died on July 29, 1856 before the age of 46. One of the factors believed to have caused his death was the mercury treatments he underwent when he was in an asylum. More »" ]

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[ "Robert LeRoy Ripley (December 25, 1890 – May 27, 1949) [1] was an American cartoonist , entrepreneur and amateur anthropologist , who created the world famous Ripley's Believe It or Not! newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd 'facts' from around the world.", "LeRoy Robert Ripley (February 22, 1890 – May 27, 1949), [1] better know by the name Robert Ripley, was an American cartoonist , entrepreneur , and amateur anthropologist , who is known for creating the Ripley's Believe It or Not! newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd facts from around the world.", "Robert LeRoy Ripley (December 25, 1890 - May 27, 1949) was an American cartoonist, entrepreneur and amateur anthropologist, who created the world famous Ripley's Believe It or Not! newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd 'facts' from around the world.", "LeRoy Robert Ripley (December 25, 1890 – May 27, 1949), better known by the name Robert Ripley, was an American cartoonist, entrepreneur, and amateur anthropologist, who is known for creating the Ripley's Believe It or Not! newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd facts from around the world. Subjects covered in Ripley's cartoons and text ranged from sports feats to little known facts about unusual and exotic sites; but what ensured the concept's popularity may have been that Ripley also includ ... (展开) ed items submitted by readers, who supplied photographs of a wide variety of small town American trivia, ranging from unusually shaped vegetables to oddly marked domestic animals, all documented by photographs and then depicted by Ripley's drawings.", "Throughout the 1920s, Mr. Ripley continued to broaden the scope of his work and his popularity increased greatly. He published both a travel journal and a guide to the game of handball in 1925. In 1926, Ripley became the New York state handball champion and also wrote a book on boxing. With a proven track record as a versatile writer and artist, he attracted the attention of publishing mogul William Randolph Hearst , who managed the King Features Syndicate . In 1929, Hearst was responsible for Believe It or Not! making its syndicated debut in seventeen papers worldwide. With the success of this series assured, Ripley capitalized on his fame by getting the first book collection of his newspaper panel series published.", "* May 27 – Robert Ripley, American creator of Ripley's Believe It or Not! (b. 1890)", "With the success of this series assured, Ripley capitalized on his fame by getting the first book collection of his newspaper panel series published. Read Less", "Some, such as Wayne Harbour who resided in Bedford, Iowa [5] have called Ripley a liar and accused him of exaggerating the facts. Ripley claimed to be able to \"prove every statement he made,\" [6] because he worked with professional fact researcher, Norbert Pearlroth , who assembled Believe it or Not!s array of odd facts and also verified the small-town claims submitted by readers. Pearlroth spent 52 years as the feature's researcher, finding and verifying unusual facts for Ripley and, after Ripley's death, for the King Features syndicate editors who took over management of the Believe it or Not!' panel.", "During World War II , Ripley concentrated on charity efforts rather than world travel, but after the war, he again expanded his media efforts. In 1948, the year of the 20th anniversary of the Believe it or Not! cartoon series, the Believe it or Not! radio show drew to a close and was replaced with a Believe it or Not! television series. This was a rather bold move on Ripley's part because of the small number of Americans with access to television at this early time in the medium's development. Ripley only completed thirteen episodes of the series when he became incapacitated by severe health problems. He reportedly passed out during the filming of his final show. His health worsened, and on May 27, 1949, at age 58, he succumbed to a heart attack in New York City , New York. He was buried in his home town of Santa Rosa , in the Oddfellows Lawn Cemetery, which is adjacent to the Santa Rosa Rural Cemetery.", "*1949 Ripley dies of a heart attack on May 27 in New York City, shortly after thirteenth telecast of first television show and is buried in Santa Rosa; auction of his estate is held; estate is purchased by John Arthur.", "On this day in 1929 cartoonist Robert L. Ripley signed with media giant King Features Syndicate ( Katzenjammer Kids, Blondie ) to distribute his feature, which had previously appeared in only one newspaper, all over the world. Believe It Or Not became an international phenomenon 81 years ago today.", "Robert Ripley was born in Santa Rosa, California on December 26, 1890. It has also been rumored that he changed his own birthday from December 26 to Christmas Day in order to accentuate his eccentricity. While trying to make a career of his original passion, baseball, he found steady work as a cartoonist at the San Francisco Bulletin and later at the San Francisco Chronicle. He moved to New York in 1912, where he published his first comic for the The New York Globe and simultaneously tried out for the New York Giants baseball club.", "The 1930s saw Ripley expand his presence into other media. In 1930, he began a fourteen-year run on radio and a nineteen-year association with the show’s producer, Doug Storer. [4] Funding for his celebrated travels around the world were provided by the Hearst organization, and Ripley recorded live radio shows from underwater, the sky, caves, snake pits, and foreign countries. The next year he hosted the first of a series of two dozen Believe It or Not! theatrical short films for Warner Bros. & Vitaphone , and King Features published a second collected volume of Believe it or Not! panels. He also appeared in a Vitaphone musical short, Seasons Greetings (1931), with Ruth Etting , Joe Penner , Ted Husing , Thelma White , Ray Collins , and others. After a trip to Asia in 1932, Ripley opened his first museum, the Odditorium , in Chicago in 1933. The concept was a success, and at one point there were Odditoriums in San Diego , Dallas , Cleveland , San Francisco, and New York City. By this point in his life, Ripley had been voted the most popular man in America by the New York Times , [5] received an honorary degree from Dartmouth College , and visited 201 foreign countries.", "Other employees who researched the newspaper cartoon series over the years were Lester Byck and Don Wimmer. Others who drew the series after Ripley's death include Joe Campbell (1946 to 1956), Art Slogg, Clem Gretter (1941 to 1949), Carl Dorese, Bob Clarke (1943 and 1944), Stan Randall, Paul Frehm (1938–1978) – who became the panel's full time artist in 1949 – and his brother Walter Frehm (1948–1989).", "In 1919 Ripley married Beatrice Roberts . He made his first trip around the world in 1922, delineating a travel journal in installments. This ushered in a new topic for his cartoons: unusual and exotic foreign locales and cultures. Because he took the veracity of his work quite seriously, in 1923, Ripley hired a researcher and polyglot named Norbert Pearlroth as a full-time assistant. In 1926, his feature moved from the New York Globe to the New York Post . [2]", "On April 14, 1930, Ripley brought \"Believe It or Not\" to radio, the first of several series heard on NBC, CBS and the Mutual Broadcasting System. As noted by [http://www.otr.com/ripley_on_radio.html Ripley On Radio], Ripley's broadcasts varied in length from 15 minutes to 30 minutes and aired in numerous different formats. When Ripley's 1930 debut on The Collier Hour brought a strong listener reaction, he was given a Monday night NBC series beginning April 14, 1930, followed by a 1931–32 series airing twice a week. After his strange stories were dramatized on NBC's Saturday Party, Ripley was the host of The Baker's Broadcast from 1935 to 1937. He was scheduled in several different 1937–38 NBC timeslots and then took to the road with popular remote broadcasts. See America First with Bob Ripley (1938–40) on CBS expanded geographically into See All the Americas, a 1942 program with Latin music. In 1944, he was heard five nights a week on Mutual in shows with an emphasis on WWII. Romance, Rhythm and Ripley aired on CBS in 1945, followed by Pages from Robert L. Ripley's Radio Scrapbook (1947–48).", "Robert Ripley is known for several radio firsts. He was the first to broadcast nationwide on a radio network from mid-ocean, and he also participated in the first broadcast from Buenos Aires to New York. Assisted by a corps of translators, he was the first to broadcast to every nation in the world simultaneously.", "* An animated series, Ripley's Believe It or Not!, was produced for Fox Family in 1999 and followed the adventures of \"Michael Ripley\", Robert Ripley's nephew. The show was aimed at a younger audience, and would often feature Michael going around the world. ", "During World War II , Ripley concentrated on charity pursuits rather than world travel, but after the war, he re-expanded his media efforts. In 1948, the year of the 20th anniversary of the Believe it or Not! cartoon series, the Believe it or Not! radio show drew to a close and was replaced with a Believe it or Not! television series. This was a rather bold move on Ripley's part because of the small number of Americans with access to television at this early time in the medium's development. Ripley completed only thirteen episodes of the series before he became incapacitated by severe health problems. He reportedly passed out during the filming of his final show.", "In 1919 Ripley married Beatrice Roberts . He made his first trip around the world in 1922, delineating a travel journal in installments. This ushered in a new topic for his cartoons: unusual and exotic foreign locales and cultures. Because he took the veracity of his work quite seriously, in 1923, Ripley hired a researcher and linguist named Norbert Pearlroth as a full-time assistant. That same year his feature moved from the New York Globe to the New York Post .", "Additional reviews: Chicago Tribune (September 9, 1948); (January 26, 1949); (February 6, 1949) (Vincent Starrett); Chicago Sunday Tribune/Magazine of Books (February 13, 1949) (Vincent Starrett); Daily Mail (February 5, 1949), 2 (Peter Quennell); HP, 1, No. 3 (May 1977), 25-28 (Patricia Pierce); Illustrated London News (February 5, 1949), 168 (John Squire); London News Chronicle (February 2, 1949) (Ian Mackay); New English Review (April 1949) (Hugh Kingsmill); New York Journal-American (February 12, 1949) (James Farber); New York Times (February 2, 1949), 25 (Orville Prescott); New York Times Book Review (June 26, 1949), 19 (Mary Conan Doyle); New York World-Telegram (February 15, 1949) (Robert W. Minton); Newsweek, 33 (February 7, 1949), 88-90; Publishers Weekly, 208 (July 14, 1975), 61; Punch, 216 (February 2, 1949), 108 (Evoe); St. Louis Globe-Democrat (March 6, 1949) (H.R.B.); San Francisco Chronicle/Panorama (August 20, 1975) (Lenore Glen Offord); San Francisco Chronicle/This World (February 6, 1949) (Joseph Henry Jackson); Sun [N.Y.] (February 2, 1949) (William McFee); Time, 53 (February 7, 1949), 88, 91-92; Times Literary Supplement (February 12, 1949); Tulsa Daily World (February 6, 1949) (Charles Honce); Washington Post/Book World (September 14, 1975), 3, 5 (Karl E. Meyer); Wilson Library Bulletin, 50 (November 1975), 208 (Jon L. Breen).", "Early cartoon by Ripley, pre-”Believe It or Not,” published in 1920. Pat McDonald , American Olympian.", "Early cartoon by Ripley, pre-\"Believe it or not\", published in 1920. Pat McDonald , American Olympian.", "Subjects covered in Ripley’s cartoons and text ranged from sports feats to little known facts about unusual and exotic sites; but what ensured the concept’s popularity may have been that Ripley also included items submitted by readers, who supplied photographs of a wide variety of small town American trivia, ranging from unusually shaped vegetables to oddly marked domestic animals, all documented by photographs and then depicted by Ripley’s drawings.", "Subjects covered in Ripley's cartoons and text ranged from sports feats to little known facts about unusual and exotic sites, but what ensured the concept's popularity may have been that Ripley also included items submitted by readers, who supplied photographs of a wide variety of small town American trivia, ranging from unusually shaped vegetables to oddly marked domestic animals, all documented by photographs and then depicted by Ripley's drawings.", "Mike Ripley is an award-winning crime writer who has completed the unfinished Albert Campion novel left on the death of Youngman Carter (Margery Allingham’s widower) in 1969. Sophie Hannah, Jill Paton Walsh, Robert Ryan, and Mike Ripley will discuss the appeal of continuing crime fiction at this year’s Crimefest convention in Bristol on Friday 16 May", "Writer Edith Meiser and artist Frank Giacoia produced one of the most greatly admired recreations of Conan Doyle's work for the comic pages of the daily newspapers. In the Fifties, newspapers were in serious trouble as the public was turning more and more to television as the primary source of entertainment and information. In an attempt to attract and maintain readers, newspapers sought to develop new features. On the comic strip page, this meant the introduction of new strips based on characters from popular detective fiction such as Mike Hammer, Perry Mason, The Saint, and the spiritual father of them all, Sherlock Holmes. Unfortunately, these strips were short-lived not because of lack of quality but because readers were no longer willing to make the day-to-day commitment to the traditional story strip.", "1949-Alive - Chip Berlet - Paralegal investigative journalist & photographer. Exposes the religious right, white supremacists, etc.", "TV Series novel \"The Talented Mr. Ripley\" - 1 episode, 1956 writer - 1 episode, 1956", "The first Shaver Mystery story, \"I Remember Lemuria\", by Richard S. Shaver, appeared in the March 1945 issue. Shaver claimed that all the world's accidents and disasters were caused by an ancient race of \"detrimental robots\" who lived in underground cities. This explanation for the world's ills, coming towards the end of World War II, struck a chord with Amazings readership. Palmer received over 2,500 letters, instead of the usual 40 or 50, and proceeded to print a Shaver story in every issue. The June 1947 issue was given over entirely to the Shaver Mystery. From March 1948 the Shaver Mystery was dropped as a regular feature of the magazine, at Ziff's insistence. Palmer left the following year, and Browne, his successor, \"was determined to make sure that the lunatics were no longer in charge of the asylum\", in the words of science fiction historian Mike Ashley. ", "Rod Serling, already famed as the creator of The Twilight Zone series, wrote an adaptation of the novel The Authentic Death of Hendry Jones by Charles Neider (1956), at the request of producer Frank P. Rosenberg. The book was a fictional treatment of the familiar Billy the Kid story, relocated from New Mexico to the Monterey Peninsula in California. The adaptation was rejected.", "Mark Twain (Author), Victor Fischer (Editor), Lin Salamo (Editor), Frank T. Merrill (Illustrator), John J. Harley (Illustrator), L. S. Ipsen (Illustrator), Mary Jane Jones (Contributor) & 2 more" ]

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[ "The Statue of Liberty holds a golden torch in her right hand, representing enlightenment, and a tablet in her left hand. The tablet is engraved with the roman numerals for 1776, the year America was founded and the Declaration of Independence written.", "The Statue of Liberty torch, raised in her right hand is actually one of Liberty's most recognizable features. Apart from being a symbol of enlightenment, Statue of Liberty torch can also be interpreted several different ways.", "The Statue of Liberty is located in New York on Liberty Island. It is a statue of a woman holding a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand with the date of the Declaration of Independence in Roman numerals: July 4, 1776. Her crown has seven points that represent rays of light and also the seven seas and continents; the original name for the statue is “Liberty Enlightening the World.” There are broken chains, or shackles, at her feet that also symbolize her freedom.", "The Statue of Liberty, a gift from the people of France to celebrate the centennial of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence, stands upon Liberty Island and is one of the most famous symbols in the world. It represents a woman wearing a stola, a radiant crown and sandals, trampling a broken chain, carrying a torch in her raised right hand and a tabula ansata tablet. The construction of the statue was completed in France in July 1884 and arrived in New York the following year. From 1886 until the jet age, it was often one of the first glimpses of the United States for millions of immigrants.", "The Statue of Liberty has greeted immigrants coming into the U. S. since that time. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, creator of the Eiffel Tower, designed the interior structure, while Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was the sculptor. Made of copper, the statue depicts Lady Liberty standing tall with the torch of freedom raised with her right arm.", "The statue stands on Liberty Island in New York. France presented the statue to the United States in 1884 as a symbol of friendship and of the liberty that citizens enjoy under a free form of government. The statue's proper name is Liberty Enlightening the World. Liberty is personified by a proud woman, dressed in a loose robe that falls in graceful folds to the top of the pedestal on which the statue stands. The right arm holds a great torch raised high in the air. The left arm grasps a tablet bearing the date of the Declaration of Independence. A crown with huge spikes, like sun rays rests on her head. At her feet is a broken shackle, which symbolizes the overthrow of tyranny.", "Her right hand holds aloft a burning torch that represents liberty. Her left hand holds a tablet inscribed with the date �July 4, 1776� (in Roman numerals), the day the United States declared its independence. ", "By now, the Statue of Liberty’s right hand and torch were finished, so Bartholdi shipped it to the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition and had it put on display. For a fee of 50¢, visitors could climb a 30-foot steel ladder up the side of the hand and stand on the balcony surrounding the torch. Two years later the statue’s head was displayed in a similar fashion in Paris, giving people a chance to climb up into the head and peek out from the windows in the crown. But while events like these generated a lot of enthusiasm, they didn’t raise as much money as Bartholdi hoped for.", "The Statue of Liberty was designed by Fredéric Auguste Bartholdi of Alsace as a gift to Americans from the people of France. The statue of a female figure holding a torch in her raised hand was accepted on Oct. 28, 1886, by President Grover Cleveland. The 225-ton steel-reinforced copper structure stands on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. It is 152 ft tall and stands on a 150-foot pedestal.", "When the arm holding the torch was finished, it was sent to America for our nations 100th birthday celebration in1876. At this same time Libertys head was shown at the Worlds Fair in Paris. Libertys arm holding the torch stood in New Yorks Madison Square for many years.", "The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. (source: Wikipedia )", "Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved. Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain, but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War. The erected statue does rise over a broken chain, half-hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground. Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty's left hand; he settled on a tabula ansata, a keystone-shaped tablet used to evoke the concept of law. Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution, he chose to inscribe \"JULY IV MDCCLXXVI\" on the tablet, thus associating the date of the country's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty.", "The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, a French sculptor and dedicated on October 28, 1886, was a gift to the United States from the people of France. The statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States: a welcoming signal to immigrants arriving from abroad.", "Originally known as \"Liberty Enlightening the World,\" the statue was proposed by the French historian Edouard de Laboulaye to commemorate the Franco-American alliance during the American Revolution. Designed by French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, the 151-foot statue was the form of a woman with an uplifted arm holding a torch. Its framework of gigantic steel supports was designed by Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc and Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, the latter famous for his design of the Eiffel Tower in Paris.", "The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, a French sculptor, was built by Gustave Eiffel and dedicated on October 28, 1886. It was a gift to the United States from the people of France. The statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States, and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad.", "The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor, in Manhattan, New York City. The statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and dedicated on October 28, 1886, was a gift to the United States from the people of France. The statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence , July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States: a welcoming signal to immigrants arriving from abroad.", "The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor, in Manhattan, New York City. The statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and dedicated on October 28, 1886, was a gift to the United States from the people of France. The statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States: a welcoming signal to immigrants arriving from abroad. ", "Another edition in 2007–present, the edge is Plain w/ incused inscriptions. The observe side is each deceased president. The reverse side design is the Statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor, in Manhattan, New York City. The statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and dedicated on October 28, 1886, was a gift to the United States from the people of France. The statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States: a welcoming signal to immigrants arriving from abroad.", "The Statue of Liberty is made of pure copper sheathing hung on a steel framework which was originally puddle iron. The torch is coated in gold leaf and the flame hold glass panes. The statue is 151 ft. tall and stands on an irregular eleven edged star pedestal. It stands in the middle welcoming visitors, immigrants and the Americans returning to their homeland by ship. It has been for long one of the first glimpse of the United States for the immigrants.", "What does the torch represent? The torch is a symbol of enlightenment. The Statue of Liberty's torch lights the way to freedom showing us the path to Liberty. Even the Statue's official name represents her most important symbol \"Liberty Enlightening the World\". The Statue's current replacement torch, added in 1986, is a copper flame covered in 24 K gold. It is reflective of the sun's rays in daytime and lighted by 16 floodlights at night. The original torch was removed in 1984 and is currently inside the lobby of the monument.", "The statue - also known as \"Lady Liberty\" - has many symbolic features. Her torch represents liberty. In Roman numbers, her tablet reads \"July 4, 1776,\" America's independence day.", "The Statue of Liberty was originally called \"Liberty Enlightening the World,\" and this is truly her task - to enlighten mankind to the noble ideals of freedom and equality that belong to each one, and to hold high the standard of hope that light will always triumph over darkness.  This is the promise represented in the Statue - that through every conflict, war, or loss, through every dispossession or abandonment of principle, the torch of freedom will continue to be held high.", "The Statue of Liberty is made of an iron frame with a sheet of pure copper hung over it. The torch flame is so bright because it is coated in gold leaf instead of copper. However, it wasn’t always that way—the flame, too, was originally coated in copper. During renovations to the statue in 1916, Gutzon Borglum, the man who sculpted Mount Rushmore , was appointed to cut away much of the copper surface of the torch’s flame and install glass windows. Snow and rain leaked in through the windows, aiding in corrosion. In the mid-1980s (the statue’s 100th birthday), the old torch was removed due to excessive damage and placed in the monument’s museum. The replacement torch is now covered with gold leaf.", "Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide.[165] A smaller version of the statue, one-fourth the height of the original, was given by the American community in Paris to that city. It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes, facing west toward her larger sister.[165] A replica 30 feet (9.1 m) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years;[165] it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum.[166] In a patriotic tribute, the Boy Scouts of America, as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949–1952, donated about two hundred replicas of the statue, made of stamped copper and 100 inches (2,500 mm) in height, to states and municipalities across the United States.[167] Though not a true replica, the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions—the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty.[168] Among other recreations of New York City structures, a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York-New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.[169]", "After being part of the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, the Statue's torch is displayed at Madison Square in New York City. It remains there until 1882.", "The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, designed by Frédéric Bartholdi and dedicated on October 28, 1886.", "Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was a French sculptor born in  Alsace. He created many monumental sculptures, his most famous work was the Statue of Liberty. The statue is constructed of copper sheets which are assembled on a framework of steel supports designed by  Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc and  Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel . For transit to America, the figure was disassembled into 350 pieces and packed in 214 crates. Four months later, it was reassembled on Bedloe’s Island (renamed Liberty Island in 1956). On October 28, 1886,  President Grover Cleveland dedicated the Statue of Liberty before thousands of spectators. Since the 1892 opening of nearby  Ellis Island Immigration Station , Bartholdi’s Liberty has welcomed more than 12,000,000 immigrants to America. Emma Lazarus’s famous lines engraved on the statue’s pedestal are linked to our conception of the statue Americans call “Lady Liberty”:", "The Statue of Liberty was a joint effort between France and the United States, intended to commemorate the lasting friendship between the peoples of the two nations. The French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi created the statue itself out of sheets of hammered copper, while Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, the man behind the famed Eiffel Tower, designed the statue’s steel framework. The Statue of Liberty was then given to the United States and erected atop an American-designed pedestal on a small island in Upper New York Bay, now known as Liberty Island, and dedicated by President Grover Cleveland in 1886. Over the years, the statue stood tall as millions of immigrants arrived in America via nearby Ellis Island; in 1986, it underwent an extensive renovation in honor of the centennial of its dedication. Today, the Statue of Liberty remains an enduring symbol of freedom and democracy, as well as one of the world’s most recognizable landmarks.", "The Statue was fully constructed in Paris and presented by the Franco American Union to the United States Ambassador in 1884. In 1886, Bartholdi oversaw the Statue's assembly in New York and participated in its inauguration. At the ceremony, Bartholdi was presented with the key to the city and later climbed the Statue to release the tricolor French flag that veiled Liberty's face. Bartholdi died of tuberculosis in 1904.", "A cherished symbol of freedom and democracy, the Statue of Liberty was a gift from the French people to the people of the United States as a symbol of the international friendship forged during the American Revolution. Guided tours reveal the engineering behind this beloved landmark.", "Bartholdi’s colossal sculpture, Liberty Enlightening the World, is better known to us as the Statue of Liberty. It was formally dedicated in New York City’s harbor on October 28, 1886. However, it was born as an icon not in copper, iron, and steel, but first on paper! Bartholdi patented his design for the Statue of Liberty on February 18, 1879. The patent includes a drawing of the statue as we know it.", "Presented to America by the people of France in 1886, the Statue of Liberty sits on a 12-acre island in New York Harbor. Her crown has 25 windows and seven spikes. Timothy A. Clary/AFP/Getty Images hide caption" ]

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[ "James Earl “Jimmy” Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States (1977–1981) and was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter, a Democrat, served as a U.S. Naval officer, was a peanut farmer, served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia (1971–1975).", "Jimmy Carter is the only President to win a Nobel Peace Prize after leaving the office. This award reflects his commitment to human rights by advancing peaceful solutions to international conflicts. He accomplished more after leaving the presidency than any other president, but he was unable to fulfill his vision from within the White House. Carter failed to stay on good terms with Democratic Party congressional leaders. He was criticized for not working with his party yet his legacy is one of social justice. After the capture of Americans on Iran on November 4, 1979 Carter played into the hands of the terrorists by calling it a 'crisis' and the media ran stories on his inability to solve his own 'crisis'. The hostages were freed the day after Ronald Reagan took office, some say to spite Carter.", "James Earl \"Jimmy\" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975, and was a peanut farmer and naval officer.", "Incumbent Presidents have quite frequently been recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize. US Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were Laureates while in office, as for instance, were Presidents Mikhail Gorbachev of the USSR and Kim Dae-jung of South Korea. There have also been current Prime Ministers ( Yitzhak Rabin of Israel) and Chancellors ( Willy Brandt of the Federal Republic of Germany), but never before has anyone been made a Peace Laureate so early into their term of office. Barack Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize a little under 10 months after he took up residence in the White House. Nominations for the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize closed just 11 days after he took office.", "Obama is the fourth President of the United States to have been awarded a Nobel Prize (after Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and Jimmy Carter, with Carter's honor happening after leaving office).", "In 2002 Carter was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his ongoing effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts and to advance democracy and human rights. Carter was the third U.S. president to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson both received the prize while still in office, as did Barack Obama decades later. Carter and  Martin Luther King Jr.  share the distinction of being the only native Georgians to receive the honor. In 1999 Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, along with the Carter Center, received the inaugural Delta Prize for Global Understanding , an award administered by the University of Georgia .", "The last sitting U.S. president to win the peace prize was Woodrow Wilson in 1919. The other was Theodore Roosevelt in 1906. Jimmy Carter had been out of office for more than two decades when he won in 2002.", "In addition to Teddy Roosevelt, only three other U.S. Presidents received the Nobel Peace Prize.   I found it interesting that overall, just four U.S. Presidents have received this coveted prize:  Woodrow Wilson in 1919, Jimmy Carter, Jr. in 2002 and Barack Obama in 2009.", "Retiring from public office, Jimmy Carter returned to Plains.  He continues to work as a humanitarian with the Carter Center and Habitat for Humanity, participates in Middle East peace negotiations, and has written several books.  In 2002, Jimmy Carter received the Nobel Peace Prize for his \"decades of untiring efforts to find peaceful solution to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development.\"", "Theodore Roosevelt was the first President in history to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for drafting to treaty to end the Russo-Japanese War. Three other American Presidents also received the Nobel Peace Prize: Woodrow Wilson in 1919 for establishing the League of Nations; Jimmy Carter in 2002 for his post Presidency work on promoting democracy, human rights, economic and social development; Barack Obama in 2009 for strengthening international diplomacy.", "In a move called “a stunning surprise” by the New York Times, Barack Obama was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize only 12 days after he took office in 2009. When he actually won the prize only months into his first term in office, many accused the Nobel Peace Prize Committee of being politically motivated since the president was chosen to receive the award for his “extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples,” rather than any concrete achievements. “Very rarely has a person to the same extent as Obama captured the world’s attention and given its people hope for a better future,” the Norwegian Nobel Committee said, pointing to his calls to reduce the world’s stockpile of nuclear weapons and work to reignite the stalling Middle East Peace process. But critics of the choice were quick to highlight that Obama’s short presidency had already seen the escalation of the war in Afghanistan as well as the beginning of a drone campaign that caused hundreds of civilian casualties.", "Our story starts in 1906 when Theodore Roosevelt became the first President to win a Nobel Peace Prize. Since then, three other Presidents and one Vice President have received the honor.", "Carter was the third U.S. President, after Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson , to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In his Nobel Lecture, Carter told the European audience that U.S. actions after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and the 1991 Gulf War, like NATO itself, was a continuation of President Wilson's doctrine of collective security. In addition, President Carter is a recipient of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism.", "2002-Former president Jimmy Carter received the Nobel Peace Prize \"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development.\"", "Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter holds up his Nobel Peace Prize December 10, 2002 in Oslo, Norway. Carter was recognized for many years of public service and urged others to work for peace during his acceptance speech. (Photo by Arne Knudsen/Getty Images)", "After religious leaders, this is the profession best represented by peace prize winners. Four US presidents have won the award, Theodore Roosevelt (1906) for his work mediating the end of the Russo-Japanese war; Woodrow Wilson (1919) for his work setting up the League of Nations; Jimmy Carter (2002) for his work campaigning for international peace and the improvement of lives in developing countries, and Barack Obama (2009), for… well, no one’s quite sure.", "President Obama delivers remarks at the White House on Friday after winning the Nobel Peace Prize.", "After leaving office, Carter assumed the role of an elder statesman and international mediator, using his prestige as a former president to further many causes. He founded the Carter Centre as a forum for issues related to democracy and human rights . He has also traveled extensively to monitor elections, conduct peace negotiations, and establish relief efforts. In 2002, Carter won the Nobel Peace Prize for his \"efforts to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development.\" Carter has continued his decades-long active involvement with the charity Habitat for Humanity, which builds houses for the needy.", "Former US President won the Nobel Peace Prize for 2001 for his untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts and to advance democracy and human rights. His vital contribution to the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt (Egyptian President, Anwar Sadat & Israeli Premier, Menachem Begin) and his efforts in conflict resolution on several continents and the promotion of human rights after his presidency. His most significant work has been through the Carter Center, an Atlanta-based think tank and activity policy center founded by him and his wife Rosalynn in 1982.", "Former Prime Minister, Yitzhak Rabin,  and currnt president, Shimon Peres, believed strongly in peace. Therefore, they won a Nobel Peace Prize for \"their efforts and activities to promote peace in the Middle East\".", "The Nobel peace laureate's birthday was marked around the world including in a special session at the UN in New York. Bill Clinton, the former US president, told the meeting: \"Although he is old and frail and fighting for his life and, as Hillary and Chelsea and I have seen in visiting Qunu over the last couple of years, he doesn't hear so well and he walks with the benefit of an elevated walker, what is in his heart still glows in his smile and lights up the room through his eyes.\"", "Former President Jimmy Carter won in 2002 for his efforts over decades to spread peace and development. Mr. Carter called the award to Mr. Obama “a bold statement of international support for his vision and commitment.”", "26th President of the United States, and a leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement. He led the Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War, was famous for \"speak softly and carry a big stick,\" and won the Nobel Peace Prize.", "In 1989, the Dalai Lama received the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to liberate Tibet and advocacy of peaceful resolutions to conflict. And, in 2007, he received the Congressional Gold Medal, one of the highest civilian awards in the United States.", "39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize. Prior to becoming president, Carter served two terms in the Georgia Senate and as the 76th Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975.", "As we reminisce on our rich history here at the White House, this post is unique -- as we are looking back at not just one but five separate years. Since the creation of the Nobel Peace Prize, four U.S. Presidents and one Vice President have received the award, which is presented each year on December 10. Keep reading to find out more about the history of Nobel Peace Prizes here at the White House.", "Dr. Ralph Bunche was named as the winner of the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first African-American to win the award. Bunche was honored for his work in brokering ceasefire agreements between Israel and her Arab neighbors. [63]", "This Day in History: Four Presidents – and a VP – Received the Nobel Peace Prize | whitehouse.gov", "This Day in History: Four Presidents – and a VP – Received the Nobel Peace Prize", "(October 11, 2002) Won the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize \"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development.\"", "The revered statesman served as the first black president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, and received a Nobel Peace Prize for his work in ending apartheid through non-violent means in 1993. He retired from public life in 2004.", "The five-member Nobel Peace Prize committee, in announcing its decision, lauded the president for his work on climate change and international diplomacy." ]

