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[ "A centrifuge is a type of research equipment that spins a liquid suspension at high rotation rates to separate it into distinct layers based on density. [1] Because of these high rotation rates, centrifuges are delicate, can break easily, and can be dangerous when used improperly. Following some simple operating guidelines should prevent any injuries during their use.", "Now forget all about the spinning: if you need a big force quite quickly, a centrifuge is a really handy way to generate one. Because you're spinning on the spot, you don't need lots of space. That makes centrifuges perfect for use in scientific laboratories. One of the most common uses for centrifuges is in separating mixtures of things. A washing machine is a mixture of clothes and water and the spinning drum separates those very efficiently. Laboratory centrifuges are used to separate things like blood, which consists of red blood cells suspended in plasma (a yellowish fluid). Put some blood in a test-tube and spin it at high speed and you separate out these two components very quickly, with the plasma at the top of the tube and the red blood cells at the bottom. (They travel to the bottom because they're heavier, so need more centripetal force to push them round in a circle. The force comes from the bottom of the tube pushing inward against the blood cells clumped there.)", "centrifuge /SEN-trə-fyooj/ A machine used to separate the constituents of liquid mixtures by spinning them at high speeds.", "Centrifuges are used mostly in science. In this application, centrifugal force — the force from spinning that moves things away from the center — separates liquids that have different weights. For example, a centrifuge is used to separate blood cells from plasma cells. When the blood is spun in the centrifuge, the heavier plasma cells separate from the lighter blood cells, and can be collected for other uses.", "The modern process of water removal by spinning did not come into use until electric motors were developed. Spinning requires a constant high-speed power source, and was originally done in a separate device known as an extractor. A load of washed clothing would be transferred from the wash tub to the extractor basket, and the water spun out. These early extractors were often dangerous to use since unevenly distributed loads would cause the machine to shake violently. Many efforts have been made to counteract the shaking of unstable loads, first by mounting the spinning basket on a free-floating shock-absorbing frame to absorb minor imbalances, and a bump switch to detect severe movement and stop the machine so that the load can be manually redistributed. Many modern machines are equipped with a sealed ring of liquid that works to counteract any imbalances.", "A centrifuge is a piece of laboratory equipment, generally driven by an electric motor (although some older models were spun by hand), which puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying a force perpendicular to the axis. The centrifuge works through the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration causes more dense substances to separate out along the radial direction (i.e., toward the bottom of a collection tube). By the same principle, lighter objects will tend to move to the top of the collection tube (i.e., toward the center of rotation).", "Spin speed is measured as RPM, or revolutions per minute. RPM is tricky value, because it’s not the speed of the centrifuge that causes particles to separate from a mixture, but the force acting on these particles.", "Liquid–liquid extraction also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase. Liquid–liquid extraction is a basic technique in chemical laboratories, where it is performed using a variety of apparatus, from separatory funnels to countercurrent distribution equipment. This type of process is commonly performed after a chemical reaction as part of the work-up.", "English military engineer Benjamin Robins (1707-1751) invented a whirling arm apparatus to determine drag . In 1864, Antonin Prandtl invented the first dairy centrifuge in order to separate cream from milk. In 1879, Gustaf de Laval demonstrated the first continuous centrifugal separator, making its commercial application feasible.", "A separator that removes immiscible fluid and solid contaminants that have a different specific gravity than the fluid being purified by accelerating the fluid mechanically in a circular path and using the radial acceleration component to isolate these contaminants.", "That ride at the fair that spins you around until you stick to the walls? The device in your washing machine that spins your clothes around quickly to get the water out of them? Those are centrifuges.", "agitation of a liquid medium through the use of mechanical equipment such as impellers or paddles.", "Separation can very simply be achieved by removing the cream with a spoon, however this is a slow process during which the cream may spoil. For this reason it is more usual to use a manual or powered centrifuge.", "A cylindrical dense-medium washer developed in the United States. It uses a magnetite water suspension as medium. The bath resembles a drum in shape, its longitudinal axis being horizontal; within the stationary outer casing there is a rotor divided into compartments. Raw coal is fed near the top of the separator, and separation takes place as the rotor revolves. The machine produces clean coal and shale; the magnetite is recovered. It can handle coal up to 10 in (254 mm) in size, the lower limit being about 1/4 in (6.4 mm). Magnetite consumption runs at about 1/2 lb/st (0.25 kg/t) of feed. See also: Leebar separator.", "According to the way of operation, manual and electronic pipettors can be distinguished. In manual pipettors, the piston is moved by a thumb using an operation knob. Accuracy and precision of pipetting depend on expertise of the operator. In case of electronic pipettors, the piston is moved by a small electric motor. Different speeds of aspiring and expressing of the liquid can be selected according to properties of the pipetted solution.", "A scroll compressor, also known as scroll pump and scroll vacuum pump, uses two interleaved spiral-like vanes to pump or compress fluids such as liquids and gases. The vane geometry may be involute, archimedean spiral, or hybrid curves. They operate more smoothly, quietly, and reliably than other types of compressors in the lower volume range.", "A device used to transfer heat from a fluid (liquid or gas) to another fluid where the two fluids are physically separated.", "The high speed blade of air used in the dyson Airblade is a very efficient and effective method of hand drying which completely dry�s the users hands within 10 seconds therefore ensuring that the users hands are not left damp when they walk away. The air which is blown out is drawn in through a HEPA filter which means the air blown onto your hands is sterile. This eliminates the unhygienic consequences described above, which are associated with conventional warm air driers.", "The solvent is pumped into a separation tower where the acetylene is boiled out of the solvent and is drawn off at the top of the tower as a gas, while the solvent is drawn out of the bottom.", "The chemical properties of hafnium and zirconium are nearly identical, which makes the two difficult to separate. The methods first used — fractional crystallization of ammonium fluoride salts or the fractionated distillation of the chloride — have not proven suitable for an industrial-scale production. After zirconium was chosen as material for nuclear reactor programs in the 1940s, a separation method had to be developed. Liquid-liquid extraction processes with a wide variety of solvents were developed and are still used for the production of hafnium. About half of all hafnium metal manufactured is produced as a by-product of zirconium refinement. The end product of the separation is hafnium(IV) chloride. The purified hafnium(IV) chloride is converted to the metal by reduction with magnesium or sodium, as in the Kroll process. ", "The instrument 1 of the present invention addresses the sealing and dynamic performance problems discussed above with respect to the prior art such as in the '686 patent, by using an independent external sliding rod 5, described in further detail below, that smoothly slides over the sliding plate 9 to selectively close the slot to any particular distance. Precise longitudinal straightness and rigidity of the two sliding surfaces together with an exact matching of their mating profiles ensures an air seal that remains unbroken during operation.", "2. any of various machines or instruments that cut powerfully and quickly, esp. one with a blade that drops vertically, as for trimming metal, paper, etc.", "It was soon discovered that multiple distillations produced a spirit of a higher proof and of greater purity. In 1826, Robert Stein invented the continuous still that allowed for repeated recycling of steam and alcohol until all of the spirit has been extracted. Aeneas Coffey improved Stein's design. Modern", "an instrument that separates atoms and molecules according to their mass and that records the resulting mass spectrum", "A tool, comprising a pointed metallic helix attached to a handle, for drawing Corks from bottles.", "further comprising a motor operatively connected to said spit, wherein said motor can be selectively activated to drive said spit into slow rotary motion.", "It has a neat ejection system, with two spouts at either side of the machine. One produces fresh juice, and the other deposits pulp into the included collection jars. This also prevents pulp from backing up into the juicing chamber.", "Mechanism on a hydraulic cylinder that cleans the cylinder shaft as it moves in and out (23).", "The extraction is allowed to continue for about 30 mins and then the solvent is removed from the round bottom flask.", "The pyrometallurgical extraction of mercury from its ore is essentially a distillation process. When heat is applied to the sulfide ore in the presence of air, oxygen combines with the sulfur to form sulfur dioxide, and the metal is liberated at a temperature above its boiling point. The gases are then passed through a series of U-shaped tubes to condense the mercury vapour to the liquid phase.", "Technology platforms that deal with the behavior, precise control, and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter, scale.", "A mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam. The energy is converted into a rotary motion that drives a device." ]

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[ "OSLO, Norway (CNN) -- Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter won the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize on Friday for what presenters cited as decades of work seeking peaceful solutions and promoting social and economic justice.", "President Jimmy Carter, known as the conscionable president, refused to bomb Tehran despite recommendations from his wife and advisors, as noted by a speaker recently, builds homes for Habitat for Humanity with his own bare hands, and is the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize.", "James Earl Carter Jr. was 39th president of the United States, from 1977 to 1981. He's kept active despite his age, working with groups such as Habitat for Humanity, winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002 and founding the nonprofit Carter Center in his home state of Georgia.", "Former US President won the Nobel Peace Prize for 2001 for his untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts and to advance democracy and human rights. His vital contribution to the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt (Egyptian President, Anwar Sadat & Israeli Premier, Menachem Begin) and his efforts in conflict resolution on several continents and the promotion of human rights after his presidency. His most significant work has been through the Carter Center, an Atlanta-based think tank and activity policy center founded by him and his wife Rosalynn in 1982.", "Obama was the fourth U.S. President to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, after Theodore Roosevelt (1906) and Woodrow Wilson (1919)—both of whom received the award during their terms—and Jimmy Carter (2002), who received the award 21 years after leaving office. In addition, then-sitting Vice President Charles Dawes was a co-winner with Austen Chamberlain (1925), and former Vice President Al Gore was a co-winner with the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007)", "Jimmy Carter after leaving office supported the efforts of Habitat for Humanity. An organization the builds houses for poor Americans.", "According to the Nobel Foundation, three is the number of US presidents who have received the Nobel Peace Prize. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, who were awarded the Peace Prize in 1906 and 1919, respectively, received their prizes as sitting presidents. In 2002, 21 years after his presidency ended, Jimmy Carter became the third US president to win the award.", "Barack Obama, in full Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961, Honolulu, Hawaii , U.S.), 44th president of the United States (2009– ) and the first African American to hold the office. Before winning the presidency, Obama represented Illinois in the U.S. Senate (2005–08). He was the third African American to be elected to that body since the end of Reconstruction (1877). In 2009 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize “for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.”", "Fourth US President to win a Nobel Peace Prize (2009) after Theodore Roosevelt (1906), Woodrow Wilson (1919) and Jimmy Carter (2002).", "James Earl \"Jimmy\" Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician and author who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center.", "Albert Arnold \"Al\" Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948) is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was Clinton's running mate in their successful campaign in 1992, and was re-elected in 1996. At the end of Clinton's second term, Gore was picked as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election. After leaving office, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him (jointly with the IPCC) the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.", "The 2009 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to President Barack Obama \"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.\" He is only the third sitting president to receive the honor (Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906, and Woodrow Wilson received it in 1919).", "Former US presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson won the award in 1906 and 1919 respectively. Former president Jimmy Carter won the award in 2002 for his \"decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflict\".", "The Nobel Prize for Peace was shared in 2007 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), an international organization of some 2,000 scientists, and by Al Gore, former vice president of the U.S. and long an advocate for better stewardship of the environment. In announcing the award, the Norwegian Nobel Committee said that climate change could have far-reaching consequences, including “increased danger of violent conflicts and wars.” The committee cited the recipients’ “efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change.”", "In 2007, Desmond Tutu joined former South African President Mandela, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, retired U.N Secretary General Kofi Annan, and former Irish President Mary Robinson to form The Elders, a private initiative mobilizing the experience of senior world leaders outside of the conventional diplomatic process. Tutu was named to chair the group. Carter and Tutu have traveled together to Darfur, Gaza and Cyprus in an effort to resolve long-standing conflicts. Desmond Tutu’s historic accomplishments — and his continuing efforts to promote peace in the world — were formally recognized by the United States in 2009, when President Barack Obama named him to receive the nation’s highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom.", "Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter volunteer one week a year for Habitat for Humanity, a nonprofit organization that helps needy people in the United States and in other countries renovate and build homes for themselves. Since 2007, President Carter also has served as a member of The Elders, a group of independent global leaders. He teaches Sunday school and is a deacon in the Maranatha Baptist Church of Plains. For recreation, he enjoys fly-fishing, woodworking, and swimming. The Carters have three sons, one daughter, nine grandsons, three granddaughters, four great-grandsons, and six great-granddaughters.", "After he left office, Carter and his wife Rosalynn created the Atlanta-based Carter Center in 1982 to advance human rights and alleviate human suffering. Since 1984, they have worked with Habitat for Humanity to build homes and raise awareness of homelessness. Among his many accomplishments, Carter has helped to fight disease and improve economic growth in developing nations and has served as an observer at numerous political elections around the world.", "He and his wife are also well-known for their work with Habitat for Humanity , a program that helps poor people to afford their first home.", "The 2007 prize went to Al Gore and the IPCC, \"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\". The award received criticism on the grounds of political motivation and because the winners' work was not directly related to ending conflict.[84] Al Gore's victory over prize candidate Irena Sendler, a Polish social worker known as the \"female Oskar Schindler\" for her efforts to save Jewish children during the Holocaust,[85] attracted criticism from the humanitarian agency International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW).[86]", "The 2007 prize went to Al Gore and the IPCC , \"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\". The award received criticism on the grounds of political motivation and because the winners' work was not directly related to ending conflict. [88] Al Gore's victory over prize candidate Irena Sendler , a Polish social worker known as the \"female Oskar Schindler \" for her efforts to save Jewish children during the Holocaust , [89] attracted criticism from the humanitarian agency International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW). [90]", "U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie was the keynote speaker on Earth Day in Fairmount Park in Philadelphia. Other notable attendees included consumer protection activist and presidential candidate Ralph Nader; Landscape Architect Ian McHarg; Nobel prize-winning Harvard Biochemist, George Wald; U.S. Senate Minority Leader, Hugh Scott; and poet, Allen Ginsberg.", "John Mott (second from left), a leader of the YMCA movement in America, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1946. Mott's award was in recognition for the YMCA's role in increasing global understanding and for its humanitarian efforts. Mott himself was a student of the YMCA movement, and he was a major influence on the Y's missionary movement.", "The mission statement of Habitat for Humanity is \"Seeking to put God’s love into action, Habitat for Humanity brings people together to build homes, communities and hope\". Homes are built using volunteer labor and Habitat makes no profit on the sales. In some locations outside the United States, Habitat for Humanity charges interest to protect against inflation. This policy has been in place since 1986. Habitat has helped more than 4 million people construct, rehabilitate or preserve more than 800,000 homes since its founding in 1976, making Habitat the largest not-for-profit builder in the world. ", "Was a supporter of: UNICEF, The United Nations, The Democratic National Committee, and the Habitat for Humanity.", "1860 Jane Addams US, known for her work as a social reformer, pacifist, and founder of Hull House in Chicago in 1889, first American woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize (1931).Author. ADDAMS ONLINE: Newer Ideals of Peace Twenty Years at Hull-House Twenty Years at Hull-House", "He received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1980. In 1984, Ronald Reagan awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom.", "Pioneering radical  Richard Buckminster \"Bucky\" Fuller  (July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983), an inventor, architect and the second president of Mensa, had a massive impact on the architecture and popular culture of the latter 20th century. Most famous for popularizing the  geodesic dome , Fuller is also known as the father of  sustainability , and was driven by his intention “to make the world work for 100% of humanity, in the shortest possible time, through spontaneous cooperation without ecological offense or disadvantage of anyone.”", "Congress authorized the creation of the Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home National Historic Site in Dixon, Illinois in 2002, pending federal purchase of the property. [373] On May 16 of that year, Nancy Reagan accepted the Congressional Gold Medal , the highest civilian honor bestowed by Congress, on behalf of the president and herself. [374]", "Congress authorized the creation of the Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home National Historic Site in Dixon, Illinois in 2002, pending federal purchase of the property. [282] On May 16 of that year, Nancy Reagan accepted the Congressional Gold Medal , the highest civilian honor bestowed by Congress, on behalf of the president and herself. [283]", "Congress authorized the creation of the Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home National Historic Site in Dixon, Illinois in 2002, pending federal purchase of the property. On May 16 of that year, Nancy Reagan accepted the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian honor bestowed by Congress, on behalf of the president and herself. ", "A philanthropist, he founded the Better World Society for supporting nuclear disarmament in 1985 and Turner Foundation in 1990 for activities in environment. He also plays an active role in the United Nations Association.", "As a state senator, the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee coauthored an Illinois law creating a new pool of tax credits for developers.  As a US senator, he pressed for increased federal subsidies.  And as a presidential candidate, he has campaigned on a promise to create an Affordable Housing Trust Fund that could give developers an estimated $500 million a year." ]

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[ "James Earl Jones (born January 17, 1931) is an American actor. His career has spanned more than 60 years, and he has been described as \"one of America's most distinguished and versatile\" actors and \"one of the greatest actors in American history.\" Since his Broadway debut in 1957, Jones has won many awards, including a Tony Award and Golden Globe Award for his role in The Great White Hope. Jones has won three Emmy Awards, including two in the same year in 1991, and he also earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role in the film version of The Great White Hope. He is also known for his voice roles as Darth Vader in the Star Wars film series and Mufasa in Disney's The Lion King as well as many other film, stage, and television roles.", "David Prowse, MBE (born 1 July 1935) is an English bodybuilder, weightlifter and actor. He played Darth Vader in the original Star Wars trilogy, though the character's voice was provided by James Earl Jones. He also played the Green Cross Code man, a character used in British road safety advertising. ", "Darth Vader has only 12 minutes of screen time. George Lucas originally wanted Orson Welles to do Darth Vader’s voice, but decided against it, feeling that Welles’ voice would be too recognizable. James Earl Jones supplied the voice of Darth Vader, but specifically requested that he not be credited. At the time, the reason he cited was that he felt he had not done enough work to get the billing, but he later admitted that he didn’t want his name associated with the film because he was still an up-and-coming actor, and didn’t want to be typecast. Jones does receive billing in the 1997 “Special Edition”.", "James Earl Jones also provided the legendary voice for Darth Vader, but the actor under the mask was white.", "Darth Vader was portrayed by bodybuilder David Prowse and by stunt performer Bob Anderson during the character's intense lightsaber fight scenes. James Earl Jones provided Vader's voice, but was initially uncredited in Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back because he felt his contributions were too small to warrant recognition. The character has also been voiced by Scott Lawrence and Matt Sloan for several video games. Hayden Christensen portrays Vader in Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith. Brock Peters provided the voice of Darth Vader in the NPR/USC radio series. Spencer Wilding will portray Vader in Rogue One. ", "Lucas originally intended for Orson Welles to voice Vader (after dismissing using Prowse's own voice due to his English West Country accent, leading to the rest of the cast nicknaming him \"Darth Farmer\"). After deciding that Welles' voice would be too recognizable, he cast the lesser-known James Earl Jones instead.", "Also note that this movie includes a performance by very young James Earl Jones, who we now all know as the voice behind Darth Vader.", "Jones’ smooth baritone has provided the voice for many projects looking for a reliable tone of “authority.” He has simply counted numbers on on Sesame Street, breathed life into the menacing Darth Vader from the Star Wars film trilogy, given a human voice to the wise father Mufasa from the Disney animated film The Lion King, and announces “ This is CNN ” for the all-news network.", "This is a bit more difficult to choose from, as after James Earl Jones gave Vader his iconic voice in the films, each actor afterwords has been trying to replicate Jones.  Which honestly, each one does a pretty dead-on job with imitating the voice.", "James Earl Jones did the voice for Vader, Luke Skywalker's father, (and also for CNN promotional links) in the films as Prowse's western English accent was thought to be unsuitable for the part.", "Jones is also well known as the voice of Darth Vader in the 1977 film Star Wars and its sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983). Darth Vader was portrayed in costume by David Prowse in the film trilogy, with Jones dubbing Vader's dialogue in postproduction because Prowse's strong West Country accent was deemed unsuitable for the role by George Lucas. At his own request, Jones was uncredited for the original releases of the first two Star Wars films, though he later would be credited for the first film in its 1997 \"Special Edition\" re-release. As he explained in a 2008 interview:", "In 2014, Jones reprised his voice role of Darth Vader for an extended prologue featured on the ABC broadcast of the first episode of Star Wars Rebels. He continued voicing Vader into season 2. ", "Provided the thunderous voice (uncredited) of Darth Vader, the villain of the original Star Wars trilogy.", "He provided the voice of Darth Vader in Episode IV, Episode V, Episode VI, and Episode III, as well as in the animated series Star Wars Rebels. ", "Hayden Christensen played Anakin in Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith; he also donned Darth Vader's armor for the final scenes of the latter film. Mat Lucas voiced Anakin for the Clone Wars animated series and in various Star Wars video games. Matt Lanter voiced the character in the CGI The Clone Wars film and subsequent TV series.", "He was married to Elaine Melba Parkyn for ten years. Her sole acting appearance was as the Emperor whom Vader consults in the original version of The Empire Strikes Back. Elaine wore a mask and hooded robe for the role and her eyes were visually replaced with those of a chimpanzee, while her voice was dubbed over by Clive Revill. All subsequent versions since the DVD release replace her image and Revill's voice with Ian McDiarmid reprising his role from Return of the Jedi and the prequel trilogy.", "<p>The actor made a guest appearance to read aloud correspondence from his Star Wars forebear Sir Alec Guinness</p><p>The actor Oscar Isaac made a surprise appearance at a Letters Live event on Sunday to read out correspondence written by his Star Wars forebear Alec Guinness, in which he called his co-star Harrison Ford a “languid young man”.</p><p>Guinness, who played Obi-Wan Kenobi, wrote that he was not enjoying the production of the 1977 film, Star Wars: A New Hope – the first of the films to be made.</p> <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/14/oscar-isaac-surprises-audience-at-letters-live-event-in-london\">Continue reading...</a>", "Allen Kelsey Grammer (born February 21, 1955) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian, producer, director, writer, singer and activist.", "Protocol droid who appears throughout the Star Wars films and Expanded Universe. [16] Lando Calrissian  – portrayed and voiced by Billy Dee Williams", "Frank Oz (born Frank Richard Oznowicz; born May 25, 1944) is an English-born American filmmaker, puppeteer, and actor. His career began as a puppeteer, where he performed the Muppet characters of Miss Piggy and Fozzie Bear in The Muppet Show, and Cookie Monster, Bert, and Grover in Sesame Street. He is also known for being the puppeteer and voice of Yoda in the Star Wars films.", "William Shatner's co-star George Takei , a.k.a. Sulu, generally Adam Wests in live action, but can get quite subtle and effective in voice acting. A recurring theme, if they don't get into his sexuality, tends to be drinking.", "* Morgan Freeman (CBS Evening News with Katie Couric, March of the Penguins, The Hall of Presidents, Born to Be Wild 3D, Dolphin Tale trailer, and the voice of Vitruvius in The Lego Movie)", "Stephen Edward Root (born November 17, 1951) is an American actor and voice actor. He has starred as Jimmy James on the TV sitcom NewsRadio, as Milton Waddams in the film Office Space and as the voices of Bill Dauterive and Buck Strickland in the animated series King of the Hill. His other roles have included Captain K'Vada in the Star Trek: The Next Generation feature-length episode \"Unification\", and Gordon Pibb in DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story.", "Although uncredited, Jones' voice is possibly heard as Vader at the conclusion of Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005). When specifically asked whether he had supplied the voice, possibly from a previous recording, Jones told Newsday: \"You'd have to ask Lucas about that. I don't know.\"", "The actor, who is expected to reprise his role as Han Solo in the \"Star Wars\" sequel, first will play a legendary newscaster in the Will Ferrell starrer.", "Of course, Green is a well-known comedic actor, so the folks behind Mass Effect were kind enough to release some outtakes from the Austin Powers star.", "From YahooCelebrity :  Jake Lloyd, Anakin Skywalker, in Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace, was arrested after a high-speed chase.", "Guest star John Hollis was in Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Superman (1978) and Superman II (1980). He played Lando Calrissian's aide in The Empire Strikes Back, one of the most famous non-speaking characters in the history of the movies.", "This actor/singer with his distinctive clipped gravelly speech and New York accent narrated the rankin/bass classic Frost the Snowman.", "Curtain Speech Address to the audience by an actor, without the persona of the character the actor is supposed to be portraying.", "Is the only person to receive a best acting nomination in any of the Star Wars movies.", "The first head of the two-headed Troig in The Phantom Menace who commentates for the Boonta Eve Classic." ]

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[ "An analgesic (also known as a painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia). Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems; they include paracetamol (acetaminophen), the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates, narcotic drugs such as morphine, synthetic drugs with narcotic properties such as tramadol, and various others.", "Analgesics (also known as \"painkillers\") are used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia). The word analgesic derives from Greek \"αν-\" (an-, \"without\") and \"άλγος\" (álgos, \"pain\"). Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems; they include paracetamol (para-acetylaminophenol, also known in the US as acetaminophen), the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates, and opioid drugs such as hydrocodone, codeine, heroin and oxycodone. Some further examples of the brand name prescription opiates and opioid analgesics that may be used recreationally include Vicodin, Lortab, Norco (hydrocodone), Avinza, Kapanol (morphine), Opana, Paramorphan (oxymorphone), Dilaudid, Palladone (hydromorphone), and OxyContin (oxycodone).", "Simply put, an analgesic belongs to a class of drugs used to relieve pain. The pain relief achieved by taking an analgesic occurs either by blocking pain signals going to the brain or by interfering with the brain's interpretation of the signals, without producing anesthesia or loss of consciousness. There are basically two broad categories of analgesics: non-narcotic and narcotic.", "Analgesics may be classified into two types: anti-inflammatory drugs, which alleviate pain by reducing local inflammatory responses; and the opioids, which act on the brain . The opioid analgesics were once called narcotic drugs because they can induce sleep . The opioid analgesics can be used for either short-term or long-term relief of severe pain. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory compounds are used for short-term pain relief and for modest pain, such as that of headache , muscle strain, bruising, or arthritis .", ", any of a diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain. Analgesic drugs include the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates, acetaminophen, narcotic drugs such as morphine, and synthetic drugs with morphinelike action such as meperidine", "There are several classes of analgesic drugs. Each class has a different history of use for treating different sorts of pain and in different sorts of people. It is difficult to make a statement about when such drugs should be avoided.", "Narcotic analgesics are drugs that relieve pain, can cause numbness and induce a state of unconsciousness. They work by binding to opioid receptors, which are present in the central and peripheral nervous system. There are three types of opioid receptors, which are all G-protein linked and either facilitate opening of potassium channels (causing hyperpolarization) or inhibit calcium channel opening (so inhibits release of excitatory neurotransmitters such as substance P). Overall, narcotic analgesics reduce neuronal excitability in the pain carrying pathway. Morphine and its analogues, and some synthetic derivatives are classed as narcotics analgesics. Narcotic analgesics are used to relieve acute and chronic, severe pain. Some narcotics are more potent than others. They also have the tendency to cause tolerance and dependence.", "Analgesic, any drug that relieves pain selectively without blocking the conduction of nerve impulses, markedly altering sensory perception, or affecting consciousness . This selectivity is an important distinction between an analgesic and an anesthetic .", "Opioid analgesics are powerful pain-reducing medications that include prescription oxycodone, hydrocodone, and morphine, among other drugs, under both brand and generic names. Certain other opioid medications are also approved to treat cough. Opioid analgesic misuse and abuse have increased significantly in the United States over the past two decades, and represent major public health concerns due to the risk of coma and fatal respiratory depression associated with opioid analgesic overdose. Benzodiazepines are drugs typically prescribed for the treatment of neurological and/or psychological conditions, including anxiety, insomnia and seizure disorders. Both classes of drugs depress the central nervous system (“CNS depressants”); however, each has unique pharmacology, safety risks, and labeling information related to its use. Therefore, the FDA is requiring opioid analgesics, prescription opioid cough products, and benzodiazepines to have slightly different labeling. Additionally, due to the unique medical needs and benefit/risk considerations for patients undergoing medication-assisted therapy treatment (MAT) to treat opioid addiction and dependence, the FDA is continuing to examine available evidence regarding the use of benzodiazepines and opioids used as part of MAT. ", "        Until the nineteenth century, the only opioids used medicinally or recreationally took the form of crude opium. Opium is a complex chemical cocktail containing sugars, proteins, fats, water, meconic acid, plant wax, latex, gums, ammonia, sulphuric and lactic acids, and numerous alkaloids, most notably morphine (10%-15%), codeine (1%-3%), noscapine (4%-8%), papaverine (1%-3%), and thebaine (1%-2%). All of the latter, apart from thebaine, are used medicinally as analgesics. The opioid analgesics are of inestimable value because they reduce or abolish pain without causing a loss of consciousness. They also relieve coughs, spasms, fevers and diarrhea.", "Under the chemical name diamorphine, diacetylmorphine is prescribed as a strong  analgesic in the United Kingdom, where it is given via subcutaneous, intramascular, intrathecal or  intravenous route. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction , post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illness. In other countries it is more common to use morphine or other strong  opioid in these situations. In 2004, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence produced guidance on the management of caesarian section, which recommended the use of intrathecal or epidural diacetylmorphine for post-operative pain relief.", "Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid is a derivative of salicylic acid. It is a mild, non-narcotic analgesic that’s useful in the relief of headache and muscle and joint aches. The drug works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, body chemicals that are necessary for blood clotting and also responsible for sensitizing nerve endings to pain.", "Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a common drug that is generally used as a pain reliever for minor aches and pains, to reduce fever, and also as an anti-inflammatory drug.", "Try an over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory such as aspirin or ibuprofen, or an analgesic such as acetaminophen. These medicines often provide significant benefits.", "Some other medicines are sometimes used on the advice of a specialist in a pain clinic. These (for example, ketamine injections) may be an option if the above medicines do not help. Ketamine is normally used as an anaesthetic but at low doses it can have a pain-relieving effect.", "PRESCRIBED FOR: Aspirin is used for the treatment of inflammation, fever, and pain that results from many forms of arthritis, including", "Aspirin treats pain, fever, and inflammation. It can be used for muscle pain, arthritis , minor injuries,  and other conditions. Aspirin is available in tablet and capsule form,  as gum or as a suppository.  The tablets may be plain aspirin, enteric-coated, extended release, buffered or chew-able.", "Choosing any particular agent tends to be somewhat arbitrary. Morphine, meperidine, and butorphanol are the most commonly used.", "The patient may take other pain medicines during the first days. Examples of drugs that may be used include dihydroergotamine (with or without metoclopramide), NSAIDs (in mild cases), corticosteroids, or valproate.", "This class of drugs finds its chief clinical application as anti inflammatory agents in the treatment of musculoskelatal disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.  In general, aspirin-like drugs provide only symptomatic relief from the pain and inflammation associated with the disease and do not arrest the progression of pathological injury.", "A combination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and muscle relaxants -- such as cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), diazepam (Valium), carisoprodol (Soma), or methocarbamol (Robaxin) -- are sometimes used for patients with acute low back pain. Evidence has shown that they can help relieve non-specific low back pain, but some experts warn that these drugs should be used cautiously, since they target the brain, not the muscles. Patients who take muscle relaxants may experience a number of central nervous system side effects, such as drowsiness. The muscle relaxant Soma can be addictive and does little more than induce sleep.", "Narcotics are pain-relievers that act on the central nervous system. They are the most powerful medications available for the management of pain.", "Morphine, sold under many trade names, is a pain medication of the opiate type. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to decrease the feeling of pain. It can be used for both acute pain and chronic pain. Morphine is also frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction and during labour. It can be given by mouth, by injection into a muscle, by injecting under the skin, intravenously, into the space around the spinal cord, or rectally. Maximum effect is around 20 min when given intravenously and 60 min when given by mouth while duration of effect is between three and seven hours. Long-acting formulations also exist.", "A range of synthetic opioids such as methadone (1937), pethidine (1939), fentanyl (late 1950s), and derivatives thereof have been introduced, and each is preferred for certain specialized applications. Nonetheless, morphine remains the drug of choice for American combat medics, who carry packs of syrettes containing 16 milligrams each for use on severely wounded soldiers. No drug has been found that can match the painkilling effect of opioids without also duplicating much of their addictive potential.", "A range of synthetic opioids such as methadone (1937), pethidine (1939), fentanyl (late 1950s), and derivatives thereof have been introduced, and each is preferred for certain specialized applications. Nonetheless, morphine remains the drug of choice for American combat medics, who carry packs of syrettes containing 16 milligrams each for use on severely wounded soldiers. No drug has been found that can match the painkilling effect of opioids without also duplicating much of their addictive potential.", "Pain can be very bad. Over-the-counter pain medicines (for example, ibuprofen and naproxen), either alone or along with narcotics, can be very effective.", "�Rather than just being a pain reliever, acetaminophen can be seen as an all-purpose emotion reliever� - popular with many seniorcitizens; used often for arthritis pain", "The following agents have longer onset and duration of action and are frequently used for post-operative pain relief:", "Pain is typically treated with opioids , varying in potency based on the severity of symptoms. When opioids are used for prolonged periods, drug tolerance, chemical dependency, and addiction may occur. Opiate addiction is not typically a concern, since the condition is not likely to ever completely disappear. Thus, lifelong treatment with opioids is fairly common for chronic pain symptoms, accompanied by periodic titration that is typical of any long-term opioid regimen.", "If your pain is severe, your doctor may suggest a prescription-strength medication, such as an opioid, for a few days.", "Opiates, which are derived from opium, are ubiquitous in prescription pain medications today -- a testament to their effectiveness. However, infants and children may be more susceptible to their effects than adults, putting them even more at risk. In fact, opiates and other pain medications, including acetaminophen, were the number one cause of medication-induced fatality from accidental ingestion in children younger than 6 in 2004, with the AAPCC counting 139 such deaths in that year alone.", "In general, pain medication should not be used when there is another, less risky alternative. At the same time, people in pain should not experience undertreatment of pain. When a treatment is available to address the pain, a health care provider should recommend that correct treatment and not a lessor treatment which leaves too much pain." ]

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[ "The dot over a lowercase i or j is called a tittle. The tittle is also used with other letters in various languages, and some languages that use the letter i or j use a diacritic acute instead of the tittle.", "The small distinguishing mark you see over a lowercase i and a lowercase j is called a tittle – an interesting name that seems like a portmanteau (combination) of “tiny” and “little,” and refers to a small point or stroke in writing and printing. Generally, a diacritic dot such as a tittle is also referred to as a glyph . However, in regards to i and j, the removal of the mark is still likely to be read as I or J; as such, these are not examples of a glyph.", "That dot above the lower-case letters \"i\" and \"j\" is actually a diacritical mark called a tittle . The term \"tittle\" dates back to at least the 1500s and is often used in conjunction with the word \"jot\" in the phrase \"every jot and tittle\". The word \"jot\" is a transliteration of the Greek word \"iota,\" the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet, hence the phrase \"every jot and tittle\" meaning every little thing or down to the last detail. Incidentally, a tittle is also the name for a dot on dice.", "I’ve long been fascinated by the dot over the letter i, which like the dot over the letter j, is called a tittle. Did you know that we didn’t always have a dot over the letter i in English, or that Turkish has an i with a dot and an i without a dot, or that the dot over the letter i wasn’t always a dot?", "* In Turkish, the dot above lowercase i and j (and uppercase İ) is not regarded as an independent diacritic but as an integral part of the letter. It is called a tittle.", "Today I found out what the dot over the lower case letter “i” is called, namely a “tittle”.", "Dotted and dotless I are separate letters, each with its own uppercase and lowercase form. I is the capital form of ı, and İ is the capital form of i. (In the original law establishing the alphabet, the dotted İ came before the undotted I; now their places are reversed [Yazım Kılavuzu].) The letter J, however, uses a tittle in the same way English does, with a dotted lowercase version, and a dotless uppercase version.", "What name is given to diacritic marks such as the dot on a lower-case ‘i’ ?", "The word “tittle” itself comes to us from the same Latin word that “title” derived from, but has since come to mean something very different, namely a small stroke or mark in writing, generally referring to the dot over the lower case letter “i”, when used at all.", "So, what you're saying Tom, is that the \"tittle\" is basically an all inclusive description of those little marks above letters? Thing is, the lowercase [i] would not be a lowercase [i] without the dot which tells me that the dot is actually a PART of that letter. I don't see how it could be catagorized with the tilde of other marks such as the quomlot{sp}. But, who's to argue with the king of all dictionaries, Webster's? >;-)", "A tilde accent mark is a small wavy line that appears over certain consonants and vowels. Tilde accent marks are found in words like mañana and are common in Spanish and Portuguese languages. In English, tilde accent marks are found on the uppercase and lowercase letters A, N and O as in à ã Ñ ñ Õ õ. There are several ways to render a tilde on your keyboard, depending on your platform.", "We need to define more closely what we mean by a diacritic. For instance, is the superior dot in i a diacritic? To answer this question, we need recourse to the linguistic principle of opposition (contrast). Given that the ordinary Latin alphabet does not contain a letter i without the dot, it follows that the dot is a nondistinctive constituent of the letter i (and likewise in j). So it does not count as a diacritic. On the other hand in the Turkish spelling reform of the 1920’s a new letter was devised, just such a dotless ı, while the Turkish alphabet also kept an ordinary i. At the same time a capital dotted İ was devised as the upper-case counterpart of i, while the dotless capital I took on the role of the upper-case counterpart of the new ı. (Compare the ordinary Latin alphabet, in which upper-case dotless I is paired with dotted lower-case i.) In the context of this reformed spelling of Turkish, the dot on i can indeed be considered a diacritic.", "The next ten letters, k–t, are identical to a–j, respectively, apart from the addition of a dot at position 3 (red dots in the table): :", "As writing styles changed, the upside down u became more like a swoosh or a big accent mark, and eventually in 1514 we are presented with the first example of an actual dot over the letter i. Once it was there, it stayed even though lettering styles changed, and the dot was no longer necessary to tell the difference between combinations of letters.", "The dash is a punctuation mark that is similar to a hyphen or minus sign, but differs from both of these symbols primarily in length and function. The most common versions of the dash are the en dash (–) and the em dash (—), named for the length of a typeface's lower-case n and upper-case M respectively.", "I have not attempted to reproduce the \"dot below\" diacritical mark that modifies some h's, s's, and t's. The ayn is shown as a back apostrophe (`), and the hamza as an apostrophe (').", "As is most often the case, the dot comes first and moves \"through\" any dashes, so \"A\" is dot-dash and \"N\" is dash-dot.", "A double dot, called dakuten, indicates a primary alteration, most often it voices the consonant: k→g, s→z, t→d and h→b. Secondary alteration, where possible, is shown by a circular handakuten: h→p. Diacritics, though used for over a thousand years, only becoming mandatory in the Japanese writing system in the second half of the 20th century. Their application is strictly limited in proper writing systems, but may be more extensive in academic transcriptions.", "n. Either of the characters < (ASCII 0111100) and > (ASCII 0111110) (ASCII less-than or greater-than signs). Typographers in the Real World use angle brackets which are either taller and slimmer (the ISO `Bra' and `Ket' characters), or significantly smaller (single or double guillemets) than the less-than and greater-than signs. See broket, ASCII. From Jargon Dictionary http://www.tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Dictionary/html/index.html", "3.In six-dot Braille (English language), what letter and number are represented by a single dot, top left?A and 1", "The most common character corresponding to an ellipsis is called 3-ten rīdā (\"3-dot leaders\", ). 2-ten rīdā exists as a character, but it is used less commonly. In writing, the ellipsis consists usually of six dots (two 3-ten rīdā characters, ). Three dots (one 3-ten rīdā character) may be used where space is limited, such as in a header. However, variations in the number of dots exist. In horizontally written text the dots are commonly vertically centered within the text height (between the baseline and the ascent line), as in the standard Japanese Windows fonts; in vertically written text the dots are always centered horizontally. ", "Almost all the letters/characters and puncuation marks can be arranged in certain groups which can used to show the resemblance between/among the combination of dot and dashes. For example the letter 'A' (. _ ) is the opposite of 'N' ( _ . ) in Morse code. Similarly, the letters A, U, V and the character 4 can be made into a group which shows a definite sequence. Given below is a table of such combinations.", "Without going into the full history of things, that dot started out in the 3rd century BC from the ancient Greeks. Originally a high, middle and low dot to denote certain pauses, it eventually ended up being a low dot by the time printing appeared in Europe in the 1300s.", "An accent mark which is set separately from the main character and is then placed either over or under it.", "The character used to represent the word number; the hash sign; also called the pound sign in the US", "double acute on o,u by ALTGR/SHIFT/apostrophe, then the letter; double prime symbol by ALTGR/SHIFT/apostrophe, then apostrophe;", "Three dots are sometimes used to carry out a similar function as a dash; to show that a sentence is incomplete or that it has been interrupted; for example:", "a design composed of one or more letters, typically the initials of a name, used as an identifying mark.", "inter-element gap between the dots and dashes within a character: one dot duration or one unit long", "inter-element gap between the dots and dashes within a character — one dot duration or one unit long", "1. What is the difference between a dot behind the note and a dot placed above or below it ?", "If a letter representing an equal or greater value is placed directly in front of a letter representing an equal or smaller value, the two values are simply added together. For example, \"XX\" would translate to \"20\" and \"XI\" would translate to \"11\"." ]

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[ "To many people around the world, Roswell, New Mexico, is the place where allegedly a flying machine from elsewhere in the universe crashed in 1947, and dead aliens were found—and then, to the true believers, the whole event was hushed up and called a weather balloon crash landing.", "1947 - An object crashed near Roswell, NM. The U.S. Army Air Force insisted it was a weather balloon, but eyewitness accounts led to speculation that it might have been an alien spacecraft.", "The Roswell UFO Incident was the recovery of an object that crashed in the general vicinity of Roswell, New Mexico, in June or July 1947, allegedly an extra-terrestrial spacecraft and its alien occupants. Since the late 1970s the incident has been the subject of intense controversy and of conspiracy theories as to the true nature of the object that crashed. The United States Armed Forces maintains that what was recovered was debris from an experimental high-altitude surveillance balloon belonging to a classified program named \"Mogul\"; however, many UFO proponents maintain that an alien craft and its occupants were captured, and that the military then engaged in a cover up. The incident has turned into a widely known pop culture phenomenon, making the name Roswell synonymous with UFOs. It ranks as the most publicized and controversial of alleged UFO incidents.", "The Roswell UFO incident took place in the U.S. in June or July 1947, when an airborne object crashed on a ranch near Roswell, New Mexico. Explanations of what took place are based on both official and unofficial communications. Although the crash is attributed to a secret U.S. military Air Force surveillance balloon by the U.S. government, the most famous explanation of what occurred is that the object was a spacecraft containing extraterrestrial life. Since the late 1970s, the Roswell incident has been the subject of much controversy, and conspiracy theories have arisen about the event.", "A UFO crashed northwest of Roswell, New Mexico, in the summer of 1947. The military acted quickly and efficiently to recover the debris after its existence was reported by a ranch hand. The debris, unlike anything these highly trained men had ever seen, was flown without delay to at least three government installations. A cover story was concocted to explain away the debris and the flurry of activity. It was explained that a weather balloon, one with a new radiosonde target device, had been found and temporarily confused the personnel of the 509th Bomb Group. Government officials took reporters' notes from their desks and warned a radio reporter not to play a recorded interview with the ranch hand. The men who took part in the recovery were told never to talk about the incident. And with a whimper, not a bang, the Roswell event faded quickly from public view and press scrutiny.", "I included this as a bonus, though if true, it would easily be #1 on any list. Is it true? You decide. In July 1947, the US military and Army intelligence recovered something that crashed at Roswell, New Mexico. The initial report was it was a crashed flying saucer and the bodies that were recovered were alien. The military quickly changed this story to it being a weather balloon, and so began the mystery of what really happened at Roswell, and the most famous UFO incident in American history.", "In 1947 a UFO was seen near the town of Roswell, New Mexico. It was witnessed by many of the residents and was described as something not of this planet. The government denies any evidence of this event occurring and has covered it up for may years. Now that more information has become available to the public, it is clear that something extraordinary happened.", "1947 – In New Mexico the Roswell Daily Record reported the military’s capture of a flying saucer. It became know as the Roswell Incident. Officials later called the debris a “harmless, high-altitude weather balloon. In 1994 the Air Force released a report saying the wreckage was part of a device used to spy on the Soviets.", "Though it’s now mainly fueled by local businesses wanting to cash in on tourist interest, the (alleged!) Roswell UFO incident of 1947 is the most popular (alleged!) UFO cover-up of all time and still merits time and energy among conspiracy theorists and movie/TV writers. Various people claim that a spacecraft with alien occupants crashed on a ranch near Roswell in June or July 1947, which was quietly hauled away for study, possibly by our friends at Area 51. The Air Force reported at the time that the object was a surveillance balloon. The conspiracy chatter didn’t flare up until 1978 when Major Jesse Marcel, who was involved with the recovery of the debris, gave an interview describing a spacecraft crash cover-up by the military. Since then additional witnesses have emerged, describing the cover-up and alien autopsies. These days, even passionate pro-UFO advocates generally dismiss Roswell as a hoax.", "It is easy to get caught up in these stories of a government conspiracy to cover-up the news of a UFO crash. Intriguing as this is, there are other theories that try to explain what happened in Roswell in July of 1947. Was the debris that Brazel found actually from a top-secret spy plane that the army was developing and testing? Was it actually the wreckage from a downed Soviet spy craft? Or was it merely a weather balloon, as the Army claimed? Something did crash in Roswell and since we do not have a definitive answer about what it actually was, it is in the true sense a UFO - an Unidentified Flying Object.", "According to much widely held public opinion, the United States government successfully recovered the remains of a crashed UFO along with its extraterrestrial occupants near Roswell, New Mexico, in July 1947. In what is now known as the “the Roswell incident,” the U.S. military is said to have quickly covered up the affair and continues to shroud it in extreme secrecy even today.", "1947 military experiments source for ''flying saucer'' reports In 1947, the United States was in the opening stages of a Cold War with the Soviet Union, and as a result, put in place numerous secret military programs to gain intelligence on the Soviets, particularly on their nuclear programs. One of the military experiments being conducted at the time in New Mexico was Project Mogul, designed to detect Soviet nuclear tests via high-altitude balloon launches. These balloon experiments were sent aloft from Alamogordo. In June and July 1947, several of the balloon trains got lost. At the same time, reports of UFOs spiked significantly, as did press coverage of them. One tally of reports counted 853 during June and July. Some, such as the Air Force, (p.3) have speculated that many of these ''flying saucer'' sightings were in fact misidentified weather balloons.", "In July 1947, an airborne object crashed on a ranch near Roswell. The Roswell Army Air Field issued a press release from Gen. William \"Butch\" Blanchard, stating it had recovered the remains of an unidentified flying object or UFO. The Army quickly retracted the statement, saying it was not a flying disc at all but a weather balloon . But the original statement had already run in several papers [source: History , The Roswell Files ]. The incident was largely forgotten until the 1970s when nuclear physicist Stanton T. Friedman wrote a book arguing that the crash was a result of extraterrestrial activity.", "Alfred had grown up in Farmington, in northwestern New Mexico, which was a UFO hotbed in the late 1940s. Around 1949, when he was 8 or 9, Alfred had a daylight sighting from his school yard of a formation of flying disks. Many others in Farmington also saw the disks, and Alfred remembers Air Force officers coming to his house to ask him and his father about what they had seen. Also about this time, there were reports of a UFO crash at nearby Aztec, New Mexico . The", "On July 7, 1947, an object crash landed on a ranch, approximately 75 miles northwest of Roswell, leaving a large field of debris. The local air base at Roswell investigated after the rancher first reported it to Roswell authorities on July 7. On July 8, the Roswell Army Air Field (RAAF) announced it had recovered a \"flying disk\". A few hours after the initial \"flying disk\" press release, U.S. Army Air Force officials stated that it was not a UFO, but a weather balloon. When the question of what crashed was revived in the early 1980s, the \"Roswell Incident\" became a focus of conspiracy theorists, \"abductees,\" and UFO investigators. It is believed the crashed UFO's were used for reverse engineering, explaining the rapid advancement in technology since that time.", "On July 8, “RAAF Captures Flying Saucer on Ranch in Roswell Region” was the top story in the Roswell Daily Record. But was it true? On July 9, an Air Force official clarified the paper’s report: The alleged “flying saucer,” he said, was only a crashed weather balloon. However, to anyone who had seen the debris (or the newspaper photographs of it), it was clear that whatever this thing was, it was no weather balloon. Some people believed–and still believe–that the crashed vehicle had not come from Earth at all. They argued that the debris in Brazel’s field must have come from an alien spaceship.", "In 1947, in Roswell New Mexico the military reports that they have a UFO in their possession. The phenomena of sightings of UFOs would continue throughout the 1950s, though agencies were fully prepared to explain away the reports. Yet the public had a hunger to and fascination with the possibility of extra-terrestrials.", "June 24, 1947, was the day the term flying saucer entered the American vocabulary. That was the day Kenneth Arnold reported sighting a UFO while piloting his private plane over Washington state. He said the object flew like a saucer would if you skipped it across the water, and the flying saucer was born. On July 8, 1947, Roswell Army Air Field issued a press release written by General William “Butch” Blanchard, stating they had recovered the remains of an unidentified flying object. The Army quickly retracted the statement, but not before it ran in several papers. According to the Army, it was not a flying disc at all, but a weather balloon. Years later, declassified documents said that the object recovered at Roswell was actually a balloon created for a surveillance program called Project Mogul. The weather balloon story was a cover for this secret project. Of course, UFO believers say that the spy balloon story is also a cover, and that the Army really did recover an alien craft.Reverse Engineering at Area 51", "On this day in 1997, U.S. Air Force officials release a 231-page report dismissing long-standing claims of an alien spacecraft crash in Roswell, New Mexico, almost exactly 50 years earlier. Public interest in Unidentified Flying Objects, or UFOs, began to flourish in the 1940s, when development... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-air-force-reports-on-roswell?et_cid=76800444&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2fu-s-air-force-reports-on-roswell", "In Fort Worth, several news photographs were taken that day of debris said to be from the object. The debris was consistent with the general description of a weather balloon with a kite. Ramey, Col. Thomas J. Dubose and Marcel all posed with the debris. Brazel, in interviews that day with the Roswell Daily Record and Associated Press, dismissed the military's ''weather balloon'' assertion. Citing several other weather balloons he had recovered previously on the ranch, he said: ''I am sure what I found was not any weather observation balloon.''The incident was quickly forgotten.", "The Air Force soon took back their story, however, saying the debris had been merely a downed weather balloon. Aside from die-hard UFO believers, or �ufologists,� public interest in the so-called �Roswell Incident� faded until the late 1970s, when claims surfaced that the military had invented the weather balloon story as a cover-up. Believers in this theory argued that officials had in fact retrieved several alien bodies from the crashed spacecraft, which were now stored in the mysterious Area 51 installation in Nevada. Seeking to dispel these suspicions, the Air Force issued a 1,000-page report in 1994 stating that the crashed object was actually a high-altitude weather balloon launched from a nearby missile test-site as part of a classified experiment aimed at monitoring the atmosphere in order to detect Soviet nuclear tests.", "The 1948 Aztec, New Mexico, UFO incident was a hoaxed flying saucer crash and subject of the book Behind the Flying Saucers (1950) by Frank Scully. The incident is sometimes referred to as the \"other Roswell\" and parallels have been drawn between the incidents. ", "(92) See John Diamond, “Air Force Probes 1947 UFO Claim Findings Are Down to Earth,” 9 September 1994, Associated Press release; William J. Broad, “Wreckage of a `Spaceship’: Of This Earth (and U.S.),” The New York Times, 18 September 1994, p. 1; and USAF Col. Richard L. Weaver and 1st Lt. James McAndrew, The Roswell Report, Fact Versus Fiction in New Mexico Desert (Washington, DC: GPO, 1995).", "Albuquerque is home to the University of New Mexico (UNM), Kirtland Air Force Base, Sandia National Laboratories, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Central New Mexico Community College (CNM), Presbyterian Health Services, and Petroglyph National Monument. The Sandia Mountains run along the eastern side of Albuquerque, and the Rio Grande flows through the city, north to south. Albuquerque is also the home of the International Balloon Fiesta, the world's largest such gathering of balloons from around the world. The event takes place during the first week of October.", "This incident has enjoyed nearly as much publicity and documentation as the Roswell incident, showing up in numerous television documentaries and UFO books. On the 4th of December, 1965, numerous witnesses saw a blazing fireball fall from the sky, reportedly make correctional turns, and finally crash in a nearby forest-covered valley. Witnesses later reported a large military presence and a convoy of military vehicles leaving the area carrying a large covered object on a flatbed trailer. Some of the witnesses reported seeing an \"acorn-shaped\" object giving off a blue, pulsating glow. A local radio announcer reportedly snapped a picture of the object, only to have it confiscated. He was further sworn to secrecy or face \"severe consequences\". To this day, the community continues to be divided about the incidents of that night and this case continues to be one of the best documented UFO crash incidents in existence.", "1953 - A bright orange circular UFO was chased by a USAF F-86 fighter jet over Mount Taylor, New Mexico at 7:25 p.m.", "On the night of the 14th of March, 2008, witnesses reported a brightly-lit, turquoise-colored object fly overhead and crash next to a nearby river. It emitted a trail and crashed with a loud noise. Immediately thereafter, helicopters with searchlights and grappling hooks came and recovered the object, which was still glowing. Residents from a nearby town recall seeing many black SUV's with government license plates going to and from the crash site. Others involved in the reporting of this incident reported being \"watched\" by men in black vehicles. This event made national news and is highlighted on many UFO web sites.", "Tombaugh later reported having seen three of the mysterious green fireballs, which suddenly appeared over New Mexico in late 1948 and continued at least through the early 1950s. A researcher on Project Twinkle reported that Tombaugh \"... never observed an unexplainable aerial object despite his continuous and extensive observations of the sky.\" ", "On the evening of July 3, 1947 Dan Wilmot, a respected business owner, and his wife were sitting on their front porch when they saw a bright saucer shaped object with glowing lights moving across they sky at 400-500 miles per hour. Dan Wilmot estimated that the unidentified flying object was about 20-25 feet across. The flying object appeared from the Southeast and disappeared to the Northwest. Dan Wilmot reported his unusual sighting to the Roswell Daily Record.", "Carter’s UFO sighting began shortly after dark on a windless night. Jimmy Carter was standing outside the Lion’s Club in Leary, Georgia, waiting for a meeting to start. Suddenly, he and ten or more witnesses, sighted a red and green orb radiating in the western sky. Carter described an object that \"it seemed to move towards us from a distance, stop, move partially away, return, then depart. Bluish at first; then reddish - luminous - not solid.\"", "This journey from Trinity to Trinity begins with the New Mexico desert night sky turning instantly to day at 05:29 am on July 16, 1945. An eyewitness recalled, “The effects could well be called unprecedented, magnificent, beautiful, stupendous, and terrifying. The lighting effects beggared description. The whole country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times that of the midday sun. It was golden, purple, violet, gray, and blue.”", "1897 - The whole town of Everest, Kansas saw an object fly in under the cloud cover. It came down slowly, then flew away very fast to the southeast. When directly over the town it swept the ground with a powerful searchlight. It was seen to rise up at a fantastic speed until barely discernible, then to come down again and sweep low over the witnesses. At one point it remained stationary for five minutes at the edge of a low cloud, which it illuminated." ]

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[ "As for another portion of this nursery rhyme that may be confusing for a modern reader, curds and whey is probably in reference to a food similar to cottage cheese; curds are the soft, white substances formed when milk sours, while whey is the liquid that remains (cottage cheese is cheese made from these curds, with a little bit of whey left behind).", "The first known use of the term \"cottage cheese\" dates back to 1831[1] and is believed to have originated because the simple cheese was usually made in cottages from any milk left over after making butter. The curds and whey from the Little Miss Muffet nursery rhyme is another dish made from curds with whey, but it is uncertain what their consistency was, if they were drained at all or how they were curdled (which affects the flavor). Some writers claim they are equivalent or similar.[2]", "Curdling milk refers to the process of separating it into solids (known as curds) and liquid (known as whey). This is done by adding either Rennet (a complex of enzymes found in the stomachs of ruminant mammals) or an edible acidic substance to the milk, or by simply letting the milk naturally go sour. The curds are used to make most types of cheese, and the whey is used to make products like ricotta cheese and whey protein supplements.", "Whey is the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained. It is a co-product of the manufacture of cheese or casein and has several commercial uses. Sweet whey is manufactured during the making of rennet types of hard cheese like cheddar or Swiss cheese. Acid whey (also known as \"sour whey\") is a co-product produced during the making of acid types of dairy products such as cottage cheese or strained yogurt.", "Made in nearly every country where milk is produced, cheese is a solid food made from curdled milk, primarily the milk of cows, goats, sheep, reindeer, camels, and water buffalo. To make cheese, milk is first cultured with bacteria, as in the making of buttermilk. The milk is then curdled (broken into solid [curds] and liquid [whey]) by adding a curdling agent such as rennet (sometimes known as rennin, which is the pure enzyme), vinegar, or lemon juice. The whey is drained away, and the curds may be pressed to remove additional moisture before they are aged (sometimes called ripened) to allow them to dry further and develop flavor. Sometimes the curds are exposed to molds or bacteria, washed with beer or brandy, smoked over fragrant woods, coated with herbs and spices, or even encased in wax to give them particular flavors or consistencies.", "According to Miriam-Webster's dictionary, whey is \"the watery part of milk that is separated from the coagulable part, or curd, especially in the process of making cheese, and that is rich in lactose, minerals, and vitamins and contains lactalbumin and traces of fat.\"", "The liquid part of milk that remains after the curd is removed. Most whey is further separated with the fattier parts used in making butter. Some whey is used to make \"whey cheese\" or \"Ricotta cheese.\"", "whey - the serum or watery part of milk that is separated from the curd in making cheese", "In the single-column system, the curd/whey mixture enters the column under the whey level for round-eyed cheese production. A hopper located on top of each column assures a more or less constant whey level during production. The column is filled up with curd, but the whey level is always above the level of curd to avoid incorporation of air in the curd.", "But that’s how you get curds and whey. They are two kinds of milk proteins, which separate when you add rennin to them.", "The product of thickening milk into a liquid \"whey\" and a semi-solid called \"curd.\" Normally, the curd is pressed, treated with cultures, and ripened into approximately 18 distinct families of cheese with over 400 specific types.", "The curd is normally manufactured from fat-standardized and pasteurized milk. At a pH of about 6.3, after some 2 to 2.5 hours of curd production, the curd-whey mixture is pumped from the cheese tank into the continuous cheddaring machine (2). Pre-drawing of whey is not normally practised.", "Cheese curds start off with fresh milk. The milk is pasteurized, much like in the process of creating cheese. During this process, rennet is added to clot the milk. After the milk has been pasteurized, the result is a mixture of whey and the early stages of the curd. This mixture is then cooked. Next, it is pressed to release the whey from the curd, thus creating the final product of cheese curd.", "Whey, which is also known as milk permeate or milk serum actually refers to the liquid that remains after the milk has curdled and strained. When casein or cheese is made, the whey is obtained as a by-product. There are various types of whey; sweet whey and acid whey are among the most common. Sweet whey is obtained as a by-product when rennet type of hard cheese is manufactured. This includes cheddar, Swiss cheese etc. Acid whey (also known as sour whey), is also a by-product but of the manufacturing process of various acid types. Note that these acid types are of the dairy products including strained yoghurt, cottage cheese etc. In contrast to this, casein is the term that is used for a family of phosphoproteins that are related and include αS1, αS2, β, κ. These proteins can commonly be found in mammalian milk, that is, milk produced by mammals. They make up about 80% of the milk obtained from cows and somewhere between 20 and 45% of human milk. The uses of casein are many; it is used in the making of cheese, as a food additive, as a binder for safety matches etc. It has high nutritional content as it contains amino acids, carbohydrates and two very important inorganic elements, calcium and phosphorous. Note that one of the only similarities between casein and whey is their association with milk.", "The curds and whey are separated using rennet, an enzyme complex normally produced from the stomachs of newborn calves (in vegetarian or kosher cheeses, bacterial, yeast or mould-derived chymosin is used). ", "Whey, known as milk permeate or milk serum, refers to the liquid that remains after the milk has curdled and strained, when casein or cheese is made, the whey is obtained as a by-product, various types of whey; sweet whey, acid whey; Casein-a family of phosphoproteins that are related and include (αS1, αS2, β, κ), commonly found in mammalian milk, make up about 80% of the milk obtained from cows and somewhere between 20 and 45% of human milk", "In short, the traditional method that has been passed through generations begins with the collection and heating of milk in a large cauldron. Unpasteurized milk is sieved into the cauldron using cheesecloth οΏ½ current processes involve mechanic infiltration - in order to clean any impurities and is heated up to 32-35οΏ½C. Rennet is added to start the curdling process and it takes around 30-45 minutes for the milk to turn into soft cheese initially in the form of soft curds. The curds are then cut to small pieces (depending on the preferred size of halloumi) and are placed either in specially woven basket moulds or wrapped in large cheese cloths where they are mechanically pressed for around 30-60 minutes. Pressing is essential so as to drain the excess whey and this is followed by the re-cooking of halloumi in the whey so as to give the appropriate firm texture.", "In the Indian subcontinent, regular unstrained yogurt (curd), made from cow or water buffalo milk, it is often sold in disposable clay bowls called kulhar. Kept for a couple of hours in its clay pot, some of the water evaporates through the unfired clay's pores. It also cools the curd due to evaporation. But true strained yogurt is made by draining the yoghurt in a cloth.", "“Little Miss Muffet, sat on her tuffet, eating her curds and whey. Alon…” You may remember this beloved nursery rhyme, but have you ever wondered, ‘what are curds and whey?”", "B. Little Miss Muffet was observed eating her curds and whey. What would be the composition of her curds and what would be the composition of her whey? Also, by what method by which those curds and whey most probably were produced?", "“Dairy work was hard work, typically starting with the first milking at 3:00 or 4:00 in the morning and going well into the evening. Cheese was particularly demanding, since timing was crucial — the first batch of cheese was typically started some hours after milking, after the milk had cooled, but before there was any danger of spoilage. It was customary for the women of the household to do all the work themselves: heating the milk in vats, preparing and adding rennet (typically made from calves’ stomachs) to curdle the milk and set it, cutting up the curds and stirring at length, straining, salting, molding, pressing, turning, and so forth. All of this was guided by knowledge passed on from mother to daughter, from mistress to maid. There were numerous techniques for managing the rate of curdling, controlling the amount of liquid or whey in the new cheese, and manipulating the flavors of the result. This was women’s knowledge, and its female nature was unchallenged until the eighteenth century.”", "3. The fluid portion of milk from which the curd has been separated by coagulation; whey.", " A type of sweet snack made from curd, popular in the Baltic states– Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania – as well as in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan.", "The curd mats are cut into sections and piled on top of each other and flipped periodically. This step is called cheddaring. Cheddaring helps to expel more whey, allows the fermentation to continue until a pH of 5.1 to 5.5 is reached, and allows the mats to \"knit\" together and form a tighter matted structure. The curd mats are then milled (cut) into smaller pieces.", "Cream, fermented cream, or some other type of 'dressing' is added to the curd particles to make the final product. For differentiation, producers sometimes add other ingredients like vegetables, fruit, shrimps, shellfish, honey, jam or cereals.", "The mechanical treatment of the curd and the continued production of lactic acid by bacteria help to expel whey from the grains.", "Curdle - The separation of an emulsion (fat and liquid) When adding eggs/liquid to a fat and sugar mix............Cheese is formed by the curdling of milk with the addition of rennet.", "Rennet : a natural enzyme obtained from the stomach of young cows that is used to curdle milk when making cheese.", "Powdered skim milk, a source of dangerous oxidized cholesterol and neurotoxic amino acids, is added to 1% and 2% milk. Low-fat yogurts and sour creams contain mucopolysaccharide slime to give them body. Pale butter from hay-fed cows contains colorings to make it look like vitamin-rich butter from grass-fed cows. Bioengineered enzymes are used in large-scale cheese production. Many mass produced cheeses contain additives and colorings and imitation cheese products contain vegetable oils.", "shows embodiments of processes for making dairy products 500 that incorporate methods of converting reducing sugars to aldobionate products at multiple stages.", "it is very important to dissolve the curd culture uniformly in the milk. whisk very well with a spoon or a whisker.", "For a few cheeses, the milk is curdled by adding acids such as vinegar or lemon juice. Most cheeses are acidified to a lesser degree by bacteria, which turn milk sugars into lactic acid , then the addition of rennet completes the curdling. Vegetarian alternatives to rennet are available; most are produced by fermentation of the fungus Mucor miehei, but others have been extracted from various species of the Cynara thistle family." ]