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[ "Henry’s wives were Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleve, Katherine Howard and Katherine Parr.", "Catherine Parr (Katherine, Kateryn, Katheryne or Kathrine); (1512 – 5 September 1548) was Queen consort of England and Ireland and the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII of England. She married Henry VIII on 12 July 1543. She was the fourth commoner Henry had taken as his consort, and outlived him. She was also the most-married English queen, as she had a total of four husbands.", "Before the Norman conquest of England, few Queens were actually crowned. In fact, the only Anglo-Saxon Queen Consort who is known to have had a coronation was Aelfthryth, the wife of Edgar the Peaceful. After William the Conqueror came to power and established a new Royal House new traditions appeared as well, including a coronation ceremony for his wife, Matilda of Flanders. Since then, only eight Queens Consort had no coronations, and four of them were married to the same man: Margaret of France (second wife of Edward I), Jane Seymour (third wife of Henry VIII), Anne of Cleves (fourth wife of Henry VIII), Catherine Howard (fifth wife of Henry VIII), Catherine Parr (sixth wife of Henry VIII), Henrietta Maria of France (the wife of Charles I), Catherine of Braganza (the wife of Charles II), Caroline of Brunswick (the wife of George IV).", "Katherine does not appear in the series finale with the illusions of the other deceased Queen Consorts (Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn and Jane Seymour) but she is mentioned. Anne Boleyn indicates they were actually first cousins (Katherine was the youngest niece of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk who was also Anne's maternal uncle), and that she empathizes with and pities Katherine. Like Anne, she was drawn into unfortunate circumstances through her love for the King, and like Anne, she was beheaded on suspicion of adultery (although in Anne's case the charges were false). When Henry has multiple flashbacks of his past during the final scene, one of them includes Katherine smiling and dancing.", "Catherine Aragon ( married 1509 - divorced 1533), Anne Boleyn ( married 1533 - beheaded 1536) , Jane Seymour ( married 1536 - Jane Seymour died 1537 ) - Anne Cleves ( married and annulled 1540) - Catherine Howard ( married 1540 - beheaded 1542) - Catherine Parr ( married 1543 - Henry VIII died 28 January 1547.", "In documentary, the leading academic on Henry, David Starkey leads the field, with Channel 4 series entitled 'Henry VIII' and 'The Six Wives of Henry VIII' - the latter gave one episode each to Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn, one jointly to Jane Seymour and Anne of Cleves, and another jointly to Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr. Henry also has an episode to himself in his more recent series 'Monarchy' (Monarchy TV series).", "Henry married 4 more times: Jane Seymour: mother of Edward VI, Anne of Cleves: married for 6 months then the marriage was annulled, then Catherine Howard who was beheaded for adultery, and finally Catherine Parr who was his Queen at the time of his death in 1547.", "Anne of Cleves appears as a character in many historical novels about Henry's reign. In The Fifth Queen (1906) by Ford Madox Ford she is portrayed as a sensible, practical woman who happily settles for annulment in return for the material benefits. Anne of Cleves is the main character of My Lady of Cleves (1946) by Margaret Campbell Barnes. About a third of The Boleyn Inheritance (2006) by Philippa Gregory is recounted from Anne's point of view, covering the period of Henry VIII's marriages to her and to her successor Catherine Howard. The book concludes with Anne living away from court, and avoiding the execution ceremonies of Howard and of Jane Boleyn, sister-in-law to one of Henry's queens and lady-in-waiting to all the others, including Anne. Gregory includes Anne in a non-fictional review of the period at the end of the book.", "\"Catherine Howard (c.1523 – 13 February 1542) was Queen of England from 1540 until 1541, as the fifth wife of Henry VIII; sometimes known by his reference to her as his \"rose without a thorn\".", "Jane Seymour (c.1508 -- 24 October 1537) was Queen of England as the third wife of King Henry VIII. She succeeded Anne Boleyn as queen consort following the latter's execution for trumped up charges of high treason, incest and adultery in May 1536. She died of postnatal complications less than two weeks after the birth of her only child, a son who reigned as Edward VI. She was the only one of Henry's wives to receive a queen's funeral, and his only consort to be buried beside him in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, as she was the only consort to have a male heir.", "Jane Seymour (c. 1508 – 24 October 1537) was Queen of England from 1536 to 1537 as the third wife of King Henry VIII. She succeeded Anne Boleyn as queen consort following the latter's execution for high treason, incest and adultery in May 1536. She died of postnatal complications less than two weeks after the birth of her only child, a son who reigned as Edward VI. She was the only one of Henry's wives to receive a queen's funeral, and his only consort to be buried beside him in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. She was the only wife of Henry VIII whose son survived infancy.", "Catherine Parr was the 6th and last wife of Henry VIII. She was born around 1512 in Kendal, and in 1527 at the age of 15 married Edward Borough. He died in 1533, and in the following year she married John Nevill, Lord Latimer, of Snape in Yorkshire. During the Pilgrimage of Grace the Nevill family was held hostage by the rebels.", "Katherine of Aragon at Peterborough; Anne Boleyn St Peter's Ad Vincula, Tower of London; Jane Seymour with Henry VIII St George's Chapel Windsor; Anne of Cleeves Westminster Abbey; Catherine Howard St Peter's Ad Vincula, Tower of London; Catherine Parr Sudeley Castle", "After Henry VIII died, Catherine Parr married Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley . Catherine died shortly after the birth of her only child, Mary Seymour , in late 1548, leaving the young Jane once again bereft of a maternal figure. Jane acted as chief mourner at Catherine's funeral. Jane returned to her parents after Catherine Parr's death, yet Seymour showed continued interest in her, and she was again in his household for about two months when he was arrested at the end of 1548. [9] Seymour's brother, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset , who ruled as Lord Protector , felt threatened by Thomas' popularity with the young King Edward , and was charged, among other things, with proposing Jane as a royal bride. [10]", "Catherine was a daughter of Lord Edmund Howard (c. 1478 – 1539) and Joyce Culpeper (c. 1480 – c. 1528). Her father's sister, Elizabeth Howard, was the mother of Anne Boleyn. Therefore, Catherine Howard and Anne Boleyn were first cousins, and Catherine Howard and Anne's daughter, Lady Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth I), were first-cousins-once-removed. As a granddaughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (1443 – 1524), Catherine had an aristocratic pedigree. Her father was not wealthy, being a younger son among 21 children and disfavoured in the custom of primogeniture, in which the eldest son inherits all his father's estate.", "Catherine Parr (1512 – 5 September 1548), also spelled Kateryn, was the sixth and last wife of Henry VIII, 1543–1547. She was the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal and his wife Maud Green. Through her father, Catherine was a descendant of John of Gaunt, son of King Edward III. Through John of Gaunt's daughter Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland (Henry's great-great grandmother), she was Henry's third cousin, once removed. By Henry's paternal descent from another of John of Gaunt's children, John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, the two were also fourth cousins once removed.", "Independent and well-educated, Catherine Parr was Henry's last and sixth wife. She was the daughter of Maud Green, a lady-in-waiting to Henry's first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Maud named her daughter after the queen; thus Henry's last wife was named after his first. Parr was a twice-made widow. The two were married in 1543.", "Henry VIII was sick & Catherine was more nurse than wife. Henry VIII died Jan 28 1547 & was buried in Windsor next to his third wife, Jane Seymour. Catherine Parr then married Thomas Seymour, but soon died from childbirth complications.", "Catherine Howard (c.1521 - 13 February 1542) was Henry's fifth wife between 1540–1541, sometimes known as \"the rose without a", "A few people have reported seeing a tall woman wearing a green Tudor-styled dress, seen looking out of a window and walking through the Queen's garden; she is thought to be Catherine Parr, the sixth wife of Henry VIII. Many members of the household staff have reported seeing the Lady in Green. After Henry died in 1547, Catherine married Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley. Later that year, aged 35, Catherine gave birth to a daughter named Mary. A week later Catherine died of puerperal fever, and she was buried on the grounds of Sudeley in the Chapel of St. Mary. Her daughter, abandoned by her father, was taken in by Catherine's close friend Catherine Willoughby. There is no record of Mary Seymour after 1550.", "In the spring of 1540 Catherine Howard joined the household which had been set up for Queen Anne of Cleves . It has been suggested by Retha M. Warnicke that the two of the leading Roman Catholics in England, Thomas Howard , 2nd Duke of Norfolk and Bishop Stephen Gardiner , arranged for the King to meet Catherine and this was part of a power struggle against two religious reformers Thomas Cromwell and Archbishop Thomas Cranmer : \"That Catherine herself became queen has traditionally been attributed to a competition for power between court factions divided by religious allegiance, a conservative group led by Norfolk and Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, against reformers led by Thomas Cromwell, the lord privy seal, and Archbishop Thomas Cranmer; the conservatives allegedly took advantage of Henry's disappointment with Anne of Cleves early in 1540 to direct his attention towards Catherine.\" (24)", "Parr, Catherine, sixth wife of Henry VIII., daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal, was a woman of learning and great discretion, acquired great power over the king, persuaded him to consent to the succession of his daughters, and surviving him, married her former suitor Sir Thomas Seymour, and died from the effects of childbirth the year after (1512-1548).", "Catherine Parr was King Henry VIII's sixth and last wife. They were married on July 12, 1543. Catherine was the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendall, an official of the King's royal household. She had been married twice before her marriage to Henry, having been widowed first by Edward Borough, who died in 1529, and then in 1542 when her second husband, John Neville, Lord Latimer, died. Catherine was a highly educated and deeply religious woman. She had a great influence on the king as his reign ended. She brought the family close together and developed close friendships with Henry's three children. After Henry died in January 1547, Catherine remarried a former suitor, Thomas, Lord Seymour of Sudeley. She died shortly after giving birth to a daughter in 1549.", "Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536) played by Joanne Whalley – Catherine was the daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and was Henry VIII’s queen consort from 1509 until their marriage was annulled in 1533. She was also the mother of Mary I. Catherine claimed that her marriage to Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales and Henry VIII’s older brother, had not been consummated and that her marriage to Henry VIII was legal and valid. She fought the annulment and never accepted it or the title of Princess Dowager. She died a natural but lonely death, having been banished from court and prohibited from seeing her daughter, in January 1536.", "Lady Jane Grey’s younger sister, Catherine, was confined to the Tower of London when she displeased Queen Elizabeth I by marrying Edward Seymour in secret in 1560. Elizabeth I was frightened that she had a rival claim to the throne and so, even after she had the marriage annulled (and her children declared bastards) she moved Catherine from one place to another before finally sending her to Cockfield Hall, Yoxford, where she died 14 days later in 1568. Catherine was originally buried at Cockfield, then her body was sent to Salisbury Cathedral (although it is said that her heart is still buried under the lectern at Yoxford church).", "Mary II died childless in 1694, after which William III did not remarry. In 1700, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, who was the only child of Princess Anne to survive infancy, died of a fever at the age of 11. Thus, Anne was left as the last remaining legal heir to the throne. The Bill of Rights excluded Catholics from the throne, which ruled out James II and his descendants. However, it also provided for no further succession after Anne. Parliament thus saw the need to settle the succession on Sophia and her descendants, and thereby guarantee the continuity of the Crown in the Protestant line.", "Catherine of Braganza ( Portuguese : Catarina de Bragança; 25 November 1638 – 31 December 1705) was Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland from 1662 to 1685, as the wife of King Charles II . Catherine was born into the House of Braganza , the most senior noble house of Portugal , which became Portugal’s royal house after Catherine’s father, John, 8th Duke of Braganza , was proclaimed King John IV after deposing the House of Habsburg in 1640.", "Anne of Bohemia (11 May 1366 – 7 June 1394) was Queen of England as the first wife of King Richard II. A member of the House of Luxembourg, she was the eldest daughter of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, and Elizabeth of Pomerania. She died at 28 after 12 years of marriage; she was childless, and greatly mourned by her husband. ", "Catherine of Braganza (Catarina de Bragança, in Portuguese) (25 November 1638 – 31 December 1705) was a Portuguese Infanta and the queen consort of Charles II of England , Scotland and Ireland.", "One was Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Robert Brackenbury, Constable of the Tower at the time of the Princes’ disappearance. Sir Robert had been killed at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, and in 1504–5 Elizabeth was living in penury at the Minories. With her lodged Mary Tyrell, a sister or cousin of Sir James Tyrell, and Mary’s aunt, Anne Montgomery, whose husband Thomas had been an executor of Edward IV’s will and an adherent of Richard III. Finally there was Elizabeth Mowbray (née Talbot), Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, a relative of Eleanor Butler, and mother-in-law of Richard, Duke of York, the younger of the Princes; she had retired to this house at the beginning of Henry VII’s reign and later invited the other ladies to join her. She, above all, would have had a keen curiosity about the fate of her son-in-law. It is inconceivable that the Princes’ disappearance would not have been discussed by this group of ladies, who all had good reason to know something about it, and even more inconceivable that More, on his visits, did not obtain information from them. Indeed, the possession of such unique information may have been what inspired him to write his book and so put an end to the rumours then in circulation.", "Catherine of Braganza (Catarina de Bragança, in Portuguese) (25 November 1638 – 31 December 1705) was a Portuguese Infanta and the queen consort of Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland.", "The White Queen:  Anne Neville is a major character in the 2013 miniseries, The White Queen ." ]

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[ "Montgomery is the capital of the U.S. state of Alabama and is the county seat of Montgomery County. Named for Richard Montgomery, it is located on the Alabama River, in the Gulf Coastal Plain. As of the 2010 Census, Montgomery had a population of 205,764. It is the second-largest city in Alabama, after Birmingham, and the 115th largest in the United States. The Montgomery Metropolitan Statistical Area had a 2010 estimated population of 374,536. It is the fourth-largest in the state and 136th among United States metropolitan areas. ", "Alabama is unofficially nicknamed the Yellowhammer State after the state bird and is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\". The state tree is the Longleaf Pine and the state flower is the Camellia.  The capital of Alabama is Montgomery while the largest city by population is Birmingham and the largest city by total land area is Huntsville.  The oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists. The state ranks 23rd in population with 4.7 million residents in 2009.", "Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the Cotton State. The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The capital of Alabama is Montgomery. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, and largest city by total land area is Huntsville. The oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. ", "Montgomery: capital city of the state of Alabama; first capital of the Confederate States of America", "The city of Montgomery prospered and became the county seat in 1822 and Alabama's permanent capital in 1846. Although it bears the same name as the county, the city was named in honor of a different person, Maj. Gen. Richard Montgomery, who lost his life in the Revolutionary War in the assault against Quebec. The city and the county of Montgomery have been the site of many firsts, with the distinction of being known as the birthplace of the both the Civil War and the civil-rights movement. On February 18, 1861, Jefferson Davis was sworn in as the president of the Confederate States of America in its initial capital of Montgomery. It was from Montgomery that a telegram was sent to authorize the bombardment of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, thus commencing the", "Founded in 1819, on the high bluffs above the Alabama River and 330 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, Montgomery, Alabama quickly became the heart of the state's plantation economy. By 1846 Montgomery was named Alabama's capital. In 1861, 9,000 people lived in the city, considered the richest for its size in the nation. Montgomery was a transportation center, with steamboats traveling to Mobile, stagecoaches traveling east, and a railroad running northeast and southwest.", "Alabama entered the Union on December 14, 1819. In January 1861, Alabama seceded from the Union, and on February 4, delegates from six states met at Montgomery and formed the Confederate States of America, with Montgomery as the capital. After the Civil War, Alabama re-entered the Union. Territory by Act of March 3, 1817, effective Aug. 15, 1817.", "Tuscaloosa was a thriving community located on the shoals of the Black Warrior River and had been a strong candidate for the capital site when Cahaba had been chosen for the honor in 1819. Serving as the home for the government beginning in 1826, however, it was increasingly inconvenient as a seat of government for the rapidly growing state. Alabama's population gains concentrated in the state's more eastern counties as Indian lands there opened to white settlement, prompting a clamor for a more centrally located capital.", "By 1860, the population had increased to a total of 964,201 people, of which nearly half, 435,080 were enslaved African Americans, and 2,690 were free people of color. On January 11, 1861, Alabama declared its secession from the Union. After remaining an independent republic for a few days, it joined the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy's capital was initially located at Montgomery. Alabama was heavily involved in the American Civil War. Although comparatively few battles were fought in the state, Alabama contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the war effort.", "The city was incorporated in 1819, as a merger of two towns situated along the Alabama River. It became the state capital in 1846, representing the shift of power to the south-central area with the growth of cotton as a commodity crop of the Black Belt and Mobile's rise as a mercantile port. In February 1861, Montgomery was selected as the first capital of the Confederate States of America, until the seat of government moved to Richmond, Virginia, in May of that year. During the mid-20th century, Montgomery was a major site of events in the Civil Rights Movement,Beito, David (2009-05-02) [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig8/beito6.html Something is Rotten in Montgomery], LewRockwell.com including the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Selma to Montgomery marches.", "Montgomery, Alabama served as the capital of the Confederate States of America from February 4 until May 29, 1861 in the Alabama State Capitol. Six states created the Confederate States of America there on February 8, 1861. The Texas delegation was seated at the time, so it is counted in the \"original seven\" states of the Confederacy; it had no roll call vote until after its referendum made secession \"operative\". Two sessions of the Provisional Congress were held in Montgomery, adjourning May 21. The Permanent Constitution was adopted there on March 12, 1861. ", "James Wilkinson captured Mobile, Alabama from the Spanish in March 1813. It later became the sole permanent territorial gain for the United States.", "Montgomery County was created by an act of the Mississippi Territorial Legislature on December 6, 1816. The county was named in honor of Maj. Lemuel Montgomery of Tennessee, who was the first U.S. soldier killed in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend . The city of Montgomery is the county seat and was selected as the state's permanent capital in 1846. The county was carved out of Monroe County and originally encompassed a majority of central Alabama . It was later subdivided into Elmore , Bullock , and Crenshaw counties. The act that created Montgomery County provided that its courts were to meet initially at Fort Jackson, located at the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers and site of the surrender of the Creek Indians to Gen. Andrew Jackson, in present-day Elmore County.", "1813 - U.S. troops under James Wilkinson attacked the Spanish-held city of Mobile that would be in the future state of Alabama.", "History of FT. McClellan - The history of FT. McClellan, AL began in July of 1917-1999. It was located near Anniston, AL, which was the first and only military post in that vicinity. On July 1, 1929 Camp McClellan was formally changed to Fort McClellan, which became a permanent duty assignment for active Army. Fort McClellan was named after Major General George B. McClellan, who was the General in Chief of the Army from 1861-1862. It was the first southern military installation named in honor of a northerner general. McClellan was used as a mobilization camp where soldiers of WWII trained....   [tags: Alabama, Southern Military Installation, McClellan]", "The southern part of Alabama's eastern boundary along the Chattahoochee River originated during the colonial era. Under the 1763 Treaty of Paris, which ended the French and Indian War, the British gained control of all French land in North America east of the Mississippi River. In the Southeast, south of the 31st parallel, the British created the colonies of West Florida and East Florida from former Spanish land . George Johnstone, the first governor of British West Florida, feared that Mobile and Natchez, the region's major settlements, might lie north of the 31st parallel. So in February 1764, Johnstone had the northern boundary of British West Florida moved about 82 miles north, to a line drawn due east from the mouth of the Yazoo River on the Mississippi River. Located at about 32° 28' North, this northern boundary line struck the Chattahoochee River near the mouth of Uchee Creek, in present-day Russell County , about three miles east of Fort Mitchell . From that point, West Florida's eastern boundary followed the Chattahoochee River south to the Gulf of Mexico. Johnstone's action thus essentially established the southern part of the eastern boundary of Alabama; later he would do the same for Alabama's western boundary.", "General Lafayette, born the Marquis de Lafayette in Auvergne, France, was truly an American Idol in the 19th century. One proof is that more than 80 American counties, cities, towns, and countless roads were named in his honor, from Lafayette Road in Portsmouth to Mount Lafayette in Franconia. Lafayette's extraordinary reputation was based on his military record in the Revolution, his friendship with George Washington, his continued support of American interests, his story-book life, and perhaps most importantly, his Farewell Tour of America when he visited all 24 states and Washington D.C. as the last surviving major general of the Continental Army.", "In 1764, the British moved the northern boundary to the 32° 22′ north latitude, extending from the Yazoo to the Chattahoochee River, which included the Natchez District and the Tombigbee District. The appended area included approximately the lower half of the present states of Mississippi and Alabama. Many new settlers arrived in the wake of the British garrison, swelling the population. In 1774 the First Continental Congress sent letters inviting West Florida to send delegates, but this proposal was declined as the inhabitants were overwhelmingly Loyalist. During the American War of Independence the Governor of West Florida was Peter Chester. The commander of British forces during the war was John Campbell. The colony was attacked in 1778 by the Willing Expedition.", "1778- From his headquarters in New Brunswick, N.J., General George Washington directs his army to put \"green boughs\" in their hats, issues them a double allowance of rum, and orders a Fourth of July artillery salute; at Princeton, N.J., an artillery salute is fired from a cannon taken from Burgoyne's army; in Philadelphia, guns and \"sky rockets\" are fired, but candles are not used for illuminations due to their scarcity; at Passy, France, John Adams and Benjamin Franklin host a dinner for \"the American Gentlemen and ladies, in and about Paris\"; the first Independence Day oration is given by David Ramsay in Charleston, S.C. before \"a Publick Assembly of the Inhabitants\"; on Kaskaskia Island, Ill., George Rogers Clark rings a liberty bell as he and his Revolutionary troops occupy Kaskaskia (under British rule) without firing a shot; at Mill Prison, near Plymouth, England, Charles Herbert (of Newburyport, Mass.) and other captured American prisoners of war celebrate the Fourth of July by attaching home-made American flags to their hats which they wear the entire day", "The War of 1812 and especially the specter of British invasion towered over Claiborne's term. In November 1814, General Andrew Jackson arrived in New Orleans to defend the Gulf Coast against a presumed British invasion. A series of altercations culminated in the January 8, 1815, Battle of New Orleans in which a Jackson-led force of federal troops, state militiamen, Baratarian pirates, and free people of color/gens de couleur libres thrashed the British regulars. Thanks to this victory, Jackson immediately became a state as well as a national hero, with New Orleans renaming its main square after the general in 1851 and erecting an equestrian statue of him there five years later. Prior to the Battle of New Orleans, Jackson had feared that Louisiana’s population lacked loyalty to the United States. That apprehension proved unjustified.", "During the American Revolutionary War, Fort Watauga at Sycamore Shoals (in present-day Elizabethton) was attacked (1776) by Dragging Canoe and his warring faction of Cherokee who were aligned with the British Loyalists. These renegade Cherokee were referred to by settlers as the Chickamauga. They opposed North Carolina's annexation of the Washington District and the concurrent settling of the Transylvania Colony further north and west. The lives of many settlers were spared from the initial warrior attacks through the warnings of Dragging Canoe's cousin, Nancy Ward. The frontier fort on the banks of the Watauga River later served as a 1780 staging area for the Overmountain Men in preparation to trek over the Appalachian Mountains, to engage, and to later defeat the British Army at the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina.", "The American city of Linden, Alabama, originally known as Hohenlinden, is named in honor of this battle. It was established to serve as the county seat of Marengo County. The county's first European settlers were exiled French Bonapartists and many of the settlements they established were named in honor of Napoleonic victories.", "Settled in 1649 as Providence by Virginian Puritans, it later was known as Town Land at Proctor’s and Anne Arundel Town. In 1694 the colonial capital was moved there from St. Mary’s City . The next year it was renamed to honour Princess Anne , who later, as queen, gave it a charter (1708). Annapolis patriots, like those of Boston , had a “tea party,” on October 19, 1774, forcing the owner of the brig Peggy Stewart to burn his ship and cargo of taxed tea. George Washington resigned (December 23, 1783) as commander in chief of the Continental Army before the U.S. Congress in session there (November 26, 1783–June 3, 1784). The city avoided involvement in the battles of the American Revolution , the War of 1812 , and the American Civil War , though many Civil War wounded were hospitalized there. The Annapolis Convention , held in 1786, was a precursor to the Constitutional Convention of 1787.", "Before 1776, most of Tryon County's Loyalists fled to Canada. In 1784, following the peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War, Tryon County's name was changed to Montgomery County to honor the general, Richard Montgomery, who had captured several places in Canada and died attempting to capture the city of Quebec, replacing the name of the hated British governor.", "Winder was first commissioned into the United States Army as a colonel with the onset of the War of 1812. He was quickly promoted to brigadier general before being captured in a nighttime attack at the Battle of Stoney Creek, Ontario in July of 1813. Paroled the following year, Winder returned to field command and was tasked with the defense of Washington and Baltimore by President James Madison in 1814. With the approach of 4,500 British troops on the nation's capital, Winder positioned his troops just northeast of the city in Bladensburg, Maryland. He proved to be a less than effective commander at the Battle of Bladensburg fought on August 24, and his force of 6,500 regulars and militia was sent fleeing in every direction. Thanks to Winder’s collapse, the British army entered Washington and burned numerous government buildings, including the Capital and White House. Winder’s military career survived a court-martial following Bladensburg, but he is relegated to a subordinate role under General Samuel Smith in the defense of Baltimore.", "Arlington National Cemetery is an American military cemetery established during the American Civil War on the grounds of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's home, Arlington House (also known as the Custis-Lee Mansion). It is directly across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., north of the Pentagon. With nearly 300,000 graves, Arlington National Cemetery is the second-largest national cemetery in the United States.", "In 1774 Washington was elected as a delegate to the first Continental Congress . John Adams (1735–1826), a delegate from Massachusetts, became acquainted with Washington. Adams was impressed by Washington’s military service and political status in Virginia. Wanting to increase national, and especially southern, support for the American Revolution against Britain, Adams secured Washington’s appointment as general and commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in 1775. Washington then traveled to Massachusetts and assumed command on July 3, 1775. After placing artillery to threaten British ships in Boston Harbor, Washington forced the British to evacuate Boston on March 17, 1776.", "While Hancock served as president of the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, Samuel Adams’ cousin John Adams convinced Congress to place Virginian George Washington in command of the rebel army. In 1776, the Continental Congress declared independence from Great Britain. The next year, John Hancock returned home to Massachusetts, where he served as a major general in the militia and sat in the Massachusetts constitutional convention that adopted the world’s first and most enduring constitution in 1780. Having helped to create the new state government, Hancock proceeded to serve as the state’s first governor, a position he held on and off until his death in 1793.", "July 3, 1775 - During the American Revolution , George Washington took command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "In 1775, Major General Gage (a veteran of Braddock’s campaign) was the Commander-in-Chief in Boston. He commanded eleven battalions of foot in Boston, one in New York and six others spread through North America; 7,000 men in all.", "In June 1775, with a view of promoting union among the colonies, he nominated George Washington of Virginia as commander-in-chief of the army then assembled around Boston. His influence in Congress was great, and he then argued in favor of permanent severance from Britain. In October 1775, he was also appointed the chief judge of the Massachusetts Superior Court, but he never served, and resigned in February 1777. ", "After resigning as head of the Continental Congress in 1777, Hancock had his chance for military glory in 1778, when he led some 5,000 Massachusetts soldiers in an attempt to recapture Newport, Rhode Island , from the British. Although the mission was a failure, Hancock remained a popular figure. He went on to help frame the Massachusetts Constitution, adopted in 1780, and was elected governor of Massachusetts by a wide margin that same year." ]