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[ "DeForest Kelley (actor) -- Dead. Multiple causes. Died June 11, 1999. Born January 20, 1920. He's dead, Jim. Best-known as \"Bones\" on Star Trek.   IMDb", "DeForest Kelley played Chief Medical Officer Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy, a brilliant scientist. (Kelley died in 1999.)", "Deforest Kelley ( 20 January 1920 – 11 June 1999 ; age 79) was originally considered by Gene Roddenberry for the role of Doctor Philip Boyce in the first pilot, \" The Cage \". However, director Robert Butler wanted veteran actor John Hoyt for the part. ( Inside Star Trek: The Real Story , pp. 37, 39) Roddenberry then offered the role of Spock to Kelley, but he turned it down. ( These Are the Voyages: TOS Season One )", "In a TLC interview done in the late 1990s, Kelley jokingly said one of his biggest fears was that the words etched on his gravestone would be \"He's dead, Jim.\" Reflecting this, Kelley's obituary in Newsweek magazine began: \"We're not even going to try to resist: He's dead, Jim.\" On the other hand, he stated that he was very proud to hear from so many Star Trek fans who had been inspired to become doctors as a result of his portrayal of Dr. McCoy. For his final film, Kelley provided the voice of Viking 1 in the 2nd/3rd installment in the children's series The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars.", "\"Me, I'm a doctor. If I were an officer of the line...\" ( TOS : \" A Taste of Armageddon \")", "\"What am I, a doctor or a moon -shuttle conductor?\" ( TOS : \" The Corbomite Maneuver \")", "Sean Maher as Dr. Simon Tam —a trauma surgeon of the first caliber (top 3% in his class at a top core-planet institution), who is on the run after breaking his sister River out of a government research facility. In the episode \" Safe \", it is revealed that he and River had a privileged upbringing with access to the best education. In rescuing River over his stern father's severe objections, Simon sacrificed a highly successful future in medicine. His bumbling attempts at a romantic relationship with Kaylee are a recurring subplot throughout the series, and at every turn he seems to find a way to unwittingly foil his own attempts at romance. His life is defined by caring for his sister. [11]", "Kirk liberally used the nickname \" Bones \" for his doctor from this point on. ( TOS : \" The Man Trap \") During a 2267 away mission on Pyris VII , Kirk made a special point to avoid calling McCoy \"Bones\", instead using the nickname \"Doc\", after finding themselves in shackles hanging alongside a skeleton . ( TOS : \" Catspaw \")", "Following the Dinar IV incident, Captain Kirk holds a memorial service for Ensign Thomas Lee aboard the Enterprise-A, after attempting to consult with various crewmembers in order to determine precisely who Ensign Lee was as a person and a human being. The raiders, revealed to be Haigy, are turned over to the Sandar for death-penalty punishment, as opposed to being remanded into the Federation for temporary incarceration. ( TOS comic : \" Once a Hero! \")", "McDowell is well known in Star Trek circles as “the man who killed Captain Kirk” in the 1994 film Star Trek Generations, in which he played the mad scientist Dr. Tolian Soran. McDowell has also appeared in several computer games, most notably as Admiral Tolwyn in the Wing Commander series of computer games. His appearance in Wing Commander III marked the series transition from 2D pre-rendered cutscenes to live-action cutscenes. His appearance in Wing Commander IV was during the final days of video game live action cut scenes.", "Lieutenant Templeton \"Faceman\" Peck, (often referred to simply as \"Face\") is a fictional character in the 1980s action / adventure television series , The A-Team played by Dirk Benedict . Tim Dunigan played this role in the pilot episode , but reputedly he was thought to look too young to be a believable Vietnam veteran , [1] , and he was much taller than the rest of the cast. He was replaced by Benedict for the rest of the show's run. The character of Face appeared on The A-Team from 1983 until its cancellation in 1987.", "In addition to voicing his characters from Star Trek and X-Men in several related computer and video games, Stewart worked as a voice actor on games unrelated to both franchises, such as Castlevania: Lords of Shadow, Forgotten Realms: Demon Stone, Lands of Lore: The Throne of Chaos and The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion for which in 2006 he won a Spike TV Video Game Award for his work as Emperor Uriel Septim. He also lent his voice to several editions of the Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia.", "In 1983, NBC broadcast an episode of \"St. Elsewhere\" in which a politician checks into St. Eligius Hospital and learns he has AIDS. That episode is considered the first among prime time series to feature an AIDS patient, according to the Archive of American Television. Three years later, one of the show's most prominent characters, Dr. Robert Caldwell, played by Mark Harmon , will learn he has been diagnosed with HIV. But that's three long years later.", "Harris reprised his role as Dr. Smith in the one-hour TV special Lost in Space Forever in 1998. However, unlike his costars in the original series (June Lockhart, Mark Goddard, Marta Kristen and Angela Cartwright) he refused to make a cameo appearance in the motion picture version of Lost in Space earlier that year. He announced, \"I've never played a bit part in my life and I'm not going to start now!\" Bill Mumy also did not appear in the feature film. Gary Oldman played the part of Dr. Smith in the film, but as a more genuinely menacing and less likeable character than Harris' on TV. An episode of The Simpsons has a cameo of Dr. Smith along with the Robot; multiple episodes of Freakazoid had the character of a cowardly Professor Jones; Professor Jones utters his catchphrase \"Oh, the pain!\" In case there was any question about the parody, numerous characters would ask him, \"Weren't you on a TV show with a robot?\"", "* Brent Spiner as Dr. Brackish Okun, the unkempt and highly excitable scientist in charge of research at Area 51. Dr. Okun appeared to have been killed by an alien but returned in the sequel, where it was revealed that the character had merely been in a coma. The character's appearance and verbal style are based upon those of visual effects supervisor Jeffrey A. Okun, with whom Emmerich had worked on Stargate. ", "*Ed Begley Jr., William Daniels, Stephen Furst and Eric Laneuville reunited to appear in a season-one episode of Scrubs; the episode saw the actors not reprising their St. Elsewhere characters but rather guest as a quartet of doctors that fell sick at a medical convention. The episode was part of a week-long series of events honoring NBC's 75th Anniversary. ", "Adam Baldwin as Jayne Cobb—a mercenary. He and Mal met on opposite sides of a rivalry; Mal, while held at gunpoint, offered Jayne his own bunk and a higher cut than his current employer, so he turned coat and shot his then-partners. In the original Pilot \"Serenity\" he intimates to Mal that he did not betray him because \"The money wasn't good enough.\" However, previously he had pointedly asked the Alliance agent whether he would be required to turn on the captain to help him, and in \"Ariel\" defends his actions alerting the authorities regarding Simon and River by claiming he had not intended to betray Mal. He is someone who can be depended on in a fight. He tends to act like a \"lummox\" who thinks he is the smartest person in space, but occasional hints of intelligence peek through this façade, giving the impression that he acts dumber than he is. As Whedon states several times, Jayne is the man who will ask the questions that no one else wants to. Even though he is a macho character, he has shown a particularly intense fear of Reavers, more so than the rest of the crew. Despite his amoral mercenary persona, he sends a significant portion of his income to his mother, again suggesting that there is more to his character than what he presents to the rest of the crew.", "Episodes often feature guest voices from a wide range of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, bands, musicians, and scientists. Many guest voices star as themselves. Leslie Uggams was the first to appear as herself, in the fourth episode of the first season, \" Mind Over Murder \". [86] The episode \" Not All Dogs Go to Heaven \" guest starred the entire cast of , including Patrick Stewart , Jonathan Frakes , Brent Spiner , LeVar Burton , Gates McFadden , Michael Dorn , Wil Wheaton , Marina Sirtis , and even Denise Crosby (season 1 as Tasha Yar ), playing themselves; this is the episode with the most guest stars of the seventh season. [87] [88]", "Harris reprised his role as Dr. Smith in the one-hour TV special Lost in Space Forever in 1998. However, unlike his costars in the original series (June Lockhart, Mark Goddard, Marta Kristen and Angela Cartwright), he refused to make a cameo appearance in the motion picture version of Lost in Space earlier that year. He announced, \"I've never played a bit part in my life and I'm not going to start now!\" (Bill Mumy also did not appear in the feature film.) Gary Oldman played the part of Dr. Smith in the film but as a more genuinely menacing and less likeable character than Harris's on TV. An episode of The Simpsons has a cameo of Dr. Smith along with The Robot; multiple episodes of Freakazoid had a character of a cowardly \"Professor Jones\"; in both \"Professor Jones\" utters his catchphrase \"Oh, the pain!\" In case there was any question about the parody, numerous characters would ask him, \"Weren't you on a TV show with a robot?\"", "Tim Russ ( born 22 June 1956 ; age 60) was the runner-up for the role of Geordi La Forge , according to Rick Berman in an interview in the 1995 special Star Trek Voyager: Inside the New Adventure. Russ went on to play the mercenary characters Devor and T'Kar and a lieutenant aboard the USS Enterprise-B before finally winning the regular role of Tuvok on Star Trek: Voyager . The would-be casting of Russ was almost indirectly referenced on-screen; in some very early drafts of \" Death Wish \" – in which the TNG character affected by Quinn was La Forge instead of Riker – Q would have revealed that, were it not for Quinn's actions, the chief engineer of the USS Enterprise-D would've been Tuvok, not La Forge.", "Heavily involved with early peace negotiations with the Klingons, Kirk's expose of a terrorist conspriacy trying to sabotage the talks helped bring about greater peace in the galaxy just prior to his retirement from Starfleet in 2293. While aboard for the ceremonial christening of the U.S.S. Enterprise-B, Kirk volunteered to launch a torpedo manually from the underarmed, understaffed ship during an unexpected rescue mission, but was pronounced dead when his section was ripped open by discharges from the Nexus, a temporal energy ribbon, and his body was never recovered. In actuality, he survived that incident by gaining access to the Nexus — and a timeless, perfect life within it for decades. He was finally shaken from endless Nexus fantasies in 2371, when Captain Jean-Luc Picard of the U.S.S. Enterprise-D persuaded him to help stop the obsessed El-Aurian, Dr. Tolian Soran , from destroying Veridian III. They stopped the madman's plot, but Kirk was killed in the fight and buried in a plain grave atop a tall butte on the rocky planet.", "Martin Seamus \"Marty\" McFly is a fictional character in the Back to the Future trilogy. He is portrayed by actor Michael J. Fox. Marty also appears in the animated series, where he was voiced by David Kaufman. In the videogame by Telltale Games, he is voiced by A.J. Locascio; in addition, Fox voiced Marty's future counterparts at the end of the game. In 2008, Marty McFly was selected by Empire magazine as the 12th Greatest Movie Character of All Time. ", "*In \"Santa Claus is Dead\", Dr. Craig mentions serving in Korea with his drinking buddy, B.J. Hunnicutt, implying that Dr. Hunnicutt was reassigned to another unit in Korea following the July 1953 deactivation of the 4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital at the end of M*A*S*H’s finale, \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\".", "Michael O’Hare born May 6, 1952, died September 28, 2012, was an American actor, best known for his role in the science fiction TV series Babaylon 5 by creator J. Michael Straczynski, playing the character of Commander Jeffrey Sinclair. Straczynski described actor Michael O’Hare as having paranoid delusions, during the filming of the first season of Babylon 5. Halfway through filming, O’Hare’s  hallucinations worsened and playing a character became stressful, who was suffering from a similar mental illness halfway doing the shooting of the film. It became extremely difficult for O’Hare to continue with his work, with increasing erratic behavior and he was often at odds with his co-stars. Michael O’Hare sought treatment for his mental illness, though his treatments were quite successful, but was never fully recovered. Straczynski posted on September 28, 2012, that O’Hare suffered a heart attack on September 23 and had remained in a coma until his death on September 28, 2012 at the age of 60. Those times when O’Hare was not seen publicly, he had retired from acting which had led to rumors of his being seriously ill for the last remaining years of his life. O’ Hare’s personal friend, Straczynski, later revealed in a  Phoenix convention in 2013, about O’hare’s details of 20-year struggle with mental illness.", "Bakula reprised the role of Jonathan Archer , albeit in voice only, for the video game Star Trek: Legacy . The game also features the voices of the four other captains of the Star Trek universe – William Shatner , Patrick Stewart , Avery Brooks , and Kate Mulgrew .", "JAMES ARNESS passed away in his sleep on June 3, 2011. At age 88 he was the last member of the original regular cast. Click here if you would like to learn a lot about his life and his career.", "Scott Bakula (1954 - ) An American actor known for his role as Sam Beckett in the television series Quantum Leap and the role of Captain Jonathan Archer in Star Trek: Enterprise. Born in St. Louis, MO (315)", "Baker starred as the Fourth Doctor in the 1997 video game Destiny of the Doctors. His voice has also been featured in Ecco the Dolphin: Defender of the Future (2000), Warhammer 40,000: Fire Warrior (2003), \"Sudeki\" (2004), Cold Winter (2005), MediEvil: Resurrection, Hostile Waters: Antaeus Rising, and Little Britain: The Video Game (2007).", "* Episode \"Boot\" of Emergency! (2nd season) had Farr as a patient who has a curse on him and couldn't move his right arm. Dr. Early was able to remove the curse.", "* The 1986 video game Killed Until Dead by Artech Digital Entertainment features spoofs of famous characters including a \"Mike Stammer\".", "James T. Kirk: That wasn't a simulation!! That wasn't a robot ship!! That thing just murdered one of my crew and now you tell me you can't turn it off!!", "Was the first actor to ever \"act\" in a video game ( Apocalypse (1998)). No one before had ever done voice work along with having their likeness and movements digitally added to the game, as well as receiving prominent billing on the game's cover." ]

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[ "In October 1999, Jones introduced Jones Soda WhoopAss (later shortened to simply \"WhoopAss\"). Jones Energy was the second entry into the energy drink market and included three flavors in 8.4oz cans: Mixed Berry, Lemon Lime, and Orange. Big Jones Energy and Sugar Free Jones Energy (both 16oz cans) were also available. Jones Energy was discontinued in late 2008.", "As the company gained significant knowledge of the beverage industry, it decided to get into the market with alternative beverages as the Urban Juice & Soda Company. By 2000, over 85% of its revenues came from the Jones Soda brand, and the company officially changed its name to Jones Soda and moved from its headquarters in Vancouver, British Columbia, to Seattle, Washington.", "The Coca-Cola Company (NYSE: KO) is the world’s largest beverage company, refreshing consumers with more than 500 sparkling and still brands .  Led by Coca-Cola, one of the world’s most valuable and recognizable brands, our Company’s portfolio features 17 billion-dollar brands including Diet Coke , Fanta , Sprite , Coca-Cola Zero , vitaminwater, Powerade , Minute Maid , Simply, Georgia and Del Valle . Globally, we are the No. 1 provider of sparkling beverages, ready-to-drink coffees, and juices and juice drinks.  Through the world’s largest beverage distribution system, consumers in more than 200 countries enjoy our beverages at a rate of 1.9 billion servings a day.  With an enduring commitment to building sustainable communities, our Company is focused on initiatives that reduce our environmental footprint, support active, healthy living , create a safe, inclusive work environment for our associates, and enhance the economic development of the communities where we operate.  Together with our bottling partners, we rank among the world’s top 10 private employers with more than 700,000 system associates.", "For the next decade and through the turn of the century, PepsiCo expanded to include products that would keep it competitive in a continually growing and changing market. As consumers became more and more conscious of their health and eating habits, PepsiCo answered their needs. In the late 1990s, they introduced Aquafina bottled water, acquired Tropicana fruit juices, bought the South Beach Beverage Company, which manufactures SoBe juice blends, and acquired the company whose name is synonymous with healthy eating, Quaker Oats. Healthy food was not the only benefit in this merger. It just so happened that Quaker owned the sports drink, Gatorade.", "The Coca-Cola Company, which is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, is an American multinational beverage corporation, and manufacturer, retailer, and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. The company is best known for its flagship product Coca-Cola, invented in 1886 by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in Columbus, Georgia. The Coca-Cola formula and brand were bought in 1889 by Asa Griggs Candler (December 30, 1851 – March 12, 1929), who incorporated The Coca-Cola Company in 1892. The company has operated a franchised distribution system since 1889, wherein The Coca-Cola Company only produces syrup concentrate, which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold exclusive territories. The Coca-Cola Company owns its anchor bottler in North America, Coca-Cola Refreshments.", "The Coca-Cola Company is an American multinational beverage corporation and manufacturer, retailer and marketer of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups.", "Bacardi Limited is headquartered in Hamilton, Bermuda, and has a 16-member board of directors led by the original founder's great-great grandson, Facundo L. Bacardí. Along with other leading alcohol producers, Bacardi is part of a producers' commitments to reducing harmful drinking.[5]", "Formed following the merger of Glaxo Wellcome plc and SmithKline Beecham plc in 2000, GlaxoSmithKline is a British multinational pharmaceutical, biologic, vaccine and consumer health company headquartered in Brentford, London.", "Across the country, Sevan Curukcu, who owns and runs a BP station in Lodi, N.J., has noticed the same thing. When Curukcu moved his family to the U.S. from Turkey in 2001, he opened the BP franchise and quickly found that all anyone ever wanted to buy was a Coke or maybe a Snapple. Today? “It’s all Red Bull or water.” In his gas station, Curukcu has relegated Coca-Cola and its carbonated competitors (Pepsi, Dr Pepper, and all the decaffeinated, low-calorie iterations thereof) to one refrigerator in the corner. The rest of the store is stocked with iced tea, juices, and lots of water and energy drinks. “See what I mean?” he asks as a 20-year-old waitress walks up to his counter and purchases two liters of water and two 20-ounce cans of Red Bull.", "Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants and vending machines worldwide. John Stith Pemberton was an American pharmacist, soldier, and inventor. He concocted Coca-Cola on May 8, 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia. He had developed many syrups, medicines, and elixirs before, including a popular drink called French Wine of Coca, which contained French Bordeaux wine, coca leaves, and caffeine. Coca-Cola originally included trace amounts of powder cocaine, which gave it its name. During 1886, Coca Cola's first year, sales averaged nine drinks per day. In 2004, over 1.3 billion beverage servings are sold each day. Although Coca-Cola was first created in the United States, it became popular wherever it went. More than 70 percent of income comes from outside the United States, making John Pemberton's company a truly global powerhouse.", "Many locals were employed in the Pontins holiday centre before it was sold off. Torquay was the home of Suttons Seeds until it relocated to the neighbouring town of Paignton in 1998, and Beverage Brands, the owners of the popular and controversial alcoholic brand WKD, was based in the town until 2011. ", "Ashington has the Alcan Lynemouth Aluminium Smelter, next to the Lynemouth Power Station. Hammerite and Cuprinol are made in Prudhoe by ICI Paints. A Procter & Gamble factory in Seaton Delaval makes Hugo Boss aftershave and Clairol and Nice 'n Easy hair dye at a site formerly owned by Shultons, who originated Old Spice and were bought by P&G in 1990. McQuay UK makes air conditioning systems on the Bassington Industrial Estate at the A1068/A1172 junction in Cramlington, and Avery Dennison UK make labels on the Nelson Industrial Estate off of the A192. Schweppes' Abbey Well mineral water, the official water of the London 2012 Olympic Games, is made by Coca-Cola in the east of Morpeth. The National Renewable Energy Centre (Narec) is at Blyth.In Cramlington [http://www.aesica-pharma.co.uk/ Aesica Pharmaceuticals], one of the UKs fastest growing pharmaceutical companies, and the global company MSD both manufacture Pharmaceuticals and are founder members of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC). Pharmaceuticals. Aesica have also opened their corporate headquarters in Longbenton, from which they now manage their global multinational pharmaceutical business.", "In 1965, the Pepsi-Cola Company merged with Frito-Lay, Inc. to become PepsiCo, Inc.. At the time of its foundation, PepsiCo was incorporated in the state of Delaware and headquartered in Manhattan, New York. The company's headquarters were relocated to their present location of Purchase, New York in 1970, and in 1986 PepsiCo was reincorporated in the state of North Carolina.", "Zero, Fanta, Sprite, Dasani, vitaminwater, Powerade, Minute Maid, Simply, Del Valle, Georgia and Gold Peak. Through the world's largest beverage distribution system, we are the No. 1 provider of both sparkling and still beverages.  More than 1.9 billion servings of our beverages are enjoyed by consumers in more than 200 countries each day. With an enduring commitment to building sustainable communities, our company is focused on initiatives that reduce our environmental footprint, create a safe, inclusive work environment for our associates, and enhance the economic development of the communities where we operate. Together with our bottling partners, we rank among the world's top 10 private employers with more than 700,000 system associates.", "Jolt Cola was a beverage originally made by The Jolt Company, Inc. of Rochester, New York, which changed its name to Wet Planet Beverages. From the outset, Jolt's marketing strategy centered on the caffeine content, billing the drink as a means to promote wakefulness. The initial slogan was \"All the sugar and twice the caffeine\"; this slogan survived for 24 years. This slogan was changed to \"Maximum caffeine, more power\".", "Dr Pepper is a carbonated soft drink marketed in North America and South America by Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages (CSAB), a unit of Cadbury Schweppes. The headquarters of CSAB are situated in Plano, Texas, a suburb of Dallas. There is also a no-sugar version, Diet Dr Pepper, as well as many other flavors.", "1938 - Walter S. Mack, Jr., V.P. of Phoenix Securities Corporation is elected President of the Pepsi-Cola Company. Mack, who considers advertising the keystone of the soft drink business, turns Pepsi into a modern marketing company.", "Reckitt Benckiser Group plc (RB) () () is a British multinational consumer goods company headquartered in Slough, England. It is a producer of health, hygiene and home products. It was formed in 1999 by the merger of the UK-based Reckitt & Colman plc and the Netherlands-based Benckiser NV.", "The Red Bull company is Austrian, and it’s been around since 1987. This beverage is sold all over the world, and it contains no cholesterol. Furthermore, it provides some vitamins and minerals. Also, this energy drink is fairly low in calories (169 per can), but read on…", "In late 2015, Heineken USA purchased Red Stripe from Diageo. In 2016, the company released news that all brewing operations for the brand will return to Jamaica.", "Hey Steve, Cherry Mash is still around! The company is located in St. Joseph, Missouri. I remember when I was a kid my dad would go to the store and buy my sister and I each a Cherry Mash and a bottle of Coke (pure heaven!) right before The Wizard of OZ came on TV each year. ( I still have to have my Cherry Mash and Coke whenever that movie's on TV:o) --- Tammy Walker, Kearney MO 1965", "Barq's is an American soft drink. Its brand of root beer is notable for having caffeine. Barq's, created by Edward Barq and bottled since the turn of the 20th century, is currently owned and bottled by the Coca-Cola Company. It was known as Barq's Famous Olde Tyme Root Beer until 2012. ", "In 2002, Miller Brewing and South African Breweries became SABMiller, the second-largest maker of beer in the world, though Philip Morris kept an interest in the merged company. ", "Jack Daniel's is a brand of Tennessee whiskey and the top selling American whiskey in the world. It is produced in Lynchburg, Tennessee, by the Jack Daniel Distillery, which has been owned by the Brown-Forman Corporation since 1956. Despite being the location of a major operational distillery, Jack Daniel's home county of Moore is a dry county, so the product is not available for consumption at stores or restaurants within the county. ", "Sarsaparilla is still around, but it takes a little poking to turn it up. The drink, which tastes a great deal like root beer, is still popular in some parts of the U.S. — the folks in Pittsburgh, I understand, are crazy about the stuff. Although none of the major soft-drink manufacturers markets a national brand, all continue to make the flavor base available to any local bottler who cares to market sarsaparilla on his own. Many cities have a specialty store or two that carries these brands; ask around.", "Founded on 1838. Took over Hartleys brewery in 1982, closing down the Ulverston plant in 1994 and transferring the Hartley brands to the Unicorn brewery. Robinsons bought the rights to the Ward brands in 2006 but subsequently sold some of those brands to Maxim Beer Co.", "Glass producer Pilkington is the town's one remaining large industrial employer. Previously the town had been home to Beechams, the Gamble Alkali Works, Ravenhead glass, United Glass Bottles, Triplex, Daglish Foundry, and Greenall's brewery.", "Collier and McKeel (North Coast Spirits), Nashville, TN. Owned by California based North Coast Spritis, this company distills a Tenneessee Whiskey (using the Lincoln County process) and a white dog whiskey at the Corsair Distillery in Nashville.They also appear to be the makers of Costo's Kirkland Signature brand Tennessee Whiskey and Tennessee Bourbon.", "I contacted the company who owns the brand and they promised to send me some promotional material as well as list of all locations where their vodka can be purchased. As far as I know that are mostly night clubs, fancy restaurants and hotels / resorts. I don’t think you’ll be finding this brand in your local 7 eleven store anytime soon:)", "In 1893, Caleb Bradham, a young pharmacist from New Bern, North Carolina, begins experimenting with many different soft drink concoctions.  Like many pharmacists at the turn of the century he had a soda fountain in his drugstore, where he served his customers refreshing drinks, that he created himself. His most popular beverage was something he called \"Brad's drink\" made of carbonated water, sugar, vanilla, rare oils, pepsin and cola nuts.", "In May 1953, the worst tornado in Texas history struck downtown Waco, killing 114 and injuring hundreds. It caused millions of dollars in damage and dented Waco's economy for years after. Downtown Waco is home to the ALICO Building, which was completed in 1910, and was once the tallest structure in the Southwest. Downtown Waco, where Dr Pepper soda was invented, is also the location of the famous Dr Pepper Museum.", "Jelly Belly Candy Company, formerly known as Herman Goelitz Candy Company and Goelitz Confectionery Company, manufactures Jelly Belly jelly beans and other candy. The company is based in Fairfield, California, with a second manufacturing facility in North Chicago, Illinois and a distribution center in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin. In October 2008 the company opened a manufacturing plant in Rayong, Thailand where it produces confectionery for the international market. " ]

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[ "Bloomsday is a commemoration and celebration of the life of Irish writer James Joyce during which the events of his novel Ulysses (which is set on 16 June 1904) are relived. It is observed annually on 16 June in Dublin and elsewhere. Joyce chose the date as it was the date of his first outing with his wife-to-be, Nora Barnacle; they walked to the Dublin suburb of Ringsend. The name is derived from Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses.", "Bloomsday is a commemoration and celebration of the life of Irish writerJames Joyce during which the events of his novel Ulysses (which is set on 16 June 1904) are relived. It is observed annually on 16 June in Dublin and elsewhere. Joyce chose the date as it was the date of his first outing with his wife-to-be, Nora Barnacle; they walked to the Dublin suburb of Ringsend. The name derives from Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses. The English portmanteau word Bloomsday is usually used in Irish as well, though some purist publications, including the Irish Wikipedia, call it Lá Bloom .", "To lovers of James Joyce and Irish literature, June 16 has a special significance. It's known as Bloomsday, named for Leopold Bloom, the main character in Joyce's \"Ulysses. \" The notoriously challenging novel blasted through formal conventions and become an iconic work of modernist fiction; its 600-plus pages take place in Dublin over the course of a single day, June 16, 1904. And on Saturday, Angelenos can celebrate the occasion by attending dramatic readings, listening to Irish music and naturally raising a glass of Guinness.", "1904. Irish author James Joyce begins a relationship with Nora Barnacle, and subsequently uses the date to set the actions for his novel Ulysses; traditionally \"Bloomsday\".", "Bloomsday is a commemoration observed annually on June 16th in Dublin and elsewhere to celebrate the life of Irish writer James Joyce and relive the events in his novel, Ulysses, all of which took place on the same day in Dublin in 1904. The name “Bloomsday” derives from Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses.", "Bloomsday is the commemoration observed annually on 16 June in Dublin and elsewhere to celebrate the life of Irish writer James Joyce and relive the events in his novel Ulysses, all of which took place on the same day in Dublin in 1904. The day is one of celebration among culture-lovers in Dublin and the festival, organised by a foundation that commemorates the writer, now runs for a week. The name derives from Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses, and 16 June was the date of Joyce’s first outing with his wife-to-be, Nora Barnacle, when they walked to the Dublin village of Ringsend.", "A book which almost requires no introduction, Ulysses has long been regarded as one of the key works of Modernist literature and one of the greatest novels ever written. Set over the course of one day, the 16 June 1904, the reader follows a day in the life of Leopold Bloom and experiences the various encounters he has with some of Dublin’s other inhabitants. By modelling Ulysses on Homer’s Odyssey, Joyce creates a sense of the epic, and transforms Bloom’s journey through contemporary, mundane Dublin into one of mythic proportions. While nobody would describe Ulysses as an easy book to read, or even comprehend, many people from all over the world are drawn to its complexities, subtlety and unique stream-of-consciousness structure. Bloomsday, an international celebration of the life and works of James Joyce, is held every 16 June, during which many of the novel’s moments are relived on the streets of modern Dublin.", "Bloomsday is a celebration that takes place both in Dublin and around the world. It celebrates Thursday 16 June 1904, which is the day depicted in James Joyce’s novel Ulysses. The day is named after Leopold Bloom, the central character in Ulysses.", "Bloomsday is a commemoration observed annually on 16 June in Dublin to celebrate the life of Irish writer James Joyce and relive the events in his novel Ulysses, all of which took place on the same day in Dublin in 1904. The name derives from Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses. Thursday, 16 June 1904 was the date of Joyce’s first outing with his wife-to-be, Nora Barnacle, when they walked to the Dublin urban village of Ringsend.", "June 16th is unique in literature in that it actually has a day named after it. Bloomsday is named after the main character Leopold Bloom in James Joyce’s most famous work Ulysses. And the date was deliberately chosen by the author as it was on this day in 1904 that he and Nora Barnacle, his future lover and wife, went on their first date. By that October she would leave Dublin and accompany him to France, where they struggled until his eventual breakthrough and international recognition.", "Leo Bloom is named for the protagonist of James Joyce 's classic novel Ulysses , Leopold Bloom . Leo meets Max on June 16 ( Bloomsday ), the date on which Ulysses takes place.", "Ulysses chronicles the passage of Leopold Bloom through Dublin during an ordinary day, June 16, 1904 (the day of Joyce's first date with his wife, Nora Barnacle [3] ). The title parallels and alludes to Odysseus ( Latinised into Ulysses), the hero of Homer 's Odyssey (e.g., the correspondences between Leopold Bloom and Odysseus, Molly Bloom and Penelope , and Stephen Dedalus and Telemachus ). Joyce fans worldwide now celebrate June 16 as Bloomsday .", "1 / 11 Show Caption + Hide Caption – Paul O'Hanrahan of the Balloonatics Theatre Company performs readings from James Joyce's Ulysses during Bloomsday, June 16, 2013. O'Hanrahan is dressed as the central character of the novel, Leopold Bloom, who lives the breadth of human experience in a single day, June 16, 1904. (Photo Credit: Mr. Bryan Gatchell (IMCOM)) VIEW ORIGINAL", "5 / 11 Show Caption + Hide Caption – During the action of the novel Ulysses by James Joyce, the central character Leopold Bloom visits a chemist called Sweny's to purchase a bar of lemon-scented soap. During Bloomsday in Dublin, celebrated June 16 in honor of the novel, tourists visit the shop to buy souvenirs related to the novel and its author. (Photo Credit: Mr. Bryan Gatchell (IMCOM)) VIEW ORIGINAL", "In the 20th century, Ireland produced four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature: George Bernard Shaw, William Butler Yeats, Samuel Beckett and Seamus Heaney. Although not a Nobel Prize winner, James Joyce is widely considered to be one of the most significant writers of the 20th century. Joyce's 1922 novel Ulysses is considered one of the most important works of Modernist literature and his life is celebrated annually on 16 June in Dublin as \"Bloomsday\". Modern Irish literature is often connected with its rural heritage through writers such as John McGahern and poets such as Seamus Heaney.", "Ulysses chronicles the passage of Leopold Bloom through Dublin during an ordinary day, June 16, 1904 . The title parallels and alludes to Odysseus ( Latinised into Ulysses), the hero of Homer 's Odyssey (e.g., the correspondences between Leopold Bloom and Odysseus, Molly Bloom and Penelope , and Stephen Dedalus and Telemachus ). Joyce fans worldwide now celebrate June 16 as Bloomsday .", "Although the memory of Joyce may be constant in this thriving city, where numerous reminders of his legacy can be found, there is one day of the year when his story truly comes alive – Bloomsday. On the 16th June every year Joyce fans the world over celebrate the life of this most famous of Dubliners and none do it better than Dublin. Now is your chance to step into the pages of Ulysses and live life through the eyes of Leopold Bloom for a day.", "The entire book takes place between 8 a.m. June 16, 1904, and twilight in the small hours of June 17. The date is known now as \"Bloomsday\" in honor of the protagonist of the novel, Leopold Bloom, a middle-age man of Hungarian Jewish descent. The novel mimics and parodies the episodes of Homer's epic The Odyssey as Bloom wanders the streets of Dublin during an ordinary Thursday. Bloom fixes his unfaithful wife breakfast, uses the privy, receives a love letter, attends a Catholic mass, attends a funeral, attempts to submit an ad to a paper, eats, avoids facing his wife's lover in the streets, listens to music, gets into an argument with a Fenian anti-Semite, leers at a woman on the beach, drinks after visiting a maternity hospital, visits the red light district, and takes a fatherly interest in the other main character of the novel, Stephen Dedalus, whose path Bloom crosses several times throughout the day and whom Joyce modeled on himself.", "James Joyce was born James Augustine Aloysius Joyce on February 2, 1882 in Dublin, Ireland. Joyce was one of the most revered writers of the 20th century, whose landmark book, Ulysses, is often hailed as one of the finest novels ever written. His exploration of language and new literary forms showed not only his genius as a writer but spawned a fresh approach for novelists, one that drew heavily on Joyce's love of the stream-of-consciousness technique and the examination of big events through small happenings in everyday lives. The story recounts a single day in Dublin. The date: June 16, 1904, the same day that Joyce and Barnacle met. On the surface, the novel follows the story three central characters, Stephen Dedalus, Leopold Bloom, a Jewish advertising canvasser, and his wife Molly Bloom, as well as the city life that unfolds around them. But Ulysses is also a modern retelling of Homer's Odyssey, with the three main characters serving as modern versions of Telemachus, Ulysses, and Penelope.", "(event has passed) 14th Annual Bloomsday Celebration: Re-Joyce in the Stacks. Muses, Music and Dramatic Readings from James Joyce’s Ulysses. Co-sponsored by the Mechanics’ Institute, the Irish Literary & Historical Society and Irish American Crossroads.", "Bloomsday - mid-June, walks, lectures and pub talks across the city to celebrate James Joyce's greatest novel, 'Ulysses'", "For many years Dublin had a vexed relationship with James Joyce. The first celebration of Bloomsday took place there 57 years ago, on June 16, 1954.  Irish writers Flann O’Brien and John Ryan brought a small group together at the Martello Tower, the setting of Ulysses’ first episode. From there, they took a Hades-like carriage ride through Dublin.", "James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century. Joyce is best known for Ulysses (1922), a landmark work in which the episodes of Homer's Odyssey are paralleled in an array of contrasting literary styles, perhaps most prominent among these the stream of consciousness technique he perfected. Other major works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). His complete oeuvre also includes three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism, and his published letters.", "Leopold Bloom is the fictional protagonist and hero of James Joyce's Ulysses. His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on 16 June 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and intimate scale, those of Ulysses/Odysseus in Homer's epic poem the Odyssey. The character was inspired by James Joyce's close friend Aron Ettore Schmitz (Italo Svevo), author of Zeno's Conscience.", "The same year he met Nora Barnacle, a young woman from Galway City who was working as a chambermaid. On 16 June 1904, they first stepped out together, an event which would be commemorated by providing the date for the action of Ulysses (as \"Bloomsday\").", "After World War I Joyce returned for a few months to Trieste, and then—at the invitation of Ezra Pound—in July 1920 he went to Paris. His novel Ulysses was published there on Feb. 2, 1922, by Sylvia Beach , proprietor of a bookshop called “Shakespeare and Company” Ulysses is constructed as a modern parallel to Homer’s Odyssey. All of the action of the novel takes place in Dublin on a single day (June 16, 1904). The three central characters—Stephen Dedalus (the hero of Joyce’s earlier Portrait of the Artist), Leopold Bloom , a Jewish advertising canvasser, and his wife, Molly Bloom—are intended to be modern counterparts of Telemachus , Ulysses, and Penelope . By the use of interior monologue Joyce reveals the innermost thoughts and feelings of these characters as they live hour by hour, passing from a public bath to a funeral, library, maternity hospital, and brothel.", "1929 - According to David Norris, a Dublin senator and a leading Joyce scholar, the first official celebration of Bloomsday is held on its twenty-fifth anniversary. That night, Joyce is the guest of honor at a dinner party held at Les Vaux de Cernay, a village near Versailles. After dinner, Joyce and his protege, the Nobel Prize-winning writer, Samuel Beckett, \"get pretty tight,\" Norris says. On the way home, frustrated by the frequency of requests, Joyce and Beckett are making for pit stops, the carriage driver decides not to wait for Joyce's drinking buddy to return from the pissoir, and leaves Beckett \"ingloriously abandoned on the outskirts of Paris\"", "On Bloomsday 2011, @11ysses was the stage for an experimental day-long tweading of Ulysses. Starting at 0800 (Dublin time) on Thursday 16 June 2011, the aim was to explore what would happen if Ulysses was recast 140 characters at a time. It was hoped that the event would become the first of a series.", "Ulysses manages to avoid the introspection that might have been bred by its immersion in the daily life of Dublin. In one passage Bloom, who is returning from his early morning visit to the butcher’s, imagines himself travelling around the world and encountering different peoples and cultures. Elsewhere Joyce’s characters show surprising interest in international issues, as when publican Larry O’Rourke is quoted as saying that the Russians would only be ‘an eight o’clock breakfast’ for the Japanese. This reminds us that on the original ‘Bloomsday’ the Russo-Japanese War, the first major international conflict of the twentieth century, was raging in the Far East.", "Kansas City, Missouri – the [http://irishcenterkc.org/ Irish Center of Kansas City] currently hosts the Bloomsday celebration, started at Bloomsday Books, KCMO in 1995. Usually a day long event, the Center hosts readers of Ulysses, screens a documentary, and sponsors a play, punctuating the Joycean word with Irish dancers and a performance by Dublin balladeer [http://www.eddiedelahunt.com/ Eddie Delahunt]. This has been an annual event since its inception.", "Ulysses opens at Martello Tower, several miles southeast of Dublin, at 8am on June 16, 1904. Stephen Dedalus (of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man fame) is renting the Tower with his friend (of sorts) Buck Mulligan. An Englishman named Haines is staying there with them. He is very interested in Stephen and his different thoughts and sayings about the Irish, and constantly tries to make conversation with him. Stephen, however, distrusts Haines and acts aloof.", "In Ulysses, Joyce’s alter ego, Stephen Dedalus, passed the pub, then operating as Conway’s, on his way to visit “shady Mary\", a lady of the night. On the same block is the old Finn’s Hotel, where Joyce’s future wife Nora Barnacle worked as a chambermaid. Joyce met her on June 16, 1894 – a date immortalised by Ulysses. Finn’s’ signage is faded but remains visible on the brick façade." ]

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[ "Also abbreviated Cresc. or written in as crescendo. This sign is the crescendo sign, it means gradually become louder.", "(Italian: 'little by little'). An term that can preface and instruction meaning to follow it 'little by little'. For example, 'poco a poco crescendo', meaning, getting louder gradually, little by little.", "dynamics��-� is the musical category that encompasses all words that talk about volume levels. This can include specific volume levels (loud, soft, medium-loud, etc.) as well as changes in volume (gradually get softer, get suddenly louder, etc.)", "(especially in music) a gradual and continuous increase in loudness. crescendo, kressendo تَصعـيـد صَوْتي кресчендо crescendo crescendo das Crescendo crescendo κρεσέντο crescendo crescendo, paisuvalt افزایش تدریجی بلندی آوا؛ اوج روی crescendo crescendo קְרֶשֶנדוֹ ऊंचा होते जाना, प्रगति करते रहना krešendo crescendo lambat laun makin keras stigmögnun crescendo 次第に強く (음악) 크레셴도 crescendo kreščendo kresendo crescendo crescendo , stadig stigende lydnivå crescendo په تدریجی ډول زیاتوالی crescendo crescendo крещендо crescendo naraščanje krešendo crescendo ความดังที่ค่อย ๆ เพิ่มระดับขึ้น kreşendo, (müzikte) sesin yükselişi (音樂)漸強 крещендо چڑھتے سُر sự mạnh dần （音乐）渐强", "Crescendo -- Crescendo (Italian: growing, becoming louder) is frequently used as a dynamic instruction to performers", "dynamics – the relative loudness and softness of sound. From loudest to softest, the most common dynamic indications are: fortissimo, forte, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, piano, pianissimo. Other terms indicate changes in loudness or softness such as decrescendo and crescendo.", "Get loud—or get soft! When you listen to music, you have probably noticed that it's not all at the same volume, all the time. Some parts get really loud, and some parts get really soft. These variations are known as \"dynamics.\"", "; stringendo : Gradually getting faster (literally, tightening, narrowing) (i.e. with a pressing forward or acceleration of the tempo, that is, becoming stretto)", "(Italian: 'strong'). A dynamic instruction meaning the music should be played loudly. The instruction appears as either: 'f' loud; 'ff' fortissimo, meaning very loud; or 'fff' very loud. The practice has expanded to allow for any number of 'f's, depending on how loud a composer wants something to be played. Here are some examples of when 'fff' really doesn't describe it...", "Dynamics. The degrees of volume (loudness and softness) in music. Also the words, abbreviations, and symbols used to indicate degrees of volume. Piano (soft) and forte (loud) are most common.", "7. Infrequency of loudness changes. This is typical of African music and European folk material; however, European concert music has long explored the dramatic effects of volume changes.", "Decrescendo (or diminuendo) al pianissimo means—decrease gradually in power until the pianissimo (or very soft) point is reached. [Pg 59]", "fortissimo – very loud (often abbreviated: “ff”) This instructs the performer to play very loudly. This is louder than forte. See also “dynamics”", "As in the case of words referring to tempo, the expressions referring to dynamics are always relative, never absolute; it is possible to indicate that one measure is to be louder than another, but it is not possible (nor desirable) to indicate exactly how loud either is to be. Thus dynamics, perhaps even more than tempo, will be seen to depend on the taste of the performer or conductor.", "ascend - to climb upward; crescendo - a climbing up of the volume of music; descend - to go or climb down.", "This simple picture already allows us to explain something about how the timbre changes when we go from playing softly to loudly. If we play softly, and especially if we play a high note softly, the lips don't move fast enough and don't have enough time to close completely. In this case we observe approximately sinusoidal vibration: the system is behaving like the linear mass-and-spring oscillator of physics texts. This means that the fundamental in the sound spectrum is strong, but that the higher harmonics are weak. This gives rise to a mellow timbre. Playing loudly, the lips do close, and may close abruptly. This gives what physicists call clipping and nonlinear behaviour, which produce more high harmonics. As well as making the timbre brighter, adding more harmonics makes the sound louder as well, because the higher harmonics fall in the frequency range where our hearing is most sensitive (See hearing curves for details).", "When an acoustic musical instrument produces sound, the loudness and spectral content of the sound change over time in ways that vary from instrument to instrument. The \"attack\" and \"decay\" of a sound have a great effect on the instrument's sonic character. ", "The act of increasing the magnitude of a signal without altering any of its other qualities, or the use of a device (amplifier) that does this. Specifically important in the transition from acoustic blues, where amplification was rarely used in live performance, to electric blues, where performers began using amplifiers, particularly with guitars and harmonicas, to increase the volume and power of their performance. Musical-instrument amplifiers are also frequently used to alter the tone of the instrument's signal (\"distortion\").", "It's like a train whistle, when it's coming at you it's getting louder, it has more strength adn momentum behind it...the middle is loudest, but it's also closer to fading out...", "Finally - the question of loudness and decay. The following graph shows how sound intensity decays across the keyboard, with the lower notes being sustained for longer:", "louder, softer�- Whenever you talk about the volume of sound being produced, always be sure to say louder and/or softer. You could also say more�and less, as in \"please give me more sound\".", "A separate control or, more commonly, a switch-selected addition to a volume control, that causes bass frequencies to be amplified as the overall volume is turned down. The idea is to compensate for the fact that the ear becomes progressively less sensitive to bass at low sound levels. See: Loudness Contours’,’Glossary’,775,400,’right’)” class=”link”>Equal Loudness Contours.", "; downtempo : A slow, moody, or decreased tempo or played or done in such a tempo. It also refers to a genre of electronic music based on this (downtempo).", "Diminuendo -- Diminuendo (Italian: becoming less) is used as a direction to performers to play softer", "Compressor: Compressors make loud sounds quieter and quiet sounds louder by decreasing or \"compressing\" the dynamic range of an audio signal. A compressor is often used to stabilize volume and smooth a note's \"attack\" by dampening its onset and amplifying its sustain. A compressor can also function as a limiter with extreme settings of its controls. ", "A recent writer [43] on vocal terminology makes the following statement as an introduction to certain remarks advocating a more definite use of terms relating to tone production by the human voice:—\"The correct use of words is the most potent factor in the development of the thinker.\" If this statement has any basis of fact whatsoever to support it then it must be evident to the merest novice in musical work that the popular use of many common terms by musicians is keeping a good many people from clear and logical thought in a field that needs accurate thinkers very badly! However this may be, it must be patent to all that our present terminology is in many respects neither correct nor logical, and the movement inaugurated by the Music Section of the National Education Association some years ago to secure greater uniformity in the use and definition of certain expressions should therefore not only command the respect and commendation, but the active support of all progressive teachers of music.", "(Sections 144 to 160 relate particularly to terms used in descriptions of monophonic music [33] .)", "“I don’t like the silence so I put the music on. I like the noise. You get used to the noise over the years.”", "Then, there's volume to worry about too. So now we've explored how the notes/frequencies are reproduced. But some are louder and some are softer. How does that work?", "A piece of equipment that can reduce or enhance sounds that lie within a certain frequency band. The tone control on a guitar or amplifier works on the same principle.", "The process by which the gain of digital audio is increased to its maximum allowable volume.", "It’s neat because the volume swells in the middle, just like the meaning of the word." ]

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[ "Fortran (formerly FORTRAN, derived from \"Formula Translation\" ) is a general-purpose, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. Originally developed by IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications, Fortran came to dominate this area of programming early on and has been in continuous use for over half a century in computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, computational physics and computational chemistry. It is a popular language for high-performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers.", "* Fortran is a general-purpose, procedural, and imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. Fortran came to dominate this area of programming early on and has been in continual use for over half a century in computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), computational physics, and computational chemistry. It is one of the most popular languages in the area of High-performance computing and programs to benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers are written in Fortran. In 1956, John Backus and a team of researchers at IBM invented the Fortran programming language for the IBM 704 mainframe computer. ", "Fortran is a general-purpose, procedural, and imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. Fortran came to dominate this area of programming early on and has been in continual use for over half a century in computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), computational physics, and computational chemistry. It is one of the most popular languages in the area of High-performance computing and programs to benchmark and rank the world’s fastest supercomputers are written in Fortran. In 1956, John Backusand a team of researchers at IBM invented the Fortran programming language for the IBM 704 mainframe computer.", "Developed by IBM and introduced in 1954, FORTRAN-for FORmula TRANslator-was the first high-level language. FORTRAN is a scientifically oriented language-in the early days use of the computer was primarily associated with engineering, mathematical, and scientific research tasks.", "Although a 1968 journal article by the authors of BASIC already described Fortran as \"old-fashioned\", since Fortran has been in use for many decades, there is a vast body of Fortran software in daily use throughout the scientific and engineering communities. Jay Pasachoff wrote in 1984 that \"physics and astronomy students simply have to learn Fortran. So much exists in Fortran that it seems unlikely that scientists will change to Pascal, Modula-2, or whatever.\" In 1993, Cecil E. Leith called Fortran the \"mother tongue of scientific computing\" adding that its replacement by any other possible language \"may remain a forlorn hope.\" It is the primary language for some of the most intensive supercomputing tasks, such as astronomy, weather and climate modeling, numerical linear algebra (LAPACK), numerical libraries (IMSL and NAG), structural engineering, hydrological modeling, optimization, satellite simulation and data analysis, computational fluid dynamics, computational chemistry, computational economics and computational physics. Many of the floating-point benchmarks to gauge the performance of new computer processors such as [http://www.spec.org/cpu2006/CFP2006/ CFP2006], the floating-point component of the SPEC [http://www.spec.org/cpu2006/ CPU2006] benchmarks are written in Fortran.", "Fortran changed the terms of communication between humans and computers, moving up a level to a language that was more comprehensible by humans. So Fortran, in computing vernacular, is considered the first successful higher-level language.", "this is because fortran is simply a subset of the lexicon of modern imperative languages- it was the first imperative language created.", "C is a general-purpose computer programming language originally invented in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in order to implement the Unix operating system. Although C was designed for writing architecturally independent system software, it is also widely used for developing application software. ", "Prior to FORTRAN 77, a number of preprocessors were commonly used to provide a friendlier language, with the advantage that the preprocessed code could be compiled on any machine with a standard FORTRAN compiler. These preprocessors would typically support structured programming, variable names longer than six characters, additional data types, conditional compilation, and even macro capabilities. Popular preprocessors included FLECS, iftran, MORTRAN, SFtran, S-Fortran, Ratfor, and Ratfiv. Ratfor and Ratfiv, for example, implemented a C-like language, outputting preprocessed code in standard FORTRAN 66. Despite advances in the Fortran language, preprocessors continue to be used for conditional compilation and macro substitution.", "Because of the large existing body of software, particularly numerical software, written in Fortran, it is desirable to call Fortran routines from other languages, notably, C and C++.", "Vendors of high-performance scientific computers (e.g., Burroughs, Control Data Corporation (CDC), Cray, Honeywell, IBM, Texas Instruments, and UNIVAC) added extensions to Fortran to take advantage of special hardware features such as instruction cache, CPU pipelines, and vector arrays. For example, one of IBM's FORTRAN compilers (H Extended IUP) had a level of optimization which reordered the machine code instructions to keep multiple internal arithmetic units busy simultaneously. Another example is CFD, a special variant of Fortran designed specifically for the ILLIAC IV supercomputer, running at NASA's Ames Research Center.", "Although Fortran was the first programming language to be standardized, in 1966, the American Standards Association (ASA) rules were that ASA Standards should encode common existing practice, not create new ones. It was not until the second standardization effort, with Fortran 77, that the now American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Fortran committee ventured to create new language features: the block IF (expr) THEN ... ELSE IF (expr) THEN ... ELSE ... END IF statement, and the CHARACTER*n data type.", "All C and C++ implementations produce external symbols as shown above. However, Fortran implementations on UNIX systems have exhibited at least three different external symbol conventions:", "While the C time API tends to shape the time APIs presented by higher-level languages implemented in C, these subsecond-precision structures are one area where signs of revolt are visible. Python has chosen to instead accept the minor problems of using a floating-point scalar representation; Ruby uses integral nanoseconds since the Unix epoch. Perl uses a mixture, a BSD-like seconds/microseconds pair in some functions and floating-point time since the Unix epoch in others.", "The F programming language was designed to be a clean subset of Fortran 95 that attempted to remove the redundant, unstructured, and deprecated features of Fortran, such as the EQUIVALENCE statement. F retains the array features added in Fortran 90, and removes control statements that were made obsolete by structured programming constructs added to both Fortran 77 and Fortran 90. F is described by its creators as \"a compiled, structured, array programming language especially well suited to education and scientific computing.\" ", "A good programmable editor, like emacs, can eliminate the drudgery of character counting during Hollerith string input. Careful hiding of the machine-dependent constants needed to map character (byte) counts to word counts, and the programming discipline to represent such data as Fortran INTEGER arrays, makes substantial character processing in Fortran feasible. The entire PLOT79 graphics system, consisting of more than 493,000 lines of code, uses Hollerith strings, with a convenient set of character primitives to make Hollerith string processing simple, and highly portable.", "FORTRAN took another step toward making programming more accessible, allowing comments in the programs. The ability to insert annotations , marked to be ignored by the translator program but readable by a human, meant that a well-annotated program could be read in a certain sense by people with no programming knowledge at all. For the first time a nonprogrammer could get an idea what a program did—or at least what it was intended to do—by reading (part of) the code. It was an obvious but powerful step in opening up computers to a wider audience.", "At the time, FORTRAN did not have reserved keywords, so \"FORMAT\", for example could easily be the name of a variable. One clever user coded the following statement (or something akin to it):", "FORTRAN was provided for the IBM 1401 computer by an innovative 63-phase compiler that ran entirely in its core memory of only 8000 (6-bit) characters. The compiler could be run from tape, or from a 2200-card deck; it used no further tape or disk storage. It kept the program in memory and loaded overlays that gradually transformed it, in place, into executable form, as described by Haines. and in [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/140x/C24-1455-2_Fortran_Specifications_and_Operating_Procedures_Apr65.pdf IBM document C24-1455]. The executable form was not entirely machine language; rather, floating-point arithmetic, subscripting, input/output, and function references were interpreted, anticipating UCSD Pascal P-code by two decades.", "Writing C extensions in Ruby is easier than in Perl or Python, with a very elegant API for calling Ruby from C. This includes calls for embedding Ruby in software, for use as a scripting language. A SWIG interface is also available.", "To aid the creation of larger systems, Ruby offers several layers of compartmentalization, including the class and module. Its lack of superfluous features allows programmers to write and use large software systems without any surprises.", "I wouldn't say Fortran is OO oriented although its got functions (which are like methods in java) that act seemingly so.", "Coming from a more traditional CS background, I always thought that Fortran was archaic until I actually had to learn it for some scientific computing. I found it awkward to use, but at the same time, it had array capabilities that I've never seen in any other language.", "BASIC (an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use.", "Sadly, several other conventions have been encountered in other Fortran compilers, notably, those from Hewlett-Packard and IBM. IBM's conventions differ, depending on the operating system:", "pls i need to know if FORTRAN and COBOL languages are archiac and obsolete languages. I discovered recently on the internet that there is an object-oriented version of FORTRAN now and a reviewed COBOL version. Pls i need to hear from u guys if these languages are still useful to us. Do people really use them to develop applications presently, compared to the more recent languages available?", "Fortran V was distributed by Control Data Corporation in 1968 for the CDC 6600 series. The language was based upon Fortran IV. ", "Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. It was originally invented by Larry Wall, a linguist working as a systems administrator for NASA, in 1987, as a general purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Perl is also used for text processing, system administration, web application development, bioinformatics, network programming, applications that require database access, graphics programming etc.", "Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. It was originally invented by Larry Wall , a linguist working as a systems administrator for NASA, in 1987, as a general purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Perl is also used for text processing, system administration, web application development, bioinformatics, network programming, applications that require database access, graphics programming etc.", "COBOL was designed in 1959, by CODASYL and was partly based on previous programming language design work by Grace Hopper, commonly referred to as \"the (grand)mother of COBOL\". It was created as part of a US Department of Defense effort to create a portable programming language for data processing. Intended as a stopgap, the Department of Defense promptly forced computer manufacturers to provide it, resulting in its widespread adoption. It was standardized in 1968 and has since been revised four times. Expansions include support for structured and object-oriented programming. The current standard is ISO/IEC 1989:2014. ", "Ruby 2.2.0 was released on Christmas Day in 2014. The release includes speed-ups, bugfixes, and library updates and removes some deprecated APIs. Most notably, Ruby 2.2.0 introduces changes to memory handling an incremental garbage collector, support for garbage collection of symbols and the option to compile directly against jemalloc. It also contains experimental support for using vfork(2) with system() and spawn(), and added support for the Unicode 7.0 specification.", "In the 1960s, programmers built scientific subroutine libraries that were reusable in a broad array of engineering and scientific applications. Though these subroutine libraries reused well-defined algorithms in an effective manner, they had a limited domain of application. Commercial sites routinely created application programs from reusable modules written in Assembler, COBOL, PL/1 and other second- and third-generation languages using both system and user application libraries." ]

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[ "PLANO, Texas – Calling all pranksters: Chester Cheetah, the official Cheetos brand spokes-cheetah, has proclaimed that after years of the ‘same old same old,’ Halloween needs a new twist – so, today he unveiled a new bag of treats and tricks to bring out the mischievous side of families this season.", "The Cheetos brand is commonly recognized by association with its mascot, an anthropomorphic cartoon cheetah named Chester Cheetah. Chester first appeared in television commercials in 1983 as an animated cartoon character, adopting a sly, smooth-voiced personality. This character became the focus of more Cheetos commercials, eventually becoming the brand's official mascot. Chester has become known for concluding Cheetos advertisements with slogans, which have evolved over time. Chester was preceded by an earlier mascot—the Cheetos Mouse, which debuted in 1971 using the slogans “ Cheese that goes crunch” and \"Hail Chee-sar!\". The slogan \"it ain't easy bein' cheesy\" was used in the late 1980s and early 1990s, followed once again by “the cheese that goes crunch” until 1996, when it became “Dangerously cheesy.” In 2003, Chester was first rendered as a computer-generated character in the United States; while continuing to appear in an animated form in some other countries where the brand is sold.", "To further bring the mischief to life, the Cheetos brand will debut a 15 second Halloween-themed television spot called “Hatchet Jim,” which will feature Chester Cheetah snacking on new Cheetos Bag of Bones snacks while he rides in a car with a family, and a special spooky guest – Hatchet Jim.", "Beginning in 2008, Cheetos advertising and promotion broadened in regards to age appeal, with a revised focus on an adult demographic. In this personification, Chester speaks with a mid-Atlantic accent and encourages people to use their Cheetos in acts of revenge or to solve problems. In February 2009, Cheetos was the subject of its first Super Bowl commercial. In the , 30 second advertisement, a \"loud, chatty woman\" is talking on her mobile phone at a restaurant. Chester the Cheetah persuades another customer to toss Cheetos onto the ground, attracting a flock of birds to drive away the obnoxious loud-talking customer. The scenario depicted in this commercial exemplifies the adult-oriented themes of subversion and revenge, which continue to be prevalent in Cheetos advertisements produced since 2008.", "• Tiny Tales of Terror Twitter Challenge: Using the hashtag #Cheetales, the Cheetos brand will host a Tiny Tales of Terror Twitter Challenge where fans tweet their spookiest tales (in less than 140 characters, of course) for a chance to have their stories made into short films narrated by Chester Cheetah himself and posted on the Cheetos Twitter page, You Tube channel and Facebook.", "Cheetos (formerly called Chee-tos until 1998) is a brand of cheese-flavored, puffed cornmeal snacks made by Frito-Lay, a subsidiary of PepsiCo. Fritos creator Charles Elmer Doolin invented Cheetos in 1948, and began national distribution in the U.S. The initial success of Cheetos was a contributing factor to the merger between The Frito Company and H.W. Lay & Company in 1961 to form Frito-Lay. In 1965 Frito-Lay became a subsidiary of The Pepsi-Cola Company, forming PepsiCo, the current owner of the Cheetos brand.", "Cheetos have been the subject of public and media attention on multiple occasions due to the unpredictable shapes that form during the manufacturing process. Cheetos have been found in shapes which resembled the appearance of popular or historical figures. A single Cheeto described as being in the shape of Michael Jackson doing the Moonwalk Dance sold for $35.18 on eBay in the summer of 2009 at the time of Jackson's death, attracting national media coverage in the U.S. A couple who found a Cheetos snack in a shape they described as resembling Jesus Christ nicknamed it \"Cheesus\" and garnered media attention as a result of their consideration of selling on eBay.", "An outdoor exhibit designed to mimic the African savanna and educate visitors about cheetahs and what is being done to preserve them in the wild. The main part of the Cheetah Conservation Station consists of two enclosures separated by a fence. Two enclosures house two South African cheetahs (both males; Gat (named for Justin Gatlin) and Bakari), while the other houses two male Grevy's zebras. Other animals on display in the area include scimitar-horned oryxs, dama gazelles, Rüppell's vultures, sitatungas, red river hogs, maned wolves (A species native to South America rather than Africa) and until December 2013, when she was euthanized at the very old age of 18 (most do not live beyond 10), a female tammar wallaby named Maji (her species is native to Australia). The wallaby was kept off exhibit until its death. A pair of Abyssinian ground hornbill and a lesser kudu now live in the exhibit. ", "At the beginning of last century there were 100,000 cheetah in Africa. Today they number between 10,000 and 12,000, and the cheetah is Africa's most endangered big cat - primarily due to loss of habitat to commercial farming and development. Farmers are most often in conflict with cheetahs, particularly in Namibia where over 90 per cent of cheetah are found on commercial livestock farmland. The Cheetah Conservation Fund, supported by Cheetah Outreach is urging farmers to use the Anatolian Shepherd dogs that they have trained to protect their livestock, rather than trapping and shooting the cheetah. Funds already raised by Auckland Zoo have helped with the rearing of guard dog \"Kiwi\", and his placement with a farmer. The zoo is also offering visitors the ZOOM Cheetah Experience - a chance to meet 2 cheetah ambassadors - young cheetah brothers Anubis and Osiris", "In 2010, Cheetos was ranked as the top selling brand of cheese puffs in its primary market of the United States; worldwide the annual retail sales totaled approximately $4 billion. The original Crunchy Cheetos are still in production but the product line has since expanded to include 21 different types of Cheetos in North America alone. As Cheetos are sold in more than 36 countries, the flavor and composition is often varied to match regional taste and cultural preferences—such as Savory American Cream in China, and Strawberry Cheetos in Japan. ", "Cheetos were invented in 1948 by Fritos creator Charles Elmer Doolin, who cooked early test batches in the Frito Company's Dallas, Texas-based research and development kitchen. The cheese-flavored snack sold quickly, but Doolin did not have the production or distribution capacity to support a nationwide launch. This led Doolin to partner with potato chip businessman Herman W. Lay for marketing and distribution, and Cheetos were introduced nationally in the U.S. in 1948 along with a potato product called Fritatos. The success of Cheetos prompted Doolin and Lay to merge their two companies in 1961, forming Frito-Lay Inc. At the time, Cheetos was one of four large snack food brands produced by the company, which had annual revenues of $127 million. Frito-Lay merged with the Pepsi-Cola Company to form PepsiCo in 1965, prompting further distribution of Cheetos outside of North America. ", "Tony was created when ad men at the Leo Burnett Company were tasked with introducing Kellogg’s Sugar Frosted Flakes in 1951. Originally, there were four animal characters that were looked at for the brand: Katy the Kangaroo, Newt the Gnu and Elmo the Elephant in addition to Tony. In 1953 packages with both Tony (and his son, Tony, Jr.) along with alternative packages with Katy the Kangaroo were placed into stores. People chose Tony over Katy hands-down, and Tony the Tiger became the official spokes-cat for Sugar Frosted Flakes. Newt and Elmo never made it to a box.", "The cheetah is a carnivore that prefers medium-sized prey with a body mass ranging from 23 to. Blesbok, duiker, Grant's gazelle, impala, reedbuck, springbok, and Thomson's gazelle are some of the common targets of the cheetah. Other prey animals include the bat-eared fox, bushbuck, kudu, hartebeest, nyala, oribi, roan antelope, steenbok, sable antelope, and waterbuck; they prey less frequently on African buffalo, gemsbok, giraffe, ostrich, warthog, wildebeest, and zebra. A study showed that a major proportion of the diet of Asiatic cheetahs consists of livestock; local species such as chinkara, desert hare, goitered gazelle, ibex, rodents, and wild sheep are also hunted. Generally, only groups of cheetahs will attempt to kill large animals such as hartebeest, although mothers with young cubs will attempt to secure a large prey all by themselves. There are no records of cheetah killing human beings. The diet of a cheetah depends on the area in which it lives. For example, on the East African plains, its preferred prey is the Thomson's gazelle, somewhat smaller than the cheetah. In contrast, in Kwa-Zulu Natal the preferred prey is the significantly larger nyala, males of which can weigh up to 130 kg. They do, however, opt for young and adolescent targets, which make up about 50% of the cheetah diet despite constituting only a small portion of the prey population.", "In March 2006, television spots featuring Johnson advertising an energy drink, \"Cheetah Power Surge\", started to receive some airtime. Some pundits questioned whether Johnson was an appropriate spokesperson for an all natural energy drink considering his history of steroid use. One ad is a mock interview between Johnson and Frank D'Angelo, the president and chief executive of D'Angelo Brands, which makes the drink, in which he asks Johnson: \"Ben, when you run, do you Cheetah?\" \"Absolutely,\" says Johnson. \"I Cheetah all the time.\" The other commercial includes Johnson and a cheetah, the world's fastest land animal, and encourages viewers to \"go ahead and Cheetah.\"", "\"The character is also licensed as the mascot for a line of snack foods (Andy Cappâs fries) and a...\"", "Over the dry grasslands ranges a frail population of grazing mammals and predators. The grazers are chiefly Grevy's zebra, Burchell's zebra, the beisa oryx, Grant's gazelle, the topi and the reticulated giraffe. They are hunted by the lion and the cheetah. Elephants and the black rhinoceroses are no longer seen, although Teleki reported seeing (and shooting) many. Closer to the dust is the cushioned gerbil (Gerbillus pulvinatus). ", "Basically yellowish tan or rufous to greyish white, the coat of the cheetah is uniformly covered with nearly 2,000 solid black spots. The upper parts are in stark contrast to the underbelly, which is completely white. Each spot measures nearly across. Every cheetah has a unique pattern of spots on its coat; hence, this serves as a distinct identity for each individual. Cheetah fur is short and often coarse. Fluffy fur covers the chest and the ventral side. Several colour morphs of the cheetah have been identified, including melanistic and albino forms. Black cheetah have been observed in Kenya and Zambia. In 1877–1878, English zoologist Philip Sclater described two partially albino specimens from South Africa. A ticked (tabby) cheetah was photographed in Kenya in 2012. Juveniles are typically dark with long, loose, blue to grey hair. A short mane, about 8 cm long, on the neck and the shoulders, is all that remains of the cape in adults. The exceptionally long and muscular tail measures 60 –, and ends in a bushy white tuft. While the first two-thirds of the tail are covered in spots, the final part is marked with four to six dark rings or stripes. The arrangement of the terminal stripes of the tail differs among individuals, but the stripe patterns of siblings are very similar. In fact, the tail of an individual will typically resemble its siblings' to a greater extent than it resembles its mother's or any other individual's.", "Cheetah are active mainly during the day, with hunting its major activity. Adult males are sociable despite their territoriality, forming groups called \"coalitions\". Females are not territorial; they may be solitary or live with their offspring in home ranges. Carnivores, cheetah mainly prey upon antelopes and gazelles. They will stalk their prey to within 100 –, charge towards it and kill it by tripping it during the chase and biting its throat to suffocate it to death. The cheetah's body is specialised for speed; it is the fastest land animal. The speed of a hunting cheetah averages 64 km/h during a sprint; the chase is interspersed with a few short bursts of speed, when the animal can clock 112 km/h. Cheetahs are induced ovulators, breeding throughout the year. Gestation is nearly three months long, resulting in a litter of typically three to five cubs (the number can vary from one to eight). Weaning occurs at six months; siblings tend to stay together for some time. Cheetah cubs face higher mortality than most other mammals, especially in the Serengeti region. Cheetahs inhabit a variety of habitatsdry forests, scrub forests and savannahs.", "The cheetahs first appear in the episode \"Cooked Goose\", where they are annoyed by Shenzi, Banzai, and Ed getting in the way of their wildebeest hunt, so they try sending them on various wild goose chases. They also appear in \"Gabon with the Wind,\" where they are convinced by Timon that he is going to catch Pumbaa for them, when he is actually going to find his friend so that they can both run away to safety.", "Cheetah is regarded as the fastest animal on land, due to its ability to glom a speed of 0 – 60 miles per hour, pull desired three seconds. palpable can grow up to a length of 3.5 to 4.5 ft, further weighs 77 to 143 lbs. Although it is believed that competent are around six sub-species of a cheetah, the taxonomy of these species is sometime to emblematize resolved. The two most superior sub-species of Cheetah are the Asiatic cheetah, found in Asia being positively as northern areas of Africa, and Northwest African Cheetah essential to the western regions of Africa. This carnivorous animal hunts in wide daylight and mostly feeds on herbivores in the surroundings.", "These slender build, long spotted white-tipped tail, spotted coat with single black spot carnivore is referred as the 'greyhound of cats'. These are the only members of the cat family with non-retractable claws. Cheetah's have a characteristic 'tear mark' running from the inner corner of both their eyes. The smallest cat of Africa can reach a speed of 80 km/hour in less than 3 seconds. Cheetahs are classified as an endangered species due to their dwindling habitat and high mortality rate of the cubs. They are found only in the southern parts of Africa and are extinct outside the African land.", "In those countries where the cereal is known as \"Choco Krispis,\" an elephant is the mascot. In 1986, Kelloggs named the elephant \"Melvin\". Recently, he has been called \"Commando Melvin\" due to commercials featuring him a space-faring fighter and adventurer, note that this is due to a misunderstanding, as Commando Melvin in the commercials refers exclusively to the organization featured in them whose purpose is to defend the \"forti-calcio plus\" a supposed ingredient in the cereal from aliens or other such villains.", "Only one famous feline (sorry, Morris) can rightfully claim he's the cat's meow of commercials: Tony the Tiger.  Adland's premier promotional pussycat was born in 1951, when Burnett was hired to create a campaign for Kellogg's new cereal, Sugar Frosted Flakes. Tony was originally one of four animated critters created to sell the cereal, but he quickly edged out Katy the Kangaroo, Newt the Gnu and Elmo the Elephant to become the sole star of the cereal maker's ad efforts.", "The Cheetah is the world’s fastest land animal, capable of reaching speeds of up to 75 mph (120 km/h). Its awesome speed, acceleration and manoeuvrability allow it to hunt the antelopes which form the bulk of its diet.", "Cheetahs are well-adapted to living in arid environments. In the Kalahari desert, they have been estimated to travel an average of 82 km between drinks of water. They have been seen getting their water from the blood or urine of their prey or by eating Tsamma melons.", "Compassionate chimp: Hollywood is mourning the death of big-screen legend Cheetah, the loveable chimpanzee who played Tarzan's sidekick, seen here two weeks before his death", "Kellogg's has used some merchandising for their products. Kellogg's once released Mission Nutrition, a PC game that came free with special packs of cereal. It played in a similar fashion as Donkey Kong Country; users could play as Tony the Tiger, Coco the Monkey, or Snap, Crackle, and Pop. Kellogg's has also released \"Talking\" games. The two current versions are Talking Tony and Talking Sam. In these games, a microphone is used to play games and create voice commands for their computers. In Talking Tony, Tony the Tiger, one of Kellogg's most famous mascots, would be the main and only character in the game. In Talking Sam, Toucan Sam, another famous mascot, would be in the game, instead. Some toy cars have the Kellogg's logo on them, and occasionally their mascots.", "we saw a cheetah pounce on a dear and then as we went near him we saw him feast on his catch", "A cougar who loves tormenting Spike and Tyke. He wants to eat Tyke's lunch (and Spike prevents him). He was voiced by Frank Welker.", "Ralston marketed many breakfast cereals based on cartoons in the 80s and 90s. One of these was Transformers. The Transformers Chocolate Flavored Cereal was a chocolate-flavored concoction, not unlike Cocoa Puffs, manufactured by the Ralston Corporation. However, the cereal was sold only in some parts of the United States and was short lived. The cereal box had Optimus Prime on its cover. The box claims the cereal had \"more taste than meets the eye\" and also had the ability to \"transform ordinary milk into chocolate flavored milk\". There also was a mail-away offer for a Jazz toy. The few boxes that still exist are collectables, (one of which went for $349 on eBay).", ". Grylls has been a guest on television programs, including Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Attack of the Show, The Late Show with David Letterman, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Harry Hill's TV Burp. Grylls recorded two advertisements for Post's Trail Mix Crunch Cereal, which aired in the ", "Robinson is a vocal supporter of fox hunting and, prior to it being banned in 2004, was a key supporter of the pro-hunt cause. The Guardian claims she has also ridden with the White Horse Foxhunt. In an interview with Radio Times in September 2000, Robinson was asked what her first act as world leader would be, replying \"I'd lock up all the hunt saboteurs because they are destructive. They are campaigning about something of which they know nothing.\" In February 2002, she hosted a spin-off version of The Weakest Link in Cirencester to raise funds for the local White Horse Hunt. The event was picketed by around 100 protesters from the League Against Cruel Sports; around 70 animal rights activists returning from another demonstration joined the picket, culminating in a near riot. The event eventually went ahead after Robinson was escorted into the venue by local police." ]

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[ "Set up in 2005 with a brief to capitalise on the growing weeklies market. NI already had two monthly spin-offs from the Sunday Times: Travel (a contract title by River since 1993) and Inside Out (closed in early 2007). Women's weekly Love It! launched in February 2006. Reported to be researching weekly news magazine . Took licence for Sky magazine - the UK's biggest circulation title for BSkyB's 8m subscribers - from John Brown in December 2006 (Murdoch has always been fond of keeping money within the group).", "* Motivate Publishing, which produces the inflight magazine for Emirates Airline, Open Skies, and Emirates' business class magazine, Portfolio", "KLM provides a selection of international newspapers to its passengers on long-haul flights; on short-haul flights they are only offered to Europe Business Class passengers. A selection of international magazines is available for World Business Class passengers on long-haul flights. All passengers are provided with KLM's in-flight magazine, the Holland Herald. On board flights to China, South Korea and Japan, the airline offers in-flight magazines EuroSky (China and Japan), in either Chinese or Japanese, and Wings of Europe (South Korea) in Korean. On 29 May 2013, KLM and Air France launched a pilot scheme to test in-flight Wi-Fi internet access. Each airline equipped one Boeing 777-300ER in its fleet with Wi-Fi, which passengers can use with their Wi-Fi-enabled devices. Wireless service was available after the aircraft reached 20000 ft in altitude. ", "* Ink is a global media company specialising in content and advertising for the travel sector, headquartered in London. The company works with over 27 airline, rail and hotel partners worldwide (including American Airlines, United, easyJet, Iberia, and Norwegian), with offices in London, Atlanta, Dallas, New York, Miami, São Paulo and Singapore. Ink produces over 25 inflight magazines in 18 languages, and airline mobile apps for their travel partners. Ink offers advertising across magazines, and passenger travel documents (print-at home boarding passes, booking confirmation emails), in airline mobile apps and online properties. Their media channels reach over 783 million passengers every year. ", "(which includes Lufthansa, Swiss, Air Canada, Austrian Airlines, Brussels Airlines, Turkish Airlines and United); 10% for SkyTeam (including Air France, KLM, Alitalia and Aeroflot); 8% for Oneworld (including British Airways, Iberia, Finnair and Qatar Airways); and an overall 45% for the low-cost sector (primarily easyJet).", "Media Week reported that News International had registered the title Spectrum with the Patent Office in October 2006. It said Times insiders had indicated that a news analysis magazine would be an area of interest, drawing on the editorial resources of paper. However, the group's magazine division closed its interiors title Inside Out in January and postponed the proposed launch of a women’s weekly when it won the contract (from another NI division, BSkyB) to publish Sky customer magazine, which had been run by John Brown Citrus. The division closed in 2008 and Love It! was sold to Bauer.", "Delta? Air Canada? Air New Zealand? Click to the next page to see which airline carries the top in-flight magazine.", "I�m sure it wasn�t a coincidence that Delta Airlines� in-flight magazine published in its April, 2009 issue a page containing some interesting �factoids� about the Masters:", "Paradise: the in-flight magazine of Air Niugini, Vol 1 2015 by Business Advantage International - issuu", "The airline features an on-board video as well as an in-flight magazine - Panorama de las Americas that has interesting reads on travel destinations, science, world economy, technology and much more.", "Thank you for the journey It is with a great sense of pride that I write this column this month. It’s the same sense of pride that is shared by the entire Skyways team as we present our 20th anniversary issue to you, our valued reader. Since September 1995, Panorama Media Corp in partnership with Airlink has produced Skyways magazine. As such, we wanted to share this special milestone with you. We start on page 56 with our journey over the past 20 years and look at some of the major sporting highlights and technological advancements that have changed our world. Also read our factoids throughout the magazine that focusses on key events over the last two decades. We will continue to bring you more insight and trips down memory lane in the remaining issues for 2015. On behalf of all of us at Skyways, thank you for being a part of this exciting journey. Here’s to another 20 years of enjoying the Freedom of the African Sky.", "Dutch airline VLM has Keira as cover girl in the July issue of their in-flight magazine VeloCity , plus an interview inside. This is the first time I've seen Keira on the cover of an in-flight mag since July 2004's BA Business magazine.", "service right up to 30 minutes before your flight departure, FREE baggage allowance of up to 23 KG, no delays at security PLUS a car-park that is right outside the front door. It couldn’t be any easier! Plus you can read your favourite magazine on board. Travel Ireland Magazine is the official in-flight magazine of the WaterfordLondon Luton and Birmingham routes.", "Airlines locate their major connection points in cities all over the world; and many airlines use more than one. Airline route maps are available on each flight, typically in the in-flight magazine on-board. These maps allow passengers to see where the airline on which they are flying will land between each flight. ", "Southwest Airlines Co. (NYSE: LUV) is an American low-cost airline based in Dallas, Texas, with its largest focus city at Las Vegas’ McCarran International Airport. It is the largest airline in the United States by number of passengers carried domestically per year and (as of December 31, 2007) also the largest airline in the world by number of passengers carried. It is also the 6th largest U.S. airline by revenue. It also maintains the third-largest fleet of aircraft among all of the world’s commercial airlines.", "It’s early days, but we started the year strongly with our third consecutive Recommended Provider commendation from the consumer magazine Which? This means that we are independently recognised by their readers as a great sort haul/regional airline to fly with and the best in the UK and Ireland. Their feedback covers the whole customer experience from the cabin layout and seat comfort to our complimentary in-flight service and the friendliness and efficiency of our staff. Our key operational task this year is to transfer to an all Dornier fleet on our Alderney and Dinard services. We have two, used “classic” 228s and a brand new 228 NG. Reliability has been an issue with the classics but we’re getting to the stage where underlying technical issues are being sorted. Pilot training has been hampered but is steadily progressing. I’m absolutely positive the 228 will be the right aircraft for the routes it’ll serve and passengers already appreciate its speed and roomier cabin, compared with the Trislander.", "Not to be outmaneuvered by Europe's many new low-cost airlines, British Airways expects to start its own no-frills carrier in the coming year. Operation Blue Sky _ its working name _ will operate one-class 737-300s between Stansted Airport in London and Frankfurt, Germany; Madrid, Spain; Oslo, Norway; Paris and Rome _ with mostly ticketless reservations.", "* IMM International (inflight marketing bureau for France, Switzerland, UK, Italy and China markets), representing, recommending and centralizing all aspects of Inflight media. It works with 150 airlines worldwide (more than 200 magazines) ", "Between the puke bag and the duty-free brochure, in-flight magazines are a glossy guarantee in every seat-back pocket. But which are worth the read?", "Gold star: Rare among in-flights, this magazine isn’t afraid to show swaggering personality with a few raffish touches of attitude and genuine intellect. Well played, old boy.", "By 1992, News Corp had amassed huge debts, which forced it to sell many of the American magazine interests it had acquired in the mid-1980s to K-III Communications, as well spinning off long-held Australian magazines interests as Pacific Magazines. Much of this debt came from its stake in the Sky Television satellite network in the UK, which incurred massive losses in its early years of operation, which (like many of its business interests) was heavily subsidised with profits from its other holdings until it was able to force rival satellite operator BSB to accept a merger on its terms in 1990. (The merged company, BSkyB, has dominated the British pay-TV market since.)", "According to a article published on the magazine, by Tood Curtis, a professionalist of aviation who analys safety of aviation, here are the results up to 10th March 2001. (magazine only published airlines that flies to Hong Kong)", "Printed in Australia. Both printer and paper manufacturer for this publication are accredited to ISO14001, the internationally recognised standard for environmental management. This publication is printed using vegetable inks and the stock is elemental chlorine free and manufactured using sustainable forestry practices. Some of the articles in this publication are edited versions of those first published on the online PNG business magazine, businessadvantagepng.com. Unsolicited manuscripts, artwork, transparencies and photographs are submitted at the sender’s risk. While all care will be taken, neither the publishers nor the airline will accept responsibility for accidental loss or damage. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the publisher. Statements, opinions and points of view expressed by the writers are their own and do not necessarily represent those of the publisher, editor, or the airline. Information contained in this publication may be correct only at the time it was originally obtained by the writers and may be subject to change at any time and without notice. © Copyright. 2016. All rights reserved.", "The Ireland based budget carrier is Europe's largest low-cost airline. The carrier's primary operational bases are at Dublin Airport (DUB) and London Stansted Airport (STN).", "For the tenth year in a row, Fortune magazine recognized Southwest Airlines in its annual survey of corporate reputations. Among all industries in 2004, Fortune has listed Southwest Airlines as number three among America’s Top Ten most admired corporations. ", "It was a concept first coined in 2005 by holiday company Sky Travel as part of its marketing campaign, according to the Liverpool Echo .", "Moreover, since the birth of digital technology, most airlines are distributing their magazines digitally via tablet computer applications, or over the internet. ", "Redeem 20,000 Skywards Miles for a 12-month digital membership of The Wall Street Journal. Keep up-to-date with the latest business news and insights, wherever you are in the world.", "Das Magazin is a magazine available for visitors and passengers travelling through Düsseldorf airport. It contains information about new airlines serving Düsseldorf, new destinations and routes, and other information about the airport itself and surrounding facilities. Das Magazin is available at many shops and newsstands at the airport for free or via a paid subscription.", "In the tradition of great literary pilots like Antoine de Saint-Exupery, Mark Vanhoenacker provides a meditation on modern-day flight. A commercial airline pilot, he speaks from the cockpit to the questions of the everyday traveler. His thoughtful reflections on everything from jet lag to place names on flight charts renew the mystery and adventure of flight in an age in which air travel has become commonplace transportation.", "matter - written works (especially in books or magazines); \"he always took some reading matter with him on the plane\"", "if there is a book on all these airlines would you send me the title & author?" ]

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[ "Kendo is Japanese fencing derived from the ancient art of Samurai swordsmanship. Using a simulated sword made of bamboo slats, and wearing protectors, the Kendoist competes against an opponent according to established scoring points and regulations. It is excellent training for mental as well as physical discipline.", "Kendo - Kendo is a Japanese style of fencing derived during the Meiji period in Japan (1868-1912), from the two-handed sword fighting techniques of the samurai. Today kendo, which means \"way of the sword\", is practiced with shinai (bamboo swords), and fighters wear protective equipment covering the target areas: the head, wrists, and abdomen. The bogu (protective gear) consists of a men (face mask), a do (breastplate), kote (fencing gloves), and the tare, a kind of apron to protect the stomach and hips. Under the protective gear, kendoka (students of kendo) wear a hakama, or wide split skirt, reaching the ankles. The weapon used in Kendo is the shinai, or bamboo sword. The shinai is approximately four feet in length and is made of four carefully formed bamboo slats bound together to form hollow cylinder. A cord runs along the length of the shinai. To make a valid cut a player must strike his opponent with the side opposite the cord. In addition the point must be struck with the top third of the shinai.", "Kendo is a Japanese martial art that uses a bamboo sword and involves rigorous training geared toward developing combat technique and character by instilling virtues like courage, honor and etiquette. Credit Luca Navaglia", "Kendo kata are practiced with a solid wooden sword called a bokken. There are ten kendo kata specified by the All Japan Kendo Federation. Each kata studies a single set of concepts in a very pure setting allowing the practitioner to delve deeply into these concepts.", "When practicing kendo kata, kendoka use two wooden swords (bokuto): a long sword (tachi) and short sword (kodachi). In comparison their shinai counterparts, bokuto are closer representations of real swords as they emulate the curvature and shape of a blade.", "The weapon of the kendoka is the shinai - a bamboo representation of a sword. It is made from four pieces of bamboo, held together with leather and string, and is designed to accurately represent the length and mass distribution of a katana - the weapon of choice of samurai. In order to suit the different techniques of kendoka, certain shinai are designed with slightly different mass distributions (heavier or lighter at the tip) and grips (round, oval, larger diameter). Furthermore, special shinai are constructed for kendoka of the two-sword school (nito-ryu).", "Anyone knows about how a Japanese sword is made, knows there is a great deal of variety. One Key thing is that they are made of different hardness steels, laminated together, with the harder steel always as the edge, and the softer steel generally as the spine or core.", "A bokken (ľ��, bok(u), \"wood\", and ken, \"sword\"), is a wooden Japanese sword, usually the size and shape of a katana, but can be made to replicate any type of sword. Other common shapes are wakizashi and tant��. They are also known as bokut�� (ľ��, \"wooden sword\"), which is also the usual term in Japan.", "As an art whose primary aim is training, not combat, the mock sword known as the shinai is the primary training implement in kendo. Essentially a tube composed of bamboo strips bound with leather ties and covered with a leather handle, the shinai enables kendoka to strike their opponents without fear of causing serious injury. To further guarantee safety and to encourage practitioners to strike fully, forcefully, and without reservation, a type of body armor, developed during the same period as the shinai, is worn. Adopted from the lightweight armor worn by bushi in the field, kendo armor is similar in concept but much less elaborate.", "Shinai, literally \"bamboo sword.\" Made of 4 slats of bamboo, the tip, center, and handle are wrapped in leather and held together with a string. The shinai is held with two hands, with the right hand on top (nearest the sword guard).", "Swords have been used in combat in Japan for many years. The ancient samurai used them as their primary weapon. Today a person practising Kendo would use a bamboo sword. This is a method used to protect those practising the martial art. Again, as in all the martial arts, the training of the mind is equally as important as training of the body. See animation 1", "Since kendo is based on the use of the Japanese sword, it could not have begun to develop until the Nara Period (710-794). The earliest swords in Japan were of the Chinese variety, and the Japanese words for sword--ken and to--have their semantic roots in the Chinese terms ch'ien and tao (Ratti and Westbrook 1973:258). The oldest swords in Japan date from the second century B.C., but it was not until the eighth century A.D. that the distinctive prototype of the single-edged, curved Japanese sword known as the katana emerged (Draeger and Smith 1989:99).", "With Japanese swords, the edge is made of harder steel and has been quench-hardened in water/oil, so the edge could chip from heavy strikes with static guards. Since the flats/sides of the Katana are covered in clay when it is being heat-treated, they can be made of the same quality of steel as the edge but as hard or brittle due to the slower cooling. In some of the the lamination's, they sometimes use a Medium-hard steel for the sides, and sometimes they overlay it with hard or soft steel. The slope between the flats and the edge seem like a good middle ground for parrying, neither parrying with the extremely hard edge perpendicularly nor with the softer flats.", "Kendo, the Way of the Sword is the art of Japanese Samurai Swordsmanship. It is rooted in the traditions of Budo, the Martial Way. It is both exhilarating and demanding to learn.", "A is one of several types of traditionally made swords from Japan. Swords have been made from Kofun period and generally Japanese swords are the ones after the Heian period having curves, and there are many types of Japanese swords that differ by size, shape, field of application and method of manufacture. Some of the more commonly known types of Japanese swords are the katana, wakizashi, and tachi. ", "In the 14th century, a blacksmith called Masamune developed a two-layer structure of soft and hard steel for use in swords. This structure gave much improved cutting power and endurance, and the production technique led to Japanese swords ( katana ) being recognized as some of the most potent hand weapons of pre-industrial East Asia. Many swords made using this technique were exported across the East China Sea, a few making their way as far as India.", "Kendo is the Japanese martial art of sword fencing. With its roots in kenjutsu, or swordsmanship, kendo may appear to be a hitting-contest between two individuals. However, as one progresses in their training, the challenges of kendo become more mental than techincal. It is because of this aspect that makes progression in kendo achievable by anyone; unlike other martial arts or sports, one does not need to be athletic, strong, young, or quick to succeed.", "Katanas are the very famous traditional cut-emphasis sword of Japan. Invented in the 11th century AD (as the tachi), they all possess the same basic profile; a two-hand grip, a small circular guard, a moderately curved blade, and (with a few rare exceptions) a long single edge.", "by lacquering or strengthened with a layer of iron in the centre. On certain sixteenth-century swords, which are katana, the guard is of 1 many layers of leather bound together on the, edge with a copper rim.", "Kendo is the Japanese martial discipline of fencing originating from combative techniques of Japanese swordsmanship. The techniques that, over the centuries of modernization, lost practical value, still remained in use for health, educational, spiritual, and sporting purposes and ultimately evolved into the art of modern-day kendo.", "From about the 11th century on, Japanese armor was mostly made of lacquered leather laced together with silk. This lightweight armor offered good protection against arrows but was less effective against swords. Most native Japanese weapons were designed for cutting attacks, a cut being the quickest way to inflict maximum damage on a lightly armored opponent. In the 14th-16th centuries, metal armor (often lacquered) became more and more common. Even ashigaru (peasant warriors) would wear mass-produced metal armor. However, despite improvements in metallurgy and the influence of European traders, Japanese metal armor was still lighter and weaker than European plate armor. Also, spears, bows, and eventually firearms were the main battlefield weapons of the Sengoku Jidai, with the sword used mainly as a backup weapon. These factors, combined with the peace established after 1600, meant that Japanese swords remained primarily cutting weapons rather than evolving into thrusting weapons as European swords had.", "Chanbara - Over thirty years ago Japanese martial artists and swordmasters came together and created a better training style. The founder, Tanabe Tetsundo and his group of some of the strongest swordsmen in Japan called this new school of thought Goshindo, later nicknamed Chanbara. These martial artists and masters were very traditional. They also knew that the times were changing and decided to educate today's public in the way of the modern Japanese Samurai. New materials made out of flexible plastics and the constant refining of swords for combat in the 21st century proved to be a stroke of genius.", "Kenjutsu is the Japanese martial art of using the katana in combat. The katana was primarily a cutting weapon, or more specifically, a slicing one. However, the katana’s moderate curve allows for effective thrusting as well. The hilt of the katana was held with two hands, though a fair amount of one-handed techniques exist. The placement of the right hand was dictated by both the length of the tsuka and the length of the wielder’s arm. Two other martial arts were developed specifically for training to draw the sword and attack in one motion. They are battojutsu and iaijutsu, which are superficially similar, but do generally differ in training theory and methods.", "The Japanese sword known today with its deep, graceful curve has its origin in shinogi-zukuri (single-edged blade with ridgeline) tachi which were developed sometime around the middle of the Heian period to service the need of the growing military class. Its shape reflects the changing form of warfare in Japan. Cavalry were now the predominant fighting unit and the older straight chokutō were particularly unsuitable for fighting from horseback. The curved sword is a far more efficient weapon when wielded by a warrior on horseback where the curve of the blade adds considerably to the downward force of a cutting action.", "Swordsmen in Japan established schools of kenjutsu (the ancestor of kendo), which continued for centuries and which form the basis of kendo practice today. The formal kendo exercises known as kata were developed several centuries ago as kenjutsu practice for warriors. They are still studied today, in a modified form.", "While reading Medieval Sword and Shield : The Comabt System of Royal Armouries MS I.33 by Stephen Hand and Paul Wagner, I was interested by the authors' comments on page 93 that in the underarm ward, the sword is held in about the same position that the sword would sit in the scabbard, \"perhaps making it difficult for your opponent to even judge whether your weapon has been drawn or not.\" This is not stating that a cut from underarm was ever performed by drawing and cutting with the sword in a single motion, but it did make me wonder a couple of things. My knowledge of Japanese old-school martial arts (koryu) is very superficial, and even my understanding of Medieval and Renaissance martial arts isn't all I want it to be, but I am always interested in both the similarities and differences between Western European and Japanese martial arts during the same time periods. I understand that comparing two cultures which each had too many different martial arts schools to lump together is a bit clumsy, but what interests me is both the ceremony and practice of drawing the sword.", "Kendo is practiced wearing a traditional Japanese style of clothing, and using one or, less commonly, two . ", "In 1543, the Portuguese brought matchlock firearms (tanegashima) to Japan. The Japanese started to manufacture the Portuguese acquired matchlocks and the use of these firearms in warfare caused the gradual decline in the use of the centuries-old lamellar armour that the samurai were known for; the Japanese armour makers started to use solid iron plates in their armour designs which were based on European armours, and eventually plate armour became the standard for samurai warriors. The new style Japanese plate armours were called tosei gusoku (new armours) in order to differentiate from the old style lamellar armours. Japanese armour makers designed bulletproof plate armours called tameshi gusoku or (bullet tested), which allowed soldiers to continue wearing armour despite the heavy use of firearms in the late 1500s. ", "the fittings of the swords carried by daimyo on ceremonial occasions. early Goto masters had their nanako prepared for them by crafts-", "The strangest thing about the samurai is probably their weird-looking, ornate armor. However, each piece of it was functional. The samurai armor , unlike the armor worn by European knights, was always designed for mobility. A good suit of armor had to be sturdy, yet flexible enough to allow its wearer free movement in the battlefield. The armor was made of lacquered plates of either leather or metal, carefully bound together by laces of leather or silk. The arms were protected by large, rectangular shoulder shields and light, armored sleeves. The right hand was often left without a sleeve to allow maximum movement.", "So ken Kisho or in makers of sword-fittings, but work as displayed on this guard, he was", "*. Derived from Kitō-ryū Jujutsu, this kata was originally intended to be performed wearing armour. Kano chose to preserve it as it embodied the principles of judo. " ]

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[ "Heat energy can be transferred from one place to another by three main processes. In CONVECTION , heat energy is carried by the movement of particles of matter. In CONDUCTION , heat is transferred by particles vibrating. In RADIATION , heat is carried directly by electromagnetic waves. When a hot object touches a cool object, heat moves from the hot one to the cool one. When objects transfer heat, they cool down to a lower temperature unless the heat energy they lose is constantly replaced.", "Heat is thermal energy. It can be transferred from one place to another by conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction and convection involve particles, but radiation involves electromagnetic waves.", "Heat can be transferred from place to place by conduction [conduction: The transfer of heat energy through a material - without the material itself moving. ], convection [convection: The transfer of heat energy through a moving liquid or gas. ] and radiation [infrared radiation: Electromagnetic radiation emitted from a hot object. ]. Dark matt surfaces are better at absorbing heat energy than light shiny surfaces. Heat energy can be lost from homes in many different ways and there are ways of reducing these heat losses.", "Heat can be transferred from one place to another by three methods: conduction in solids, convection of fluids (liquids or gases), and radiation through anything that will allow radiation to pass. The method used to transfer heat is usually the one that is the most efficient. If there is a temperature difference in a system, heat will always move from higher to lower temperatures.", "Radiation is the transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves. It does not need to directly touch anything or move particles as in conduction and convection. Radiation occurs through empty space, as in the sun heating the earth or feeling warm in front of a fire.", "Heat transfer is accomplished by three mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation. All three play a role in the investigation of a fire, and an understanding of each is necessary.", "There are three ways to heat the atmosphere (or anything else, for that matter). These ways include conduction, convection, and radiation. How can you remember these? Let�s use an analogy to help you figure this out.", "All three kinds of energy transport happen when you heat a pan of soup on a fire. The hot gases from the fire go up because of convection. The fire produces heat radiation, which you can block with your hand. The outside bottom of the pan is heated and conduction makes the heat reach the inside bottom of the pan, where it heats the soup. At first, the heat travels up the soup only by conduction, but later (when the soup is boiling) also by conduction.", "Convection is the transfer of heat energy in a fluid. This type of heating is most commonly seen in the kitchen when you see liquid boiling.", "Convection. Convection is heat transfer by the movement of mass from one place to another. It can take place only in liquids and gases. Heat gained by conduction or radiation from the sun is moved about the planet by convection. The radiation from the sun heats the air of the atmosphere, but the heating of the Earth is not even. This is because the amount of sunlight an area receives depends upon the time of day and the time of year. In general, regions near the equator have hotter air. This hot air rises, allowing cooler air to move in underneath the warm air. In our popcorn example this relates to #2. The hot air transfers the heat to the cooler kernels, and when enough hot air heats the kernels they pop.", "3-2.2. Convection. Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the movement of heated liquids or gases from the source of heat to a cooler part of the environment.", "The particles in liquids and gases can move from place to place. Convection happens when particles with a lot of thermal energy in a liquid or gas move, and take the place of particles with less thermal energy. Thermal energy is transferred from hot places to cold places by convection.", "Liquids and gases are fluids. The particles in these fluids can move from place to place. Convection occurs when particles with a lot of heat energy in a liquid or gas move and take the place of particles with less heat energy. Heat energy is transferred from hot places to cooler places by convection.", "In liquids and gases, convection is usually the most efficient way to transfer heat. Convection occurs when warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas in the liquid or gas. As this happens, cooler liquid or gas takes the place of the warmer areas which have risen higher. This cycle results in a continous circulation pattern and heat is transfered to cooler areas. You see convection when you boil water in a pan. The bubbles of water that rise are the hotter parts of the water rising to the cooler area of water at the top of the pan. You have probably heard the expression \"Hot air rises and cool air falls to take its place\" - this is a description of convection in our atmosphere. Heat energy is transfered by the circulation of the air.", "3-2.1. Conduction. Conduction is the form of heat transfer that takes place within solids when one portion of an object is heated. Energy is transferred from the heated area to the unheated area at a rate dependent on the difference in temperature and the physical properties of the material. The properties are the thermal conductivity (k), the density (p), and the heat capacity (c). The heat capacity (specific heat) of a material is a measure of the amount of heat necessary to raise its temperature (Btu/lb/degree of temperature rise).", "Energy travels through space or material. You know this because you can stand near a fire and feel the warmth. In this situation, energy is being transferred as invisible waves that can travel through air, glass, and even the vacuum of outer space. These waves have electrical and magnetic properties, so they are called electromagnetic waves. The transfer of energy from one object to another through electromagnetic waves is known as radiation. Different types of electromagnetic waves have different wavelengths. A wavelength is the horizontal distance from trough-to-trough or crest-to-crest of adjacent waves (Figure 15.9).", "The flow of heat from one area to another by conduction, convection, and/or radiation. Heat flows naturally from a warmer to a cooler material or space.", "Radiation is the primary way that air is heated. Convection currents move that heated air around the earth, and the difference between warm and cold air provide the energy needed to create weather.", "Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat (internal energy) by microscopic collisions of particles and movement of electrons within a body. The microscopically colliding objects, that include molecules, atoms, and electrons, transfer disorganized microscopic kinetic and potential energy, jointly known as internal energy. Conduction takes place in all phases of matter, such as solids, liquids, gases and plasmas. The rate at which energy is conducted as heat between two bodies is a function of the temperature difference (temperature gradient) between the two bodies and the properties of the conductive medium through which the heat is transferred. Thermal conduction was originally called diffusion.", "Convection : The transfer of heat by the circulation or movement of heated parts of a liquid or gas.", "When you sit in front of a campfire, you are warmed by its heat. Hover your hand over a hot light bulb, and you'll feel the heat coming off it, even without touching it. Stand out in the sunshine, and you'll quickly get warmed by its rays. These examples illustrate our final mechanism of heat transfer, radiation. Radiation is when heat is transferred by electromagnetic waves, like radio waves, infrared waves, X-rays and even visible light!", "Convection is like an invisible conveyor belt that can transfer heat through fluids (liquids and gases). When part of a fluid is heated up, it expands. This makes it lighter and less dense than the fluid around it, so it rises upwards. As it rises, it moves away from the source of heat. Then it starts to cool and move downwards, before starting the cycle over again.", "One particular heat conduction mechanism occurs when translational motion, the particle motion underlying temperature, transfers momentum from particle to particle in collisions. In gases, these translational motions are of the nature shown above in Fig. 1. As can be seen in that animation, not only does momentum (heat) diffuse throughout the volume of the gas through serial collisions, but entire molecules or atoms can move forward into new territory, bringing their kinetic energy with them. Consequently, temperature differences equalize throughout gases very quickly—especially for light atoms or molecules; convection speeds this process even more. ", "Convection is when heated particles transfer heat to another substance, such as cooking something in boiling water.", "by convection (motion of a material), in which temperature differences make hotter material move to colder areas and colder material to hotter areas, which means that there is net heat (and so energy ) transport from hot to cold areas.", "Convection The transfer of heat through a fluid material such as air due to differences in fluid density and the effects of gravity.", "A. 1. By Conduction. 2. By Absorption. 3. By Reflection. 4. By Radiation: and 5. By Convection.", "Convection transmits heat by transporting groups of molecules from place to place within a substance. Convection occurs in fluids such as water and air, which move freely.", "The transfer of heat through a liquid or gas caused by the physical upwelling of hot matter. The heat transfer results in the circulation of currents from lower, hotter regions to higher, cooler regions. An everyday example of this process is boiling water. Convection occurs in the Sun and other stars.", "The inter-molecular transfer of energy could be primarily by elastic impact, as in fluids, or by free electron diffusion, as in metals, or phonon vibration, as in insulators. In insulators, the heat flux is carried almost entirely by phonon vibrations.", "Radiant Heat Transfer – Radiant heat transfer occurs when there is a large difference the temperatures of two No surfaces that are exposed to each other, but are not touching.", "convection:  The removal of heat from the body by a process called convection so that the heated air moves away from the skin, so that new, unheated air is continually brought in contact with the skin." ]

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[ "The Pig War was a confrontation in 1859 between the United States and Great Britain over the Canada-U.S. border in the San Juan Islands, between Vancouver Island and the mainland. The Pig War, so called because it was triggered by the shooting of a pig, is also called the Pig Episode, the Pig and Potato War, the San Juan Boundary Dispute or the Northwestern Boundary Dispute. With no shots exchanged and no human casualties, this dispute was a bloodless conflict.", "The Pig War was a confrontation in 1859 between the United States and the British Empire over the boundary between the US and the British Empire. The territory in dispute was the San Juan Islands, which lie between Vancouver Island and the North American mainland. The Pig War, so called because it was triggered by the shooting of a pig, is also called the Pig Episode, the Pig and Potato War, the San Juan Boundary Dispute or the Northwestern Boundary Dispute. With no shots exchanged and no human casualties, this dispute was a bloodless conflict.", "The Pig War was a confrontation in 1859 between American and British authorities over the boundary between the United States and British North America. The specific area in dispute was the San Juan Islands, which lie between Vancouver Island and the North American mainland. The Pig War, so called because it was triggered by the shooting of a pig, is also called the Pig Episode, the Pig and Potato War, the San Juan Boundary Dispute or the Northwestern Boundary Dispute. The pig was the only \"casualty\" of the war, making the conflict essentially bloodless.", "The aptly named Pig War nearly saw an argument over a slaughtered swine lead to a full-scale conflict between the United States and Great Britain. The controversy began in 1859 on San Juan Island, a chunk of land located between the mainland United States and Vancouver Island. At the time, the island was home to American settlers and British employees of the Hudson’s Bay Company, and both parties had laid claim to its fertile soil. The first and only shots of the Pig War came on June 15, 1859, when an American farmer named Lyman Cutlar gunned down a British-owned black boar after he discovered the animal rooting through his potato patch. The ensuing argument over the dead hog increased tensions between the two groups of settlers, and Cutlar was eventually threatened with arrest.", "Lyman Cutlar shoots the boar that touches off Pig War between U.S. and Great Britain on June 15, 1859.", "1859 - Pig War: Ambiguity in the Oregon Treaty leads to the \"Northwestern Boundary Dispute\" between U.S. and British/Canadian settlers.", "The Pig War? Well, it almost was! In the days of westward expansion, the boundary between the northern United States and the still-British colony of British Columbia was disputed as the line turned south and ran through the water adjacent to the rich and fertile San Juan Islands. Both sides were adamant about who the islands belonged to.", "Because of this ambiguity, both the United States and Britain claimed sovereignty over the San Juan Islands. During this period of disputed sovereignty, Britain's Hudson's Bay Company established operations on San Juan and turned the island into a sheep ranch. Meanwhile, by mid-1859, twenty-five to twenty-nine American settlers had arrived. ", "The Northwest Boundary Survey (1857–61) laid out the land boundary, but the water boundary was not settled for some time. After the Pig War in 1859, arbitration in 1872 established the border between the Gulf Islands and the San Juan Islands .", "The governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island, James Douglas, ordered British Rear Admiral Robert L. Baynes to land marines on San Juan Island and engage the American soldiers under the command of Brigadier-General Harney. (Harney’s forces had occupied the island since July 27, 1859.) Baynes refused, deciding that “two great nations in a war over a squabble about a pig” was foolish. Local commanding officers on both sides had been given essentially the same orders: defend yourselves, but absolutely do not fire the first shot. For several days, the British and U.S. soldiers exchanged insults, each side attempting to goad the other into firing the first shot, but discipline held on both sides, and thus no shots were fired.", "War that began in 1898 and stemmed from furor in America over treatment of Cubans by Spanish troops that controlled the island. During the war the American navy led by Admiral Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet in the Pacific, the American ship the \"Maine\" was sunk in Havana harbor, and Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill. A major result of the war was the acquisition by the United States of the Philippines, which made America a major power in the Pacific.", "Based at Fort Vancouver, Washington Territory, General Harney sailed to San Juan Island in July 1859 aboard the USS Massachusetts. Upon his arrival, he met some of the American residents of the island and learned about Indian attacks on the settlement and the incident with the pig, as well as the American islanders’ fear and dislike of the British. Harney immediately pledged his support and suggested that they draft a petition–for which he provided the wording–requesting that he station a military force on the island.", "This state of affairs continued for the next 12 years. The dispute was peacefully resolved after more than a decade of confrontation and military bluster, during which time the local British authorities consistently lobbied London to seize back the Puget Sound region entirely, as the Americans were busy elsewhere with the Civil War. In 1866, the Colony of Vancouver Island was merged with the Colony of British Columbia to form an enlarged Colony of British Columbia. In 1871, the enlarged colony joined the newly formed Dominion of Canada. That year, Great Britain and the United States signed the Treaty of Washington, which dealt with various differences between the two nations, including border issues involving the newly formed Dominion. Among the results of the treaty was the decision to resolve the San Juan dispute by international arbitration, with Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany chosen to act as arbitrator. Wilhelm referred the issue to a three-man arbitration commission which met in Geneva for nearly a year. On October 21, 1872, the commission decided in favor of the United States. The arbitrator chose the American-preferred marine boundary via Haro Strait, to the west of the islands, over the British preference for Rosario Strait which lay to their east.", "This state of affairs continued for the next 12 years. The dispute was peacefully resolved after more than a decade of confrontation and military bluster, during which time the local British authorities consistently lobbied London to seize back the Puget Sound region entirely, as the Americans were busy elsewhere with the Civil War. In 1866, the Colony of Vancouver Island was merged with the Colony of British Columbia to form an enlarged Colony of British Columbia. In 1871, the enlarged colony joined the newly formed Dominion of Canada. That year, Great Britain and the United States signed the Treaty of Washington, which dealt with various differences between the two nations, including border issues involving the newly formed Dominion. Among the results of the treaty was the decision to resolve the San Juan dispute by international arbitration, with Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany chosen to act as arbitrator. Wilhelm referred the issue to a three-man arbitration commission which met in Geneva for nearly a year. On October 21, 1872, the commission decided in favor of the United States. The arbitrator chose the American-preferred marine boundary via Haro Strait, to the west of the islands, over the British preference for Rosario Strait which lay to their east.", "Because of the distance involved, it was not until September that the American and British governments learned they had almost gone to war on San Juan Island. (The telegraph was in use locally on the East Coast and in England, but wires were not yet strung across the continent, much less the ocean.) The British authorities privately approved Admiral Baynes’s restraint and demanded an explanation from the Americans for landing troops on the island before the boundary dispute was resolved. President James Buchanan (1791-1868) and Secretary of State Lewis Cass were in the awkward position of trying to explain Harney’s actions that they had neither known of nor approved.", "Under command of Silas Casey during the Pig War he built the fortifications on San Juan Island. In the American Civil War, he was assigned to the Corps of Engineers and worked on the defenses of Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and several New England ports.", "The Battle of San Juan, won by American troops, was the decisive bloody battle of the war, July 1, 1898. The war ended on December 10 of the same year and the U.S. became a colonial power taking over Spain's holdings including Puerto Rico and Guam. The Philippines were purchased for $20 million and Cuba became an American protectorate.", "The Spanish–American War () was a conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana harbor leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War. ", "1856 - The Second Opium War between several western powers and China begins with the Arrow Incident on the Pearl River.", "The Spanish–American War lasted only ten weeks and was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific theaters. American naval power proved decisive, allowing U.S. expeditionary forces to disembark in Spanish controlled Cuba which was already under constant pressure from frequent insurgent attacks. It is the only American war that was prompted by the fate of a single ship, the USS Maine, then berthed in a Cuban harbor, which exploded while its crew lay asleep.", "August 14 - The last battle of the Spanish-American War occurs off Caibarién , Cuba, when the armed supply ship USS Mangrove fires on two Spanish Navy gunboats. The Spanish surrender, and explain that an armistice has been signed. [120]", "1798 – At the Battle of St. George's Caye, a small force of British settlers called Baymen defeated an invading force from Mexico who were attempting to claim what is now Belize for Spain.", "Commodore John D. Sloat, commander of the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron, near Mazatlan, Mexico, had received orders to seize San Francisco Bay and blockade California ports when he was positive that war had begun. Sloat set sail for Monterey, reaching it on July 1. Sloat, upon hearing of the events in Sonoma and Frémont's involvement, erroneously believed Frémont to be acting on orders from Washington and ordered his forces to occupy Monterey on July 7 and raise the American flag. ", "The secret was out. Immediately the Governor of Las Palmas sent a swift caravel to Puerto Rico. San Juan was now walled, and it had a citadel--most of which still exists--of very massive construction, designed by the best Spanish military engineers to be second only to the fortifications of the almost impregnable Havana. Even so, a speedy and determined attack might have accomplished much, as the totally successful lightning assault on San Juan in 1598 by George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, showed. The defenders of San Juan, forewarned by the caravel, later declared that had the fleet proceeded there directly from England, they could have done nothing to prevent the capture of the stranded treasure. 193", "The lack of civil law on the islands continued to provide an attraction to some settlers. Old Town kept its reputation for rowdiness. Neither taxes nor import duties were collected and smugglers seeking to evade duties on products such as wool made use of the island. Historian Edmond Meany noted that San Juan sheep soon became notorious for \"producing\" as much as 150 pounds of wool each per season.", "In the 1844 U.S. presidential election, the Democratic Party asserted that the northern border of the Oregon Territory should be 54°40′, later reflected in the 1846 slogan \"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!\" However, the Oregon boundary dispute was settled diplomatically in the 1846 Oregon Treaty. This agreement divided the Oregon Country between British North America and the United States by extending the 49th parallel boundary to the west coast, ending in the Strait of Georgia; it then circumvents Vancouver Island through Boundary Pass, Haro Strait, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. This had the side effect of isolating Point Roberts, Washington.", "Fort Sumter is a sea fort in Charleston, South Carolina, notable for two battles of the American Civil War. It was one of a number of many special forts planned after the War of 1812, combining high walls and heavy masonry, and classified as Third System, as a grade of structural integrity. Work started in 1829, but was incomplete by 1860, when South Carolina seceded from the Union. It is open for public tours as part of the Fort Sumter National Monument operated by the National Park Service. ", "On the Pacific Coast, attacks against the native peoples accompanied the flood of immigrants to gold-laden California . Disease, malnutrition, and warfare combined with the poor lands set aside as reservations to reduce the Indian population of that state from 150,000 in 1845 to 35,000 in 1860. The army took the lead role in Oregon and Washington, using the Rogue River (1855-1856), Yakima (1855-1856), and Spokane (1858) wars to force several tribes onto reservations. Sporadic conflicts also plagued Arizona and New Mexico throughout the 1850s as the army struggled to establish its presence. On the southern plains, mounted warriors posed an even more formidable challenge to white expansion. Strikes against the Sioux, Cheyennes, Arapahos, Comanches, and Kiowas during the decade only hinted at the deadlier conflicts of years to come.", "1849 - Zachary Taylor becomes the 12th President of the U.S. Edgar Allan Poe dies. The modern safety pin is invented by American inventor Walter Hunt. Prospectors (\"Forty-Niners\") from all over the nation and the world rush to California in search of gold. In Europe, prospective German emigrants are enticed by shipping line agents describing the U.S. as the \"Golden Land of Opportunity.\" The ocean voyage from Europe to the U.S. is a trip lasting more than two months. One traveler, Jakob Huber, wrote: \"In 1849 I emigrated.... During the long voyage we, the emigrants, were treated terribly. For instance, the promise to receive cooked meals was not adhered to. I had to cook my own meals, and I did not receive enough water to do this properly. The provisions were on board ship, but we had to employ weapons against the brutal sailors to obtain our food. We were actually suffering from hunger.\" * Syracuse streets are illuminated by gas lights. First German church in Liverpool (Evangelischen Gemeinschaft) incorporated.", "\"Ladies and gentlemen and scholars: This occasion brings us back to the year 1806, when a cadet from Texas was sent with a force of soldiers to recover some horses which had been stolen from the Mission Dolores by a tribe of Indians, a very numerous band of the name Tuchayunes, whose headquarters were on the mainland of Tuchayune, who possessed on this island a fishing station and also a large Turkish bath, named by them Temescal, considered both a luxury and a sovereign remedy for all ailments. At this period the island bore the name of Yerba Buena, and on the founding of San Francisco, in 1835, it gave its name to the municipality. Up to 1836 San Francisco contained eight to ten houses, whose first occupants were Jacob P. Lease, M. Leidesdorff, John Fuller, Nathaniel Spear and others. The year previous Spear brought some goats from the Sandwich Island and made Fuller a present of a pair, which became so destructive to the flowers and garden truck that the latter gentleman took them to this island where they increased rapidly; hence the name of Goat Island, which it now bears. In 1849 there were nearly 1,000 goats here, but they were soon destroyed by the immigrants.", "\"Every site suitable for defenses in the Bay of San Francisco was covered by private claims. The places chosen were Fort Point, Alcatraz, Goat Island, or Yerba Buena, and Angel Island. The Yerba Buena, or Goat Island, was claimed by one, Castro, who had placed goats to pasture there from 1841. Nathan Spear bought the island from Castro in 1847, and with Jack Fuller also kept goats on it until the early part of 1849, when Spear sold it to Edward A. King for a nominal sum. The property was later surveyed and re-surveyed and portions of it changed hands. Troops of the United States took possession of the island in 1867, disregarding the claims of Thomas J. Dowling and John C. Jennings, who alleged that they had occupied it since 1849. As late as 1878 it was made to appear that Dowling and Jennings had sold the island to Ben Brooks, E. Johnson and J. Turner, who claimed pay for it, alleging that the original title to the property had been derived in 1855 from the city of San Francisco, and an act of Congress in 1864.\"", "The corner of Leidesdorff and Clay streets recalls many happenings of the past. Here the low cliff which went by the Spanish name of \"cantil\" reached its maximum height of ten feet. North and south from this point it gradually lessened. Between it and the waters of the bay was a strip of sandy beach and here Juan Fuller erected his washhouse, close to an \"ojo de agua\" or spring which gushed forth from the cantil with a plentiful supply of water. Here, too, was a tiny wharf where ship's boats could land at high tide and on the solid ground above Juan Fuller had put up a gallows-frame where as butcher he slaughtered cattle for the town's use. And here, on the memorable July 9, 1846, Captain John B. Montgomery landed his seventy sailors and marines to march to the Plaza, to take possession in the name of the United States of America and to raise the Stars and Stripes." ]

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[ "In mammals, breathing in (inhalation) at rest is primarily due to the contraction and flattening of the diaphragm, a domed muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. When the diaphragm contracts it pushes the abdominal organs downward, but since the pelvic floor prevents the lowermost abdominal organs from moving in that direction, the abdomen, in fact, bulges forwards (or outwards). In the process the size of the thoracic cavity has increased in volume (as has the volume of the body as a whole). This increased thoracic volume results in a fall in pressure in the thorax, which causes the expansion of the lungs. During exhalation (breathing out), at rest, the diaphragm relaxes, returning the chest and abdomen to a position which is determined by their anatomical elasticity (i.e. the position in the cadaver, or in an animal that has been given a muscle relaxant under anesthesia). This is the \"resting mid-position\" of the thorax when the lungs contain the functional residual capacity of air, which in the adult human has a volume of about 2.5 liters. Resting exhalation lasts about twice as long as inhalation because the diaphragm relaxes more gently than it contracts during inhalation. This prevents undue narrowing of the airways, from which the air escapes more easily than from the alveoli.", "In the anatomy of mammals, the thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm, is a sheet of internal muscle that extends across the bottom of the rib cage. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs & ribs) from the abdominal cavity and performs an important function in respiration. A diaphragm in anatomy can refer to other flat structures such as the urogenital diaphragm or pelvic diaphragm, but the diaphragm generally refers to the thoracic diaphragm. Other vertebrates such as amphibians and reptiles have diaphragms or diaphragm-like structures, but important details of the anatomy vary, such as the position of lungs in the abdominal cavity.", "In human anatomy, the thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm (), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity containing the heart and lungs, from the abdominal cavity and performs an important function in respiration: as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and air is drawn into the lungs.", "The diaphragm is an important part of the body's digestive system. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity where most of the digestive organs are located. The suspensory muscle attaches the ascending duodenum to the diaphragm. This muscle is thought to be of help in the digestive system in that its attachment offers a wider angle to the duodenojejunal flexure for the easier passage of digesting material. The diaphragm also attaches to the bare area of the liver, which it anchors. The oesophagus enters the abdomen through a hole in the diaphragm at the level of T10.", "Diaphragm-  is a large skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It is the main structure in  respiration. Bronchiole-  the bronchi branches off into smaller tubes that end up in the pulmonary alveolus Pharynx-  Is a tube at the back of the nasal cavity and the mouth. It contains a passageway for both food and air. Epiglottis-  is a flap of elastic cartilage that acts as switch between the trachea and the esophagus", "The diaphragm is a dome-shaped musculofibrous septum that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity, its convex upper surface forming the floor of the former, and its concave under surface the roof of the latter. Its peripheral part consists of muscular fibers that take origin from the circumference of the inferior thoracic aperture and converge to be inserted into a central tendon.", "Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity (the word diaphragm is derived from the Greek ‘diáphragma’, meaning partition).", "muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and that moves upward and downward to aid in respiration", "The part of the ventral cavity above the diaphragm, the domed muscle that separates it from the abdominal cavity; it is enclosed by the chest wall. The thoracic viscera include the pleural membranes that surround the lungs, the mediastinum between the lungs, which contains the heart and pericardial membranes, the thoracic aorta, pulmonary artery and veins, vena cavae, thymus gland, lymph nodes, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, and thoracic duct. See: illustration", "As a rule, the length of ribs increases starting from pair one and decreases from the eighth pair. The diaphragm4 controlling breathing separates the rib cage from the abdomen. The diaphragm’s contraction makes the rib cage along with the thoracic cavity expand which reduces intrathoracic pressure and fills the lungs with air.", "diaphragm , midriff - (anatomy) a muscular partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities; functions in respiration", "The diaphragm is crucial for breathing and respiration. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, thus enlarging the thoracic cavity (the external intercostal muscles also participate in this enlargement). This reduces intra-thoracic pressure: in other words, enlarging the cavity creates suction that draws air into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, air is exhaled by elastic recoil of the lung and the tissues lining the thoracic cavity in conjunction with the abdominal muscles which act as an antagonist paired with the diaphragm's contraction.", "The diaphragm divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Thus, any vessels that pass between the two cavities will pierce the diaphragm. There are three openings that act as conduit for these structures:", "The diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration. During inspiration, it contracts and flattens, increasing the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity. This produces lung expansion, and air is drawn in. During expiration, the diaphragm passively relaxes and returns to its original dome shape. This reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity.", "The lungs are enclosed in the thoracic cavity by the rib cage on the front, back, and sides with the diaphragm forming the floor of the cavity. When we inhale, the diaphragm contracts and is drawn inferiorly into the abdominal cavity until it is flat. At the same time, the external intercostal muscles between the ribs elevate the anterior rib cage like the handle of a bucket. The thoracic cavity becomes deeper and larger, drawing in air from the atmosphere. During exhalation, the rib cage drops to its resting position while the diaphragm relaxes and elevates to its dome-shaped position in the thorax. Air within the lungs is forced out of the body as the size of the thoracic cavity decreases.", "Separating the chest from the abdomen, the diaphragm plays a lead role in breathing. It moves downward when we breathe in, enlarging the chest cavity and pulling air in through the nose or mouth. When we breathe out, the diaphragm moves upward, forcing the chest cavity to get smaller and pushing the gases in the lungs up and out of the nose and mouth.", "Structurally, the diaphragm consists of two parts: the peripheral muscle and central tendon. The peripheral muscle is made up of many radial muscle fibers – originating on the ribs, sternum, and spine – that converge on the central tendon. The central tendon – a flat aponeurosis made of dense collagen fibers – acts as the tough insertion point of the muscles. When air is drawn into the lungs, the muscles in the diaphragm contract, and pull the central tendon inferiorly into the abdominal cavity. This enlarges the thorax and allows air to inflate the lungs.", "Another way the thoracic cavity can expand during inhalation is called belly breathing. This also involves a contraction of the diaphragm, but the lower ribs are stabilized so that when the muscle contracts, rather than the central tendon remaining stable and lifting the ribs up, the central tendon moves down, compressing the sub-thoracic cavity and allowing the thoracic cavity and lungs room to expand downward.", "The primary muscles of expiration are the abdominal muscles, which were discussed in Unit III. The abdominals -  the transversus abdominis, the external and internal obliques can function to raise intra-abdominal pressure to meet the increased demands of breathing as when exercising or dancing and provide forced expulsion of air from the lungs. When this is needed the abdominals fire more actively to produce this motion. In resting breathing, the abdominals provide anterior holding support for the abdominal cavity.", "The thoracic cavity is open at the top and the abdominal cavity is open at the bottom. Both cavities are bound on the back by the spine. Even though their location is defined, the shape of these cavities can change. How they change is very different. Breathing is the main way the shape of these two cavities changes. The abdominal cavity changes shape similar to a water-filled balloon. When you squeeze the balloon, the shape changes as the balloon bulges. When breathing compresses the abdominal cavity it “bulges” into a different shape.  The abdominal cavity can also change shape based on volume—that is how much you eat and drink. The more you eat and drink, the harder it is for the diaphragm to compress the abdominal cavity—which is why it is harder to breathe after a large meal. Also, an increase in volume of the abdominal cavity decreases the volume in the thoracic cavity—you can take in less air. The thoracic cavity changes both shape and volume when you breathe. When you breathe out, the volume decreases; when you breathe in the volume increases. Because of how these two cavities are linked together in shape change, you can see that the quality of breathing affects the health of abdominal organs and the health of our organs affects the quality of our breathing.", "Diaphragm is a muscular and tendinous sheath that closes the opening between thorax and abdomen and is pierced by structures that pass between these two regions of the body.", "Diaphragm is the name of the large dome-shaped muscle under your lungs that helps you breathe.", "The lungs are housed in the pleural cavity. The pleural cavity is created by the rib cage, which surrounds and protects the lungs, and by the diaphragm, a thin, flat muscle which separates the heart and lungs from the organs of the abdomen like a sheet. When the diaphragm is relaxed, it balloons upward. When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens out and pushes downward. When the muscles of the rib cage contract, they spread and raises the ribs. When both the diaphram and the muscles of the rib cage contract at the same time, the pleural cavity becomes larger and a vacuum is created which sucks air into the lungs. This process is called inhalation. When the rib muscles relax, the ribcage lowers and comes back together. At the same time, the diaphragm relaxes. The space inside the pleural cavity becomes smaller and the air is pushed back out of the lungs. This process is called exhalation.", "The diaphragm ( Hebrew : Parsa, lit. curtain) acts as separator between the higher organs of the heart and lung, the immediate organs of life, and the lower organs of digestion and reproduction. The diaphragm divides the organs of breathing [the respiratory system] from the organs of digestion. The diaphragm is thus seen as separating between the more spiritual aspects of the body and the lower, more physical aspects. Above the diaphragm we have the heart, the lungs, the brain , etc., while below, we have the more corporeal and gross physical organs.", "The diaphragm pumps 60-80% of the air breathed in into the lungs through contractions of the bronchi (at rest). The contractions cause the chest to rise and fall. A spasm of the diaphragm often causes hiccups.", "The arch of the aorta is at first anterior to the trachea and then on its left side immediately superior to the left main bronchus. Other close relations include the brachiocephalic and left common carotid arteries. The trachea is supplied mainly by the inferior thyroid arteries. Its smooth muscle is supplied by parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers, and pain fibers are carried by the vagi.", "The trachealis muscle connects the ends of the incomplete rings and contracts during coughing, reducing the size of the lumen of the trachea to increase the rate of air flow. The esophagus lies posteriorly to the trachea, adjoining along the tracheoesophageal stripe. Circular horizontal bands of fibrous tissue called the annular ligaments of trachea join the tracheal rings together. The cartilaginous rings are incomplete to allow the trachea to collapse slightly so that food can pass down the esophagus. A flap-like epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing to prevent swallowed matter from entering the trachea.", "2. If a person needs to exhale more air, internal (expiratory) intercostals muscles contract. Abdominal wall muscles (internal and external obliques, rectus abdominus and transverses abdominus) can help squeeze out more air.", "From above, the diaphragm receives blood from branches of the internal thoracic arteries, namely the pericardiophrenic artery and musculophrenic artery; from the superior phrenic arteries, which arise directly from the thoracic aorta; and from the lower internal intercostal arteries. From below, the inferior phrenic arteries supply the diaphragm.", "Your diaphragm is the mediator of all the biological and emotional rhythms of your body. Including the autonomic nervous system. The diaphragm interconnects your abdomen, lungs and spine.", "The diaphragm is a double-domed sheet of skeletal muscle, located at the inferior-most aspect of the rib cage. It serves two main functions:", "Some people with testicular cancer have deposits of cancer in their lungs and these may also need to be removed after chemotherapy if they haven't disappeared or reduced sufficiently in size. This type of surgery is also carried out under general anaesthetic and doesn't usually significantly affect breathing in the long-term" ]

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[ "A limerick is a genre of poetry that contains five lines. They are characterized as having a strong cadence or beat. Limericks are often used in a humorous fashion.", "A limerick contains five lines. In this mini-poem, the first, second, and fifth lines rhyme, and the third and fourth lines rhyme. Here is an example:", "A limerick is a humorous poem of five lines. Lines one, two and five rhyme and usually have the same number of syllables. Lines three and four rhyme and usually have the same number of syllables but are shorter than the other three lines.", "Limericks consist of five lines. The rhyme scheme is aabba. In other words, Lines One, Two, and Five all rhyme with each other, and Lines Three and Four rhyme with each other (in some limericks, Lines One and Five end with the same word and rhyme with Line Two).", "A standard limerick poem consists of a stanza of five lines, with the first, second and fifth usually rhyming with one another and having three feet of three syllables each.", "Know the basic characteristics of a limerick. While there are slight variations in this style of poetry, they all fall within the same rhythmic umbrella. A true limerick has five lines; the first, second, and fifth rhyme with each other, and the third and fourth rhyme with each other. In addition to rhyme, consider:", "One such poem is the limerick. The limerick is a closed-form poem with a light and humorous subject matter. It consists of five lines; the first four set up the joke, and the final line delivers the punch line. Let's look at the specific rules a poet must follow when writing limericks.", "As defined by Karl E. Beckson and Arthur F. Ganz in their book “A reader’â„¢s guide to literary terms: a dictionary”, the limerick is a “light verse” composed of five lines with an anapestic meter, having the rhyme scheme aabba. In a limerick, the “a” lines (i.e., the first, second and fifth) are constituted as trimeter, whereas the “b” lines (i.e., the third and fourth) are dimeter.", "A limerick is a type of humorous verse of five lines with an AABBA rhyme scheme: the poem's connection with the city is obscure, but the name is generally taken to be a reference to Limerick city or County Limerick, sometimes particularly to the Maigue Poets, and may derive from an earlier form of nonsense verse parlour game that traditionally included a refrain that included \"Will [or won't] you come (up) to Limerick?\" The earliest known use of the name \"Limerick\" for this type poem is an 1880 reference, in a Saint John, New Brunswick newspaper, to an apparently well-known tune. ", "Limericks consist of five lines ... where the first and last lines rhyme: There was ... I am sure I will go back frequently to review them for reference during many ... - Read more", "A look at memorable limericks, each with five lines and an aabba rhyme scheme, clearly shows their intended audiences, as well as the bawdiness, nonsense, humor, and delightful storytelling simplicity of the form.", "limerick: A five-line poem written with one couplet and one triplet. If a couplet is a two-line rhymed poem, then a triplet would be a three-line rhymed poem. The rhyme pattern is a a b b a with lines 1, 2 and 5 containing three beats and rhyming, and lines 3 and 4 having two beats and rhyming. Limericks are meant to be funny. They often contain hyperbole, onomatopoeia, idioms, puns and other figurative devices. The last line of a good limerick contains the punch line, or “heart,” of the joke. ", "Limericks are invariably typeset as four plus one lines today, but Lear’s limericks were published in a variety of formats. It appears that Lear wrote them in manuscript in as many lines as there was room for beneath the picture. In the first three editions most are typeset as, respectively, two, five, and three lines. The cover of one edition bears an entire limerick typeset in two lines:", "While it is well known that poetry deals with emotions, the poem above, whose subject matter is the author’s love of writing, is just a mere visual that you can use when you are trying to decipher where the stanzas are in a poem. The above poem details a five-lined stanza, which many people may refer to as a limerick . ", "Now let’s take a look at the rhythm of the limerick. It goes by the complicated name “anapaestic,” but you don’t need to worry about that. What I want you to notice when you read or recite a limerick is that the first two lines and the last line have three “beats” in them, while the third and fourth lines have two “beats.” In other words, the rhythm of a limerick looks like this:", "A short humourous nonsense verseform, it consists of five anapestic lines with the rhyme scheme aabba. The third and fourth lines have two stresses each, and the others three. It has been around in various guises since medieval times, but only achieved serious popularity with the publication of Edward Lear's first Book of Nonsense in 1864. The association of the name \"Limerick\" with the form is not very clear - the OED asserts that it comes from an old parlour game where each person had to improvise a verse, which was followed by a chorus of \"Will ye come to Limerick\". Although Lear's Limericks are entirely unobjectionable, the form lends itself very well to bawdy jokes.", "The essence of a Limerick poem is written in the last line i.e. Line # 5 contains the punch line (the most humorous or jokey) part of the whole poem.", "Limerick These funny five-line verses often end with the name of a place; or, a place in Ireland, 5-line humorous verse named for an Irish county", "2.Jump up ^ An interesting and highly esoteric verse in limerick form is found in the diary of the Rev. John Thomlinson (1692–1761): The scansion of the modern limerick is different, the long lines 1,2 and 5 consisting of an unstressed initial syllable followed by two trochees and a spondee, with lines 3 and 4 consisting of two anapests each, so Th There - ONCE was a - MAN of Dar - JEE LING Who - BOARD ed a - BUS bound for - EA LING It said ON - the door DO not spit ON - the floor SO He - LAY down and - SPAT on the - CEI LING 1717. Sept. 17th. One Dr. Bainbridge went from Cambridge to Oxon [Oxford] to be astronomy professor, and reading a lecture happened to say de Polis et Axis, instead of Axibus. Upon which one said, Dr. Bainbridge was sent from Cambridge,—to read lectures de Polis et Axis; but lett them that brought him hither, return him thither, and teach him his rules of syntaxis. From Six North Country Diaries, Publications of the Surtees Society, Vol. CXVIII for the year MCMX, p. 78. Andrews & Co., Durham, etc. 1910.", "Notice how the words end up rhyming in lines # 1, 2, 5 and lines # 3, 4. While the history of limericks remains a point of debate till this day, the above written Limerick is one of the most primitive uses of this form of poetry from a newspaper published in New Brunswick during 1880. ", "The limerick form was popularized by Edward Lear in his first Book of Nonsense (1846) and a later work, More Nonsense, Pictures, Rhymes, Botany, etc. (1872). Lear wrote 212 limericks, mostly considered nonsense literature. It was customary at the time for limericks to accompany an absurd illustration of the same subject, and for the final line of the limerick to be a variant of the first line ending in the same word, but with slight differences that create a nonsensical, circular effect. The humor is not in the \"punch line\" ending but rather in the tension between meaning and its lack. ", "... here’s some helpful information about writing limericks. Lines 1 ... How many syllables in a limerick There ought to be ... to the limerick rules: A limerick ... - Read more", "An abandoned limerick was defined as the sequence from an opening line up to the opening line of a new limerick. This might also include side talk.", "The limerick form is so well known that it can be parodied in fairly subtle ways. These parodies are sometimes called anti-limericks. The following example, of unknown origin, subverts the structure of the true limerick by changing the number of syllables in the lines.", "The origin of the name limerick for this type of poem is debated. As of several years ago, its usage was first documented in England in 1898 (New English Dictionary) and in the United States in 1902, but in recent years several earlier uses have been documented. The name is generally taken to be a reference to the City or County of Limerick in Ireland sometimes particularly to the Maigue Poets, and may derive from an earlier form of nonsense verse parlour game that traditionally included a refrain that included \"Will [or won't] you come (up) to Limerick?\"", "The origin of the name limerick for this type of poem is debated. As of several years ago, its usage was first documented in England in 1898 (New English Dictionary) and in the United States in 1902, but in recent years several earlier uses have been documented. The name is generally taken to be a reference to the City or County of Limerick in Ireland sometimes particularly to the Maigue Poets, and may derive from an earlier form of nonsense verse parlour game that traditionally included a refrain that included \"Will [or won't] you come (up) to Limerick?\" ", "The earliest known use of the term limerick for this type of poem is an 1880 reference, in a Saint John, New Brunswick newspaper, to an apparently well-known tune, [Pie]:There was a young rustic named Mallory,who drew but a very small salary. When he went to the show,his purse made him goto a seat in the uppermost gallery.Tune: Won't you come to Limerick.", "Limerick poetry is typically used for fun and entertaining events and comprise of the following kind of commonly crafted poems:", "Other limericks can be found in the work of Lord Alfred Tennyson , Rudyard Kipling , Robert Louis Stevenson, and W.S. Gilbert. A good collection of limericks can be found in the Penguin Book of Limericks edited by E. O. Parrott.", "This lesson reviews closed-form poetry, specifically focusing on limericks. The limerick is defined and the structure is explained. Examples are given to illustrate the format.", "A notable Limerick - which won an Irish 'Listowel Writers Week' prize in 1998 - exemplifies the structure:", "\"A popular form in children’s verse, the limerick is often comical, nonsensical, and sometimes even lewd.\"" ]

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[ "Sally Kristen Ride made history on June 18, 1983, when she became the first American woman in space (Russia put the first two women into space: Valentina Tereshkova and Svetlana Savitskaya). On that mission, STS-7, she also became the first woman to operate the shuttle’s robotic arm and the first to use it to retrieve a satellite from orbit. She flew a second flight in 1984, STS-41-G, with fellow Group 8 member Kathryn Sullivan.", "✦ Claim to Fame: On June 18, 1983, Sally Ride became the first American woman in space when she embarked on NASA space shuttle mission STS-7 aboard Space Shuttle Challenger. At 32, she was also the youngest American astronaut to fly into space. On her maiden flight, she became the third woman in space after Valentina Tereshkova (1963) and Svetlana Savitskaya (1982). On this spaceflight, she also became the first woman to use the robot arm in space and use it to retrieve a satellite. Ride was the lone individual to be on the investigation panel for both, the Challenger accident and the Columbia disaster.", "Seen on the flight deck of the space shuttle Challenger, astronaut Sally K. Ride, STS-7 mission specialist, became the first American woman in space on June 18, 1983.", "Dr. Sally Ride studied at Stanford University before beating out 1,000 other applicants for a spot in NASA's astronaut program. After rigorous training, Ride joined the Challenger shuttle mission on June 18, 1983, and became the first American woman in space.", "In 1983, Sally Ride became the first American woman in space. She blasted off aboard Challenger, culminating a long journey that started in 1977 when the Ph.D. candidate answered an ad seeking astronauts for NASA missions.", "1983 : Dr. Sally Ride became the first American woman in space as a mission specialist as she and four colleagues blasted off aboard the space shuttle Challenger. The mission lasted six days.", "Sally Ride became the first American woman to go into space when she was part of a crew aboard the space shuttle Challenger in June 1983.", "Challenger, NASA’s second space shuttle to enter service, embarked on its maiden voyage on April 4, 1983, and made a total of nine voyages prior to 1986. That year, it was scheduled to launch on January 22 carrying a seven-member crew that included Christa McAuliffe, a 37-year-old high school social studies instructor from New Hampshire who had earned a spot on the mission through NASA’s Teacher in Space Program. After undergoing months of training, she was set to become the first ordinary American citizen to travel into space.", "* Mae Jemison (M.D. 1981; A.D. White Professor-at-Large 1999–2005) – First African-American woman to travel in space; member of National Women's Hall of Fame; chemical engineer, physician, teacher", "Her historic journey was preceded almost 20 years to the day by cosmonaut Valentina V. Tereshkova of the Soviet Union, who on June 16, 1963, became the first woman ever to travel into space. The United States had screened a group of female pilots in 1959 and 1960 for possible astronaut training but later decided to restrict astronaut qualification to men. In 1978, NASA changed its policy and announced that it had approved six women to become the first female astronauts in the U.S. space program. The new astronauts were chosen out of some 3,000 original applicants. Among the six were Sally Ride and Shannon Lucid, who in 1996 set a new space endurance record for an American and a world endurance record for a woman during her 188-day sojourn on the Russian space station Mir.", "Kathryn D. Sullivan made history in 1984 when she became the first American woman to conduct an EVA (extravehicular activity), spacewalking for 3-1/2 hours to demonstrate the feasibility of satellite refueling. This accomplishment came on her very first trip into space, during STS-41-G. In total, Sullivan visited space during three missions: STS-41-G, STS-31, and STS-45. STS-31 was an especially important mission, as they carried the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit, deploying it at an orbit altitude record at the time, of 612 kilometers (380 miles). Her work on STS-45, her final space voyage, included a number of research experiments as part of the Spacelab mission dedicated to the NASA ‘Mission to Planet Earth’. The results of that research provided a wealth of information about Earth’s climate and atmosphere.", "Dr. Kathyrn Sullivan became the first American woman to perform a space walk. She did this on the STS-41G Space Shuttle Challenger mission in October 1984.", "July 19, 1985 - New Hampshire teacher Christa McAuliffe is chosen to be the first teacher in space.", "Dr. Ride retired from NASA in 1987 to become a Science Fellow at the Center for International Security and Arms Control at Stanford University. After two years, she was named Director of the California Space Institute and Professor of Physics at the University of California, San Diego where she pursued one of her heartfelt crusades, encouraging young women to study science and math.", "After \"Teacher in Space\" Christa McAuliffe was killed during the 1986 Challenger disaster, her backup, a former math teacher named Barbara Morgan, served as a mission specialist during a 2007 flight of the shuttle Endeavor.", "On July 1, 1985, she was announced as one of the 10 finalists, and on July 7 she traveled to Johnson Space Center for a week of thorough medical examinations and briefings about space flight. The finalists were interviewed by an evaluation committee composed of senior NASA officials, and the committee made recommendations to NASA Administrator James M. Beggs for the primary and backup candidates for the Teacher in Space Project. On July 19, 1985, Vice President George H. W. Bush announced that she had been selected for the position. Another teacher, Barbara Morgan, served as her backup. According to Mark Travis of the Concord Monitor, it was her manner that set her apart from the other candidates. NASA official Alan Ladwig said \"she had an infectious enthusiasm\", and NASA psychiatrist Terrence McGuire told New Woman magazine that \"she was the most broad-based, best-balanced person of the 10.\"", "Resnik’s first flight (STS-41-D), in 1984, made her the second American female in space, and the first Jewish-American in space. That mission had the crew deploy three satellites into orbit, as well as deploy the OAST-1 solar array. The array, once unfolded, was 13 feet wide and 102 feet long–“it’s up, and it’s big!” she reported to mission control. When folded, it was a mere 7 inches deep. The array demonstrated the feasibility of large lightweight solar arrays in space. Her total time in space as a result of that mission was 6 days, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds.", "Susan G. Finley, NASA’s longest-serving woman, was hired as a “computer” by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in January 1958, one week before JPL launched Explorer 1, America’s first satellite. Her initial job was performing trajectory computations for rocket launches by hand. She had a number of career changes at JPL as digital computers eliminated the need for hand calculations. She is now a software tester and subsystem engineer.", "on June 16, 1963, Junior Lieutenant Tereshkova became the first woman to be launched into space. Using her radio callsign (nickname) Chaika (Seagull), she reported, \"I see the horizon. A light blue, a beautiful band. This is the Earth. How beautiful it is! All goes well.\"", "The US astronaut is the first woman in the space history to have commanded a space mission, the American Space shuttle Columbia which was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida on July 23, 1999 carrying \"Chandra\" X-ray Observatory. ", "The year she was born, her father was completing his sophomore year at Boston College. Not long thereafter, he took a job as an assistant comptroller in a Boston department store, and they moved to Framingham, Massachusetts, where she attended and graduated from Marian High School in 1966. As a youth, she was inspired by Project Mercury and the Apollo moon landing program. The day after John Glenn orbited the Earth in Friendship 7, she told a friend at Marian High, \"Do you realize that someday people will be going to the Moon? Maybe even taking a bus, and I want to do that!\" She wrote years later on her NASA application form: \"I watched the Space Age being born, and I would like to participate.\" ", "Judith Resnick was an engineer and astronaut killed in the explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1986. She was the second American woman to travel into space.", "In 1983, Columbia, under the command of John Young on what was his sixth spaceflight, undertook its second operational mission (STS-9), in which the Spacelab science laboratory and a six-person crew was carried, including the first non-American astronaut on a space shuttle, Ulf Merbold. After the flight, Columbia spent 18 months at the Rockwell Palmdale facility beginning in January 1984, undergoing modifications that removed the Orbiter Flight Test hardware and bringing it up to similar specifications as those of its sister orbiters. At that time the shuttle fleet was expanded to include Discovery and Atlantis.", "S. Christa McAuliffe, a New Hampshire school teacher and the first space shuttle passenger in NASA's Teacher in Space program. McAuliffe had planned to teach lessons to school children on Earth during live TV transmissions from space.", "While an undergraduate student at Texas Woman’s University, Johnson was offered a chance to participate in NASA’s Co-op (Cooperative Education) program at the Johnson Space Center. Speaking at her 40th high school reunion, she recalled, “Every emotion one can think of welled up inside of me, fear being the most prominent. How could I work with those geniuses?” But hold her own she did, and despite not having computer training in college, she taught herself FORTRAN, and began to write programs to process data from Apollo. Later, when JSC brought in their first desktop computer, she was asked to demonstrate it for all her fellow programmers. In 1981, as a flight operations employee, Johnson was payload officer for STS-2, the first African-American to manage a “front” room console position in mission control. During this period she also volunteered to fly in the KC-135 (Vomit Comet) to help with human studies on the effects of zero gravity.", "While she left NASA in 1987, her passion for space and science never waned. Ride joined Stanford University Center for International Security and Arms Control after leaving NASA. She later became a professor of physics at the University of California, San Diego. She served as president of SPACE.com from 1999 to 2000.", "            1986 - Dr. Franklin R. Chang-Diaz, the first Hispanic-American (born in Costa Rica)  in space was on the shuttle Columbia as  it blasted off with a crew that also included U.S. Rep. Bill Nelson, D-Fla (obviously on board to supply hot air). It was the 24th space shuttle mission.  Chang Diaz also flew on Atlantis, October 18-23, 1989, Atlantis (again) in July 31-August 8, 1992, Discovery in 1994,", "Ride was preparing for her third mission when Challenger exploded in 1986. When training was suspended, she was appointed to the Presidential Commission charged with investigating the accident. She moved to NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C., where she became assistant to the NASA administrator for long-range planning. Ride created NASA's \"Office of Exploration\" and produced a report on the future of the space program, \"Leadership and America's Future in Space.\"", "She earned bachelor's degrees in physics and English from Stanford University in 1973 and a master's in 1975. She saw an ad in the student newspaper calling for scientists and engineers to apply to become astronauts and was chosen in 1978, the same year she earned her doctorate in physics from Stanford.", "She joined Nasa in 1978 - one of 35 people selected as astronauts from a field of more than 8,000 who applied.", "Neil Alden Armstrong, 1930–2012, American astronaut, b. Wapakoneta, Ohio, grad. Purdue Univ. (B.S., 1955), Univ. of Southern California (M.S., 1970). A U.S. Navy fighter pilot during the Korean War, Armstrong became a test pilot for what was then the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics in 1955. In 1962, already a veteran of the X-15 rocket plane, Armstrong became a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) astronaut and served as command pilot of the Gemini 8 mission. As commander of Apollo 11 (July 16–24, 1969), he was the first person (July 20 EDST) to set foot on the moon, saying: \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind\" (the \"a\" was apparently lost in transmission due to static). After serving (1970–71) as an associate NASA administrator for aeronautics, Armstrong taught aeronautical engineering at the Univ. of Cincinnati from 1971 to 1979. In 1985, President Reagan appointed him to the National Commission on Space and in 1986 named him vice chairman of the panel that investigated the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger .", "She earned bachelor's degrees in physics and English from Stanford University in 1973 and a master's in 1975. She was studying for a Ph.D. when she saw an ad in the student newspaper calling for scientists and engineers to apply to become astronauts. She was chosen in 1978, the same year she earned her doctorate in physics from Stanford." ]