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[ "1284: According to legend, this is the day when the Pied Piper appeared in Hamelin, Brunswick, and agreed a deal with the burghers to remove the rats. When the burghers refused to pay, the Pied Piper led away all the towns children.", "The Pied Piper of Hamelin, a piece written by Robert Browning, is the theme of a legend regarding the departure or the death of a vast many kids from the city of Hamelin, Lower Saxony, in Germany, during the Middle Ages. The most primitive references illustrate a piper, who was dressed in pied, i.e. multicolored clothing, leading all the children further than the city in no way to come back.", "The Pied Piper of Hamelin (German: link=no|Rattenfänger von Hameln also known as the Pan Piper, the Rat-Catcher of Hamelin) is the subject of a legend from the town of Hamelin (Hameln), Lower Saxony , Germany, in the Middle Ages . The earliest references describe a piper, dressed in multicolored (\"pied\") clothing, who was a rat-catcher hired by the town to lure rats away [1] with his magic pipe . When the citizens refuse to pay for this service, he retaliates by using his instrument's magic power on their children, leading them away as he had the rats. This version of the story spread as folklore and has appeared in the writings of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , the Brothers Grimm , and Robert Browning , among others.", "The Pied Piper of Hamelin (German: Rattenfänger von Hameln also known as the Pan Piper, the Rat-Catcher of Hamelin) is the subject character of a legend from the town of Hamelin (Hameln), Lower Saxony , Germany. The legend dates back to the Middle Ages , the earliest references describing a piper, dressed in multicolored (\" pied \") clothing, who was a rat-catcher hired by the town to lure rats away [1] with his magic pipe . When the citizens refuse to pay for this service, he retaliates by using his instrument's magical power on their children, leading them away as he had the rats. This version of the story spread as folklore and has appeared in the writings of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , the Brothers Grimm , and Robert Browning , among others.", "The Pied Piper of Hamelin is a legend about the abduction of many children from the town of Hamelin (Hameln), Germany . Famous versions of the legend are given by the Brothers Grimm and, in English, by Robert Browning .", "As described in an old German folktale, the Pied Piper is a mysterious wanderer who agrees to rid the town of Hamelin of a plague of rats. He enchants the rats by playing a magical flute and then leads them into the nearby river Weser, where they drown. But when the city fathers go back on their promise to pay him handsomely for his work, the piper exacts revenge by playing his flute for the town's children and leading them away into a mountain cavern, where they disappear forever. The tale seems to have grown out of a mysterious real-life event: the details have long since been forgotten, but an ancient plaque in the town of Hamelin says that on June 26, 1284, a piper in colorful clothing lured 130 children from the town. Various versions of the folk tale were gathered by the The Brothers Grimm in 1812, and the story was retold by Robert Browning in 1842 in his poem \"The Pied Piper of Hamelin.\" In modern times, \"Pied Piper\" has come to mean any charismatic person who attracts an enthusiastic following.", "The Pied Piper leads the children out of Hamelin. Illustration by Kate Greenaway for Robert Browning’s “The Pied Piper of Hamelin”", "Verstegan's account is repeated in William Ramesey 's Helminthologia; or Some Physical Considerations of Wormes (1668)—\"... that most remarkable story in Verstegan, of the Pied Piper, that carryed away a hundred and sixty Children from the Town of Hamel in Saxony, on the 22. of July, Anno Dom. 1376. A wonderful permission of GOD to the Rage of the Devil\". Nathaniel Wanley 's version (Wonders of the Little World, 1678, p. 598 – from Weyer) is not, as was formerly stated here, the immediate source for Robert Browning's poem (see Adaptations below); it follows the German tradition and gives the 1284 date.", "Best known for the story of the Pied Piper who rid the town of its rats and then its children, Hamelin was suddenly the focus of international media attention last month. News had emerged that a town fountain had been put out of action by — of all things — rats.", "The present-day City of Hamelin continues to maintain information about the Pied Piper legend and possible origins of the story on its website. Interest in the city’s connection to the story remains so strong that in 2009, Hamelin held a tourist festival to mark the 725th anniversary of the disappearance of the town’s earlier children. [23] The eerie nature of such a celebration was enough to warrant an article in the Fortean Times , a print magazine devoted to odd occurrences, legends, cryptozoology and all things strange which are known now as Forteana [24] The article noted that even to this day, there is prohibition against playing music or dancing upon the Bungelosenstrasse (“street without drums”), the street where the children were purported to have last been seen before they disappeared or left the town. There is even a building, popular with visitors, that is called “the rat catcher’s house” although it bears no connection to the Rat-Catcher version of the legend. Indeed, the Rattenfängerhaus is instead, associated with the story due to the earlier inscription upon its facade mentioning the legend. The house was built much later in 1602 and 1603. It is now a Hamelin City-owned restaurant with a pied piper theme throughout. [25] The city also maintains an online shop with rat-themed merchandise as well as offering an officially licensed Hamelin Edition of the popular board game Monopoly which depicts the legendary Piper on the cover. [26]", "The Pied Piper of Hamelin is a legend, documented by the Brothers Grimm (Der Rattenf�nger von Hameln, which translates to \"The Ratcatcher of Hamelin\"), which tells of an unusual disaster that occurred in the town of Hamelin (Hameln), Germany , 26 June 1284 .", "The earliest English account is that of Richard Rowland Verstegan ( 1548 -c. 1636 ), an antiquary and religious controversialist of partly Dutch descent, in his Restitution of Decayed Intelligence ( Antwerp , 1605 ); unfortunately he does not give his source. He includes the reference to the rats and the idea that the lost children turned up in Transylvania . The phrase 'Pide [sic] Piper' occurs in his version and seems to have been coined by him. Curiously enough his date is entirely different from that given above: July 22 , 1376 . Verstegan's account was copied in Nathaniel Wanley 's Wonders of the Visible World ( 1687 ), which was the immediate source of Robert Browning 's well-known poem (below). Verstegan's account is also repeated in William Ramesey 's Wormes ( 1668 ) - \"...that most remarkable story in Verstegan, of the Pied Piper, that carryed away a hundred and sixty Children from the Town of", "The children of Hamelin were led away by a pied piper (it's common knowledge) to parts unknown; whither they went is now herein revealed, however the precise location is cloaked in accordance with International Fantasy Regulation IFR.02.3a governing site specifics as, for example, in any Harry Potter story the locations are indeed identified, but just you try and find them. 2005 Dishonorable Mentions: P.S.Hamilton, Pearland, TX", "In the anime adaptation of the Japanese light novel series, Problem Children Are Coming from Another World, Aren’t They? (2013), a major story revolves around the “false legend” of Pied Piper of Hamelin. The adaptation speaks in great length about the original source and the various versions of the story that sprang up throughout the years. It is stated that Weser, the representation of Natural Disaster, was the true Piper of Hamelin (meaning the children were killed by drowning or landslides). [19]", "Wilkening, Christoph. \"The Pied Piper of Hamelin - Germany's Mystery of Missing Children.\" The World and I. News World Communications, Inc. 2000. Retrieved January 19, 2017 from HighBeam Research: https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-63411325.html", "The oldest source for this story dates to around 1300. According to acknowledged Hamelin historian Norbert Humburg, during that time Hamelin's centrally located Marktkirche (market church) was extended and a window was added that displayed a stained glass scene of the Pied Piper. Former local Latin school principal Samuel Erich, in a book about the Pied Piper published in 1654, describes him in this scene as \"an old figure of a man in colored clothes and surrounded by a crowd of children.\"", "Many are familiar with the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. Few realise however, that the story is based on real events, which evolved over the years into a fairy tale made to scare children.", "^ [1] Poag, James F. \"Pied Piper of Hamelin.\" World Book Online Reference Center. 2008. 4 September 2008", "When the Pied Piper came to collect his reward, he was rebuffed by the town leaders, who had second thoughts because he had done the job with so little effort. Angry, the Pied Piper appeared a second time and, in revenge, lured all the children out of their homes with his pipe playing. First they headed toward the river, but then they turned and marched over a hill and disappeared into a mountain. Only two children were left behind, because they were late--one was blind and one deaf. Hamelin's distraught parents tried desperately to find him and reclaim their children, but to no avail. Rumor has it that they emerged again out of a mountain in Transylvania, in western Romania. In all 130 children were lost.", "Other versions relate that the Pied Piper led the children to the top of Koppelberg Hill, where he took them to a beautiful land and had his wicked way, or a place called Koppenberg Mountain, or that he made them walk into the Weser as he did with the rats, and they all drowned. Some versions state that the Piper returned the children after payment, or that he returned the children after the villagers paid several times the original amount of gold.", "In 2015, a South Korean horror movie title The Piper was released. It is a loose adaptation of the Brothers Grimm tale where the Pied Piper uses the rats for his revenge to kill all the villagers except for the children whom he traps in a cave.[ citation needed ]", "During the 16th century the tale was extended into a complete storyline, wherein the piper is the rat-catcher rented by the city to lure the rats away with his magical pipe. While the citizenry declines to pay for all his service, he gets revenge by spinning his magic on all their children, leading them far away as he did to the rats. This story version spread as a kind of fairy tale. This story version has also emerged in the writings of, amid others, the Brothers Grimm, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe along with Robert Browning.", "On 26 June, the German town of Hamelin celebrated Rat Catcher's Day. But what really happened there, and who was the mysterious Pied Piper?", "In 2015, a South Korean horror movie title The Piper was released. It is a loose adaptation of the Brothers Grimm tale where the Pied Piper uses the rats for his revenge to kill all the villagers except for the children who he traps in a cave.", "William Manchester 's  A World Lit Only by Fire  places the events in 1484, 100 years after the written mention in the town chronicles that \"It is 100 years since our children left\", and further proposes that the Pied Piper was a psychopathic  paedophile . However, nowhere in the book does Manchester offer proof of his description of the facts as he presents them. He makes similar assertions regarding other legends, also without supporting evidence. [9]", "Despite the piper's success, the mayor reneged on his promise and refused to pay him the full sum (reputedly reduced to a sum of 50 guilders) even going so far as to hint that he brought the rats himself in an extortion attempt. The piper left the town angrily, vowing to return later to take revenge. On Saint John and Paul 's day while the Hamelinites were in church, the piper returned dressed in green like a hunter playing his pipe. In so doing, he attracted the town's children. One hundred and thirty children followed him out of town and into a cave and were never seen again. Depending on the version, at most three children remained behind: One was lame and could not follow quickly enough, the second was deaf and therefore could not hear the music, and the last was blind and unable to see where he was going. These three informed the villagers of what had happened when they came out from church.", "Despite the piper’s success, the mayor reneged on his promise and refused to pay him the full sum (reputedly reduced to a sum of 50 guilders) even going so far as to hint that he brought the rats himself in an extortion attempt. The piper left the town angrily, vowing to return later to take revenge. On Saint John and Paul ‘s day, while the Hamelinites were in church, the piper returned dressed in green like a hunter playing his pipe. In so doing, he attracted the town’s children. One hundred and thirty children followed him out of town and into a cave and were never seen again. Depending on the version, at most three children remained behind: One was lame and could not follow quickly enough, the second was deaf and therefore could not hear the music, and the last was blind and unable to see where he was going. These three informed the villagers of what had happened when they came out from church.", "Despite the piper's success, the mayor reneged on his promise and refused to pay him the full sum (reputedly reduced to a sum of 50 guilders) even going so far as to hint that he brought the rats himself in an extortion attempt. The piper left the town angrily, vowing to return later to take revenge. On Saint John and Paul 's day, while the Hamelinites were in church, the piper returned dressed in green like a hunter playing his pipe. In so doing, he attracted the town's children. One hundred and thirty children followed him out of town and into a cave and were never seen again. Depending on the version, at most three children remained behind: One was lame and could not follow quickly enough, the second was deaf and therefore could not hear the music, and the last was blind and unable to see where he was going. These three informed the villagers of what had happened when they came out from church.", "Some suggest that the cause of the children's disappearance was an accident of an epidemic. These theories make sense of some of the elements of the Grimm brothers' version, as being sealed inside a mountain could refer to a major landslide, or the rats could be a reference to plague. However, the European Black Death epidemic did not begin until the 14th century, and rats do not appear in versions of the Pied Piper story before the late 16th century, so the plague theory is unlikely.", "And yet the tale’s elements of greed, revenge and infanticide send us back to the Middle Ages, a violent period of deep contrasts. The legend contains enough material to have inspired the popular and the poetic imagination for centuries – but what really happened on that fateful day in 1284, and who was the mysterious Pied Piper?", "Does anyone here know what the Pied Piper story was based on? :confused: Is it a true story or a legend?", "c. 1300 . The window was described in several accounts between the 14th century and the 17th century but it seems to have been destroyed. Based on the surviving descriptions, a modern reconstruction of the window has been created by Hans Dobbertin . It features the colorful figure of the Pied Piper and several figures of children dressed in white." ]

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[ "Today in Odd History, President Jimmy Carter was attacked by a rabbit during a fishing trip in Plains, Georgia. The rabbit, which may have been fleeing a predator, swam toward his boat, \"hissing menacingly, its teeth flashing and nostrils flared.\" President Carter was forced to swat at the vicious beast with a canoe paddle, which apparently scared it off.", "* April 20 – President Jimmy Carter is attacked by a swamp rabbit while fishing in his hometown of Plains, Georgia, USA.", "The Jimmy Carter rabbit incident, dubbed the \"killer rabbit\" attack by the media, involved a swamp rabbit that swam toward then–U.S. President Jimmy Carter's fishing boat on April 20, 1979. The incident caught press imagination after Carter's press secretary mentioned the event to a correspondent months later.", "On April 20, 1979, Jimmy Carter went to Plains Georgia, his hometown,  on a solo fishing expedition. After the fishing, the former president narrated that “a rabbit chased by hounds jumped in the water and swam toward my boat. When he got almost there, I splashed some water with a paddle”, upon returning to his office, but  Carter’s staff did not believed the President’s story,  insisting that rabbits couldn’t swim, or that they would never approach a person threateningly. But the incident was captured on footage taken by the official photographer of the White House.", "President Carter had gone on a solo fishing expedition in his hometown of Plains, Georgia. According to Carter a rabbit being chased by hounds \"jumped in the water and swam toward my boat. When he got almost there, I splashed some water with a paddle.\"", "Fishing near his hometown of Plains, Georgia in 1979, the then President realised a large swamp rabbit was swimming towards his boat. A flustered Carter had to flail at it with his oars. The story leaked out, and it became known as the Killer Rabbit Incident after a Washington Post cartoon.", "The story might have ended there, except that White House Press Secretary Jody Powell mentioned the incident to Associated Press reporter Brooks Jackson in August. The Washington Post ran it as front page news. The original photograph was not available (until the Reagan administration leaked it in 1981), but the paper filled the gap with a cartoon modeled on the poster for the movie Jaws, starring the rabbit and entitled Paws. Powell made a belated attempt to impress the public with the seriousness of the attack, calling the creature a \"swamp rabbit,\" but since Carter had to appease his rabbit-loving constituents by insisting that he had not actually smacked his buck-toothed opponent with his paddle, but only splashed water at it to drive it away, it seemed unlikely that he had been in danger. The entire episode became a symbol of Carter's floundering presidency. According to Powell, \"[I]t shows the extent to which an insignificant incident can snowball and end up in newspapers and news shows across the country. Carter biographer Douglas Brinkley says, It just played up the Carter flake factor.... I mean, he had to deal with Russia and the Ayatollah and here he was supposedly fighting off a rabbit.", "Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), also known as T.R., and to the public (but never to friends and intimates) as Teddy, was the twenty-sixth President of the United States. A leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Party, he was a Governor of New York and a professional historian, naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier. He is most famous for his personality: his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his \"cowboy\" personality. Originating from a story from one of Roosevelt's hunting expeditions, Teddy bears are named after him.", "During his campaign, Carter was mocked for an encounter with a swimming rabbit while fishing on a farm pond on April 20 , 1979 .", "During his campaign, Carter was mocked for an encounter with a swimming rabbit while fishing on a farm pond on April 20, 1979.", "I once heard an interview with Carter in which he was asked if it was true that he had been attacked by a rabbit. He said that it wasn't true but he couldn't very well have a press conference and say: \"I wasn't attacked by a rabbit\". It seems like this story might have just been something that fit in with Carter's weak image during his term. As I recall this interview was in connection with a book Carter had written about his experiences outdoors. So it appears that he is not someone who is unfamiliar with or afraid of wildlife in general.", "I notice that there is no source or author listed on this article. If you post the picture (undoctored) that is claimed to exist of the rabbit attacking Carter, it might make the story more believable.", "During his campaign, Carter was mocked for an encounter with a rabbit while fishing on a farm pond. A swimming swamp rabbit, perhaps ill or fleeing from a predator, attempted to board the President's small boat. Carter shooed the creature away with his paddle. Several months later, Carter's Press Secretary Jody Powell mentioned what he viewed as a \"mildly amusing incident\" to reporter Brooks Jackson over tea. Shortly thereafter, the story appeared on the front page of The Washington Post and was reported on the evening news of all the major television networks.", "Upon his return to the White House, Carter told his staff about the furry amphibian's assault. Most of them refused to believe him, insisting that rabbits can't swim (although since most mammals can swim, there's no reason to believe that rabbits cannot), and that even if they could, they certainly wouldn't attack humans, and certainly not presidents. Fortunately, a White House photographer had been on the scene, and had recorded the bizarre attack. The photograph showed Carter with his paddle raised, warding off a small creature which might, or might not, have been a rabbit. One staffer was quoted as saying, \"You couldn't tell what it was.\" Undaunted by their skepticism, Carter had the image enlarged, and there it was--a killer bunny rabbit, apparently bent on assassinating the president.", "*Wiley Catt: A wild-eyed, menacing, hillbilly bobcat who smokes a corncob pipe, carries a shotgun, and lives alone in a dilapidated, Tobacco Road-type shanty on the outskirts of the swamp. He frequently hangs out with Sarcophagus MacAbre, Mole and Seminole Sam, although none of them trusts him. All the swamp critters are rightly wary of him, and generally give him a wide path. During the \"Red scare\" era of the 1950s, he temporarily morphed into his \"cousin\" Simple J. Malarkey, a parody and caricature of Republican senator from Wisconsin, Joseph McCarthy (see Satire and politics).", "On November 14, 1902, then-President Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt went to Mississippi to settle a border dispute between Mississippi and Louisiana. While there, he went on a hunting trip. The other members of the hunting party tied a black bear cub to a tree for President Roosevelt to shoot, but Roosevelt refused to harm the defenseless bear. The next day, political cartoonist Clifford Berryman, drew a cartoon showing President Roosevelt refusing to hurt the helpless bear. The cartoon's caption \"Drawing the Line in Mississippi\" refers to both the border dispute settlement and the hunting incident.", "In November 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt and some of his friends went on a hunting trip to Mississippi. After hours of searching, Roosevelt and his group had not come across any wild animals. Finally, the group did track down and surrounded a helpless bear. One of the guides asked the president to shoot the bear so he could win a hunting trophy. The president refused, and news reporters throughout the country spread the story of Roosevelt's kind act.", "In 1828, critics of Democratic President Andrew Jackson labeled him a “jackass.\" President Jackson, however, made the most of this new label by focusing on the positive. He commented on the donkey's admirable qualities such as stubbornness and strength.", "A tale presented in Theodore Roosevelt's 1892 book The Wilderness Hunter (reprinted in his 1900 book Hunting the Grisly and Other Sketches) describing an encounter between two hunters and a violent bear is sometimes presented by Bigfoot proponents as historical evidence of the creature's existence.", "Stirring words indeed, but there's no reason to suppose they were actually uttered. No record of either Tecumseh or Tenskwatawa laying a whammy on American presidents has yet surfaced — it's all undocumented folktale at this point and is as likely just someone's imaginative backstory to the inexplicable as it is anything else.", "Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray hare or rabbit who is famous for his flippant, insouciant personality; a pronounced New York accent; his portrayal as a trickster; and his catch phrase \"Eh... What's up, doc?\", usually said while chewing a carrot. Though a similar rabbit character began appearing in the Warner Bros. cartoon shorts during the late 1930s, the definitive character of Bugs Bunny is widely credited to have made his debut in director Tex Avery's Oscar-nominated film A Wild Hare (1940).", "References to horned rabbits may originate in sightings of rabbits affected by the Shope papilloma virus, named for Richard E. Shope, M.D., who described it in a scientific journal in 1933. Shope initially examined wild cottontail rabbits that had been shot by hunters in Iowa and later examined wild rabbits from Kansas. They had \"numerous horn-like protuberances on the skin over various parts of their bodies. The animals were referred to popularly as 'horned' or 'warty' rabbits.\" Legends about horned rabbits also occur in Asia and Africa as well as Europe, and researchers suspect the changes induced by the virus might underlie at least some of those tales. ", "A team of conservation biologists captured a bunch adult marsh rabbits, outfitted them with radio transmitters, then released them back into the wilds of Everglades National Park. Eleven months later, 77 percent were dead — the victims of python attacks.", "In the 1930s, a big game hunter named Marmaduke Wetherell went to Loch Ness to look for the Loch Ness Monster. He claimed to have found some footprints but when the footprints were sent to scientists for analysis, they turned out to be hippopotamus footprints. A prankster had used a hippopotamus foot umbrella stand to make the footprints. [106]", "Elmer's role in these two films, that of would-be hunter, dupe and foil for Bugs, would remain his main role forever after, and although Bugs Bunny was called upon to outwit many more worthy opponents, Elmer somehow remained Bugs' classic nemesis, despite (or because of) his legendary gullibility, small size, short temper, and shorter attention span. In Rabbit Fire , he declares himself vegetarian, hunting for sport only. [4]", "Hanging out with other python hunters, I realized within a few days that the vast majority of pythons had been captured by locals who just happen to bump into them while doing other things. Those locals see a lot of other weird things out there in the swamp. This is, after all, the home of the legendary skunk ape . Most people who think that they spot a skunk ape tend to keep the news to themselves for fear of sounding crazy, and until recently they felt the same way when they caught sight of a strange green snake big enough to swallow a Great Dane.", "Elmer's role in these two films, that of would-be hunter, dupe and foil for Bugs, would remain his main role forever after, and although Bugs Bunny was called upon to outwit many more worthy opponents, Elmer somehow remained Bugs' classic nemesis, despite (or because of) his legendary gullibility, small size, short temper, and shorter attention span. In Rabbit Fire, he declares himself vegetarian, hunting for sport only.", "The primary hunting method was for the hunter to approach in a dugout canoe, offering bait to attract it close enough to temporarily stun it with a blow near the head from an oar-like pole. Many times the creature would flip over, leaving it vulnerable to further attacks.", "Rudman, W.B., 2000 (Apr 27). Comment on Florida Keys - Sea Hare Sighting by Betsy. [Message in] Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney. Available from http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/2319", "NARRATOR: And no president had ever acted forcefully to confront the damage private interests had done to the nation's public lands. For more than a century, America's natural resources had been cheaply given away, then exploited and destroyed. Forests had been decimated, grasslands ruined, buffalo slaughtered. By 1900, half of America's original stand of timber had been cut, and billions of tons of precious topsoil washed away.", "He was phobic of anything to do with fish or the sea. This accounts for frequent descriptions such as \"batrachian\", \"ichthyic\", \"pulpy\", \"tentacled\", and \"stench of a cloven sunfish\".", "I met Shealy and Scholle while I was on an expedition in February to hunt invasive Burmese pythons in the Everglades. The Burmese pythons have become a well-publicized problem, but once I got down there and started spending time with the fishermen, bikers, reformed gator poachers, tour guides, smugglers, and biologists who inhabit the sparsely populated southern Glades, I found that the situation wasn’t everything it was made out to be on the evening news. The pythons were less of a problem than the media had made them out to be. And many other invasive species were crawling around without receiving nearly as much attention." ]

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[ "Goldeneye is a small and very stylish villa resort hidden away in leisurely, lawned and forested grounds in Oracabessa to east of Ocho Rios on the north coast of Jamaica. The centrepiece is Ian Fleming's old house, which has three bedrooms and a living room, a games/screening room, a small private beach and a private pool. Built in the Fifties it has been modernised with an Oriental touch, including bamboo furniture and mats and carvings (though you can still see the desk at which Fleming wrote many of the James Bond novels).", "Commander Ian Lancaster Fleming, RNVR (May 28, 1908- August 12, 1964) was an English author and journalist, best remembered for writing the Chitty Chitty Bang Bang .", "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang was written by James Bond author Ian Fleming and published in 1964. The film was released four years later and was an immediate hit.", "Ian Lancaster Fleming (28 May 1908 – 12 August 1964) was a British author and journalist; during the Second World War he served in the Naval Intelligence Division and, as part of his appointment, he was commissioned into the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, rising to the rank of commander. Fleming is probably best known for creating the character of James Bond and chronicling his adventures in twelve novels and two short story collections. He also wrote the children's story Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and two non-fiction books.", "Bond writer Ian Fleming’s former lair, GoldenEye is a 52-acre resort on the north coast with rough-luxe good looks, two restaurants serving authentic Jamaican food (don’t miss the ackee and salt fish), a spa, and an adept and jocular staff. Cottages are split between the lagoon and the beach; all have outdoor showers, oversized daybeds, and sound systems loaded with Island Records tunes (resort owner Chris Blackwell founded the company). Despite the laid-back vibe, GoldenEye attracts a starry set, particularly over the holidays—Grace Jones and Kate Moss stayed this year (876-622-9007; doubles from $560). About 20 minutes west, the grande dame Jamaica Inn has a completely different atmosphere and aesthetic. In an elegant colonial building, its 52 rooms have a breezy, predominantly white decor, and there’s a beautiful private beach (800-837-4608; doubles from $307).", "Best known as the creator of James Bond, Ian Fleming is the surprise author of \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", the children's book which later became such a hit at the Box Office.", "Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang was loosely adapted as a 1968 film of the same name with a screenplay by Roald Dahl and Ken Hughes; a subsequent novelisation was also published. The film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli, co-producer of the James Bond film series. The story was also adapted as a stage musical under the same name. In April 2011 a BBC Radio 4 Extra adaptation was broadcast with Imogen Stubbs as the voice of Chitty. Three sequels to Fleming's book have been published, all written by Frank Cottrell Boyce.", "In 1942 Fleming attended an Anglo-American intelligence summit in Jamaica and, despite the constant heavy rain during his visit, he decided to live on the island once the war was over. His friend Ivar Bryce helped find a plot of land in Saint Mary Parish where, in 1945, Fleming had a house built, which he named Goldeneye. The name of the house and estate where he wrote his novels has many possible sources. Fleming himself mentioned both his wartime Operation Goldeneye and Carson McCullers' 1941 novel Reflections in a Golden Eye, which described the use of British naval bases in the Caribbean by the American navy.", "Long before GoldenEye was the title for Brosnan's first Bond movie it was the name of Ian Fleming's vacation house in Jamaica. It was here where Fleming first sat down with his typewriter and his copy of Birds of the West Indies and created James Bond.", "Installed in Jamaica after a good deal of secrecy and close liaison between Downing Street and Ian Fleming's secretary, Una Trueblood, the Edens were temporary neighbours of Noël Coward who thought Goldeneye \"perfectly ghastly\" and presented them – \"poor dears\" – with a basket of caviare, pâté de foie gras and champagne. Coward also sent Frank Cooper's marmalade and Huntley and Palmer's biscuits, which, according to Lady Avon, \"was not what we had been looking forward to\". As was sometimes the case when Fleming let Goldeneye, he asked his neighbour (and lover) Blanche Blackwell, a member of the influential Lindo family, to ensure that the Edens were properly looked after. The publicity that this sojourn attracted is credited by some with boosting Fleming's literary career, including sales of his early novels about James Bond, the first of which, Casino Royale, he had written at Goldeneye in 1952. Lady Avon later recalled her \"astonishment\" (and Ann Fleming's \"rueful embarrassment\") at the success of the Bond books, which continued after From Russia with Love entered the best-seller lists in 1957. ", "Inspired by his experiences in Naval Intelligence during the Second World War and his passion for travelling the world, Ian Fleming sat down at his typewriter at Goldeneye, his home in Jamaica, to write ‘the spy story to end all spy stories’.", "It is also fun to muse on the name Goldeneye. The name of the town next door, Oracabessa, translates as Golden Head, but Goldeneye later the name for a Bond film, though not actually of any of Fleming's Bond books was also the name of an operation in the Second World War which was developed by Fleming. The small villa resort is one of the Island Outposts and it is owned by the man behind the company, Chris Blackwell, who also created Island Records. His family knew Ian Fleming and so he used to visit as a young man. One of his early jobs was to work as a location scout for the James Bond films that came to the island. He was responsible for the beach (just west of Ocho Rios), where Ursula Andress emerged from the waves at the start of Dr No, the first James Bond film.", "Hulanicki is currently working on several private homes in Miami and Bermuda. Then there are the 60 homes in Jamaica that have recently been added to Blackwell's Goldeneye holiday resort, the former home of Ian Fleming, for which she is designing the interiors.", "Matthew Parker’s new book Goldeneye: Where Bond Was Born: Ian Fleming's Jamaica takes a look at Fleming’s extraordinary life and the creation of his most famous fictional character.", "In the 1950s, Jamaica became a hotspot for celebrity tourism, owing in large part to Fleming. Marilyn Monroe, Errol Flynn, Vivien Leigh, Audrey Hepburn, and many others passed through. A journalist for the national paper the Daily Gleaner wrote that this was where people “drank, idled and committed adultery in the sunshine.” Goldeneye in particular saw a number of artists and writers pass through, including Lucien Freud (whom Fleming hated because he suspected he was having an affair with his wife, Ann), Evelyn Waugh, Truman Capote, Graham Greene, and even the prime minister, Anthony Eden. He was closest, for better or worse, with the playwright Noël Coward, who also incorporated the island into his work (as a fictional one called Samolo) and created characters based on Fleming in numerous works like Pomp and Circumstance and Volcano.", "Goldeneye is the mecca of any Fleming pilgrimage, but not the heart of it. In Horizon, he wrote about the other elements that made his life in Jamaica fulfilling, from the food (“delicious and limitless”) to the weather, calypso and, most importantly, the people. Fleming wrote that the locals “will surprise and charm you,” which they often did during my time there.", "Matthew Parker’s book Goldeneye: Where Bond was Born: Ian Fleming’s Jamaica is published on June 14.", "After serving in Naval Intelligence during the Second World War, Fleming bought an estate in Jamaica called Goldeneye where in May 1952 he sat down to write the opening to what he told everyone would be the spy story to end all spy stories. He wrote, “The scent and smoke and sweat of a casino combine together and hit the taste-buds with an acid shock at three in the morning. Then the soul-erosion produced by high gambling – a compost of greed and fear and nervous tension – becomes unbearable and the senses awake and revolt at the smell of it all”. It later became", "Ian Lancaster Fleming (28 May 1908 – 12 August 1964) was an English author, journalist and naval intelligence officer , best known for his James Bond series of spy novels . Fleming came from a wealthy family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co. , and his father was the Member of Parliament for UK Parliament constituency from 1910 until his death on the Western Front in 1917. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst and the universities of Munich and Geneva , Fleming moved through a number of jobs before he started writing.", "Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, DBE (née Miller; 15 September 1890 - 12 January 1976) was an English crime novelist, short story writer, and playwright. She also wrote six romances under the name Mary Westmacott, but she is best known for the 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections that she wrote under her own name, most of which revolve around the investigative work of such characters as Hercule Poirot, Jane Marple, Parker Pyne, Harley Quin/Mr Satterthwaite, and Tommy and Tuppence Beresford. She also wrote the world’s longest-running play, The Mousetrap. In 1971, she was made a Dame by Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for her contribution to literature.", "Roald Dahl (; ; 13 September 1916 – 23 November 1990) was a British novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter, and fighter pilot. His books have sold over 200 million copies worldwide.", "Joseph Rudyard Kipling (December 30, 1865 � January 18, 1936) was a British author and poet, born in India. He is best known for the children's story The Jungle Book (1894), the Indian spy novel Kim (1901), the poems \"Gunga Din\" (1892), \"If� \" (1895), and his many short stories.", "Sir Thomas Chitty - author (2 March 1926 – 7 March 2014) who wrote under the name Thomas Hinde, most famous in the 1950s, who lived in the village of West Hoathly.", "Fleming, the British intelligence officer turned newspaper man turned spy novelist born 100 years ago this year, spent winters on his Caribbean getaway for almost two decades. The airport and the Palisadoes both feature in James Bond novels; the hotel is where Bond chose to lay his head in “Golden Gun.” It was on Jamaica that Fleming wrote more than a dozen novels and short stories featuring Agent 007. Of these once best-selling volumes of action pulp, “Dr. No,” “Live and Let Die,” “The Man With the Golden Gun” and the short story “Octopussy” are largely or partly set in Jamaica, and the films based on the first two were also shot there.", "Thomas Michael Bond, CBE (born 13 January 1926) is an English author, best known for his Paddington Bear series of books. Bond was awarded a CBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours 2015. ", "Fleming first came to Jamaica during World War II, sent by British Naval Intelligence to investigate U-boat activities in the Caribbean. He bought the property on Oracabessa Bay and built his dream house, where he penned all 14 of his Bond novels.", "But even in Fleming’s lifetime, Jamaica was evolving. By the time he wrote his final Bond novel, “Golden Gun,” in 1964, the island had gained independence from Britain, and Fleming’s nostalgia for the colonial era is channeled into his spy. Waiting in the Kingston airport for a flight to Havana, the secret agent recalls his “many assignments in Jamaica and many adventures on the island ... the oldest and most romantic of former British possessions.” As he reflected on his escapades in “Dr. No” and his love affair with Honeychile Rider, “James Bond smiled to himself,” Fleming wrote, “as the dusty pictures clicked across his brain.”", "Birds of the West Indies is known not only for its exhaustive study of Caribbean birds, but also for its author, whose namesake became famous as the fictional Agent 007 of Her Majesty's Secret Service. The name of the book's author, the ornithologist James Bond, was used by Ian Fleming for the name of his popular British secret agent, Commander James Bond.", "Probably the best-known Trinidad-born writer is V. S. Naipaul, author of such books as Miguel Street and A House for Mr. Biswas. Other well-known writers include Michael Anthony and Samuel Selvon. Derek Walcott, the 1992 Nobel laureate in literature, was born on the Caribbean island of St. Lucia but has spent much of his time in Trinidad.", "In 1946, White settled in Alderney, the third largest of the Channel Islands, where he lived for the rest of his life. The same year, White published Mistress Masham's Repose, a children's book in which a young girl discovers a group of Lilliputians (the tiny people in Swift's Gulliver's Travels) living near her house. Mistress Masham's Repose was influenced by John Masefield's book The Midnight Folk.", "Scottish novelist, poet, essayist and travel writer who wrote much the loved classics ‘Treasure Island’ and ‘Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.’", "A novelist of Isle of Wight descent who was a close friend of Auden and Isherwood. He retired to his grandfather's Sandown home in the 1960s. He wrote The Island." ]