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[ "Esther Pauline \"Eppie\" Lederer née Friedman (July 4, 1918 – June 22, 2002), better known by the pen name Ann Landers, was an American advice columnist and eventually a nationwide media celebrity. She began writing the \"Ask Ann Landers\" column in 1955 and continued for 47 years, by which time its readership was 90 million people. A 1978 World Almanac survey named her the most influential woman in the United States. She was the identical twin sister of Pauline Phillips, who wrote the \"Dear Abby\" advice column as Abigail Van Buren.", "Esther Pauline \"Eppie\" Lederer (née Friedman) (July 4, 1918 â June 22, 2002), better known by the pseudonym Ann Landers, was an American advice columnist and eventually a nationwide media celebrity who began her career writing the 'Ask Ann Landers' column in 1955, soon after the death of its creator, Ruth Crowley. Lederer not only wrote the column for 47 years, but publicly assumed the 'Ann Landers' name. As 'Landers', Lederer became a profile-raiser for several medical charities, via both her columns and media appearances. Read Less", "Esther Pauline \"Eppie\" Lederer, better known by the pen name Ann Landers, was an American advice columnist and eventually a nationwide media celebrity who began her career writing the 'Ask Ann Landers' column in 1955. She wrote the column for 47 years, by which time its readership was 90 million people. A 1978 World Almanac survey named her the most influential woman in the United States.…  Read More", "\"Translated into over twenty languages, Esther Pauline Friedman Lederer, known professionally as Ann Landers, reaches millions of readers with her clear, witty and sometimes sarcastic columns. Her parents, Abraham and Rebecca Friedman, were Russian Jewish immigrants who arrived in the United States in 1908 ... Nicknamed 'Eppie,' Esther Pauline was born only seventeen minutes apart from her twin, Pauline Esther (later known as columnist Abigail Van Buren). The two girls experienced many important events simultaneously, participated in similar activities, and shared the same interests ... By 1959, 'Ann Landers' had already received 1,004 speaking invitations and made 101 appearances in 30 cities, and had visited China. [She was] active in national and local causes, such as the Christmas Seal Campaign of which she was national chair in 1963.\"", "Phillips' aunt, Esther Pauline \"Eppie\" Lederer—Pauline's twin sister and the final columnist of the Ask Ann Landers advice column—died in June 2002. In addition to penning a tribute column, Phillips read a poem about her aunt on Larry King Live. In an interview with the South Florida Sun-Sentinel in 2001, Lederer said: \"Jeanne has been working with her mother for 20 years, and it seems to be a perfect fit.\" Lederer's daughter, Margo Howard, wrote an advice column for 45 years until 2013. After Phillips' appearance on Larry King Live, her cousin Howard censured her. Phillips said: \"The term a lot of people have been using is feud. All I can say, and this is from my heart to yours, there's no feud on my part. I wish my cousin the best.\"", "Jeanne Phillips (; born 1942), also known as Abigail Van Buren, is an American advice columnist who writes the advice column Dear Abby. She is the daughter of Pauline Esther \"Popo\" Phillips, who founded Dear Abby in 1956, and her husband, Morton Phillips.", "Pauline Esther Friedman, nicknamed \"Popo\", was born in Sioux City, Iowa to Russian Jewish immigrants, Rebecca (née Rushall) and Abraham B. Friedman, owner of a chain of movie theaters. She was the youngest of four sisters and grew up in Sioux City. Her identical twin, Esther Pauline Friedman, was columnist Ann Landers. Lederer had become Ann Landers in 1955, and inspired by her sister's example, Phillips soon followed suit by launching her own advice column.", "In March 1940, she gave birth to her only child, Margo, who became an advice columnist herself almost 60 years later, as Margo Howard. In 1944, at the age of 56, Lederer's mother Rebecca Friedman died of a cerebral hemorrhage. Julius had been conscripted for the war; she and Margo had been living with the Friedmans.", "Edna St. Vincent Millay (February 22, 1892 – October 19, 1950) was an American lyrical poet and playwright and the first woman to receive the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. She was also known for her unconventional, bohemian lifestyle and her many love affairs. She used the pseudonym Nancy Boyd for her prose work.", "According to Pauline Phillips, she came up with the pen name Abigail Van Buren by combining the name of Biblical figure Abigail in the Book of I Samuel, with the last name of former U.S. President Martin Van Buren.", "People we lost in 2013 – Pauline Phillips , better known to millions of newspaper readers as the original Dear Abby advice columnist, has died after a long battle with Alzheimer's Disease. She died January 16 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, at age 94.", "Many advice columns are now syndicated and appear in very few newspapers. Prominent American examples include Dear Abby, Ann Landers, Carolyn Hax's Tell Me About It, and Mallory Ortberg's Dear Prudence. Internet sites such as the Elder Wisdom Circle offer relationship advice to a broad audience; Dear Maggie offers sex advice to a predominantly Christian readership in Christianity Magazine, and Miriam's Advice Well offers advice to Jewish people in Philadelphia.", "Write to Abigail Van Buren in care of The Chronicle. She will be glad to help you solve your problems.", "'\\n I grew up reading the \\\"Dear Abby\\\" column every morning in the Detroit Free Press. What elementary-aged kid reads Ann Landers? It became part of my morning routine throughout high-school. I even wrote a letter to Ann Landers myself once, but I think my parents took it out of the mailbox and threw it away (Isn\\'t tampering with the U.S. Mail a felony?). \\n\\n Some things never change. I still read the column when I happen to find a newspaper in my hands (as opposed to when I read m...", "Fanny Fern, born Sarah Payson Willis (July 9, 1811-October 10, 1872), was an American writer who was the first woman to have a regular newspaper column. She was also a humorist, novelist and author of children’s stories in the 1850s-1870s. Fern’s great popularity has been attributed to her conversational style and sense of what mattered to her – mostly middle-class female readers. By 1855, Fern commanded $100 per week for her New York Ledger column and was the highest-paid columnist in the United States.", "The two columns differed in style. Ann Landers responded to questioners with homey, detailed advice. Abby's replies were often flippant and occasionally risqué one-liners, like some of those collected for her 1981 book \"The Best of Dear Abby.\"", "Jeanne Phillips' Dear Abby column is syndicated in about 1,400 newspapers in the U.S. with a combined circulation of more than 110 million. Dear Abbys website receives about 10,000 letters per week, seeking advice on a large variety of personal matters. <br /><br />Maybe it's her endearing lisp, her Midwest upbringing or her unblinking eyes. When Jeanne asked her mother for an allowance, Pauline answered, \"What are you going to do for it?\" Pauline then said that her Dear Abby column received a substantial amount of mail from teenagers and that Jeanne could reply to some of them. If Jeanne's responses were \"good\", her mother would use them in the column. If her responses were not good, Jeanne would rewrite them. Jeanne spent her allowance money on watching movies and plays. She went to San Francisco several times to see the play, Li'l Abner. <br /><br />In the 1970s, Phillips helped her mother write over half of the columns for her nationally syndicated radio show on CBS News. Read Less", "\"The first 'Dear Abby' column appeared in The San Francisco Chronicle on Jan. 9, 1956, and grew to be syndicated throughout the United States, and subsequently worldwide. The column was first syndicated in 1956. In March 1980, Mrs. Phillips found a home with Universal Press Syndicate, now known as Universal Uclick, the company that still distributes the column today. 'Dear Abby,' written now by Mrs. Phillips' daughter, Jeanne, is the world's most widely syndicated column, having run in 1,400 newspapers with a daily readership of more than 110 million.", "Her growing public stature as a religious leader, together with the practical challenge her teachings posed to conventional religion and medicine, made her the subject of mounting controversy, as seen in a set of articles in 1902 and 1903 (published in book form in 1907 under the title Christian Science) by Mark Twain , who severely criticized Eddy while speaking at points warmly of her teaching. There was also a highly misleading series that ran in McClure’s Magazine for two years and an unsuccessful lawsuit against her (the so-called “Next Friends Suit” of 1907) that Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World newspaper orchestrated to question her mental competence.", "Willis published her first article, “The Governess,” in November 1851 in the new Boston newspaper, Olive Branch, followed by some short satirical pieces there and in True Flag; soon after, she regularly began using the name Fanny Fern for all of her articles. In 1852, on her own with two daughters to support, she began writing in earnest. She sent samples of her work under her own name to her brother, Nathaniel, by then a magazine owner, but he refused them and said her writing was not marketable outside Boston. He was proved wrong, as newspapers and periodicals in New York and elsewhere began printing Fanny Fern’s “witty and irreverent columns.”", "Jeanne Phillips' Dear Abby column is syndicated in about 1,400 newspapers in the U.S. with a combined circulation of more than 110 million. Dear Abbys website receives about 10,000 letters per week, seeking advice on a large variety of personal matters.", "to begin what was a happy and affectionate marriage. While Abigail sometimes struggled with her health and spirits, particularly while their seven children were small, she was lively and social, and prevented Charles from becoming the social recluse he might otherwise have become. She also took interest in civic service. A notice in the Quincy Patriot of 13 November 1858 shows her serving as the county manager for the Mount Vernon Ladies Association, calling for subscriptions to help preserve George Washington’s Mount Vernon mansion for future generations.", "In 1968, she had helped to found New York magazine, where she was a political columnist and wrote feature articles. As a freelance writer, she was published in Esquire, The New York Times Magazine, and women’s magazines as well as for publications in other countries. She has produced a documentary on child abuse for HBO, a feature film about the death penalty for Lifetime, and been the subject of profiles on Lifetime and Showtime.", "version of her own life, got published. She also had a regular column in the magazine", "journalist: The Dial, The New York Tribune; author: Women in the Nineteenth Century; feminist; killed [w/husband and two-year-old son] in shipwreck [off Long Island NY] July 19, 1850", "Hamilton, an essayist, journalist, and fiction writer, was born Mary Abby Dodge in Hamilton, Massachusetts, and lived as a school teacher and governess in New England and Washington, D.C. In the late 1850s, she began publishing for the anti-slavery paper, the National Era, under the pen name, Gail Hamilton.", "When Baum was writing The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer, he once wrote of a woman's \"roughish smile\" instead of a \"roguish smile.\" Legend has it, he was describing a bride at her wedding, and her husband was so irate that he challenged Baum to a gun duel. The two men were to stand back to back on one street, come around the corner, face each other, and shoot. Allegedly, Baum heard guns go off during the corner turn and started to run, and a man stopped him and said \"you fool, the other guy's running!\" Nancy Tystad Koupal accessed all microfilms of the Pioneer and found only one instance of \"roughish smile.\" The woman described was, in fact, an actor in a community theatre production that Baum had inadvertently wandered in on. However, Baum adapts the legend in Aunt Jane's Nieces on Vacation. Louise Merrick makes that mistake of describing Molly Sizer as having a \"roughish smile\" in the society pages, and the Sizers, \"noted as quite the most aggressive and disturbing element in the neighborhood\", send eldest son Bill to challenge Arthur Weldon, Louise's husband and the highest name on the masthead (though in fact he has almost no involvement in the paper at all), to a duel, after which Arthur's experience parallels Baum's.", "Both Harriet Beecher Stowe and her sister Catherine Beecher were advocates of women's education. Although they collaborated on \"The New Housekeeper's Manual,\" a guide to the \"woman's domain\" they disagreed on whether women should step beyond that sphere to engage in political action. This short commentary from the University of Pennsylvania explains.", "Veteran freelance writer Alice Stein resides in Tonawanda, N.Y. For further reading, see: Cyclone in Calico: The Story of Mary Ann Bickerdyke, by Nina Brown Baker; or Dorothea Dix, Forgotten Samaritan, by Helen E. Marshall.", "When she was 21, Harriet moved to Cincinnati to attend her father's seminary. There, she became a member of a writer's group called the Semi-Colon Club, whose membership also included her two sisters and one of the seminary's professors, Calvin Stowe, with whom she fell in love. They were married, and she would bear him seven children, including twin daughters.", "While in the United States, Leonowens also earned much-needed money through popular lecture tours. At venues such as the house of Mrs. Sylvanus Reed in Fifty-third Street, New York City, in the regular members' course at Association Hall, or under the auspices of bodies such as the Long Island Historical Society, she lectured on subjects including \"Christian Missions to Pagan Lands\" and \"The Empire of Siam, and the City of the Veiled Women\". The New York Times reported: \"Mrs. Leonowens' purpose is to awaken an interest, and enlist sympathies, in behalf of missionary labors, particularly in their relation to the destiny of Asiatic women.\" She joined the literary circles of New York and Boston and made the acquaintance of local lights on the lecture circuit, such as Oliver Wendell Holmes, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book whose anti-slavery message Leonowens had brought to the attention of the royal household. She said the book influenced Chulalongkorn's reform of slavery in Siam, a process he had begun in 1868, and which would end with its total abolition in 1915. Meanwhile, Louis had accumulated debts in the U.S. by 1874 and fled the country. He became estranged from his mother and did not see her for 19 years.", "Beecher-Stowe, Harriet Elizabeth, sister of the above, authoress of “Uncle Tom's Cabin,” of which probably over a million copies have been sold. Born at Litchfield, Connecticut, U.S.A., in 1812; d. 1896." ]

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[ "King County , where Seattle is located, also has some unique suburbs, such as Bellevue , Redmond , Woodinville , Kent and much more that extend north, east and south from the core. Bordered to the west by the Kitsap Peninsula this region also includes Vashon Island and Blake Island .", "King County , where Seattle is located, also has some unique suburbs, such as Bellevue , Redmond , Woodinville , Kent and much more that extend north, east and south from the core.", "King County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2010 census its population was 1,931,249. King is the most populous county in Washington, and the 13th-most populous in the United States. The county seat is Seattle, which is the state's largest city.", "Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are mostly concentrated in the Seattle−Tacoma metropolitan area. Seattle, Bellevue, and Redmond, which are all located within King County, have sizable Chinese communities (including Taiwanese), as well as significant Indian and Japanese communities that are present there. The Chinatown-International District in Seattle has a historical Chinese population dating back to the 1860s, who mainly emigrated from Guangdong Province in southern China, and is currently home to a diverse East and Southeast Asian community. Koreans are heavily concentrated in the suburban cities of Federal Way and Auburn to the south and in Lynnwood to the north. Tacoma is home to thousands of Cambodians, and has one of the largest Cambodian American communities in the United States, along with Long Beach, California and Lowell, Massachusetts. The Vietnamese and Filipino populations of Washington are mostly concentrated within the Seattle metropolitan area. Washington state has the second highest percentage of Pacific Islander people in the mainland U.S. (behind Utah); the Seattle-Tacoma area is home to over 15,000 people of Samoan ancestry, who mainly reside in southeast Seattle, Tacoma, Federal Way, and in SeaTac. ", "Seattle ( Listen i /siˈætəl/ see-AT-əl ) is a coastal seaport city and the seat of King County , in the U.S. state of Washington . With an estimated 668,342 residents as of 2014 [update] , Seattle is the largest city in both the State of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America and, as of July 2014 [update] , is the fastest-growing major city in the United States. [5] The Seattle metropolitan area of around 3.6 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States. [6] The city is situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about Script error: No such module \"convert\". south of the Canada–United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the 8th largest port in the United States and 9th largest in North America in terms of container handling. [7]", "The United States Constitution and the Washington State Constitution guarantee the right to trial by jury. Failure to attend as directed may subject you to penalties provided by law. All King County residents are obligated by state law to serve as a juror unless they:", "Seattle (pronounced /siːˈætəl/ ( [1] listen ) see-at-əl ) is the northernmost major city in the contiguous United States , and the largest city in the Pacific Northwest and the state of Washington . It is a major seaport situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 114 miles (183 km) south of the Canada – United States border , and it is named after Chief Sealth \"Seattle\" , of the Duwamish and Suquamish native tribes . Seattle is the center of the Seattle–Tacoma–Bellevue metropolitan statistical area --the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States , and the largest in the northwestern United States . [8 ] Seattle is the county seat of King County and is the major economic, cultural and educational center in the region. The 2010 census found that Seattle is home to 608,660 residents within a metropolitan area of some 3.4 million inhabitants. [9 ] The Port of Seattle , which also operates Seattle–Tacoma International Airport , is a major gateway for trade with Asia and cruises to Alaska, and is the 8th largest port in the United States in terms of container capacity. [10 ]", "King County, which includes Seattle, is a major center for liberal politics and is a bastion for the Democratic Party. In the 2008 election, Barack Obama defeated John McCain in the county by 42 percentage points, a larger margin than any previous election. Slightly more than 29% of the population in the State of Washington reside in King County, making it a significant factor for the Democrats in a few recent close statewide elections. In 2000, it was King County that pushed Maria Cantwell's total over that of incumbent Republican Slade Gorton, winning her a seat in the United States Senate. In 2004, King County gave a lead to Democrat Christine Gregoire in the second recount in the state's razor-thin governor's race, pushing her ahead of Republican Dino Rossi, who led by 261 votes after the initial count. Rossi resided in the county at the time of the election in Sammamish.", "In rare change of who the name of a place is named after and not the actual name of the place, the name of the county in which Seattle, Washington State sits in was changed in 2005 from King County (named after William Rufus King, vice president of the United States at the time of the county's inception), to...um... King County (named after Martin Luther King Jr., who visited Seattle in 1961).", "ierce County is located south of Seattle and King County. Rising from the shores of South Puget Sound to the summit of Mount Rainier, it covers 1,794 square miles – 217 miles of which are saltwater shoreline. From Mount Rainier’s densely forested foothills, to the fertile Puyallup River Valley, to the deep-water port on Commencement Bay, Pierce County offers diverse economic, cultural, recreational and living opportunities. During WWI, Fort Lewis Army Base was established just south of Tacoma. In 1935, McChord Air Force Base was added nearby. Today, US Joint Base Lewis-McChord is the County’s largest employer. Other important industries include agriculture, government service, healthcare, international shipping, manufacturing, wood products, and wholesale and retail trade. Development centers mainly around the I-5 corridor, the Port of Tacoma and the County’s western half where most major population centers are located. The County’s eastern half contains quiet 66", "Speaker after speaker called on Councilmembers to temper the racial disparity of law enforcement and support programs to divert offenders from jails. “Ten percent of African Americans in King County are incarcerated,� lamented Le Roi Brashears, �but only half of one percent of white people are incarcerated.” Eleanor Owen, of the National Alliance on Mental Illness of Greater Seattle, urged the County to support a crisis-stabilization center for the mentally ill.", "Located on the eastern shore of Puget Sound, Seattle is the largest city in the state of Washington. Formerly a staid, conservative town built on the lumber, shipping, and aircraft industries and little known outside its immediate region, today Seattle has become one of the hottest locations in the country, a mecca for the computer software industry and a cultural trendsetter that originated the grunge rock of the early 1990s and the coffee craze that has swept across the United States. Its newfound business and cultural attractions, combined with a picturesque setting and mild climate, have created a population boom and made Seattle the commercial and cultural hub of the Pacific Northwest, as well as one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the United States.", "With a national reputation for its diagnostic and treatment facilities, which include more free clinics than in any other West Coast city, Seattle-King County is the health care center for the Pacific Northwest. The metropolitan area offers 26 general acute-care and five special purpose centers providing thousands of beds and physicians. University of Washington Hospital is the teaching hospital for the University of Washington. Among its other leading health care institutions are Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Virginia Mason Medical Center, and Swedish Medical Center. Bailey-Boushay House, a residence where people with HIV can be treated less expensively than at traditional centers, has provided over a decade of life-changing care. The Seattle Cancer Treatment and Wellness Center is the only cancer center in the Pacific Northwest where medical oncologists work side by side with practitioners of alternative medicine.", "The Kingdome (officially King County Multipurpose Domed Stadium) was a multi-purpose stadium in Seattle, Washington, located in the city's SoDo neighborhood. Owned and operated by King County, the Kingdome opened in 1976 and was best known as the home stadium of the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL), the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB), and the Seattle SuperSonics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The stadium served as both the home outdoor and indoor venue for the Seattle Sounders of the North American Soccer League (NASL) and hosted numerous amateur sporting events, concerts, and other events.", "o respond to residents’ health care needs, Washington State and area counties have established various public health services. The Washington State Department of Health at www.doh.wa.gov provides helpful information regarding health related topics, as well as a provider credential search system. The Health Systems Quality Assurance Division, at (360) 236-4700, answers questions regarding complaints or claims against practitioners. The Consumer Hotline at (800) 525-0127 addresses concerns about public health issues, provides referral numbers, and directs residents to resources in their area. Local County Medical Societies also provide referral and community resource information: King County, (206) 621-9393, www.kcmsociety.org. Kitsap County, (360) 6892928, www.kcmedical.org. Snohomish County, (206) 956-3624, www.snohomishmedical.org. The Senior Information and Assistance Program directs seniors to counseling, nutrition specialists, housing assistance, transportation help, day centers, and retirement residences. (206) 4485757, www.seniorservices.org. Greater Seattle’s health care options also include quality dental services. The Seattle-King County Dental Society, (206) 4437607, www.skcds.org or the Washington State Dental Association, (206) 448-1914 or (800) 448-3368, www.wsda.org offer information and referrals.", "Bellingham ( ) is the largest city in and the county seat of Whatcom County in the U.S. state of Washington. It is the thirteenth-largest city in the state, with 85,146 residents in 2015 as estimated by the US Census, or sixth-largest by metropolitan area after Seattle-Tacoma, Spokane, the northern side of the Portland metropolitan area, the Tri-Cities, and Yakima. The boundaries of the city encompass the former towns of Fairhaven, Whatcom, Sehome, and Bellingham.", "Following the preliminary hearing, the case was moved from Santa Monica to the Criminal Courts Building in Downtown Los Angeles. The decision, commonly attributed to the District Attorney, was actually the decision of the Los Angeles Superior Court, which cited damage to the Santa Monica Courthouse from the 1994 Northridge Earthquake and security concerns for moving the trial downtown. The decision would prove critical because a jury pool selected Downtown would have more Latinos, African-Americans, Asian-Americans, and blue-collar workers than a jury pool from Santa Monica.", "Last night the King County Council held a Town Hall at the First African Methodist Episcopal Church on Capitol Hill to hear how locals think the County should lower the crime rate, reduce recidivism, and help victims and offenders. The church was packed, with a line from the mic to the back of the room.", "Bremerton is a city in Kitsap County, Washington, United States. The population was 38,790 at the 2011 State Estimate. Bremerton is home to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and the Bremerton Annex of Naval Base Kitsap. Bremerton is connected to downtown Seattle by a 55-minute ferry route, which carries both vehicles and walk-on passengers.", "North Highline, which adjoins SeaTac , Burien, and Tukwila in addition to Seattle, consists of the Boulevard Park neighborhood and part of White Center . West Hill, which abuts Tukwila and Renton as well as Seattle, consists of Bryn Mawr-Skyway , Lakeridge , and Earlington . Its 2010 population is 15,645 according to the US Census.", "CENTRAL AREA Located south of Capitol Hill, Central extends east to Lake Washington. Its close proximity to the floating bridges and downtown has prompted real estate agents, developers and homebuyers to “rediscover” Central. The neighborhood contains mostly singlefamily homes, but new businesses are expanding the commercial district at 23rd and Jackson. Central is home to Swedish Medical Center/Providence Campus, and the Seattle Vocational Institute. The local high school, Garfield, produces a majority of Seattle’s National Merit Scholars. Central supports the Pratt Fine Arts Center, the Langston Hughes Cultural Arts Center, and the Northwest African American Museum, all which offer educational and artistic programs. The popular Central Area Community Festival & Parade is held in August. Median Prices: Homes $451,500; Condos $254,950.", "Originally built for the 1962 World's Fair, the 74 acre Seattle Center is a park, arts, and entertainment center in Seattle. Its landmark feature is the 605 ft tall Space Needle, a now-iconic building that was, at its completion, the tallest building west of the Mississippi River. Seattle Center is located just north of Belltown in the Lower Queen Anne neighborhood.", "Yakima ( or) is a U.S. city located about 60 mi southeast of Mount Rainier in Washington. Yakima is the county seat of Yakima County, Washington, and the state's eleventh largest city by population. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 91,067 and a metropolitan population of 243,231. The unincorporated suburban areas of West Valley and Terrace Heights are considered a part of greater Yakima. ", "The Seattle Great Wheel, one of the largest Ferris wheels in the US, opened in June 2012 as a new, permanent attraction on the city's waterfront, at Pier 57, next to Downtown Seattle. The city also has many community centers for recreation, including Rainier Beach, Van Asselt, Rainier, and Jefferson south of the Ship Canal and Green Lake, Laurelhurst, Loyal Heights north of the Canal, and Meadowbrook. ", "Time: May 19, 2011 6:50 PMPlace: 1801-1807 E Hamlin St, Seattle, WA 98112, USA Go to the intersection of May 19, 2011 6:50 PM & 1801-1807 E Hamlin St, Seattle, WA 98112, USA", "Located in the Laurelhurst neighborhood, Seattle Children's, formerly Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, is the pediatric referral center for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center has a campus in the Eastlake neighborhood. The University District is home to the University of Washington Medical Center which, along with Harborview, is operated by the University of Washington. Seattle is also served by a Veterans Affairs hospital on Beacon Hill, a third campus of Swedish in Ballard, and Northwest Hospital and Medical Center near Northgate Mall.", "Thurston County Superior Court:2000 Lakeridge Dr SW, Bldg 2, Olympia, WA 98502 Phone: 360-786-5560 Fax: 360-754-4060", "Located in the Laurelhurst neighborhood, Seattle Children's , formerly Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, is the pediatric referral center for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center has a campus in the Eastlake neighborhood and also shares facilities with the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington Medical Center. The University District is home to the University of Washington Medical Center which, along with Harborview, is operated by the University of Washington. Seattle is also served by a Veterans Affairs hospital on Beacon Hill , a third campus of Swedish in Ballard, and Northwest Hospital and Medical Center near Northgate Mall .", "PORT ANGELES — Christopher Melly will be sworn in as Clallam County Superior Court judge Tuesday, Jan. 7. The ceremony will be at 3 p.m. in Courtroom 1 at the Clallam County Courthouse, 223 E. Fourth St., Port Angeles. Gov. Jay Inslee named Melly, 62, to the Position 3 bench this month. The position pays $151,809 now, with an increase to $156,363 planned Sept. 1. Melly, former Clallam County hearings examiner, is replacing Judge S. Brooke Taylor, who is retiring at the end of the year. Taylor was elected to the bench in 2007, and his term expires Dec. 31, 2016. Melly, who was an unsuccessful candidate for the Position 1 Superior Court judge position, has said that he intends to run for election next November for the last two years of Taylor’s term.", "Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, locally known as Sea-Tac Airport and located just south in the neighboring city of SeaTac, is operated by the Port of Seattle and provides commercial air service to destinations throughout the world. Closer to downtown, Boeing Field is used for general aviation, cargo flights, and testing/delivery of Boeing airliners.", "Seattle–Tacoma International Airport , locally known as Sea-Tac Airport and located just south in the neighboring city of SeaTac, is operated by the Port of Seattle and provides commercial air service to destinations throughout the world. Closer to downtown, Boeing Field is used for general aviation, cargo flights, and testing/delivery of Boeing airliners.", "Seattle–Tacoma International Airport , locally known as Sea-Tac Airport and located just south in the neighboring city of SeaTac , is operated by the Port of Seattle and provides commercial air service to destinations throughout the world. Closer to downtown, Boeing Field is used for general aviation, cargo flights, and testing/delivery of Boeing airliners." ]

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[ "The Pig War was a confrontation in 1859 between the United States and Great Britain over the Canada-U.S. border in the San Juan Islands, between Vancouver Island and the mainland. The Pig War, so called because it was triggered by the shooting of a pig, is also called the Pig Episode, the Pig and Potato War, the San Juan Boundary Dispute or the Northwestern Boundary Dispute. With no shots exchanged and no human casualties, this dispute was a bloodless conflict.", "The military confrontation between the United States and Great Britain over the San Juan Islands known as the \"Pig War\" lasted for 13 years from the shooting of the pig in 1859 until its belated but peaceful resolution in 1872.  This file, Part 2 of a two-part essay, describes events following the August 3, 1859, decision by Royal Navy Captain Geoffrey Phipps Hornby (1825-1895) not to confront the American troops under Captain George Pickett (1825-1875) that had landed on San Juan Island the previous week.  Although General William S. Harney (1800-1889) initially sent more American troops to the island, as soon as news that Harney and Pickett had nearly started a war with England reached Washington, D.C., Winfield Scott (1786–1866), the commanding general of the U.S. Army, was dispatched to remedy things.  Scott overruled Harney and negotiated an agreement with British Columbia Governor James Douglas (1803-1877) for joint occupancy of the island until the dispute was settled.  Eventually arbitrator Kaiser Wilhem I of Germany ruled in favor of America, opening the way for the disputed islands to become Washington's San Juan County.", "The Pig War was a confrontation in 1859 between the United States and the British Empire over the boundary between the US and the British Empire. The territory in dispute was the San Juan Islands, which lie between Vancouver Island and the North American mainland. The Pig War, so called because it was triggered by the shooting of a pig, is also called the Pig Episode, the Pig and Potato War, the San Juan Boundary Dispute or the Northwestern Boundary Dispute. With no shots exchanged and no human casualties, this dispute was a bloodless conflict.", "The aptly named Pig War nearly saw an argument over a slaughtered swine lead to a full-scale conflict between the United States and Great Britain. The controversy began in 1859 on San Juan Island, a chunk of land located between the mainland United States and Vancouver Island. At the time, the island was home to American settlers and British employees of the Hudson’s Bay Company, and both parties had laid claim to its fertile soil. The first and only shots of the Pig War came on June 15, 1859, when an American farmer named Lyman Cutlar gunned down a British-owned black boar after he discovered the animal rooting through his potato patch. The ensuing argument over the dead hog increased tensions between the two groups of settlers, and Cutlar was eventually threatened with arrest.", "Ambiguities in the wording of the Oregon Treaty regarding the route of the boundary, which was to follow \"the deepest channel\" out to the Strait of Juan de Fuca and beyond to the open ocean resulted in the Pig War ; another boundary dispute in 1859 over the San Juan Islands . The dispute was peacefully resolved after a decade of confrontation and military bluster during which the local British authorities consistently lobbied London to seize back the Puget Sound region entirely, as the Americans were busy elsewhere with the Civil War. The San Juan's dispute was not resolved until 1872; when the pursuant to the Treaty of Washington (1871) an arbitrator (the German Emperor) chose the American-preferred marine boundary via Haro Strait , to the west of the islands, over the British preference for Rosario Strait which lay to their east.", "Pickett had served with valor in the Mexican War right after his graduation from the United States Military Academy at West Point, and he had subsequently seen duty at several frontier posts. Now, on August 3, 1859, the man whose name would be forever linked to the most famous of all Civil War charges was the American commander on the scene as the United States and Great Britain again stood on the brink of war. The issue dividing the two countries this time was the ownership of the often fog-shrouded San Juan Islands that dot the strait between what is today the state of Washington and British Columbia’s Vancouver Island.*", "The Pig War? Well, it almost was! In the days of westward expansion, the boundary between the northern United States and the still-British colony of British Columbia was disputed as the line turned south and ran through the water adjacent to the rich and fertile San Juan Islands. Both sides were adamant about who the islands belonged to.", "War b/w US & British Canada over the shooting of a Canadian pig on San Juan Island", "Based at Fort Vancouver, Washington Territory, General Harney sailed to San Juan Island in July 1859 aboard the USS Massachusetts. Upon his arrival, he met some of the American residents of the island and learned about Indian attacks on the settlement and the incident with the pig, as well as the American islanders’ fear and dislike of the British. Harney immediately pledged his support and suggested that they draft a petition–for which he provided the wording–requesting that he station a military force on the island.", "This note informed Hall that Honduras was not yet prepared to take possession of the Bay Islands, and requested that England remain patient a little longer (Archives vol. III: 239). On May 23rd of 1861, however, British patience ran out. Belize demanded that the Commandant of Trujillo visit Roatan in the near future to take over the sovereignty of the colony, and on June 1st, 1861, after having been a British Colony for less than nine short years, the Bay Islands became the ‘Departemente de las Isles de la Bahi’ (The Bay Islands), under the struggling Republic of Honduras.", "As America rebuilt following the Civil War, a rift developed with her old nemesis, Great Britain. Superpower Britain and the ascendant United States were at loggerheads over such issues as the sinking of the British-built warship Alabama, British claims of worldwide naval supremacy, Newfoundland fishing rights and U.S. designs on making Canada part of the Union.", "An archipelago (island chain) consisting of some 7100 islands in southeast Asia , the Philippines became a territory of the United States by the Treaty of Paris (1898). Signed on December 10, the agreement ended the Spanish-American War (1898), which marked a determined U.S. interest in participating more fully in international affairs. One issue during the war was the matter of an independent Cuba . The peace treaty signed between Spain and the United States provided for Cuba's autonomy and granted the United States control of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippine Islands. Spain surrendered the last vestiges of its colonial empire; in exchange, the European country received $20 million in payment from the United States.", "The United States could not ignore the largest continent on earth forever. Since Commodore Matthew Perry \"opened\" Japan in 1854, trade with Asia was a reality, earning millions for American merchants and manufacturers. Slowly but surely the United States acquired holdings in the region, making the ties even stronger. Already Alaska, Hawaii, and American Samoa flew the American flag. The Spanish-American War brought Guam and the Philippines as well. These territories needed supply routes and defense, so ports of trade and naval bases became crucial.", "On June 15, 1859, exactly thirteen years after the adoption of the Oregon Treaty, the ambiguity led to direct conflict. Lyman Cutlar, an American farmer who had moved onto the island claiming rights to live there under the Donation Land Claim Act, found a large black pig rooting in his garden. ", "During the American Civil War, the Bahamas prospered as a base for Confederate blockade-running, bringing in cotton to be shipped to the mills of England and running out arms and munitions. None of these provided any lasting prosperity to the islands, nor did attempts to grow different kinds of crops for export.", "1856 – Panama, Republic of New Grenada: On September 19–22, U.S. forces landed to protect American interests during an insurrection. Template:Ref label", "In 1840, Britain unites with Ottoman Turkey to overthrow the amir of Lebanon , while the protectorate of Basutoland is recognised by Britain in 1843. In the same year, Britain and France are forced to go to war against Argentina for blocking their access to Paraguay during the Great War in South America. While that war progresses, in 1845 the USA triggers the Mexican-American War, hoping to annexe all of Texas. Britain, which still holds much of the disputed territory of Oregon, is persuaded not to intervene by an agreement which divides the territory along the 48th parallel. Britain keeps Vancouver to the north of the line (British Columbia), while the US gains Seattle to the south (Washington and Oregon). In 1849, a peace deal is agreed between Argentina and Britain.", "On April 21, 1898, the United States declared war against Spain. The causes of the conflict were many, but the immediate ones were America's support of Cuba's ongoing struggle against Spanish rule and the mysterious explosion of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor. It would be the first overseas war fought by the United States, involving campaigns in both Cuba and the Philippine Islands.", "The conflicts facing the American commanders came not from the British but from the citizens and officials of Washington Territory. Although these were the very people who had called for troops to land, they began chafe under what they saw as military rule. Periodic disputes erupted between civilian authorities and the military commanders, and the Legislature several times petitioned Congress to end military rule of the islands.", "The First Opium War lasted from 1839 to 1842. Britain occupied the island of Hong Kong on January 25, 1841, and used it as a military staging point. China was defeated in the war, and had to cede Hong Kong to Britain in the aforementioned Treaty of Nanking. Hong Kong became a Crown Colony of the British Empire .", "It appeared that officials in the seats of government in London and Washington, D.C., believed that the dispute over the ownership of the islands would be decided in due course. A Joint Boundary Commission, with Archibald Campbell as the head of the American delegation and Royal Navy Captain James C. Prevost leading the British, met in the disputed area several times during 1857 but settled nothing.", "War that began in 1898 and stemmed from furor in America over treatment of Cubans by Spanish troops that controlled the island. During the war the American navy led by Admiral Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet in the Pacific, the American ship the \"Maine\" was sunk in Havana harbor, and Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill. A major result of the war was the acquisition by the United States of the Philippines, which made America a major power in the Pacific.", "In 1890, Captain Alfred Thayler Mahan, a member of the Navy War Board, wrote a book titled The Influence of Sea Power upon History in which he argued for the creation of a large and powerful navy that would require the acquisition of colonies in the Caribbean. Such colonies would serve as coaling and naval stations and as strategical points of defense upon the eventual construction of a canal in Central America. To that end, the U.S. began the process of aquiring colonies or control over Caribbean and Latin American territories.", "However, Washington first needed a reason for intervention in Cuba. That opportunity came with the USS Maine explosion. The ship was deployed to Havana to protect U.S. business interests on the island. Moreover, news was spreading of atrocities committed by Spanish forces against the Cuban population. This intervention included the exact moment when U.S. forces arrived in Guantanamo Bay. In June 1898, a battalion of Marines landed at Fisherman's Point in the Bay of Guantanamo to pin down the Spanish forces in the city of Guantanamo, preventing them from reinforcing the Spanish positions on San Juan Hill as Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders led the charge there.", "The First Opium War (第一次鴉片戰爭, 1839–42), also known as the Opium War and the Anglo-Chinese War, was fought between the United Kingdom and the Qing Empire over their conflicting viewpoints on diplomatic relations, trade, and the administration of justice for foreign nationals in China. ", "This is the first documented sign we could find of the conflict between Britain and Spain regarding the Islands.", "On September 10th, 1798, a critical battle took place between the Baymen and the Spanish at St. George’s Caye, as part of the outbreak of war between Britain and Spain. The Baymen, against considerable odds, defeated the Spanish for the last time. From that point on Britain assumed greater control over the settlement.", "WHEN: Aug 9, 1842 WHERE: united states and northern british borders WHAT: resolved border issues between us and Britian DID WHAT: reaffirmed the whole northern border which included the 49th parallel, and called for an end on the slave trade in the high seas WHY IMPORTANT: Gave America the borders it has today while it also was a step forward in ending slavery by stopping the slave trade all together", "Treaty between US and Great Britain. Provisions: Britain withdraws troops from the territory and US pays all debts owed to the British", "A federal fort located on a tiny island at the entrance to the Charleston harbour. The capture of this fort on April 14, 1861 marked the official beginning of the Civil War.", "1855 – China. May 19 to 21. U.S. forces protected American interests in Shanghai and, from August 3 to 5 fought pirates near Hong Kong . [RL30172]", "1855 – China. May 19 to 21. U.S. forces protected American interests in Shanghai and, from August 3 to 5 fought pirates near Hong Kong. [RL30172]" ]

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[ "The largest of the New England states in area, Maine, in 1820, was the 23rd state to join the Union. Its name comes from an ancient French province of the same name. The most sparsely populated state east of the Mississippi River, it's appropriately called the \"Pine Tree State,\" as 90 percent of its land is forest. Not surprisingly, most of Maine's economy is related to timber and the production of paper and paper products although the millions of tourists who flock each summer to \"Vacationland\" are a significant source of revenue. The capital is Augusta; the state flower is the white pine cone and tassel.", "Ahh, the life in Maine! The Pine Tree State became the 23rd state in the Union on March 15, 1820. Campers enjoy the dense woodlands and beautiful scenery. Others prefer a lobster dinner on Maine's picturesque coastline. What do you think of when you think of Maine? How about \"Red Paint\" people, the Vikings, the French, or Massachusetts?", "Maine became the 23rd state on March 15, 1820. Its admission to the Union balanced the simultaneous admission of Missouri as a slave state. What is now the state of Maine was, before statehood, called the District of Maine and belonged to Massachusetts.", "The 23 star Flag : This Flag became the Official United States Flag on July 4th, 1820. Two stars were added for the admission of Alabama (the 22nd state on December 14th, 1819) and Maine (the 23rd state on March 15, 1820) and was to last for 2 years.", "As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820 when it voted to secede from Massachusetts. On March 15, 1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise.", "Maine has a pine tree on its seal, and has been known as the Pine Tree Statesince the middle of the 19th century, possibly aroun the 1850s. It derives from the white pine, the official state tree. But it was also recorded as the Lumber State in 1843. The state motto is Dirigo, meaning \"I direct\", and this has led some to call it the Old Dirigo State. Licence plates in Maine declare the state to be Vacationland, and it has also been known as the Border State.", "Maine was physically separate from the rest of Massachusetts. Long-standing disagreements over land speculation and settlements led to Maine residents and their allies in Massachusetts proper forcing an 1807 vote in the Massachusetts Assembly on permitting Maine to secede; the vote failed. Secessionist sentiment in Maine was stoked during the War of 1812 when Massachusetts pro-British merchants opposed the war and refused to defend Maine from British invaders. In 1819, Massachusetts agreed to permit secession if voters in Maine approved. Due to these considerations and rapid population growth, in 1820 Maine voted to secede from Massachusetts. The secession and formation of the state of Maine as the 23rd state occurred on March 15, 1820, as part of the Missouri Compromise, which geographically limited the spread of slavery and enabled the admission to statehood of Missouri the following year, keeping a balance between slave and free states. ", "In 1820 Maine, previously a part of Massachusetts, was admitted into the Union as an independent State.", "In the aftermath of the Confederate seizure of Fort Sumter in mid-April, Lincoln called upon the states to provide 75,000 soldiers to put down the rebellion. Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas and North Carolina responded by leaving the Union and joining the newly-formed \"Confederate States of America.\" This increased the size of the Confederacy by a third, and almost doubled its population and economic resources. Remaining with the Union, though, were four slave-holding border states -- Delaware, Missouri, Maryland and Kentucky -- and, predictably, the slave-holding District of Columbia.", "Fifth President of the United States (1817–1825)the acquisition of Florida (1819), the Missouri Compromise (1820), the admission of Maine in 1820 as a free state, and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823).", "Following the election of Abraham Lincoln, South Carolina convoked a special convention in Charleston to debate her long dissatisfaction with the Federal government and many Northern citizens views on slavery. They believed that the avowed views of the new President-elect made abolition a likely goal of his administration. On December 20, 1860, the Secession Convention voted for South Carolina to secede from the Union. As the first state to do so, they also issued a Declaration of the Immediate Causes which explained her decision to part company from her erstwhile sister states. Beginning with the Missouri Compromise in 1820, the defense of slavery, more than tariffs or states' rights, was the main factor contributing to sectionalism in South Carolina. The Secession Convention declared:", "During James Monroe’s first term, the country had suffered an economic depression. In addition, the extension of slavery into the territories became a political issue when Missouri sought admission as a slave state. Also causing controversy were Supreme Court decisions in the Dartmouth College case and McCulloch v. Maryland , which expanded the power of Congress and of private corporations at the expense of the states. But despite these problems, Monroe faced no organized opposition for reelection in 1820, and the opposition party, the Federalists, ceased to exist.", "The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America (CSA or C.S.), commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a confederation of secessionist American states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was originally formed by seven slave states – South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas – in the Lower South region of the United States whose regional economy was mostly dependent upon agriculture, particularly cotton, and a plantation system that relied upon the labor of African-American slaves. ", "The secession of South Carolina was followed by the secession of six more states -- Mississippi (Jan. 9th), Florida (Jan. 10th), Alabama (Jan. 11th), Georgia (Jan. 19th), Louisiana (Jan. 26th), and Texas (Feb. 1st) -- and the threat of secession by four more -- Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. These eleven states eventually formed the Confederate States of America.", "1620. The creation of Maine, by Sir Ferdinando Gorges in 1639 (until its merger with Massachusetts in 1791, before it again became a separate state later); North Carolina by eight noblemen in 1663; first North then South Carolina, again by eight noblemen, from 1663; New York, by the Duke of York in 1664; New Jersey, by Berkeley and Cartaret in 1664; Pennsylvania, by William Penn in 1681; and Georgia, by James Oglethorpe in 1732.", "April 17, 1861 – Virginia secedes from the Union, followed within five weeks by Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina, thus forming an eleven state Confederacy with a population of 9 million, including nearly 4 million slaves. The Union will soon have 21 states and a population of over 20 million.", "January 13, 1794 – An Act provided for 15 stripes and 15 stars after May 1795 (to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the union).", "Almost immediately after achieving territorial status, a clamor arose for statehood. On December 28, 1846, Iowa became the 29th state in the Union when President James K. Polk signed Iowa's admission bill into law. Once admitted to the Union, the state's boundary issues resolved, and most of its land purchased from the Indians, Iowa set its direction to development and organized campaigns for settlers and investors, boasting the young frontier state's rich farmlands, fine citizens, free and open society, and good government. ", "1845 - Florida became the 27th state of the United States of America. The word �Florida� comes from the Spanish �feast of flowers�. But we call it the Sunshine State. The capital of the Sunshine State is ... no, not Walt Disney World ... Tallahassee. The state flower is the fragrant orange blossom and the mockingbird is the state bird. Do you think the mockingbird can mimic Donald Duck? Or maybe it sings the Florida state song, \"Suwannee River\". The Florida state motto is: �In God we trust.�", "1836: The Wisconsin Territory is organized. Arkansas is the 25th state admitted to the Union despite opposition in Congress to a new slave state. Arkansas Governor Henry M. Rector seized Fort Smith and Arkansas joined the Confederacy in 1861 re-entering the Union at War's end. The territory of Arkansas was larger than the state. After statehood the leftover area to the west had post offices that continued for some years to use an Arkansas abbreviation in the postmarks, although they were really in the \"Indian Country.\"", "The US Congress organized the Mississippi Territory in 1798. Between 1798 and 1817, the territory grew enormously in population, attracting immigrants mainly from the older states of the South but also from the Middle Atlantic states and even from New England . During this period, the territory included all the land area that is today within the borders of Mississippi and Alabama. However, sectionalism and the territory's large size convinced Congress to organize the eastern half as the Alabama Territory in 1817. Congress then offered admission to the western half, which became the nation's 20th state-Mississippi on 10 December.", "    On March 3, 1845, the 27th state known as Florida was committed to the union.  Florida was originally ruled over by the Spanish.  Then, after the Indian War,  the people living in Florida started to want to be able to elect their governor and President, and to do many other things that were not allowed in a territory of Spain.  Some people even wanted Florida to be divided in two: West Florida and East Florida.  Finally, the Congress decided for Florida to become part of the United States.", "South Carolina, one of the thirteen colonies, became the eighth state on May 23, 1788. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede form the Union. It re- entered after the Civil War.", "1791: Vermont is the 14th state admitted to the Union. Vermont became the first state added to the Union following the 13 colonies on March 1, 1791. Until statehood, had been a region claimed by both New York and New Hampshire.", "1819 – Alabama was admitted as the 22nd U.S. state, after the statehood of present-day Northern Alabama was delayed for several years by the lack of a coastline until Mobile was captured from Spain during the War of 1812.", "Florida became a state on March 3, 1845. It was the 27th state to join the union.", "The State of Iowa is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. It is the 29th state of the United States, having joined the Union on December 28, 1846. The state is named for the Ioway people, a Siouan tribe of Native Americans that formerly lived there. It is officially known as the \"Hawkeye State\" and unofficially known as the \"Tall Corn State\".", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "Oregon became a state on Feb. 14, 1859. It was the 33rd state to join the union.", "        Learn what year your state joined the Union and became part of the \"United States of", "9. In 1791, which became the 14th American state and the first admitted to the Union since the original 13 colonies declared independence from Britain?", "..... Click the link for more information.  had much to do with swinging the state to Jefferson." ]

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[ "These days, “scrimshaw” is taken to refer to all kinds of carving and engraving on ivory, bone, sea shells, antler, and cow horn. However, in its original context as a traditional shipboard pastime of 19th-century mariners, scrimshaw refers to the indigenous, occupationally-rooted art form of the whalers, the defining characteristic of which is use of the hard byproducts of the whale fishery itself – sperm whale ivory, walrus ivory, baleen (erroneously called whalebone), and skeletal whale bone, often used often in combination with other “found” materials. The origin and etymology of the term scrimshaw is unknown and has been disputed, but various forms of it – such as scrimsshander, skrimshonting, and skrimshank – began to appear in American whalemen’s parlance in the early 19th century. The term originally referred to the production of sailors’ hand-tools and practical implements, such as seam rubbers, fids, belaying pins, and thole pins, mostly made for the ship during working hours; but it soon came to signify objects made by whalemen–and, to a lesser extent, by tars in the naval and merchant services– primarily for their own recreation and amusement, intended mostly as mementos for folks at home.", "These days, “scrimshaw” is taken to refer to all kinds of carving and engraving on ivory, bone, sea shells, antler and cow horn. However, in its original context as a traditional shipboard pastime of 19th-century mariners, scrimshaw refers to the indigenous, occupationally-rooted art form of the whalers, the defining characteristic of which is the use of the hard byproducts of the whale fishery itself – sperm whale ivory, walrus ivory, baleen (erroneously called whalebone), and skeletal whale bone, often used often in combination with other “found” materials. The origin and etymology of the term scrimshaw is unknown and has been disputed, but various forms of it – such as scrimsshander, skrimshonting, and skrimshank – began to appear in American whalemen’s parlance in the early 19th century. The term originally referred to the production of sailors’ hand-tools and practical implements, such as seam rubbers, fids, belaying pins, and thole pins, mostly made for the ship during working hours; but it soon came to signify objects made by whalemen–and, to a lesser extent, by tars in the naval and merchant services– primarily for their own recreation and amusement, intended mostly as mementos for folks at home.", "Scrimshaw is the name given to scrollwork, engravings, and carvings done in bone or ivory. Typically it refers to the handiwork created by whalers made from the byproducts of harvesting marine mammals. It is most commonly made out of the bones and teeth of sperm whales, the baleen of other whales, and the tusks of walruses. It takes the form of elaborate engravings in the form of pictures and lettering on the surface of the bone or tooth, with the engraving highlighted using a pigment, or, less often, small sculptures made from the same material. However the latter really fall into the categories of ivory carving, for all carved teeth and tusks, or bone carving. The making of scrimshaw began on whaling ships between 1745 to 1759 on the Pacific Ocean, and survived until the ban on commercial whaling. The practice survives as a hobby and as a trade for commercial artisans. A maker of scrimshaw is known as a scrimshander. The etymology is uncertain, but there have been several proposals.", "SCRIMSHAW: The etching on ivory or bone -- is one of only a few indigenous American crafts.   It was practiced for centuries by the Inuit and other native groups along the Northwest Coast. It was adopted by the Yankee whalemen of the early 1800's. Two- to five-year voyages quickly became monotonous, so the whalemen turned to working with baleen, whale teeth, and jawbones, all of which were in abundant supply -- in fact, on many ships, whale teeth were part of the pay, and were often traded to shopkeepers in port for goods or services.  Common subjects included whaling scenes, ships, women, and scenes copied from magazines of the day.  The origin of the word is obscure; one interesting etymology is a Dutch phrase meaning \"to waste one's time!\"   The term \"scrimshaw\" also applies to carved or pierced bone or ivory, since much of the whalemen's work was carved rather than etched.", "Scrimshaw is the name given to art created by whalers made from the byproducts of harvesting marine mammals . It is most commonly made out of the bones and teeth of sperm whales , the baleen of other whales , and the tusks of walruses . It takes the form of elaborate engravings in the form of pictures and lettering on the surface of the bone or tooth, with the engraving highlighted using a pigment , or, less often, small sculptures made from the same material. However the latter really fall into the categories of ivory carving , for all carved teeth and tusks, or bone carving . The making of scrimshaw began on whaling ships between 1745 to 1759 on the Pacific Ocean , and survived until the ban on commercial whaling. The practice survives as a hobby and as a trade for commercial artisans. A maker of scrimshaw is known as a scrimshander.", "  Eskimos used Whale and Walrus ivory and bone for many of their tools and utensils, such as, harpoon fore shafts, fishing net weights, needles, awls, sled runners, ice probes and even bone armor.  Centuries of being buried have given many of these artifacts a rich golden brown patina on the outside but with a little work to remove the outer layers reveals an awesome creamy colored working window suitable for Scrimshaw of the finest detail.  While it has been said the Eskimos passed this art form on to the New England sailors and whalers, it was the sailors and whalers who refined the art form and led the way to the modern more refined Scrimshaw we see and enjoy today. ", "Whale ivory, bone, and baleen precursors to whalemen’s scrimshaw appeared almost from the beginning of medieval European whaling: domestic implements carved out of skeletal bone by Vikings in Norway, game pieces and chessmen made at Paris, Cologne, and elsewhere, and an impressive inventory of 11th- and 12-century votive carvings produced in English and Danish monasteries. Walrus tusks from Norway became a cheaper substitute for elephant ivory (which was imported to Europe from Africa by Venetian and Genoese merchants), and found its way into the hands of artisans in Central Europe, England, Turkey, Russia, and Spain. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Dutch and German whaling captains occasionally used baleen to make oval boxes, mangles (for folding cloth), and votive objects commemorating a family event or a successful hunt.", "Scrimshaw essentially was a leisure activity for whalers. Because the work of whaling was very dangerous at the best of times, whalers were unable to work at night. This gave them a great deal more free time than other sailors. A lot of scrimshaw was never signed and a great many of the pieces are anonymous. Early scrimshaw was done with crude sailing needles, and the movement of the ship, as well as the skill of the artist, produced drawings of varying levels of detail and artistry. Originally, candle black, soot or tobacco juice would have been used to bring the etched design into view. Today's artists use finer tools in various sizes, mostly borrowed from the dental industry. Some scrimshanders ink their work with more than one color, and restrained polychromed examples of this art are now popular.", "The ivory is carved and sold to visitors to the island.  However, the 'bone yards' also harbor great birds that", "It was not until after the Napoleonic Wars that the meteoric rise of whaling, resulting in longer voyages, larger crews, and over-manned ships, created an atmosphere for scrimshaw to flourish on a large scale. A few bone swifts, straightedges, and hand-tools survive from the 18th century; but the earliest known works of engraved pictorial scrimshaw date from circa 1817-21. Contrary to popular belief in many quarters, which ascribes the origin of pictorial scrimshaw to American hands, the first practitioners to adorn sperm whale teeth were British South Sea whalers, a few of whose pioneering works survive in the Museum collection. The first piece to bear a date is elaborately but anonymously inscribed from the whaleship Adam of London, date 1817. The first known American scrimshaw artist, and one of the best, was Edward Burdett (1805-1833), who began scrimshandering circa 1824. The first American piece to bear a date is a recently-discovered tooth engraved by Edward Burdett aboard the ship Origon of Fairhaven, Massachusetts, in 1827. The most famous early scrimshaw artist is Burdett’s fellow-Nantucketer Frederick Myrick (1808-1862), who produced 36 or more so-called “Susan’s Teeth” aboard the Nantucket ship Susan during 1828-29: he was the first ever to sign and date some of his work. These pioneers were the vanguard of a tremendously productive generation of American, British, and Australian scrimshaw artists who followed in the 1830s and ’40s, the Golden Age of scrimshaw.", "Whale teeth and bones were a highly variable medium, used to produce both practical pieces, such as hand tools, toys and kitchen utensils, and highly decorative pieces, which were purely ornamental. The designs on the pieces varied greatly as well, though they often had whaling scenes on them. For example Herman Melville , in Moby-Dick, refers to \"lively sketches of whales and whaling-scenes, graven by the fishermen themselves on Sperm Whale-teeth, or ladies' busks wrought out of the Right Whale-bone, and other skrimshander articles\". Most engravings were adapted from books and papers.", "Intaglio: Italian for \"carving\", an Intaglio is a carved gem wherein the design is engraved or carved into the object so that it sits below the surface plane of the material, as opposed to a cameo in which the design is raised from it's background, in relief. Used for seals.", "Wood carving has been extremely widely practiced, but survives much less well than the other main materials, being vulnerable to decay, insect damage, and fire. It therefore forms an important hidden element in the art history of many cultures. Even in ancient Greece, where sculptors such as Phidias became famous, they appear to have retained much the same social status as other artisans, and perhaps not much greater financial rewards, although some signed their works. In the Middle Ages artists such as the 12th century Gislebertus sometimes signed their work, and were sought after by different cities, especially from the Trecento onwards in Italy, with figures such as Arnolfo di Cambio, and Nicola Pisano and his son Giovanni. Goldsmiths and jewellers, dealing with precious materials and often doubling as bankers, belonged to powerful guilds and had considerable status, often holding civic office. Many sculptors also practised in other arts; Andrea del Verrocchio also painted, and Giovanni Pisano, Michelangelo, and Jacopo Sansovino were architects. Some sculptors maintained large workshops. Even in the Renaissance the physical nature of the work was perceived by Leonardo da Vinci and others as pulling down the status of sculpture in the arts, though the reputation of Michelangelo perhaps put this long-held idea to rest.", "As well as being great navigators these people were artists and artisans of great skill. Simple objects, such as fish-hooks would be manufactured to exacting standards for different catches and decorated even when the decoration was not part of the function. In some island groups weaving was a strong part of the culture and gifting woven articles an ingrained practice. Stone and wooden weapons were considered to be more powerful the better they were made and decorated. Dwellings were imbued with character by the skill of their building. Body decoration and jewellery is of international standard to this day.", "As well as being great navigators these people were artists and artisans of great skill. Simple objects, such as fish-hooks would be manufactured to exacting standards for different catches and decorated even when the decoration was not part of the function. Stone and wooden weapons were considered to be more powerful the better they were made and decorated. In some island groups weaving was a strong part of the culture and gifting woven articles an ingrained practice. Dwellings were imbued with character by the skill of their building. Body decoration and jewellery is of international standard to this day.", "     \"We saw men carving planks by hand, shaping the keel, bow and ribs with adzes and hand-operated drills in the same fashion as their fathers and grandfathers had done. There was no electrical power nor any modern tools; . . . all we saw were hand-operated woodworking and ironworking tools, and they all looked handmade as well. We saw an adze, which is a sharpened iron blade used to hew lumber to specific shapes. We observed local shippers using this tool to carve huge logs to the desired shape for keels and ribs. We noted wooden and iron hammers and chisels used to skin bark off tree limbs and notch the ends so the ribs would fit perpendicular to the keel. We observed axes used to rough out basic shapes from tree trunks and limbs before the adze finished each job to the exact shape desired . . .\"", "A carved wooden statue or figure attached to the bow under the bowsprit of a vessel., made by a ship carver who chiseled it out of a large built-up block of wood. The figurehead was mounted on the bowBow", "Wood carving has been extremely widely practiced, but survives much less well than the other main materials, being vulnerable to decay, insect damage, and fire. It therefore forms an important hidden element in the art history of many cultures.", "In the field of handicrafts, wood carving plays an important role, than not only produces folk art like the Longinus crosses, but also famous sculptors like Matthias Faller.", "Examples of Bronze Age wood-carving include tree trunks worked into coffins from northern Germany and Denmark and wooden folding-chairs. The site of Fellbach-Schmieden in Germany has provided fine examples of wooden animal statues from the Iron Age Wooden idols from the La Tène period are known from a sanctuary at the source of the Seine in France.", "Back on Yap, Furness noted that the traditional tattooing comb was constructed from the wing bone of the frigate bird, “the blade being made of a segment about an inch long; at one end of which six sharp little teeth have been cut and pointed.” In the Marshalls and Hawaii, tattooing combs were made of albatross bone, but in the Marshalls the frigate was also used as were its tail feathers, which served as stenciling brushes.", "This panel, carved from a single piece of elephant ivory, once adorned one side of a rectangular casket. The complexity of the decoration as well as the attention to details—such as the eyes of humans and animals, which were drilled and filled with minute clear stones—demonstrate the refinement and accomplishment of such an object.", "Ivory ~ the natural material that originates from elephant tusk. CITES ~ The Endangered Species Act ~ allows the use of ivory in sculpture made before June 1947. Ivory may not be used for modern sculpture.", "Some bronze dagger blades were inlaid with remarkable pictures or designs in other metals, chiefly gold and silver and electrum (a mixture of gold and silver) in various shades. Black niello was used as a background for these pictures or to heighten the incised detail. The most famous of the Shaft Grave daggers shows men armed with bows, spears, and great body shields, hunting a pride of lions; another has catlike animals chasing wild fowl among papyrus flowers beside a silver stream. This technique of “painting in metals” appears to have originated in Syria, although the workmanship and style of the pictures on the Mycenae daggers look novel. Whereas other daggers and some metal cups with inlaid designs of this kind have been found on the mainland, none has yet been recovered in Crete. But many of the treasures from the Shaft Graves are imports from Crete.", "SCULPTURES. The carved decorations of the head, stern, and quarter of an old ship-of-war. Also, the copper plates which \"adorned\" the former books of voyages and travels.", "Wood was scarce on Easter Island during the 18th and 19th centuries, but a number of highly detailed and distinctive carvings have found their way to the world's museums. Particular forms include: [41]", "Most furniture of this period was built of mahogany, which was imported from the Caribbean and South America. Its tight grain and hardness make it very suitable for carving fine detail.", "Carved decorative shells: A specialty of India and the Philippines.  While many are little more than trinkets, the best are truly beautiful little works of art.", "The ivory used in this tool's handle is curious. Perhaps it was taken from one of the great beasts of the Abecean Sea?", "These knives were found in Denmark. The figures upon them represent ships, and it is not impossible that their curious appendages may have been a primitive kind of sails.", "The details of this ship are as pointed as the jagged bone that forms it. It was probably created by a skilled craftsman.", "Wood sculptors often cooperated with painters as wood sculpture was sometimes painted or decorated with gilding, or embellished with glass or semi-precious stones. At the end of the fifteenth century limewood sculptors in southern Germany produced unpainted wood sculpture. Although these sculptures were not painted, they were coated with transparent glazes, sometimes tinted brown." ]

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[ "Waterloo (, , ) is a municipality in the province of Walloon Brabant, Belgium, which in 2011 had a population of 29,706 and an area of . It is north of Braine-l'Alleud, which is the site of the Battle of Waterloo, where resurgent Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815. Waterloo is a multilingual town; the commune offers services in French, Dutch, and English.", "Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo, Belgium: Forces of the French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte were defeated by those of the Seventh Coalition, including an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army. It was the decisive battle of the Waterloo Campaign and Bonaparte's last. The defeat at Waterloo put an end to Napoleon's rule as the French emperor, and marked the end of Napoleon's Hundred Days of return from exile in Elba.", "On June 18, 1815, Napoleon meets a combined British-Prussian army near the Belgian town of Waterloo. After a bitter battle he is delivered a crushing defeat. As the French author Victor Hugo will write: �It was time for this vast man to fall.�", "The Battle of Waterloo takes place near the Waterloo, Belgium on June 18, 1815. In this battle, the forces of the French Empire under the leadership of Michael Ney and Napoleon Bonaparte were defeated by the Seventh Coalition and a Prussian Army, which was commanded by Gebhard Von Blucher. The forces were also defeated by an Anglo-Allied Army commanded by the Duke of Wellington.", "Over the course of little more than a decade, he acquired control of most or all of the western and central mainland of Europe by conquest or alliance until his defeat at the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig in October 1813, which led to his abdication several months later. He staged a comeback known as the Hundred Days (les Cent Jours), but was defeated decisively at the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium on June 18, 1815, followed shortly after wards by his capture by the British and his exile to the island of Saint Helena, where he died.", "..... Click the link for more information.  (1797). After the defeat (1815) of Napoleon at Waterloo, just S of Brussels, Belgium was given to the newly formed kingdom of the Netherlands (the decision was made at the Congress of Vienna; see Vienna, Congress of Vienna, Congress of,", "In 1795, the invaded territories were divided into nine departments. Some municipalities, including Waterloo, became part of the Dyle department, which became the province of Brabant Méridional in 1815 under the Dutch rule after the defeat of Napoleon. It changed name in 1830 when Belgium became independent and became the province of Brabant for 165 years.", "Under the Peace of Utrecht (1713), which concluded the War of the Spanish Succession, Belgium became part of the Austrian Empire. The country was occupied by the French during the War of the Austrian Succession (1744) but was restored to Austria by the Treaty of Aixla-Chapelle (1748). Belgium entered a period of recovery and material progress under Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II. The latter's administrative reforms created widespread discontent, however, which culminated in the Révolution Brabançonne of 1789. Leopold II, successor to Joseph II, defeated the Belgians and reoccupied the country, but his regime won little popular support. In 1792, the French army invaded the Belgian provinces, which were formally ceded to France by the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797). This French regime was defeated by the anti-Napoleonic coalition at Waterloo in 1815.", "Ypres (; ; , ) is a Belgian municipality located in the Flemish province of West Flanders. Though Ieper is the Dutch and only official name, The French Ypres is most commonly used in English for its role in World War I, when Belgian maps still named Flemish cities only by their French names. The municipality comprises the city of Ypres and the villages of Boezinge, Brielen, Dikkebus, Elverdinge, Hollebeke, Sint-Jan, Vlamertinge, Voormezele, Zillebeke, and Zuidschote. Together, they count some 34,900 inhabitants.", "Following the French Revolution, Belgium was invaded and annexed by Napoleonic France in 1795. Following the defeat of Napoleon's army at the Battle of Waterloo, fought just a few miles south of Brussels, Belgium was separated from France and made part of the Netherlands by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.", "Belgium, a country in the northwest of Europe on the North Sea. In ancient times Belgium was inhabited by the Belgae, the region was part of the Carolingian and Roman empires before breaking up into a number of feudal states during the middle Ages. The region occupied by present-day Belgium passed to the Hapsburgs in the 15th century and then to the French in the 18th century. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Belgium was given to the kingdom of the Netherlands, from which it gained independence as a separate kingdom in 1830. Brussels is the capital and the largest city of Belgium.", "Ghent (; ; ) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province and after Antwerp the largest municipality of Belgium. The city started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Leie and in the Late Middle Ages became one of the largest and richest cities of northern Europe with some 50,000 people in 1300. It is a port and university city.", "The area was finally granted city status in the early 19th century by Louis Bonaparte in the Napoleonic wars, after which the Netherlands and Belgium were formed into a single state, as The United Kingdom Of The Netherlands, although Belgium was once again separated in 1830 with Amsterdam remaining as the capital, but the government remaining in The Hague.", "As a result of the defeat of the Austrians at the hands of the French revolutionary forces at Fleurus on June 26,1794, the Belgian provinces were annexed by France. The abolition of Austrian rule in the Belgian provinces and their incorporation into France, legally established by an act of the Convention on Oct. 1, 1795, and confirmed in the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797, resulted in the effective elimination of vestiges of the feudal system in the country and helped to promote the further development of capitalist relationships. At the same time, the arbitrary behavior of the French administration in the Belgian provinces and their forced participation in the Napoleonic Wars led to discontent with French rule among the populace. After the collapse of the Napoleonic empire, the Congress of Vienna of 1814–15 provided for the union of the Belgian provinces with Holland in a single kingdom of the Netherlands headed by King William I. The creation of the kingdom was an achievement of British diplomacy, which wanted a strong state established on the northeastern border of France.", "      The period of the Napoleonic empire may be considered the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Belgium. Only at the very end of the 18th century, with the prospects of a wider market and under Napoleon ( Napoleon I)'s encouragement, did mechanization (i.e., the Industrial Revolution in its strictest sense) begin in the textile sector. Mechanization quickly made Ghent, with its cotton mills, and Verviers, with its woolen industry, the leading textile centres of the country. The coal and metal industries of Hainaut (under French rule, the département of Jemappes) and Liège also flourished. From the beginning of the 18th century, the coal industry had expanded production with the help of the Newcomen pump and systematically extended its export markets to France (see Thomas Newcomen ( Newcomen, Thomas )). Annexation of the Belgian provinces by France opened the market still further, hastening the modernization process in which Belgium already led the continent.", "King William was not satisfied with the settlement drawn up in London and did not accept Belgium’s claim of independence: it divided his kingdom and drastically affected his Treasury. From 2–12 August 1831 the Dutch army, headed by the Dutch princes, invaded Belgium, in the so-called “ Ten Days’ Campaign “, and defeated a makeshift Belgian force near Hasselt and Leuven . Only the appearance of a French army under Marshal Gérard caused the Dutch to stop their advance. While the victorious initial campaign gave the Dutch an advantageous position in subsequent negotiations, the Dutch were compelled to agree to an indefinite armistice, although they continued to hold the citadel in Antwerp and occasionally bombarded the city until French forces forced them out in December 1832. William I would refuse to recognize a Belgian state until April 1839, when he had to yield under pressure by the Treaty of London and reluctantly recognized a border which, with the exception of Limburg and Luxembourg, was basically the border of 1790.", "Brussels is the de facto capital city of the European Union (EU) and the largest urban area in Belgium. It comprises 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels proper, which is the capital of Belgium, Flanders and the French Community of Belgium.", "Bruges (; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country.", "Antwerp (, , ) is a city in Belgium, the capital of Antwerp province in the region of Flanders. With a population of 510,610, it is the most populous city proper in Belgium. Its metropolitan area houses around 1,200,000 people, which is second behind Brussels. ", "Following the fall of the First French Empire in 1814, King William I of the Netherlands fortified the city heavily. In 1830, however, Belgium gained its independence and the decision was made to dismantle fortified cities such as Mons, Charleroi, and Namur. The actual removal of fortifications only happened in the 1860s, allowing the creation of large boulevards and other urban projects. The Industrial Revolution and coal mining made Mons a center of heavy industry, which strongly influenced the culture and image of the Borinage region as a whole. It was to become an integral part of the sillon industriel, the industrial backbone of Wallonia.", "In 1830, the city was captured by the Belgian insurgents, but the citadel continued to be held by a Dutch garrison under General David Hendrik Chassé. For a time Chassé subjected the town to periodic bombardment which inflicted much damage, and at the end of 1832 the citadel itself was besieged by the French Northern Army commanded by Marechal Gerard. During this attack the town was further damaged. In December 1832, after a gallant defence, Chassé made an honourable surrender, ending the Siege of Antwerp (1832).", "CHARLEROI is Belgium's fifth city in size, with a population of 208,000 (greater area). It is located in southern Belgium, on the Sambre River and Charleroi-Brussels Canal. Founded in 1666 and named for Charles II of Spain, it is the center of an area that produces iron and coal. Metal, glass, and other industries are also present. An important strategic position during the 17th-and 18th-century wars, Charleroi was the site of a victorious German battle in World War I. Today, the city has modern buildings and a technical university. Places of interest include the Industrial Exhibition Halls and the Palace of Fine Arts. Eleven miles southwest of Charleroi is the medieval village of Thuin, featuring old abbeys, hanging gardens, and a thousand-year-old tower. Six miles west of Thuin is Binche, known for its pre-Lenten Carnival and museum of carnival masks.", "Today, Louvain (Leuven in Flemish, Löwen in German), Hainault, Limburg, and Brabant are all in Belgium. The major city of Brabant is now Brussels, the capital of Belgium.", "On 17 July 1831, Leopold I, the first Belgian king, sailed to Calais from England, and arrived in Belgium in De Panne. The Leopold I Esplanade, which includes a statue of him, commemorates his arrival.", "Belgium is one of Europe's smallest and most densely populated countries. It is located in a part of northwestern Europe that was once called the Low Countries and today is known as the Benelux region (primarily due to Belgium's economic partnership with its neighbors Luxembourg and the Netherlands). Centrally located in Western Europe with few natural frontiers, Belgium has been called the crossroads of Europe. For much of its history, it was a battleground for the major European powers of France, Britain, and Germany. Today, its capital, Brussels, is the seat of both NATO and the European Union.", "Namur (Dutch: Namen) — The political capital of Wallonia, Namur is a classy town of around a 100,000 inhabitants, that boasts a tidy, well preserved old centre and an impressive citadel at the confluence of the Sambre and Meuse rivers. Similarly to Liège, Namur has a a dramatic setting and impressive natural scenery in its immediate surroundings.", "Belgium (; ; ; ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30528 km2 and has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups: the Dutch-speaking, mostly Flemish community, which constitutes about 59% of the population, and the French-speaking, mostly Walloon population, which comprises 41% of all Belgians. Additionally, there is a small group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area, and bordering Germany.", "C'est grâce au duc de Wellington d'ailleurs que le champ de bataille de Waterloo est toujours intact jusqu'aujourd'hui.... malgré que situé en Belgique.", "The city is modern yet retains some historic buildings, including a cathedral (founded 971), the Church of the Holy Cross (10th cent.), the Church of St. Denis (10th–11th cent.), and the 16th-century Palace of Justice (the former residence of the prince-bishops). The city is the cultural center for Belgium's French-speaking population. It has a university (founded 1816) and a music conservatory. The composer César Franck Franck, César Auguste", "The Belgian Congress chose Louis, Duke of Nemours , the second son of the French king Louis-Philippe , to be king of Belgium. However, the French king, heeding the advice of Lord Palmerston of the British Foreign Office, repudiated the offer. Lord Palmerston and the Great Powers desired a strong leader to prevent Belgium from falling under the control of France, and to prevent the outbreak of war. Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier was appointed Regent of Belgium on 25 February 1831. On 4 June the Congress chose Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg as king — a strong and political choice as Leopold was not only talented and capable but well connected to both Britain and France. Leopold I took the oath as King of the Belgians on 21 July 1831. Leopold I of Belgium was German, a British royal, a Protestant and a freemason.", "In August of 1830, the southern provinces (modern-day Belgium) of the Netherlands rebelled against Dutch rule. International powers meeting in London agreed to support the independence of Belgium, despite the fact that the Dutch refused to recognize the new country. On April 22, 1831, Leopold was asked by the Belgian National Congress if he wanted to be King of the Belgians. Leopold swore allegiance to the new Belgian constitution on July 21, 1831 and became the first King of the Belgians. Each year July 21 is celebrated as Belgian National Day .", "In November 1830, a National Congress was established to create a Belgian constitution. Fears of mob rule associated with republicanism after the French Revolution of 1789, as well as the example of the recent July Revolution in France, led the Congress to decide that Belgium would be a popular , constitutional monarchy. The Congress approached several candidates, but chose Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha , a minor but well-connected German noble, to be the first King of the Belgians . He was officially inaugurated on 21 July 1831 , after taking an oath to abide by the Constitution. Leopold I was generally unsatisfied with the amount of power allocated to the monarch, and sought to extend it wherever the Constitution was ambiguous or unclear while generally avoiding involvement in routine politics. [29]" ]

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[ "The newly independent company was in need of a corporate image, just as it had been when it first unified. Under the leadership of Sam Reed and David Vermylen, Keebler expanded its product line and adopted icons from its history. Ernie Keebler again became the spokesman for Keebler, supervising the elves inside the Hollow Tree. The tree and the elves became the symbols of the Keebler Corporation. The company was acquired by Kellogg in 2001, but the elves remained an important part of Keebler marketing. In 2003, Keebler employees marked the brand's 150th anniversary with a 150-pound cookie that celebrated the company and its elves.", "The Keebler Elves - Community of elfin creatures living in a hollow tree on a variety of TV spots produced for the United Biscuit Company (No. 2 in the cookies and crackers market). Their chief spokesman is Ernie the Elf, who sported white hair, and a business outfit that included a red hat, white shirt with yellow tie, green jacket, red vest, and yellow pants with red socks. Created in 1968 by the Chicago-based Leo Burnett Co., for the Keebler Company, Ernie and his industrial baker elves espoused the \"uncommonly good\" products from the Hollow Tree Bakery. Ernie was immortalized in fudge when Keebler created E. L. Fudge, a fudge-coated shortbread cookie in the shape of Ernie the Elf.", "\"...take an example from the Keeblers. Now there's some fairies who know how to market!\" - The Keebler Foods Company is the second largest cookie manufacturer in the US. Founded in 1853 and currently a division of Kellogg, they would have us believe that all their \"uncommonly good\" products are baked by the Keebler Elves, cartoon mascots who toil day in and day out at the Hollow Tree Bakery. Get these guys a union.", "The amazement over the non-melted pieces of chocolate in chocolate cookies may have been invented in early advertisements by Nestlé. Then later, even Baker's got in on the act, with early ads saying \"How can you possibly bake cakes and cookies with unmelted bits of chocolate in them. It seems like magic!\" So, clearly, the miracle had nothing to do with Nestle, who just seized on the opportunity to market the new and popular cookies into a huge business. Baker's was too late but they could have done the same thing, probably. Other chocolate makers tried to follow in Nestle's footsteps, and even some of the companies that made other ingredients used in cookies, such as McCormick (vanilla extract), Spry Shortening, and Gold Medal Flour. You can read much more about this early advertising, as well as a lot more Toll House history, in The Great American Chocolate Chip Cookie Book: Scrumptious Recipes & Fabled History From Toll House to Cookie Cake Pie , by Carolyn Wyman.", "A subsequent ad campaign generated another catchphrase, as Euell Gibbons became the spokesperson for the brand, promoting Grape-Nuts as the \"Back to Nature Cereal\". The line \"Ever eat a pine tree? Many parts are edible\" drew attention to the product from consumers, as well as from comedians.", "Over 491 billion Oreo cookies have been sold since they were first introduced, making them the best selling biscuit of the 20th century. Its most recent packaging slogan is \"Milk's Favorite Cookie\", which is a slight change from the original, \"America's Favorite Cookie\"", "There is an urban legend about Neiman Marcus' chocolate chip cookie recipe that has gathered a great deal of popularity over the years. ", "Oreo is a trademark for a popular sandwich cookie by the Nabisco Division of Kraft Foods. The current design consists of a sweet, white filling commonly referred to as 'cream' or 'creme', sandwiched between two circular chocolate or golden cookie pieces.", "chocolate chip cookie – Today the chocolate chip cookie remains a favorite choice among cookie connoisseurs.  The term “toll house” has become a part of the American language.", "Baked goods topped or filled with fruit preserves feature prominently in many cuisines. Think: Linzertortes & Hammentashen. Thumbprint (aka Thimble) cookies combine these two traditions. It also confirms the \"thumbprint\" recipe name [at least in the United States] happened sometime in the 1950s. Modern Swedish Hallongrottor and Rosenmutter cookies/cakes may possibly be a Swedish-American twist on this culinary tradition. The earliest recipes we found titled \"Thumbprint Cookies\" in a USA source (\"Favorite Recipe,\" Hutchinson News Herald [KS], June 20, 1949 (p. 5) does not employ fruit filling. These hardy sugar cookies are covered with chopped nuts and they are marked with a thumbprint halfway through the baking period.", "Chocolate Chip Cookie – Today the chocolate chip cookie remains a favorite choice among cookie connoisseurs.  The term “toll house” has become a part of the American language.", "There was also Jarvis the Wizard who got replaced by Cookie Crook & Officer Crumb, and Jarvis even had one commercial alongside Cookie Crook so there is a linear progression from Jarvis to Cookie Crook & Officer Crumb to Chip the Dog to Chip the Wolf. That said Cookie Crisp seems to Brother Chuck their mascots on a regular basis.", "In my mind, there is a minimum level of quality that a homemade chocolate chip cookie should at least meet. Because the recipe is so widely available, there really isn't an excuse (unless you are experimenting in an attempt to develop a better recipe) for anyone to make a chocolate chip cookie that is worse than the Nestlé® Toll House® Chocolate Chip Cookie. The recipe is printed on the back of virtually ever bag of the most popular chocolate chips in the world - the Nestlé Toll House Morsels. If you've never made a batch of chocolate chip cookies based on Nestlé's Toll House recipe, then you should definitely give it a try.", "The Carvel chain of soft-serve ice cream stores is famous for its camp style, camp low-budget TV commercials and camp ice-cream cakes such as Cookie Puss and Fudgie The Whale.", "The traditional snickerdoodle is a basic sugar cookie that has been dusted in cinnamon sugar – originally a New England creation, and named in the whimsical fashion those folks share for baked goods (see also Raspberry Brambles ,  Tangle Breeches , and Kinkawoodles . It’s a simple pleasure, but a good one.", "Samoas or Caramel deLites: These gooey, crispy and perfectly flavored cookies blow Thin Mints out of the water in my book. The Samoa is the Girl Scout's second best seller and for good reason. They combine chocolate, coconut, caramel and a cookie all into one. You'll never think about those dry mint cookies again.", "Lorna Doone: This packaged shortbread cookie made by Nabisco takes its name from the character of the same name in the novel Lorna Doone: A Romance of Exmoor ( read more here ). Want to try to make your own at home? Try this recipe.", "The ABC Bakers Girl Scout S’mores cookie is a crispy graham cookie double dipped in yummy crème icing and finished with a scrumptious chocolatey coating. It strives to provide an “innovative take on this truly classic treat.”", "Of course, Thin Mints are the #1-selling Girl Scout cookie in America. The crispy treats merge chocolate and mint for one delicious snack. Girl Scouts of America sold more than 50 million boxes last year, or roughly 1.6 billion cookies (with an average of 32 cookies per box ). Thin Mints made up 25% of total cookie sales.", "This commercial lied to me. I wanted so badly to enjoy what was promised to me as the sweet taste of cookies for breakfast but when my parents finally caved and threw it in the grocery cart to quell my tantrum, it just wasn't what I'd expected. Cookie Crook and Officer Crumb had hyped it to a level they just couldn't achieve. It turns out the most inspired thing about the cereal was Chip the Dog's howling of \"Cooooookie Crisp!\"", "Thin Mints: The reigning champion in the cookie race is the crispy chocolate covered mint cookie. Times haven't changed much, as I distinctly remember this variety being a top hit when I pulled boxes of cookies around in a wagon myself. It is the top selling cookie out of all the varieties and a safe bet if you want to order extra to help your little lady win the top prize.", "After responding to the Trans-Fat controversy of 2005 (Girl Scout cookies, like almost everything else, contained Trans-Fats) by making their product more health-friendly and publishing the nutritional content of every variety on every box, National headquarters stepped up their profile in the 21st Century. In a sign of embracing the marketing realities of today, cookies are sold online and scouts will be hawking cookies at “Pop Up Stores” in NYC through May.", "Mr Kipling is a brand of cakes, pies and baked goods marketed in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was introduced in May 1967 (at a time when cakes were more often bought from local bakers), to sell cakes of a local baker's standard to supermarkets, and grew to become the United Kingdom's largest cake manufacturer by 1976.Mr Kipling Press Information Pack. 2002 The trademark is owned by Premier Foods, after its acquisition of Rank Hovis McDougall (RHM) in 2007.", "This was one of the first cookies I ever made. I saw it in an issue of \"Shere\" magazine in the mid-seventies. I've been seeking the recipe for years. When I first made them I was advised to dust the board with powdered sugar (caster sugar) rather than flour. The icing step can be tricky! Use less than you think you should and an off-set spatula is the best tool. These cookies are some of the best I've ever eaten. Though a bit of trouble the results are transformative. This cookie helped me to become a better baker at the age of eleven. I made batches of them and was so proud of my result when I presented them as gifts.", "In one commercial, the bear on the box and Little Red Riding Hood were trying to get the cereal away from the Big Bad Wolf. Then they finally got the cereal back. The commercial ends with the bear singing: \"Can't get enough Super Golden Crisp.\" Little Red Riding Hood: \"Mmm. Love that honey crunch.\"", "In a lighter tone, Family Circle magazine sponsored a cookie contest asking readers to vote for their choice of recipes used by the wives of the two presidential candidates, Barbara Bush and Hillary Clinton. The \"cookie contest,\" as much a tongue-in-cheek tradition as one involving actual recipes, has remained a staple of the quadrennial political race.", "Bagged: A cookie makeup method in which the dough is shaped and deposited with a pastry bag.", "Dollar sales of the leading cookie brands of the United States in 2016 (in million U.S. dollars)", "Lucky Charms is a brand of cereal produced by the General Mills food company since 1964. The cereal consists of toasted oat pieces and multi-colored marshmallow shapes (\"marbits\" or marshmallow bits). The label features a leprechaun mascot, Lucky, animated in commercials.", "Hushpuppies (Hush puppies) are an American food of small pieces of cornmeal bread that are deep fried or baked in a ring, sphere, or an oblong shape.", "Starting this weekend, Western Springs’ Girl Scouts will begin selling their iconic cookies. But, do you know the origin of this great American tradition?", "A dense, chewey cake, usually made with chocolate in a large tin and cut into squares." ]

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[ "Principal Seymour Skinner (alternatively Armin Tamzarian)) is a fictional character in the American animated sitcom The Simpsons, who is voiced by Harry Shearer. He is the principal of Springfield Elementary School, which he struggles to control, and is constantly engaged in a battle against its inadequate resources, apathetic and bitter teachers, and often rowdy and unenthusiastic students, Bart Simpson being a standout example.", "Nedward \"Ned\" Flanders, Jr. is a recurring fictional character in the animated television series The Simpsons. He is voiced by Harry Shearer, and first appeared in the series premiere episode \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\". He is the good-natured, cheery next-door neighbor to the Simpson family and is generally loathed by Homer Simpson. A devout Evangelical Christian with an annoyingly perfect family, he is among the friendliest and most compassionate of Springfield's citizens and is generally considered a pillar of the Springfield community.", "Harry Julius Shearer (born December 23, 1943) is an American actor, comedian, writer, voice artist , musician, author and radio host. He is known for his long-running role on The Simpsons , his work on Saturday Night Live , the comedy band Spinal Tap and his radio program Le Show . Born in Los Angeles, California , Shearer began his career as a child actor , appearing in The Jack Benny Program , as well as the 1953 films Abbott and Costello Go to Mars and The Robe . In 1957, Shearer played the precursor to the Eddie Haskell character in the pilot episode for the television series Leave It to Beaver , but his parents decided not to let him continue in the role so that he could have a normal childhood.", "Harry Shearer and his many voices are returning to ‘‘The Simpsons’’ after a contentious and public contract dispute. Dueling tweets in May between Shearer and ‘‘Simpsons’’ executive producer Al Jean suggested Shearer, 71, might be leaving the Fox cartoon series, where he has voiced characters since it debuted in 1989. But Fox announced Tuesday that he will be alongside fellow cast members Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, and Hank Azaria for the series’ 27th and 28th seasons. Shearer voices characters including Simpsons neighbor Ned Flanders, billionaire Mr. Burns, and his kowtowing aide, Smithers.", "Amongst the talent assembled for the ADR looping was Michael McKean (This Is Spinal Tap, Laverne & Shirley), Howard Hesseman (WKRP in Cincinatti), and Harry Shearer – who provides the voices of Ned Flanders, Principal Skinner and many other characters on The Simpsons.", "God, voiced by Harry Shearer, has had many appearances in the series, including \"Homer the Heretic\", \"Thank God, It's Doomsday\", and a scene with Him, Buddha and Colonel Sanders in \"Pray Anything\", as well as appearing in the flick across the town in the opening sequence (in the HD episodes) where He is fighting with the devil. He is portrayed in the traditional depiction of the Abrahamic God: a gray-haired man in a white robe with a booming voice. In most episodes, only His beard is seen as the camera only films Him up to the shoulders. His body is usually surrounded by a glowing light, and His robes float around Him, though not always. He does not seem to be all-knowing. Another notable characteristic of Him is His ability to forgive and tolerate Homer's mishaps, despite his later often heretical attitude. He is on good terms with Homer, but He would not hesitate to severely punish him if Homer became too obnoxious. One of God's distinctive features is that He and Jesus are the only two Simpsons characters to be drawn with five fingers on each hand and five toes on each foot, though not always. According to Simpsons showrunner Al Jean, \"The Simpsons is one of the few shows on TV where God is not only very real, but he's a kind of vengeful Old Testament God.\"", "There are six main cast members on The Simpsons. Dan Castellaneta performs the voices of Homer Simpson, his dad Abraham Simpson, and Krusty the Clown, among others. Julie Kavner performs the voices of Marge Simpson, her sisters Patty and Selma, and mother Jacqueline Bouvier. She occasionally, but rarely, plays other one-shot characters. She has been known to refuse to perform Marge's voice in public, to maintain the mystique of the character. Nancy Cartwright performs the voice of Bart Simpson and other children from the school. Yeardley Smith, the voice of Lisa Simpson, is the only main cast member who regularly voices only one character, though she occasionally voices one-shot characters. The two male actors who don't voice members of the title family play a majority of the male townspeople. Hank Azaria voices recurring characters like Moe, Chief Wiggum, and Apu. Harry Shearer provides voices for Mr. Burns, Smithers, Principal Skinner, Ned Flanders, Dr. Hibbert, and many others.", "There are just six main voice actors playing the vast majority of the characters: Dan Castellaneta (Homer, Grandpa Simpson, Krustie and others); Julie Kavner (Marge, Patty and Selma); Nancy Cartwright (Bart, Nelson and others); Hank Azaria (Moe, Chief Wiggum, Apu and many more); Harry Shearer (Mr Burns, Ned Flanders, Smithers and many more); and Yeardley Smith, who just plays Lisa. Every one of them has won an Emmy for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance.", "He was a cast member on Saturday Night Live on two occasions, between 1979–80, and 1984–85. Shearer co-created, co-wrote and co-starred in the 1984 film This Is Spinal Tap, a satirical rockumentary, which became a cult hit. In 1989, Shearer joined the cast of The Simpsons; he provides voices for numerous characters, including Mr. Burns, Waylon Smithers, Ned Flanders, Reverend Lovejoy, Kent Brockman, and more. Shearer has appeared in several films, including A Mighty Wind and The Truman Show, has directed two, Teddy Bears' Picnic and The Big Uneasy, and has written three books. Since 1983, Shearer has been the host of the public radio comedy/music program Le Show, a hodgepodge of satirical news commentary, music, and sketch comedy.", "Starring Characters: Dan Castellaneta (Homer Simpson, Grampa Simpson, Barney Gumble, Krusty the Clown, Groundskeeper Willie, and others), Harry Shearer (Mr. Burns, Ned Flanders, Principal Skinner, Waylon Smithers, Kent Brockman, and others), Hank Azaria (Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, Moe Szyslak, Chief Wiggum, Comic Book Guy, Lou, and others), Julie Kavner (Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, and Selma Bouvier), Nancy Cartwright (Bart Simpson, Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, and others), Yeardley Smith (Lisa Simpson).", "Starring Characters: Yeardley Smith (Lisa Simpson), Dan Castellaneta (Homer Simpson, Grampa Simpson, Barney Gumble, Krusty the Clown, Groundskeeper Willie, and others), Harry Shearer (Mr. Burns, Ned Flanders, Principal Skinner, Waylon Smithers, Kent Brockman, and others), Hank Azaria (Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, Moe Szyslak, Chief Wiggum, Comic Book Guy, Lou, and others), Julie Kavner (Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, and Selma Bouvier), Nancy Cartwright (Bart Simpson, Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, and others).", "Harry Julius Shearer (born December 23, 1943) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian, writer, musician, author, radio host, director and producer. He is known for his long-running roles on The Simpsons, his work on Saturday Night Live, the comedy band Spinal Tap and his radio program Le Show. Born in Los Angeles, California, Shearer began his career as a child actor. From 1969 to 1976, Shearer was a member of The Credibility Gap, a radio comedy group. Following the breakup of the group, Shearer co-wrote the film Real Life with Albert Brooks and started writing for Martin Mull's television series Fernwood 2 Night.", "Harry Shearer does an impression of George H. W. Bush for the voice. Herman's facial appearance is modeled after Simpsons writer John Swartzwelder. The original idea behind Herman, said Groening, was that each time he appeared, he would give a different explanation for how he lost his arm. However, the second joke, involving Herman having stuck his arm in a ball return at a bowling alley, got cut, and the writers never pursued the idea. ", "It is said that Brockman was based on Dunphy and fellow L.A. News legend Hal Fishman. There are episodes, however, in which he appears to emulate both Ted Koppel and Walter Cronkite. He also bears somewhat of a resemblance to Ted Baxter, the airhead news anchor from Mary Tyler Moore , played by Ted Knight.", "Maggie's squeaking and occasional speaking parts are currently provided by Nancy Cartwright, but she has also been voiced by guest stars James Earl Jones, Elizabeth Taylor and Jodie Foster, and by series regulars Yeardley Smith and Harry Shearer. Maggie has appeared in various media relating to The Simpsons – including video games, The Simpsons Movie, The Simpsons Ride, commercials and comic books – and has inspired an entire line of merchandise.", "Homer Jay Simpson is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the American animated television series The Simpsons as the patriarch of the eponymous family. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared on television, along with the rest of his family, in The Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\" on April 19, 1987. Homer was created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening while he was waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip Life in Hell but instead decided to create a new set of characters. He named the character after his father, Homer Groening. After appearing for three seasons on The Tracey Ullman Show, the Simpson family got their own series on Fox that debuted December 17, 1989.", "There have been two occasions where Flanders was not voiced by Harry Shearer. In \" Bart of Darkness \", Flanders's high pitched scream was performed by Tress MacNeille and in \" Homer to the Max \", Flanders comments about cartoons being easily able to change voice actors and on that occasion he was voiced by Karl Wiedergott.", "One man is the voice behind Moe, Apu, Police Chief Wiggum, Professor Frink, Dr. Nick Riviera and Comic Book Guy... not to mention several other \"Simpsons\" characters. Click to find out who it is. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo by Fox)", "Six of \"The Simpsons\" main characters, including the infamously lazy patriarch Homer, are voiced by just one man. Click to find out who it is. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photos by Fox)", "In the shorts and earlier episodes, Castellaneta voiced Homer with a loose impression of Walter Matthau; however, during the second and third seasons of the half-hour show, Homer's voice evolved to become more robust, to allow the expression of a fuller range of emotions. He has appeared in other media relating to The Simpsons – including video games, The Simpsons Movie, The Simpsons Ride, commercials and comic books – and inspired an entire line of merchandise. His signature catchphrase, the annoyed grunt \"D'oh!\", has been included in The New Oxford Dictionary of English since 1998 and the Oxford English Dictionary since 2001.", "NEW YORK (AP) — Harry Shearer and his many voices are returning to “The Simpsons” after a contentious and public contract dispute.", "Alas, there was no update about longtime voice actor Harry Shearer, who recently announced he was quitting the series. The Simpsons team noted they’re still hoping to work our a new deal with Shearer. ", "Best known as the voice of \"Bart Simpson\", \"Nelson Muntz\", \"Todd Flanders\", and \"Ralph Wiggum\" on the TV show The Simpsons (1989).", "Voice Actors: Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria, Harry Shearer, Phil Hartman, Doris Grau; Full Voice Cast", "Nancy Cartwright, the voice of that iconic TV character on The Simpsons, commemorated the Fox animated comedy’s 25-year run by creating a bronze statue of Bart’s masked alter ego, Bartman, who first appeared in the show’s second season in the episode “Three Men and a Comic Book.”", "Melvin Jerome \"Mel\" Blanc (May 30, 1908 – July 10, 1989) was an American voice actor, actor, radio comedian, and recording artist. Although he began his 60-plus-year career performing in radio, Blanc is best remembered for his work as the voices of Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety Bird, Sylvester the Cat, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Marvin the Martian, Pepé Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales, Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner, the Tasmanian Devil, and many of the other characters from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons during the golden age of American animation - in fact, for all of the major Warner Bros. cartoon characters except for Elmer Fudd, whose voice was provided by radio actor Arthur Q. Bryan (although Blanc later voiced Fudd, as well, after Bryan's death). ", "Milhouse and his mother move to Capital City, leaving Bart without a best friend and Kirk without a son. Bart finds himself bonding with Lisa, and their relationship grows, that is, until Kirk is awarded \"pity custody \" of his son. Meanwhile, Homer, after getting drunk, is mistaken for a beggar, and discovers it's not a bad source of second income. Guest stars Nick Bakay as Salem the cat (from Sabrina the Teenage Witch), William Daniels (the voice of KITT on Knight Rider), Dick Tufeld (the Lost In Space robot), and Isabel Sanford (as herself).", "  The father, the dope, and more or less the Main Character of the show. Homer is overweight, almost completely bald, and rather selfish and stupid, but is a good person at heart and has a bright outlook on life. Voiced by Dan Castellaneta .", "We flashback to 1985, where Homer, Apu, Principal Skinner, and Barney were the hit barbershop quartet known as the \"B Sharps\". Guest voices: Dan Jordan, David Crosby, George Economou, George Harrison, James Campbell, and Shelby Grimm.", "A local health fair shows that Springfield's young boys are out of shape, leading parents to sign their sons up for pee-wee football. But when Homer snags coaching position, a more talented quarterback is replaced by Bart. Featured voices: Roy Firestone as himself, Mike Judge as Hank Hill, and Joe Namath as himself.", "The Ted Kord version appears in the episodes \"Fall of the Blue Beetle!\" and \"Menace of the Madniks!\", voiced by actor Wil Wheaton. ", "Marge Simpson is voiced by Julie Kavner , who became famous for being on the TV series, Rhoda ." ]

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[ "The Toronto Maple Leafs are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto. They are members of the Northeast Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The organization, one of the \"Original Six\" members of the NHL, is officially known as the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and is the leading subsidiary of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Ltd. (MLSE). They have played at the Air Canada Centre (ACC) since 1999, after 68 years at Maple Leaf Gardens.", "The Toronto Maple Leafs (officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club) are a Canadian professional ice hockey team based in Toronto, Ontario, that competes in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Maple Leafs are a member club of the league's Atlantic Division in the Eastern Conference. The team is one of the \"Original Six\" league members. They are owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, Ltd. and are represented by Chairman Larry Tanenbaum. In February 1999, they moved to the Air Canada Centre, which replaced Maple Leaf Gardens, the team's home since 1931.", "Toronto has teams in nearly every major professional sport, including the Toronto Blue Jays (MLB), Toronto Argonauts (CFL), Toronto Raptors (NBA), Toronto Rock (NLL), Toronto FC (MLS), and the Toronto Maple Leafs (NHL). Throughout the sports world, Toronto is perhaps best known for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Although Toronto has not won a Stanley Cup since 1967, the city is renowned as a hockey town.", "The franchise was founded in 1917, operating simply as Toronto and known today as the Toronto Arenas, as it was operated by the Toronto Arena Company, owners of the Arena Gardens arena. In 1919, the NHL transferred the franchise to new owners who christened the team the Toronto St. Patricks. The franchise was sold in 1927 and was renamed the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club. The team colours are navy blue and white.", "The city has several institutions of higher learning—the University of Toronto (1827), with branches at Mississauga (Erindale College) and Scarborough; York University (1959), with Glendon College; and Ryerson Polytechnic University (1948). The Ontario College of Art & Design offers a wide diversity of excellent programs. Also adding to the colour and vitality of the city are the zoo (opened in 1974); dozens of excellent restaurants, boutiques, and movie theatres; and major sports teams. The Toronto Maple Leafs (ice hockey) and the Raptors (basketball) play at the Air Canada Centre (1999), while the modern Rogers Centre (formerly SkyDome) stadium (1989), a multipurpose complex, houses both the Argonauts (Canadian football) and the Blue Jays (baseball).", "The New York Rangers are an American professional ice hockey team based in New York City that competes in the National Hockey League (NHL). They are a member club of the league's Metropolitan Division in the Eastern Conference. The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden, located in the borough of Manhattan. The Rangers are one of three NHL franchises in the New York metropolitan area, along with the New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders. The club is also one of the oldest teams in the NHL, having joined in 1926 as an expansion franchise. They are part of the group of teams referred to as the Original Six, along with the Boston Bruins, Chicago Blackhawks, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs. The Rangers were the first NHL franchise in the United States to win the Stanley Cup, which they have done four times, most recently in 1993–94.", "WINNER Los Angeles Boston Chicago Pittsburgh Detroit Anaheim Carolina .... Tampa Bay New Jersey Detroit Colorado New Jersey Dallas Detroit Detroit Colorado New Jersey NY Rangers Montreal Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Edmonton Calgary Edmonton Edmonton Montreal Edmonton Edmonton NY Islanders NY Islanders NY Islanders NY Islanders Montreal Montreal Montreal Montreal Philadelphia Philadelphia Montreal Boston Montreal Boston Montreal Montreal Toronto", "The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the \" Original Six \" teams of the National Hockey League (NHL). The team has won five Stanley Cups , including in 2013 . Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at the United Center on the Near West Side.", "Toronto Blue Jays, Canadian professional baseball team based in Toronto . The Blue Jays play in the American League (AL) and are the only franchise in Major League Baseball that plays in a city not in the United States . The team has won two AL pennants and two World Series titles (1992, 1993).", "The Toronto Argonauts are a Canadian Football League team based in Toronto. Founded in 1873, they are one of the oldest extant professional sports teams in North America. The Argonauts have won the Grey Cup championship a record fifteen times, most recently in 2004. They play their home games at Rogers Centre.", "In 1984, just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky 's Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13-4, Gretzky is quoted as saying to a reporter, \"Well, it's time they got their act together, they're ruining the whole league. They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse organization and put somebody on the ice.\" [23] Reacting to Gretzky's comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey.", "SkyDome, also known as Rogers Centre (another example of an owner's ego getting in the way of a good name), is a multi-purpose stadium in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, situated next to the CN Tower near the shores of Lake Ontario. It is home to Major League Baseball's Toronto Blue Jays and the Canadian Football League's Toronto Argonauts. While it is primarily a sports venue, Skydome also hosts other large-scale events such as conventions, trade fairs, and concerts.", "Toronto is represented in six major league sports, with teams in the National Hockey League, Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, Canadian Football League, Major League Soccer and Canadian Women's Hockey League. It was formerly represented in a seventh, the W-League, until that announced on November 6, 2015 that it would cease operation ahead of 2016 season. The city's major sports venues include the Air Canada Centre, Rogers Centre (formerly SkyDome), Ricoh Coliseum, and BMO Field.", "In 1984, just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky 's Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13–4, Gretzky was quoted as saying to a reporter, \"Well, it's time they got their act together, they're ruining the whole league. They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse organization and put somebody on the ice.\" [44] Reacting to Gretzky's comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey.", "The Pittsburgh Penguins are Pittsburgh's professional ice hockey team. They began playing in the National Hockey League (NHL) as a 1967 expansion team. The Penguins were Stanley Cup Champions for two consecutive years, 1992 and 1991, again in 2009, and most recently in 2016. The Civic or Mellon Arena (known informally as \"The Igloo\"), home of the Penguins for 43 years, has been demolished for multi-use space. Now, the team plays at CONSOL Energy Center, the first Gold-LEED Certified hockey arena in the NHL. In honor of Number 87, superstar Sidney Crosby, CONSOL's seating capacity is 18,087.", "The Toronto Blue Jays are a Canadian professional baseball team based in Toronto, Ontario. The Blue Jays compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. The team plays its home games at the Rogers Centre (formerly known as the SkyDome).", "The Toronto Blue Jays are a Canadian professional baseball team based in Toronto, Ontario. The Blue Jays are a member of the East division of the American League (AL) in Major League Baseball (MLB), and play their home games at Rogers Centre (formerly known as SkyDome).", "No Canadian capital would be complete without its very own ice hockey team. Hockey in Winnipeg is proudly represented by the Winnipeg Jets. The National Hockey League members were born in 1971, after going through a series of name changes and franchises throughout the years, the Jets made a formal season debut in 2011 at the MTS Centre, where they currently play", "\"I enjoy following TFC because it's like a hometown team for me (I live east of Toronto). It's a young team so it's like you're witnessing history happen right in front of you, and that makes it feel special. Times have been rough, and it's not a team that does particularly well, but it doesn't matter because it's ours, it's home. Whenever we get a great win or a domestic cup or get a step further in a competition, it feels so sweet because of all the hard times that came before.\"", "* In 1984, just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky's Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13–4, Gretzky was quoted as saying to a reporter, \"Well, it's time they got their act together, they're ruining the whole league. They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse organization and put somebody on the ice\". Reacting to Gretzky's comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey. ", "Soaring Blue Jays have got Toronto – and Canada – back in love with baseball | Sport | The Guardian", "In 1984, just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky 's Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13-4, Gretzky is quoted as saying to a reporter, \"Well, it's time they got their act together, they're ruining the whole league. They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse organization and put somebody on the ice.\" Reacting to Gretzky's comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey.", "The National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes franchise moved to Raleigh in 1997 from Hartford, Connecticut (where it was known as the Hartford Whalers). The team played its first two seasons more than 60 miles away at Greensboro Coliseum while its home arena, Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena (later RBC Center and now PNC Arena), was under construction. The Hurricanes are the only major league (NFL, NHL, NBA, MLB) professional sports team in North Carolina to have won a championship, winning the Stanley Cup in 2006, over the Edmonton Oilers. The city played host to the 2011 NHL All-Star Game.", "Toronto is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario . It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario . A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late 18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from the Mississaugas of the New Credit . The settlement was later established as the Town of York and proclaimed as the new capital of Upper Canada by its lieutenant-governor , John Graves Simcoe . In 1834, York was incorporated as a city and renamed to its present name. The city was ransacked in the Battle of York during the War of 1812 and damaged in two great fires in 1849 and in 1904 . Since its incorporation, Toronto has repeatedly expanded its borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities, most recently in 1998.", "Formerly known as Molson Centre, Bell Centre is the home ice for this Canadian hockey team", "The Mighty Ducks of Anaheim were named after a cheesy Disney film. Now, they're no longer owned by Disney, and no longer called \"Mighty\". Their arena was called the Arrowhead Pond (get it, Ducks on the pond?), but that was changed to the Honda Center when the Japanese auto maker came along with more money. General Motors wouldn’t like that! I just call it the Ponda Center, to honor the tradition.", "Also, due to the diversity of the fan base in Toronto, are teams more successful financially with a more internationally diverse roster?", "We might have 11 Stanley Cup wins and two World Series rings — not to mention several trips to the NBA playoffs — but apparently Toronto is the worst city in North America for pro sports.", "“It’s pretty exciting for the city of Toronto and for our players to see how excited the fans get when you put together a winner,” Babcock added. “It was a great event for our players to be at.”", "o F F i c i a l pa r t N e r of the pittsbUrgH peNgUiNs速 XXXXX", "So does Toronto's ethnic diversity allow the city to support certain teams that other cities could not? Or are these independent facts about Toronto completely unrelated?", "In Windsor, Nova Scotia, there was an ice hockey team from 1905-1916 named the Swastikas, and their uniforms featured swastika symbols. There were also hockey teams named the Swastikas in Edmonton, Alberta (circa 1916), and Fernie, British Columbia (circa 1922)." ]

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[ "Leopold \"Butters\" Stotch is a fictional character in the animated television series South Park. He is voiced by series co-creator Matt Stone and loosely based on co-producer Eric Stough. He is a third- then fourth-grade student at the fictional South Park Elementary School. Butters is depicted as more cheerful, naive, optimistic, gullible, and passive compared to the show's other child characters and can become increasingly anxious, especially when faced with the likelihood of being punished, which is usually just being grounded, of which he is extremely terrified. As a result, he is often sheltered and unknowledgeable of some of the suggestive content his peers understand. His name is a play on the confection butterscotch.", "For anyone who has been living in a cocoon for the last few years, South Park is an animated TV series created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, set an the isolated Colorado town, and is all about four eight-year-old friends (Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovsky, Eric Cartman and the immortal Kenny McCormick) who, quite simply, wreak havoc in every episode, aided and abetted by recurring characters such as the sex machine school Chef (voiced by Isaac Hayes), Stan’s girlfriend Wendy Testaburger (who gets puked upon whenever Stan talks to her because he’s so nervous), and kooky schoolteachers Mr. Mackey and Mr. Garrison, who wears a puppet on his left hand called “Mr. Hat”. The thing about South Park is the style – the animation is extremely crude and simplistic, but the scripts are ironic, satirical, and surprisingly intelligent, with messages and morals easily identifiable in amongst each episode’s gross-out gags.", "Wendy Testaburger, a schoolmate and Stan's girlfriend until Episode 714 (\"Raisins\"). She is extremely politically informed and is usually portrayed as one of the more mature girls in South Park. For much of their courtship, Wendy made Stan so nervous that the mere sight of her made him vomit.", "Token Black , a schoolmate who occasionally accompanies the boys on their adventures; his name is intended as irony: being the only African-American kid in town, he is indeed the \"token black\". Token is also a frequent target of Cartman's racism.", "The only African-American kid attending South Park elementary [16] is Token Black (previously portrayed as Token Williams). His name is a reference to tokenism , [34] [35] which is the tendency in fiction to include a minority character who is often present, but has no function to the overall plot (e.g., the token black character). The name has been interpreted as an example of the anti- political correctness attitude of South Park [16] and as an implication that the tokenism phenomenon is outmoded enough to be a laughing matter. [35] Despite the role that his name implies, Token will sometimes play a significant part in an episode, and has been a recurring character since his first major role in the season four (2000) episode \" Cartman's Silly Hate Crime 2000 \".", "Butters attends South Park Elementary as part of Mr. Garrison's (later Mrs. Garrison's) 4th grade class. His original name was puff puff. In \"AWESOM-O\", he says his birthday is September 11. He learns from his parents in \"Going Native\" that he was born on the island of Kaua'i. During the show's first 58 episodes (1997 through Season 4 episode \"4th Grade\" in 2000), Butters and the other main child characters were in the third grade. He lives in South Park as the only child of Stephen and Linda Stotch, from whom he perpetually faces the looming prospect of being grounded. In fact, Butters is the physical manifestation of the grounding itself. When the character of Kenny McCormick was temporarily written off the show near the end of the Season 5 (2001), Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, and Eric Cartman allow Butters into their group as the \"fourth friend\", a role he continued to fill until midway through Season 6. During this period, the boys would often take advantage of Butters' mild temperament by making him a stooge in their own personal schemes. The three eventually ousted him in favor of Tweek Tweak.", "Other voice actors and members of South Park's production staff have voiced minor characters for various episodes, while a few staff members voice recurring characters; supervising producer Jennifer Howell voices student Bebe Stevens, co-producer and storyboard artist Adrien Beard voices the school's only black student, Token Black, writing consultant Vernon Chatman voices an anthropomorphic towel named Towelie, and production supervisor John Hansen voices Mr. Slave, the former gay lover of Mr. Garrison. Throughout the show's run, the voices for toddler and kindergarten characters have been provided by various small children of the show's production staff. ", "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening (also the creator of Futurama ) for the Fox Broadcasting Company . It is the longest running sitcom in television history.", "Wendy Testaburger (had breast implants done in \" South Park: Bebe's Boobs Destroy Society (#6.10) \" but is not seen with breast implants in any other episode)", "Butters - Real name: Leopold Stotch (not scotch, dumbass). He is generally everyone's bitch by everyone's consent except his own. He enjoys playing with toy cars when not being smacked around or tricked into having sex by Cartman. After he was fired as as Kenny's replacment he became Professor Chaos and went on a crime spree around South Park.(During which, he never committed a crime, because the Simpsons had already done it)", "South Park is an American animated television series created, written and voiced by Trey Parker and Matt Stone. Distributed by and airing on Comedy Central since 1997, it follows the adventures of four grade school boys who live in the small town of South Park, Colorado. The show emulates stop motion construction paper animation which was the original form of animation for the show but has since been replaced by computers. South Park satirizes (sometimes surreally) many aspects of American culture and current events, and challenges deep-seated convictions and taboos, usually employing parody and black comedy.", "Wendy Testaburger is the show's most prominent female student, and the show's main source of perspective in that regard. Her best friend is Bebe Stevens , and her boyfriend is Stan , though their relationship as such has received less focus in the show's later seasons. Wendy has previously been voiced by Mary Kay Bergman , Mona Marshall , Eliza Schneider , and is currently voiced by April Stewart . Wendy's character is reportedly based on Liane Adamo, a former fiancée of series co-creator Trey Parker . [47] Fellow co-creator Matt Stone has also said the name Wendy Westiberg, the wife of an old friend from his childhood. [48] The last name appears to reference the fast food restaurant Wendy's . Wendy made her first appearance unnamed, but clearly recognizable, in \" The Spirit of Christmas \".", "Wendy Testaburger was once Stan's girlfriend but she moved on for Token. Wendy is admired by Stan and makes him go gothic by breaking up with him. She was jelous of Bebe for having enourmous hooters and got surgery to make them bigger which was a bad mistake because it turned her into a slut and the boys made fun of her. She felt left out when all of the girls all got their \"stupid spoiled whore video playset\" and she was the only girl in school who wasnt a whore. Wendy has gotten puked on many times by Stan attempting to kiss her and reacted by saying \"eww gross.\" She has also got jelous of \"ms. Ellen\" the substitute teacher because she made all of the boys have the hots for her and ms. Ellen learned not to fuck with wendy. Wendy is voiced out by Mary kay Bergman.", "The Simpsons is an American animated television sitcom starring the animated Simpson family, which was created by Matt Groening. He conceived of the characters in the lobby of James L. Brooks's office and named them after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name. The family debuted as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show called The Simpsons, which debuted on December 17, 1989. The show was an early hit for Fox, becoming the first Fox series to land in the top 30 ratings in a season (1990).", "100 Things to Do Before High School · Arthur · Blaze and the Monster Machines · Bob the Builder (reboot) · Breadwinners · Bubble Guppies · Dino Dan · Dora and Friends: Into the City! · The Fairly OddParents · Game Shakers · Harvey Beaks · Henry Danger · Lalaloopsy · Little Charmers · The Loud House · Make It Pop · Max and Shred · Mutt and Stuff · My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic · Nature Cat · Nick Jr. Puppies · Nicky, Ricky, Dicky and Dawn · Odd Squad · PAW Patrol · Peter Rabbit · Pig Goat Banana Cricket · Power Rangers Dino Charge · Rabbids Invasion · Ready Jet Go! · Sesame Street · Shimmer and Shine · SpongeBob SquarePants · Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles · Teletubbies (remake) · Thomas and Friends · Tickety Toc · VeggieTales · Wallykazam! · We Bare Bears · Winx Club · Yo Gabba Gabba! · Zack and Quack", "I Am Weasel(also referred to as I.M. Weasel, after the character) is an American animated television series produced by Cartoon Network Studios in co-production with Hanna-Barbera, created by David Feiss, and broadcast on Cartoon Network. The series chronicles the adventures of I.M. Weasel, an internationally famous, highly intelligent and much talented weasel who is adored by everyone, and I.R. Baboon, an ugly and idiotic baboon who is envious about Weasel's success and constantly tries to be better than him. The show premise begins from a humorous take on the classic nursery rhyme \"Pop Goes the Weasel\"; in fact, the series theme song, composed by Bill Fulton, written by Richard Pursel, and sung by April March, is based on the well-known musical version of the rhyme.", "Wild and Crazy Kids (1990–1992) · Fifteen (1991–1993) · Clarissa Explains It All (1991–1994) · Welcome Freshmen (1991–1996) · Salute Your Shorts (1991–1992) · Doug (1991–1999) · Rugrats (1991–2004) · The Ren and Stimpy Show (1991–1996) · What Would You Do? (1991–1993) · Are You Afraid of the Dark? (1991–2000) · Nick News with Linda Ellerbee (1992–2015) · Roundhouse (1992–1996) · Weinerville (1993–1995) · Legends of the Hidden Temple (1993–1995) · Rocko's Modern Life (1993–1996) · The Adventures of Pete and Pete (1993–1996) · All That (1994–2005) · Gullah Gullah Island (1994–1998) · The Secret World of Alex Mack (1994–1998) · My Brother and Me (1994–1995) · Aaahh!!! Real Monsters (1994–1997) · Allegra's Window (1994–1996) · Little Bear (1995-2000) · Space Cases (1996–1997) · The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo (1996–1998) · The Off-Beats (1996-1999) · Kenan and Kel (1996–2000) · Blue's Clues (1996–2006) · Hey Arnold! (1996–2004) · KaBlam! (1996–2000) · The Angry Beavers (1997–2001) · Figure It Out (1997–1999; 2012–2013) · Franklin (1997–2004) · The Journey of Allen Strange (1997–2000) · CatDog (1998–2005) · Oh Yeah! Cartoons (1998–2001) · Cousin Skeeter (1998–2001) · The Wild Thornberrys (1998–2004) · Animorphs (1998–2000) · Maggie and the Ferocious Beast (1998–2002) · Maisy (1999–2001) · Phred on Your Head Show (1999–2002) · Rocket Power (1999–2004) · 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd (1999–2002) · The Amanda Show (1999–2002) · Little Bill (1999–2004)", "While a few characters from varying grades have been depicted in recurring minor roles, the students in the fourth grade — including central characters Stan Marsh , Kyle Broflovski , Kenny McCormick , and Eric Cartman — receive the primary focus of the series. The fourth grade class is currently taught by Mr. Garrison , whose homosexual lover Mr. Slave was briefly his teacher's aide. Upon entering the fourth grade midway into season four (2000), the students' teacher was Ms. Choksondik until her death in the season six (2002) episode \" Simpsons Already Did It \". These students also attended class under Mr. Garrison during their previous time as third graders during South Park's first three-and-a-half seasons.", "Animated TV series about two socially inept teenagers living in the fictional town of Highland, Texas with no parental input. They’re dim-witted, bored, rock fans. They watch rock videos which are either “cool” or “sucks”.", "Below are a series of four main characters, in alphabetical order. Each set of four is associated with a well known children's television show.", "Phineas and Ferb is an American animated comedy television series. Originally broadcast as a one-episode preview on August 17, 2007 and again previewed on September 28, 2007, the series officially premiered on February 1, 2008 on Disney Channel, and follows Phineas Flynn and his British stepbrother Ferb Fletcher on summer vacation. Every day, the boys embark on some grand new project, which annoys their controlling sister, Candace, who frequently tries to reveal their shenanigans to her and Phineas' mother, Linda Flynn-Fletcher, and less frequently to Ferb's father, Lawrence Fletcher. The series follows a standard plot system; running gags occur every episode, and the b-plot almost always features Perry the Platypus working as a spy (\"Agent P\") for OWCA (the Organization Without a Cool Acronym), to defeat the latest scheme of Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz, a mad scientist driven largely by a need to assert his evilness. Sometimes, other villains scoff at his level of evil. The two plots intersect at the end to erase all traces of the boys' project just before Candace can show it to their mother. This usually leaves Candace very frustrated.", "Butters is nervous, naive, easily manipulated, and repressed � while at the same time remains ironically optimistic, and sometimes insightful. He is often callously punished by his overbearing and oppressive parents, and is meanwhile blatantly vilified, taken advantage of and/or disregarded by Cartman, Stan, and Kyle. Adding to the tragic nature of his character, his birthday is September 11th. When Kenny seemed to permanently dead the boys tried Butters out as their fourth friend for a while, and when it didn't work out a spurned Butters adopted the alter ego of Professor Chaos, whose costume is clearly inspired by that of Doctor Doom, and has a sidekick called General Disarray. Butters tried various schemes to take over the world, but his niceness and general ineptitude doomed all of his efforts. His character is based on Director of Animation Eric Stough.", "The Smurfs was named the 97th best animated series by IGN. They called it \"kiddie cocaine\" for people growing up during the 1980s. ", "A television series based on the film premiered on Cartoon Network in Autumn 2012. Jay Baruchel, America Ferrera, Christopher Mintz-Plasse, and T. J. Miller reprise their roles as Hiccup, Astrid, Fishlegs, and Tuffnut. The series follows Hiccup and his friends as they learn more about dragons, discover new ones, teach others to feel comfortable around them, adapt traditions within the village to fit their new friends, and battle against enemies as they explore new worlds. Hiccup has been made head of Berk Dragon Academy .", "Cow and Chicken is an American animated series, created by David Feiss. The series shows the surreal adventures of a cow, named Cow, and her chicken brother, named Chicken. They are often antagonized by \"The Red Guy\", who poses as various characters to scam or hurt them. The series was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1996 and 1998.", "* Elizabeth Daily (Babe in Babe: Pig in the City, Tommy Pickles in Rugrats and All Grown Up!, Buttercup in The Powerpuff Girls, Rudy Tabootie in ChalkZone)", "Starring Characters: Dan Castellaneta (Homer Simpson, Grampa Simpson, Barney Gumble, Krusty the Clown, Groundskeeper Willie, and others), Hank Azaria (Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, Moe Szyslak, Chief Wiggum, Comic Book Guy, Lou, and others), Harry Shearer (Mr. Burns, Ned Flanders, Principal Skinner, Waylon Smithers, Kent Brockman, and others), Julie Kavner (Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, and Selma Bouvier), Nancy Cartwright (Bart Simpson, Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, and others), Yeardley Smith (Lisa Simpson).", "Character Name In Title / Children's Television / Non Fiction / Partially Lost TV Series See more  »", "Top Cat and Benny appeared in the My Life as a Teenage Robot episode \"Toying with Jenny\" they can be seen at the checkout desk when Jenny is looking at the Jenny toys.", "The episode \"Ants on a Hamburger\" (aired November 1, 2015) features a segment where Goofy is diagnosed with autism.", "Pixie with a blue bowtie (voice of Don Messick) and Dixie with a red vest (voice of Daws Butler) interacted with Mr. Jinx \"Jinxie,\" a beatnik cat (voice of Daws Butler) who always failed to keep Pixie and Dixie from stealing food from the kitchen. His catchphrase is \"I hate those meeces to pieces.\"", "Which TV cartoon featured characters named Ty Coon, Vincent van Gopher, Pig Newton, Muskie Muskrat, Moley Mole, and Possible 'Possum?" ]

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[ "President Theodore Roosevelt said that his foreign policy was to “speak softly and carry a big stick.” President Barack Obama’s foreign policy is to speak loudly and carry a little stick. They say talk is cheap, but loose talk by a President of the United States can be very expensive in both blood and treasure.", "Big Stick ideology, Big Stick diplomacy, or Big Stick policy refers to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy: \"speak softly, and carry a big stick.\" Roosevelt described his style of foreign policy as \"the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of any likely crisis\". ", "President Theodore Roosevelt used the phrase \"speak softly and carry a big stick\" to describe his foreign policy philosophy.", "\"I promise you, the president has a big stick,\" Biden said, after quoting President Teddy Roosevelt's enduring foreign policy advice to \"speak softly and carry a big stick.\"", "Teddy Roosevelt advised speaking softly and carrying a big stick; Donald Trump prefers to speak loudly and carry a big shtick.—Michael R. Burch", "The effects of the new policy were enormous. Teddy Roosevelt had a motto: \"Speak softly and carry a big stick.\" To Roosevelt, the big stick was the new American navy. By remaining firm in resolve and possessing the naval might to back its interests, the United States could simultaneously defend its territory and avoid war. Latin Americans did not look upon the corollary favorably. They resented U.S. involvement as Yankee imperialism, and animosity against their large neighbor to the North grew dramatically. By the end of the 20th century, the United States would send troops of invasion to Latin America over 35 times, establishing an undisputed sphere of influence throughout the hemisphere.", "I think it was President Theodore Roosevelt who once said: . \"Speak Softly, and Carry The Taos Stick\".", "\"Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.\" -President Theodore Roosevelt died in 1919.", "* September 2 – U.S. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt utters the famous phrase, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick\" at the Minnesota State Fair.", "Theodore Roosevelt's famous quote said, \"Speak softly and carry a big         stick        , and you will go far!\"", "In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated, and Roosevelt became president at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President in history. Roosevelt attempted to move the Republican Party in the direction of Progressivism, including trust busting and increased regulation of businesses. Roosevelt coined the phrase \"Square Deal\" to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair shake under his policies. As an outdoorsman and naturalist, he promoted the conservation movement. On the world stage, Roosevelt’s policies were characterized by his slogan, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick\". Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; he sent out the Great White Fleet to display American power, and he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize.", "Barack Obama promised to bring a fresh perspective to American foreign policy. He had been raised overseas, and could see the U.S. from the outside; he had captured the Democratic nomination for president partly on the basis of his opposition to the Iraq War. He has had some success—notably in killing Osama Bin Laden and in initiating negotiations with Iran that could, if they succeed, transform the politics of the Middle East. But Obama has also stumbled—initially, out of inexperience (his awkward mix of escalation and withdrawal in Afghanistan), but more recently in Syria and the Ukraine out of disregard for the principles of successful diplomacy that Roosevelt enshrined. Roosevelt summed up presidential diplomacy in what he claimed to be a West African adage, “speak softly and carry a big stick.” By contrast, Obama’s recent diplomacy in Syria and Russia could be described as “speak loudly and carry a little stick, or no stick at all.”", "the president of the United States in early 1900s. As president, he conducted an aggressive foreign policy, particularly in Latin was America. He summed up his policy by saying, \"Speak softly, and carry a big stick.\"", "Roosevelt steered the United States more actively into world politics. He liked to quote a favorite proverb, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick. . . . \"", "Describe Roosevelt's foreign policy and the meaning of the proverb, \"Speak softly, and carry a big stick\"", "The Human Iceberg — President of the United States Benjamin Harrison. He was cold and detached when speaking with people on an individual basis.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (, his own pronunciation, or; January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and dominated his party after 1932 as a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war. His program for relief, recovery and reform, known as the New Deal, involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy. As a dominant leader of the Democratic Party, he built the New Deal Coalition that brought together and united labor unions, big city machines, white ethnics, African Americans, and rural white Southerners in support of the party. The Coalition significantly realigned American politics after 1932, creating the Fifth Party System and defining American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century.", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt (1858 – 1919) was the 26th President of the United States. He is famous for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, and his \"cowboy\" image and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President (1901–1909) he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt’s achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945). His 1941 State of the Union address has been immortalized as the \"Four Freedoms\" speech.", "The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt was the executive branch of the United States government from September 14, 1901 to March 4, 1909. Before serving as 26th President of the United States of America, Roosevelt, a Republican, was 25th Vice President. He also previously served as Police Commissioner of New York City, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and Governor of New York. Roosevelt was sworn-in as President upon the assassination of William McKinley. Owing to his charismatic personality, his extremely high energy levels and span of interests, and his reformist policies, which he called the \"Square Deal\", Roosevelt is considered one of the ablest presidents and an icon of the Progressive Era. ", "This policy of Reagan’s, the same principle invoked by Ford and disregarded by LBJ, was by 1985 known as “peace through strength.” As former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher would say at Reagan’s funeral, it was a policy that enabled him to win the Cold War “without firing a shot.”", "Franklin Roosevelt ranks among the most gifted orators in American Presidential history. A large part of his reputation for eloquence comes from his institution of regular \"fireside chats\" with the American public. Families would gather around the radio to hear President Roosevelt offer words of hope, caution, and direction in regular radio broadcasts. These chats helped Roosevelt cultivate an unmatched rhetorical rapport with the American public. Introduce the class to the idea of the fireside chat, and then read aloud from the chat entitled \" Greater Freedom and Greater Security .\" Roosevelt closes this speech, which addresses mainly worker's rights and issues of economic security, with the following paragraph:", "President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who took office in early 1933, would become the only president in American history to be elected to four consecutive terms. He would lead his nation through two of the greatest crises in its history—the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II (1939-45)—and would exponentially expand the role of the federal government through his New Deal reform program and its legacy. From March 1933 to June 1944, Roosevelt addressed the American people in some 30 speeches broadcast via radio, speaking on a variety of topics from banking to unemployment to fighting fascism in Europe. Millions of people found comfort and renewed confidence in these speeches, which became known as the “fireside chats.”", "had he praised the president’s policies. The president had a right to expect a different message about another Kingdom. I’m wondering if the president felt drawn closer to God, or bludgeoned by the Republican Party and the applauding conservatives in the audience (there were many liberals there, too, as well as people from what organizers said were more than 100 nations and all 50 states). In 1996, radio personality Don Imus was the main speaker at the Radio and Television Correspondents Association annual banquet in Washington where he made sexually suggestive comments in front of President Clinton and the first lady. I asked White House Press Secretary Dee Dee Myers at the time if I was being too puritanical or did she also think Imus’ remarks were inappropriate. She agreed they were. Whatever happened to propriety? If Carson wanted to voice his opinion about the president’s policies, he could have done so backstage. Even better, he might have asked for a private meeting with the man. As a fellow African American who faced personal challenges and overcame them, the president might have", "33. First and last name answer required. This man delivered his speech \"The Leader & the Cause\" after being shot in the chest. Another speech offered Americans a \"square deal,\" while a third alluded to a character from Pilgrim's Progress, the Man with the Muck Rake. Name this American president nicknamed the \"Bull Moose.\"", "An American military leader, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. Gained fame as a war hero, defeating American Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.", "Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona was the first presidential nominee since Calvin Coolidge to run openly as a conservative. He was not so much the nominee of a political party as the personification of a nascent political movement. In his 1964 campaign, he addressed the issues that have dominated the national debate ever since—Social Security, federal spending, privatization, morality in government, and national defense. Goldwater changed the rhetoric of politics by challenging the principles of the New Deal, something no Democrat or Republican presidential candidate before him had dared to do.", "Theodore Roosevelt introduced the phrase \"Square Deal\" to describe his progressive views in a speech delivered after leaving the office of the Presidency in August 1910. In his broad outline, he stressed equality of opportunity for all citizens and emphasized the importance of fair government regulations of corporate \"special interests\". Roosevelt was one of the first Presidents to make conservation a national issue. In his speech at Osawatomie, Kansas, on August 31, 1910, he outlined his views on conservation of the lands of the United States. He favored using America's natural resources, but opposed wasteful consumption. One of his most lasting legacies was his significant role in the creation of 5 national parks, 18 national monuments, and 150 National Forests, among other works of conservation. Roosevelt was instrumental in conserving about 230 e6acre of American soil among various parks and other federal projects. In the 21st century, historians have paid renewed attention to President Roosevelt as \"The Wilderness Warrior\" and his energetic promotion of the conservation movement. He collaborated with his chief advisor, Gifford Pinchot, the chief of the Forest Service. Pinchot and Roosevelt scheduled a series of news events that garnered nationwide media attention in magazines and newspapers. They used magazine articles, speeches, press conferences, interviews, and especially large-scale presidential commissions. Roosevelt's goal was to encourage his middle-class reform-minded base to add conservation to their list of issues. ", "President Cleveland, whose administrations were split into two separate terms, was a rigid, self-righteous, haughty individual and thus did not inspire affection. However, he was honest, courageous, and possessed integrity. He had fought the New York City Tammany Hall machine and had become famous as the “veto mayor” of Buffalo and later the “veto governor” of New York State. His stalwartness was both a blessing and a shortcoming once he was in office. People said of him, “We love him for the enemies he has made.”", "He took over the presidency during World War II with the death of Roosevelt. He was called by many the \"average man's average man\" for his appearance and personality, and he was one of the only presidents without a college education. He was an artillery officer in World War One. He was responsible for the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan to end World War II.", "President Roosevelt had promised to combat the threat of international Thuggieism, but was against the provision of the Thuggie Suppression Act that barred Hindoos from entering the USA solely on the basis of race. He had known several Southron Hindoos in his youth. Therefore his administration encouraged and supported the middle route taken by the Supreme Court when it set aside that section of the act.", "History has offered a variety of presidents to the United States. Some were strong fighters and generals, some were calm and peaceful, and others were known" ]

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[ "Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is 96 miles south of Seattle, Washington and 50 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon. The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows.", "Mount St. Helens is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. Mount St. Helens is most notorious for its catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed. 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways, and 185 miles of highway were destroyed. An earthquake caused an eruption that reduced the elevation of the mountain's summit by 1300 feet, replacing it with a 1 mile wide horseshoe-shaped crater.", "Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is 96 miles south of Seattle and 50 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows.", "Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is 96 miles (154 km) south of Seattle and 53 miles (85 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows.", "Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is 96 miles (154 km) south of Seattle and 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows.", "Mount St. Helens is a volcanic mountain in the Cascade Range in Western North America, in the state of Washington. It is, perhaps, the most famous mountain in the range, and certainly is the most active volcano in the area today. In fact, it has probably been the most active of the Cascade volcanoes for over 4000 years.", "Mount St. Helens (8,364 feet, 9,677 feet before May 18, 1980) is located in southwestern Washington about 50 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon, and is one of several lofty volcanic peaks that dominate the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest. Geologists call Mount St. Helens a composite volcano (or stratovolcano), a term for steep-sided, often symmetrical cones constructed of alternating layers of lava flows, ash, and other volcanic debris. Composite volcanoes tend to erupt explosively and pose considerable danger to nearby life and property. In contrast, the gently sloping shield volcanoes, such as those in Hawaii, typically erupt nonexplosively, producing fluid lavas that can flow great distances from the active vents. Although Hawaiian-type eruptions may destroy property, they rarely cause death or injury.", "Mount St. Helens is the most historically active volcano in the Cascade range, having produced four major explosive eruptions since 1479, and dozens more smaller eruptions, including pyroclastic flows, lava flows and domes, and lahars.  It is located approximately 80 km NE of Portland, OR.", "On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted. It's located in southwestern Washington State in the Cascade Range. The blast was heard as far away as Montana, Idaho, Canada and California. Fifty-seven people died and the eruption caused $1.2 billion in damage.", "Mount St. Helens, in the U.S. state of Washington, is an active volcano in the Cascade Mountains. Below Mount St. Helens, both the Juan de Fuca and Pacific plates are being subducted beneath the North American Plate. Mount St. Helens lies on a particularly weak section of crust, which makes it more prone to eruptions. Its historic 1980 eruption lasted 9 hours and covered nearby areas in tons of volcanic ash.", "Mount St. Helens, a volcano in the Cascade Mountain range exploded in 1980 and sent a plume of ash so high into the air that it went all the way around the world. Since most of the earth’s surface is ocean, much of this ash fell directly into the ocean, and was not counted among the sediments that enter the oceans through streams. The same is true of all the eruptions of the past.", "In the United States on March 27, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano in the Cascade Range, southwestern Washington, reawakened after more than a century of dormancy and provided a dramatic and tragic reminder that there are active volcanoes in the \"lower 48\" States as well as in Hawaii and Alaska.The catastrophic eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980, and related mudflows and flooding caused significant loss of life (57 dead or missing) and property damage over $1.2 billion). Mount St. Helens is expected to remain intermittently active for months or years, possibly even decades.", "Mount St. Helens, famous for its explosive 1980 eruption, has long been the most active volcano in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists have documented the volcano's 300,000- year geologic history, including powerful explosions of ash, outpourings of lava, and huge landslides and volcanic mudflows. Understanding this history helps USGS scientists evaluate current activity at Mount St. Helens so that timely warnings of hazards can be issued to the public.", "On this day in 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted. Mount St Helens, in southwest Washington state, exploded at 0832 local time.   The explosion was the largest, deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States.   The final number of those who died directly from the eruption was 57.   In addition, 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways and 185 miles of highway were destroyed.   Nearly 7,000 big game animals (deer, elk, and bear) perished as well as many birds and small mammals.", "SEATTLE – Thirty-five years ago, Mount St. Helens in southwest Washington state erupted, killing 57 people, blasting more than 1,300 feet off the top and raining volcanic ash for miles around. Today, the volcano has become a world-class outdoor laboratory for the study of volcanoes, ecosystems and forestry, as well as a major recreational and tourist destination.", "Mount St. Helens is most famous for its catastrophic eruption (占쌍억옙占쏙옙 화占쏙옙占쏙옙占�) on May 18, 1980, which was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24of railways, and 185 miles (300of highway were destroyed. The eruption caused a massive debris avalanche, reducing the elevation of the mountain's summit(占쏙옙 占쏙옙占쏙옙) from 9,677to 8,365and replacing it with a mile-wide (1.5horseshoe-shaped crater. The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles (2.3 km占쏙옙 in volume. ", "FILE - In this May 17, 1980 photo provided by the U.S. Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory, Mount St. Helens is shown in Washington state the day before its massive eruption. May 18, 2015 is the 35th anniversary of the eruption that killed more than 50 people and blasted more than 1,300 feet off the mountain's peak. (USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory, Harry Glicken, via AP)", "Mount St. Helens spews smoke, soot and ash into the sky in Washington state following a major eruption on May 18, 1980. May 18, 2015, is the 35th anniversary of the eruption that killed more than 50 people and blasted more than 1,300 feet off the mountain's peak. The Associated Press", "On May 18, 1980 at 8:32 a.m., the earth rumbles underneath Mount St. Helens, a peak in Skamania County in southwestern Washington. Moments later an explosion blasts away a side of the mountain in a major volcanic eruption. The volcano causes the deaths of 57 people. The destruction is widespread but especially severe in Clark County as boiling gas and mud scour 200 square miles of forest and 30 miles of State Route 504. Some 1,000 miles of state highways and roads have to be closed, some for months, and highway repairs alone run into hundreds of millions of dollars.", "2005 – A very high plume of ash and steam is seen coming from the direction of active volcano Mount St. Helen’s in the U.S. state of Washington. The plume is visible as far away as Portland.", "On 18th May 1980, in north-western USA, Mount St Helens volcano erupted, killing everything within 20 miles. Ash columns were ejected into the atmosphere, circling the globe within two weeks and causing complete darkness over a radius of 100 miles.", "FILE - In this May 7, 2010 photo, Mount St. Helens is shown against a backdrop of stars just before sunrise in Washington state. May 18, 2015 is the 35th anniversary of the eruption that killed more than 50 people and blasted more than 1,300 feet off the mountain's peak. (AP Photo/Ted S. Warren, file)", "FILE - In this May 18, 2010 photo, a memorial to those who lost their lives in the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens is shown near the Johnson Ridge Observatory at the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument in Washington state. May 18, 2015 is the 35th anniversary of the eruption. (AP Photo/Ted S. Warren, file)", "Mount St. Helens is most notorious for its paroxysmic eruption on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 a.m. PDT, the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, of railways, and of highway were destroyed. A massive debris avalanche triggered by an earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale caused an eruption that reduced the elevation of the mountain's summit from to , replacing it with a wide horseshoe-shaped crater. The debris avalanche was up to in volume. The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for its aftermath to be scientifically studied.", "The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was the most significant to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states in recorded history ( VEI = 5, 0.3 cu mi, 1.2 km3 of material erupted), exceeding the destructive power and volume of material released by the 1915 eruption of California 's Lassen Peak . The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam -venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the mountain that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens ' north slope. An earthquake at 8:32 a.m. on May 18 , 1980 , caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam -rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. The rock responded by exploding into a very hot mix of pulverized lava and older rock that sped toward Spirit Lake so fast that it quickly passed the avalanching north face.", "The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was the most significant to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states in recorded history ( VEI = 5, 0.3 cu mi, 1.2 km3 of material erupted), exceeding the destructive power and volume of material released by the 1915 eruption of California 's Lassen Peak . The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam -venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the mountain that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens ' north slope. An earthquake at 8:32 a.m. on May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam -rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. The rock responded by exploding into a very hot mix of pulverized lava and older rock that sped toward Spirit Lake so fast that it quickly passed the avalanching north face.", "Casadevall, T.J., Johnston, D.A., Harris, D.M., Rose, W.I., Malinconcio, L.L., Stoiber, R.E., Bornhorst, T.J., Williams, S.N., Woodruff, Laurel and Thompson, J.M., 1981, SO2 emission rates at Mount St. Helens from March 29 through December, 1980, in Lipman, P.W. and Mullineaux, D.L., eds., The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1250, p. 193-200.", "Approximately fifty-seven people were killed directly, including innkeeper Harry R. Truman, photographer Reid Blackburn and geologist David A. Johnston. Hundreds of square miles were reduced to wasteland, causing over a billion U.S. dollars in damage ($2.89 billion in 2015 dollars ), thousands of game animals were killed, and Mount St. Helens was left with a crater on its north side. At the time of the eruption, the summit of the volcano was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad, but afterward the land passed to the United States Forest Service. The area was later preserved, as it was, in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument.", "FILE - In this May 18, 1980 photo, Mount St. Helens sends a plume of ash, smoke and debris skyward as it erupts. May 18, 2015 is the 35th anniversary of the eruption that killed more than 50 people and blasted more than 1,300 feet off the mountain's peak. (AP Photo, file)", "The image above represents the estimated range of destruction from a large scale eruption of the Yellowstone volcano. From this image, you can see that such an eruption will virtually wipe out a large portion of the Mid-Western United States.", "On May 18, 1980, the volcano was transformed. The catastrophic eruption, was preceded by 2 months of intense activity that included more than 10,000 earthquakes, hundreds of small phreatic (steam-blast) explosions, and the outward growth of the volcano's entire north flank by more than 260 feet. A magnitude 5.1 earthquake struck beneath the volcano at 8:32 a.m. on May 18, setting in motion the devastating eruption. Within seconds of the earthquake, the volcano's bulging north flank slid away in the largest landslide in recorded history, triggering a destructive, lethal lateral blast of hot gas, steam, and rock debris that swept across the landscape as fast as 680 miles per hour. Temperatures within the blast reached as high as 570 degrees Fahrenheit (300 degrees Celsius). Snow and ice on the volcano melted, forming torrents of water and rock debris that swept down river valleys leading from the volcano. Within minutes, a massive plume of ash thrust 15 miles into the sky, where the prevailing wind carried about 520 million tons of ash across 22,000 square miles of the Western United States.", "United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways, and 185 miles of highway were obliterated. PROOF AADVERTISING massive debris avalanche triggered by an Mon. Apr. 16, 2012 Finalearthquake Changesmeasuring DUE: 5.1 on the Richter scale, 5:00 p Please review carefully. check: Phone Number(s) reducing Spelling Prices caused Double another massive eruption, the elevation of the mountain’s summit fromor correcti Contact your Tidbits representative immediately with changes 9,677 ft. to 8,365 ft. The explosiveEmail: eruption Office: 760-320-0997 Fax: 760-320-1630 valleybits@ms left a gaping, one-mile wide horseshoe-shaped ADVERTISING PROOF crater." ]