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[ "{All right, a side note. My sisters and I find that the nursery rhyme character of Wee Willie Winkie quite creepy. I mean, seriously? Why is he running up and down all the stairs in the town? Why is he wearing a nightgown? Why is he tapping at the windows?! So, anyway, the subject of Wee Willie Winkie brought up this second conversation.}", "Wee Willie Winkie Runs Through the Town Upstairs and Downstairs in His Nightgown Rapping Giclee Print by Edward Hamilton Bell at Art.com", "This is an old Scottish nursery rhyme. I managed to get it and its translation from the net. Wee Willie Winkie was a kind of Sandman who went through the town at night, visiting children who would not go to sleep...", "A nursery rhyme is a traditional poem or song for children in Britain and many other countries, but usage only dates from the late 18th /early 19th century. In North America the term Mother Goose Rhymes, introduced in the mid-18th century, is still often used. ", "Appley Dapply’s Nursery Rhymes is a collection of nursery rhymes written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter, and published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1917. Potter had a lifelong fascination with rhymes, and proposed a book of short verses called Appley Dapply to Warne following the release of The Tale of Peter Rabbit in 1902. Warne preferred Potter's original fantasies to her derivative work, and gave Appley Dapply little encouragement. The book was set aside in favour of other projects.", "It is unlikely that the King Cole of the nursery rhyme can be identified with any particular historical person. [2]", "Seven stories are built around words from well known children’s nursery rhymes : And Then There Were None (from “ Ten Little Indians “), One, Two, Buckle My Shoe (from “ One, Two, Buckle My Shoe “), Five Little Pigs (from “ This Little Piggy “), Crooked House (from “ There Was a Crooked Man “), A Pocket Full of Rye (from “ Sing a Song of Sixpence “), Hickory Dickory Dock (from “ Hickory Dickory Dock “), and Three Blind Mice (from “ Three Blind Mice “). Similarly, the novel Mrs McGinty’s Dead is named after a children’s game that is explained in the course of the novel.", "Colchester is reputed to be the home of three of the best known English nursery rhymes: 'Old King Cole', 'Humpty Dumpty' and 'Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star'. The legitimacy of the claims for the first two of these is disputed.", "A Nursery Rhyme demonstrating the different attitudes between the sexes! Even at a very early age children in Britain would play a game called 'Kiss Chase' - in fact the girls would actually chase the boys and then kiss them! their were no tears from the girls but the boys fought like mad to get away! The origins and history of the lyrics to this nursery rhyme are English and refer to George (Georgie Porgie),  the Duke of Buckingham, from 17th century English history. His dubious moral character was much in question! This, however, was overlooked due to his friendship with King Charles II until the parliament stopped the Kind intervening on his behalf - at this point all of the jealous husbands vowed to wreak their revenge causing Georgie Porgie to 'run away'!", "The words of the Nursery rhyme are believed to refer to Richard, Duke of York, claimant to the English throne and Protector of England and the Battle of Wakefield on December 30, 1460.  The Duke of York and his army marched to his castle at Sandal where Richard took up a defensive position against the Lancastrian army. Sandal Castle was built on top of the site of an old Norman motte and bailey fortress. Its massive earthworks stood 33 feet (10m) above the original ground level (\"he marched them up to the top of the hill\"). In a moment of madness he left his stronghold in the castle and went down to make a direct attack on the Lancastrians \" he marched them down again\". His army was overwhelmed and Richard the Duke of York was killed. A similar Nursery rhyme is The King of France went up the hill", "Tom, Tom, The Piper's Son, Stole A Pig And Away Did Run | Animated Nursery Rhymes With Lyrics", "One of the best known of all nursery rhymes is the one that begins \"Ladybug ladybug . . . \" or, alternatively, \"Ladybird ladybird . . . \" One common version of this rhyme is:", "It’s uncanny : when most of us hear the lines “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” or “Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall”, we find our brains mysteriously capable (how many years after our youth?) of reciting the full nursery rhyme, as if on autopilot . These are rhymes many begin to learn in the cradle from parents who had learned them in the same way from their parents—and so on and so on, across generations. Indeed, many of the most famous are hundreds of years old.", "A nursery rhyme is a short metrical verse taught to very young children. Song of Sixpence by Walter Crane (1845-1915) is an example.", "Tom, Tom, The Piper's Son, Stole A Pig And Away Did Run | Nursery Rhymes From England - 1795 AD", "\"Lucy Locket\" is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19536. ", "\"Little Bo Peep\", also known as \"Little Bo Peep has lost her sheep\", is a popular English language nursery rhyme.", "This is one version of a English children's rhyme. In searching for a corroborating poem, I searched through The Subject Index to Poetry for Children and Young People, 1957-1975, which listed five collections of poems which included verses about Guy Fawkes ( Smith and Andrews 267). One of these, Lavender's Blue, included the following version from at least 1956:", "\"Sing a Song of Sixpence\" is a well-known English nursery rhyme , perhaps originating in the 18th century. It is also listed in the Roud Folk Song Index as number 13191.", "In this strange nursery rhyme, the man apparently was careless in going to bed and didn't wake up. We can only assume it's a message to be cautious when you're on your way to bed.", "This Is The House That Jack Built Nursery Rhyme | Nursery Rhyme With Lyrics | English Nursery Rhymes", "It just so happens that as in so many so called nursery rhymes, there is a bit of mischief.", "This \"nursery rhyme\" is actually the first verse of a longer poem that was written by William Miller (1810-72). The poem was first printed in a collection published by David Robertson in 1841. Here's the whole poem:", "48. In the nursery rhyme, what was the only tune that Tom the piper’s son could play?", "Children love this nursery rhyme as it combines lyrics and words with actions. This also improves the manual dexterity and coordination of a child whilst firing their imagination. An oft repeated song ending with the hands clasped together as if in prayer! Probably steeped in English history where the architecture of churches and its steeple dominated the skyline of all towns.", "nursery rhyme and singing game which refers to the bells of several churches, all within or close to the City of London", "I am sure everyone has a favorite nursery rhyme they heard as a child and has always remembered. I decided to explore and see what nursery rhymes were out there and if there was any history to how they came about. Here are some that you may recognize and others maybe new to you.", "English literature contains many references to him, for example in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens , and in this folk rhyme:", "English literature contains many references to him, for example in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, and in this folk rhyme:", "English literature contains many references to him, for example in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, and in this folk rhyme:", "In the popular nursery rhyme, how much was owed to the bells of St Martin’s ?", "This romantic “nonsense” by Edward Lear is a classic of children’s literature. Its lilting rhythm has a wonderful calming effect on the senses. It even works on crying babies!" ]

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[ "A baton is a stick that is used by conductors primarily to enlarge and enhance the manual and bodily movements associated with directing an ensemble of musicians.", "A conductor directs the musicians with a stick, called the baton. But he does important things before the performance . He chooses the music that is to be played at a concert and decides how it should be played- loud or soft, fast or slow. Then he calls the musicians to rehearsals where he often lets sections or individual musicians play their parts over and over again until the sound is perfect.", "In the early 1800s, the person leading the orchestra ditched his other instrumental responsibilities and devoted his energies to refining and shaping the sound of the orchestra, eventually \"playing\" it as one very complex, but rich single instrument. When composers realized the detailed and subtle ideas that could be expressed by the new powers of the group, they quickly capitalized on the conductor, writing music that needed a strong leader to shape and sculpt the sound. Louis Spohr, a pupil of Beethoven, is often acknowledged to be the first real conductor as we know it and thought to be the first to use a baton. The baton is a short stick that becomes a visual extension of the conductor's arm, giving the musicians more of a chance to see the motion in their peripheral vision.", "One of the most basic functions of the conductor, I learned, was simply keeping the whole orchestra coordinated, so that all the different musicians started and stopped playing at the right times. One key to this was to express the beat of the music through the movement of the conductor’s baton (or hands). Musicians could then count the number of beats when they were silent (which might number in the hundreds), and begin playing at the right time. Different songs have different rhythms, and so the conductor uses different movements to express the beat depending on the rhythm. This chart shows some of the simpler patterns a conductor might use:", "Louis Spohr claimed to have introduced the baton to England on 10 April 1820, while conducting his second symphony with the Philharmonic Society in London. Witnesses noted that the conductor \"sits there and turns over the leaves of the score but after all, he cannot, without ... his baton, lead on his musical army\". It is more likely that he used his baton in rehearsal than in concert. It was 1825 when George Smart reported that he sometimes 'beat time in front with a short stick'. ", "Another feature of Wood's conducting was his insistence on accurate tuning; before each rehearsal and concert he would check the instrument of each member of the woodwind and string sections against a tuning fork. [47] He persisted in this practice until 1937, when the excellence of the BBC Symphony Orchestra persuaded him that it was no longer necessary. [48] To improve ensemble , Wood experimented with the layout of the orchestra. His preferred layout was to have the first and second violins grouped together on his left, with the cellos to his right, a layout that has since become common. [49]", "Conductors view their gestures as the primary means to communicate musical ideas, whether or not they choose to use batons. Leonard Bernstein is quoted as saying, \"If one [the conductor] uses a baton, the baton itself must be a living thing, charged with a kind of electricity, which makes it an instrument of meaning in its tiniest movement.\" ", "Music ensembles typically have a leader. In jazz bands, rock and pop groups and similar ensembles, this is the band leader. In classical music, orchestras, concert bands and choirs are led by a conductor. In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra. In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\"). Conductors are also used in jazz big bands and in some very large rock or pop ensembles (e.g., a rock concert that includes a string section, a horn section and a choir which are accompanying a rock band's performance).", "In most cases, there is a short pause between movements of a symphony, concerto or dance suite. This brief pause gives orchestra or choir members time to turn the pages of their part and ready themselves for the start of the next movement. String players may apply rosin or wipe sweat off their hands with a handkerchief. Reed players may take this time to change to a new reed. In some cases, woodwind or brass players will use the pause to switch to a different instrument (e.g., from trumpet to cornet or from clarinet to Eb clarinet). If the conductor wishes to immediately begin one movement after another for musical reasons, this is called attacca. The conductor will instruct the orchestra members and choristers to write the term in their parts, so that they will be ready to go immediately to the next movement.", "But, erm, with the conductor, who falollops the baton huffalo-dowder so much and draws the attraction from the eyebold. Let's not underestimail for the conductor because after all he's there not only as a figurehead, but to draw forth from the various sections of the orchestrail that which he, she or the others: and plenty femaiload do a fine scrapey too, oh definitely. Oh yes.", "The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss, Béla Bartók, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major. Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussy's La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz. Unless these instruments are played by members doubling on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium for a certain passage), orchestras will use freelance musicians to augment their regular rosters.", "An orchestra ( or;) is a large instrumental ensemble, often used in classical music, that contains sections of string (violin, viola, cello and double bass), brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments. Other instruments such as the piano and celesta may sometimes be grouped into a fifth section such as a keyboard section or may stand alone, as may the concert harp and, for 20th and 21st century compositions, electric and electronic instruments. The term orchestra derives from the Greek ὀρχήστρα (orchestra), the name for the area in front of an ancient Greek stage reserved for the Greek chorus. The orchestra grew by accretion throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, but changed very little in composition during the course of the 20th century.", "The typical symphony orchestra consists of four groups of related musical instruments called the woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings (violin, viola, cello and double bass). Other instruments such as the piano and celesta may sometimes be grouped into a fifth section such as a keyboard section or may stand alone, as may the concert harp and electric and electronic instruments. The orchestra, depending on the size, contains almost all of the standard instruments in each group. In the history of the orchestra, its instrumentation has been expanded over time, often agreed to have been standardized by the classical period and Ludwig van Beethoven's influence on the classical model. In the 20th century, new repertory demands expanded the instrumentation of the orchestra, resulting in a flexible use of the classical-model instruments in various combinations.", "Apart from the core orchestral complement, various other instruments are called for occasionally. These include the classical guitar, heckelphone, flugelhorn, cornet, harpsichord, and organ. Saxophones, for example, appear in a limited range of 19th and 20th century scores. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphonic Dances, the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's Boléro, Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2, Vaughan Williams Symphony No.6 and Symphony No.9 and William Walton's Belshazzar's Feast, and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th century works, usually playing parts marked \"tenor tuba\", including Gustav Holst's The Planets, and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben. The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Richard Strauss, Béla Bartók, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major. Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussy's La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz. Unless these instruments are played by members doubling on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium for a certain passage), orchestras will use freelance musicians to augment their regular rosters.", "Wagner made significant innovations in orchestration in this work. He wrote for a very large orchestra, using the whole range of instruments used singly or in combination to express the great range of emotion and events of the drama. Wagner even commissioned the production of new instruments, including the Wagner tuba, invented to fill a gap he found between the tone qualities of the horn and the trombone, as well as variations of existing instruments, such as the bass trumpet and a contrabass trombone with a double slide. He also developed the \"Wagner bell\", enabling the bassoon to reach the low A-natural, whereas normally B-flat is the instrument's lowest note. If such a bell is not to be used, then a contrabassoon should be employed.", "The typical symphony orchestra consists of four proportionate groups of similar musical instruments called the woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings. The orchestra, depending on the size, contains almost all of the standard instruments in each group. In the history of the orchestra, its instrumentation has been expanded over time, often agreed to have been standardized by the classical period and Beethoven's influence on the classical model. Beethoven's influence", "The principal first violin is called the concertmaster (or \"leader\" in the UK) and is not only considered the leader of the string section, but the second-in-command of the entire orchestra, behind only the conductor. The concertmaster leads the pre-concert tuning and handles musical aspects of orchestra management, such as determining the bowings for the violins or for all of the string section. The concertmaster usually sits to the conductor's left, closest to the audience.", "The symphony is scored for piccolo, two flutes, two oboes, cor anglais, two clarinets, bass clarinet, two bassoons, double bassoon, four horns, three trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, five percussionists (xylophone with Japanese temple gong and 2 cymbals, glockenspiel, marimba, crotales, tubular bells, bell-tree, very small high wood-block, Chinese cymbals, clashed cymbals, 4 suspended cymbals (very small, small, medium, large), nipple gong, tam-tam (with plastic soap-dish), tuned brandy glasses (with water), 2 small pebbles, football rattle, biscuit tin (filled with broken glass), 3 lengths of metal builder's scaffolding (5 inches or 18 cm, 12 inches or 30 cm, 16 inches or 40 cm) to be hit by a mallet), harp, celeste, strings", "The librarians solution? He made sure the conductor had a generous supply of flimsy batons on hand for rehearsal!", "Saxophone -- Woodwind instrument made of metal and sounded with a single reed; the saxophone is a more recent instrument addition to the orchestra", "Rehearsals are where you iron out musical difficulties. This is where the group gets a chance to learn the conductor's signals and cues--and for the conductor to get a feel for the musicians. Many signals come through body language, even facial expressions that the audience isn't aware of. It takes time for an orchestra and a conductor to get completely used to each other, but when it all comes together, it's dangerously close to communication by telepathy.", "Woodwinds: flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons and related instruments. These players sit a few rows back from the conductor, in the center of the orchestra.", "the conductor usually uses both hands each following opposing sides of a vertical circle so that when the hands meet the players stop", "A fourth--and very important--function of the conductor is as one of the administrators of a large business organization. Yes, a performing arts organization must keep its financial status in prime consideration. Musicians' unions have many demands that need to be met, a performing hall must be available, the regular and guest musicians must be paid (for many of them, the orchestra represents their primary source of income), etc. Not the least important of all, they must be sure that this process of music-making sells tickets. Along with being involved in these processes, a conductor will often make decisions on the musical direction that the orchestra takes--the concert tours, the programs, etc. that are performed. As orchestras have become more autonomous business organizations, the conductor/music director has become less and less involved in the hiring and firing of musicians, salary matters, but their decisions and wishes often carry a great deal of weight--especially if the conductor is a recognized \"star\" who has become well known through his recordings.", "One who directs a group of performers. The conductor indicates the tempo, phrasing, dynamics, and style by gestures and facial expressions.", "As a self-governing body, the orchestra selects the conductors with whom it works. At some stages in its history it has dispensed with a principal conductor and worked only with guests. Among conductors with whom it is most associated are, in its early days, Hans Richter, Sir Edward Elgar, and Sir Thomas Beecham, and in more recent decades Pierre Monteux, André Previn, Claudio Abbado, Sir Colin Davis and Valery Gergiev.", "In the 1830s, conductor François Antoine Habeneck, began rehearsing a selected group of musicians in order to perform the symphonies of Beethoven, which had not been heard of in their entirety in Paris. He developed techniques of rehearsing the strings separately, notating specifics of performance, and other techniques of cuing entrances that were spread across Europe. His rival and friend Hector Berlioz would adopt many of these innovations in his touring of Europe.", "In regard to the first, a conductor must learn every note, dynamic level (loudness), articulation, tempo change, and any other markings in the score, and make sure that the players execute them.", "They seem important. After all, they're standing in the middle of the stage and waving their hands. But the musicians all have scores before them that tell them what to play. If you took the conductor away, could the orchestra manage on its own?", "conduct - lead musicians in the performance of; \"Bernstein conducted Mahler like no other conductor\"; \"she cannot conduct modern pieces\"", "  The  Hungarian  born  podium  tyrant  Fritz  Reiner,  who  was  an  exact  contemporary  of  Bela  Lugosi,  and  bore  an  uncanny  resemblance  to  him,  might  be  called  the  Dracula  of  conductors. He  terrified  musicians  with  his  stern  manner  at  rehearsals  and  totally  unforgiving  attitude  toward  mistakes  by  musicians .  He  could  detect  the  slightest  flaws  in  playing  and   was  notorious  for  firing  musicians  he  considered  incompetent. ", "Rattle strongly supported youth music. He led two attempts at gaining the record for the World's Largest Orchestra, both designed to raise awareness of youth music in schools. The first, in 1996, was unsuccessful. The second, in 1998, did succeed and the record held at nearly 4,000 musicians until it was broken in 2000 by a group in Vancouver." ]

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[ "John Wayne holds the record for the actor with the most leading parts – 142. In all but 11 films he played the leading part.", "John Wayne Birthplace – Winterset, Iowa. He holds the record for the actor with the most leading parts – 142. In all but 11 films he played the leading part.", "John Wayne Birthplace – Winterset, Iowa Hollywood legend John Wayne was born Marion Morrison in Winterset on May 26, 1907.", "At the Birthplace of John Wayne in Winterset, Iowa, the John Wayne Birthday Centennial Celebration was held on May 25–27, 2007. The celebration included chuck-wagon suppers, concerts by Michael Martin Murphey and Riders in the Sky, a Wild West Revue in the style of Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, a Cowboy Symposium with John Wayne co-stars, Gregg Palmer, Ed Faulkner, and Dean Smith along with Paramount producer A.C. Lyles and costumer Luster Bayless were all there to talk about their friendships with Duke. They had cavalry and trick horse demonstrations as well as many of John Wayne's films running at the local theater.", "The Hollywood star who played the most leading roles in feature films was John Wayne (1907-1979), who appeared in 153 movies. The star with the most screen credits is John Carradine (1906-1988), who has been in over 230 movies.l", "Orson WellesяПН(May 6, 1915яПНяПН October 10, 1985) was an American actor, director, writer, and producer who worked in theatre, radio, and film. Welles is best remembered for his innovative work in theatre, most notablyяПНCaesarяПН(1937), a Broadway adaptation ofяПНWilliam Shakespeare'sяПНJulius Caesar; in radio, in the 1938 broadcast The War of the Worlds, one of the most famous in the history of radio, and in film for Citizen Kane, which is ranked as one of theяПНall-time greatest films.", "One of only six actors to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor for his first screen appearance. The other five actors are: Orson Welles , Lawrence Tibbett , Alan Arkin , Paul Muni and Montgomery Clift .", "Along with Gary Cooper , is the most represented actor on the American Film Institute's 100 Most Inspiring Movies of All Time, with five of his films on the list. They are: A Raisin in the Sun (1961) at #65, The Defiant Ones (1958) at #55, Lilies of the Field (1963) at #46, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) at #35, and In the Heat of the Night (1967) at #21.", "Spencer Bonaventure Tracy (April 5, 1900 \" June 10, 1967) was an American actor. Respected for his natural style and versatility, Tracy was one of the major stars of Hollywood's Golden Age. In a screen career that spanned 37 years, he was nominated for nine Academy Awards for Best Actor and won two, sharing the record for nominations in this category with Laurence Olivier .", "Famous for: American actor, singer, dancer, and comedian. Performances featured physical comedy, idiosyncratic pantomimes, and rapid-fire nonsense songs. Made 17 films. Made a lot of movies with Virginia Mayo. Notable roles are Danny Weems from Up in Arms, Burleigh Hubert Sullivan from The Kid from Brooklyn, Walter Mitty from The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, Professor Hobart Frisbee from A Song Is Born, Georgie from The Inspector General, Hans Christen Andersen, Phil Davis from White Christmas, Hubert Hawkins from The Court Jester, Samuel L. Jacobowsky from Me and the Colonel, Red Nichols from The Five Pennies, and the Ragpicker from The Madwoman of Chaillot.", "Ranked first in front of Barbara Stanwyck , Bette Davis , Jane Wyman , Eddie Albert and Ernest Borgnine , in the number of movies; he appeared in over 100 films.", "Actor. One of the most beloved character actors in Hollywood history, best known for playing five roles in the MGM film classic \"The Wizard of Oz.\" He was born Francis Phillip Wuppermann on June 1, 1890 in New York City, one of 11 children of a prosperous businessman. His family manufactured and distributed Angostura Bitters. Taking the stage name \"Morgan\" he followed his older brother Ralph into show business in 1914, first on the Broadway stage and then into movies. His first film was \"The... [Read More] (Bio by: Edward Parsons )", "Keenan Wynn (July 27, 1916 – October 14, 1986) was an American character actor. His expressive face was his stock-in-trade; and, though he rarely carried the lead role, he had prominent billing in most of his film and television parts.", "(1924- ) American actor. Best known roles in \"A Streetcar Named Desire\" (1947), \"The Wild One\" (1954) and \"On The Waterfront\" (1954), this last for which he won an Oscar. Recently seen in \"Don Juan De Marco\" (1995) with Johnny Depp. {Kryten, Camille}", "Ebsen's film career was just as notable for one of the most famous roles a Hollywood actor ever lost -- the part of the Tin Man in the 1939 classic \"The Wizard of Oz.\" Ebsen filmed several sequences before an allergy to metallic dust in the character's body paint landed him in the hospital for two weeks, and the role was given to Jack Haley.", "When I was eleven years old, my mother took me to see The Longest Day, the best movie ever made about June 6, 1944. Yes, Saving Private Ryan has that epic scene, but it is isolated. Longest Day tells the entire story, better than anyone has done before or since. And the actor who stole the picture, for me was Robert Mitchum, who played Brigadier General Norman Cota. If there was one character who sent chills up my spine, it was this one. I kept asking, for years after, who was this guy?", "Arthur Lee Hunnicutt (1911–1979) - One of the most popular character actors in Hollywood, both television and motion pictures. Hunnicutt was born February 17 in Gravelly (Yell County). He attended what was, at the time, Arkansas State Teachers College in Conway (now the University of Central Arkansas), before dropping out due to the Depression. His movie career began in 1942, appearing in such films as Lust for Gold (1949), Broken Arrow (1950), Stars in My Crown (1950) and The Red Badge of Courage (1961). He received an Academy Award nomination for his role as Uncle Zeb in 1952's The Big Sky. Other roles included that of Davy Crockett in The Last Command (1955), an elderly Butch Cassidy in Cat Ballou (1965) and as John Wayne's sidekick in El Dorado (1966). Television roles include The Andy Griffith Show, Gunsmoke, The Twilight Zone, The Outer Limits and Perry Mason. He passed away on September 26, 1979 and is buried in Coop Prairie Cemetery in Scott County.", "Humphrey DeForest Bogart (; December 25, 1899 - January 14, 1957) was an American screen actor whose performances in 1940s films noir such as The Maltese Falcon, Casablanca, and The Big Sleep earned him status as a cultural icon. ", "Gwyllyn Samuel Newton \"Glenn\" Ford (May 1, 1916 – August 30, 2006) was a Canadian-born American actor from Hollywood's Golden Era with a career that lasted more than 50 years. Although he played many different roles, Ford was best known for playing ordinary men in unusual circumstances.", "James Francis Cagney, Jr. (July 17, 1899 – March 30, 1986) was an American actor, first on stage, then in film, where he had his greatest impact. Although he won acclaim and major awards for a wide variety of performances, he is best remembered for playing tough guys. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked him eighth among its 50 Greatest American Screen Legends.", "He was named the second Greatest Male Star of All Time by the American Film Institute. His popular classic films include The Awful Truth (1937), Bringing Up Baby (1938), Gunga Din (1939), Only Angels Have Wings (1939), His Girl Friday (1940), The Philadelphia Story (1940), Suspicion (1941), Arsenic and Old Lace (1944), Notorious (1946), To Catch A Thief (1955), An Affair to Remember (1957), North by Northwest (1959), and Charade (1963). At the 42nd Academy Awards the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honored him with an Honorary Award \"for his unique mastery of the art of screen acting with the respect and affection of his colleagues\".", "His real name is Frank James Cooper and he is one of the biggest Hollywood stars ever. The legendary American actor is born in 1901. His career includes more than 100 films, a large part of which westerns.", "Henry Jaynes Fonda (May 16, 1905 – August 12, 1982) was an American film and stage actor.", "86, Sept. 11 | Film and TV actor for nearly 50 years (as Martin Morgenstern in the sitcoms Rhoda and The Mary Tyler Moore Show, and many more).", "Incredibly, the London native had more than 275 credits on IMDb, making him perhaps the most prolific feature-film actor in history. He did many of his own stunts, likely appeared in more onscreen swordfights than anyone else and was the only member of the Lord of the Rings cast to have actually met author J.R.R. Tolkien, who was born in 1892.", " Werner Johannes Krauss (6/23, 1884 – 10/20, 1959) was a German stage and film actor.  Committed to playing sinister characters, Krauss became a worldwide sensation for his demonic portrayal of the titular character in the 1920 film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari.  Krauss' consummate skills in characterization earned him the title of \"the man with a thousand faces\".  Krauss was an unabashed anti-Semite who supported the Nazi party and its ideology.  In 1934, Krauss was designated as a Staatsschauspieler (i.e. an actor of national importance).  Adolf Hitler rated him as a cultural ambassador of Nazi Germany.  He played the roles of several Jewish characters – in the film Jud Süß (1940), and Shylock.  After the War, Krauss was banned from performing on stage and in films in Germany.  He was required to undergo a de-Nazification process.  In 1954, he was awarded the Order of the Federal Republic of Germany; in 1955, he received the High Decoration of the Republic of Austria.  In 1958, Krauss published his autobiography titled (The Play of my Life).", "Holden starred in some of Hollywood's most popular and critically acclaimed films, including such masterpieces as Sunset Boulevard, Sabrina, The Bridge on the River Kwai, The Wild Bunch, Picnic, and Network. He was named one of the \"Top 10 Stars of the Year\" six times (1954–1958, 1961), and appeared as 25th on the American Film Institute's list of 25 greatest male stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema.", "After his stage success, the actor performed occasionally on television and played featured roles in several other movies. In all he appeared in 40 Broadway plays and more than 100 films. Among his most recent movies were A Boy Ten Feet Tall, Cheyenne Autumn, The Cincinnati Kid and Sammy Going South. It was while making this picture in 1964 that he suffered a mild heart attack.", "The actor died at age 83.  He worked in film, theater and television for over 64 years.", "His film, stage and television career spanned more than 60 years. The actor died on Tuesday.", "*Born: Robert Taylor, American film and TV actor, as Spangler Brugh in Filley, Nebraska (d. 1969)", "The veteran character actor's career spanned more than five decades and he appeared in more than one hundred television shows, films and stage productions." ]

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[ "In the game of cricket, the cricket pitch consists of the central strip of the cricket field between the wickets – 1 chain or 20.12 m (22 yards) long and 3.05 m (10 feet) wide. The surface is flat and normally covered with extremely short grass though this grass is soon removed by wear at the ends of the pitch.", "a unit of distance used or formerly used by surveyors. Although the unit is not often used today, measured distance along a road or railroad is commonly called chainage regardless of the units used. The traditional British surveyor's chain, also called Gunter's chain because it was introduced by the English mathematician Edmund Gunter (1581-1626) in 1620, is 4 rods [1] long: that's equal to exactly 1/80 mile, 1/10 furlong , 22 yards, or 66 feet (20.1168 meters). The traditional length of a cricket pitch is 1 chain. Gunter's chain has the useful property that an acre is exactly 10 square chains. The chain was divided into 100 links . American surveyors sometimes used a longer chain of 100 feet, known as the engineer's chain or Ramsden's chain. (However, Gunter's chain is also used in the U.S.; in fact, it is an important unit in the Public Lands Survey System.) In Texas, the vara chain of 2 varas (55.556 ft) was used in surveying Spanish land grants. In the metric world, surveyors often use a chain of 20 meters (65.617 ft). See also shackle and shot [2] for anchor chain lengths.", "Unit of length, equal to 22 yards, which is the length of a cricket pitch. When I was at school, we were given such chains to measure things with - each chain made up of 100 links. There are 10 chains to the furlong. Not seen much these days, but still seen on not-so-old maps etc.", "Unit of length common on UK railways (80 chains to a mile, 22 yards per chain and 1 chain = 66 feet.)RT+ UoS", "Except when very young cricketers are involved, the pitch (on which most of the action takes place and which is very carefully prepared by the groundsman) is invariably 22 yd, or a chain—the old lineal measure of 66 ft (20.12 m)—long and should be a minimum of 4 yd (3.66 m) wide. At each end creases are marked in white; they are known as the popping crease, the bowling crease, and the return crease. At each end, in the middle of the bowling crease, are placed three stumps—also called the “wicket” (wicket and stumps are synonymous terms). Cylindrical and made of wood they have shaped, pointed ends to fix them in the ground. In height they measure 28 in (71.12 cm). The top of each stump is grooved and in these grooved spaces are placed the bails: small pieces of shaped wood which are 4? in (11.11 cm) long. The total width of the wicket (stumps) when pitched must not exceed 9 in (22.86 cm).", "Gunter's Chain - Unit of length equal to 66 feet, or 4 poles. Developed by English polymath Edmund Gunter early in the 1600's, the standard measuring chain revolutionized surveying. Gunter's chain was 22 yards long, one tenth of a furlong, a common unit of length in the old days. An area one chain wide by ten chains long was exactly an acre. In 1595 Queen Elizabeth I had the mile redefined from the old Roman value of 5000 feet to 5280 feet in order for it to be an even number of furlongs. A mile is 80 chains.", "Another set of officials, the chain crew, are responsible for moving the chains. The chains, consisting of two large sticks with a 10-yard-long chain between them, are used to measure for a first down. The chain crew stays on the sidelines during the game, but if requested by the officials they will briefly bring the chains on to the field to measure. A typical chain crew will have at least three people - two members of the chain crew will hold either of the two sticks, while a third will hold the down marker. The down marker, a large stick with a dial on it, is flipped after each play to indicate the current down, and is typically moved to the approximate spot of the ball. The chain crew system has been used for over 100 years and is considered to be an accurate measure of distance, rarely subject to criticism from either side.", "The chain also survives as the length of a cricket pitch, being the distance between the stumps.", "The first standards were attempted in 1864 in Oxford and Cambridge: The length of the course was set to 120 yards (109.7 m) and over its course, runners were required to clear ten 3 foot 6 inch (1.07 m) high hurdles. The height and spacing of the hurdles have been related to Imperial units ever since. After the length of the course was rounded up to 110 metres in France in 1888, the standards were pretty much complete (except for Germany where 1 metre high hurdles were used until 1907).", "The yard (abbreviation: yd) is an English unit of length, in both the British imperial and US customary systems of measurement, that comprises 3 feet or 36 inches. It is by international agreement in 1959 standardized as exactly 0.9144 meters. A metal yardstick originally formed the physical standard from which all other units of length were officially derived in both English systems.", "A unit of length used in UK, US and other Commonwealth countries (symbol ch). 1 chain = 4 rod =20.1168 meter.", "The Engineer's chain is 100 ft. long, each link being 1 ft. in length. It is heavier than the Gunter's chain, but being longer does not need to be laid down so frequently in the measurement of a definite distance; for this reason there is less liability to error from the inaccurate marking of the ends of the chain. Again, as the levelling staff is usually graduated in feet and decimal parts of a foot, this chain is more convenient than the 66 ft. chain when used in connection with levelling or tacheometric operations. In municipal work, too, the 100 ft. chain is employed, as, in this case, dimensions are required to be expressed in yards, feet, and inches.", "Unit of length equal to 66 feet, used especially in the U.S. public land surveys. The original measuring instrument (Gunter's chain) was literally a chain consisting of 100 iron links, each 7.92 inches long. Steel-ribbon tapes began to supersede chains around 1900, but surveying tapes are often still called \"chains\" and measuring with a tape is often called \"chaining.\" The chain is a convenient unit in cadastral surveys because 10 square chains equal 1 acre.", "A chain 66 feet or one-tenth of a furlong in length, divided into 100 parts called links. One mile is equal to 80 chains. Used in surveying and sometimes called Gunter's or Surveyor's chain.", "Various units of length used for surveying in the English-speaking world, all consisting of 100 links. The surveyor’s chain of 100 links is identified with Edmund Gunter, who introduced such a chain in 1620, although chains divided decimally had existed earlier. The convenience of this decimal division was the cause of the chain's success; among other advantages, an area 1 chain by 10 chains was an acre.", "; Chain : four linear rods. Named after the length of surveyor's chain used to measure distances until quite recently. Any of several actual chains used for land surveying and divided in links. Gunter's chain, introduced in the 17th century, is 66 feet.", "bolt : a commercial unit of length or area used to measure finished cloth. Generally speaking, one bolt represents a strip of cloth 100 yards (91.44 meters) long, but the width varies according to the fabric. Cotton bolts are traditionally 42 inches (1.067 meters) wide and wool bolts are usually 60 inches (1.524 meters) wide. Thus a bolt of cotton is 116.667 square yards (97.566 m2) and a bolt of wool is 166.667 square yards (139.355 m2).", "a commercial unit of length or area used to measure finished cloth. Generally speaking, one bolt represents a strip of cloth 100 yards (91.44 meters) long, but the width varies according to the fabric. Cotton bolts are traditionally 42 inches (1.067 meters) wide and wool bolts are usually 60 inches (1.524 meters) wide. Thus a bolt of cotton is 116.667 square yards (97.566 m2) and a bolt of wool is 166.667 square yards (139.355 m2).", "A link (l., li. or lnk.) is a unit of length or distance in the in the US Customary Units and British Imperial Units. Prior to the 20th century, links were commonly used for in surveying real property. A link is exactly 33⁄50 of a survey foot. Twenty-five links make a rod. One hundred links make a chain. One thousand links make a furlong. Eight thousand links make a statute mile.", "a size designation for roller chains, such as the drive chains of bicycles or motorcycles. These chains are traditionally designated by a three-digit number. The first digit specifies the pitch, the distance between pins, in eighths of an inch ; the second and third digits specify the width of the rollers in 80ths of an inch. Thus a 425 chain has a pitch of 4/8 (= 0.5) inch and a roller width of 25/80 (= 0.3125) inch.", "Another consequence is that the maximum distance from the batsman in cricket to the boundary is far smaller than the maximum distance from the batter in baseball and the outfield wall. Since the pitch in cricket lies at the center of the field, a ball can often be driven beyond the boundary at even the greatest distance from the pitch by a blow that travels around 275 feet (83.8 m). By contrast, a home run to 'dead center' in baseball must travel more than 400 feet (121.9 m). This means that outfielders in baseball must frequently cover considerably greater distances than those fielding a ball in cricket. When hit squarely in baseball the ball leaves the bat at a higher velocity, and travels farther, than in cricket.", "A unit of length based on the inch, foot, yard, and mile system (symbol li). 1 link = 33⁄50 feet = 7.92 inches.", "The spacing on either the 300 or 400 hurdles is the same. 45m from start line to the first hurdle, 35m between. But the start lines are in different places on the track, so there are two sets of markings. The only marking in the first 100m (the turn) is the one for 400H. If you are on the other end of the track, that is also the one that lines up with the beginning of the final 4x100 relay zone (usually still in the turn). The 300 hurdles marking is the one that lines up with the beginning of the 4x400 zone near the finish line, and will be the one 5 meters farther to the finish line in every pair of long hurdle marks all the way around the track. The 400H marks should be green and the 300H marks should be red, but don't depend on that as so many painters deviated from the color code. The 400h finishes with 40m to the finish,", "The distance between the bowling crease and the popping crease (i.e. the crease over which the bat could be popped for safety) is given by the \"Code of 1744\" as 46 inches (increased to 48 inches sometime before 1821). Before creases were marked in whitewash in 1865 they were cut into the earth and were, as W.G. Grace remembered from his early days, one inch deep and one inch wide. With allowance made of 1/2 inch from the centre of each crease the distance between the inner edges of the creases was thus 45 inches, that is the length of an ell. This was another Saxon measurement that had been standardized by the time of Edward I who required that there should be an exact copy of his ell-wand in all the towns of his realm. It was used regularly for measuring cloth (hence its later name of clothyard), and indeed the king's alnager had the duty of checking that all cloth for sale was one ell in width. It was thus a measurement that would have been very familiar to the cricketing folk of the sheep-rearing Weald.", "Also in North America a modern variant of the chain as a tool is used in forestry for traverse surveys. This modern chain is a static cord (thin rope), 50 metres long, marked with a small tag at each metre, and also marked in the first metre every decimetre. When working in dense bush, a short axe or hatchet is commonly tied to the end of the chain, and thrown through the bush in the direction of the traverse, to ease working in dense forest.", "The cricket field is usually circular or oval in shape, with a rectangular pitch at the center. The edge of the playing field is marked with a boundary, which could be a fence, part of the stands, a rope or a painted line.", "I've had another email: \"When I was at college, we used surveying chains, I can't remember what length they were since we were working in metric but we had some experience on some of the older equipment. The chains had plastic tags along their length which made it easier to identify how far along the chain you were without having to count the links. Could the metal shaped tags be a similar idea with different numbers of 'teeth' instead of numbers?\"", "LADDERMain track of yard from which individual tracks lead off. Also called a lead. (See yard)", "Metes - a measurement of distance in feet, rods, poles, chains, etc.; pertains to measuring direction and distance.", "By extension, chainage (running distance) is the distance along a curved or straight survey line from a fixed commencing point, as given by an odometer.", "Arrangement of a line where one track crosses another, without connection, at an angle of less than 90º, at grade.  Named after the pattern formed by the rails.UoS", "Horizontal distance between the gauge line of the running rail and the side of the head of a guard rail or crossing wing rail at the widest part of its flared end.UoS" ]

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[ "A long-standing tradition of the Indianapolis 500 is for the winner to drink a bottle of milk immediately after the race. This tradition dates back to 1936 after victor Louis Meyer asked for a glass of buttermilk, something his mother had encouraged him to drink on hot days. Meyer also reportedly drank milk after his victory in 1933, as did a few others in the immediate years afterward. The young tradition quickly went away, and for a time after WWII, was replaced by \"Water From Wilbur\" - a silver jug (resembling an ice bucket) filled with icy-cold water, presented by then-Speedway president, and three-time former winner Wilbur Shaw.", "Winners at Indianapolis traditionally celebrate victory by drinking a bottle of milk in Victory Lane. It's a tradition that started back in 1933 when the winner of the race Louis Mayer asked for a glass of buttermilk to toast his win. ", "One of the most iconic images in the sporting world is the one of the Indianapolis 500-winning race car driver drinking from a bottle of milk in celebration of his victory.", "Another tradition has to do with the winner always drinking from a bottle of milk. This one can be traced back to 1933, when winning driver Louis Meyer wanted a glass of buttermilk. In 1936 he wanted buttermilk again but was given a bottle instead. After seeing a press photo of this, an Indiana dairy saw a marketing opportunity and started offering the winner a bottle of milk each year—not knowing that Meyer’s choice had been buttermilk.", "Indianapolis 500 winner Eddie Cheever hoists the traditional bottle of milk after winning the 82nd running of the race, Sunday, May 24, 1998, in Indianapolis. (AP Photo/Michael Conroy)", "It is one of the most famous sights in all of motorsports, the victor’s drinking of the milk after the Indianapolis 500. It’s been honored, discussed, protested — and memorialized in cheese. What more could a tradition offer?", "Driver Tony Kanaan chugs the milk in Victory Circle after winning his first Indianapolis 500 in 2013. The milk tradition dates back to the 1936 race when Louis Meyer requested the drink after winning his third race.", "Dario Franchitti, of Scotland, celebrates with the traditional bottle of milk after winning the Indianapolis 500 auto race at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Indianapolis, Sunday, May 30, 2010. (AP Photo/Michael Conroy)", "In addition to setting the precedence of drinking milk in victory lane, Indianapolis 500 winner Louis Meyer was the first driver to receive the Borg-Warner Trophy in 1936.", "FILE = In this May 26, 1991 file phto, Rick Mears celebrates with the traditional bottle of milk after winning the 75th running of the Indy 500 on May 26, 1991. (AP Photo/Mark Duncan, File)", "Louis Meyer requested a glass of buttermilk after winning his second Indy 500 race in 1933. After winning his third title in 1936, he requested another glass but instead received a bottle. He was captured by a photographer in the act of swigging from the bottle while holding up three fingers to signify the third win. A local dairy company executive recognized the marketing opportunity in the image and, being unaware Meyer was drinking buttermilk, offered a bottle of milk to the winners of future races. Milk has been presented each year since then apart from 1947 to 1955. Modern drivers are offered a choice of whole, 2%, and skim. [51]", "The tradition of drinking milk following an Indy 500 victory began in 1936 with three-time champion Louis Meyer. Meyer regularly drank buttermilk to refresh himself on a hot day and happened to drink some in Victory Lane as a matter of habit after winning the 1936 race. An executive with what was then the Milk Foundation was so elated when he saw the moment captured in a photograph in the sports section of his newspaper the following morning that he vowed to make sure it would be repeated in coming years.", "As part of the Memorial Day holiday weekend, the pre-race ceremonies of the Indianapolis 500 feature several patriotic songs. The most noteworthy and most popular traditions are the annual singing of \"Back Home Again in Indiana,\" and the victory lane bottle of milk.", "The Fastest Rookie award is one of two programs that continues the long association between the Hoosier dairy industry and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The Bottle of Milk presented to the winner of the 500-mile classic has been a traditional part of the Victory Circle ceremony for nearly 80 years â 61 of which have been consecutive.", "Race Car Driver. Born in Indianapolis, Indiana, he was a veteran driver of the Indianapolis 500 races for six seasons (1927-33). In 1931, he won the Indianapolis 500 and finish third in 1930. He died at 40 in Indianapolis, Indiana. (Bio by: John \"J-Cat\" Griffith )", "At the 1993 Indianapolis 500, winner Emerson Fittipaldi, who owned and operated an orange grove, notoriously drank orange juice instead of milk during the televised winner's interview. He eventually relented and also drank from the milk bottle later in the post-race ceremonies after the broadcast was over, but the public relations damage had been done. The snub led to him being booed at the next ChampCar race in Milwaukee, Wisconsin the heart of dairy country, and by some, as late as the 2008 Indianapolis 500 in which he drove the pace car. In 2016, as a promotion the track gave out commemorative bottles of milk to 100,000 of those in attendance to toast the winner with milk after the race. ", "The Borg-Warner Trophy -- presented to the winner of the Indy 500 -- made its initial appearance in 1936, the same year that the race winner also drank milk in Victory Lane for the first time. Louis Meyer, who became the event's first three-time winner that year, sought some refreshment with a drink of cold buttermilk following the victory. Dairy industry executives, who mistook the drink for regular milk, then helped make milk part of the post-race ceremonies the following year.", "Canada's Jacques Villeneuve raises his fist while holding the winner's bottle of milk in victory lane after winning the 1995 Indianapolis 500.", "Since 1936, tradition holds that winners of the race celebrate with a bottle of milk (with the exception of 1947-1955).", "Three-time winner Louis Meyer, at his mother's suggestion, routinely drank buttermilk on a hot day to refresh himself and he drank some in victory lane after his 1936 win. A dairy industry executive saw the picture and suggested the winner drink regular milk, which happened at each race from 1937-1946. The tradition disappeared from '47-'55 only to be revived in 1956 and continues to this day. In 1993, Emerson Fittipaldi created controversy by drinking orange juice (he owned orange groves in Brazil). He did, however, take a sip of milk after the cameras were off, but was criticized for his on-air break of tradition.", "According to Indianapolis Motor Speedway, three-time winner Louis Meyer “regularly drank buttermilk to refresh himself on a hot day.” Turns out, one such day was the 1936 race, which he won and then drank milk in Victory Lane.", "With milk executives excited by the mainstream exposure, they looked to capitalize on Meyer’s beverage of choice and tried to work it into every race. Though it took a hiatus for a few years after 1936, the winner drinking milk has been a tradition for 60 years now with it coming back in 1956.", "Le Mans was the venue for the first known instance of a winning driver celebrating by spraying champagne instead of drinking it. When Dan Gurney won the race with co-driver A. J. Foyt, the two drivers mounted the victory podium and Gurney was handed a magnum of champagne. Looking down, he saw Ford CEO Henry Ford II, team owner Carroll Shelby and their wives, as well as several journalists who had predicted disaster for the high-profile duo. Gurney shook the bottle and sprayed everyone nearby. Gurney autographed and gave the bottle of champagne to Life photographer Flip Schulke, who used it as a lamp for years before returning it to Gurney. ", "Nowadays no driver would even think for a second to pull a stunt similar to Fittipaldi's. To drink milk at Indianapolis is a sign of accomplishment, something one strives for.", "Three years later when Meyer again won the race he repeated his request, this time receiving the buttermilk in a glass bottle. A dairy executive for the Milk Foundation saw footage of Meyer drinking milk and realized the marketing potential. Henceforth, every winner from 1938 to 1941 sipped milk, as did the 1946 victor. (Indianapolis went dormant during World War II.)", "Here is some history on the interesting choice of beverage for the winner of “The Greatest Spectacle in Racing” year after year. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway writes this:", "Another popular Derby drink in the 1930s was the Brown Derby. “Because of the name association, it becomes very popular to serve at parties,” Minnick said, adding that you might see variations on the drink. His version takes 1.5 ounces of a high-rye bourbon such as Four Roses; 1 ounce of fresh grapefruit juice (it's imperative, he says, to not use canned); and ½ ounce Kentucky honey syrup (1 part honey and 1 part warm water). Shake and serve up.", "A cocktail composed of fresh mint, bourbon, and crushed ice. Traditionally served in an iced pewter or silver mug at the running of the Kentucky Derby.", "Like the Mint Julep, the Derby was inspired by the track. There are so many Derbies, in fact, it seems as if every barman to mix at a horse track created his own. Instant ballyhoo. Three of these variations made their way into the 1947 Bartenders Guide by Trader Vic himself. This cocktail is a pleasantly tart, but sweet blend featuring bourbon, lime, Curacao, and vermouth.", "The trophy, which has been presented in the winner's circle after every race since 1936, is a very large, multi-tiered item which bears the bas-relief sculpture of the likeness of each driver to have won the race since its inception in 1911. It also has the driver's name, date of victory, and average speed. This information is alternated with the faces in a checkerboard pattern. Included on the base is the gold likeness of Tony Hulman , owner of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway from 1945-1977. On the top of the trophy is a man waving a checkered flag . Because this man is depicted naked, after the tradition of ancient Greek athletes, the trophy is most often photographed so that the man's arm is swooping down in front of him.", "Created in 1937 by British barman C. A. Tuck, this cocktail is named in honor of the celebrated Twentieth Century Limited train which ran between New York City and Chicago from 1902 until 1967. The Twentieth Century Limited was the epitome of class and luxury in the early 1900s. Its target clientele were the rich and influential, and before boarding or disembarking, a custom made crimson carpet was unrolled coining the phrase \"Getting the red carpet treatment.\" First published in 1937 in the \"Cafe Royal Cocktail Book\" by William J Tarling, this cocktail strikes an unexpected balance between velvety creme de cacao, refreshing herbal gin, fresh lemon and Lillet Blanc.", "A southern cocktail that Americans have come to associate with the Kentucky Derby horse race. It’s made from bourbon, sugary syrup, and mashed fresh mint. Supposedly, the drink was patterned after an Arabian concoction called the \"julab,\" made of water and rose petals." ]

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[ "Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow a.k.a. Clyde Champion Barrow [1] (March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were American criminals who traveled the central United States with their gang during the Great Depression , robbing people and killing when cornered or confronted. At times, the gang included his older brother Buck Barrow and his wife Blanche , Raymond Hamilton , W. D. Jones , Joe Palmer, Ralph Fults , and Henry Methvin . Their exploits captured the attention of the American public during the “ Public Enemy Era ,” between 1931 and 1935. Though known today for their dozen-or-so bank robberies, the two preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to have killed at least nine police officers and several civilians. The couple were eventually ambushed and killed by law officers near the town of Sailes, in Bienville Parish, Louisiana . Their reputation was revived and cemented in American pop folklore by Arthur Penn ‘s 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde ,. [2]", "Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow a.k.a. Clyde Champion Barrow (March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were American criminals who traveled the central United States with their gang during the Great Depression, robbing and killing people. At times, the gang included Clyde's older brother Buck Barrow and his wife Blanche, Raymond Hamilton, W. D. Jones, Joe Palmer, Ralph Fults, and Henry Methvin. Their exploits captured the attention of the American public during the \"Public Enemy Era,\" between 1931 and 1935. Though known today for their dozen-or-so bank robberies, the two preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to have killed at least nine police officers and several civilians. The couple were eventually ambushed and killed by law officers near the town of Sailes, in Bienville Parish, Louisiana. Their reputation was revived and cemented in American pop folklore by Arthur Penn's 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde, in which they were played by Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty.", "Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow (March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were well-known outlaws, robbers, and criminals who traveled the Central United States with their gang during the Great Depression . Their exploits captured the attention of the American public during the \" public enemy era \" between 1931 and 1934. Though known today for his dozen-or-so bank robberies, Barrow in fact preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to have killed at least nine police officers and committed several civilian murders. The couple themselves were eventually ambushed and killed in Louisiana by law officers. Their reputation was cemented in American pop folklore by Arthur Penn's 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde . [1] Testing Nearby from Ft Worth.", "1934: Bonnie (Parker) and Clyde (Baron), the young US outlaws, died in a hail of bullets on a lonely stretch of road in Louisiana where they were trapped by the police. During their four-year partnership, they killed at least 12 people as they robbed banks, petrol stations and diners.", "On this day in 1934, notorious criminals Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow are shot to death by Texas and Louisiana state police while driving a stolen car near Sailes, Louisiana.", "The San Antonio Light reports the deaths of Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker on May 23, 1934.", "Bonnie Parker was the female half of the notorious crime duo, Bonnie and Clyde. She was born on October 1, 1910, in Rowena, Texas. She and partner Clyde Barrow died in a hail of machine gun fire from law enforcement officers on May 23, 1934.", "An FBI wanted poster showing American bank robbers and lovers Clyde Barrow (1909 - 1934) and Bonnie Parker (1911 -1934), popularly known as Bonnie and Clyde, May 21, 1934. (Photo by Interim Archives/Getty Images)", "Narrator: Over three days in May of 1934, throngs of onlookers flocked to two Dallas funeral homes, hoping to catch a last glimpse of the outlaws, Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker.", "Bonnie Parker (left) and Clyde Barrow are shown at the morgue in Arcadia, La., on May 23, 1934. The bank robbers were ambushed by law enforcement officials who riddled their car with 167 bullets as they drove ... more", "[Bonnie and Clyde] 1933 \"Sowers Raid\" Archive From Clyde Barrow Gang Investigator. Millard Edgar Sweatt joined the Dallas County Sheriff's Department in 1931 and while working under the command of legendary Sheriff Richard A. 'Smoot' Schmid (alongside future Dallas Sheriff J.E. 'Bill' Decker) participated in the apprehension of Depression-era outlaws such as the Hamilton brothers, 'Huron' Ted Walters, and members of the notorious Barrow Gang - the latter pursuit lasting until the deadly 1934 ambush of Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow by a task force which included Dallas County Sheriff Deputies and Sweatt's lifelong friend, Ted Hinton.", "Parker was born in Rowena, Texas, where she earned a reputation for being smart and outspoken. She met Clyde Barrow in 1930. Though she was married, the two hit it off immediately. Apart from their robberies and killings, the legend of Bonnie and Clyde grew in part because of a photo shoot they did near their Joplin, Missouri hideout, images that still inspire re-imaginings of their lives. But those lives were cut short in a gruesome shootout with police in 1934. She was 23; he was 25.", "May 23rd – Bonnie and Clyde are shot and killed by a posse of police officers.", "Bonnie and Clyde were killed on May 23, 1934, on a desolate road in Bienville Parish, Louisiana. The couple appeared in daylight in an automobile and were shot by a posse of four Texas officers and two Louisiana officers.", "Bonnie and Clyde were killed May 23, 1934, on a desolate road near their Bienville Parish, Louisiana hideout. They were shot by a posse of four Texas and two Louisiana officers (the Louisiana officers added solely for jurisdictional reasons - see below). Questions about the way the ambush was conducted, and the failure to warn the duo of impending death, have been raised about the incident.", "Bonnie and Clyde were killed during an ambush Bienville Parish, Louisiana on May 23, 1934. The infamous Texas-native bank robbers were partners in crime, among other things. These outlaws and lovers terrorized America during the Great Depression, leaving behind a wake of death and empty bank vaults before succumbing to their own bullet-riddled demises. Live by the sword, die by the sword.", "This is an image of Bonnie and Clyde’s famous V-8 Ford, riddled with bullets. Bonnie and Clyde were killed when police ambushed their vehicle in Bienville Parish, LA, on May 23rd, 1934. Six officers shot numerous rounds into their car, possibly exceeding a hundred bullets total.", "On May 23, 1934, Bonnie and Clyde met their own violent end in an ambush near their latest hide-out in Black Lake, Louisiana. At 9:15 AM, officers waiting for their car on a roadside riddled them with bullets. Their bodies were publicly displayed in Dallas before being buried in their respective family's burial sites.", "In April, a night watchman saw Barrow and Ralph Fults breaking into a hardware store. They escaped after exchanging fire, rejoined Bonnie, and attempted to leave the \"hot\" area. The incident followed a pattern for Bonnie and Clyde that persisted until their deaths — desperate evasion at high speed down sometimes impassable roads, stealing cars and swapping stolen plates regularly. Though Clyde's driving skill and ability to evade capture were later grudgingly respected by law enforcement, this situation ended poorly, perhaps because the gang was finally reduced to stealing mules for transportation in the Texas farm country. Clyde escaped, and Bonnie and Fults were arrested. She claimed to have been kidnapped, and a grand jury failed to indict her. Having spent two months in the Kaufman, Texas jail, Bonnie returned to Dallas in June 1932, and was soon back on the road with Clyde.", "* May 23 – American outlaws Bonnie and Clyde are ambushed and killed by police in Bienville Parish, Louisiana.", "When Bonnie and Clyde were killed on May 23, 1934 by Texas and Louisiana police officers, their Ford V8 was filled with:", "On a beautiful morning, May 23, 1934 the careers of a notorious criminal duo, the scourge of stores and banks across the country, came to an abrupt end. Six lawmen took them down in an ambush that’s still talked about today, marking the end of Bonnie and Clyde, criminal superstars. They were the best of the worst in their time, robbing any and everyone where they found an opportunity, and responsible for at least 13 deaths...", "Clyde's brother, Buck, and Buck's wife Blanche had become members of the gang. Buck was killed, and Blanche was captured in a later raid in Platte City, Missouri. Bonnie and Clyde escaped again. In 1934, they freed a former gang member from Eastern State Prison in Texas, along with another prisoner. It was a daring machine-gun raid in which one guard was killed and several were wounded.", "Bonnie and Clyde. The most wanted crime figures of 1930s, Bonnie and Clyde, were recognized as 'public enemies'. These American robbers had killed several civilians along with a number of police officers. After the killing of police officers, the police were left with no other choice than fighting them with stronger firepower. They were attacked by five policemen and were slain as the bullets went through their bodies.", "All told, the Barrow Gang was believed responsible for the deaths of 13 people, including nine police officers. Parker and Barrow are still seen by many as romantic figures, however, especially after the success of the 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde, starring Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty.", "FBI files say Bonnie and Clyde met in Texas in 1930 and were believed to have committed 13 murders and several robberies and burglaries by the time they died. Law enforcement officials were among their victims. The duo became infamous as they traveled across America's Midwest and South, holding up banks and stores with other gang members.", "Clyde Barrow - One half of the notorious 1930’s Bonnie & Clyde bank robbers. The film (1967) starred Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty.", "This article is about the robbers. For the film starring Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway, see Bonnie and Clyde (film) . For other uses see the Popular culture section.", "Bonnie and Clyde in March 1933 in a photo found by police at the Joplin, Missouri hideout", "Unfortunately Bonnie’s name was tarnished for ever when, on Easter Sunday 1934, Clyde opened fire on two highway patrolmen who stopped his car on Route 114 in Texas.", "During the 1920s and ’30s, this criminal couple robbed anything and everything, from grocery stores to gas stations to banks, killing many people along the way. Bonnie and Clyde even took out two police officers in Oklahoma after attending a dance there.", "Robert LeRoy Parker (April 13, 1866 – c. November 6, 1908), better known as Butch Cassidy, was a notorious American train robber, bank robber, and leader of the Wild Bunch Gang in the American Old West. After several large robberies Cassidy and his partner the Sundance Kid were being pursued by both authorities and the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. In an attempt to enjoy their winnings the pair traveled to Bolivia but were purportedly killed by Bolivian police." ]