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[ "Hoya Saxa is the official cheer and \"college yell\" of Georgetown University and its athletics teams. The term Hoya is an Ancient Greek word usually transliterated from as hoia from the word hoios () meaning \"such\" or \"what\" as in \"what manner of\", and is used in certain Biblical quotations. ' however, is Latin for \"rocks\" or \"small stones\". It was used in the name of some Roman settlements, such as Saxa Rubra. Before 1900, students at Georgetown were required to study classical linguistics, and both words are in the neuter plural of their respective languages. The phrase together is generally translated into English as \"what rocks!\", though other translations have suggested \"such rocks!\" or \"great rocks!\" or even \"what rocks?\" as a question. It was also historically rendered as \"Hoya, Hoya, Saxa!\", a form that is used in The Hoya Song from 1930 which mocked the cheers of other universities, and was then included in the school fight song, There Goes Old Georgetown. ", "Campus organizations include the country's largest student-run business and largest student-run financial institution. Georgetown's athletic teams, nicknamed the Hoyas, include a men's basketball team that has won a record-tying seven Big East championships, appeared in five Final Fours, and won a national championship in 1984, as well as a co-ed sailing team that holds nine national championship and one world championship title.", "The Georgetown Hoyas are the athletics teams that officially represent Georgetown University in college sports . Part of the NCAA 's Division I , the Hoyas field 23 varsity level sports teams, most of which participate in the Big East Conference , with the exception of the Division I FCS Patriot League in football . In late 2012, Georgetown and six other Catholic, non-FBS schools announced that they were departing the Big East for a new conference. [2] The rowing and sailing teams also participate in east coast conferences. The men's basketball team is the school's most famous and most successful program, but Hoyas have achieved success in a wide range of sports.", "The team name is derived from the mixed Greek and Latin chant, \"Hoya Saxa,\" which gained popularity in the 1870s. The name Hoyas came into use in the 1920s. Most teams have their athletic facilities on the main campus of Georgetown University . The men's basketball team plays most of their home games at the Verizon Center", "Georgetown's nickname is The Hoyas, but its mascot is \"Jack the Bulldog.\" Various breeds of dogs have been used by the sports teams as mascots since the early 1900s. Several notable bull terriers like Sergeant Stubby and \"Hoya\" were used at football games in the 1920s, as was a Great Dane in the 1940s. However, in 1951, the school suspended its football program because of the increasing cost of the game financially and academically, which left the school without an official live mascot.", "Georgetown Hoyas, Washington D.C's college team, fields 23 varsity sports for men and women! The most successful and most well known team, is the Men's Basketball team. With such recognizable names as Patrick Ewing and Alonzo Mourning, as well as former NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue. The team has reached the NCAA Tournament Final Four five times including the 1984 national championship, and has won the Big East Tournament seven times, and has also won or shared the Big East regular season title seven times.", "The school's teams are called \"Hoyas\", a name whose origin is uncertain. Sometime before 1893, students well versed in classical languages invented the mixed Greek and Latin chant of \"Hoya Saxa\", translating roughly as \"what (or such) rocks.\" The school's baseball team, then called the Stonewalls, began in 1870, and football in 1874, and the chant likely refers to one of these teams. By the 1920s, the term \"Hoyas\" was used to describe groups on campus, and by 1928, campus sports writers started using it instead of the older team name, the \"Hilltoppers.\" The name was picked up in the local publications, and became official shortly after. Jack the Bulldog has been the mascot of Georgetown athletics programs since 1962, and the school fight song is There Goes Old Georgetown.", "The school's teams are called \"Hoyas\", a name whose origin is uncertain. Sometime before 1893, students well versed in classical languages invented the mixed Greek and Latin chant of \"Hoya Saxa\", translating roughly as \"what (or such) rocks.\" The school's baseball team, then called the Stonewalls, began in 1870, and football in 1874, and the chant likely refers to one of these teams. By the 1920s, the term \"Hoyas\" was used to describe groups on campus, and by 1928, campus sports writers started using it instead of the older team name, the \"Hilltoppers.\" The name was picked up in the local publications, and became official shortly after. Jack the Bulldog has been the mascot of Georgetown athletics programs since 1962, and the school fight song is .", "Georgetown's fight song is rare among U.S. university fight songs for mentioning other colleges by name. Specifically, it mentions Yale University , Harvard University , Princeton University , College of the Holy Cross , the United States Naval Academy , and Cornell University , who were all rivals of Georgetown in the early to mid-20th century, and mocks their fight songs. In recent years the Hoyas only play Cornell and Holy Cross regularly (in football), and many of these schools no longer use the fight songs that Georgetown's song mocks. [19]", "Big East and other opponents, whose schools tend to have more concrete nicknames, have long used \"What's a Hoya?\" as a chant to mock Georgetown. Marquette University", "The District's four NCAA Division I teams, American Eagles, George Washington Colonials, Georgetown Hoyas and Howard Bison and Lady Bison, have a broad following. The Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team is the most notable and also plays at the Verizon Center. From 2008 to 2012, the District hosted an annual college football bowl game at RFK Stadium, called the Military Bowl. The D.C. area is home to one regional sports television network, Comcast SportsNet (CSN), based in Bethesda, Maryland.", "The Brown Club of DC, together with the Brown University Sports Foundation (BUSF), is thrilled to present an amazing opportunity to watch the Bears take on the Georgetown Hoyas! Whether you're attending the game in person or not, Brown alums and friends are invited to gather prior to tip-off at Bar Louie (downstairs in the Verizon Center). Complimentary apps, and first drink is free! They'll have the game on for us, so come on down even if you don't have tickets, or can't get off work earlier. Please RSVP if you can, so we know how much food to order. Cost: Pay as you go for drinks. Game tickets sold separately.", "In 1999, Scott R. Pilarz , S.J., with the help of the Hoya Blue fan club, revived the tradition of an official live bulldog named Jack, to work along with the costumed mascot. [10] When Pilarz left for the University of Scranton in 2003, taking Jack with him, Georgetown secured a new bulldog puppy and found another Jesuit , Christopher Steck, S.J., to care for him. The current bulldog is named \"John S. Carroll,\" a play on the name of Georgetown's founder, which name allows for continuation of the \"Jack the Bulldog\" nickname. [11] After Jack injured his leg in 2012, two Georgetown parents donated a younger bulldog puppy, who the school refers to as \"Jack Jr.\" [12]", "The Big East Conference was a collegiate athletics conference that consisted of as many as 16 universities in the eastern half of the United States from 1979 to 2013. The conference's members participated in 24 NCAA sports. Three members had football programs but were not Big East football schools: Notre Dame football was independent while Georgetown and Villanova competed in the Football Championship Subdivision. Another five schools—DePaul, Marquette, Seton Hall, St. John's, and Providence—discontinued or did not have football programs.", "The women's lacrosse team was formed in 1977, and won the first 6 consecutive Big East titles from 2001–2006. The Lady Hoyas reached the NCAA Women's Lacrosse Championship final in both 2001 and 2002. In 2005, their first season under new coach Ricky Fried, the team went 13–5 and made the NCAA Tournament for the 8th straight year. [22] Both the men's and women's teams play their home games on Multi-Sport Field .", "In basketball, Big East teams made 18 Final Four appearances and won seven NCAA Championships (UConn with three, Villanova, Georgetown, Syracuse, and Louisville with one each). Of the Big East's full members, all but South Florida attended the Final Four, the most of any conference, though Marquette, DePaul, Notre Dame, Rutgers, Cincinnati, and Pittsburgh made all their trips before joining the Big East. In 2011, the Big East set the record for the most teams sent to the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship by a single conference with eleven out of their sixteen teams qualifying.", "In 1977, the university began the tradition of dressing up a student in a blue and gray bulldog costume, replacing the live bulldog. In 1999, Rev. Scott R. Pilarz , S.J., with the help of the Hoya Blue fan club, revived the tradition of a live bulldog; when Pilarz left for the University of Scranton", "Georgetown University is a private research university in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1789, it is the oldest Catholic and Jesuit institution of higher education in the United States. Georgetown's main campus, located in Washington's Georgetown neighborhood, is noted for Healy Hall, a National Historic Landmark in the Romanesque revival style. Georgetown's law school is located on Capitol Hill and Georgetown has auxiliary campuses in Italy, Turkey, and Qatar.", "Georgetown University has four campuses in Washington, D.C.: the undergraduate campus, the Medical Center, the School of Continuing Studies (in Chinatown) and the Law Center. The undergraduate campus and Medical Center are together in the Georgetown neighborhood and form the main campus. Other centers are located around Washington, D.C., including the Center for Continuing and Professional Education at Clarendon in Arlington, Virginia. Transit between these locations and the Washington Metro is supplied by a system of shuttles, known as GUTS buses. Georgetown also operates a facility in Doha, Qatar, and villas in Alanya, Turkey and Fiesole, Italy. In their campus layout, Georgetown's administrators consistently used the traditional quadrangle design.", "Georgetown University Net Worth is $58,125 Cost per year. Georgetown University is a private research university in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1789, it is the oldest Jesuit and Catholic university in Georgetown University is a private research university in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1789, it is the oldest Jesuit and Catholic university in the United States. Georgetown's main campus, located in Washington's Georgetown neighborhood, is noted for Healy Hall, a National Historic Landmark in the Romanesque revival style. Georgetown operates a law center on Capitol Hill and auxiliary campuses in Italy, Turkey, and Qatar.", "Notre Dame was a member of the \"old\" Big East Conference until 2013. It is currently a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference in all sports except for the following:", "Q. Patrick Ewing (former Georgetown center and present New York Knick) and John Thompson (Georgetown coach) made cameos in \"The Exorcist III.\" Does that mean you're a big Hoya basketball fan?", "1789 - The Jesuits, establish Georgetown University in present-day Washington, D.C., as the first US Catholic college", "10 Key Bridge and Georgetown. Key Bridge, named in honor of Francis Scott Key, is a reinforced concrete arch bridge conveying traffic on U.S. Route 29 across the Potomac River between Rosslyn in Virginia and Georgetown in DC. Georgetown was first settled by Europeans in 1696, and was incorporated as a town in 1751. It predates the establishment of the city of Washington and the District of Columbia. From the river, the steeples of the Georgetown University buildings stand out above all other landmarks. Georgetown University, the nation's oldest Catholic and Jesuit university, was founded in 1789, the same year the U.S. Constitution took effect.", "Georgetown University was founded by former Jesuits in the tradition of Ignatius of Loyola and is a member of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities. Georgetown is not a pontifical university, though six Jesuits serve on the thirty-six member Board of Directors, the school's highest governance. Fifty-two members of the Society of Jesus live on campus, and are mostly employed by Georgetown as professors or administrators. Jesuit Heritage Week has been held every year since 2001 to celebrate the contributions of Jesuits to the Georgetown tradition.", "Georgetown University is a self-described \"student-centered research university\" considered by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education to have \"very high research activity.\" , Georgetown's libraries held over 3.5 million printed items, including 1.25 million e-books, in seven buildings, with most in Lauinger Library. The Blommer Science Library, located in the Reiss Science Building on campus, houses most of the Science collection. Additionally, the Law School campus includes the nation's fifth largest law library. Georgetown faculty conduct research in hundreds of subjects, but have priorities in the fields of religion, ethics, science, public policy, and cancer medicine. Cross-institutional research is performed with Columbia University and Virginia Tech.", "Georgetown's founding by John Carroll, America's first Catholic bishop, realized efforts to establish a Roman Catholic college in the province of Maryland that were repeatedly thwarted by religious persecution. The university expanded after the American Civil War under the leadership of Patrick Francis Healy, who came to be known as Georgetown's \"second founder\" despite having been born a slave. Jesuits have participated in the university's administration since 1805, a heritage Georgetown celebrates, but the university has always been governed independently of the S...", "A 2007 survey of undergraduates also suggests that 62.8% are sexually active, while 6.2% identify as LGBTQ. Discrimination can be an issue on campus, and three-fourths of a 2009 survey considered homophobia a campus problem. , however, rated Georgetown among its top \"Gay-Friendly Schools\" in 2010. In 2011, ranked Georgetown as the tenth most hipster U.S. college, while People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals considered it the third most vegan friendly small U.S. school.", "1810 Georgetown College was chartered in Washington, DC, making it the 1st Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in the US", "Although Jesuit schools are not obliged to disassociate from Greek systems, many do, and Georgetown University officially recognizes and funds only one of the many Greek organizations on campus, Alpha Phi Omega, the national co-ed community service fraternity. Despite this, other Greek organizations also persist on campus, although none requires members to live in fraternal housing. Additionally, Georgetown University students are affiliated, in some cases, with fraternities at other nearby universities and colleges.", "The first parcel of land that was to become Georgetown University was acquired in 1789 by a committee of five clergymen. On this 1 � acre the committee began to construct the first university building which was ready for occupancy in 1791. Referred to as \"Old South,\" it was torn down at the turn of the 20th century. The first students enrolled in September, 1791 and by the end of the school year, the enrollment was 66 students. In 1793, an additional two acres was purchased to provide a site for what is now know as the Old North Building which was used as a dormitory and refectory for boarding students. In 1805 the Society of Jesus was reestablished in the United States and took over the administration of the college from the Corporation of the Clergy of Maryland. Georgetown University remains a Jesuit school today. By the early 19th century the College was firmly established as a leading Catholic educational institution, and in 1815 a congressional act raised the rank of Georgetown from a college to university", "Although Jesuit schools are not obliged to disassociate from Greek systems, many do, and Georgetown University officially recognizes and funds only one of the many Greek organizations on campus, Alpha Phi Omega, the national co-ed community service fraternity. Despite this, other Greek organizations exist on campus, however, none require members to live in fraternal housing. Additionally, Georgetown University students are affiliated, in some cases, with fraternities at other nearby universities and colleges. " ]

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[ "In 2011, Sylvester Stallone was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame for his work on the Rocky Balboa character, having \"entertained and inspired boxing fans from around the world\". Additionally, Stallone was awarded the Boxing Writers Association of America award for “Lifetime Cinematic Achievement in Boxing.” ", " December 7, 2010, Sylvester Stallone was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame and Museum, for paying tribute to boxers in writing and creating the underdog character of Rocky.[10]", "Photo by JOHN HAEGER International Boxing Hall of Fame class of 2011 Sylvester Stallone is congratulated by classmate Mike Tyson after his induction into International Boxing Hall of Fame on Sunday, June 12, 2011 in Canastota.", "On June 12, 2011, Tyson was inducted to the International Boxing Hall of Fame , alongside legendary Mexican champion Julio César Chávez , light welterweight champion Kostya Tszyu , and actor/screenwriter Sylvester Stallone . [116]", "April 2: Hulk Hogan, Roddy Piper, Jimmy Hart, Paul Orndorff, Nikolai Volkoff, The Iron Sheik, and Bob Orton Jr. are inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame during a ceremony at the Universal Amphitheater in Hollywood. Sylvester Stallone inducts Hogan, his Rocky III co-star, prompting chants of �one more match� as �The Immortal One� approaches the podium.", "There was the massive throng of fans who descended upon this tiny village just off the New York State Thruway to take in a star-studded class that included Tyson, Julio Cesar Chavez and screenwriter/actor Sylvester Stallone. The crowd estimates, included the folks who lined the parade route, ranged anywhere from 8,000 to 12,000.", "Julio César Chávez (born Julio César Chávez González on July 12, 1962) is a retired Mexican professional boxer. Chávez is considered the greatest fighter ever to come out of Mexico. He is a six-time world champion in three weight divisions, and for several yea...", "Stallone (pronounced /stəˈloʊn/; born July 6, 1946), commonly known as Sylvester Stallone, and nicknamed Sly Stallone,[2] is an American actor, filmmaker, screenwriter, film director and occasional painter.[3] Stallone is known for his machismo and Hollywood action roles. Two of the notable characters he has portrayed include boxer Rocky Balboa and soldier John Rambo. The Rocky and Rambo franchises, along with several other films, strengthened his reputation as an actor and his box office earnings.", "In 2005, he was the co-presenter, alongside Sugar Ray Leonard, of the NBC Reality television boxing series The Contender. That same year he also made a guest appearance in two episodes of the television series Las Vegas. In 2005, Stallone also inducted wrestling icon Hulk Hogan, who appeared in Rocky III as a wrestler named Thunderlips, into the WWE Hall of Fame; Stallone was also the person who offered Hogan the cameo in Rocky III. ", "Born on July 6, 1946, in New York City, Sylvester Stallone rose to fame as the writer and lead of the Academy Award-winning boxing film Rocky (1976). He went on to become one of the biggest action stars in the world, reprising his characters from Rocky and First Blood (1982) for several sequels. Following a mid-career decline, he rediscovered box-office success with a series of action films that included The Expendables (2010) and has earned critical acclaim reprising his Rocky role in Creed (2015), winning his first Golden Globe and receiving another Oscar nomination.", "Julio César Chávez: El Gran Campeón Mexicano (the Great Mexican Champion), and the Caesar of Boxing.", "One of the most popular action stars in cinematic history, Oscar nominee Sylvester Stallone is best known for portraying boxer Rocky Balboa and Vietnam War veteran John Rambo.", "The greatest Mexican fighter of all time, Julio Cesar Chavez had some of the most magical moments and impressive streaks in boxing history. Chavez—virtually unknown for most of his early career—was a six-time titlist in three divisions and beat some of the finest opposition of his day.", "The outstanding boxer of the year was Julio César Chávez (Mexico), the WBC light welterweight champion. He remained undefeated after 90 contests over 13 years. Mexico’s best pugilist ever had over the years held three world titles at different weights. But, when bidding for his fourth crown in September, most experts considered him extremely fortunate to be given a draw against Pernell Whitaker (U.S.), the WBC welterweight champion. The highly skilled and elusive Whitaker defied the aggressive Mexican, and Chávez was lucky not to lose his undefeated record. He remained a hero among his countrymen, and a world-record paying attendance of 132,899 had seen him retain the light welterweight title against Greg Haugen (U.S.) at the Aztec Stadium in Mexico City in February.", "Julio Cesar Chavez was seeking to make history as the first Mexican boxer to win world titles in four weight divisions when he challenged Pernell Whitaker for the welterweight title at The Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, on Sept. 10, 1993. Chavez, a champion at 130, 135 and 140 pounds, was the slight betting favorite. The biggest indoor crowd ever to attend a non-heavyweight fight up to that time (56,959) was on hand, almost all of them there to roar Chavez to victory.", "Sylvester Stallone may have narrowly missed his chance to win an Academy Award for his emotional seventh appearance as Rocky Balboa in Creed , but the film still earned him some of the best reviews of his decades-long career and served as the launchpad for a whole new era in the boxing franchise . Over the years, Stallone has proven his mainstream appeal as an undisputed icon of action cinema. Recent years have seen him add yet another successful franchise to his repertoire with The Expendables series, continuing his status as a living legend. Here are his six most memorable big-screen appearances. For the record, we’re limiting our list to one entry per franchise.", "Sage Stallone was an American actor, as well as film director, producer and distributor, who had an estimated net worth of $45 million. He was born Sage Moonblood Stallone on May 5, 1976 in Los Angeles, California, USA to Sasha Czack and Sylvester Stallone . He was a 1993 graduate of Montclair Preparatory School in Van Nuys, California. He later attended North Carolina School of the Arts and studied film making for one year.", "Lee Buck Trevino (born December 1, 1939) is a retired American professional golfer regarded as one of the greatest players in professional golf history, and the greatest Hispanic golfer of all time. He was inducted to the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1981.", "Complications his mother suffered during labor forced her obstetricians to use two pairs of forceps during his birth; misuse of these accidentally severed a nerve and caused paralysis in parts of Stallone's face. Stated on Inside the Actors Studio, 1999 As a result, the lower left side of his face is paralyzed – including parts of his lip, tongue, and chin – an accident which has given Stallone his snarling look and slightly slurred speech. Stallone was baptized Catholic. Around the age of 4, Stallone was flat-footed and put in a tap dancing school by his mother. His father moved the family to Washington, D.C. in the early 1950s, where he opened a beauty school. His mother opened a women's gymnasium called Barbella's in 1954. Stallone's parents divorced when Sylvester was nine, and he eventually lived with his mother. When Stallone was 16, he scored poorly in school and his mother got him a summer job at her beauty salon. He attended Notre Dame Academy and Lincoln High School in Philadelphia, and Charlotte Hall Military Academy, prior to attending Miami Dade College and the University of Miami. ", "Complications his mother suffered during labor forced her obstetricians to use two pairs of forceps during his birth; misuse of these accidentally severed a nerve and caused paralysis in parts of Stallone's face. [5] [6] As a result, the lower left side of his face is paralyzed - including parts of his lip, tongue, and chin - an accident which has given Stallone his snarling look and slightly slurred speech. [6] Stallone was baptized Catholic. [7] His father, a beautician, moved the family to Washington, D.C., where he opened a beauty school. His mother opened a women's gymnasium called Barbella's in 1954. [8] His younger brother is actor and musician Frank Stallone . Their parents divorced when Sylvester was nine, and he eventually lived with his mother. [6] He attended Notre Dame Academy and Abraham Lincoln High School in Philadelphia. [9] He attended Charlotte Hall Military Academy prior to attending Miami Dade College and the University of Miami. [10]", "Robert \"Rocky\" Balboa, Sr. is a fictional southpaw boxer portrayed by Sylvester Stallone who has appeared in the Rocky series from 1976 to 2006. During the series, he wins the Heavyweight Championship of the World twice. He remains one of cinema's most beloved movie characters.", "Chavez began his career with an impressive 87 fights without a loss. He was a warrior in the ring with a fierce and swarming style that few fighters have ever been able to replicate. ", "  American actor, singer, guitarist and Golden Globe and Grammy Award nominated songwriter, Frank P. Stallone, Jr. Sylvester Stallone’s younger brother was born in New York City to Jacqueline “Jackie” Stallone and hairdresser Frank Sr. Frank Jr. started his career around the time of high school singing on street corners and making money with his guitar. He also played in a recurring role on the short-lived sitcom Movie Stars, alongside fellow celebrity siblings Don Swayze and Joey Travolta. ", "Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, Hernando de Soto, César Chávez, Luis Walter Alvarez, Mario Molina, Che Guevara, Fidel Castro, Salvador Dalí, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Roberto Clemente, Sonia Sotomayor.", "Sylvester Stallone has not yet released a comment.  Just yesterday the elder Stallone appeared at Comic-Con International in San Diego, CA to promote his upcoming action film \"The Expendables 2.\"  Stallone was joined on stage by Arnold Schwarzenegger, who makes his first appearance since leaving the office as governor of California in the movie.", "One of the framed pictures depicts what Chavez says was his most famous fight. It's a shot of him and Meldrick Taylor in the ring in 1990 in Las Vegas. Chavez had been trailing most of the fight, but with seconds left on the clock in the final round he landed a solid right and sent Taylor tumbling. The ref stopped the fight, giving Chavez the win.", "A sequel titled Staying Alive was released in 1983. It didn't do as well with the critics, especially since director/co-writer Sylvester Stallone also decided to heavily feature his brother Frank on the soundtrack.", "The film, directed by the Coen brothers, was about a man (Brolin) who finds a satchel containing two million dollars in cash. He is pursued by an unstoppable assassin ( Javier Bardem , who won an Oscar for his work) and his friend, a local sheriff ( Tommy Lee Jones ). The film won four Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Director.", "In the 1950s he and his brother Frank Stallone lived in Philadelphia with their mother Jackie Stallone for approximately two years and attended Notre Dame Academy, a private Catholic school on Rittenhouse Square in center city (no longer there). It is the same school that John Barrymore and Ethel Barrymore had once attended.", "Piccinino is a Hollywood anomaly and has been described as a modern day renaissance man. Who also happens to be a AAU National Champion in weapons (4th Degree black belt) in Shoalin Kung Fu and a 1st Degree Black Belt in Okinawan Karate. Shaun parlayed his skills to launch himself into the Hollywood and Video Game action scene. Shaun has battled on top of moving trains on the NBC show \"Revolution\", doubled the stars on NBC's \"Heroes\" and played the part of \"The Quarterback\" in an episode of \"Criminal Minds.\"", "In 2001, Arnold is awarded with a lifetime achievement award (presented by Muhammad Ali) at the World sports Awards in London and is honoured as the AFMA World Box Office Champ for his contribution to film. The year is capped off with Arnold leading a delegation of statesmen, celebrities and Special Olympics athletes to South Africa to further the Special Olympics cause.", "After his discharge in 1953, Eastwood attended L.A. City College and studied drama under the GI Bill . He landed a $75-a-week contract with Universal Studios, and played bit parts in \"Francis the Talking Mule\" and \"Revenge of the Creature.\" International fame followed from his \"spaghetti\" westerns, Dirty Harry movies, and his Oscars for \"The Unforgiven.\"" ]

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[ "Donald Trump, Real Estate Developer & Casino Owner-Operator, USA (born 1946) – Took over family building and development business and became the biggest builder and owner of casinos in Atlantic City during the 1980s. Properties included Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino, Trump Marina, and Trump Taj Mahal Casino.", "In a much-hyped announcement, real estate mogul and reality television star Donald Trump pulled yet another flashy move on Wednesday offering a monetary incentive in exchange for private information from President Barack Obama's past.", "Real estate mogul Donald Trump, speaking in New York on Tuesday, June 16, announces that he will be seeking the Republican Party's nomination for President. He has been the GOP front-runner for most of the year.", "Real estate developer, born in New York City, USA. The son of a New York City residential real estate developer, he took over the Trump Organization, and greatly expanded its holdings. He built increasingly grandiose buildings, including the Trump Tower, New York City (1982), and Atlantic City casinos. His high-profile political dealmaking and enthusiastic self-promotion made him a 1980s celebrity…", "Paul Ryan, an American politician from the Republican Party, Mitt Romney's running mate in the 2012 United States presidential election; Minnie Driver, English actress; Alonzo Mourning, American basketball player; Queen Latifah, African-American rappe and actress; Lara Flynn Boyle, American actress; Mariah Carey, American singer; Rick Schroder, American actor; Andre Agassi, American tennis player; Uma Thurman, American actress; Tina Fey, American writer, comedian, and actress; Naomi Campbell, British model and actress; Gabrielle Giffords, American politician; Will Forte, American writer, actor and comedian; Sean Hayes, American actor; Chris O'Donnell, American actor; Beck, American singer; Jim Courier, American tennis player; Malcolm-Jamal Warner, African-American actor; Jay Mohr, American actor and comedian; River Phoenix, American actor (d. 1993); Claudia Schiffer, German model; Melissa McCarthy, American actress and comedian; Deborah Gibson, American singer; Zack Ward, Canadian actor; Ani DiFranco, American musician; Kelly Ripa, American actress and talk-show hostess; Matt Damon, American actor; Kirk Cameron, American actor; Ben Bailey, American host of the game show Cash Cab; Ethan Hawke, American actor, writer, and film director; Chris Jericho, Canadian pro wrestler; Tonya Harding, American figure skater; Sarah Silverman, American comedian", "Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American politician and businessman who was the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election. Before his presidential bid, he served as the 70th Governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007.", "What many in the United States and beyond is the fact Mr. Netanyahu is close friends with another internationally-known gaming mogul: James Packer. James Packer is the casino developer who owns the Crown Limited Group, the largest casino gaming company in Australia. Packer is also son of the late Australian billionaire and media mogul, Kerry Packer, who owned Australian Consolidated Press, which later was known as Publishing and Broadcasting Limited (PBL).", "The Casino is an American reality television series broadcast on the Fox network in 2004 which followed two dot-com millionaires, Thomas Breitling and Tim Poster, as they manage the Golden Nugget Hotel & Casino, located in downtown Las Vegas instead of the more popular Las Vegas Strip. The show was...", "Will and Carlton go to Las Vegas to celebrate Carlton's 21st birthday, and one of them becomes a gambling maniac.", "Michael \"Mike\" Rubens Bloomberg (born February 14, 1942) is an American business magnate, politician, and philanthropist. With a net worth of US$48.3 billion as of August 2016, Bloomberg is the 6th richest person in the United States and the 8th richest in the world.", "On August 5, 2011, Barr appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and announced her candidacy for president in the 2012 presidential election, running on the \"Green Tea Party\" ticket. Her candidacy mixed attention to economics, personal health and meditation. ", "-Paris Hilton is throwing a star-studded Las Vegas birthday party for her boyfriend Stavros Niarchos when the Greek shipping heir turns 21 later this month. The couple created a stir recently when they were denied access to Sin City's celebrity hotspots because Niarchos was underage, but that isn't stopping them from partying on Vegas' famous Strip. Hilton explains, \"(His birthday) is going to be amazing. I've already planned a big weekend in Vegas. He's so excited he can finally gamble and not get in trouble.\"", "Hollywood hunk Leonardo DiCaprio opted to throw himself a birthday party to remember when he turned 28 this month. The Titanic star saw in his birthday on November 11 and then headed to Las Vegas the following weekend to celebrate the occasion at the trendy Palms Casino Resort. After a steak dinner with 20 of his closest friends, including Limp Bizkit's Fred Durst , the actor and his pals hit the nightclub Ghostbar, where DiCaprio hit the dance floor and shot pool with current Real World castmember Arissa Hill , 23. The partying posse then retired to a private bash, which reportedly included showgirls from the Aladdin Hotel. Pal Henry Penzi, who organized the bash, says, \"He invited a lot of girls. Leo said it was by far his best birthday.\" »", "One of the richest people in America in the 1970s, Fred Trump built his real estate empire by developing apartments for middle-class families in Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island after World War II. After the younger Trump graduated from the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School in 1968, he joined his dad's firm and, in 1971, took over the business. He built on his dad's success, deploying leveraged capital on risky ventures that paid off: the Grand Hyatt Hotel on East 42nd Street, the Trump Tower on Fifth Avenue, and Trump Plaza on 61st and Third Avenue.", "One of the richest people in America in the 1970s, Fred Trump built a real estate empire developing apartments for middle-class families in Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island after World War II. After the younger Trump graduated from the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School in 1968, he joined his dad’s firm and, in 1971, took over the business. He built on his dad’s success, deploying leveraged capital on risky ventures that paid off: the Grand Hyatt Hotel on East 42nd Street, the Trump Tower on Fifth Avenue, and Trump Plaza on 61st and Third Avenue.", "William Barron Hilton I (born October 23, 1927) is an American socialite, heir, and hotelier, co-chairman of the Hilton Hotels chain, and the original owner of the San Diego Chargers. He is the paternal grandfather of Paris, Nicky, Barron, and Conrad Hilton.", "Marc Garvida, a banquet executive at the Holiday Inn Hotel, will celebrate his birthday on Wednesday, December 23.", "Television personality Bruce Jenner attends the 13th annual Michael Jordan Celebrity Invitational gala at the ARIA Resort & Casino at CityCenter in Las Vegas, Nevada, April 4, 2014.", "First, because one of billionaire developer's defining issues is immigration reform (read: building walls and forcing domestic employers to hire Americans first), this is a classic gotcha moment on the GOP nominee. In fact, given that Trump was assailed on the right by National Review and other conservatives for being insufficiently anti-immigrant ( yes, hard to believe but true ), this seeming outrage will likely swell the camp of #NeverTrump voters across the conventional political spectrum.", "2010: Bret Michaels (Poison) wins Donald Trump's reality show Celebrity Apprentice despite suffering a brain hemorrhage and a stroke, and the discovery of a hole in his heart. Michaels appears on the show's season finale, against doctor's orders. His $250,000 prize is donated to the American Diabetes Association.", "Television Personality, Gambler. Born Demetrios Georgios Synodinos in Ohio, his family's roots are in the Greek island of Chios in the Aegean Sea. He was raised in Steubenville, Ohio. He and his wife Joan, lost three of their five children to cystic fibrosis. By the time he was 28, he was known as a man who could pick winners after nailing the 1948 Presidential election. He invested money in oil drilling and coal mining, but when those ventures failed, he moved to Las Vegas in 1956 and began a... [Read More] (Bio by: Shock )", "I sing in a choir buy prilosec Robert Pattinson has officially put the Los Feliz home he shared in California with ex-girlfriend and “Twilight” costar Kristen Stewart on the market. The 27-year-old actor put the sprawling mansion up for grabs with an asking price of $6.75 million.", "“Honestly, Jared is a very successful real estate person, but I actually think he likes politics more than he likes real estate,” Trump said in Indiana on the night he essentially locked up the Republican nomination. “And he is very good at politics.”", "A few weeks later, I made my way to south-eastern Connecticut and the reservation of the Mashantucket Pequots, a tribe massacred by European settlers in 1637, now owners of the largest casino in North America. Their operation, Foxwoods, began life as a bingo hall in 1986; a cash injection from a Chinese-Malaysian businessman, Lim Goh Tong, underwrote a huge programme of expansion. Today it boasts 340,000 square feet of gaming areas, 7,200 slot machines and six separate casinos. The vast concrete-and-mirrored-glass complex towers above the treetops, amid concentric rings of parking lots and hotels.", "The ultimate hedonist is once again living the high life but this time in a California beach mansion – and he’s hanging out with Hollywood’s elite.", " He owns a $9.9 million seaside home in an exclusive San Francisco neighborhood, according to Business Insider. The house is on El Camino Del Mar, a Seacliff neighborhood, and has a stunning view of the Golden Gate Bridge. Even though the house is just two bedrooms, he bought it for nearly $10 million and it’s reportedly worth at least $18 million.  He had a Mint Plaza apartment just blocks from Square and Twitter, but sold it for $1 million in 2012.", "Was photographed with American actor David J. Silver during his visit to Arizona. He attended a lavish dinner at the Palms Hotel in Paradise Valley for his famed 2004 Fight Night Celebrity charity at the Arizona Biltmore Hotel in Phoenix.", "17. Who has been selected as the “Businessman of the year” by Fortune magazine for 2012?", "He wasn't the first to take a crumbling South Beach art deco property and turn it into a hotel, but he was the first to invest in inventive designs and other hooks. He attracted celebrity friends from the music world to South Beach by putting a recording studio into his first property, the 12-room Marlin Hotel, and the celebrities whose very presence creates buzz began arriving in earnest.", "In the 1960s, Robert Fey built 70 homes designed by Donald Wexler and Ric Harrison in the El Rancho Vista Estates. Noted residents included Jack LaLanne and comic Andy Dick.", "He returned to live in the United States on 24 December 2006, setting up residence in Las Vegas.", "In his down time, the Cruise/Muhammad/Mormon satirist is obsessed with Food Network, and his hobby is designing houses. “I got into this little habit of architecture and building,” he says. “I designed a house in Colorado and one in Hawaii. The idea is supposed to be build and sell — but then I can never bring myself to sell them.”" ]

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[ "While dangerous high-speed chases along the San Diego Freeway are not uncommon, perhaps the most famous chase in its history was also one of the slowest. On the afternoon of June 17, 1994, former football star O.J. Simpson, a suspect in the murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and waiter Ronald Goldman, took to the freeway in a white Ford Bronco (driven by former USC teammate Al Cowlings) with police in pursuit. A bizarre, widely televised low-speed chase ensued and ended hours later when Simpson returned to his Brentwood estate via the Sunset Boulevard exit and surrendered to law enforcement. ", "On June 17, a warrant was put out for Simpson's arrest, but he refused to surrender. Just before 7 p.m., police located him in a white Ford Bronco being driven by his friend, former teammate Al Cowlings. Cowlings refused to pull over and told police over his cellular phone that Simpson was suicidal and had a gun to his head. Police agreed not to stop the vehicle by force, and a low-speed chase ensued. Los Angeles news helicopters learned of the event unfolding on their freeways, and live television coverage began. As millions watched, the Bronco was escorted across Los Angeles by a phalanx of police cars. Just before 8 p.m., the dramatic journey ended when Cowlings pulled into the Rockingham estate. After an hour of tense negotiation, Simpson emerged from the vehicle and surrendered. In the vehicle was found a travel bag containing, among other things, Simpson's passport, a disguise kit consisting of a fake moustache and beard, and a revolver. Three days later, Simpson appeared before a judge and pleaded not guilty.", "FILE- A white Ford Bronco, driven by Al Cowlings and carrying O.J. Simpson, is trailed by police cars as it travels on a southern California freeway on June 17, 1994, in Los Angeles. Cowlings and Simpson led authorities on a chase after Simpson was charged with two counts of murder in the deaths of his ex-wife and her friend.", "June 17 - NFL star O.J. Simpson and his friend Al Cowlings flee from police in his white Ford Bronco . The low speed chase, which unfolds live on television, ends up at Simpson's mansion in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California , where he then surrenders to police.", "A white Ford Bronco, driven by Al Cowlings and carrying Simpson, is trailed by police cars as it travels on a southern California freeway on June 17, 1994, in Los Angeles.", "The police tracked calls placed on the cellular telephone from Simpson's van in Orange County. At 6:45 pm, a police officer saw Simpson's white Ford Bronco driven by his friend Al Cowlings, going north on Interstate 405. When the officer approached the Bronco, Cowlings, who was driving, yelled that Simpson had a gun to his own head. The officer backed off but followed the vehicle with Simpson at 35 miles per hour (56 km/h), with up to 20 police cars participating in the chase.", "Cowlings is most famous for his role in Simpson's capture on June 17, 1994, after a low-speed chase by police on Los Angeles freeways, after the murder of Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman several days before. Cowlings, who was driving a white 1993 Ford Bronco, claims that Simpson pointed a gun to his own head, demanding Cowlings drive him to Simpson's Rockingham estate in Brentwood, or Simpson would kill himself. The slow-speed chase was televised on live TV from helicopter cameras, and it was viewed by approximately 95 million people in the U.S. alone. During the chase, Cowlings famously told the police: \"My name is AC. You know who I am, God damn it!\" The chase ended at Simpson's mansion, where Simpson then surrendered to police. ", "department right now is actively searching for mr. simpson. >> o.j. simpson is not at this location. there is nothing is going on here. >> all units attention to a 187 in west l.a. division. suspect named orenthal james simpson. >> reporter: then around 6:30 p.m., some seven hours after he was supposed to have turned himself in, a white ford bronco was spotted with simpson in the backseat and his close friend al cowlings at the wheel. >> yeah, uhm i think i just saw o.j. simpson on the, uh, the 5 freeway. >> and within a minute the orange county sheriffs were on him. >> in the number one lane at 40 miles per hour. >> reporter: what followed was a surreal, low speed chase. which, by the way, involved al cowlings bronco, not simpson's. >> this is a.c. i have o.j. in the car. >> okay, where are you? >> please, i'm coming up the 5 freeway.", "1994 O.J. Simpson drove his Ford Bronco across Los Angeles with police in pursuit and millions of people watching live on television. After the slow speed chase ended Simpson was arrested and charged with the murders of Nicole Simpson and Ronald Goldman.", "5O.J. Simpson (1994-95) After Simpson’s ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend Ronald Goldman were murdered, the former football star was named a suspect and the case became a national obsession. Simpson, riding in a white Ford Bronco, led police on a nationally televised slow-speed chase. His criminal trial ended in a controversial acquittal.", "If you were alive and old enough to understand what was going on then, you remember the chase in the White Ford Bronco, in which O.J. Simpson had a disguise and cash. He was headed to Mexico and also wrote a “farewell note,” which was apparently a suicide or escape note. These weren’t the actions of an innocent man. Neither was his farewell note, which jurors weren’t allowed to hear about, thanks for attention-seeking, celebrity-wannabe Lance Ito, who had no control over his coutroom and bent over and assumed the position for the grandstanding O.J. defense team. O.J.’s army of competing egomaniacs–Johnnie Cochran, Alan Dershowitz, Robert Shapiro, and F. Lee Bailey (who was later disbarred in Florida).", "Eventually over 269 helicopters joined the chase; the high degree of media participation caused camera signals to appear on incorrect television channels. Radio station KNX also provided live coverage of the slow-speed pursuit. USC sports announcer Pete Arbogast and station producer Oran Sampson contacted former USC coach John McKay to go on the air and encourage Simpson to end the pursuit. McKay agreed and asked Simpson to pull over and turn himself in instead of committing suicide. LAPD detective Tom Lange, who had previously interviewed Simpson about the murders on June 13, realized that he had Simpson's cellular phone number and called him repeatedly. A colleague hooked a tape recorder up to Lange's phone and captured a conversation between Lange and Simpson in which Lange repeatedly pleaded with Simpson to \"throw the gun out the window\" for the sake of his mother and his children. Simpson apologized for not turning himself in earlier in the day and responded that he was \"the only one who deserved to get hurt\" and was \"just gonna go with Nicole.\" Al Cowlings can be overheard on the recording (after the Bronco had arrived at Simpson's home surrounded by police) pleading with Simpson to surrender and end the chase peacefully. During the pursuit and without having a chance to hear the taped phone conversation, Simpson's friend Al Michaels interpreted his actions as an admission of guilt.", "According to the prosecution, Simpson was last seen in public at 9:36 p.m. that evening when he returned to the front gate of his house with Brian \"Kato\" Kaelin, a bit-part actor and family friend who lived with Nicole[clarification needed] until he was given the use of a guest house on Simpson's estate. Simpson was not seen again until 10:54 p.m., an hour and 18 minutes later, when he came out of the front door of his house to a waiting limousine hired to take him to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) to fly to a Hertz convention in Chicago. Both the defense and prosecution agreed that the murders took place between 10:15 and 10:40 p.m., with the prosecution saying that Simpson drove his white Bronco the five minutes to and from the murder scene. They presented a witness in the area of Bundy Drive who saw a car similar to Simpson's Bronco speeding away from the area at 10:35 p.m.", "O.J. Simpson, center of rear seat, rides into Parker Center, the Los Angeles Police Department headquarters, Friday night, June 17, 1994 after his arrest following a low-speed freeway chase which ended in the drive of his Brentwood estate in Los Angeles. Simpson was charged with two counts of murder in connection with the slaying of his ex-wife Nicole, and Ron Goldman. (AP Photo/Bob Galbraith) ", "For some time a Los Angeles News Service helicopter piloted by Bob Tur, and contracted by KCBS had exclusive coverage,:88 but over 20 helicopters joined the chase; the high degree of media participation caused camera signals to appear on incorrect television channels. Radio station KNX also provided live coverage of the slow-speed pursuit. USC sports announcer Pete Arbogast and station producer Oran Sampson contacted former USC coach John McKay to go on the air and encourage Simpson to end the pursuit. McKay agreed and asked Simpson to pull over and turn himself in instead of committing suicide.:88 He responded to the pleas from McKay and other friends by stating that he was \"just gonna go with Nicole\". Simpson's friend Al Michaels interpreted his actions as an admission of guilt.", "According to the prosecution, Simpson was last seen in public at 9:36 p.m. that evening when he returned to the front gate of his house with Brian 'Kato' Kaelin, a bit-part actor and family friend who lived with Nicole until he was given the use of a guest house on the property of Simpson's estate. Simpson was not seen again until 10:54 p.m., an hour and 18 minutes later, when he came out of the front door of his house to a waiting limousine hired to take him to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) to fly to a Hertz convention in Chicago. Both the defense and prosecution agreed that the murders took place between 10:15 and 10:40 p.m., with the prosecution saying that Simpson drove his white Bronco the five minutes to and from the murder scene. They presented a witness in the area of Bundy Drive who saw a car similar to Simpson's Bronco speeding away from the area at 10:35 p.m.", "In California, former NFL running back Orenthal James \"O.J.\" Simpson was allegedly involved in the murder of his ex-wife and a close friend of hers in 1994. While celebrity trials had gotten press before, this one (and the low-speed car chase along LA freeways that preceded it) absolutely dominated national headlines through 1995. The outcome of the trial (found not guilty) caused a great deal of arguing, particularly along racial lines. This trial also featured the first highly-publicized usage of DNA as evidence.", "Howard Weitzman, attorney for O.J. Simpson, reacts to questions Monday, June 13, 1994, after the former NFL great was questioned in Los Angeles into the murders of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and acquaintance Ronald Goldman. Weitzman, stating personal commitments, withdrew from the case Wednesday.(AP Photo/Michael Caulfield) ", "The O. J. Simpson murder case (officially called the People of the State of California v. Orenthal James Simpson) was a criminal trial held in Los Angeles County, California Superior Court from January 29 to October 3, 1995. Former American football star and actor O. J. Simpson was tried on two counts of murder following the June, 1994 deaths of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman. The case has been described as the most publicized criminal trial in American history. Ultimately, Simpson was acquitted after a lengthy trial that lasted over nine months which was presided over by Judge Lance Ito.", "1994 - OJ Simpson doesn't turn himself in on murder charges, LA cops chase his Ford Bronco for 1� hours, eventually gives up (seen live on TV)", "Contrary to popular belief, the Bronco involved in the chase did not belong to Simpson, but he did own an identical model. O.J.'s own Bronco turned up incriminating evidence and this vehicle was part of Simpson's trial. Simpson's Bronco was destroyed after the trial.", "1994 - In Los Angeles, O.J. Simpson pled innocent to the killing of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman.", "The former NFL star was in 1995 acquitted of killing his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend, Ronald Goldman, after a televised, racially charged trial that captivated the nation. He was subsequently found liable for their deaths in a civil action and ordered to pay the families of his alleged victims over 30 million dollars, an award that remains largely unpaid.", "On this day in 1995, O.J. Simpson was acquitted of the murders of his ex-wife Nicole and her friend Ronald Goldman, whom he had viciously stabbed to death on June 12 of the previous year.   Since then, Simpson has been scouring Las Vegas casinos, and golf courses all over America, searching for the real killer.", "Colt Seaver is a combination bounty hunter and stunt man. He drives a big GMC truck with a eagle painted on its hood. He chases after \"bad guys\" and returns them to the Los Angeles area. He has two companions, Howie and Jodie. These two companions usually follow Colt in his adventures and sometimes they are on there own. Written by CJ Lagos <midnight@richmond.infi.net>", "^ \"O.J. Simpson trial: Transcript of Bronco call\". CNN. December 31, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2013.", "On March 3, 1991, Rodney King and two passengers were driving west on the Foothill Freeway (I-210) through the Lake View Terrace neighborhood of Los Angeles. The California Highway Patrol (CHP) attempted to initiate a traffic stop. A high-speed pursuit ensued with speeds estimated at up to 115 mph first over freeways and then through residential neighborhoods. When King came to a stop, CHP Officer Timothy Singer and his wife, CHP Officer Melanie Singer, ordered the occupants under arrest. [8]", "On Sunday, February 12, 1995, a long motorcade traveled into Brentwood where the judge, jurors, prosecutors, and defense lawyers made a two-hour inspection of the crime scene, and then a three-hour tour of O.J. Simpson's Rockingham estate. Simpson, under guard by several officers but not wearing handcuffs, waited outside the crime scene in an unmarked police car, but was permitted to enter his Rockingham house.", "On the evening of March 3, 1991, Rodney King and two passengers were driving west on the Foothill Freeway (I-210) through the Lake View Terrace neighborhood of Los Angeles. The California Highway Patrol (CHP) attempted to initiate a traffic stop. A high-speed pursuit ensued with speeds estimated at up to 115 mph first over freeways, and then through residential neighborhoods. When King came to a stop, CHP Officer Timothy Singer and his wife, CHP Officer Melanie Singer, ordered the occupants under arrest. ", "Freeway  (1996)- A runaway child hits the road and becomes friend with the notorious I-10 killer with Kiefer Sutherland", "Former football star O.J. Simpson was held without bail on Monday, accused of stealing back his own sports souvenirs in what was reported to be an expletive-laced face-off with memorabilia dealers. Simpson, 60, who was acquitted in 1995 of the...", "THIRTEEN years to the day after being acquitted of killing his wife and her friend in Los Angeles, former American football star OJ Simpson was found guilty of robbing two sports memorabilia dealers at gunpoint in a Las Vegas hotel room." ]

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[ "Sulfur has relatively few uses as an element. One of the most important of those uses is in vulcanization. Vulcanization is the process of adding sulfur to rubber to make it stiff and hard. It keeps the rubber from melting as it gets warmer. The discovery of vulcanization by Charles Goodyear (1800-60) in 1839 is one of the greatest industrial accomplishments of modern times.", "Sulfur has relatively few uses as an element. One of the most important of those uses is in vulcanization. Vulcanization is the process of adding sulfur to rubber to make it stiff and hard. It keeps the rubber from melting as it gets warmer. The discovery of vulcanization by Charles Goodyear (1800-60) in 1839 is one of the greatest industrial accomplishments of modern times.", "* Vulcanization refers to a specific curing process of rubber involving high heat and the addition of sulfur or other equivalent curatives. It is a chemical process in which polymer molecules are linked to other polymer molecules by atomic bridges composed of sulfur atoms or carbon-to-carbon bonds. A vast array of products are made with vulcanized rubber including ice hockey pucks, tires, shoe soles, hoses and many more. When \"rubber fever\" struck Boston in the 1830s, there was a large consumer demand for products made of rubber- aprons, life preservers, hats, carriage tops, and, by 1836, waterproof shoes. But in the heat of summer, rubber goods turned into a gooey, foul-smelling mess; in the winter, they froze stiff. In 1839, Charles Goodyear had a breakthrough when he mixed liquid latex with sulfur and heating it in the sun or over a stove top. The leather-like form of the stretchable substance resulted in the first vulcanized rubber. Goodyear received a patent on June 15, 1844. ", "Charles Goodyear (USA) discovers the process of mixing natural rubber with sulphur to make a stronger and more resilient product, the process was later termed 'vulcanisation'. As with many discoveries in plastics this was an accident. Goodyear had been trying to find a method of preventing rubber from softening at high temperatures for many years and in 1839 he dropped accidentally dropped a mixture of rubber and sulphur onto a hot stove - a Eureka moment!", "None of it would have been possible without Charles Goodyear , who in 1844 -- more than 50 years before the first rubber tires would appear on cars -- patented a process known as vulcanization. This process involved heating and removing the sulphur from rubber, thus making the rubber water-proof and winter-proof and allowing it to retain its elasticity. While Goodyear's claim to have invented vulcanization was challenged, he prevailed in court and is today remembered as the sole inventor of vulcanized rubber.", "Goodyear purchased the patent rights to solarization and began experimenting with sulfur compounds. By trial and error, the inventor mixed latex rubber with sulfur and lead oxide. Legend has it that some of the mixture fell onto a hot stove, and the resulting rubber was hard, flexible and durable. Goodyear's accidental process eventually became known as vulcanization. He also found that changing the amount of sulfur changed the rubber's characteristics. The more sulfur used, the harder the rubber became. So what happens when rubber is vulcanized?", "26. Charles Goodyear patented this process in 1844. It is performed by heating rubber mixed with sulfur. Named after the Roman god of fire, what is this process that improves the strength and elasticity of rubber?", "• Charles Goodyear (1800-1860) who in 1839, discovered (by accident) that when rubber and sulfur are heated together at a high temperature, a rubber with desirable properties results. This process, called vulcanization, is still the basis of the rubber-manufacturing industry.", "Vulcanization or vulcanisation is a chemical process for converting natural rubber or related polymers into more durable materials by the addition of sulfur or other equivalent curatives or accelerators. These additives modify the polymer by forming cross-links (bridges) between individual polymer chains. Vulcanized materials are less sticky and have superior mechanical properties. The term vulcanized fiber refers to cellulose that has been treated in a zinc chloride solution to cross-link the cellulose fibers.", "Sulfur-sulfur bonds are a structural component used to stiffen rubber, similar to the disulfide bridges that rigidify proteins (see biological below). In the most common type of industrial \"curing\" or hardening and strengthening of natural rubber, elemental sulfur is heated with the rubber to the point that chemical reactions form disulfide bridges between isoprene units of the polymer. This process, patented in 1843, made rubber a major industrial product, especially in automobile tires. Because of the heat and sulfur, the process was named vulcanization, after the Roman god of the forge and volcanism.", "Natural rubber was first used as material for adhesives starting in 1830. In 1839, Charles Goodyear discovered that a rubber and sulfur mixture, when heated, becomes elastic. In 1843, Thomas Hancock named this process vulcanization. In 1862, a British patent (number 3288) was issued for the plating of metal with brass by electrodeposition to obtain a stronger bond to rubber. The development of the automobile and the need for rubber shock mounts required stronger and more durable bonds of rubber and metal. This spurred the development of cyclized rubber treated in strong acids. By 1927, this process was used to produce solvent-based thermoplastic rubber cements for metal to rubber bonding.", "1839 VULCANIZATION: The process of changing the physical properties of rubber through application of sulphur and heat was first perfected in America by Charles Goodyear.", "Chains of natural rubber are very long and have few if any cross-links, and so the material is a thermoplastic, becoming soft and sticky in the summer and hard and brittle in the winter. These disadvantages were overcome in 1839 by a discovery made accidentally by Charles Goodyear in Woburn, Massachusetts. The story goes that after many years of experimenting, he had spilt or accidentally placed a mixture of rubber, sulfur and lead oxide on a hot stove. The rubber was no longer sticky but had been converted to a tough, elastic substance stable to heat and cold. It also did not dissolve in the solvents that dissolved natural rubber. He had invented the process now known as vulcanization.", "* Rubber can be vulcanized with tellurium instead of sulfur or selenium. The rubber produced in this way shows improved heat resistance. ", "The discovery of the rubber-sulfur reaction revolutionized the use and applications of rubber, and changed the face of the industrial world. Formerly, the only way to seal a small gap between moving machine parts was to use leather soaked in oil. This practice was acceptable only at moderate pressures, but above a certain point, machine designers were forced to compromise between the extra friction generated by tighter packing and greater leakage of steam. Vulcanized rubber solved this problem. It could be formed to precise shapes and dimensions, it accepted moderate to large deformations under load and recovered quickly to its original dimensions once the load is removed. These exceptional qualities, combined with good durability and lack of stickiness, were critical for an effective sealing material. Further experiments in the processing and compounding of rubber by Hancock and his colleagues led to a more reliable process.", "Small amounts of organoselenium compounds are used to modify the vulcanization catalysts for the production of rubber. ", "Any good encyclopedia will have an article on rubber and the rubber industry, as well as articles on sulphur and sulphuric acid.", "In the 1800s, as industrial chemistry developed during the Industrial Revolution, many materials were reported. The development of plastics also accelerated with Charles Goodyear's discovery of vulcanization to thermoset materials derived from natural rubber.", "In the 1850s vulcanised rubber was invented by an American, Charles Goodyear and separately by Thomas Hancock in the UK in 1843/4.", "Goodyear's discovery of what came to be known as vulcanization strengthened rubber so it could be applied to a vast variety of industrial uses, including, eventually, automobile tires.", "* 1843: Vulcanisation of rubber, a process for making natural rubber more durable, patented by Thomas Hancock (1786–1865).", "Though Goodyear is often credited with the invention of vulcanized rubber, modern evidence has proven that the Mesoamericans used stabilized rubber for balls and other objects as early as 1600 BC.,[4] and Thomas Hancock had a patent pending for a vulcanization process 8 weeks before Goodyear.", "In 1823, Charles Macintosh found a practical process for waterproofing fabrics, and in 1839 Charles Goodyear discovered vulcanization, which revolutionized the rubber industry. On March 17, 1845, the fist rubber band was patented by Stephen Perry of London. In the latter half of the 19th century the demand for rubber insulation by the electrical industry and the invention of the pneumatic tire extended the demand for rubber. In the 19th century wild rubber was harvested in South and Central America and in Africa; most of it came from the Para rubber tree of the Amazon basin.", "*1839: Charles Goodyear of New Haven discovers the process of vulcanizing rubber in Woburn, Massachusetts, and later perfects it and patents the process in nearby Springfield, Massachusetts. ", "is a process flow diagram illustrating how vulcanized rubber (or other vulcanized elastomers) may be devulcanized in accordance with the present invention and then subsequently revulcanized into useful end products.", "In the year 1852 Goodyear went to Europe, a trip that he had long planned, and saw Thomas Hancock, then in the employ of Charles Macintosh & Company. Hancock claimed to have invented vulcanization independently, and received a British patent, initiated in 1843, but finalized in 1844. In 1855, in the last of three patent disputes with fellow British rubber pioneer, Stephen Moulton, Hancock's patent was challenged with the claim that Hancock had copied Goodyear. Goodyear attended the trial. If Hancock lost, Goodyear stood to have his own British patent application granted, allowing him to claim royalties from both Hancock and Moulton. Both had examined Goodyear's vulcanized rubber in 1842, but several chemists testified that it would not have been possible to determine how it was made by studying it. Hancock prevailed.[citation needed]", "Goodyear: named after the founder of vulcanization, Charles Goodyear, the Goodyear Tire and Rubber company was founded by Frank Seiberling in 1898.", "Read about Goodyear’s namesake, Charles Goodyear, and the accidental discovery that lead to the vulcanization process.", "Now let us take a good look at Goodyear . . . hmm he is instaneously known for the vulcanization of rubber. And you, what exactly are you known for? Why don’t you identify one of your patents.", "The earliest tires were bands of leather, then iron, (later steel), placed on wooden wheels, used on carts and wagons. The tire would be heated in a forge fire, placed over the wheel and quenched, causing the metal to contract and fit tightly on the wheel. A skilled worker, known as a wheelwright, carried out this work. The outer ring served to \"tie\" the wheel segments together for use, providing also a wear-resistant surface to the perimeter of the wheel. The word \"tire\" thus emerged as a variant spelling to refer to the metal bands used to tie wheels.", "In 1898, almost four decades after his death, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company was founded and named after Goodyear by Frank Seiberling.[10]", "Goodyear is most popularly known for the tire company named after him. In 1898, almost four decades after his death, the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company was founded and named by Frank Seiberling." ]

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[ "In this article, we'll look at what's known about Area 51, as well as what's suspected, and try to piece together as much as we can. Remember, as they used to say on the classic TV show \"The X-Files,\" the truth is out there.", "Taglines were a feature of The X-Files episodes. Although the series' opening credits sequences usually ended with \"The Truth is Out There\", other lines occasionally replaced it. The following is a list of other taglines used in episodes of the series.", "In quoting the televised series of the X Files, “The Truth Is Out There.” May you discover it for yourself sir with all others here and world-wide. I humbly remain at your service.", "The truth is out there. The X-Files is still a terrific show after 8 years, and I am anxiously awaiting what is to come.", "Carter, banking on his audience’s obsession for unsolvable mysteries and complex conspiracies, immediately teased viewers in the opening sequence of every show with one of two enigmatic taglines, “The Truth Is Out There,” and “Trust No One,” phrases that soon would be adopted by the public to be used in everyday life.", "Real World (formerly known as The Real World from 1992 to 2013) is a reality television series on MTV originally produced by Mary-Ellis Bunim and Jonathan Murray. First broadcast in 1992, the show, which was inspired by the 1973 PBS documentary series An American Family, is the longest-running program in MTV history and one of the longest-running reality series in history, credited with launching the modern reality TV genre. Seven to eight young adults are picked to temporarily live in a new city together in one residence while being filmed non-stop.", "Fictional television programs, that some television scholars and broadcasting advocacy groups argue are \"quality television\", include series such as Twin Peaks and The Sopranos. Kristin Thompson argues that some of these television series exhibit traits also found in art films, such as psychological realism, narrative complexity, and ambiguous plotlines. Nonfiction television programs that some television scholars and broadcasting advocacy groups argue are \"quality television\", include a range of serious, noncommercial, programming aimed at a niche audience, such as documentaries and public affairs shows.", "* The Wire (2002–08), a television drama series set and produced in and around Baltimore, Maryland, created and primarily written by author and former police reporter David Simon. Simon has stated that he originally set out to create a police drama loosely based on the experiences of his writing partner Ed Burns, a former homicide detective. Burns, when working on protracted investigations of violent drug dealers using surveillance technology, had often been frustrated by the bureaucracy of the Baltimore police department; Simon saw similarities with his own ordeals as a police reporter for The Baltimore Sun. The show is realistic in depicting the processes of both police work and criminal activity, with many of the plot points based on the experiences of Simon and Burns. Despite only receiving modest ratings and never winning major television awards, The Wire has been described by many critics as the greatest television series ever made and one of the most accomplished works of fiction of the 2000s. ", "The Newsroom is an American drama television series created and principally written by Aaron Sorkin that premiered on HBO on June 24, 2012. The series chronicles the behind-the-scenes events at the fictional Atlantis Cable News (ACN) channel.", "The true story of Jeffrey Wigand, a former tobacco executive, who decided to appear on the CBS-TV News show “60 Minutes.” As a matter of conscience, partially prodded by producer Lowell Bergman, Wigand revealed that the tobacco industry not only was aware that cigarettes are addictive and harmful but also deliberately worked on increasing that addictiveness. Unfortunately, both protagonists of this story learn the hard way that simply telling the truth is not enough as they struggle against both Big Tobacco’s attempts to silence them and the CBS TV Network’s own preference of putting money as a higher priority over the truth. 1999 drama. Rated R. 157 minutes. Communication: Journalism Education Today • 43", "Leverage is a 2008 American TV series set in the modern day whose cast is intentionally modelled after Robin Hood and his Merry Men (albeit in the form of a Five-Token Band .) Rather than just one antagonist, it has various evil corporations.", "Is It Real? is an American television series that originally aired from April 25, 2005 to August 14, 2007 on the National Geographic Channel. The program examines popular or persistent mysteries to determine whether the featured cryptozoological creature (cryptid) or supernatural phenomenon is real or not. The show typically includes interviews with proponents of the featured paranormal claims, and then with scientists and skeptics who attempt to find rational explanations for such phenomena using a scientific approach. The program has been criticized as being heavily biased towards the skeptical perspective because it usually concludes debunking or finding mundane explanations for the claims.", "Something Is Out There is the title of a 1988 American science fiction television miniseries that aired on NBC, and a short-lived weekly series that followed in the fall of 1988. The miniseries stars Joseph Cortese as Jack Breslin, a police officer investigating brutal murders in which organs have ...", "Despite the America-specific references, the filmmakers have always referred to the film as adding dialogue to a set of issues much broader than the U.S. administration. [8] When James McTeigue was asked whether or not BTN was based on Fox News McTeigue replied, \"Yes. But not just Fox . Everyone is complicit in this kind of stuff. It could just as well been the Britain's Sky News Channel, also a part of News Corp .\" [8]", "* The WB television series Mission Hill based an entire episode on The Real World, in which the show's protagonist joins the cast and attempts to destroy The Real World from the inside by exposing it as an elaborate hoax with microphones and hidden cameras telling each person how to act and behave on camera.", "ABC's Quantico Uses Timothy McVeigh to Smear American Veterans .  As I've said before, the second most far-left outfit in the history of broadcasting right now behind NBC is the American Broadcasting Company — ABC.  Their new espionage drama Quantico has been shown to support far-left causes from the very first episode, from taking cheap-shots at Mormons, to making Planned Parenthood an innocent victim of conservative terrorists.", "Dragnet was an American radio, television and motion picture series, enacting the cases of a dedicated Los Angeles police detective, Sergeant Joe Friday, and his partners. The show takes its name from the police term \"dragnet\", meaning a system of coordinated measures for apprehending criminals or suspects.", "In 1995, CBS refused to air a 60 Minutes segment that featured an interview with a former president of research and development for Brown & Williamson, the U.S.'s third largest tobacco company. The controversy raised questions about the legal roles in decision-making and whether journalistic standards should be compromised despite legal pressures and threats. The decision nevertheless sent shockwaves throughout the television industry, the journalism community, and the country. This incident was the basis for the 1999 Michael Mann-directed drama film, The Insider.", "Conspiracy Of Silence. Captain Matt Holbrook (Robert Taylor) leads a squad of brave and tough detectives tackling crime. Also Stars: Tige Andrews, Russell Thorson, Adam West (S1, E4)", "Where the Truth Lies (Lifetime, 1999). An attorney takes a murder case; ends by believing her client is guilty. Regina King and Marlee Matlin star. Also called 90 Days at Hollyridge, Hollyridge.", "Cover Up, a short-lived CBS action-drama, used Bonnie Tyler's \"Holding Out For A Hero\" as its theme.", "37 Q What is the name of the TV series where a present day policeman finds himself in the1970's?", "Lynch, J. (Producer and Writer). ``The Proof.'' NOVA television episode. 52 mins. Broadcast by the U. S. Public Broadcasting System on Oct. 28, 1997.", "The show was famous for its cliffhangers, including the \"Who shot J.R.?\" mystery. The 1980 episode \"Who Done It\" remains the second highest rated prime-time telecast ever. The show also featured a \"Dream Season\", in which the entirety of the ninth season was revealed to have been a dream of Pam Ewing. After 14 seasons, the series finale \"Conundrum\" aired in 1991.", "What '50's police drama began with \"The story you are about to see is true. The names have been changed to protect the innocent\"?", "\"The story you are about to see is true\", \"Just the facts, ma'am\", \"We were working the day watch\" - phrases which became so popular as to inspire much parody - set the realistic tone of this early police drama. The show emphasized careful police work and the interweaving of policemen's professional and personal lives. Written by Ed Stephan <stephan@cc.wwu.edu>", "THE TV show that has spooked millions with its footage of hauntings and poltergeists is today exposed as a fake - by one its own stars.", "What '50's polic drama began with \"The story you are about to see is true. The names have been changed to protect the innocent\"?", "CORRECTION: A prior version of this post incorrectly referred to Jack Bauer as a \"CIA superagent.\" The character was actually a member of the fictional Counter Terrorist Unit, or CTU.", "The TV show that has spooked millions with its footage of hauntings and poltergeists has been exposed as a fake - by one its own stars.", "A one-hour drama inspired by David Simon's acclaimed non-fiction book \"Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets.\" It is at once a mundane yet compelling look in and around a Homicide unit of the Baltimore Police Department, a group of determined individuals who are committed to their grim job at hand. Written by Karina Santos <tallulahg@aol.com>", "Original network broadcasts opened with an on-screen content warning. This was one of the first TV programs to include such a warning, though such disclaimers are now commonplace. See more »" ]

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[ "Bloomsday is a commemoration observed annually on June 16th in Dublin and elsewhere to celebrate the life of Irish writer James Joyce and relive the events in his novel, Ulysses, all of which took place on the same day in Dublin in 1904. The name “Bloomsday” derives from Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses.", "Bloomsday is a commemoration observed annually on June 16th in Dublin and elsewhere to celebrate the life of Irish writer James Joyce and relive the events in his novel Ulysses, all of which took place on the same day in Dublin in 1904. Joyce chose the date because his first outing with his wife-to-be, Nora Barnacle happened on that day, when they walked to the Dublin urban village of Ringsend. The name derives from Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses.", "Bloomsday is a commemoration observed annually on 16 June in Dublin and elsewhere to celebrate the life of Irish writer James Joyce and relive the events in his novel Ulysses, all of which took place on the same day in Dublin in 1904.", "Bloomsday is a commemoration observed annually on 16 June in Dublin to celebrate the life of Irish writer James Joyce and relive the events in his novel Ulysses, all of which took place on the same day in Dublin in 1904. The name derives from Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses. Thursday, 16 June 1904 was the date of Joyce’s first outing with his wife-to-be, Nora Barnacle, when they walked to the Dublin urban village of Ringsend.", "Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Bloomsday is a commemoration observed annually on 16 June in Dublin and elsewhere to celebrate the life of Irish writer James Joyce and relive the events in his novel Ulysses, all of which took place on the same day in Dublin in 1904. The name derives from Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses. Thursday, 16 June 1904 was the date of Joyce''s first outing with his wife-to-be, Nora Barnacle, when they walked to the Dublin urban village of Ringsend. Bloomsday (a term Joyce himself did not employ) was invented in 1954, the 50th anniversary, when John Ryan (artist, critic, publican and founder of Envoy magazine) and the novelist Flann O''Brien organised what was to be a daylong pilgrimage along the Ulysses route. They were joined by Patrick Kavanagh, Anthony Cronin, Tom Joyce (a dentist who, as Joyce''s cousin, represented the family interest) and AJ Leventhal (Registrar of Trinity College).", "proper n. An annual celebration (on 16 June, in Dublin and elsewhere) of the life of Irish writer James Joyce and the events depicted in his novel Ulysses.", "Observed annually on June 16, Bloomsday is celebrated in Dublin and elsewhere to commemorate the writer James Joyce and the characters and events of his famous novel  Ulysses , which takes place over only one day, June 16, 1904. Here are other novels set during just one day.", "Since 1954, June 16 is known worldwide as “Bloomsday”, a celebration of James Joyce’s novel Ulysses. The entire novel is set on June 16, 1904. 1954 marked the fiftieth anniversary of that fictional day. The James Joyce Center in Dublin provides the following explanation for the significance of the date:", "To fans of James Joyce’s Ulysses, June 16 is a “sacred day” known as Bloomsday, a chance to celebrate the book—which traces ad salesman Leopold Bloom’s path on June 16, 1904, in Dublin, the city seen in the photos above—by eating kidneys for breakfast, donning period costumes or simply raising a pint.", "To lovers of James Joyce and Irish literature, June 16 has a special significance. It's known as Bloomsday, named for Leopold Bloom, the main character in Joyce's \"Ulysses. \" The notoriously challenging novel blasted through formal conventions and become an iconic work of modernist fiction; its 600-plus pages take place in Dublin over the course of a single day, June 16, 1904. And on Saturday, Angelenos can celebrate the occasion by attending dramatic readings, listening to Irish music and naturally raising a glass of Guinness.", "Bloomsday is a celebration that takes place both in Dublin and around the world. It celebrates Thursday 16 June 1904, which is the day depicted in James Joyce’s novel Ulysses. The day is named after Leopold Bloom, the central character in Ulysses.", "If you happen to be in Dublin on June 16 of any year, you're in luck -- that's the day the whole city celebrates Joyce's \"Ulysses.\"", "June 16th is unique in literature in that it actually has a day named after it. Bloomsday is named after the main character Leopold Bloom in James Joyce’s most famous work Ulysses. And the date was deliberately chosen by the author as it was on this day in 1904 that he and Nora Barnacle, his future lover and wife, went on their first date. By that October she would leave Dublin and accompany him to France, where they struggled until his eventual breakthrough and international recognition.", "MONTAGNE: None of which prevents fans today of the novelist James Joyce from descending on Dublin on June 16th. That's the day in 1904 on which his masterpiece \"Ulysses\" takes place. This year, NPR's Rob Gifford went along.", "Bloomsday—June 16th—is an annual celebration among Joyce fans throughout the world, from Fort Lauderdale to Melbourne. It is celebrated in at least sixty countries worldwide, but nowhere so imaginatively, of course, as in Dublin. There the events of Leopold Bloom's day are reenacted by anyone who cares to participate, and his itinerary is followed all across Dublin.", "James Joyce, in full James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (born Feb. 2, 1882, Dublin , Ire.—died Jan. 13, 1941, Zürich , Switz.), Irish novelist noted for his experimental use of language and exploration of new literary methods in such large works of fiction as Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939).", "James Joyce 1882–1941, Joyce was educated at Clongowes Wood College, Belvedere College and then attended University College in Dublin (1899–1902). Irish novelist. Perhaps the most influential and significant novelist of the 20th century. Joyce was a master of the English language. His novel Ulysses, which is among the great works of world literature. Ulysses, written between 1914 and 1921, was published in Paris in 1922 by Shakespeare & Company. Its publication was banned in the United States until 1933. Joyce returned to Ireland briefly in 1909 in a futile attempt to start a chain of motion picture theaters in Dublin, and again in 1912 in an unsuccessful attempt to arrange for the publication of the short story collection Dubliners, which had to be abandoned due to fears of prosecution for obscenity and libel. From 1922 until 1939 Joyce worked on Finnegans Wake (1939), a complex novel that attempts to connect multiple cycles of Irish and human history into the framework of a single night's events in the family of a Dublin publican. Joyce died in Zürich in 1941.", "After World War I Joyce returned for a few months to Trieste, and then—at the invitation of Ezra Pound—in July 1920 he went to Paris. His novel Ulysses was published there on Feb. 2, 1922, by Sylvia Beach , proprietor of a bookshop called “Shakespeare and Company” Ulysses is constructed as a modern parallel to Homer’s Odyssey. All of the action of the novel takes place in Dublin on a single day (June 16, 1904). The three central characters—Stephen Dedalus (the hero of Joyce’s earlier Portrait of the Artist), Leopold Bloom , a Jewish advertising canvasser, and his wife, Molly Bloom—are intended to be modern counterparts of Telemachus , Ulysses, and Penelope . By the use of interior monologue Joyce reveals the innermost thoughts and feelings of these characters as they live hour by hour, passing from a public bath to a funeral, library, maternity hospital, and brothel.", "Bloomsday , an annual celebration of James Joyce, is a landmark date in the Irish cultural calendar and marked around the world. In Dublin thousands take to the streets on 16 June to stage scenes from Ulysses.", "Born in Dublin, Ireland, <b>James Joyce</b> (1882 1941) studied philosophy and languages at the Dublin College of the Royal University. He left Ireland in 1902 and went to Paris, but upon learning that his mother was dying, he returned to Dublin in 1903. After his mother s death, Joyce taught school in Dublin and met Nora Barnacle, the woman who would be his lifelong companion. Joyce and Nora left Ireland in 1904 and traveled to Trieste, where Joyce taught languages at the Berlitz School. An attack of rheumatic fever in 1907 caused his vision to worsen throughout his life. Apart from one trip back to Dublin in 1912, Joyce spent the rest of his life on the Continent. Wealthy patrons subsidized his writing, and Joyce became the most influential novelist of the twentieth century. His writings include <i>Chamber Music</i> (1907), <i>Dubliners</i> (1914), <i>A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man</i> (1916), <i>Exiles</i> (1918), <i>Ulysses </i>(1922), <i>Pomes Penyeach </i>(1927), and <i>Finnegans Wake </i>(1939). <b>Langdon Hammer</b>, author of <i>Hart Crane and Allen Tate: Janus-Faced Modernism</i> and numerous essays on modern and contemporary literature, is the chairman of the English Department at Yale University.\"", "Joyce began to suffer from serious vision difficulties due to glaucoma; he would eventually be forced to undergo many operations and long periods of near-blindness. Ulysses, the epic reconstruction of the minutiae of a single day in Dublin June 16, 1904 was serialized in The Little Review starting in 1918, and published in Paris (by the American Sylvia Beach through her bookstore Shakespeare & Company) in 1922, on his fortieth birthday. Due to censorship it remained unavailable in the United States until 1934 and in the United Kingdom until 1936. Except for a small volume of verse, Pomes Penyeach (1927), Joyce published nothing thereafter except extracts from the enormous work in progress that emerged as Finnegans Wake in 1939. In his later years he was closely associated with the young Samuel Beckett, whom he had met in 1928. After the German invasion of France, Joyce and Nora moved back to Zurich, where he died on January 13, 1941.", "Episodes (chapters) in Ulysses relate a series of encounters and incidents in Bloom's contemporary odyssey through Dublin in the course of the single day of 16 June 1904 (although episodes 1 to 3, 9 and to a lesser extent 7, are primarily concerned with Stephen Dedalus, who in the plan of the story is the counterpart of Telemachus). Joyce aficionados celebrate 16 June as 'Bloomsday'.", "James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist and poet. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde, and is regarded as one of the most influential and important authors of the twentieth century. ", "James Joyce was born in Dublin in 1882. He came from a reasonably wealthy family which, predominantly because of the recklessness of Joyce's father John, was soon plunged into financial hardship. The young Joyce attended Clongowes College, Belvedere College and, eventually, University College, Dublin. In 1904 he met Nora Barnacle, and eloped with her to Croatia. From this point until the end of his life, Joyce lived as an exile, moving from Trieste to Rome, and then to Zurich and Paris. His major works are Dubliners (1914), A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), Ulysses (1922) and Finnegan's Wake (1939). He died in 1941, by which time he had come to be regarded as one of the greatest novelists the world ever produced. show more", "The entire book takes place between 8 a.m. June 16, 1904, and twilight in the small hours of June 17. The date is known now as \"Bloomsday\" in honor of the protagonist of the novel, Leopold Bloom, a middle-age man of Hungarian Jewish descent. The novel mimics and parodies the episodes of Homer's epic The Odyssey as Bloom wanders the streets of Dublin during an ordinary Thursday. Bloom fixes his unfaithful wife breakfast, uses the privy, receives a love letter, attends a Catholic mass, attends a funeral, attempts to submit an ad to a paper, eats, avoids facing his wife's lover in the streets, listens to music, gets into an argument with a Fenian anti-Semite, leers at a woman on the beach, drinks after visiting a maternity hospital, visits the red light district, and takes a fatherly interest in the other main character of the novel, Stephen Dedalus, whose path Bloom crosses several times throughout the day and whom Joyce modeled on himself.", "Dalkey Book Festival is held annually in June every year. The festival was set up in 2010 to celebrate and foster the wealth of literary talent in the town and its environs. Since then the festival has hosted personalities and internationally renowned writers for talks, readings and discussions as well as other events like theatre and children’s workshops. www.dalkeybookfestival.org Bloomsday (16 June), honouring James Joyce, is often a big event in Dalkey too.", "In Paris Joyce worked on Finnegans Wake, the title of which was kept secret, the novel being known simply as “Work in Progress” until it was published in its entirety in May 1939. In addition to his chronic eye troubles, Joyce suffered great and prolonged anxiety over his daughter’s mental health. What had seemed her slight eccentricity grew into unmistakable and sometimes violent mental disorder that Joyce tried by every possible means to cure, but it became necessary finally to place her in a mental hospital near Paris. In 1931 he and Nora visited London, where they were married, his scruples on this point having yielded to his daughter’s complaints.", "Despite the cultural revival, the bitter publicity surrounding Parnell’s affair, and later his death, dashed all hopes of Irish independence and unity. Ireland splintered into factions of Protestants and Catholics, Conservatives and Nationalists. Such social forces form a complex context for Joyce’s writing, which repeatedly taps into political and religious matters. Since Joyce spent little of his later life in Ireland, he did not witness such debates firsthand. However, despite living on the continent, Joyce retained his artistic interest in the city and country of his birth and ably articulated the Irish experience in his writings.", "On the surface the book simply follows Leopold Bloom, during an ordinary day in Dublin, June 16, 1904.", "The dramatisation, by Robin Brooks, follows the novel’s two iconic characters, Leopold Bloom and Stephen Dedalus as they wander across Dublin in the course of one ordinary day, the 16th June 1904.", "Born into a middle-class family in Dublin, Ireland, James Joyce (1882–1941) excelled as a student, graduating from University College, Dublin, in 1902. He moved to Paris to study medicine, but soon gave it up. He returned to Ireland at his family's request as his mother was dying of cancer. Despite her pleas, the impious Joyce and his brother Stanislaus refused to make confession or take communion, and when she passed into a coma they refused to kneel and pray for her. James Joyce then took jobs teaching, singing and reviewing books, while drinking heavily.", "Leopold Bloom, the main character of Ulysses, does not have much work to do, so he spends most of his day wandering around Dublin doing some errands. He leaves his house on Eccles Street, walks south across the River Liffey, picks up a letter, buys a bar of soap, and goes to the funeral of a man he didn't know very well. In the afternoon, he has a cheese sandwich, he feeds the gulls in the river, helps a blind man cross the street, and visits a couple of pubs. He thinks about his job, his wife, his daughter, his stillborn son. He muses about life and death and reincarnation. He knows that his wife is going to cheat on him that afternoon at his house. In the evening, he wanders around the red light district of Dublin and meets up with a young writer named Stephen Dedalus, who is drunk. Leopold Bloom takes him home with him and offers to let him spend the night. And they stand outside, looking at the stars for a while. And then Bloom goes inside and climbs into bed with his wife." ]

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[ "The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu.", "The International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, commonly known as the NATO phonetic alphabet and also known as the ICAO radiotelephonic, phonetic or spelling alphabet and the ITU radiotelephonic or phonetic alphabet, is the most widely used radiotelephonic spelling alphabet. Although often called \"phonetic alphabets\", spelling alphabets are not associated with phonetic transcription systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Instead, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigned code words acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet so that critical combinations of letters and numbers can be pr ... (展开) onounced and understood by those who transmit and receive voice messages by radio or telephone regardless of language barriers or the presence of transmission static. The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta , Echo, Foxtrot , Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu.", "The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu. Some of the 26 words have altered pronunciations: Charlie can be either \"char-lee\" or \"shar-lee\", and Uniform is either \"you-nee-form\" or \"oo-nee-form\", neither of which is the English pronunciation of the word. Oscar is pronounced \"oss-cah\" and Victor as \"vik-tah\" without the 'r', even by people who would normally pronounce it. Papa is pronounced \"Pa-PAH\" with the accent on the second syllable instead of the first. The code word Quebec is pronounced as French \"keh-beck\". The ICAO and FAA use the standard number words of English (zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine) with four altered pronunciations (tree, fower, fife, niner), whereas the ITU and IMO use ten code words for numbers (nadazero, unaone, bissotwo, terrathree, kartefour, pantafive, soxisix, setteseven, octoeight, novenine).", "The alphabet is intended to prevent miscommunication, which is likely when voice signals lose clarity over radio or because of other interference. To avoid confusion between similar-sounding letters such as \"M\" and \"N,\" a person using the NATO phonetic alphabet would use the words \"Mike\" and \"November\" to distinguish between the two. For example, if a military officer needs to communicate \"Ohio,\" he or she would say, \"Oscar, hotel, India, Oscar.\"", "As an example, an air traffic controller using the NATO Phonetic Alphabet would say \"Kilo Lima Mike\" to represent the letters KLM.", "A common name for this spelling alphabet, \"NATO phonetic alphabet,\" exists because it appears in Allied Tactical Publication ATP-1, Volume II: Allied Maritime Signal and Maneuvering Book used by all allied navies of NATO, which adopted a modified form of the International Code of Signals. Because the latter allows messages to be spelled via flags or Morse code, it naturally named the code words used to spell out messages by voice its \"phonetic alphabet\". The name NATO phonetic alphabet became widespread because the signals used to facilitate the naval communications and tactics of NATO have become global. However, ATP-1 is marked NATO Confidential (or the lower NATO Restricted) so it is not available publicly. Nevertheless, a NATO unclassified version of the document is provided to foreign, even hostile, militaries, even though they are not allowed to make it available publicly. The spelling alphabet is now also defined in other unclassified international military documents. The NATO alphabet appeared in some United States Air Force Europe publications during the Cold War. A particular example was the Ramstein Air Base, Telephone Directory published between 1969 and 1973 (currently out of print). The American and NATO versions had differences and the translation was provided as a convenience. Differences included Alfa, Bravo and Able, Baker for the first two letters.", "The NATO alphabet appeared in some United States Air Force Europe publications during the Cold War. A particular example was the Ramstein Air Base, Telephone Directory published between 1969 and 1973 (currently out of print). The American and NATO versions had differences and the translation was provided as a convenience. Differences included Alfa, Bravo and Able, Baker for the first two letters.", "Back in the days of World War II, the phonetic alphabet began with the letters \"Able, Baker, Charlie,\" K was \"King,\" and S was \"Sugar.\" After the war, when the NATO alliance was formed, the phonetic alphabet was changed to make it easier for the people who speak the different languages found in the alliance. That version has remained the same, and today the phonetic alphabet begins with \"Alfa, Bravo, Charlie,\" K is now \"Kilo,\" and S is \"Sierra.\"", "It is a subset of the much older International Code of Signals (INTERCO), which originally included visual signals by flags or flashing light, sound signals by whistle, siren, foghorn, or bell, as well as one, two, or three letter codes for many phrases. The same alphabetic code words are used by all agencies, but each agency chooses one of two different sets of numeric code words. NATO uses the regular English numeric words (Zero, One, with some alternative pronunciations), whereas the IMO provides for compound numeric words (Nadazero, Unaone, Bissotwo...). In practice these are used very rarely, as they frequently result in confusion between speakers of different languages.", "(U.S.) NATO phonetic alphabet for the letter \"T\" and for \"Target\" (or enemy). Example: \"We have two Tangos at 3 o'clock – I'll take the right one.\"", "(US) NATO phonetic alphabet for the letter 'U'. Stands for \"Unidentified\". Can be an unidentified object, person, vehicle, etc. Example: \"We have a Uniform dead ahead, someone move in and check it.\"", "The NATO Phonetic Alphabet is a universal word database created to make communications consistent no matter what the surrounding circumstances. Learn the alphabet, its history, and common uses in this lesson. Take a short quiz at the end to see what you learned.", "It is used widely in military communications. The phonetic alphabet, a system set up in which each letter of the alphabet has a word equivalent to avoid mistaking letters that sound alike, such as B (Bravo) and D (Delta) or F (Foxtrot) and S (Sierra). The pronunciation for each letter's phonetic word is contained in the parenthesis below it.", "^ NATO uses British English spelling. This convention is discussed in its online frequently asked questions : \"Q: Why do you spell 'organisation' with an 's' and not a 'z'? A: By tradition, NATO uses European English spellings in all public information documents...\". NATO has two official languages, English and French, defined in Article 14 of the North Atlantic Treaty.", "The NATO phonetic alphabet, more accurately known as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet and also called the ICAO phonetic or ICAO spelling alphabet, as well as the ITU phonetic alphabet, is the most widely used spelling alphabet. Although often called \"phonetic alphabets\", spelling alphabets do not have any association with phonetic transcription systems, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet . Instead, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigned code words acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet so that critical combinations of letters and numbers can be pronounced and understood by those who transmit and receive voice messages by radio or telephone regardless of their native language or the presence of transmission static.", "More formally known as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet (also called the ICAO phonetic or spelling alphabet), the NATO phonetic alphabet was developed in the 1950s as part of the International Code of Signals (INTERCO), which originally included visual and sound signals.", "Romeo - noun 3 communications in the NATO alphabet: the word used to denote the letter 'R'", "Sierra - noun 2 communications in the NATO alphabet: the word used to denote the letter 'S'", "After World War II, with many aircraft and ground personnel from the allied armed forces, \"Able Baker\" continued to be used for civil aviation. But many sounds were unique to English, so an alternative \"Ana Brazil\" alphabet was used in Latin America. But the International Air Transport Association (IATA), recognizing the need for a single universal alphabet, presented a draft alphabet to the ICAO during 1947 that had sounds common to English, French, and Spanish. After further study and modification by each approving body, the revised alphabet was implemented on 1 November 1951 for civil aviation (but it may not have been adopted by any military):[18]", "British and American armed forces had each developed their spelling alphabets before both forces adopted the ICAO alphabet during 1956. British forces adopted the RAF phonetic alphabet, which is similar to the phonetic alphabet used by the Royal Navy during World War I. At least two of the terms are sometimes still used by UK civilians to spell words over the phone, namely 'F for Freddie' and 'S for Sugar'.", "Mem is more than just a letter of the alphabet. It has a built-in word structure similar to Majim, which means \"water.\"", "After World War II, with many aircraft and ground personnel from the allied armed forces, \"Able Baker\" continued to be used for civil aviation. But many sounds were unique to English, so an alternative \"Ana Brazil\" alphabet was used in Latin America. But the International Air Transport Association (IATA), recognizing the need for a single universal alphabet, presented a draft alphabet to the ICAO during 1947 that had sounds common to English, French, Spanish and Portuguese. After further study and modification by each approving body, the revised alphabet was implemented on 1 November 1951 for civil aviation (but it may not have been adopted by any military):", "Several other attempts followed at various degrees of success to do the same. Some orthographic attempts even expand further: the Alfabeto Funcional Trilingüe, made up of 40 letters (including the voiced stops necessary for Spanish) and created by the Academia de las Lenguas Aymara y Quechua in Puno in 1944 is the one used by the lexicographer Juan Francisco Deza Galindo in his Diccionario Aymara – Castellano / Castellano – Aymara. This alphabet has five vowels ⟨a, e, i, o, u⟩, aspiration is conveyed with an ⟨h⟩ next to the consonant and ejectives with ⟨’⟩. The most unusual characteristic is the expression of the uvular /χ/ with ⟨jh⟩. The other uvular segment, /q/, is expressed by ⟨q⟩, but transcription rules mandate that the following vowel must be ⟨a, e, o⟩ (not ⟨i, u⟩), presumably to account for uvular lowering and to facilitate multilingual orthography.", "The tilde was also used occasionally to make other abbreviations, such as over the letter 〈q〉 (\"q̃\") to signify the word que (\"that\"). It is also as a small 〈n〉 that the tilde originated when written above other letters, marking a Latin 〈n〉 which had been elided in old Galician-Portuguese. In modern Portuguese it indicates nasalization of the base vowel: mão \"hand\", from Lat. manu-; razões \"reasons\", from Lat. rationes. This usage has been adopted in the orthographies of several native languages of South America, such as Guarani and Nheengatu, as well as in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and many other phonetic alphabets. For example, [ljɔ̃] is the IPA transcription of the pronunciation of the French place-name Lyon.", "It is also as a small ⟨n⟩ that the tilde originated when written above other letters, marking a Latin ⟨n⟩ which had been elided in old Galician-Portuguese. In modern Portuguese it indicates nasalization of the base vowel: mão \"hand\", from Lat. manu-; razões \"reasons\", from Lat. rationes. This usage has been adopted in the orthographies of several native languages of South America, such as Guarani and Nheengatu , as well as in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and many other phonetic alphabets. For example, [ljɔ̃] is the IPA transcription of the pronunciation of the French place-name Lyon .", "Nisga’a: m [m], m̓ [m̰], n [n], n̓ [n̰] the apostrophe accent indicates a glottalised consonant. g̱ [ɢ], ḵ [q], x̱ [χ] the low-macron accent indicates a uvular consonant.", "Eta (uppercase , lowercase ; or ) is the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet. Originally denoting a consonant /h/, its sound value in the classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek was a long vowel Open-mid front unrounded vowel|, raised to in hellenistic Greek, a process known as iotacism.", "In Breton spelling ñ has a different implication, namely nasalization of the preceding vowel. In that of Portuguese the nasalization of a vowel is represented by a tilde over the vowel letter itself, thus Ãã Õõ. In Greenlandic the same convention applies with Ĩĩ and Ũũ. It has also been adopted by the IPA.", "Generally indicates a nasal central tone on the marked letter.Used in the following languages: Portuguese,  Aromanian , Guaraní , Kashubian and Vietnamese .", "In orthography of Guaraní we find not only Ãã Ẽẽ Ĩĩ Õõ Ũũ Ỹỹ to indicate nasalized vowels (the last having the quality of a central vowel, IPA [ɨ]), but also g̃ for a velar nasal consonant.", "Italian abbreviation for the cubic meter (metro cubico). This is a non-standard symbol; the proper symbol is m3.", "Option + u, the letter\"o\" or Option + u, Shift and the letter for capital \"O\"" ]

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[ "The Statue of Liberty, France's gift to the United States marking the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885 on board the French frigate Isère (only nine years after the event). To prepare for transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates. (The right arm and the torch, which were completed earlier, had been exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, and thereafter at Madison Square in New York City.)", "The Statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885 on board the French frigate Is?re. To prepare for transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates. (The right arm and the torch, which were completed earlier, had been exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, and thereafter at Madison Square in New York City.)", "On June 19, 1885, the French ship Isere arrived in New York Harbor with the Statue of Liberty. The statue was divided into 350 pieces held in 214 crates during the shipment. Over the next four months, a group of workers re-assembled Lady Liberty on the pedestal at Fort Wood on Bedloe Island, as Liberty Island was then known.", "On June 17, 1885, the French steamer Isère, laden with the Statue of Liberty, reached the New York port safely. New Yorkers displayed their new-found enthusiasm for the statue, as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board. Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère. After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund, on August 11, 1885, the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors, and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar.", "Financing for the pedestal was completed in August 1885, and pedestal construction was finished in April of 1886. The Statue was completed in France in July, 1884 and arrived in New York Harbor in June of 1885 on board the French frigate \"Isere\" which transported the Statue of Liberty from France to the United States. In transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates. The Statue was re-assembled on her new pedestal in four months time. On October 28th 1886, the dedication of the Statue of Liberty took place in front of thousands of spectators. She was a centennial gift ten years late.", "The Statue of Liberty arrived at its permanent home at Bedloe’s Island in New York Harbor on June 19, 1885, aboard the French frigate Isere. A gift of friendship from the people of France to the people of the United States, the 151-foot-tall statue was created to commemorate the centennial of the American Declaration of Independence . Designed by sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi and officially titled Liberty Enlightening the World, the Statue of Liberty has symbolized freedom and democracy to the nation and to the world for over 120 years.", "The statue was stored and exhibited in France till the spring of 1885. Then the statue was dismantled in 350 individual, meticulously numbered pieces for the voyage to America, in 214 enormous wooden crates. The statue was shipped aboard a Transport ship of the French frigate called “Isere”.", "After the Statue was presented to Levi P Morton, the U.S. minister to France, on July 4, 1884 in Paris, it was disassembled and shipped to the United States aboard the French Navy ship, Isère. The Statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885, and was met with great fanfare. Unfortunately, the pedestal for the Statue was not yet complete and the entire structure was not reassembled on Bedloe's Island until 1886.", "Architect Richard Morris Hunt designed the Statue of Liberty's granite pedestal in 1884, donating his fee to help fund the Statue.  Financing for the pedestal was completed in August 1885, and pedestal construction was finished in April 1886. The Statue was completed in France in July 1884 and arrived in New York Harbor in June 1885 onboard the French frigate \"Isere.\"", "Bartholdi assembled the statue in Paris, using temporary rivets to link the copper plates. Then it was disassembled and shipped in 210 crates to New York in 1885. On Bedloe's (now Liberty) Island in New York Bay, an 89-ft-high granite-faced reinforced concrete pedestal was built--one of the first instances of the large-scale use of reinforced concrete. The statue was reassembled on the pedestal without any exterior scaffolding. As the framework rose, the workmen attached the copper skin with 300,000 copper rivets in precisely drilled holes.", "On July 4, 1884 France presented the United States with an incredible birthday gift: the Statue of Liberty! Without its pedestal it’s as tall as a 15-story building. She represents the United States. But the world-famous Statue of Liberty standing in New York Harbor was built in France. The statue was presented to the U.S., taken apart, shipped across the Atlantic Ocean in crates, and rebuilt in the U.S. It was France’s gift to the American people.", "Although plans for the statue had not been finalized, Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm, bearing the torch, and the head. Work began at the Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop.[42] In May 1876, Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition,[43] and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities.[44] The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August; because of its late arrival, it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue, and while some reports correctly identified the work, others called it the \"Colossal Arm\" or \"Bartholdi Electric Light\". The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers' interest, including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi.[45] Nevertheless, the arm proved popular in the exhibition's waning days, and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds.[46] After the exhibition closed, the arm was transported to New York, where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue.[46]", "The statue’s full name was Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World. It had been a gift from French citizens to their American friends in recognition of the two countries’ commitment to liberty and democracy and their alliance during the American Revolutionary War, which had begun 110 years earlier. The 151-foot copper statue was built in France and shipped to New York in 350 separate parts. It arrived in the city on June 17, 1886, and over the next several months was reassembled while electricians worked to wire the torch to light up at night.", "Presented to America by the people of France in 1886, the Statue of Liberty sits on a 12-acre island in New York Harbor. Her crown has 25 windows and seven spikes. Timothy A. Clary/AFP/Getty Images hide caption", "In a symbolic act, the first rivet placed into the skin, fixing a copper plate onto the statue's big toe, was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton.[61] The skin was not, however, crafted in exact sequence from low to high; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors.[62] Some work was performed by contractors—one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban.[63] By 1882, the statue was complete up to the waist, an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue.[64] Laboulaye died in 1883. He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of the Suez Canal. The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4, 1884, and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York.[65] The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal; by January 1885, this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage.[66]", "The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor, in Manhattan, New York City. The statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and dedicated on October 28, 1886, was a gift to the United States from the people of France. The statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence , July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States: a welcoming signal to immigrants arriving from abroad.", "The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor, in Manhattan, New York City. The statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, a French sculptor and dedicated on October 28, 1886, was a gift to the United States from the people of France. The statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States: a welcoming signal to immigrants arriving from abroad.", "In a symbolic act, the first rivet placed into the skin, fixing a copper plate onto the statue's big toe, was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton. The skin was not, however, crafted in exact sequence from low to high; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors. Some work was performed by contractors—one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban. By 1882, the statue was complete up to the waist, an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue. Laboulaye died in 1883. He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of the Suez Canal. The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4, 1884, and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York. The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal; by January 1885, this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage.", "Located on Liberty Island, formerly called Bedloe's Island, the Statue of Liberty was a gift of friendship from the people of France to the people of the United States and is a universal symbol of freedom and democracy. The Statue of Liberty was dedicated on October 28, 1886, designated as a National Monument in 1924 and restored for her centennial on July 4, 1986. The statue was sculpted by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi of France.", "The final construction was done by both French and United States workers. It was completed in France in July of 1884 and was then shipped to New York. The shipping process was difficult because the statue had to come in individual parts. The monument finally went up on October 28 of 1886.", "The Statue of Liberty was a gift to the United States from which country? A) France B) England C) China D) Italy", "Made in Paris by the French sculptor Bartholdi, in collaboration with Gustave Eiffel (who was responsible for the steel framework), this towering monument to liberty was a gift from France on the centenary of American independence. Inaugurated in 1886, the sculpture stands at the entrance to New York Harbour and has welcomed millions of immigrants to the United States ever since.", "Before starting his commission, Bartholdi had traveled to the United States and personally selected New York Harbor as the site for the statue. The United States set apart Bedlow's Island as a site for the monument, and funds were collected throughout the United States for the building of the pedestal, about $300,000 being raised. In October 1886, the structure was presented to the nation as the joint gift of the French and American people.", "Construction of the statue took about 6 years,and was pre-assembled in Paris before it's arrival here,and what's strange is some of the parts of this statue,such as the arm holding the torch were shown here as well,prior to being fully assembled in Paris in 1882.So some parts of this statue crossed the Atlantic 3 times.", "5c Yellow Green on greenish, vertical pair and horizontal strip of four, mostly clear to large margins, used with 40c Orange, mixed margins, tied on folded letter to Granville, France, by lozenge of dots cancels, bearing red boxed “PD” and “Colonies Fra. V. Angl.” Dec. 31, 1865 c.d.s., black Guadeloupe Point-a-Pitre Dec. 11, (1865) dispatch c.d.s. and endorsed “Voie d’ Angleterre” at top left, Paris transit & receiving backstamps, horizontal & vertical file folds affecting one stamp in the strip, otherwise Very Fine, signed Calves. (Scott 2 & 5) Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500", "Some 14 years after his burial, Old Henry Clay's bones were dug up and his skeleton mounted by Ward's Natural Science Establishment in Rochester, New York. The skeleton was donated to the United States National Museum on April 22, 1881, by the Honorable Erastus Corning and Henry C. Jewett through the auspices of Randolph Huntington.", "She wrote “The New Colossus” in 1883 for an art auction “in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund.” While France had provided the statue itself, American fundraising efforts like these paid for the Statue of Liberty’s pedestal. In 1903, sixteen years after her death, Lazarus’ sonnet was engraved on a plaque and placed in the pedestal as a memorial.", "The Statue was a gift from the people of France to the United States. Planning for the statue was started not long after slavery was abolished in the United States, but the statue was not completely assembled and dedicated until 1886.", "During the summer of 1959 I was on liberty from the USS Taconic AGC-17 in Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. I had grown tired of sailors' haunts and wanted to see real French life. I walked past the waterfront after visiting little family-owned restaurants, etc., when the demolition of a boathouse caught my eye. I was able to poke about without being challenged and up toward the interior of the roof was, I thought, a cobweb-covered coat of arms. I asked a worker if he knew who owned the clump of dust; he said no one and that the boathouse was being destroyed and rebuilt. I asked if I could buy the clump from him and he eagerly said \"Yes, five dollars American.\" This might be the souvenir of a lifetime, and I was eager to pay him to climb up to get it for me.", "For the first hundred years, Lady Liberty stood proud and tall, but not without those who wanted to reclothe her … prematurely. In 1906, for example, Congress appropriated $62,000 to paint her. Why? Because some politicians were distressed that she had turned green. This brought about a bit of outrage. Newspaper reports at the time said this would be \"sacrilege.\" One of them quoted Joseph Mitchell of the John Williams Company as saying: \"Copper can't rust. Removing the patina would be vandalism for which there would be no excuse.\"", "The collection included a rare gestetner Marconigram from the SS Virginian to the Captain of the Olympic, date 16th April 1912, received at 8.45am. It reads:", "Max Isenbergh, a Washington lawyer, used this trunk from the 1930s to the 1960s for travel around the United States and to Europe. He and his family relocated to Paris in 1956 when he took an appointment at the American embassy. The Isenberghs used this trunk in their first-class stateroom aboard the S.S. United States." ]

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[ "In 1968, Andy Warhol famously said that in the future, everyone would be world famous - but only 'for 15 minutes'.", "15 minutes of fame is short-lived media publicity or celebrity of an individual or phenomenon. The expression is credited to Andy Warhol, who included the words \"In the future, everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes\" in the program for a 1968 exhibition of his work at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm, Sweden. Photographer Nat Finkelstein claims credit for the expression, stating that he was photographing Warhol in 1966 for a proposed book. A crowd gathered trying to get into the pictures and Warhol supposedly remarked that everyone wants to be famous, to which Finkelstein replied, \"Yeah, for about fifteen minutes, Andy.\" ", "American artist Andy Warhol once said, \"In the future, everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes.\" In an era of reality TV and YouTube, it appears that his prediction has come true.", "Iconic Pop artist Andy Warhol is often quoted for his statement, \"In the future, everybody will be world-famous for 15 minutes.\" Twenty-five years after his death, his influence on contemporary art has well surpassed the 15-minute mark.", "1928 Andy Warhol � US pop artist who became a cultural icon. He coined the phrase, \"In the future everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes\"", "This is a well-known as a quotation from Andy Warhol. It does derive from Warhol but his actual line was somewhat different - \"In the future everybody will be world famous for fifteen minutes.\".", "“In the future everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes,” was artist Andy Warhol’s most famous line, and throughout his career he certainly earned those fifteen minutes. Rising from a small town outside of Pittsburgh, the sickly Warhol rose to fame through taking unusual printed materials: nose-job ads, dance diagrams, and tabloid photographs and turned them into glamorous museum pieces. For the avant-garde painter who made “business art” and hardly ever touched a brush, his “fifteen minutes of fame” are still ticking away. He was a manwho changed American culture more than he changed the art world, and in doing so he became one of the most controversial and talked about people of the 20th century.", "In February 1968 Warhol exhibited his first international retrospective exhibition at the Moderna Museet gallery in Stockholm. The exhibition catalogue contained \"In the future everybody will be world famous for fifteen minutes.\". It is far and away the best-known of the many quotations attributed to Warhol, in fact it is probably the only comment of his that most people know.", "Whole new schools of painting seem to charge through the art scene with the speed of an express train, causing Pop Artist Andy Warhol to predict the day “when everyone will be famous for 15 minutes.”", "Seen by many as the High Priest of Pop-art, Warhol enjoyed a successful career as a commercial illustrator, before achieving worldwide fame for his pop-style painting, screenprints, avant-garde films, and a lifestyle involving a mixture of Hollywood stars, intellectuals, avant-garde artists and underground celebrities. His outlook on the impact of TV - a crucial factor in the identity and popularity of Pop-art - on art and life, is aptly summed up in his famous phrase: \"Anyone can be famous for 15 minutes.\"", "Warhol’s dictum is being turned inside out. Soon it will simultaneously be “In the future only 15 people will be famous” and “In the future everyone will be famous to 15 people.”", "Quote Investigator: Warhol’s notable maxim about the transience of fame has been popular for much longer than the standard allotment of fifteen minutes. The earliest evidence QI has located for a version of the phrase is in an issue of Time magazine dated October 13, 1967 [TIAW]:", "Quote Investigator: As the questioner suggests, this saying is a twist on a famous pronouncement attributed to the Pop artist Andy Warhol concerning the velocity of modern fame:", "Warhol was wrong: Everyone WILL be world famous - but for 15 seconds, not 15 minutes", "Being famous is one of the things his career is all about – fame and passivity are the two themes that dominate everything he does. “In the future,” he once remarked in an almost spectacularly brilliant aphorism, “everybody will be world-famous for at least fifteen minutes.”", "In the fame-driven future he envisions, everyone will be anonymous for 15 minutes, but Mr. Gabler, looking every bit the cultural critic (Armani black, stubbly salt-and-pepper whiskers), doesn’t seem overly worried. “Anyone who writes seriously about American culture is not in danger of becoming a celebrity,” he said.", "John Langer suggests that 15 minutes of fame is an enduring concept because it permits everyday activities to become \"great effects.\"John Langer, Tabloid television: popular journalism and the \"other news\", Routledge, 1998, ISBN 978-0-415-06636-5, page 51, 63, 73 Tabloid journalism and the paparazzi have accelerated this trend, turning what may have before been isolated coverage into continuing media coverage even after the initial reason for media interest has passed.", "At 54, the stars are nobody because everybody is a star. It’s the place where my prediction from the sixties finally came true: “In the future everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes.” I’m bored with that line. I never use it anymore. My new line is, “In fifteen minutes everybody will be famous.”", "And truthfully, that’s not the point or plan. It’s all about cashing in on those 15 minutes of fame before the spotlight invariably (and thankfully) fades. Which prompted me to wonder exactly who coined the phrase.", "Everybody will be world famous for fifteen minutes | Define Everybody will be world famous for fifteen minutes at Dictionary.com", "Timothy Leary and Buckminster Fuller called themselves \"performing philosophers\", using the power of media communication to spread galactic-sized ideas about the state of the species in relation to the wider universe.  Timothy Leary used to say, \"In the information age, you don't teach philosophy as they did after feudalism.  You perform it. If Aristotle were alive today, he'd have a talk show\".  Carl Sagan is another example of the philosopher-as-media-personality, effectively hacking pop culture with his iconic Cosmos TV series and sending our collective minds reeling.", "There is a third and even more remote interpretation of the term, as used by an individual who has been legitimately famous or skirted celebrity for a brief period of time, that period of time being his or her \"fifteen minutes.\" ", "The passage above is about the transposable and indistinguishable elements of fame. By May 1996 an interesting variant quotation was circulating that was aimed at another topic: the computer-mediated invasion of privacy. This maxim had different implications because “cyberspace” was substituted for “the future”. The periodical “PJ: Privacy Journal” reported on the saying and credited a legal academic [PJGG]:", "From a chapter entitled \"Hazards of Prophecy: The Failure of Imagination\", in his book Profiles of the Future, 1962, revised 1973, 1984. Also known as Clarke's First Law; see the chapter entitled \"Technology and the Future\" in Report on Planet Three and Other Speculations, Harper & Row, 1972, pp. 138-139. Also see Jeremy Bernstein, \"Profiles: Out of the Ego Chamber\", New Yorker 45 (25) (August 9 1969), 40-65.", "\"The world is a COMEDY to those who think, a tragedy to those who feel.\" Although this observation has been attributed to Shaw and others, it was Horace Walpole who wrote in a 1776 letter, \"I have often said, this world is a comedy to those that think, a tragedy to those that feel.\" His aphorism was one of many \"Detached Thoughts\" in The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Oxford (1798), with the word \"who\" replacing \"that.\"", "[1] Capek’s obituary in Newsweek (January 2, 1939) said of R.U.R.: “Although he believed it the least interesting of all his works, it brought him greatest fame.”", "8. \"It takes 20 years to build a reputation and five minutes to ruin it. If you think about that, you'll do things differently.\"", "[Pg 296] In these days and in our huge cities there are so many avenues open to celebrity, through Society, the Press, Exhibition, and so forth, that a man once led to spend time on them is in danger of finding half his working life run away with by them before he is aware, while even if they are successful the success won by them is a poor thing compared to that which might have been earned by the work which was sacrificed for them. It becomes almost a profession in itself to keep oneself notorious.", "In his heyday, a century ago, he was the most recognized and celebrated person in the world—the first truly international “superstar.”", "Here is a selection of his most notable quotes as he offers his own unique advice to people all over the world.", "Time's article cites twenty persons in each of five broad categories: Leaders and Revolutionaries, Scientists and Thinkers, Builders and Titans, Artists and Entertainers, and Heroes and Icons.", "The last names, or names by which people are best known and whose quotes are included below are arranged alphabetically, for ease of referenceː" ]

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[ "Sears Holdings Corporation is the leading home appliance retailer as well as a leader in tools, lawn and garden, fitness equipment, and automotive repair and maintenance. Key proprietary brands include Kenmore, Craftsman and DieHard. Our broad apparel offering includes such well-known labels as Jaclyn Smith, Joe Boxer and The Country Living Home Collection. We are the nation's largest provider of home services, with more than 14 million service and installation calls made annually.", "People went to Sears to buy Kenmore appliances, Craftsman tools, DieHard batteries, Weatherbeater paint, and Roadhandler tires. Once there, they bought other stuff, like Levi’s jeans or Sony TVs. But it was those brands, sold only at Sears, that made the difference.", "\"Sears is suffering from a lot of problems,\" said Nick McCoy, senior consultant for home goods at TNS Retail Forward in Columbus, Ohio. \"They need to find a way to bring consumers back to Sears. There's a sector of consumers who still believe Kenmore is the best appliance brand and Craftsman is the best tool brand. But those consumers are getting older and Sears hasn't done anything to revitalize those brands.\"", "A Kenmore 158 is a sewing machine model manufactured by Sears under its Kenmore brand name. The 158 debuted in the 1960s and has undergone various updates over the years. As of 2014, Model 158 is no longer sold by Sears, nor are any Kenmore sewing machines offered by Sears in the United States. Sears Canada does sell other models of Kenmore sewing machines.", "Richard Warren Sears started a business selling watches through mail order catalogs in Redwood Falls, Minnesota in 1888. By 1894, the Sears catalog had grown to 322 pages, featuring sewing machines, bicycles, sporting goods, automobiles (produced from 1905–1915 by Lincoln Motor Car Works of Chicago, not related to the current Ford Motor Company brand of the same name) and a host of other new items.", "The first Sears catalog was published in 1893 and offered only watches. By 1897, items such as men’s and ladies clothing, plows, silverware, bicycles and athletic equipment had been added to the offering.", "*Sears is a chain of department stores that are usually located in shopping malls, however, some freestanding stores exist; they carry clothing, jewelry, home appliances, household hardware, lawn and garden supplies, lawn mowers, paint, sporting goods, automobile repair, office supplies, electronics and school supplies. Sears stores are usually multi-level. There are 793 full-size Sears stores in the United States. There are also 301 Sears locations in Canada and 66 in Mexico. ", "In its online product catalog, retailer Sears, Roebuck and Company divides its products into \"departments\", then presents products to potential shoppers according to (1) function or (2) brand. Each product has a Sears item-number and a manufacturer's model-number. Sears uses the departments and product groupings with the intention of helping customers browse products by function or brand within a traditional department-store structure. ", "Dealer stores are smaller Sears stores that focus on big-ticket items such as appliances. The Searswithin-a-Kmart concept is an attempt to capitalize on the marriage between Kmart and Sears, Roebuck and Co., which merged in 2005 under the umbrella of Sears Holding Corp. The Monument dealer store, though, will be a free-standing one.", "After WW II Gilbert resumed manufacturing Erector sets (but not Meccano). Meccano seemed to be imported into the US in some very limited quantity and started showing up in Sears catalogs about 1960.", "Stanley are dedicated to continually testing, designing and improving their products to ensure quality and maximum function to maintain their standing as one of the world's best for high quality saws, knives, measuring tools, and tool boxes. The Stanley brand has gone on to cover the entire field of hand tools, hardware and accessories but the Stanley Knife is probably their best known product.", "Whether you're moving into a new home or you've lived in your house for years, you need top-notch appliances to help keep your household running smoothly. From refrigerators and electric ranges to washer and dryer bundles, Sears has the best home appliances to help make everyday tasks easier so you have more time to do the things you love.", "Over the years hundreds of versions of the Swiss Army knife were manufactured, each with different combinations of tools. The most popular, but certainly not the only tools featured on the knives were tweezers, toothpicks, corkscrews, can openers, bottle openers, Phillips head screwdrivers, nail files, magnifying glasses, ballpoint pens, pliers, compasses, and rulers. In 1937 the Company began manufacturing kitchen knives in the United States in partnership with R.H. Forschner & Company. In 1989 it began to leverage its famous brand name by entering entirely new businesses, including Timepieces (1989), Travel Gear (1999), Fashion (2001), and Fragrances (2007). In 2011 Victorinox formally combined the marketing for all its product lines under the one common, umbrella name by which the Company is now popularly known world-wide – VICTORINOX SWISS ARMY.", "As for Lowe's, the retailer carries an exclusive line called Kobalt, which includes hand tools, corded and cordless power tools, lawn and garden equipment, air tools, and items specifically made for mechanics – from stainless steel tool chests to storage cabinets.", "Dremel (Power tool): Any compact drill with interchangeable heads for carving, grind, sand etc. is colloquially called \"Dremel\" regardless of the actual brand.", "*Sears Catalog Sales Stores were located in small towns. These stores were very small, even smaller than Sears' current Hometown Dealer stores. At catalog stores, some items could be ordered from the floor, such as appliances; other items could be ordered from catalogs at the store. These stores were often placed in rural markets which were far from full-line Sears stores, allowing for customers to purchase Sears products more easily. These stores were closed in 1993 when Sears closed its catalog business.", "Jack Irwin - IRWIN Industrial Tools manufactures and distributes professional grade hand tools and power tool accessories worldwide for trade professionals who demand superior performance and durability on the job. As well as the Record brand of hand tools, consisting of metalworking and woodworking vices, bolt-cutters, G-clamps, pipe tools and woodworking planes, the company has many other famous brands, including: Marples Woodworking Tools, Jack Hand Saws, Vise-Grip Locking Pliers, Quick-Grip Clamping Tools, Gilbow Tinsnips, Prosnip Snips, Irwin Power Tool Accessories & Lock-N-Load, Strait-Line Chalk & Marking Tools and Chesco Hex Tools. If you can't find what your looking for please contact Trade Counter Direct and we'll do our best to source your product.", "Disston - Disston was founded as a specialist handsaw manufacturer in 1840 and the name Disston became synonymous with the very best quality available. Today, this multi-million dollar organisation operates in global markets and Disston has become one of the world's largest producers of quality holesaws, grit edge blades, hacksaw blades and woodworking accessories. Selling under the Disston and Blu-Mol brands, their international manufacturing and distribution capabilities combine with their history and tradition as a brand leader in the tool business for over 165 years, to provide their customers with the optimum blend of value, performance and integrity. They also cater for more specialist applications and their RemGrit carbide grit edged holesaws, TCT holesaws, Soffit Cutters, Screwdiggers and Plugcutters form part of this offering. Their research and development teams are constantly challenging themselves to introduce new products that make the life of the professional tradesman simpler and more effective. If you can't find what your looking for please contact Trade Counter Direct and we'll do our best to source your product.", "The original makers of the Stillson patent wrench, Walworth made a range of plumbing tools. While Stillson apparently patented this particular type of pipe wrench, it appears that the name was used generically by Bonney Vise & Tool Works, the Erie Tool Works, the Moore Drop Forging Co., the J.P. Danielson Co., and probably others. On dies, they used the brand name RUFF & TUFF and alo MILLER'S PATENT, though the latter was possibly not until after 1900. It appears they made a 1907 Parmelee patent wrench and may have been succeeded by Parmelee Co.", "Developed by Bosch in 1975 for hammer drills , the SDS uses a cylindrical shank on the tool, with indentations to be held by the chuck. [4] A tool is inserted into the chuck by pressing in, and is locked in place until a separate lock release is used. The rotary force is supplied through wedges that fit into two or three open grooves. The hammer action actually moves the bit up and down within the chuck since the bit is free to move a short distance. Two sprung balls fit into closed grooves, allowing movement whilst retaining the bit. SDS relies on a tool having the same shank diameter as the chuck; there are three standard sizes:", "(1) Note. Included here, for example, are devices wherein a rotary cutter (Class 83) has mounted on its radial face an element which burnishes (Class 29), abrades (Class 451), or mills (Class 409).", "A wrench (or spanner outside of North America) is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn objects—usually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts—or keep them from turning.", "A socket wrench, more commonly referred to as a ratchet, is a type of wrench, or tightening tool, that uses separate, removable sockets to fit many different sizes of fittings and fasteners, most commonly nuts and bolts. The ratchet wrench was invented by J.J. Richardson of Woodstock, Vermont, receiving a patent for the ratcher wrench from the Scientific American Patent Agency on June 18, 1863.", "Some high precision chucks use ball thrust bearings to reduce friction in the closing mechanism and maximizing drilling torque. One brand name for this type of chuck, which is often genericized in colloquial use although not in catalogs, is Super Chuck.", "Comprehensive Portfolio Of Iconic Brands. Combining the significant brand equity inherent in both companies will create a supplier of choice for tools, with even greater worldwide recognition and appeal among retailers, commercial customers and individual consumers.", "The wrench or spanner is a tool used to provide a mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn bolts, nuts or other items designed to interface with a wrench. The first wrench was invented and patented in 1835 by Solymon Merrick.", "Specialized for bigger jobs in confined spaces the Specialized for bigger jobs in confined spaces the Klein Tools 10 in. Adjustable Wrench is made of forged heat-treated alloy steel. It features a high-polish chrome finish. California residents: see &nbsp; Proposition 65 information Precision-machined jaws with 1-5/16 in. jaw capacity Extra-capacity design for efficient use even in confined spaces ...  More + Product Details Close", "The ideas for Meccano were first conceived by Hornby in 1898 and he developed and patented the construction kit as \"Mechanics Made Easy\" in 1901. The name was later changed to \"Meccano\" and manufactured by the British company, Meccano Ltd, between 1908 and 1980. It is now manufactured in France and China by Meccano S.N. of France, part of the Canadian Spin Master toy company. In the United States, Meccano is sold under the Erector Set brand.", "The wrench was copied by many other companies after Stillson's patent expired, and is now being made by a dozen or more concerns in this country. The Walworth Company, however, retains the original patent form and it is universally recognized that Stillson's idea has never been improved upon to this day. (Massachusetts Industries, pages 1316-1317.)", "Many chucks have jaws, which are dogs that are arranged in a radially symmetrical pattern (like the points of a star ) to hold the tool or workpiece. Often the jaws will be tightened or loosened with the help of a chuck key, which is a wrench-like tool made for the purpose. Many jawed chucks, however, are of the keyless variety, and their tightening and loosening is by hand force alone. Keyless designs offer the convenience of quicker and easier chucking and unchucking at the expense of higher gripping force to hold the tool or workpiece. Collet chucks, rather than having jaws, have collets , which are flexible collars or sleeves that fit closely around the tool or workpiece and grip it when squeezed.", "A chuck is a specialized type of clamp used to hold an object, [1] usually an object with radial symmetry , especially a cylindrical object. It is most commonly used to hold a rotating tool (such as the drill bit in a power tool ) or a rotating workpiece (such as the bar or blank in the headstock spindle of a lathe ). Some chucks can also hold irregularly shaped objects (ones that lack radial symmetry). In some applications, the tool or workpiece being held by the chuck remains stationary while another tool or workpiece rotates (for example, a drill bit in the tailstock spindle of a lathe, or a round workpiece being milled by a milling cutter ).", "A chuck is a specialized type of clamp used to hold an object, usually an object with radial symmetry, especially a cylindrical object. It is most commonly used to hold a rotating tool (such as the drill bit in a power tool) or a rotating workpiece (such as the bar or blank in the headstock spindle of a lathe). Some chucks can also hold irregularly shaped objects (ones that lack radial symmetry). In some applications, the tool or workpiece being held by the chuck remains stationary while another tool or workpiece rotates (for example, a drill bit in the tailstock spindle of a lathe, or a round workpiece being milled by a milling cutter)." ]

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[ "A dorsal fin is a fin located on the backs of various unrelated marine and freshwater vertebrates, including most fish, cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), and the (extinct) ichthyosaurs. Depending on the species, an animal may have one or two of them. ", "Dorsal fins are found on the back of the fish. There may be up to three of them. The fish uses this fin for balance in the water and sudden movements.", "Beyond the pectoral fins, the dorsal, or back, fin provides stability as the dolphin and porpoise move quickly through water (up to 25 mph). This dorsal fin, along with the tail flukes, is made of collagen, a fibrous connective tissue similar to cartilage.", "dorsal fins are located on the back. A fish can have up to three of them. The dorsal fins serve to protect the fish against rolling, and assists in sudden turns and stops.", "A dolphin has a hooked or curved dorsal fin (except for those species that don't have a dorsal fin) whereas a porpoise has a more triangular dorsal fin, and generally speaking, dolphin bodies are leaner, whilst porpoises’ are a little more chunky. ", "Like all mammals, whales breathe air into lungs, are warm-blooded, feed their young milk and have some (although very little) hair. Their bodies resemble the streamlined form of a fish, while the forelimbs or flippers are paddle-shaped. The tail fins, or flukes, enable whales to propel themselves through the water. Most species of whale have a fin on their backs known as a dorsal fin.", "The dorsal fin is the one that commonly appears skimming along the water's surface. Sharks may have one or two dorsal fins that act to stabilize the shark during swimming. The second dorsal fin is usually smaller than the first dorsal fin and is located posteriorly (toward the tail) to the first larger dorsal.", "The blowhole is situated very close to the front of the head and shifted to the whale's left. This gives rise to a distinctive bushy blow angled forward. The dorsal fin is set about two-thirds of the way down the spine and is typically short and shaped like an equilateral triangle.", "The dorsal fin is triangular-to-falcate (curved). It is pointed and located near the middle of the back and is black-to-light gray in color with a black border. The flippers are long and thin and slightly curved or pointed depending on geographical location. Flukes are thin and pointed at the tips with a slight notch in the center.", "Fins first evolved on fish as a means of locomotion. Fish fins are used to generate thrust and control the subsequent motion. Fish, and other aquatic animals such as cetaceans, actively propel and steer themselves with pectoral and tail fins. As they swim, they use other fins, such as dorsal and anal fins to achieve stability and refine their maneuvering.Helfman G, Collette BB, Facey DE and Bowen BW (2009) [http://limnology.wisc.edu/courses/zoo510/2009/helfman_ch8.pdf \"Functional morphology of locomotion and feeding\"] Chapter 8, pp. 101–116. In:The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444311907.", "The blowhole is situated very close to the front of the head and shifted to the whale's left. This gives rise to a distinctive bushy blow angled forward. The dorsal fin is set about two-thirds of the way down the spine and is typically short and shaped like an equilateral triangle . The fluke is also triangular and very thick. Flukes are lifted very high out of the water before a whale begins a deep dive.", "The blowhole is situated very close to the front of the head and shifted to the whale's left. This gives rise to a distinctive bushy blow angled forward. The sperm whale has no true dorsal fin, instead a series of ridges are present on the caudal third of the back. The largest was called the 'hump' by whalers and is commonly mistaken for a dorsal fin because of its shape.", "The sperm whale's flukes (tail lobes) are triangular and very thick. Proportionally, they are larger than that of any other cetacean, and are very flexible. The whale lifts its flukes high out of the water as it begins a feeding dive. It has a series of ridges on the back's caudal third instead of a dorsal fin. The largest ridge was called the 'hump' by whalers, and can be mistaken for a dorsal fin because of its shape and size.", "On the first look, see if there is a dorsal fin at all (right whales do not have one, and the sperm whale has only a series of ridges along the back). If one exists, note its position (either halfway or two-thirds along the back), its relative size and its shape. The harbour porpoise can readily be distinguished from the various dolphin species not only by its smaller size (~ 4ft total length compared with 6-12ft in the case of dolphins), but also by its small triangular dorsal fin. Most dolphins have recurved fins, somewhat sickle-shaped.", "Dolphins have longer noses, bigger mouths, more curved dorsal fins, and longer, leaner bodies than porpoises.The Northeastern Offshore Spotted Dolphin, shown here, has a falcate, or sickle-shaped dorsal fin and light spotting on the belly.", "The same photograph also shows equilibrium responses in fin positioning. The pectoral fin is clamped tightly against the side, the right ventral fin is curled upwards, and the dorsal and anal fins are cupped. These are the fin positions that will return the fish to an upright orientation as soon as it begins moving forward in the water.", "As its name suggests, this small marine mammal is the only porpoise that lacks a dorsal fin, and instead has a ridge that runs down... More 4 Images 1 Video", "large, swift game fish, Coryphaena hippurus, also called dorado. It is of nearly worldwide distribution in warm waters. Its long, slender body is blue, and in the living animal there are luminous shades of gold, green, and purple. The dolphin has a dorsal fin that runs the length of the body and a forked tail. Males, larger than females, may reach a length of nearly 6 ft (1.8 m) and a weight of over 65 lb (30 kg). Dolphins travel alone or in groups, attaining speeds of 35 mi (56 km) per hr. They feed on a variety of fishes, especially flying fish, which they sometimes pursue by leaping out of the water. They are valued as food in Polynesia, where they are known as mahimahi. The term dolphin is also applied to a group of aquatic mammals (see dolphin dolphin,", "Pectoral fins are located on each side of the fish, around where the head meets the body. These are often thought of as the fish's \"arms\".", "The bones that support the dorsal fin are called Pterygiophore. There are two to three of them: \"proximal\", \"middle\", and \"distal\". In spinous fins the distal is often fused to the middle, or not present at all.", "A sei whale usually possesses a sickle-shaped dorsal fin, small but prominent. The dorsal fin (unlike the head) of the Daedalus animal was only occasionally visible, and viewing conditions were far from ideal; perhaps only the tip of the fin was dragging at the surface, making its shape difficult to ascertain. Alternately, the fin may have been in damaged or otherwise unusual condition. An interesting photograph (Engblom 2011) shows a possible sei whale with a low, flat dorsal fin. Many baleen whales bear damage of one sort or another from past orca attacks. If a more stereotypical cetacean dorsal fin had been noted, perhaps the Daedalus whale would never have been reported as a giant serpent.", "pectoral fin – The fin usually found on each side of the body behind the gill opening.", "The fin whale is brownish to dark or light gray dorsally and white ventrally. The left side of the head is dark gray, while the right side exhibits a complex pattern of contrasting light and dark markings. On the right lower jaw is a white or light gray \"right mandible patch\", which sometimes extends out as a light \"blaze\" laterally and dorsally unto the upper jaw and back to just behind the blowholes. Two narrow dark stripes originate from the eye and ear, the former widening into a large dark area on the shoulder — these are separated by a light area called the \"interstripe wash\". These markings are more prominent on individuals in the North Atlantic than in the North Pacific, where they can appear indistinct. The left side exhibits similar but much fainter markings. Dark, oval-shaped areas of pigment called \"flipper shadows\" extend below and posterior to the pectoral fins. This type of asymmetry is seen in Omura's whale and occasionally in minke whales. It was thought to have evolved because the whale swims on its right side when surface lunging and it sometimes circles to the right while at the surface above a prey patch. However, the whales just as often circle to the left. No accepted hypothesis explains the asymmetry. ", "One of the two pairs of fins that are found at the front of the body of a fish.", "In captivity, all male orcas have collapsed dorsal fins as adults, which is a sign of an unhealthy orca. SeaWorld claims that this condition is common and natural for all orcas. However, collapsed dorsal fins are caused by the unnatural environment of captivity and are rarely seen in the wild. Only 1 to 5 percent of male orcas in some populations (and none in others) have fully collapsed dorsal fins.", "First dorsal fin large, high, erect and angular or somewhat rounded; second dorsal and anal fins minute.", "Cavitation&ffalse Fundamentals of Cavitation] Springer. ISBN 9781402022326. Cavitation damage can occur to the tail fins of powerful swimming marine animals, such as dolphins and tuna. Cavitation is more likely to occur near the surface of the ocean, where the ambient water pressure is relatively low. Even if they have the power to swim faster, dolphins may have to restrict their speed because collapsing cavitation bubbles on their tail are too painful. Cavitation also slows tuna, but for a different reason. Unlike dolphins, these fish do not feel the bubbles, because they have bony fins without nerve endings. Nevertheless, they cannot swim faster because the cavitation bubbles create a vapor film around their fins that limits their speed. Lesions have been found on tuna that are consistent with cavitation damage.", "In bony fish, most fins may have spines or rays. A fin may contain only spiny rays, only soft rays, or a combination of both. If both are present, the spiny rays are always anterior. Spines are generally stiff and sharp. Rays are generally soft, flexible, segmented, and may be branched. This segmentation of rays is the main difference that separates them from spines; spines may be flexible in certain species, but they will never be segmented.", "When threatened the perch raises these fins as a defense against being eaten. The spines on the fins are extremely sharp and can inflict a painful wound.", "In one method, called \"kerplunking,\" the dolphin slaps a fish out of water with one of its tail flukes to stun it, making it easier to catch.", "In the Cetaceans which are fully aquatic, the hind limbs have been so adapted to become the tail flukes - a single member. This 'tail' has the flukes horizontal rather than vertical like the tail of a fish. Others will toboggan on snow.", "Another way of discerning a cetacean from a fish is by the shape of the tail. The tail of a fish is vertical and moves from side to side when the fish swims. The tail of a cetacean—called a fluke—is horizontal and moves up and down, as cetaceans' spines bend in the same manner as a human spine." ]