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[ "William Howard \"Willie\" Mays, Jr. is a retired American baseball player who played the majority of his career with the New York and San Francisco Giants before finishing with the New York Mets. Nicknamed The Say Hey Kid, Mays was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1979, his first year of eligibility. Many consider him to be the greatest all-around player of all time.", "Willie Mays was a professional baseball player, spending most of his 22 seasons as a center fielder for the New York and San Francisco Giants. Mays ended his career with 660 home runs, making him the fifth all-time record-holder. Known as “The Say Hey Kid,” Mays was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1979 and landed on MLB’s All-Time team. In 1951, Mays became one of the first African-American players in Major League Baseball history and won the Rookie of the Year award. Mays also served his country in the United States Army. In his return to Major League Baseball, Mays won the MVP award, and in the 1954 World Series Mays led the Giants to a surprise victory, while making one of the most spectacular plays in sports history, later known simply as “The Catch.”   ", "* The Say Hey Kid – Willie Mays, American, Major League baseball player and Hall of Fame honoree", "Willie Mays is a retired American baseball player who played for the San Francisco Giants for 19 seasons before ending his career with the New York Mets. During his career, Mays set a number of records and won many accolades, including two MVP awards and tied a league record with 24 appearances in the All-Star Game. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1979 for his contributions to the MLB and many consider him to be the greatest all-around player of all time.", "12-1 Around the Foghorn: San Francisco Giants: Barry Bonds and My IBWAA Hall of Fame Ballot : The San Francisco Giants greatest player since Willie Mays is not in the Hall of Fame. Barry Bonds is the greatest hitter most ...", "SCOTTSDALE, Ariz. — Hall of Famers Willie Mays, Willie McCovey and Orlando Cepeda are regular visitors around the San Francisco Giants.", "baseball: SF Giants [individual record for season strikeouts [189 in 1970/all-star: 1971, 1973], NY Yankees, California Angels, Chicago White Sox, Texas Rangers, Cleveland Indians, SL Cardinals, Chicago Cubs; father of baseball�s Barry Bonds; died Aug 23, 2003", "An \"oral biography\" of fictitious Hall of Fame shortstop Chance Caine. The unnamed narrator admits that he lies to improve a story, then proceeds to chatter away about Caine's career, his poems and diaries, life in general, and baseball in particular. Some strong language. 1996.", "Babe Ruth is the most celebrated player in American baseball history. A home run king and fan favorite, Ruth was the first in a line of iconic New York Yankee stars which included Lou Gehrig , Joe DiMaggio and Mickey Mantle . Ruth began his career as a pitcher but moved to the outfield, where he gained fame as a slugger. After the Boston Red Sox sold him to the Yankees in 1920, Ruth became the most famous athlete in America. Ruth's larger-than-life personality (including a prodigious fondness for food and drink) was a hit with fans, and Ruth is often credited with making baseball the dominant American sport of its time. Ruth retired in 1935; he held the single-season record for home runs (60) until fellow Yankee Roger Maris hit 61 in 1961, and the career record (714) until Hank Aaron passed him in 1974. In 1948, like Gehrig before him, Ruth had an emotional farewell at Yankee Stadium, with the Yankees retiring his uniform number 3. He died of throat cancer two months later.", "More books, Montville noted in 2006, have been written about Ruth than about any other member of the Baseball Hall of Fame. At least five of these books (including Creamer's and Wagenheim's) were written in 1973 and 1974, timed to capitalize on the increase in public interest in Ruth as Henry Aaron approached his career home run mark, which he broke on April 8, 1974. Aaron stated as he approached Ruth's record, \"I can't remember a day this year or last when I did not hear the name of Babe Ruth.\"", "Lawrence Peter \"Yogi\" Berra (born May 12 , 1925 ) is a former catcher and manager in Major League Baseball who played almost his entire career for the New York Yankees and was elected (with Sandy Koufax ) to the baseball Hall of Fame in 1972. He is one of only four players to be named the Most Valuable Player of the American League three times, and one of only six managers to lead both American and National League teams to the World Series . He has lived in Montclair, New Jersey since his playing days.", "7-10 Call to the Pen: Giants Carl Hubbell Strikes Out Five Consecutive Hall of Famers : When one discusses the greatest moments in All Star Game history, Carl Hubbell's performance in the second Mid Summer Classic ...", "George Herman Ruth, Jr. (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948), best known as \"Babe\" Ruth and nicknamed \"the Bambino\" and \"the Sultan of Swat\", was an American Major League baseball player from 1914–1935. Ruth originally broke into the major leagues with the Boston Red Sox as a starting pitcher, but after he was sold to the New York Yankees in 1919, he converted to a full-time right fielder and subsequently became one of the league's most prolific hitters. Ruth was a mainstay in the Yankees' lineup that won seven pennants and four World Series titles during his tenure with the team. After a short stint with the Boston Braves in 1935, Ruth retired. In 1936, Ruth became one of the first five players elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "November 21, 1988: Hall of fame pitcher Carl Hubbell (85) of the New York Giants was killed in an auto accident in Arizona. If you are a former New York Giant baseball player, you might want to stay at home on this date.", "Lawrence Peter \"Yogi\" Berra is a former Major League Baseball player and manager. He played almost his entire career for the New York Yankees and was elected to the baseball Hall of Fame in 1972. Berra was one of only four players to be named the Most Valuable Player of the American League three times and one of only six managers to lead both American and National League teams to the World Series.", "**Melky Cabrera becomes the fastest San Francisco Giants player to collect 100 hits, needing just 291 plate appearances to reach the team's all-time mark. Willie Mays did it in 295 PA in , during the Giants’ inaugural season on the West Coast. ", "Jack Roosevelt \"Jackie\" Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) second baseman who became the first African American to play in the major leagues in the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, 1947. The Dodgers, by playing Robinson, heralded the end of racial segregation that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. ", "Lawrence Peter \"Yogi\" Berra (May 12, 1925 – September 22, 2015) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) catcher, manager, and coach. He played almost his entire 19-year baseball career (1946–65) for the New York Yankees. He is widely regarded as one of the best catchers in baseball history. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972.", "When Rickey talked of trading Robinson to the New York Giants after the ’56 season, the pioneering ballplayer chose to retire at the age of 38. His career totals, which included 1,518 hits, more than 200 stolen bases, and a lifetime batting average of .311, earned him a place in the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962, the first African American so honored. He continued to fight actively for civil rights long after his baseball career had ended, supporting Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and his call for the peaceful integration of American society.", "�Mr. October�: Baseball Hall of Famer: Kansas City Athletics, Oakland Athletics [all-star: 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975/World Series: 1973, 1974/American League MVP: 1973], Baltimore Orioles, NY Yankees [World Series: 1977, 1978, 1981/all-star: 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981], California Angels [all-star: 1982, 1983, 1984]; World Series record: 10 home runs including 4 in a row, 24 RBI�s and a .357 batting average in 27 games; 563 career home runs [only Aaron, Ruth, Mays, Frank Robinson and Killebrew have hit more]", "George Herman Ruth, Jr., best known as \"Babe\" Ruth and nicknamed \"the Bambino\" and \"the Sultan of Swat\", was an American Major League baseball player from 1914–1935. Ruth originally broke into the major leagues with the Boston Red Sox as a starting pitcher, but after he was sold to the New York Yankees in 1919, he converted to a full-time right fielder and subsequently became one of the league's most prolific hitters. Ruth was a mainstay in the Yankees' lineup that won seven pennants and four World Series titles during his tenure with the team. After a short stint with the Boston Braves in 1935, Ruth retired. In 1936, Ruth became one of the first five players elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "Bobby Bonds (March 15, 1946 – August 23, 2003) was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball from 1968 to 1981, primarily with the San Francisco Giants.", "by Mike Stewart NEW YORK – Yogi Berra, the Hall of Fame catcher renowned as much for his dizzying malapropisms as his record 10 World Series championships with the New York Yankees, has died. He was 90. Berra died of natural causes Tuesday at his home in New Jersey, according to Dave Kaplan, the director of the Yogi Berra Museum. Short, squat and with a homely mug, Berra was a legendary Yankee who helped the team reach 14 World Series during his 18 seasons in the Bronx. Berra played in more World Series games than any other major leaguer, and was a three-time American League Most Valuable Player. But his name appears almost as often in Bartlett’s Famous Quotations as it does in baseball’s record book.", "* July 19, 1982: At a Old-Timers' Day exhibition game attended by over 29,000 fans, 75-year-old Hall of Famer Luke Appling hit a home run against the National League's Warren Spahn. Although he had a .310 lifetime batting average, Appling only hit 45 home runs in 20 seasons. However, because the stadium had not been fully reconfigured, it was just 260 ft to the left-field foul pole, far shorter than normal. However, Warren Spahn applauded him as he rounded the bases.", "NEW YORK (AP) -- Yogi Berra, the Hall of Fame catcher renowned as much for his dizzying malapropisms as his record 10 World Series championships with the New York Yankees, has died. He was 90. Berra died of natural causes Tuesday at his home in New Jersey, according to Dave Kaplan, the director of the Yogi Berra Museum. \"While we mourn the loss of our father, grandfather and great-grandfather, we know he is at peace with Mom,\" Berra's family said in a statement released by the museum. \"We celebrate his remarkable life, and are thankful he meant so much to so many. He will truly be missed.\" Short, squat and with a homely mug, Berra was a legendary Yankee who helped the team reach 14 World Series during his 18 seasons in the Bronx. Berra played in more World Series games than any other major leaguer, and was a three-time American League Most Valuable Player.", "On October 3, 1951, after Bobby Thomson hit the pennant-winning home run for the New York Giants in the ninth inning of the third game of the National League playoff, jubliant Giants fans swarmed the playing field of the Polo Grounds, running after the triumphant Giant players, who raced towards the clubhouse which was located in center field. Author Joshua Prager, in his definitive volume of Thomson's homer The Echoing Green, wrote, \"(T)housands of fans hungry for a curtain call stood now outside a green clubhouse chanting 'We want Thomson!' We want Thomson!'\" Several minutes later (about 15 minutes after the actual home run), \"word reached Thomson that he was wanted outside, that only a curtain call might dissipate the stubborn throng (...) And so out Thomson went, wading through the packed clubhouse to its top outdoor step.\" New York Times sportswriter John Drebinger called the crowd's response \"the most frenzied 'curtain calls' ever afforded a ballplayer.\"", "1964 — San Francisco Giants pitcher Masanori Murakami poses for a photo in San Francisco. Murakami is the first native-born Japanese to play for an American Major League team. (John Rooney/AP)", "Snead's nickname was \"Slammin' Sammy\" and he was admired by many for having the so-called \"perfect swing,\" which generated many imitators. Snead was famed for his folksy image, wearing a straw hat, and making such statements as \"Keep close count of your nickels and dimes, stay away from whiskey, and never concede a putt.\" He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1974, and received the PGA Tour Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998.", "1951 – In Major League Baseball, the New York Giants' Bobby Thomson hit the \"Shot Heard 'Round the World\", a game winning home run in the bottom of the ninth inning to win the National League pennant after being down 14 games.", "In 1943, George Moriarty wrote a song designed to support American forces fighting in World War II. Mister Moriarty was a former baseball player and manager for the Detroit Tigers team. His song is called \"You're Gonna Win That Ball Game, Uncle Sam.\" It is performed here by the National Pastime Orchestra and singers.", "Baseball expert Warner Fusselle writes that there are probably more than 1,000 songs about baseball. The most popular is \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game.\" It was written in 1908 by Jack Norworth. He wrote it after seeing a sign about baseball in an underground train in New York City.", "Harry Kasischke, Lincoln – Inducted in 1996. In 1971 Harry started his pitching career that lasted 23 years and in which he compiled a record of over 360 wins and less than 50 losses. He played in 14 state and 10 regional tournaments, while playing in the Lincoln AAA and Fremont leagues. He led his teams to 3 Men’s Major championships and 3 runner-up finishes and along the way received numerous MVP awards. Later he played on several state championship teams in Men’s 40 & Over Fast Pitch division. Harry could not only beat you with his pitching but he also carried a lifetime batting average of over .320. Harry loved to work with youth and was never too busy to play catch with the younger ones or autograph a cap or glove. He would work with the older ones on the fine art of pitching. Harry is being inducted as a player." ]

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[ "– Difficulties with sleep and/or the complaint of insomnia last for more than 1 month (DSM-IV criteria).", "A. The predominant complaint is difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or nonrestorative sleep, for at least 1 month.", "B. The sleep disturbance (or associated daytime fatigue) causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.", "Consider the role of a medical condition or substance use and take into account whether the sleep disturbance can be better explained by another mental disorder:", "Sleep disorders are a group of syndromes characterized by disturbance in the patient's amount of sleep, quality or timing of sleep, or in behaviors or physiological conditions associated with sleep. There are about 70 different sleep disorders. To qualify for the diagnosis of sleep disorder, the condition must be a persistent problem, cause the patient significant emotional distress, and interfere with his or her social or occupational functioning.", "Hypersomnia is a term that refers either to an excessive quantity of daily sleep or a difficulty to stay awake during the day, or both. Hypersomnias are subdivided into Idiopathic Hypersomnia (persistent sleepiness lasting more than 3 months without abnormal tendencies to enter REM sleep) and Recurrent Hypersomnia (recurrent episodes of sleepiness that are entirely reversible in between)", "A physical examination can determine the presence of other medical conditions that can cause a sleep disorder.", "Excessive daytime sleepiness that is not due to a mood disorder or medication is a common health problem that has three broad causes:", "The DSM-IV-TR characterizes a mental disorder as \"a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual [which] is associated with present distress… or disability… or with a significant increased risk of suffering.\" It also notes that \"no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of 'mental disorder'… different situations call for different definitions\". It states that \"there is no assumption that each category of mental disorder is a completely discrete entity with absolute boundaries dividing it from other mental disorders or from no mental disorder\" (APA, 1994 and 2000). There are attempts to adjust the wording for the upcoming DSM-V. ", "There are two main characteristics of narcolepsy: excessive daytime sleepiness and abnormal REM sleep. The first, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), occurs even after adequate night time sleep. A person with narcolepsy is likely to become drowsy or fall asleep, often at inappropriate times and places, or just be very tired throughout the day. Narcoleptics are not able to experience the amount of restorative deep sleep that healthy people experience – they are not \"over-sleeping\". In fact, narcoleptics live their entire lives in a constant state of extreme sleep deprivation. Daytime naps may occur with little warning and may be physically irresistible. These naps can occur several times a day. They are typically refreshing, but only for a few hours or less. Vivid dreams may be experienced on a constant or regular basis, even during very brief naps. Drowsiness may persist for prolonged periods of time or simply never cease. In addition, night-time sleep may be fragmented with frequent awakenings. A second prominent symptom of narcolepsy is abnormal REM sleep. Narcoleptics are unique in that they enter into the REM phase of sleep in the beginnings of sleep, even when sleeping during the day.", "Dyssomnia — A primary sleep disorder in which the patient suffers from changes in the quantity, quality, or timing of sleep.", "Predominant complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality, associated with one (or more) of the following symptoms:", "Insomnia is defined as the inability to fall asleep , remain asleep, or get the amount of sleep an individual needs to wake up feeling rested. Its symptoms include difficulty falling asleep, frequent wake-ups during the night, waking up too early in the morning, daytime sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, and irritability. Insomnia can be acute (lasting one to several nights) or chronic (lasting from a month to years). It’s also the most common sleep complaint among Americans (especially women)", "sleep apnea syndrome episodes of apnea (cessation of breathing) occurring at the transition from NREM to REM sleep, with repeated wakening and excessive daytime sleepiness; it occurs most often in middle-aged, obese males and is thought to have several causes, one being collapse or obstruction of the airway with the inhibition of muscle tone that characterizes REM sleep. The condition is arbitrarily defined as more than five cessations of airflow for at least 10 seconds each per hour of sleep.", "Primary sleep disorder — A sleep disorder that cannot be attributed to a medical condition, another mental disorder, or prescription medications or other substances.", "*Disturbances of the circadian rhythm, such as shift work and jet lag, can cause an inability to sleep at some times of the day and excessive sleepiness at other times of the day. Chronic circadian rhythm disorders are characterized by similar symptoms.", "Sleep disorders such as insomnia involve disruption to normal sleep patterns, or a feeling of tiredness despite sleep appearing normal.", "D. The sleep disturbance is not better explained by another sleep disorder, medical or neurologic disorder, mental disorder, medication use, or substance use disorder.", "a disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior; characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest", "Assessment of excessive sleepiness and insomnia as they relate to circadian rhythm sleep disorders . Doghramji, K. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, the Sleep Disorder Center, Thomas Jefferson University. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2005;65 Suppl 16:17-22", "Sleep problems may be caused by or the result of disorders in various systems of the body. Sleep apnea, for example, is a respiratory disorder while narcolepsy is a neurological disorder.", "Another very common sleeping disorder is sleep apnea ; in this condition, people actually stop breathing for brief periods of time while asleep. Their sleep cycle is interrupted and they feel as if they didn't get any rest during the night.", "recording of various aspects of sleep (e.g., eye and muscle movements, respiration, and EEG patterns) to diagnose sleep disorders", "Sleep Apnea disorders or commonly  Obstructive Sleep apnea may be defined as a common disorder in which a person has more than one pauses or obstruction in breathing or shallow breaths while asleep. The pauses could be for a few seconds or minutes. Sleep apnea can occur at a rate of 30 times per hour.", "Human sleep needs vary by age and amongst individuals, and sleep is considered to be adequate when there is no daytime sleepiness or dysfunction. Moreover, self-reported sleep duration is only moderately correlated with actual sleep time as measured by actigraphy, and those affected with sleep state misperception may typically report having slept only four hours despite having slept a full eight hours.[http://www.sleepdisorderchannel.com/insomnia/causes.shtml Insomnia Causes]. Healthcommunities.com. Original Publication: 1 December 2000, Updated: 1 December 2007.", "The circadian rhythm disorders share common characteristics. They occur when your internal biological clock becomes out of sync with external time cues such as the natural dark-light cycle. As a result, your desire to sleep may shift away from nighttime when most people naturally sleep. Therefore, you may have difficulties with insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness . The inability to sleep at the expected time coupled with sleepiness during wakefulness may lead to difficulties with job and school performance. For a better understanding of this, review the disorders and examples provided below:", "Disturbed Sleep.—Slumber is disturbed by dreams, is unrefreshing, and when the patient is not asleep there is a constant tendency to heaviness, the mind ceases to think and the attention cannot be concentrated upon any subject. He may lie with his eyes open, evidently not in slumber, yet indifferent or insensible to all which goes on around him.", "Primary sleep disorders may affect attention and behavior and the symptoms of ADHD may affect sleep. It is thus recommended that children with ADHD be regularly assessed for sleep problems. Sleepiness in children may result in symptoms ranging from the classic ones of yawning and rubbing the eyes, to hyperactivity and inattentiveness. Obstructive sleep apnea can also cause ADHD type symptoms. ", "Some think that central sleep apnea is nothing more than the body’s respiratory mechanism taking a pause to restore proper carbon dioxide levels and maintain homeostasis. While this thinking seems to be in direct opposition to the commonly held view that sleep-disordered breathing is a problem of hypoventilation and hypercapnia, a change in daytime breathing mode — again, from oral to light nasal breathing — can alter nighttime distress almost immediately in some patients.28 In fact, the relationship between daytime breathing habits and nighttime distress is so strong, the syndrome should be called breathing-disordered sleep instead of sleep-disordered breathing.", "A physical exam can rule out or identify a condition that may be causing the symptoms.  A battery of specialized tests, which can be performed in a sleep disorders clinic, is usually required before a diagnosis can be confirmed.", "The occurrence of upper airway obstruction (particularly common in people who snore) has been documented in sleep laboratory studies. Sleep apnea , which sometimes involves upper airway obstruction, is characterized by cessation of breathing for up to a minute and by a marked fall in blood oxygen levels, thus arousing an affected individual from sleep. Sleep apnea affects approximately 4 percent of adults. It is not confined to the very obese, although it forms part of the syndrome of severe obesity in which sleep disturbance is common, and it is associated with the daytime somnolence known as the pickwickian syndrome , after Charles Dickens ’s description of the fat boy in The Pickwick Papers. Sleep apnea is sometimes caused by relaxation of muscles around the pharynx and obstruction of the airway by the palate and tongue . It is related to narrow anatomical dimensions in this area but is also more likely to occur if alcohol is ingested shortly before sleep. Sleep apnea may cause a rise in systemic blood pressure , and pickwickian syndrome may affect one’s performance at work and ability to do other tasks carried out during the day. In severe cases, sleep apnea leads to right ventricular heart failure .", "hypersomnia: Excessive sleepiness, as evidenced by prolonged nocturnal sleep, difficulty maintaining an alert awake state during the day, or undesired daytime sleep episodes. ideas of reference The feeling that casual incidents and external events have a particular and unusual meaning that is specific to the person. This is to be distinguished from a delusion of reference, in which there is a belief that is held with delusional conviction" ]

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[ "On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old African-American seamstress, refused to give up her seat to a white man while riding on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama. For doing this, Rosa Parks was arrested and fined for breaking the laws of segregation. Rosa Parks' refusal to leave her seat sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and is considered the beginning of the modern Civil Rights Movement.", "In Montgomery, Alabama, on December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks made history by being the black woman who refused to obey the driver of the bus when he gave her the order to give up her seat on the city bus to make room for a white passenger. Her actions sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and made history. Her refusal became a key part of the modern movement for civil rights, and her actions sparked further action and set an example for many.", "The Montgomery bus boycott, a seminal event in the Civil Rights Movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. The campaign lasted from December 5, 1955—when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person—to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional. Many important figures in the Civil Rights Movement took part in the boycott, including Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ralph Abernathy.", "In 1955, a black woman named Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a pubic bus to a white man – she was later arrested. This act caused an uproar in the black community which resulted in a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. All blacks ceased to board buses and found other forms of transport. As most of the black community do not have the luxury of private cars, majority of the passengers were not white, sending the bus companies into bankruptcy. This famous protest began intergration in the public transport system and kickstarted the civil rights movement.", "Fifty years ago, one individual, through one courageous act, gave strength to the citizens of Montgomery, Alabama, to stand up to the injustice and indignity that had become commonplace among its citizens. Rosa Parks accomplished this heroic feat through the single act of refusing to give up her seat on the bus to a white man. Her single act of defiance and refusal to accept the status quo led to the 381-day Montgomery bus boycott and eventually to the desegregation of Montgomery, Alabama.", "The initial phase of the black protest activity in the post-Brown period began on December 1, 1955. Rosa Parks of Montgomery, Alabama , refused to give up her seat to a white bus rider, thereby defying a southern custom that required blacks to give seats toward the front of buses to whites. When she was jailed, a black community boycott of the city’s buses began. The boycott lasted more than a year, demonstrating the unity and determination of black residents and inspiring blacks elsewhere.", "On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks , a black seamstress, was arrested for not relinquishing her seat to a white bus rider. The reaction to this act of defiance led to the 382-day Montgomery bus boycott that forced the city to desegregate its transit system on December 21, 1956.", "According to the historian David Beito of the University of Alabama, African Americans in Montgomery \"nurtured the modern civil rights movement.\" On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man, sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Martin Luther King, Jr., then the pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, and E.D. Nixon, a local civil rights advocate, founded the Montgomery Improvement Association to organize the boycott. In June 1956, the US District Court Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that Montgomery's bus racial segregation was unconstitutional. After the US Supreme Court upheld the ruling in November, the city desegregated the bus system, and the boycott was ended. Opponents organized mob violence with police collaboration at the Greyhound Bus Station during the Freedom Ride of May 1961. Outraged national reaction resulted in the desegregation of interstate public transportation.", "Dec 1 1955 - Rosa parks refused to give up seat to make room for a white woman. Actions led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.", "Many historians believe the beginning of the modern Black revolt against inequality was marked in Montgomery, Ala. on December 1, 1955. Four Black passengers were asked by the driver of a downtown bus to give up their seats. Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old Black seamstress, refused and was arrested under a local segregation ordinance. In protest, Black leaders organized a boycott of the Montgomery bus system that lasted 382 days, ending only when the U.S. Supreme Court ordered the buses integrated.", "Rosa Parks a seamstress and a secretaryfor the Montgomery chapter of theNAACP was known as the \"mother of thecivil rights movement.\" In December of1955, Parks refused to give up her seat ona bus to a white rider. She was jailed andfined $14 for the offense. This led to Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Montgomery Bus Boycott.", "The Montgomery Bus Boycott officially started on December 1, 1955. That was the day when the blacks of Montgomery, Alabama, decided that they would boycott the city buses until they could sit anywhere they wanted, instead of being relegated to the back when a white boarded. It was not, however, the day that the movement to desegregate the buses started. Perhaps the movement started on the day in 1943 when a black seamstress named Rosa Parks paid her bus fare and then watched the bus drive off as she tried to re-enter through the rear door, as the driver had told her to do. Perhaps the movement started on the day in 1949 when a black professor Jo Ann Robinson absentmindedly sat at the front of a nearly empty bus, then ran off in tears when the bus driver screamed at her for doing so. Perhaps the movement started on the day in the early 1950s when a black pastor named Vernon Johns tried to get other blacks to leave a bus in protest after he was forced to give up his seat to a white man, only to have them tell him, \"You ought to knowed better.\" [2] The story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott is often told as a simple, happy tale of the \"little people\" triumphing over the seemingly insurmountable forces of evil. The truth is a little less romantic and a little more complex.", "February 22, 1956 - In Montgomery, Alabama, 80 participants in the three-month-old bus boycott voluntarily gave themselves up for arrest after an ultimatum from white city leaders. Martin Luther King and Rosa Parks were among those arrested. Later in 1956, the U.S. Supreme Court mandated desegregation of the buses.", "That was the day when the Black population of Montgomery, Alabama, democratically decided that they would boycott the city buses until they could sit anywhere they wanted, instead of being relegated to the back when a white boarded. It was not, however, the day that the movement to desegregate the buses started. Perhaps the movement started on the day in 1943 when a black seamstress named Rosa Parks paid her bus fare and then watched the bus drive off as she tried to reenter through the rear door, as the driver had told her to do. Perhaps the movement started on the day in 1949 when a black professor Jo Ann Robinson absentmindedly sat at the front of a nearly empty bus, then ran off in tears when the bus driver screamed at her for doing so. Perhaps the movement started on the day in the early 1950s when a black pastor named Vernon Johns tried to get other blacks to leave a bus in protest after he was forced to give up his seat to a white man, only to have them tell him, \"You ought to knowed better.\"", "The fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of the year long Montgomery Bus Boycott will be celebrated this December. According to the official version of the Boycott it was started by Rosa Parks on the evening of December 1, 1955, when she refused to give up her seat to a white man.", "The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a significant event in the history of the American civil rights movement of the 1950’s. The actions of Rosa Parks and her resistance of segregation on the bus and her subsequent arrest had a knock on affect of civil rights for black americans in the south and the eventual abolishment of jim crow laws. The arrest of Rosa Parks sparked the start of the Montgomery Bus Boycott which led to the boycott of montgomerys public buses for 381 days by the black community, after heavy losses by the bus company and a lengthy federal court battle the Supreme Court ruled that Alabamas racial segregation laws on buses was unconstitutional and black were then allowed to sit wherever they wanted. The ruling by the Federal Supreme Court gave the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) a legal basis in defeating other Jim Crow laws mandated in the southern states. The bus boycott stimulated the Civil Rights Movement in America and is directly responsible for the advancement of better rights and equality for the black population of the era.", "Rosa Parks stood up for what she believed, or rather, sat down for what she believed. On the evening of December 1, 1955, Parks, an African American, chose to take a seat on the bus on her ride home from work. Because she sat down and refused to give up her seat to a white passenger, she was arrested for disobeying an Alabama law requiring black people to relinquish seats to white people when the bus was full. (Blacks also had to sit at the back of the bus.) Her arrest sparked a 381-day boycott of the Montgomery bus system. It also led to a 1956 Supreme Court decision banning segregation on public transportation. Who was Rosa Parks, the woman who helped spark the civil rights movement of the 1960s?", "In the years following the Montgomery bus boycott, Ms. Parks moved to Detroit, MI in 1957 and continued her civil rights work by working in my district office. Ms. Parks was with the office from 1965 until 1988. In the more than 20 years that Ms. Parks was in the office, she worked with a tireless spirit for the people of Detroit and other Americans.", "----------------------- December 1st 1955 Black African American citizen, Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing to give up her seat when the bus was filling up. She was allegedly arrested for violating bus segregation laws and behaving in disorderly conduct. 1955 The Montgomery Bus Boycott April 23th 1956 The Montgomery bus company decides to implement a policy of desegregation after the U. S. Supreme Court dismisses the appeal of...", "On December 1st 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus. This was not the norm as black people were compelled by law to give up seats on public transport to white people upon demand. What made this particular situation worse was that Rosa parks was sitting in a section of the bus that was designated to white people only. As a result of her actions, Rosa parks was then arrested by police. The arrest ultimately resulted in a boycott by black people of the use of bus transportation. This culminated into situation where the state was losing money through the non use of public transport. Shop keepers also suffered financially as black people were no longer commuting to shopping malls. This incident is now recognized as the first protest by African America people against white oppression in the 20th century.", "In 1955, African Americans were still required by a Montgomery, Alabama , city ordinance to sit in the back half of city buses and to yield their seats to white riders if the front half of the bus, reserved for whites, was full. On December 1, 1955, African-American seamstress Rosa Parks (1913-2005) was returning home from her job at a local department store on the Cleveland Avenue bus. She was seated in the front row of the “colored section.” When the white seats filled, the driver, J. Fred Blake (1912-2002), asked Parks and three others to vacate their seats. The other African-American riders complied, but Parks refused. She was arrested and fined $10, plus $4 in court fees. This was not Parks’ first encounter with Blake. In 1943, she had paid her fare at the front of a bus he was driving, then exited so she could re-enter through the back door, as required. Blake pulled away before she could re-board the bus.", "E.D. Nixon, former president of the Alabama NAACP, escorts Rosa Parks to the Montgomery courthouse in 1956. Mrs. Parks was tried for her role in the boycott of the bus system. The boycott began the day she was fined for failing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. In Stride Toward Freedom, Dr. King’s 1958 memoir of the boycott, he declared the real meaning of the Montgomery Bus Boycott to be the power of a growing self-respect to animate the struggle for civil rights. Dr. King recalled that “Mrs. Parks was ideal for the role assigned to her by history,” and because “her character was impeccable and her dedication deep-rooted.” (AP Images/Gene Herrick)", "It looks almost as if the boycott was the result of a mere coincidence. The immediate cause was the arrest of Mrs. Rosa Parks for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. She was in the section reserved for Negroes and was occupying one of the seats just behind the section set aside for whites, which was filled.", "The Significance of the Montgomery Bus Boycott was hugely significant in the Civil Rights movement as it played a pivotal role in the rights between the Black and White communities becoming equal. The Boycott was kick started by Rosa Parks who on December 1st 1955 decided not to give up her seat to a white man boarding the bus. After being repeatedly told by the driver to move, she was arrested and taken into custody. This brought up roar in the black community and led by Martin Luther King Jr and the NAACP, they began to fight the unfair laws in Alabama. For just under a year the black community sacrificed the use of the buses to prove their point to the white community. After this period, the bus companies finally gave in to the mounting pressure of financial tolls left by the Black Community. Thus ending segregation on the Buses. The day after the decision Rosa Parks happily sat at the front of the segregation free buses.", "On December 1, 1954, Rosa Parks boarded her normal bus home and sat down in one of the ``colored'' aisles toward the back of the bus. Soon, the bus began to fill, and Rosa was ordered to vacate her seat to accommodate the white passengers. She simply but stubbornly refused.", "Ms. Parks was arrested for her civil disobedience. The arrest incited a reaction. Ms. Parks, Martin Luther King Jr., and others channeled that reaction to form one of the most powerful and positive movements in world history. The following day, civil rights advocates organized a boycott of the bus system that lasted for 381 days. On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on the transportation system was unconstitutional and this provided one of the first victories for desegregation. We recognize the many people responsible for the effective boycott and the tremendous support of civil rights leadership. But, today, we celebrate the woman who imbued the movement with such dedication, dignity, and courage.", "For years, the black community had complained that the situation was unfair, and Parks was no exception: \"My resisting being mistreated on the bus did not begin with that particular arrest...I did a lot of walking in Montgomery.\" Parks had her first run-in on the public bus on a rainy day in 1943, when the bus driver, James F. Blake , demanded that she get off the bus and reenter through the back door. As she began to exit by the front door, she dropped her purse. Parks sat down for a moment in a seat for white passengers to pick up her purse. The bus driver was enraged and barely let her step off the bus before speeding off. Rosa walked more than five miles (8 km) home in the rain.", "About 90 boycotters, including King, were indicted under a law forbidding conspiracy to obstruct the operation of a business. Found guilty, King immediately appealed the decision. Meanwhile, the boycott stretched on for more than a year, and the bus company struggled to avoid bankruptcy. On November 13, 1956, in Browder v. Gayle, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a lower court’s decision declaring the bus company’s segregation seating policy unconstitutional under the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment. King, called off the boycott on December 20, and Rosa Parks—known as the “mother of the civil rights movement”—would be one of the first to ride the newly desegregated buses.", "**the American Public Transportation Association declared December 1, 2005, the 50th anniversary of her arrest, to be a \"National Transit Tribute to Rosa Parks Day\".", "The Freedom Rides followed the successful Montgomery bus boycott in the mid 50s, which saw thousands of black Americans refuse to travel by bus for 13 months. The loss of revenue and a Supreme Court ruling finally forced the Montgomery Bus Company to desegregate.", "After Rosa Parks left work at the Montgomery Fair department store on Thursday, December 1, 1955, she boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus at Court Square to go home. At the time, she was thinking about a workshop she was helping organize and thus she was a bit distracted as she took a seat on the bus, which turned out to be in the row right behind the section reserved for whites.1", "On the morning of Dec. 5, the African-American residents of the city refused to use the buses. Most walked, those few with cars arranged rides for friends and strangers, some even rode mules. Only a very small number of African-Americans rode the bus that day." ]

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[ "The two-dollar bill features Thomas Jefferson on the front of it.  Jefferson has been on the two-dollar bill since 1869.  Interestingly enough, the first two-dollar bill was printed in 1862 and featured the face of the first Secretary of the Treasury (and Jefferson political adversary) Alexander Hamilton.  Despite the government’s best efforts since its creation, the two-dollar bill remains one of our country’s least circulated bills.  The most recent printing of the two-dollar note was the 2003 series.", "The United States two-dollar bill ($2) is a current denomination of U.S. currency. Former U.S. President Thomas Jefferson is featured on the obverse of the note. The reverse features an engraved modified reproduction of the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull.", "There are no black men featured on the $2 bill. According to the U.S. Department of Treasury, the man on the front of the U.S. $2 bill is founding father and U.S. President Thomas Jefferson. On the back is John Trumbull's painting, \"The Signing of the Declaration of Independence.\"", "The front side of the U.S. Twenty Dollar Bill features a portrait of the 7th U.S. President, Andrew Jackson", "The first United States $2 notes were issued by the federal government in 1862 and featured a portrait of the first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton. Thomas Jefferson has appeared on all United States $2 notes since the 1869 series.", "1929: When all U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was kept only as a United States Note. The obverse featured a cropped version of Thomas Jefferson's portrait that had been on previous $2 bills. The reverse featured Jefferson's home, the Monticello. The note's seal and serial numbers were red. The Series of 1928 $2 bill featured the treasury seal superimposed by the United States Note obligation to the left and a large gray TWO to the right.", "The United States twenty-dollar bill ($20) is a denomination of United States currency. U.S. President Andrew Jackson is currently featured on the front side of the bill, which is why the twenty-dollar bill is often called a \"Jackson,\" while the White House is featured on the reverse side.", "The signing of the Declaration is featured on the back of the United States two-dollar bill.", "The first $2 notes (called United States Notes or \"Legal Tenders\") were issued by the federal government in 1862 and featured a portrait of the first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795).", "The United States one-dollar bill ($1) is the most common denomination of US currency. The first president, George Washington, painted by Gilbert Stuart, is currently featured on the obverse, while the Great Seal of the United States is featured on the reverse. The one-dollar bill has the second oldest design of all U.S. currency currently being produced, after the two-dollar bill. The obverse seen today debuted in 1963 when the $1 bill first became a Federal Reserve Note.", "The first use of Thomas Jefferson's portrait on $2 notes was on Series 1869 United States Notes. The same portrait has been used for all series of $2 United States Notes as well as for all $2 Federal Reserve notes.", "Here is your opportunity to own or to gift a highly collectible limited edition colorized banknote. This uncirculated $2 Bill is genuine Legal Tender of the United States which has been color enhanced by the Merrick Mint using a specialized advanced technology creating a collectible work of art. The vivid color enhancements to the Signing of the Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull (reverse) bring the bill’s original artwork to life. This bill is in Fresh, Crisp, Uncirculated condition and was directly removed from untouched wrapped Federal Reserve sealed pack. Each bill comes displayed in a blue folio with a Certificate of Authenticity to guarantee that your bills are authentic and recognized by every monetary authority around the world, therefore assuring its Collector Edition status.", "The bills are also commonly referred to as \"Bens\", \"Benjamins\" or \"Franklins\", in reference to the use of Benjamin Franklin's portrait on the denomination, or as \"C-Notes\", based on the Roman numeral for 100. The bill is one of two denominations printed today that does not feature a President of the United States; the other is the $10 bill, featuring Alexander Hamilton. It is also the only denomination today to feature a building not located in Washington, D.C., that being the Independence Hall located in Philadelphia on the reverse. The time on the clock of Independence Hall on the reverse, according to the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, showed approximately 4:10 on the older contemporary notes and 10:30 on the series 2009A notes released in 2013.", "With single dollar bills in heavy rotation, they tend to suffer a lot of wear and tear. Many are filthy – almost black. Ms. Zhuwawu takes note of the cleanliness of the legal tender each customer hands her. Two-dollar bills, rare in the United States, circulate widely here.", "The front and back of the U.S. ten dollar bill, which features the nation's first Treasury secretary, Alexander Hamilton, is seen in a handout picture from the Department of Treasury at a ceremony in Washington May 24, 2000. The U.S. Treasury has decided to replace former President Andrew Jackson with anti-slavery crusader Harriet Tubman on the U.S. $20 bill, and will put leaders of the women's suffrage movement on the back of $10 bill, Politico reported on Wednesday.", "The economy recovered, but the $2 bill eventually found itself in a strange price point. It became the the perfect note for some rather nefarious purposes. \"Politicians used to be known for bribing people for votes, and they would give them a $2 bill, so if you had one it meant that perhaps you’d been bribed by a politician,\" Bennardo says. \"Prostitution back in the day was $2 for a trick, so if you were spending $2 bills it might get you into trouble with your wife. $2 is the standard bet at a race track, so if you were betting $2 and you won, you might get a bunch of $2 bills back and that would show that you were gambling.\"", "Over 4.3 million $2 bills are entered at the American currency-tracking Web site Where's George? Because $2 bills are uncommon in daily use, their use can make a particular group of spenders visible. A documented case of using two-dollar bills to send a message to a community is the case of Geneva Steel and the communities in surrounding Utah County. In 1989, Geneva Steel paid its employee bonuses in $2 bills. When the bills began to appear in different places, people recognized the importance of the company to the local economy. ", "The front and back of a $20 bill are shown during an unveiling at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing in Washington, U.S., May 13, 2003. The U.S. Treasury has decided to replace former President Andrew Jackson with anti-slavery crusader Harriet Tubman on the $20 bill, and will put leaders of the women's suffrage movement on the back of $10 bill, Politico reported on April 20, 2016.", "1963: The final change to $2 United States Notes came in when the motto IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse over the Monticello. And, because dollar bills were soon to no longer be redeemable in silver, WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse. These $2 bills were officially discontinued in August of 1966.", "1953: The $2 bill received design changes analogous to the $5 United States Note. The treasury seal was made smaller and moved to the right side of the bill; it was superimposed over the gray word TWO. The United States Note obligation now became superimposed over a gray numeral 2. The reverse remained unchanged.", "The portrait of George Washington is displayed in the center of the obverse of the one-dollar bill, as it has been since the 1869 design. The oval containing George Washington is propped up by bunches of Bay Laurel leaves.", "On 25 June, 1776, the Continental Congress authorized the issue of two-dollar bills of credit for the defense of the America. Only 49,000 bills were issued at that time. The two-dollar bill was first commissioned in March, 1862. The two-dollar denomination was discontinued from 1966 until 1976 when use of the two-dollar bill was resumed as part of the United States bicentennial celebration. The two-dollar bill was last issued in 2003.", "Low printing numbers starting in the 1950s resulted in the $2 dollar bill becoming the rarest current denomination of US Currency.  This rarity caused people to hoard any $2 bills they come across and as a result this decreased the circulation of the $2 dollar bill even more. Today the $2 dollar bill constitute around 1% of all notes in US circulation.", "You're reviewing: TWO DOLLAR $2 U.S. Bill Genuine Legal Tender Currency COLORIZED * REVERSE * SIDE", "The 2-cent is the rarest of the Hawaiian Missionaries, with 15 copies recorded. When Maurice Burrus sold his 2-cent Missionary in 1921 the price was USD$15,000; when Alfred Caspary sold the same stamp in 1963 the price was $41,000, the highest value ever paid for any stamp at that time (even more than the British Guiana 1c magenta and \"Post Office\" Mauritius Blue Penny and Red Penny rarities). An astonishing lore surrounds this stamp: in 1892, one of its earlier owners, Gaston Leroux, was murdered for it by an envious fellow philatelist, Hector Giroux.", "public and private; Washington, D.C.; The United States of America will pay to the bearer on demand Two Dollars.", "Today, there is a common misconception by the general public that the $2 bill is no longer in production. According to the Treasury, it \"receives many letters asking why the $2 bill is no longer in circulation\". In response, the Treasury stated: \"The $2 bill remains one of our circulating currency denominations... As of April 30, 2007 there were $1,549,052,714 worth of $2 bills in circulation worldwide.\"", "Wild Bill, also a professional lawman, gunfighter, and gambler, was later killed on August 2, 1876 by Jack McCall, who shot him in the back of the head, in Saloon No. 10, in Deadwood, South Dakota as Wild Bill was playing cards. His hand—aces and eights, according to tradition—has become known as the \"dead man's hand\".", "On March 12, 2006, Ring of Fire, a jukebox musical of the Cash oeuvre, debuted on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theater, but closed due to harsh reviews and disappointing sales on April 30. Million Dollar Quartet, a musical portraying the early Sun recording sessions involving Cash, Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Carl Perkins, debuted on Broadway on April 11, 2010. Actor Lance Guest portrayed Cash. The musical was nominated for three awards at the 2010 Tony Awards, and won one.", "Man of the West, Man of the World: The Life and Times of William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody", "In 1986, Calloway appeared at World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)'s WrestleMania 2 as a guest judge for a boxing match between Rowdy Roddy Piper and Mr. T; it took place at the Nassau Coliseum. Also in 1986, Calloway headlined to great success a gala ball for 4,000 celebrating the grand opening of the Rosewood Hotel Co.'s Hotel Crescent Court in Dallas, Texas. A performance with the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra directed by Erich Kunzel in August of 1988 was recorded on video and features a classic presentation of \"Minnie the Moocher,\" 57 years after he first recorded it. ", "He wrote the \"The Way to Wealth\" and a famous autobiography, and his picture is on the $100 bill." ]

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[ "The rhyme went as follows: \"Lizzie Borden took an axe, and gave her mother 40 whacks. When she saw what she had done, she gave her father 41.\"", "| Lizzie Borden took an axe and gave her mother 40 whacks. When she saw what she had done, she gave her father 41.", "We all know that Lizzie Borden took an ax and gave her mother 40 whacks. But do we know what happened next?", "When she made it to the scaffold, she refused to kneel, saying, “So should traitors do and I am none.” As she was of noble birth, there were about 150 witnesses present. When the executioner raised his axe, she ran. The legend goes that he pursued her, hacking at her around the scaffold until she was dead.", "The rhyme isn’t quite right, however: Her father got up to 10 or 11 whacks, her mother 19.", "Her offspring imbibed and continued the wickedness they grew up in. Jezebel’s evil influence was revived in her daughter Athaliah of Judea (see href=\"/id/42363331-3041-4246-2D41-3445382D3344\">Athaliah ). Her malign character reappears in her eldest son, Ahaziah, who, like his idolatrous mother, was a devout worshiper of Baal. Her second son, Jehoram or Joram, was another image of his mother—further corrupt fruit from a corrupt tree. It was Jehoram, who heard from the lips of Jehu who had been raised up to obliterate the Ahab dynasty, that there would be no peace in Israel, “so long as the whoredoms of thy mother Jezebel and her witchcrafts are so many” ( 2 Kings 9:22 ). Is it to be wondered at that Jehoram suffered a similiar fate to that of his mother’s at the hands of Jehu?", "Amanda Krueger , a nun who worked at the Hathaway House, an asylum for the criminally insane, was accidentally locked in a room where one hundred maniacs were housed. They attacked and raped her repeatedly until she was found barely alive and ultimately pregnant. In September 1942, she gave birth to a boy named Frederick Charles Krueger, [1] who was placed with an abusive alcoholic named Mr. Underwood . [2]", "In 1985, her daughter, B.D. Hyman, wrote a tell-all book, My Mother's Keeper, in which she savaged her mother. It should be pointed out that many who knew both Davis and her daughter claimed that this book was largely fiction and that Davis, although in some ways difficult, was really a loving mother and grandmother. Davis wrote another book, This N That, in the late 1980s, and Bette Davis, The Lonely Life, which appeared the year after her death, updating what had happened since her first biography had been published.", "(Greek myth) the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, who killed his mother and her lover Aegisthus in revenge for their murder of his father", "    The king�s anger was stirred by these words, and his fear also. Goaded by both, he freed the sword from its sheath by his side, and seizing her hair gathered it together, to use as a tie, to tether her arms behind her back. Philomela , seeing the sword, and hoping only for death, offered up her throat. But he severed her tongue with his savage blade, holding it with pincers, as she struggled to speak in her indignation, calling out her father�s name repeatedly. Her tongue�s root was left quivering, while the rest of it lay on the dark soil, vibrating and trembling, and, as though it were the tail of a mutilated snake moving, it writhed, as if, in dying, it was searching for some sign of her. They say (though I scarcely dare credit it) that even after this crime, he still assailed her wounded body, repeatedly, in his lust.��", "Her mother, who died in 1984, fought bitterly with her stepfather and descended into alcoholism. Her mother \"was shortchanged in life, too. She had a very tough life. Her father was an alcoholic and abusive to her, so no wonder she chose an abusive guy\" like Ted Andrews.", "He tried to kill his father, but instead his mother took the blow and died instead. ", "According to Holiday's book, when her mother moved to New York to find work as a maid, she was left to live with her grandparents in a \"poor old little house\" with her cousin Ida and Ida's two kids. Ida beat her regularly, she said, and Ida's son Henry taunted her. After he hit her in the face one day with a rat, \"I took a baseball bat and put him in the Johns Hopkins Hospital,\" Holiday recalled (decades later, Maely Dufty refused to go to Johns Hopkins for cancer treatment because of the rotten treatment Holiday got in Baltimore).", "to media reports her uncle, cousins and other relatives threw stones and bricks at her until she died.", "But when Andromakhe (Andromache), the stately child of king Eetion, heard the wild queen's vaunt, low to her own soul bitterly murmured she : ‘Ah hapless! why with arrogant heart dost thou speak such great swelling words? No strength is thine to grapple in fight with Peleus' aweless son. Nay, doom and swift death shall he deal to thee. Alas for thee! What madness thrills thy soul? Fate and the end of death stand hard by thee! Hektor was mightier far to wield the spear than thou, yet was for all his prowess slain . . .’", "Mrs Battle-Axe is Miss Battle Axe's mother. She disciplines her daughter greatly and is a nice, old woman who likes Henry, in a sharp contrast to her daughter's meanness and dislike of Henry.", "Loved The Hero 's mother since they were children, but caused her death through his selfish actions.", "* Another retelling of the legend occurred in the 1996 movie Public Enemies starring Theresa Russell. As in Bloody Mama, she is depicted as a victim of sexual abuse which brutalizes her.", "Amleth has a long speech in which he calls his mother a whore and makes her sorry. She agrees to help him. She begins weaving a net to entrap Feng's courtiers.", "*Ada Doom: Judith's mother, a reclusive, miserly widow, owner of the farm, who constantly complains of having seen \"something nasty in the woodshed\" when she was a girl.", "'I am Isabella,' announced a good-looking woman, 'sister of Edgar. I hate and despise Heathcliff because he lied to me, abused me, beat me and tried to kill me. Then, after I was dead, he stole our son and used him to gain control of the Linton inheritance.'", "Bernheimer, Kate, ed. My Mother She Killed Me, My Father He Ate Me. New York: Penguin Books, 2010.", "Does she still have a quick temper? “I don’t think so, but maybe I take after my father. It’s more that I just couldn’t bear seeing injustice. I once got out of my car to intervene in a fight between a couple of boys, because it was so unfair.” And she knocked out a couple of her fellow actors during her acting career, Tony Booth being one of them. “Yes, I left one dizzy for a few minutes after giving them a karate chop on the neck. I don’t think I could do that stuff any more.”", "The mother-of-six was sucked into a scandal after she failed to help her only son from her first marriage when he was arrested for homosexuality. He later killed himself.", "Richard Fleischer After her family is murdered, a young woman becomes a master of the sword and seeks revenge on the evil queen responsible for the mayhem that has befallen her.", "Anti-Villain : Is forced into crime by her abusive brothers, and her only victims are either accidental or of the Asshole variety {such as the aforementioned brothers).", "She told the Daily Mirror, which originally published the image: \"Yes, that's him. My sons will never forgive me.", "\"She made her child take the rap for killing her low-class boyfriend so her career wouldn't be ruined- just a tad bad\"", "An emotionally troubled young woman makes it her mission to exact revenge against the people who wronged her father.", "“She ain’t much to look at anymore. She was incredible once, though. She hates me now; lives to see me die for agreeing to marry all three sisters instead of just her. They were all pregnant. Her old man and brothers would’ve killed my ass. I doubt the little bastards were all mine. Who knows? Paradise gone to puke. It wasn’t pretty. But...after two or three decades... it wasn’t so bad. Except she’s hated me almost sixty years.”", "Modern historians have been hardly less damning than her contemporaries. Here she is, in all her notoriety, as seen in the fourteenth century:", "She was seen holder a sword, a dagger or a club. She may also hold a tragic mask. On her head she may wear a wreath of cypress or grape wines." ]

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[ "The discovery of gold in the Yukon in 1896 led to a stampede to the Klondike region between 1897 and 1899. This led to the establishment of Dawson City (1896) and subsequently, the Yukon Territory (1898). The Klondike gold rush solidified the public’s image of the North as more than a barren wasteland and left a body of literature that has popularized and romanticized the Yukon.", "In 1897–98 the Klondike Gold Rush in Yukon, Canada, enormously increased the population of the general area, which reached 30,000, composed largely of Americans. Some 100,000 fortune seekers moved through Alaska to the Klondike gold region. ", "The discovery of gold in the Yukon in 1896 led to a stampede to the Klondike region between 1897 and 1899. This led to the establishment of Dawson City (1896) and subsequently, the Yukon Territory (1898).", "The Klondike Gold Rush was a frenzy of gold rush immigration to and gold prospecting in the Klondike near Dawson City in the Yukon Territory, Canada, after gold was discovered in the late 19th century.", "These encouraging developments were inadvertently assisted by an occurrence in the far northwest. Since the Fraser River gold strike of 1858, prospectors had been consistently combing the mountainous areas of British Columbia and to the north. In 1896 their persistence paid off with the discovery of gold nuggets on the Klondike River in the far western Yukon Territory. When the news spread, the gold rush of 1897 began; it was to become the most publicized gold rush in history, eventually to be celebrated in the works of such writers as Jack London and Robert Service.", "The administration of Alaska was placed under the Department of War and a relatively haphazard political period followed. Then came the chaotic rush to the north after the discovery of gold in Dawson (Yukon Territory, Canada), Nome and the Yukon-Tanana valleys. They came by the thousands, prospectors, claim-jumpers, con-men and gamblers like Soapy Smith, who eventually stopped a vigilante's bullet. Wide-open towns like Skagway, gateway to the Klondike, sprang into prominence.", "Miners panning for gold in the Klondike region in 1897, western Yukon, northwestern Canada, near …", "The 1890s were not so prosperous, despite the arrival of another transcontinental railroad, the Great Northern, in 1893. A nationwide business depression did not spare Seattle, but the 1897 discovery of gold along and near the Klondike River in Canada's Yukon Territory and in Alaska once again made Seattle an instant boom town. The city exploited its nearness to the Klondike and its already established shipping lines to become the premier outfitting point for prospectors. The link became so strong that Alaska was long considered to be the personal property of Seattle and Seattleites.", "The mineral wealth of Yukon has been known since the famous Klondike gold rush of the later 1890s, but the combination of an Arctic climate and remoteness from markets has limited the economic exploitation of such resources and the development of modern settlement. Instead, the territory remains among the few frontiers on the North American continent, a sparsely populated and largely unspoiled wilderness. Area 186,272 square miles (482,443 square km). Pop. (2011) 33,897.", "August 17, 1896, George Washington Carmack unearthed gold in Bonanza Creek, a tributary of the Klondike River in the Yukon Territory, Canada, setting off a gold rush into the Klondike valley.", "The greatest impetus to Alaska mining occurred, not in Alaska, but in the Klondike goldfields of northwestern Canada. After gold was discovered there in 1896, the stampede in 1897-1898 brought an estimated 50,000 people to the north. Many never reached the Klondike, but flowed over into the Cook Inlet country, the American part of the Yukon River system, and elsewhere.", "In many ways, the gold rush is the specific reason there even IS a Yukon. At the start of the rush, it was only a district of the Northwest Territories, but by 1898, it was hived off as its own territory, with Dawson City as the capital. ", "In the mid-1880s, prospectors and miners arrived in the river’s watershed. Beginning in 1885, a series of gold strikes foreshadowed the 1896 find on Bonanza Creek, which in turn led to the Klondike Gold Rush . The gold rush transformed the Yukon and the river, greatly increasing steamboat traffic and the number of newcomers. Although the main mining operations were on tributaries of the Yukon River, Dawson City — the territory’s principal settlement — was at the confluence of the Klondike and the Yukon. Just south of Dawson City was Tr’ochëk, an ancient Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in fish camp. Miners purchased dwellings from the Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in at Tr’ochëk, and the sawmills and rafted logs that came with their settlements began to damage the salmon fishery. Under the leadership of Chief Isaac, the Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in moved to Moosehide, 5 km downstream.", "Miner's camp at the head of the Yukon River during the Klondike Gold Rush, from the Canadian National Archives", "The Iditarod is called Alaska’s last major gold rush, though gold continued to be found in many areas afterwards. Iditarod, however, was the most productive strike in a vast area, loosely termed the Inland Empire, spreading from Ruby on the Yukon River, south along the Kuskokwim Mountains into the drainages of the Innoko and Upper Kuskokwim rivers. Prospectors had visited the area since the 1880s, and minor stampedes had occurred up to 1907 with strikes on Ganes Creek and near Ophir. The rush to Iditarod and Ruby, between 1910 and 1912, set 10,000 stampeders in motion, while each community reached peak populations of 3,000. Within two decades, $30 million work of gold was dug from these goldfields.", "For his part, Carmack became rich off his discovery, leaving the Yukon with $1 million worth of gold. Many individual gold miners in the Klondike eventually sold their stakes to mining companies, who had the resources and machinery to access more gold. Large-scale gold mining in the Yukon Territory didn't end until 1966, and by that time the region had yielded some $250 million in gold. Today, some 200 small gold mines still operate in the region.", "What they did not realize was that their discovery had launched one of the greatest gold rushes in world history. Over the next two years, nearly 40,000 people would come from all over the globe, from as far away as Australia, to the Yukon, which was made a separate Territory in 1898. Dawson, which was a swampy patch of mud in 1896, within two years became the largest town in Canada west of Winnipeg. Hundreds of millions of dollars of gold were taken out of the ground, first by individual miners working mostly by hand, and then by corporations using large machines. Large-scale commercial mining went on in the region until 1964, and the creeks are still worked on and off, especially when the price of gold rises. It was one of the most dramatic and colourful episodes in Canadian history.", "gold rush immigration to and for gold prospecting, along the Klondike River near Dawson City, Yukon, Canada", "Thousands of miners came to the Yukon during the Gold Rush of the 1890s, as celebrated in the poetry of Robert W. Service. Mining remains a significant part of the economy. The White Pass and Yukon Railway opened from Skagway in neighbouring Alaska to the territorial capital, Whitehorse in 1900 and provides a spectacular tourist excursion across precipitous passes and bridges. Yukon holds the record for the coldest temperature ever recorded in Canada (-63°C).", "The search for gold in the Yukon started in 1874 with the arrival of a small handful of prospectors. Among them were Arthur Harper, Al Mayo and Jack McQuesten (the former an Irish immigrant, the latter Americans). The three became traders because they couldn’t make a living as prospectors at that time. These men encouraged, promoted and then supplied the burgeoning prospecting community that developed slowly before the gold rush. At first a trickle, then a steadily increasing stream of hopeful prospectors entered the Yukon River basin, spurred on by the increasingly promising reports of gold on the bars of the Yukon and its tributaries: the Stewart River (1885), the Fortymile River (1886), the Sixtymile (1891) and finally Birch Creek, near Circle City, Alaska (1892). By 1896, there were 1,600 prospectors seeking gold within the Yukon River basin.", "Most of the prospectors landed at the South-east Alaskan towns of Dyea and Skagway, both located at the head of the natural Lynn Canal at the end of the Inside Passage. From there, they would need to travel 30 mi over the mountain ranges into Canada's Yukon Territory, and then down the river network to the Klondike. Along the trails, tent camps sprung up at places where prospectors had to stop to eat or sleep or at obstacles such as the icy lakes at the head of the Yukon. At the start of the rush, a ticket from Seattle to the port of Dyea cost $40 ($1,100) for a cabin. Premiums of $100 ($2,700), however, were soon paid and the steamship companies hesitated to post their rates in advance since they could increase on a daily basis.", "The Yukon River lies half in Canada, half in Alaska. During the gold rush in the late 1800s, this river was the main source of transportation for people and gold. Over 1,200 miles long, it also is frozen for a portion of the year.", "There had been rumors of gold in the Yukon as far back as the 1830s, but little was done about it. The harsh land and harsher weather, plus the Chilkoot Indians’ jealous guarding of their territory, effectively kept out most prospectors–until 1878, when a man named George Holt braved the elements and the Indians and came back with nuggets impressive enough to make other prospectors follow his lead. By 1880, there were perhaps 200 miners panning fine placer gold from the sandbars along the Yukon River.", "    KLONDIKE, THE, a river in the Northwest Territories, Canada, about which gold has been discovered. This stream is a tributary of Alaska�s largest river, the Yukon, and was called by the Indians Throndink, which means \"river full of fish.\" It is a small, shallow stream about 40 yards wide at the mouth, with clear blue water, in which salmon is abundant. The Indian name has been corrupted by the miners into Klondike, which is now the accepted name of the river and the region around it. The basin of the Yukon has about 192,000 square miles, or nearly three times the size of the New England States. Discoveries of gold have been made in many parts of the basin of the Yukon, which lies partly in Alaska and partly in Canada, though the richest finds have been on British ground.", "Mining was challenging as the ore was distributed in an uneven manner and digging was made slow by permafrost. As a result, some miners chose to buy and sell claims, building up huge investments and letting others do the work. To accommodate the prospectors, boom towns sprang up along the routes and at their end Dawson City was founded at the confluence of the Klondike and the Yukon River. From a population of 500 in 1896, the hastily constructed town came to house around 30,000 people by summer 1898. Built of wood, isolated and unsanitary, Dawson suffered from fires, high prices and epidemics. Despite this, the wealthiest prospectors spent extravagantly gambling and drinking in the saloons. The Native Hän people, on the other hand, suffered from the rush being moved into a reserve to make way for the stampeders, and many died.", "On their way to find gold, stampeders also found copper in the \"copper belt\" in the hills west of Whitehorse. The first copper claims were staked by Jack McIntyre on July 6, 1898, and Sam McGee on July 16, 1899. Two tram lines were built, one 8 km stretch on the east bank of the Yukon River from Canyon City to the rapids, just across from the present day downtown, the other was built on the west bank of the river. A small settlement was developing at Canyon City but the completion of the railway to Whitehorse in 1900 put a halt to it.", "Although the heyday of the individual prospector ended with the rush to Alaska in 1899, a more subtle and more profitable exploitation of the Klondike began. The new railroad line from Skagway was completed that summer, opening up the area to the big mining companies with their mechanical dredges, which did the work of hundreds of miners. They continued to mine the land the gold seekers had abandoned for another 50 years, and unearthed millions more in gold. Once again, the men of business had triumphed.", "On August 16, 1896, a few kilometres east of the present town of Dawson on a creek that flowed into the Klondike River, a prospector turned over a rock and found gold as �thick as cheese.� This discovery launched one of the greatest gold rushes in world history.", "August 16, 1896 - Gold was discovered in Rabbit Creek, a tributary of the Klondike River in Alaska, resulting in the Great Klondike Gold Rush.", "George Carmack, Skookum Jim and Dawson Charlie discovered a rich paystreak of gold in Bonanza Creek (a tributary of the Klondike River) on August 17, 1896. Miners from Forty-Mile swarmed to the area staking claims along the creek and connecting waterways before the end of the summer.", "Coal deposits were mined from Tantalus Butte at Carmacks on the Yukon River from the early 1900s, and a silver and lead mine at Keno Hill near Mayo went into production in 1913. These mines gave new life to the Yukon mining industry. But many Yukon people continued to hunt and trap through the 1920s and 1930s.", "In August 1896, George and Kate Carmack, Skookum Jim, and Dawson Charlie, discovered gold on Bonanza (Rabbit) Creek, a tributary of Klondike River. Two weeks later, gold was found on Eldorado Creek, a tributary of Bonanza." ]

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[ "The Indianapolis 500 is scheduled for 200 laps (500 miles). The Coca-Cola 600 is scheduled for 400 laps (600 miles). The typical number of starters, respectively, for each race is 33 (Indianapolis) and 40 (Charlotte). During this period, the only deviation was in 1997, when the Indianapolis 500 had 35 starters due to extenuating circumstances following the close of time trials.", "The Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , a 2.5 mile oval circuit . The race consists of 200 laps, run counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles.", "The Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , a 2.5 mile oval circuit . Drivers race 200 laps, counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles. Since its inception in 1911 , the race has always been scheduled on or around Memorial Day . Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. Practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race.", "* May 30 – Indianapolis 500-Mile Race: Johnny Rutherford wins the (rain-shortened) shortest race in event history to date, at 102 laps or 255 miles (408 km).", "When the race was stopped, 113 laps were completed. A race is required to go a minimum of 101 laps before it can be official. If rain continued the rest of the afternoon, it could be declared over. Andretti Green Racing was scored 1st-2nd-3rd with Kanaan leading, Marco Andretti second, and Danica Patrick third. After nearly three hours, the rain stopped and the track was dry. Shortly after 6:00 p.m., the field lined up in the pits for a restart.", "After leading the entire 1912 Indianapolis 500 race since the third lap, Ralph DePalma's Mercedes cracked a piston and with only 2 laps remaining, he and his mechanic Rupert Jeffkins had to push the car across the finish line to take twelfth place. Only cars completing the full 200 laps received any prize money. ", "1911 - The first long-distance auto race in the U. S. was held May 30, 1911, at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The winner averaged 75 miles an hour and won a 1st place prize of $14,000. Today the average speed is over 167 miles an hour and the prize is more than $1.2 million. Indianapolis Motor Speedway is the site of the greatest spectacle in sports, the Indianapolis 500. The Indianapolis 500 is held every Memorial Day weekend in the Hoosier capital city. The race is 200 laps or 500 miles long.", "INCLUDING ’73, THE RACE 169 HAS BEEN SHORTENED SEVEN TIMES BY RAIN. Indianapolismotorspeedway. com has the official list: • 1926: 160 laps (400 miles) • 1950: 138 laps (345 miles) • 1973: 133 laps (332.5 miles) • 1975: 174 laps (435 miles) • 1976: 102 laps (255 miles) • 2004: 180 laps (450 miles) • 2007: 166 laps (415 miles)", "Although it was Luyendyk’s first Indy car race win, it was anything but a fluke. He always ran well at IMS, and after qualifying third in 1990, he kept leader Emerson Fittipaldi in sight as the Brazilian led 128 of the first 135 laps. But Fittipaldi’s pace may have been too fast, because his Penske-Chevrolet began blistering tires in the searing heat. Fittipaldi would finish third. It took Luyendyk just 2 hours, 41 minutes and 18.404 seconds to complete the 500 miles, with an average speed nearly 10 mph faster than any other Indy 500 in history or to date.", "At five minutes past noon comes the long anticipated “Ladies and Gentlemen, Start Your Engines” command.  Engines running, the cars move out row by row into the three required pace laps, drivers properly maintaining their starting positions, driving side to side a bit to warm up the tires. At 12:12 the green flag waved. The Indianapolis 500 was underway.", "1:56 p.m. ET: They're racing under green again, with Marco Andretti still in the lead. Scott Dixon is second, followed by Dan Wheldon, Sam Hornish Jr., Tony Kanaan, Dario Franchitti, Tomas Scheckter, Ed Carpenter, Danica Patrick and Ryan Briscoe. The other women in the field: Milka Duno is 22nd and Sarah Fisher is 24th. Helio Castroneves fell all the way to 25th after his disastrous pit stop. The field has completed 50 laps.", "For 2005, the start of Indianapolis was pushed back to 1 p.m. EDT to improve television ratings. This significantly closed the window for a driver to be able to race both events in the same day. (The race’s original starting time had been set at 11 a.m. EST – 12 noon EDT – because in 1911, race promoters estimated it would take six hours to complete the event, and they did not want the race to finish too close to suppertime. Nowadays the race is routinely completed in under three and one-half hours.)", "At Iowa, each car takes one qualifying lap, and the top six cars advance to the feature race for the pole position. Positions from 7th onward are assigned to their races, based on time, with cars in the odd-numbered finishing order starting in one race, and cars in the even-numbered finishing order starting in the second race. The finishing order for the odd-numbered race starts on the inside, starting in Row 6 (11th), and even-numbered race on the outside based on finishing position, again from Row 6 (12th), except for the top two in each race, which start in the inside and outside, respectively (Row 4 and 5) of the race for the pole position. The result of the feature race determines positions 1–10. All three races are 50 laps.", "The first Indianapolis 500 was held on Memorial Day 1911, at the Indianapolis, Indiana Motor Speedway. Built in 1909 as a testing ground for Indiana's then rapidly expanding automobile industry, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway was originally used to promote automobile sales. Affectionately known as \"The Brickyard,\" the track was originally surfaced with paving bricks. Although the modern track is covered by asphalt, most of the original paving bricks are still in place under the asphalt surface. Running 2.5 miles in length, the track has four turns linked by two long straight sections and two short straight sections. Today, billed as the Greatest Spectacle in Racing, the 500-mile competition is America's premier automobile race, pitting drivers against each other as they travel at average speeds well in excess of 150 miles per hour (mph).", "Traditionally, the field consists of 33 starters, aligned in a starting grid of eleven rows of three cars apiece. The event is contested by \"Indy cars\", a formula of professional-level, single-seat, open cockpit, open-wheel, purpose-built race cars. As of 2015, all entrants utilize 2.2 L V6, twin-turbocharged engines, tuned to produce a range of 550 -. Chevrolet and Honda are the current engine manufacturers involved in the sport. Firestone, which has a deep history in the sport, dating back to the first 500, is the exclusive tire provider.", "Since 1977, the city of Indianapolis has hosted a half marathon, which includes one lap around the speedway. Known as the \"OneAmerica 500 Festival Mini-Marathon\", it usually starts the official events that occur prior to the Indy 500.", "The Indianapolis Motor Speedway, located in Speedway, Indiana in the United States, is the home of the Indianapolis 500 and the Brickyard 400. It has existed since 1909, and is the original Speedway, the first racing facility so named. With a permanent seating capacity for an estimated 257,325 people, and infield seating raises capacity to an approximate 400,000, it is the highest-capacity stadium-type facility in the world. Considered relatively flat by American standards, the track is a two-and-a-half-mile, nearly rectangular oval with dimensions that have remained essentially unchanged since its inception: four 1/4-mile turns, two 5/8-mile long straightaways between the fourth and first turns and the second and third turns, and two 1/8-mile short straightaways, termed \"short chutes,\" between the first and second, and third and fourth turns. A modern infield road course was constructed between 1998 and 2000, incorporating the western and southern portions of the oval to create a 2.605-mile track. In 2008, the road course was modified to replace the southwest turn with an additional infield section, for motorcycle use, resulting in a 2.621-mile course. Altogether, the current grounds have expanded from an original 320 acres on which the Speedway was first built to cover an area of over 559 acres. Placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987, it currently remains the only such landmark to be affiliated with automotive racing history.", "By leading laps in the Daytona 500, Patrick joined an elite club of only 14 drivers to have led both the Daytona 500 and the Indianapolis 500. The other drivers to accomplish the feat are A.J. Foyt, Mario Andretti, Al Unser, Bobby Unser, Bobby Allison, Jim Hurtubise, Johnny Rutherford, Tim Richmond, John Andretti, Robby Gordon, Juan Pablo Montoya, A.J. Allmendinger and Stewart. Of those 14 drivers, only Patrick, Foyt, Andretti, Gordon, Montoya, Allmendinger and Stewart have led at least five laps in each race. ", "  Currently highlighting its Centennial Era of celebration commemorating the 100th anniversaries of both track and race, over 70 racers from all over the world enter a 4-day qualifying round, which ends with 33 finalists chosen to compete. The Indy 500 begins mid-morning and lasts till late afternoon on the Sunday before Memorial Day, when the", "Here goes, from top to bottom: 1, Kanaan, 2, Marco Andretti, 3, Patrick, 4, Meira, 5, Franchitti, 6, Castroneves, 7, Simmons, 8, Dixon, 9, Carpenter, 10, Briscoe, 11, Jaques Lazier, 12, Sharp, 13, Wheldon, 14, Matsuura, 15, Hornish, 16, Rice, 17, Manning, 18, Michael Andretti, 19, Scheckter, 20, Hamilton, 21, Yasukawa, 22, Hearn, 23, Buddy Lazier, 24, Barron, 25, Fisher, 26, Foyt IV, 27, Roth, 28, Unser Jr. They are all still running.", "The Indianapolis 500 lead has changed hands on the last lap on two occasions (shown below). Seven other races (1982, 1992, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2014, and 2015) were won by margins of less than a second (not counting victories under yellow).", "Billed as the Greatest Spectacle in Racing, the Indianapolis 500 is an annual Memorial Day sporting event held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The first auto races at the track were held in August 1909. Resurfacing its 500-mile (805 km) track with 3.2 million bricks accomodated the rapidly rising advancements in the automotive industry, and the first \"500\" race was held at the Speedway on Memorial Day in 1911.", "6:29 p.m. ET: Rain is nearing metro Indianapolis again, and is estimated to be about 15 minutes from the track. It'll be an all-out sprint until then, with Tony Kanaan setting the pace. Sam Hornish Jr. has moved up to second, with Dario Franchitti third. He's followed by Danica Patrick and Helio Castroneves.", "The Indianapolis 500 is the most prestigious race on the open-wheel, or IndyCar, circuit and is contested annually on Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. First held in 1911, the Indy 500 is now known as the \"Greatest Spectacle In Racing,\" with the winner receiving the Borg-Warner Trophy. A.J. Foyt, Al Unser and Rick Mears have each won the Indianapolis 500 four times (the most among drivers in the event's history).", "Indianapolis is a major center for motorsports. Since 1911, Indianapolis Motor Speedway (IMS) (in the enclave of Speedway, Indiana) has been the site of the Indianapolis 500, an open-wheel automobile race held each Memorial Day weekend. Considered part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport, the Indianapolis 500 is the largest single-day sporting event in the world, hosting more than 257,000 permanent seats. The city is headquarters to INDYCAR, the sanctioning body for American Championship car racing, and more than 500 motorsports companies and racing teams, employing some 10,000 people in the region. Indianapolis is so well connected with racing that it has inspired the name \"IndyCar,\" used for both the competition and type of car used in it. ", "It was well documented that the 2013 Indy 500 had a record 68 lead changes among a record 14 drivers.  The previous record for lead changes was 34 in the 2012 race.  The old record for lead drivers was 12 in the 1993 race.", "... 7. At the Indianapolis 500, you can measure the speed of ... Suppose the sound of a certain", "May 26 (Reuters) - Factbox on the Indianapolis 500, which will be run for the 100th time on Sunday. * The first Indy 500 was run on May 30, 1911 and won by Ray Harroun, who retired from driving immediately after the race. * The first Indy 500 offered a purse of $25,000 with the winner getting $14,250. The winner's purse is not determined until after the race but this year's winner will pocket close to $3 million.", "Taking a lap on the track at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway – photos by Richard Bauman", "The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is a racetrack and home to three large racing events each year - the Indianapolis 500, the Brickyard 400 and the Red Bull Indianapolis GP. The speedway can hold over 250,000 spectators. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum is located on the grounds of the speedway and is dedicated to auto racing and automobiles.", "USAC's Gold Crown Championship continued, settling into an unusual June through May schedule calendar. This provided that the Indianapolis 500 would be the final race of the respective season. However, during that period, the USAC Gold Crown schedule never included more than one race (i.e., Indianapolis). As such, the winner of the Indy 500 would mathematically win the USAC Gold Crown Championship.", "Back to the Speedway’s PR guys: “The fuel mileage of an IndyCar Series car is less than 2 miles per gallon. A car burns approximately 1.3 gallons of fuel per lap at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.”" ]

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[ "BLANCH: To cook food (usually fruit s and vegetables ) in rapidly boiling water for a minute or less in order to set color, loosen skins (as when skinning tomatoes , peaches or almond s) or remove odors ( blanching slice d scallion s removes the onion -y odor, helpful if you want to slice them a day ahead).", "Blanch: Pre cooking food by briefly cooking it in boiling liquid. Blanching usually loosens the skin , and retains the original color of the food.", "Cooking food gently in water or a sauce that is just at the boiling point and barely simmering is called poaching. This cooking method ensures tenderness, whether it’s a poached egg or a fish steak.", "A method of cooking in which foods are plunged into boiling water for a few seconds, removed from the water and refresh ed under cold water , which stops the cooking process. Used to heighten color and flavor , to firm flesh and to loosen skins.", "To boil briefly to loosen the skin of a fruit or a vegetable . After 30 seconds in boiling water , the fruit or vegetable should be plunged into ice water to stop the cooking action and then the skin easily slice s or peels off.", "To blanch To steep in boiling water to soften, whiten, clean or to make the skin easier to peel .", "Blanch ( blancher ): To plunge food into boiling water and boil it until it has softened or is partially cooked. It is used to remove a strong taste from some foods such as cabbage or onion s.", "Blanch Peeling by dropping into boiling water for a few seconds to loosen the skin . Bouquet garni A bunch of assorted herbs tied together and put into a stew , casserole or roast . Braise Cooking slowly in liquid with onion s, herbs , etc.", "The method of plunging fruit or vegetables into boiling water until fully or partially cooked, and then immediately plunging them in ice water to halt the cooking process (commonly referred to as \"shocking\").", "To plunge food, such as vegetables, into and out of boiling water for just a few seconds or minutes, to allow the minimum time for cooking; this preserves colour and texture and lessens strong flavours, and can also loosen the skins of nuts or tomatoes before skinning.", "To immerse food, usually fruit and vegetables , briefly in boiling water , in order to preserve the colour or tenderise them slightly", "To quickly submerge food in boiling water . To skin fruit or tomatoes . To seal meat or", "blanch, blanching - (1) To briefly plunge food into boiling water and then into cold water to stop cooking . (2) Blanching allows you to cook vegetables completely, then cool them quickly for use in dishes like salad , soup , stew , and pasta .", "blanch - A cooking technique of placing food into boiling water for a short time, then in cold water to stop cooking .", "Blanche or Blanch - To partially cook food (usually vegetables and fruits) by plunging into boiling water briefly, then into cold water bath to stop the cooking process.", "blanch - to partially cook vegetables by plunging them into boiling water (often salted) for up to one minute and then cooling them quickly in cold or ice water", "What boiling does. In the case of pasta, churning, boiling water keeps the food in motion, prevents sticking, and cooks quickly so the pasta doesn't get soggy. Green vegetables are tossed into boiling water to cook as quickly as possible so they retain their flavor and bright color in a process called blanching; if they were to simmer gently in a covered pot, their color would dull, and they would lose much of their texture. Boiling causes speedy evaporation, a useful effect for reducing sauces, where the volume of the liquid decreases and flavors are concentrated.", "To place fruit or vegetables in boiling water so the skin can be removed more easily.", "A method of cooking food in liquid that is kept at or just below the boiling point.", "[Cambridge:] to put vegetables or similar foods into boiling water for a few minutes to make them white, remove the skins, get rid of strong flavours, or prepare them for freezing.", "To scald , make white, to partially cook an item, to place fruit s or nuts in boiling water to remove the skins, or to dip vegetables in boiling water in preparation for freezing, canning , or drying", "To evaporate by fast boiling a flavoured liquid, such as a sauce or syrup, in order to concentrate the flavour or to thicken it.", "A cooking technique that requires browning meat in oil or other fat and then cooking slowly in liquid. The effect of braising is to tenderize the meat.", "Simmer - To cook gently just below the boiling point. If the food starts boiling, the heat is too high and should be reduced.", "Flavorful liquid derived from slowly simmering chicken, meat, fish or vegetables in water, along with herbs and aromatic vegetables. Used as the primary cooking liquid or moistening and flavoring agent in many recipes.", "Reduce – Boiling a liquid until its volume is reduced by evaporation, thickening and condensing the liquid and intensifying the flavor.", "The boiling water bath method is safe for tomatoes, fruits, jams, jellies, pickles and other preserves. In this method, jars of food are heated completely covered with boiling water (212�F at sea level) and cooked for a specified amount of time", "Use a Quick Brine to Make Any Cut More Tender — Tips from The Kitchn | The Kitchn", "A water bath used in cooking to protect foods from harsh heat. Food is placed in a container. The container is placed in second container full of water before being set on the stove or oven.", "\"Jerking\" is a method of spicing and slowly cooking meat to preserve the juices and produce a unique, spicy flavor. The meat is first marinated in a very spicy mixture and then cooked over an outdoor pit lined with pimento wood.", "Plunge green vegetables into boiling water, remove at once and cut up finely. When they are cut, pound them in a mortar, and when they are well pounded, make boil until cooked, with sugar added in the right amount. My friend Caelius, whose bowel is constricted, uses this, for even if it is of little nourishment and digests slowly, it nevertheless moves the bowels, increases fertility, and settles burning of the urine.\"", "Mark in a stock-pot a large piece of buttock of beef, or other part with a knuckle of veal, and the trimming of meat or fowl, according to the quantity of sauce you may wish to make. This broth will admit all sorts of veal or poultry. Let the meat stew on a gentle fire. Moisten with about two large ladlesfull of the first broth; put no vegetables into this broth, except a bunch of parlsey and green onions. Let them sweat thoroughly; then thrust your knife into the meat: if no blood issue, it is a sign that it is heated through. The moisten it with boiling broth to the top, and let it boil gently for about four hours; after which, use this consumme to make the sauces, or the consommes of either poultry or game. Take off the fat and scum of all the various broths, and keep the pots full, in order that the broth be not too high in colour. When the broth remains too long on the fire, it loses its flavour, acquires too brown a colour, and tastes strong and disagreeable.\"" ]

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[ "The Fastest Rookie award is one of two programs that continues the long association between the Hoosier dairy industry and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The Bottle of Milk presented to the winner of the 500-mile classic has been a traditional part of the Victory Circle ceremony for nearly 80 years â 61 of which have been consecutive.", "The winner of the Indianapolis 500 receives many prizes, many based on past tradition. One of the most iconic traditions is for the winner of the of the Indianapolis 500 to drink a bottle of milk, a tradition started by Louis Meyer who won the race in 1936 . [1] The winner is also presented with a wreath in victory lane, and has the opportunity to kiss the yard of brick (the start/finish line), an Indianapolis 500 tradition started by Gil de Ferran in 2003 . The winner of the race also receives the pace car used during that race, and the Borg-Warner Trophy , on which they will have a bas-relief sculpture of their face. The Borg-Warner Trophy has been used since 1936 and the along with the sculpture on the original trophy, the winner receives a small replica. [2] The Indianapolis 500 winner also receives a large purse, most recently at $ 2.56 million, given to Dan Wheldon in 2011. [3] Other prizes have been given to the race winner over the years, including a quilt, made by Jeanetta Holder, which is presented to the driver annually at the winner's photo shoot. [4]", "Emerson Fittipaldi swigs orange juice instead of the traditional milk in victory circle after winning the 1993 Indianapolis 500. (AP)", "The winner of the Indianapolis 500 receives many prizes, many based on past tradition. One of the most iconic traditions is for the winner of the Indianapolis 500 to drink a bottle of milk, a tradition started by Louis Meyer who won the race in 1936. The winner is also presented with a wreath in victory lane, and has the opportunity to kiss the yard of brick (the start/finish line), an Indianapolis Motor Speedway tradition started by NASCAR driver Dale Jarrett in 1996 at the Brickyard 400 and adopted by 500 winners since 2003. The winner of the race also receives the pace car used during that race, and will have on the Borg-Warner Trophy a bas-relief sculpture of their face added to the base. The Borg-Warner Trophy has been used since 1936 and along with the sculpture on the original trophy, the winning driver and car owner receive a small replica. The Indianapolis 500 winner also receives a large purse, most recently at $2.49 million, given to Ryan Hunter-Reay in 2014. Other prizes have been given to the race winner over the years, including a quilt, made by Jeanetta Holder, which is presented to the driver annually at the winner's photo shoot. ", "A long-standing tradition of the Indianapolis 500 is for the winner to drink a bottle of milk immediately after the race. This tradition dates back to 1936 after victor Louis Meyer asked for a glass of buttermilk, something his mother had encouraged him to drink on hot days. Meyer also reportedly drank milk after his victory in 1933, as did a few others in the immediate years afterward. The young tradition quickly went away, and for a time after WWII, was replaced by \"Water From Wilbur\" - a silver jug (resembling an ice bucket) filled with icy-cold water, presented by then-Speedway president, and three-time former winner Wilbur Shaw.", "Helio Castroneves, of Brazil, celebrates with the traditional bottle of milk after winning the 93rd Indianapolis 500 auto race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Indianapolis, Sunday, May 24, 2009. (AP Photo/Darron Cummings)", "It is one of the most famous sights in all of motorsports, the victor’s drinking of the milk after the Indianapolis 500. It’s been honored, discussed, protested — and memorialized in cheese. What more could a tradition offer?", "FILE = In this May 26, 1991 file phto, Rick Mears celebrates with the traditional bottle of milk after winning the 75th running of the Indy 500 on May 26, 1991. (AP Photo/Mark Duncan, File)", "As part of the Memorial Day holiday weekend, the pre-race ceremonies of the Indianapolis 500 feature several patriotic songs. The most noteworthy and most popular traditions are the annual singing of \"Back Home Again in Indiana,\" and the victory lane bottle of milk.", "Is it to create a wholesome image? Is it to give the impression great drivers need to have strong bones?  Actually, the tradition of having the winner of the race gulping down a bottle of milk afterwards goes back to 1936.  It all began when Louis Meyer said he would obey his mother's advice and drink buttermilk because it would refresh him.  So, Meyer said that he would drink it after the race whether he won or not. Well, Louis Meyer won!  And he drank his milk just like his mother told him. Hearing about this, a local milk executive decided that they can use this for publicity to promote milk drinking.  The chilled milk that is now presented to the winner is not buttermilk, however.  It is Grade A Whole Milk that is presented in a glass quart bottle just like it was in 1936. (Somehow a cardboard carton of milk just doesn't quite have the right class for a race winner.)  This milk bottle is just as much a symbol of winning as the flower and greens victory wreath that is also presented.  Former 4-time winner, Rick Mears, has kept his milk bottles proudly mounted on plaques.  The American Dairy Association also is a sponsor of the Indy 500 due to the milk tradition.", "Arie Luyendyk drinks the traditional milk after winning the Indy 500 for the second time in his career at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Tuesday, May 27, 1997. (AP Photo/Tom Strattman)", "Sam Hornish Jr. lifts the bottle of milk as he stands in his car in Victory Circle following his victory in the Indianapolis 500 auto race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Sunday, May 28, 2006, in Indianapolis. (AP Photo/Seth Rossman)", "The bottles have become prized possessions of race winners, who also receive a $10,000 cash prize for enjoying that long, refreshing, nutritious post-race drink of milk. This yearâs champion will be greeted in Victory Circle by the American Dairy Association Indianaâs 2016 âMilk Peopleâ â Hoosier dairy farmers Janet Dague of Kewanna, and Joe Kelsay, Whiteland. Both Dague and Kelsay will attend the Fastest Rookie luncheon.", "For the pre-race ceremonies, things like the Indianapolis 500 parade and the singing of “(Back Home Again In) Indiana” are two of the greatest traditions in racing and all of sports. However, the greatest tradition in the Indianapolis 500 is after the race when a winner is crowned, heads to Victory Lane, and proceeds to chug his choice of milk.", "Three-time Indianapolis 500 winner Louis Meyer regularly drank buttermilk to refresh himself on a hot day and happened to drink some in Victory Lane as a matter of habit after winning the 1936 race. An executive with what was then the Milk Foundation was so elated when he saw the moment captured in a photograph in the sports section of his newspaper the following morning that he vowed to make sure it would be repeated in coming years. There was a period between 1947-55 when milk was apparently no longer offered, but the practice was revived in 1956 and has been a tradition ever since.", "Some of the current Indy traditions started in the early days of the race. Since the inaugural running on May 30, 1911, the contest has always been held on Memorial Day or that weekend. As a tribute to horse racing practices, only the winner of the race (and his team) are honored in Victory Lane, without a podium for the top three finishers. Speaking of victory celebrations, Lewis Meyer began another triumphal tradition in 1936.  After winning that year's race, Meyer grabbed a bottle of buttermilk to cool himself down, as he typically did on hot days. After an executive from the Milk Foundation saw a photograph of the celebration, it became a yearly occurrence.  Although there have been a few years without milk in Victory Lane, this appears to be a tradition that will last for years to come.", "At the 1993 Indianapolis 500 , winner Emerson Fittipaldi , who owned and operated an orange grove, notoriously drank orange juice instead of milk following the win. He eventually relented and also drank milk later in the post-race ceremonies. [67]", "The most iconic celebration in sports will add a new chapter to its legacy this year, as 100,000 fans will have the chance to share the world’s largest milk toast with the winner of the 100th Running of the Indianapolis 500 presented by PennGrade Motor Oil. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is teaming up with the American Dairy Association (ADA) and Prairie Farms to add this spectacular moment to Race Day. ", "Another tradition has to do with the winner always drinking from a bottle of milk. This one can be traced back to 1933, when winning driver Louis Meyer wanted a glass of buttermilk. In 1936 he wanted buttermilk again but was given a bottle instead. After seeing a press photo of this, an Indiana dairy saw a marketing opportunity and started offering the winner a bottle of milk each year—not knowing that Meyer’s choice had been buttermilk.", "Juan Pablo Montoya, of Colombia, hoists a bottle of milk in victory lane while standing in front of the Borg-Warner Trophy as crew members help celebrate his win in the 2000 Indy 500.", "The winning driver will be far from the only one at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway tossing back a drink of milk Sunday.", "With the 100th running of the Indianapolis 500 approaching, a lot of traditions and stories are being shared. As we head into the month of May and all of the events leading up to race day on May 29, the one that as a dietitian I am most intrigued about is, “Why does the winner drink milk ?”", "The refreshing mint julep became the official drink of the Derby in 1938 and was served in water glasses. According to the Derby Museum at Churchill Downs in Louisville, the glasses disappeared from the track dining room. So management started charging 25¢ per glass and the most popular race souvenir was born. They are collector's items and older glasses command hundreds of dollars on eBay. By 2010 the production run was up to 700,000 and they can be bought in stores. Sterling Silver Julep Cups were introduced in 1951 and they play an important role in Derby lore. Traditionally, the governor of Kentucky salutes the victorious Derby owner with a toast at the fashionable Winner's Party following the race. The official silver cups sell for $750 on their website. You can order unofficial Mint Julep Cups", "You probably wouldn't choose to guzzle dairy right after hopping out of a race car. So why does every Indy 500 winner do it?", "The Borg-Warner Trophy is the trophy presented to the winner of the Indianapolis 500 . It is named for and was commissioned by automotive supplier BorgWarner . It is permanently housed at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum in Speedway, Indiana . Unveiled at a 1936 dinner hosted by then-Speedway owner Eddie Rickenbacker , the trophy was officially declared the annual prize for Indianapolis 500 victors. Louis Meyer , that year's champion and its first recipient, soon thereafter remarked, \"Winning the Borg-Warner Trophy is like winning an Olympic medal .\"", "The trophy, which has been presented in the winner's circle after every race since 1936, is a very large, multi-tiered item which bears the bas-relief sculpture of the likeness of each driver to have won the race since its inception in 1911. Inscribed are the winners' name, year of victory, and average speed. This information is alternated with the faces in a checkerboard pattern. Included on the base is the gold likeness of Tony Hulman , owner of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway from 1945-1977. On the top of the trophy is an unclothed man waving a checkered flag . Because this man is depicted naked, after the tradition of ancient Greek athletes, the trophy is most often photographed so that the man's arm is swooping down in front of him.", "The other big party is the post-race Victory Banquet held in downtown Indianapolis. The race winner is honored by the other teams and competitors, as well as IMS officials and city dignitaries. The winner also officially receives the keys to his own replica Indy 500 Pace Car at this event.", "A cocktail composed of fresh mint, bourbon, and crushed ice. Traditionally served in an iced pewter or silver mug at the running of the Kentucky Derby.", "The mint julep is the iconic drink of the Kentucky Derby. Serve it in a silver julep cup for a traditional presentation. Here are some other race-day cocktails you should try.", "Anyone who keeps up with the Kentucky Derby has at least heard of one of these. It’s the traditional drink of the massive sporting event, with nearly 80,000 being served up each year. It takes only 3 minutes to craft, and it’s the perfect way to beat the heat. [ View Recipe ]", "Here is some history on the interesting choice of beverage for the winner of “The Greatest Spectacle in Racing” year after year. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway writes this:", "What is the name of the rosewater drink sprayed in place of champagne at F1 Grands Prix in Bahrain?" ]

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