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[ "Heathcliff, like Garfield, is a fat, black-striped, orange cat that first appeared in a comic strip created by George Gately. The strip debuted in 1973.", "Heathcliff started life as a 1973 comic strip by George Gately. The strip follows the antics of the title character in his humorous quest for food, feline affection and acceptance in a hostile world filled with shop owners, fisherman, sanitation workers, milkmen and canines.", "George Gately Gallagher (December 21, 1928 – September 30, 2001), better known as George Gately, was an American cartoonist, notable as the creator of the popular Heathcliff comic strip.", "1. Garfield by Jim Davis, Garfield is a comic strip created by Jim Davis. Published since June 19, 1978, it chronicles the life of the title character, the cat Garfield (named after Davis's grandfather); his owner, Jon Arbuckle; and Arbuckle's dog, Odie. As of 2007, it was syndicated in roughly 2,580 newspapers and journals, and held the Guinness World Record for being the world's most widely syndicated comic strip.[1]", "On November 17, 2014, the strip formally celebrated its 50th anniversary, and a number of other strips, including Beetle Bailey, BC, Ballard Street, Dennis the Menace, Garfield, Mother Goose and Grimm, Pickles, Mutts, Pooch Café, The Brilliant Mind of Edison Lee, and Barney Google and Snuffy Smith ran special 50th anniversary commemorative strips (e.g., Beetle called Sarge \"a fink,\" and ended up sharing a dungeon cell with Spookingdorf). Hi and Lois ran an otherwise-ordinary strip with a portrait of the Wizard in the last panel, while Speed Bump ran a cartoon of Harry Potter in a Wizard of Id T-shirt, Family Circus put a greeting on a book (being held upside down), and Blondie showed a greeting written on a cake in the first panel.", "Some cats claw the furniture, crap in the next door neighbour’s garden and pee all over the carpet and these are just some of the reasons as to why dogs are considered to be man’s best friend...and not cats.  Thing is there has always been one cat who was cooler than the rest and could certainly give any dog a run for its money.  Waaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaay back in the early days of British comic The Dandy, long before chin-challenged pie eater Desperate Dan muscled his way into people’s hearts, a cat named Korky was its big star - Its very big star!  In fact the black and white feline was the cover star of the comic for almost 47 years non-stop, which is very impressive if you consider the amount of characters that appeared in the Dandy.  Yeah Bananaman might have been the Dandy’s fruit based super man, but he had nothing on Korky, who was the real super sensation of the comic.  Over the years his popularity within the pages of the Dandy may have dwindled a bit (hey, you can’t be popular all the time) but he will always remain The Comics Code’s favourite pussy and that’s why he’s a Pulp Idol.", "Two mini-shows in one. Half revolved around a fat orange cat that liked to pick on dogs and knock over trash cans. The other half was about a group of cats, one that wore roller skates, that lived in a junkyard and had a beat up old caddy that could transform into a boat.", "Further unique and unusual strips manifested in the shape of Jiffy and the Glyphs (a slightly disturbing 1969 entry depicting the unleashing of tiny, Egyptian-like figures from within an ancient parchment) and 1970 wrought the queasily-memorable Lumbering Jack , an eerily comic depiction of a 19th-century bobby brought back to life to deal with the social problems of yobbish youths in the very early 70s. Although the comic undoubtedly tried out modern and contemporary fare in this period, more traditional entries like Danny's Tranny were also introduced in this era, and this concept proved to be another long-lasting winner. Indeed, this idea proved successful enough to warrant promotion to the prized front cover for a while in the mid-seventies.", "Gnorm Gnat In college, he studied art and business before going to work for TUMBLEWEEDS creator, Tom Ryan. There, he learned the skills and discipline necessary to become a syndicated cartoonist and began his own strip, GNORM GNAT. When he tried to sell the strip to a newspaper syndicate he was told, \"It's funny, but bugs? Who can relate to a bug?\" After five years of GNORM, Davis crushed the bug strip idea and tried a new tact, studying the comics pages closely. He noticed there were a lot of successful strips about dogs, but none about cats! Combining his wry wit with the art skills he had honed since childhood, GARFIELD, a fat, lazy, lasagna loving, cynical cat was born. Davis says Garfield is a composite of all the cats he remembered from his childhood, rolled into one feisty orange fur ball. Garfield was named after his grandfather, James Garfield Davis.", "A dog-like animal hung out with Popeye in the comic strip, comic books, and in the Fleischer and KFS toons.  He was a magical, fourth dimensional creature named Eugene The Jeep.  I know a few people thought he looked like a cat.  He always looked like a dog to me. ", "However, most of Cool Cat's cartoons dealt with his encounters with Colonel Rimfire (also voiced by Larry Storch ), a fussy, British-accented big-game hunter armed with a shotgun. Rimfire essentially acted as the Elmer Fudd to Cool Cat's Bugs Bunny , but was used only by Lovy. Cool Cat bears the distinction of starring in the very last cartoon produced at the classic Warner Bros. Cartoons studio: Injun Trouble in 1969. Shortly after this cartoon was produced, the venerable animation studio shut down for good.", "Tom (named \"Jasper\" in his debut appearance) is a grey and white domestic shorthair cat. (\"Tom\" is a generic name for a male cat – the Warner Bros. cartoon character Sylvester was originally named Thomas). He is usually but not always, portrayed as living a comfortable, or even pampered life, while Jerry (named \"Jinx\" in his debut appearance) is a small, brown, house mouse who always lives in close proximity to Tom. Despite being very energetic, determined and much larger, Tom is no match for Jerry's brains and wits. Jerry also possesses surprising strength for his size, approximately the equivalent of Tom's, lifting items such as anvils with relative ease and withstanding considerable impacts. Although cats typically chase mice to consume them, it is quite rare for Tom to actually try to consume Jerry. Most of his attempts are just to torment or humiliate Jerry, sometimes in revenge, and sometimes to obtain a reward from a human for catching Jerry. By the final \"fade-out\" of each cartoon, Jerry usually emerges triumphant, while Tom is shown as the loser. ", "Nicole Hollander has been chronicling the exploits of Sylvia and her cat for over thirty years in her comic strip and books. Her books of cartoons, \"My Cat's Not Fat, He's Just Big Boned\" and \"Everything Here is Mine\", speak to the issue of who is really the central character of the series.", "In the 1970s the comic strip artist Jim Davis, authored a strip, Gnorm Gnat , which met with mostly negative reviews. One editor said that \"his art was good, his gags were great,\" but \"nobody can identify with bugs.\" Davis took his advice and created a new strip with a cat as its main character. The strip originally consisted of four main characters. Garfield, the titular character, was based on the cats Davis was around growing up; he took his name and personality from Davis's grandfather James A. Garfield Davis, who was, in Davis's words, \"a large cantankerous man\". Jon Arbuckle came from a coffee commercial from the 1950s, and Odie came from a radio advertisement Davis had written for Oldsmobile-Cadillac. The fourth character, Lyman, was Odie's original owner; he was written in to give Jon someone to talk with. Davis later realized that Garfield and Jon could \"communicate nonverbally\", and Lyman was written out. The strip was originally rejected by King Features Syndicate and Chicago Tribune-New York News; United Feature Syndicate, however, accepted it in 1978. It debuted in 41 newspapers on June 19 of that year. In 1994, Davis's company, Paws, Inc., purchased all rights to the strips from 1978-1993 from United Feature. The strip is currently distributed by Universal Press Syndicate, while rights for the strip remain with Paws. The appearance of the characters gradually changed over time. The left panel is taken from a 1980 strip; the right is from a 1990 strip.", "Jim Davis's first Garfield comic strip debuted on June 19, 1978 in 41 newspapers. The antics of a cranky, overweight orange cat quickly drew fans. When a Chicago paper dropped the strip in favor of something else, more than 1,000 readers complained until they reinstated it. The look of the comic strip has changed over the years, but Davis has said that he based his simplicity of line on Charles Schulz's work in \"Peanuts.\"", "from Popeye comics looks like a dog sized, yellow, spotted, ambiguous looking cat-thing with a big, lightbulb-looking nose. Meanwhile, the animated cartoons define him as some sort of dog.", "The Wizard of Id is a daily newspaper comic strip created by American cartoonists Brant Parker and Johnny Hart. Beginning in 1964, the strip follows the antics of a large cast of characters in a shabby medieval kingdom called \"Id\". From time to time, the king refers to his subjects as \"Idiots\". (The title is a play on The Wizard of Oz, combined with the Freudian psychological term Id, which represents the instinctive and primal part of the human psyche.)", "The strip follows the adventures of a working sheep-dog called (if anything) \"Dog\" or \"The Dog\" or \"@*&#!\", his owner Wal Footrot and the other characters, human and animal, that they encounter or associate with. Ball expresses Dog's thoughts in thought-bubbles, though he clearly remains \"just a dog\" (rather than the heavily anthropomorphised creatures sometimes found in other comics or animation). Dog also has alter-egos including \"The Grey Ghost\" and \"The Iron Paw\".", "In this first cartoon about the cat and the mouse the cat is called Jasper. Why he is called Tom in the other cartoons is kind of explained in this short. The cat is teasing the mouse and the mouse seeks his revenge. After the cat breaks something he gets a warning. One more thing and he must go out of the house. The mouse is very willing to help the cat leave by trying to break things. Very funny and some great moments this is a great start for a very popular series of cartoons.", "Jones redesigned the neurotic feline for the 1949 film Mouse Wreckers (perhaps to distinguish him from Friz Freleng 's popular puss, Sylvester ). The short is another Hubie and Bertie vehicle, only this time, the antagonist they antagonize is Claude, drawn as he would appear in all future cartoons: yellow, with a red shock of hair and a white belly (his exact markings would vary from cartoon to cartoon). In this as in all future Claude Cat cartoons, Jones' careful attention to personality is easily evident. Claude is a nervous and lazy animal. His attempts to protect his home from the manipulative mice Hubie and Bertie prove futile as the rodents torment him by (among other things) putting aquariums in all the windows to make Claude think he's underwater or by nailing his furniture to the ceiling. Jones set the mice on Claude once more in the 1950 film The Hypo-Chondri-Cat . This time, the miniature Machiavellis convince the neurotic Claude that he's dead. Claude would run afoul of the mice once more in 1951's Cheese Chasers and against another mouse duo in Mouse Warming in 1952.", "Launched as a comic strip in 1978 by Jim Davis, Garfield continues to appear in over 2,000 newspapers daily. The ubiquitous Garfield has had his own feature film, numerous books, cartoons, TV specials and stage shows. With his likeness on wrapping paper, beach towels, greeting cards and t-shirts Garfield's hard to miss. Oh yes, he likes to eat and sleep..... a lot. Very catlike that Garfield.", "At the start of the New Funnies feature, Oswald existed in a milieu reminiscent of Winnie the Pooh: he was portrayed as a live stuffed animal, living in a forest together with other anthropomorphized toys. These included Toby Bear, Maggie Lou the wooden doll, Hi-Yah Wahoo the turtle-faced Indian, and Woody Woodpecker—depicted as a mechanical doll filled with nuts and bolts (hence his \"nutty\" behavior). In 1944, with the addition of writer John Stanley, the stuffed animal motif was dropped, as were Maggie Lou, Woody, and Wahoo. Oswald and Toby became flesh and blood characters living as roommates in \"Lantzville\". Initially drawn by Dan Gormley, the series was later drawn by the likes of Dan Noonan and Lloyd White.", "Dick Tracy is a long-running comic strip featuring a popular and familiar character in American pop culture, Dick Tracy, a hard-hitting, fast-shooting and intelligent police detective. Created by Chester Gould, the strip made its debut on October 4, 1931, in the Detroit Mirror. It was distributed by the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. Gould wrote and drew the strip until 1977.", "Smokey Stover is an American comic strip written and drawn by cartoonist Bill Holman, from 1935 until he retired in 1973. Distributed through the Chicago Tribune, it features the wacky misadventures of the titular fireman, and had the longest run of any comic strip in the \"screwball comics\" genre.", "When his Dennis the Menace cartoon added a Sunday strip, Ketcham hired artist Al Wiseman and writer Fred Toole to produce the Sunday strips and the many Dennis The Menace comic books that were published. People from around the country sent captions to him, and he would find one that he liked and illustrate the gag.", "Allegro Non Troppo contains a sequence about a cat remembering happy times in an abandoned house. Garfield watched that film shortly before going to bed and had a nightmare. The end of the last strip shows him waking up.", "The Nemi strips parodied this rather mercilessly. The titular character is about to paint a landscape, but before she can begin a pigeon takes a shit on her canvas. An \"art lover\" immediately runs up to her, visibly impressed. She protests, quite surprised, that it's just a piece of pigeon excrement on a canvas - which only amazes him and several others further.", "Feline \"Jasper\" is given an ultimatum by his master: break one more thing and you're out! Rodent Jerry does his best to make sure that his tormentor \"gets the boot\". Written by Chris Stone <jstone@bellatlantic.net>", "Strange Minds Think Alike : L Arson once did a cartoon with where a snake had swallowed Garfield (given that it had clearly swallowed something and Garfield's dish was nearby. Ironically, Jim Davis did a gag like that in one of his actual strips", "Here is a reproduction of a children's book of verse about animals. The original must have come from sometime in the 1890's or so. There are sixteen pages in all, including the stiff covers. Some pages feature colored and others black-and-white illustrations. On 10 we find a parody of BC titled \"Belling the Cat.\" This verse-story has to do, not with putting a bell around a cat's neck, but with ringing the doorbell of Tommy Mouser, the cat. The illustration shows a little mouse ringing the doorbell (marked \"Visitors\") and Tommy looking through the door, which is open just a bit. Here is the last half of the poem: \"They ring it once, they ring it twice,/Alas, the truth to tell,/For once too often, these six mice/Ring Tommy Mouser's bell./Tom hid behind the door, they say,/The Mother mouse looks glum,/She knows that never from their play/Those little mice will come.\"", "A cartoon Jim Davis drew for the Telegraph to celebrate the cat's 30th birthday in 2008", "In 1958, Golden Books published an illustrated storybook, adapted by Barbara Shook Hazen and illustrated by Richard Scarry. The book is similar in story to the Max Fleischer cartoon short. Although it is one of the more memorable versions of the story in book form, it is apparently no longer in print. However, a revised Golden Books version of the storybook has since been issued." ]

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[ "The organization administers the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge, which offers a prize of one million U.S. dollars which it will pay out to anyone who can demonstrate a supernatural or paranormal ability under agreed-upon scientific testing criteria. The JREF also maintains a legal defense fund to assist persons who are attacked as a result of their investigations and criticism of people who make paranormal claims. ", "Internationally there are individual skeptics of the paranormal and skeptics' organizations who offer cash prize money for demonstration of the existence of an extraordinary psychic power, such as psychokinesis. Prizes have been offered specifically for PK demonstrations: for example, businessman Gerald Fleming's offer of £250,000 to Uri Geller if he can bend a spoon under controlled conditions. The James Randi Educational Foundation offered the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge to any accepted candidate who managed to produce a paranormal event in a controlled, mutually agreed upon experiment.", "The James Randi Educational Foundation offers 1,000,000 US dollars to anyone who has a demonstrated media profile as well as the support from some member of the academic community, and who can produce a paranormal event, such as psycho kinesis, in a controlled, mutually agreed upon experiment.", "Fraudulent mediums have long capitalized on the popular belief in paranormal phenomena to prey on the bereaved for financial gain. From the 1840s to the 1920s, during the greatest popularity of the Spiritualism religious movement as well as public interest in séances, a number of fraudulent mediums used conjuring methods to perform illusions such as table-knocking, slate-writing, and telekinetic effects, which they attributed to the actions of ghosts or other spirits. The great escapologist and illusionist Harry Houdini devoted much of his time to exposing such fraudulent operators. Magician James Randi, magic duo Penn & Teller, and the mentalist Derren Brown have also devoted much time to investigating paranormal, occult, and supernatural claims. ", "In 1964, Randi began offering a prize of US$1000 to anyone who could demonstrate a paranormal ability under agreed-upon testing conditions. This prize has since been increased to US$1 million in bonds and is now administered by the JREF. Since its inception, more than 1000 people have applied to be tested. To date, no one has either been able to demonstrate their claimed abilities under the testing conditions, all applicants either failing to demonstrate the claimed ability during the test or deviating from the foundation conditions for taking the test such that any apparent success was held invalid; the prize money remains unclaimed.", "Much of the mystique and lure of modern psychics is the alleged proof of their claims through various alleged supernatural manifestations. People often trust psychics because of their persuasive demonstrations, although the history of psychics is littered with cases of proven fraud. Professional magician James Randi, for instance, has publicly exposed a number of psychics, spiritualists, channelers, and charlatans. One of Randi's first targets was Israeli psychic Uri Geller, tested by the Stanford Research Institute for his powers to bend spoons and levitate objects. Randi demonstrated that the tricks were actually very simple and much assisted by the people's imagination.", "In the 1920s Houdini turned his energies toward debunking self-proclaimed psychics and mediums , a pursuit that would inspire and be followed by later-day conjurers . [1] Houdini's training in magic allowed him to expose frauds who had successfully fooled many scientists and academics. He was a member of a Scientific American committee that offered a cash prize to any medium who could successfully demonstrate supernatural abilities. None were able to do so, and the prize was never collected. The first to be tested was medium George Valentine of Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania . As his fame as a \"ghostbuster\" grew, Houdini took to attending séances in disguise, accompanied by a reporter and police officer. Possibly the most famous medium whom he debunked was Mina Crandon , also known as \"Margery\". [39]", "David Seth Kotkin (born September 16, 1956), known professionally as David Copperfield, is an American illusionist , described by Forbes as the most commercially successful magician in history. [3]", "Levitation: The magician defies gravity, either by making something float in the air, or with the aid of another object (suspension)—a silver ball floats around a cloth, an assistant floats in mid-air, another is suspended from a broom, a scarf dances in a sealed bottle, the magician hovers a few inches off the floor. There are many popular ways to create this illusion, including Asrah levitation, Balducci levitation, and King levitation. The flying illusion is often performed by David Copperfield and more recently by Peter Marvey. Harry Blackstone floated a light bulb over the heads of the public.", "In the 1920s, after the death of his mother, Cecelia, he turned his energies toward debunking self-proclaimed psychics and mediums, a pursuit that would inspire and be followed by later-day conjurers. Houdini’s training in magic allowed him to expose frauds who had successfully fooled many scientists and academics. He was a member of a Scientific American committee that offered a cash prize to any medium who could successfully demonstrate supernatural abilities. None were able to do so, and the prize was never collected. The first to be tested was medium George Valentine of Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania. As his fame as a “ghostbuster” grew, Houdini took to attending séances in disguise, accompanied by a reporter and police officer. Possibly the most famous medium whom he debunked was the Boston medium Mina Crandon, also known as “Margery”.", "As a form of entertainment, magic easily moved from theatrical venues to television specials, which opened up new opportunities for deceptions, and brought stage magic to huge audiences. Famous magicians of the 20th century included Okito , David Devant , Harry Blackstone Sr. , Harry Blackstone Jr. , Howard Thurston , Theodore Annemann , Cardini , Joseph Dunninger , Dai Vernon , Fred Culpitt , Tommy Wonder , Siegfried & Roy , and Doug Henning . Popular 20th and 21st century magicians include David Copperfield , Lance Burton , James Randi , Penn and Teller , David Blaine , Criss Angel , Hans Klok , Derren Brown and Dynamo . Well known women would include Dell O'Dell and Dorothy Dietrich . Most TV magicians perform before a live audience, who provide the remote viewer with a reassurance that the illusions are not obtained with post-production visual effects.", "Magicians have a long history of exposing the fraudulent methods of mediumship. Early debunkers included Chung Ling Soo, Henry Evans and Julien Proskauer. Later magicians to reveal fraud were Joseph Dunninger, Harry Houdini and Joseph Rinn. ", "Propelled by the popularity of Mindfreak, Angel partnered with Cirque du Soleil to create a new live show, Criss Angel Believe, to run at the Luxor Hotel in Las Vegas. Believe was named after the code word Angel's idol, the legendary magician Harry Houdini, gave his wife to confirm whether anyone had contacted him in the afterlife. The show, which weaves together Angel's illusions and theatrical acrobatics, premiered on the 82nd anniversary of Houdini's death in 2008. Unfortunately, Believe received relatively poor reviews from audiences and critics. At the end of one 2009 show, Angel infamously spewed insults at gossip blogger Perez Hilton, who had Tweeted mid-show that \"Believe is unbelievably bad.\"", "As president of the Society of American Magicians, Harry Houdini was a vigorous campaigner against fraudulent psychic mediums. Most notably, he debunked renowned medium Mina Crandon, better known as Margery. This act turned him against former friend Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , who believed deeply in spiritualism and Margery's sight. Despite his activism against spiritual charlatanism, Houdini and his wife did in fact experiment with otherworldly spiritualism when they decided that the first of them to die would try to communicate from beyond the grave with the survivor. Before her 1943 death, Bess Houdini declared the experiment a failure. ", "The tradition of holding a séance for Houdini continues, held by magicians throughout the world. The Official Houdini Séance is currently organized by Sidney Hollis Radner , a Houdini aficionado from Holyoke, Massachusetts. [48] Yearly Houdini Séances are also conducted in Chicago at the Excaliber nightclub by \" necromancer \" Neil Tobin on behalf of the Chicago Assembly of the Society of American Magicians ; [49] and at the Houdini Museum in Scranton by magician Dorothy Dietrich who previously held them at New York's famous Magic Towne House with such magical notables as Houdini biographers Walter B. Gibson and Milbourne Christopher . Gibson was asked by Bess Houdini to carry on the tradition. Before he died, Walter passed on the tradition to Dorothy Dietrich .", "     Magicians who are open minded toward psychic occurrences are found in some surprising places.  Donald Michael Kraig, editor of Fate, a popular magazine dealing with paranormal topics, has been a professional magician as has Mark Chorvinsky, editor of Strange, a magazine devoted to what is known as �Forteana.�  Marcello Truzzi, who holds a neutral position about psychic phenomena edits Zetetic Scholar, an occasionally produced journal devoted to scientific controversies on the paranormal.  Truzzi has been active in the Psychic Entertainers Association and has served as Territorial Representative for the I.B.M.  He is a sociologist and has authored a number of important papers regarding the psi controversy.", "Between 1979 and 1981, the McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research at Washington University reported a series of experiments they named Project Alpha, in which two teenaged male subjects had demonstrated PK phenomena (including metal-bending and causing images to appear on film) under less than stringent laboratory conditions. James Randi eventually revealed that the subjects were two of his associates, amateur conjurers Steve Shaw and Michael Edwards. The pair had created the effects by standard trickery, but the researchers, being unfamiliar with magic techniques, interpreted them as proof of PK. ", "Houdini's training in magic allowed him to expose frauds who had successfully fooled many scientists and academics. He was a member of a Scientific American committee that offered a cash prize to any medium who could successfully demonstrate supernatural abilities. None was able to do so, and the prize was never collected. The first to be tested was medium George Valiantine of Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania. As his fame as a \"ghostbuster\" grew, Houdini took to attending séances in disguise, accompanied by a reporter and police officer. Possibly the most famous medium whom he debunked was Mina Crandon, also known as \"Margery\". ", "     Most skeptics are unfamiliar with the best scientific evidence for psychic phenomena such as that in the Journal of Parapsychology.  Most believers are unaware of the strongest arguments against the reality.  It will likely be a while before the scientific controversy is resolved, but in any event, magicians will undoubtedly play a role.", "Like popes and Latino pop stars, there is only room for one magician in popular culture at any one time. Paul Daniels started to feel a bit old hat when David Copperfield was making the Statue of Liberty disappear (and, even more amazingly, making Claudia Schiffer appear on his arm). But he too was forgotten when David Blaine levitated. Blaines aura popped when, fasting in a glass box by the Thames, someone suspended a burger beneath a remote-controlled helicopter and flew it up to his face. Derren Brown successfully entered the fray in the 2000s with his benevolent brainwasher schtick but his high-mindedness cleared the way for a neo-Daniels, someone who could make children gurn, nans coo, and the whole nation collectively boggle. »", "Partly as a result of his mother’s death, Houdini renewed an early interest in spiritualism, the so-called ability to communicate with the dead. Houdini wanted to believe that such communication was possible, but after many years performing magic, he was familiar with the methods employed by phony spiritualists to fool the public. Passing up better-paying opportunities, Houdini lectured on the subject of fraudulent spiritualists and unmasked many in the cities he visited. In his act, Houdini demonstrated many of the tricks used by spiritualists and wrote a best-selling book, A Magician Among the Spirits, which detailed their deceptions. Houdini had a standing offer of $10,000 to anyone who could produce a psychic effect that couldn’t be reproduced by natural means, but no one ever collected the money. Houdini so strongly opposed the phony spiritualists that he testified against them before a committee of Congress. “Please understand that, emphatically, I am not attacking a religion,” he said. “I respect every genuine believer in spiritualism or any other religion…But this thing they call spiritualism, wherein a medium intercommunicates with the dead, is a fraud from start to finish...In thirty-five years, I have never seen one genuine medium.”", "Mandrake is a magician whose work is based on an unusually fast hypnotic technique. As noted in captions, when Mandrake \"gestures hypnotically\", his subjects see illusions, and Mandrake used this technique in his battles with a variety of gangsters, mad scientists, extraterrestrials and characters from other dimensions.", "Ronnie Marcus, an Israeli psychic and claimant of psychokinetic metal bending, was tested in 1994 in scientifically controlled conditions and failed to produce any paranormal phenomena. According to magicians, his alleged psychokinetic feats were sleight of hand tricks. Marcus bent a letter opener by the concealed application of force and a frame-by-frame analysis of video showed that he bent a spoon from pressure from his thumb by ordinary, physical means. ", "In addition to his career as a stage magician and an escape artist, he also had a part time career as a debunker of mediums and other so called experts of the paranormal. However, his reasons for this campaign included a hope he could find an actual medium that could communicate with the dead.", "The most famous magicians in the world are known for performing amazing magic tricks, stunning illusions, and starring in mesmerizing magic shows.", "Michael Gutenplan, an expert in sleight-of-hand magic is about to expose the secrets of the CIA and you are invited to watch! In an intimate room at the famed Ritz Carlton Hotel in Washington, D.C., Michael will perform world-class magical effects and tell how magicians and the CIA have worked together since its creation in 1947. Using cards, money and mind reading Michael will expose the secrets and skills that have only been rumored to exist. From thought transference and teleportation to lie detection and invisible ink, Michael will transport you to another world where fact and legend go hand- in-hand and spies are around every corner. Grab a drink, have a seat and join us for this once in a lifetime event!", "Today's Trivia: He's a magician, illusionist, and endurance artist. He's best known for his high-profile feats of endurance, and has set and broken several world records. His first television special, Street Magic, has been called the best TV magic special ever done and the biggest breakthrough in our lifetime. Who is he?", "Dead fairy hoax: In 2007, an illusion designer for magicians posted on his website some images illustrating the corpse of an unknown eight-inch creation, which was claimed to be the mummified remains of a fairy. He later sold the fairy on eBay for £280.", "��� \"With the assistance of this mysterious science a man could master all the spirits that flit", "The master of illusion hosts a one-off special which assembles 12 members of the public to re-create a traditional séance.", "A psychic conducts seances in which the spirits of the dead speak to the participants. He says he has special psychic powers not possessed by other people, which allow him to “channel” the communications with the spirits. What part of the scientific method is being violated here?", "He is known for starring in the television and stage show Criss Angel Mindfreak and his live performance illusion show Criss Angel Believe in collaboration with Cirque du Soleil at the Luxor casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. The show generated $150 million in tourist revenue to Las Vegas in 2010." ]

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[ "Tupac Amaru Shakur (June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac, Makaveli, or simply Pac, was an American artist renowned for his rapping and hip hop music, as well as his movie roles, poetry, and his social activism. He is recognized in the Guinness Book of World Records as the highest-selling rap artist, with over 75,000,000 albums sold worldwide, including over 50,000,000 in the United States alone.[1] Most of Shakur's songs are about growing up around violence and hardship in ghettos, racism, problems in society, and sometimes qualms with other rappers. Shakur's work is known for advocating political, economic, social, and racial equality as well as his raw descriptions of violence, drug and alcohol abuse, and conflicts with the law. Many fans, critics, and industry insiders rank him as the greatest rapper ever.[2][3]", "Tupac Amaru Shakur (June 16, 1971 � September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac, Makaveli, or simply Pac, was an American rapper. In addition to his status as a top-selling recording artist, Shakur was a successful film actor and a prominent social activist. He is recognized in the Guinness Book of World Records as the highest-selling rap artist, with over 75,000,000 albums sold worldwide, including over 50,000,000 in the United States alone.", "Tupac Amaru Shakur (June 16, 1971 — September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper. In addition to his status as a top-selling recording artist, Shakur was a successful film actor and a prominent social activist. He is recognized in the Guinness Book of World Records as the highest-selling rap artist, with over 75,000,000 albums sold worldwide, including over 50,000,000 in the United States. Most of Shakur's songs are about growing up amid violence and hardship in ghettos, racism, problems in society and conflicts with other rappers. Shakur's work is known for advocating political, economic, social and racial equality, as well as his raw descriptions of violence, drug and alcohol abuse and conflicts with the law.", "Tupac Amaru Shakur (June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), known by his stage names 2Pac (or simply Pac) and Makaveli, was an American rapper . He has sold 75 million plus albums to date and is one of the best-selling music artists in the world . [1] In addition to his status as a top-selling recording artist, Shakur was a promising actor [2] and a social activist. Most of Shakur's songs are about growing up amid violence and hardship in ghettos, racism, problems in society and conflicts with other rappers. Shakur's work is known for advocating egalitarianism . [3] Shakur was initially a roadie and backup dancer for the alternative hip hop group Digital Underground . [4] [5] [6]", "Born in New York City in 1971, Tupac Shakur, known by his stage name 2Pac, was an American rapper. Shakur has sold more than 75 million albums worldwide, making him one of the best-selling music artists in the world. Most of Tupac's songs are about growing up amid violence and hardship in ghettos, racism, other social problems and conflicts with other rappers during the East Coast-West Coast hip hop rivalry. Shakur was shot and killed in Las Vegas, Nevada, in 1996. Even though he’s dead he still lives on through his music.", "Tupac Amaru Shakur (June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names: 2Pac, Makaveli, or simply Pac, was an American artist renowned for his rap music, movie roles, poetry, and his social activism. He is recognized in the Guinness Book of World Records as the best selling hip-hop artist, with over seventy-five million albums sold worldwide[1] including over fifty million in the United States alone. Most of Shakur's songs are about growing up around violence and hardship in ghettos, racism, problems in society, and sometimes qualms with other fellow rappers. Shakur's work is known for advocating political, economic, social, and racial equality as well as his raw descriptions of violence, drug and alcohol abuse, and conflicts with the law. Many fans, critics, and industry insiders rank him as the greatest rapper ever.[2][3]", "Tupac Amaru Shakur (/ˈtuːpɑːk ʃəˈkʊər/ TOO-pahk shə-KOOR; June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper and actor. As of 2007, Shakur has sold over 75 million records worldwide. His double disc albums All Eyez on Me and his Greatest Hits are among the best selling albums in the United States. He has been listed and ranked as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines, including Rolling Stone which ranked him 86th on its list of The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. He is consistently ranked as one of the greatest rappers ever, as well as one of the most influential rappers of all time.", "Tupac Amaru Shakur ( ; born Lesane Parish Crooks; June 16, 1971September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper, record producer and actor. As of 2007, Shakur has sold over 75 million records worldwide. His double disc albums All Eyez on Me and his Greatest Hits are among the best selling albums in the United States. He has been listed and ranked as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines, including Rolling Stone which ranked him 86th on its list of The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. He is consistently ranked as one of the greatest rappers ever, as well as one of the most influential rappers of all time.[http://www.bet.com/music/photos/2011/09/50-most-influential-rappers.html#!2011-topic-tu-pac-crop] Archive line: http://web.archive.org/web/20111229064350/http://www.bet.com/music/photos/2011/09/50-most-influential-rappers.html?#!2011-topic-tu-pac-crop", "1996 - Tupac Shakur and Marion \"Suge\" Knight are shot while in Las Vegas after a Mike Tyson fight. Shakur died six days later.", "The murder of Tupac Shakur is one of the most notorious unsolved k!llings in hip-hop history. The icon was shot in Las Vegas at the age of 25 on Sept. 7, 1996, dying six days later at University Medical Center due to complications from his bullet wounds. On the night 'Pac was shot, Suge Knight was driving a black 1996 BMW with 'Pac riding in the passenger seat. A white Cadillac then pulled up on the passenger side, firing off 14 rounds. Tupac was struck four times; twice in the chest, once in the arm and once in the thigh. Knight was hit with bullet fragments, but was able to drive the car about a mile away before being pulled over by bike patrol on Las Vegas Boulevard and Harmon Avenue. Paramedics were radioed and the two were taken to University Medical Center. There, Tupac underwent two surgeries and had his right lung removed. Shakur's case remains unsolved.", "But 10 years after Shakur died on Sept. 13, 1996, the victim of a drive-by shooting, no rapper is as complex, as multifaceted, as challenging. A handsome and charismatic actor, a violent felon, a brilliant songwriter, a reckless celebrity, a misogynist and a visionary — Shakur still fascinates from the grave.", "Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972), known as Slim Shady and his primary stage name Eminem, is an Academy Award-winning American rapper, record producer and actor. Having sold over seventy million albums worldwide, Eminem is one of the highest-selling rappers of all time.", "Although Tupac Shakur's life was cut short in 1996, he still manages to hold and break new records even to this day.", "Cordozar Calvin Broadus, Jr. (born October 20, 1971), known professionally as Snoop Dogg (formerly Snoop Doggy Dogg), is an American rapper and actor from Long Beach, California. His music career began in 1992 when he was discovered by Dr. Dre of N.W.A, and as a result, was prominently featured throughout Dr. Dre's solo debut album, The Chronic (1992). He has since sold over twenty-three million albums in the United States and thirty-five million albums worldwide. ", "His career triumphs--a number one album and pop single-- both happened on the 13th: Rap's first double album, \"All Eyez on Me\" (certified by the RIAA as of December 2006 at 9 million copies sold) hit store shelves on February 13th 1996. His only number one pop single \"How Do U Want It?\", reached the apex of the Hot 100 on July 13th 1996. Sadly, it was on September 13th (a Friday) that Shakur succumbed to injuries sustained in a Las Vegas shooting.", "1995: Stretch/Randy Walker (23) American rapper and hip hop producer from New York City; he featured in the films Juice; Who's the Man?; Bullet, and contributed to the soundtrack Above the Rim, but is perhaps most famous for his close affliation with Tupac Shakur during the early 1990s, and was part of the hip hop group \"Live Squad\" (tragically he was murdered by being shot twice in the back by three men who pulled up alongside his green minivan at 112th Ave. and 209th St. in Queens Village while he was driving. His minivan smashed into a tree and hit a parked car before flipping over) b. April 8th 1972.", "in 1995 - Stretch/Randy Walker dies at age 23. American rapper and hip hop producer from New York City; he featured in the films Juice; Who's the Man?; Bullet, and contributed to the soundtrack Above the Rim, but is perhaps most famous for his close affliation with Tupac Shakur during the early 1990s, and was part of the hip hop group \"Live Squad\" (tragically he was murdered by being shot twice in the back by three men who pulled up alongside his green minivan at 112th Ave. and 209th St. in Queens Village while he was driving. His minivan smashed into a tree and hit a parked car before flipping over)", "Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972), better known by his stage name Eminem (often stylized as EMINƎM) and by his alter ego Slim Shady, is an American rapper, record producer, songwriter and actor. Eminem is a member of his group D12, and also one half of the hip hop duo Bad Meets Evil, with Royce da 5'9\". Eminem is one of the best-selling artists in the world and is the best selling artist of the 2000s. He has been listed and ranked as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines, including Rolling Stone magazine which ranked him 82nd on its list of The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The same magazine declared him The King of Hip Hop. Including his work with D12 and Bad Meets Evil, Eminem has achieved ten number-one albums on the Billboard 200. He has sold more than 42 million tracks and 49.1 million albums in the United States, and 100 million albums worldwide.", "When you browse our annual ranking of the richest rappers in the world, many of the top names are probably easy to guess. You've got Dr. Dre at #1 with $830 million and Diddy at #2 with $760 million. The top 10 is predictably filled with some of today's biggest entertainers like Jay-Z Eminem, Birdman and Lil Wayne. On the other hand, many people are surprised by who comes in at #5. The fifth richest rapper in the world today hasn't had a major hit in over a decade. In fact, his once dominant rap label filed for bankruptcy back in 2003 and his most recent self released studio album sold just 75,000 copies. In case you haven't figured it out yet, we are talking about the ultimate No Limit soldier, Percy Miller. Better known as Master P .", "In September 1996, however, Shakur was shot and killed by unknown assailants; just six months later, in March of 1997, B.I.G. himself was killed in the same fashion. Just three weeks later, his second album debuted at number one and was eventually certified six times platinum. The single \"Hypnotize\" also hit number one and stayed on the charts for months after B.I.G. was killed. Though Combs had been preparing his own solo debut, under the name Puff Daddy, he quit working for several months out of grief for his longtime friend. When he returned in mid-1997, it was with a vengeance, as the single \"Can't Nobody Hold Me Down\" held the top spot on the singles charts for almost two months. Following quickly behind was another monster number one hit, \"I'll Be Missing You,\" a tender tribute to B.I.G. with Evans providing background vocals.", "Curtis James Jackson III (born July 6, 1975), better known by his stage name 50 Cent, is an American rapper and actor. He rose to fame with the release of his albums Get Rich or Die Tryin' (2003) and The Massacre (2005). Get Rich or Die Tryin' has been certified eight times platinum by the RIAA and has sold over 15 million copies worldwide. His album The Massacre has been certified five times platinum by the RIAA and has sold 11 million copies worldwide.", "In 2003, MTV's \"22 Greatest MCs\" countdown listed Shakur as the \"Number 1 MC\", as voted by the viewers. In 2004, at the VH1 Hip Hop Honors Shakur was honored along with DJ Hollywood, Kool DJ Herc, KRS-One, Public Enemy, Run-D.M.C., Rock Steady Crew, and Sugarhill Gang. A Vibe magazine poll in 2004 rated Shakur \"the greatest rapper of all time\" as voted by fans. Editors of About.com ranked him No. 5 on their list of the Top 50 MCs of Our Time (1987–2007). In 2012, The Source ranked him No. 5 in their list of the top 50 hip hop lyricists of all time. In 2004, Pac was given the title of the highest selling rap/hip-hop artists of all time in the Guinness Book of Records – at that point he had sold 67 million records.", "In death, the Notorious B.I.G., like Shakur, came to be regarded as a kind of hip-hop martyr. This image enhanced the immense respect he already enjoyed as an artist and increased the already-high anticipation of his second album, Life after Death, which was released three weeks after the Notorious B.I.G.'s murder. A sprawling double album of twenty-four tracks, Life after Death enlisted a wide array of producers and guest artists in a successful attempt to expand upon the pop-friendly yet gritty hip-hop style of Ready to Die. It was also a stunning commercial success. It debuted at number one on the charts, selling 700,000 copies in its first weeks and ultimately going eleven-times platinum. Its first two singles, \"Hypnotize\" and \"Mo Money Mo Problems,\" made the Notorious B.I.G. the first artist to have two posthumous number one hits. Moreover, Combs's and Evans's tribute to the Notorious B.I.G., \"I'll Be Missing You,\" became one of the most successful singles of 1997. Born Again (1999), a collection of previously unreleased tracks, was also a commercial success, debuting at number one and selling 2 million copies.", "1997 – Rapper The Notorious B.I.G. (Biggie) was returning to his hotel in Los Angeles, California after an awards party. A car pulled up beside his and opened fire. Biggie was killed almost instantly.", "1997 - Rapper The Notorious B.I.G. (Biggie) was returning to his hotel in Los Angeles, California after an awards party. A car pulled up beside his and opened fire. Biggie was killed him almost instantly.", "in 2003 - Soulja Slim (James Tapp Jr) dies at age 26. US rapper; known for his U.S. #1 hit \"Slow Motion\" with fellow rapper Juvenile. He was one of Master P's No Limit soldiers, who made his solo debut in 1998 with \"Give It 2 'Em Raw\". Following a prison stint for armed robbery, he reappeared 3 years later with \"Streets Made Me\". The following year he released \"Years Later...A Few Months After\", which would prove to be the last (on his way to do a show he was shot three times in the face, and once in the chest, in front of his mother's home in the 8th Ward, New Orleans).", "Notable Releases: Album: Still I Rize Vol. 1 (posthumous, 2004); Guest Appearances: 2pac's “Hail Mary,” “All Bout U,” “Outlaw,” “When We Ride”", "His third album, Me Against The World, was very well received, with many calling it the magnum opus of his career. It is considered one of the greatest and most influential hip hop albums of all-time. It is his fourth biggest selling album with 3,524,567 copies in the United States as of 2011.[50]Me Against the World won best rap album at the 1996 Soul Train Music Awards.[51]", "His third album, Me Against The World, was very well received, with many calling it the magnum opus of his career. It is considered one of the greatest and most influential hip hop albums of all-time. It is his fourth biggest selling album with 3,524,567 copies in the United States as of 2011.Me Against the World won best rap album at the 1996 Soul Train Music Awards.", "Sixteen days after his death, Wallace's double-disc second album was released as planned with the shortened title of Life After Death and hit No. 1 on the Billboard 200 charts, after making a premature appearance at No. 176 due to street-date violations. The record album featured a much wider range of guests and producers than its predecessor. It gained strong reviews and in 2000 was certified Diamond, the highest RIAA certification awarded to a solo hip hop album.", "rapper: LPs: Ready to Die, Life After Death, Born Again; shot and killed in Los Angeles Mar 9, 1997 [his killer has not been identified]", "His third album, Me Against The World, was very well received, with many calling it the magnum opus of his career. It is considered one of the greatest and most influential hip hop albums of all time. It is his fourth biggest selling album with 3,524,567 copies in the United States as of 2011. Me Against the World won best rap album at the 1996 Soul Train Music Awards. " ]

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[ "Bart is often seen drinking it whilst Homer drinks Duff beer. Buzz Cola with Lemon was introduced by Mayor Quimby at the opening of the Snowball II Municipal Cat Park with the slogan \"damn, that's a lemony cola!\" [1]", "Buzz Cola plays a major role in the video game The Simpsons: Hit & Run . In the game, Krusty the Clown promotes a \"new improved Buzz Cola\", which in reality is a drink made by Kang and Kodos that makes people crazy. Their plan is to drive the townspeople insane and destroy their own town, all which would be shown on a reality show called Foolish Earthlings . The aliens planned to put up stands in the Springfield Squidport giving out free ray guns, so that the cola-infected townspeople would shoot each other and cause major carnage. The Simpsons and Apu expose their plan, and Bart destroys all the ray gun stands. However, the aliens instead spread the cola through the water supply, which instead of turning the people of Springfield crazy, it awakens the dead. Kang and Kodos are later defeated when Homer uses radioactive waste to destroy their spaceship.", "His accessory is a cool Easter Egg for fans of The Simpsons, he comes with a can of Buzz Cola, the non-alcoholic beverage of choice for the citizens of Springfield.", "Duff Beer, Homer Simpson's beverage of choice on The Simpsons , might soon be heading to real life coolers. The long-running show's media company, 21st Century Fox, has given the yellow thumbs up to brew an actual, officially licensed Duff Beer. However, as of now, the drink will only be available in Chile, the Wall Street Journal reports , though a worldwide release is being considered.", "Homer Simpson's favourite beer, Duff, is to be made available to buy in the UK. The famous fictional drink from The Simpsons - complete with its slogan, 'Can't get enough of that wonderful Duff' - has been developed in real life by The Legendary Duff Beer company.", "In the Season 13 premiere of Family Guy, titled \"The Simpsons Guy\", Homer and Peter Griffin begin arguing over whether Duff or Pawtucket was the superior beer, only for Moe to reveal that Pawtucket is actually the same beer as Duff (literally with just a new label for Pawtucket over the Duff label.) Later in the episode, judge Fred Flintstone declares that they are both imitations of his own favorite beer Bud Rock.", "4:55pm The Simpsons: Homer Day: Flaming Moe's: Homer teaches Moe how to make his favourite homemade alcoholic drink, the 'Flaming Homer'. But Moe steals the recipe, and successfully reinvents the bar as 'Flaming Moe's'. (30 minutes)", "The Simpsons is an American animated television sitcom created by Matt Groening and produced by the Fox Broadcasting Company . The main characters are a satire of a working class family , consisting of lazy family father, Homer , hard working stay-at-home mother, Marge and their three children, troublemaker, Bart , charismatic Lisa , and pacifier-sucking Maggie . The series lampoons many aspects of American culture, history, politics, and society.", "Some real-life beverages were created and marketed after appearing as fictional, as is the case with Duff Beer from the TV show The Simpsons. To promote The Simpsons Movie, convenience store 7-Eleven marketed a Duff-branded energy drink.", "Duff is Homer Simpson's beer of choice. It is a parody of stereotypical commercial beer: cheap, poor-quality, and advertised everywhere.", "Duff Beer is a brand of beer that originally started as a fictional beverage on the animated series The Simpsons. Since then it has become a real brand of beer in a number of countries without permission or consent from its original creator, Matt Groening, and has resulted in legal battles with varying results. An official version of the beer is sold in three variations near The Simpsons Ride at Universal Studios.", "Of course, Bond is hardly the only fictional character to quaff a few of a favorite drink. Think the lead characters in “Sex and the City” and their affection for cosmos. Or Homer Simpson and Duff beer.", "The fictional brew, made popular by the US cartoon The Simpsons, has been trying to make its mark on the beer market for some time.", "In the mid 1990s, the Lion Nathan brewery in Australia produced a beer called Duff. 20th Century Fox brought legal action against the company. The product was ordered to be pulled from store shelves and destroyed, because of the likely association in public mind between the Simpsons brand and characters and Lion Nathan's product, though the manufacturer did not use any Simpsons characters or the Simpsons Duff Beer design. The beer became a collectors' item in the process, with one case selling for US$13,000.", "* The Simpsons episode \"The Twisted World of Marge Simpson\" (1997) features Marge Simpson starting a pretzel business.", "Grape Nehi Soda - Favorite drink of Corporal Walter \"Radar\" O'Reilly, the naive company clerk on the military sitcom M*A*S*H/CBS/1972-83. When he visited the officer's lounge or Rosie's bar, Grape Nehi was his beverage of choice. Grape soda was also the favorite drink of Atlanta-based lawyer, Ben Matlock (Andy Griffith) who enjoyed \"washing down\" a hot dog snack with a cool, bubbly bottle of grape soda on episodes of the legal drama MATLOCK/NBC/ABC/1986-95", "The notion of a brewery buying out a bar for one drink is a nod to Cocktail (Roger Donaldson, 1988), while Homer plummeting from the rafters recalls The Phantom of the Opera. The sequence in which Frink analyses a Flaming Moe comes from The Nutty Professor (Jerry Lewis, 1963).", "Homer, a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, is a generally well-meaning buffoon whose short attention span often draws him into outrageous schemes and adventures. Marge was once intelligent and sophisticated, but has come to conform with the stereotype of housewife/mother. Bart, the oldest sibling, is a troublemaker and classroom terror (\"the devil's cabana boy\" is how Lisa once described him) who thinks of himself as a rebel while Lisa is a brainy student, vegetarian, Buddhist and jazz music fan who dreams of a better future (she is referred to as \"the future of the family\"). Maggie is an eternal baby, and despite the fact that numerous years (and birthdays) clearly pass (for example, many Christmas episodes), the Simpsons do not appear to age. Some characters' ages have fluctuated throughout the years; this is most likely due to simple oversight on the part of the writers.", "Those old enough to have been a fan of the 70’s TV series M*A*S*H may remember that Nehi Grape soda was Radar O’Reilly’s favorite drink.  As a kid at that time, I’d never heard of Nehi anything.  The only soft drinks I was aware of in those days were Coke, Pepsi, 7-Up, Orange Crush, and a bunch of crazy-ass “Cragmont” flavors that my parents would get at Safeway (24 cans for a buck).  I figured Nehi Grape was a mid-century relic that the creators of M*A*S*H had dragged up for historical authenticity, that it probably wasn’t very good since I’d never seen it myself, and I seldom gave it another thought.", "Diet Coke was sweetened with aspartame, an artificial sweetener, after the sweetener became available in the United States in 1983; to save money, this was originally in a blend with saccharin. After Diet Rite cola advertised its 100 percent use of aspartame, and the manufacturer of NutraSweet (then G. D. Searle & Company) warned that the NutraSweet trademark would not be made available to a blend of sweeteners, Coca-Cola switched the formula to 100 percent NutraSweet. Diet Coke from fountain dispensers still contains some saccharin to extend shelf life.", "In \"A Tree Grows in Springfield\", Homer asks for Moe's best beer, so Moe gives him a Duff Adequate. In \"The Great Louse Detective\", Duffman claims that Duff Stout is \"the beer that made Ireland famous\". ", "In \"The War of Art\", Homer offers Kirk Van Houten a bottle of Canadian Duff (or Le Duff avec Codeine on the label in French), which is laced with Cough Medicine. The label on the bottle's neck has a picture of Canadian Duffman wearing a Mountie uniform and saying his catch phrase in both English (\"Oh Yeah!\") and French (\"Mais Oui!\").", "Kool-Aid Man is the mascot for Kool-Aid, a popular drink. The character has appeared in television and print advertising as a fun-loving and avuncular beverage provider, bursting through walls and yelling \"Oh yeah!\" to share the drink with kids. He is a gigantic anthropomorphic pitcher, filled with Kool-Aid (usually cherry, though other flavors have been used) and marked with a fingerprinted smiley face.", "Fudd Beer is the main brand of beer in Shelbyville and Spittle County. It is the chief competitor of Duff Beer which is intentionally spelled with a parallel swapping of the consonants. Homer became aware of Fudd Beer while patronizing a \"redneck bar\" in nearby Spittle County. It was later revealed to be considered very popular in Springfield 's rival town of Shelbyville. Despite its popularity, Moe said he thought it had been banned \"after all those hillbillies went blind\".", "Plot: Moe and his tavern are in serious financial trouble. After he runs out of beer, Homer decides to tell him about a drink recipe that he accidentally invented one night, called the \"Flaming Homer\".", "After another failed Mother's Day gift, Homer takes the kids to Sprawl-Mart and ends up buying a Kitchen Carnival for Marge. Homer uses the Carnival to create an edible candy man, but Marge finally forces him to take it to the Springfield Dump - where he's promptly attacked by a bear. When he's labelled a coward by the media, Homer builds a bear-fighting suit, and after some Jackass style testing antics sets out to confront the bear.", "11:00am The Simpsons: Dancin' Homer: Homer becomes the Springfield Isotopes' mascot after getting drunk with Mr Burns and making a fool of himself at the baseball game. (30 minutes)", "The beer's official slogan is \"Can't Get Enough of That Wonderful Duff\", though there are others. In \"Duffless\", parking lot signs at the Duff brewery have the slogans \"It's Always Time For Duff\" and \"Now Leaving Duff Country\". In \"Homer's Odyssey\", Duff is described as \"The beer that makes the days fly by\".", "A carbonated, sometimes alcoholic soft drink flavored originally with sassafras root, now flavored with vanilla also. Available in grocery stores and convenience stores.", "\"Mint Julep. A cocktail made from bourbon, sugar, and mint. It is a classic drink of Kentucky and is traditionally served at the running of the Kentucky Derby on the first Saturday in May. The word first appeared printed in John Davis's Travels of Four Years and a Half in the United States (1803) as a 'dram of spiritous liquor that has mint in it, taken by Virginians in the morning.' The origin of the word 'julep'...indicates a very sweet concoction known since the fifteenth century. Mint juleps were known in the United States by the end of the eighteenth century, long before bourbon became the ingredient most associated with the drink, and one will find mint juleps made with whiskeys other than bourbon, though this would be heresy in the state of Kentucky, where there is also great debate as to whether the mint leaves should be crushed in the traditional silver mug.\"", "The Simpsons' first-ever flashback episode introduced Homer's high school rival for Marge's affection, Artie Ziff (Jon Lovitz), as he tries to impress her enough to take her to prom. Ziff wins out but his \"busy hands\" ultimately push her into Homer's arms always and forever. Of course the whole story grosses out their kids. The episode is also notable for Homer's rendition of the Steve Miller Band's \"The Joker,\" complete with a \"woo-hoo\" for \"some people call me Maurice.\"", "\" Dancin' Homer \": Homer tells his bar buddies the story of how his drunken antics at a baseball game with his boss landed him a job as a dancing mascot for the Springfield Isotopes." ]

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[ "Amateur radio, often called ham radio, is both a hobby and a service in which participants, called \"hams,\" use various types of radio communications equipment to communicate with other radio amateurs for public service, recreation and self-training. Amateur radio operators enjoy personal (and often worldwide) wireless communications with each other and are able to support their communities with emergency and disaster communications if necessary, while increasing their personal knowledge of electronics and radio theory. An estimated six million people throughout the world are regularly involved with amateur radio. The term \"amateur\" is not a reflection on the skills of the participants, which are often quite advanced; rather, \"amateur\" indicates that amateur radio communications are not allowed to be made for commercial or money-making purposes.", "Amateur radio satellites can be accessed, some using a hand-held transceiver (HT), even, at times, using the factory \"rubber duck\" antenna. Hams also use the moon, the aurora borealis, and the ionized trails of meteors as reflectors of radio waves. Hams can also contact the International Space Station (ISS) because many astronauts and cosmonauts are licensed as amateur radio operators.", "International Morse code today is most popular among amateur radio operators, where it is used as the pattern to key a transmitter on and off in the radio communications mode commonly referred to as \" continuous wave \" or \"CW\". The original amateur radio operators used Morse code exclusively, as voice-capable radio transmitters did not become commonly available until around 1920. Until 2003 the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) mandated Morse code proficiency as part of the amateur radio licensing procedure worldwide. However, the World Radiocommunication Conference of 2003 (WRC-03) made the Morse code requirement for amateur radio licensing optional. [4] Many countries subsequently removed the Morse requirement from their licence requirements. [5]", "The original amateur radio operators used Morse code exclusively, since voice-capable radio transmitters did not become commonly available until around 1920. Until 2003 the International Telecommunication Union mandated Morse code proficiency as part of the amateur radio licensing procedure worldwide. However, the World Radiocommunication Conference of 2003 made the Morse code requirement for amateur radio licensing optional. Many countries subsequently removed the Morse requirement from their licence requirements. ", "*Unlicensed operation—Particularly associated with amateur radio and licensed personal communication services such as GMRS, this refers to use of radio equipment on a section of spectrum for which the equipment is designed but on which the user is not licensed to operate (most such operators are informally known as \"bubble pack pirates\" from the sealed plastic retail packaging common to such walkie-talkies). While piracy on the US GMRS band, for example, is widespread (some estimates have the number of total GMRS users outstripping the number of licensed users by several orders of magnitude), such use is generally disciplined only in cases where the pirate's activity interferes with a licensee. A notable case is that of former United States amateur operator Jack Gerritsen operating under the revoked call sign KG6IRO who was successfully prosecuted by the FCC for unlicensed operation and malicious interference. A subcategory of this is free banding, the use of allocations nearby a legal allocation, most typically the 27 MHz Citizen's Band using modified or purpose-built gear.", "The term \"ham radio\" was first a pejorative that mocked amateur radio operators with a 19th-century term for being bad at something, like \"ham-fisted\" or \"ham actor\". It had already been used for bad wired telegraph operators. ", "CW Continuous wave CX Conditions DE From DX Distance (sometimes refers to long distance contact) ES And FB Fine business (Analogous to \"OK\") FCC Federal Communications Commission FER For FREQ Frequency GA Good afternoon or Go ahead (depending on context) GE Good evening GM Good morning GND Ground (ground potential) GUD Good HI Laughter HR Here HV Have LID Poor operator MILS Milliamperes NIL Nothing NR Number OB Old boy OC Old chap OM Old man (any male amateur radio operator is an OM) OO Official Observer OP Operator OT Old timer OTC Old timers club OOTC Old old timers club PSE Please PWR Power QCWA Quarter Century Wireless Association R I acknowledge or decimal point (depending on context) RCVR Receiver RPT Repeat or report (depending on context) RST Signal report format (Readability-Signal Strength-Tone) RTTY Radioteletype RX Receive SAE Self addressed envelope SASE Self addressed, stamped envelope SED Said SEZ Says SIG Signal SIGS Signals SKED Schedule SN Soon", "Amateur radio operators have access to amateur satellites, which have been designed specifically to carry amateur radio traffic. Most such satellites operate as spaceborne repeaters, and are generally accessed by amateurs equipped with UHF or VHF radio equipment and highly directional antennas such as Yagis or dish antennas. Due to launch costs, most current amateur satellites are launched into fairly low Earth orbits, and are designed to deal with only a limited number of brief contacts at any given time. Some satellites also provide data-forwarding services using the X.25 or similar protocols.", "The origins of amateur radio can be traced to the late 19th century, but amateur radio as practiced today began in the early 20th century. The First Annual Official Wireless Blue Book of the Wireless Association of America, produced in 1909, contains a list of amateur radio stations. This radio callbook lists wireless telegraph stations in Canada and the United States, including 89 amateur radio stations. As with radio in general, amateur radio was associated with various amateur experimenters and hobbyists. Amateur radio enthusiasts have significantly contributed to science, engineering, industry, and social services. Research by amateur operators has founded new industries, built economies, empowered nations, and saved lives in times of emergency. Ham radio can also be used in the classroom to teach English, map skills, geography, math, science, and computer skills. ", "Juan Carlos is an amateur radio operator and holds the call sign EA0JC. His fondness of incognito motorbike riding has raised urban legends of people finding him on lonely roads.", "Military Affiliate Radio System, or Military Auxiliary Radio System; being the unofficial radio transmissions sent by OFF-DUTY MIL-PERS, who are using military communications apparatus during low traffic intervals to call civilians in the United States, by linking to volunteer amateur radio (HAM) operators to complete a toll-free connection with a local telephone call patched into the radio. Technology has overcome the drawbacks (eg: inconvenience, unavailability, lack of privacy) of this modality with worldwide e-mail of text, voice, and image for all servicemembers at no personal cost. Also, identifies the \"Mars Task Force\", or 5332nd Brigade, formed from the 475th Inf Rgt and 124th Cav Rgt, together with the lineage of the 5307th Composite Unit, to operate along the LEDO ROAD from October 1944 until being disbanded in July 1945; see MERRILL'S MARAUDERS, RANGER.", "Many radio hobbyists operate illegitimately in the so-called \"free band\", (which is often referred to as 11 meters, similar to how hams refer to their bands by the approximate wavelengths) using either Citizens' Band equipment that has been modified for extended frequency range and higher power, or else amateur radio equipment operated outside the assigned amateur 10 meter band. Such operations are not part of the legally authorized Citizen's Band service and should not be called \"CB\". Out-of-band operations may interfere with licensed, public safety, commercial, or military users of these frequencies. Illegal transmitters may not meet good engineering practice for harmonic distortion or \"splatter\", and resulting interference to licensed radio spectrum users will often attract the attention of regulating authorities.", "Radiotelegraphy using Morse code, also known as \"CW\" from \"continuous wave\", is the wireless extension of land line (wired) telegraphy developed by Samuel Morse and dates to the earliest days of radio. Although computer-based (digital) modes and methods have largely replaced CW for commercial and military applications, many amateur radio operators still enjoy using the CW mode—particularly on the shortwave bands and for experimental work, such as earth-moon-earth communication, because of its inherent signal-to-noise ratio advantages. Morse, using internationally agreed message encodings such as the Q code, enables communication between amateurs who speak different languages. It is also popular with homebrewers and in particular with \"QRP\" or very-low-power enthusiasts, as CW-only transmitters are simpler to construct, and the human ear-brain signal processing system can pull weak CW signals out of the noise where voice signals would be totally inaudible. A similar \"legacy\" mode popular with home constructors is amplitude modulation (AM), pursued by many vintage amateur radio enthusiasts and aficionados of vacuum tube technology.", "Amateur Radio Service, FCC Part 97 regulations govern the Amateur Radio Service. They essentially define Amateur Radio operation as a non-commercial service comprised of people interested in radio operation and technology. The governments of the world have encouraged the growth of Amateur Radio because of the various forms of public service performed by hams. They provide message handling in times of disaster, and continuing contributions to electronics and radio technology.", "Prospective amateur radio operators are examined on understanding of the key concepts of electronics, radio equipment, antennas, radio propagation, RF safety, and the radio regulations of the government granting the license. These examinations are sets of questions typically posed in either a short answer or multiple-choice format. Examinations can be administered by bureaucrats, non-paid certified examiners, or previously licensed amateur radio operators.", "Goldwater was an avid amateur radio operator from the early 1920s onwards, with the call signs 6BPI, K3UIG and K7UGA. [95] [96] The latter is now used by an Arizona club honoring him as a commemorative call. During the Vietnam War he was a Military Affiliate Radio System (MARS) operator. [97]", "Was a licensed amateur (ham) radio operator with the call signs KE6PZH (his American license) and FO5GJ (is license for his home in French Polynesia). For both licenses, he used the name \"Martin Brandeaux\".", "Offutt also has another hobby. He is an amateur radio operator, with the government-issued callsign AF9Q. The American Radio Relay League member was first licensed in 1943. Beverly Offutt is a radio ham with callsign N9JVN.", "As an amateur radio operator for the past 30 years, I can assure you that the beeping sounds we heard were not Mr. Morse's code.", "Amateur radio operators in Australia hold the \"Remembrance Day Contest\" on the weekend nearest VP Day, August 15, remembering amateur radio operators who died during World War II and to encourage friendly participation and help improve the operating skills of participants. The contest runs for 24 hours, from 0800 UTC on the Saturday, preceded by a broadcast including a speech by a dignitary or notable Australian (such as the Prime Minister of Australia, Governor-General of Australia, or a military leader) and the reading of the names of amateur radio operators who are known to have died. It is organized by the Wireless Institute of Australia, with operators in each Australian state contacting operators in other states, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea. A trophy is awarded to the state that can boast the greatest rate of participation, based on a formula including: number of operators, number of contacts made, and radio frequency bands used. ", "Ham radio operators got the term \"ham\" coined from the expression \"ham-fisted operators\", a term used to describe early radio users who sent Morse code (i.e. pounded their fists).", "On March 31, 2006, amateur radio operators from AMSAT in Germany tracked and received radio waves from Voyager 1 using the 20 m dish at Bochum with a long integration technique. Retrieved data was checked and verified against data from the Deep Space Network station at Madrid, Spain. This seems to be the first such amateur tracking of Voyager 1.", "Amateur radio direction finding identified RAF Akrotiri as the location of the powerful but now defunct shortwave numbers station \"Lincolnshire Poacher\". Several curtain antennas there have had been identified as being used for these transmissions. ", "Monkey dicks � (1) Sausages, aka \"poodle peckers\", \"puppy peters\", etc. (2) The \"rubber ducky\" antenna of a handheld radio.", "Amateur station -- A station licensed in the amateur service, including necessary equipment, used for amateur communication.", "Bill Sabin received the call Sign W9YFA in 1941 in Covington, KY at age 15. This changed to W4YFA in 1946, and to W0IYH in Iowa (Collins Radio Company) in 1964. He holds BSEE and MSEE degrees from the U of Iowa. He retired from the Rockwell Collins Company in Cedar Rapids IA in 1990. He is co-editor of and contributor to, with E.O. Schoenike, three books on Single-Sideband and HF Radio. He is the author of more than 40 technical articles and portions of the ARRL Handbook (1995 to 2009 editions). In 1983 he received the annual ARRL Technical Excellence Award. He is a member of ARRL, Life Senior Member of IEEE, and member of the ARRL DXCC Honor Roll.", "(U.S. Army) Vietnam-era shorthand for the PRC-6 radio carried by platoons. Also applied to the \"Prick-25\", a backpack carried radio used by company-sized units.", "With experiments imminent, the Army named their monkey \"Alpha,\" and the Navy followed with \"Bravo,\" names taken directly from the phonetic alphabet. Before flight, though, the names changed to the first letters of the antiquated Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet.", "- [p. 143/130] \"E's plain clothes, ma'am,' said Nobby smartly. 'Special Ape Services'.\" Special Ape Services shares the acronym SAS with the crack British special forces troops .", "Aardvark s are known by several common names including antbears, anteater s or Cape anteater s. The name aardvark is Afrikaans (a daughter language of Dutch) for earth pig. Despite these common names, aardvark s are not closely related to pigs or anteater s. Instead, they occupy their own distinct order.", "The aardvark is sometimes colloquially called \"African ant bear\", \"anteater\" (not to be confused with the South American anteater), or the \"Cape anteater\" after the Cape of Good Hope. The name \"aardvark\" comes from earlier Afrikaans (erdvark) and means \"earth pig\" or \"ground pig\" (aarde: earth/ground, vark: pig), because of its burrowing habits (similar origin to the name groundhog). The name Orycteropus means burrowing foot, and the name afer refers to Africa. The name of the aardvarks's order, Tubulidentata, comes from the tubule-style teeth.", "The common name comes from the four large, wart-like protrusions found on the head of the warthog, which serve as a fat reserve and are used for defense when males fight. Afrikaans-speaking people call the animal vlakvark, meaning \"pig of the plains\"." ]

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[ "Seattle is a charter city , with a Mayor–Council form of government. Since 1911, Seattle's nine city councillors have been elected at large, rather than by geographic subdivisions. [195] In 2015, this will change to a hybrid system of seven district members and two at large members as a result of a ballot measure passed on November 5, 2013. The only other elected offices are the city attorney and Municipal Court judges. All city offices are technically non-partisan . [196] Like most parts of the United States, government and laws are also run by a series of ballot initiatives (whereby citizens can pass or reject laws), referenda (whereby citizens can approve or reject legislation already passed), and propositions (where specific government agencies can propose new laws/tax increases directly to the people). Federally, Seattle is part of Washington's 7th congressional district , represented by Democrat Jim McDermott , elected in 1988 and one of Congress's liberal members. [197] Ed Murray is currently serving as mayor.", "Seattle elected the city's first openly gay mayor when state senator Ed Murray defeated current Mayor Mike McGinn with 56% of the vote Tuesday night.", "Like most parts of the United States, government and laws are also run by a series of ballot initiatives (allowing citizens to pass or reject laws), referenda (allowing citizens to approve or reject legislation already passed), and propositions (allowing specific government agencies to propose new laws/tax increases directly to the people). Federally, Seattle is part of Washington's 7th congressional district, represented by Democrat Jim McDermott, elected in 1988 and one of Congress's liberal members. Ed Murray is currently serving as mayor.", "Seattle, Washington contains many districts and neighborhoods . Former Seattle mayor Greg Nickels has called Seattle \"a city of neighborhoods\". [1] [2] [3] Early European settlers established widely scattered settlements on the surrounding hills, which grew into neighborhoods and autonomous towns. Conurbations tended to grow from such towns or from unincorporated areas around trolley stops from the 19th century and early 20th century. Consequently, Seattle has suffered from transportation and street-naming problems. [4]", "The city's municipal government is structured around a council comprising a mayor and ten councillors elected using the ward system. The current mayor of the city is Clifford J. Lee.", "Prior to moving its headquarters to Chicago, aerospace manufacturer Boeing (#27) was the largest company based in Seattle. Its largest division is still headquartered in nearby Renton, and the company has large aircraft manufacturing plants in Everett and Renton, so it remains the largest private employer in the Seattle metropolitan area. [186 ] Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the biotechnology industry in 2006. Major redevelopment of the South Lake Union neighborhood is underway, in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the city, joining biotech companies Corixa (acquired by GlaxoSmithKline ), Immunex (now part of Amgen), Trubion , and ZymoGenetics. Vulcan Inc. , the holding company of billionaire Paul Allen , is behind most of the development projects in the region. While some see the new development as an economic boon, others have criticized Nickels and the Seattle City Council for pandering to Allen's interests at taxpayers' expense. [187 ] Also in 2006, Expansion Magazine ranked Seattle among the top 10 metropolitan areas in the nation for climates favorable to business expansion. [188 ] In 2005, Forbes ranked Seattle as the most expensive American city for buying a house based on the local income levels. [189 ]", "The city has started moving away from the automobile and towards mass transit. From 2004 to 2009, the annual number of unlinked public transportation trips increased by approximately 21%. [236] In 2006, voters in King County passed proposition 2 (Transit Now) which increased bus service hours on high ridership routes and paid for five bus rapid transit lines called RapidRide . [237] After rejecting a roads and transit measure in 2007, Seattle-area voters passed a transit only measure in 2008 to increase ST Express bus service, extend the Link Light Rail system, and expand and improve Sounder commuter rail service. [238] A light rail line from downtown heading south to Sea-Tac Airport began service on December 19, 2009, giving the city its first rapid transit line with intermediate stations within the city limits. An extension north to the University of Washington is scheduled to open in 2016; and further extensions are planned to reach Lynnwood to the north, Des Moines to the south, and Bellevue and Redmond to the east by 2023. [239] [240] Mayor Michael McGinn has supported building light rail from downtown to Ballard and West Seattle. [241] [242]", "Seattle's politics are strongly liberal/progressive, although there is a small libertarian movement within the metro area. [208 ] It is one of the most liberal cities in the United States, with approximately 80% voting for the Democratic Party ; only two precincts in Seattle—one in the Broadmoor community, and one encompassing neighboring Madison Park —had a majority of votes for Republican George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election . In addition, all precincts in Seattle voted for Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election , including the two precincts who had previously voted Republican in 2004. [208 ] In partisan elections for the Washington State Legislature and United States Congress, nearly all elections are won by Democrats.", "The mayor is Patty Lent, who defeated councilman Will Maupin in 2009. She was sworn in as soon as the election was certified to fill the rest of the term left by previous mayor Cary Bozeman, who left to become executive director of the economic development agency Port of Bremerton. Lent had been a Kitsap County commissioner, and ran as a Republican. Incorporated as a first-class city, Bremerton has been governed by a nonpartisan strong mayor and nine-member city council since 1985. Each member is elected from one of nine wards who in turn elect one member. The current form of government was established by a 1983 charter that eliminated a decades-old city commission composed of a mayor, public works commissioner and finance commissioner.", "-- Mayor of Seattle, Washington, during the city's general strike in 1919 (from an article by Howard Zinn in The Progressive magazine, January 2000, p20)", "[48] [49] Seattle City Hall, 2007Main article: Government and politics of Seattle Seattle is a charter city, with a Mayor–Council form of government. Since 1911, Seattle's nine city councillors have been elected at large, rather than by geographic subdivisions. [206 ] The only other elected offices are the city attorney and Municipal Court judges. All city, county, and state offices are technically non-partisan . [207 ] Like most parts of the United States, government and laws are also run by a series of ballot initiatives (where people can pass or reject laws), referendums (where people can approve or reject already passed legislation), and Propositions (where specific government agencies can propose new laws/tax increases directly to the people)", "BAILEY GATZERT (1829-1893): Founding member of the Schwabacher Hardware firm and elected Seattle mayor in 1875. His palatial home, scene of many important social gatherings, can be seen today on Seattle's First Hill. A Seattle elementary school (and at one time a steamboat) honors his name.", "WES UHLMAN: Mayor of Seattle in late 1960s and early 1970s. Instrumental in movement to save Pike Place Market, Pioneer Square and First Avenue.", "Seattle (i/siˈætl/ see-at-əl) is a coastal seaport city and the seat of King County, in the U.S. state of Washington. With an estimated 652,405 residents as of 2013, Seattle is the largest city in the Pacific Northwest region of North America and the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of around 3.6 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States. The city is situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canada–United States border. A major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the 8th largest port in the United States and 9th largest in North America in terms of container handling.", "Federally, Seattle is part of Washington's 7th congressional district , representated by Democrat Jim McDermott , elected in 1988 and one of Congress' most liberal members. [212 ]", "Tacoma's Hilltop neighborhood started struggling with crime in the 1980s and early 1990s. Due to its high crime rate, Washington residents nicknamed the city \"Tacompton\", in reference to Compton, California. The beginning of the 21st Century has seen a marked reduction in crime, as neighborhoods have enacted community policing and other policies. Bill Baarsma (mayor from 2002–2010) is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, a bi-partisan group with a stated goal of \"making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets.\" The coalition was co-chaired by Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg.", "VIC MEYERS: Meyer, a Seattle jazz-band leader, ran for mayor of Seattle in 1930 on the whim of some practical jokesters at The Seattle Times, who convinced him to join the race as their protest of the inferiority of candidates that year. He was eager to lend himself to the joke, and the Times reporters wrote him up throughout the campaign. After losing the mayoral election, he won the election for the lieutenant governor of the state.", "Harrell says he suspects Velazquez and Forward Seattle have communicated, noting that many of Forward Seattle’s contributors —Stark, Clise Properties, Mark Barbieri—also contributed to Velazquez. Harrell says the group’s support for his opponent shows who the real corporate candidate is. And Forward Seattle’s list of contributors—who also include Martin Selig, Vulcan, and two builders’ PACs—does read like a who’s-who of the local business establishment. “Yes, I have a business background, but they can’t buy me, and that’s why they’re launching this” campaign, Harrell says. (Harrell is a lawyer; Velazquez is a public-affairs consultant.) “The voters need to know if she has completely sold her soul.” Velazquez doesn’t shy away from her pro-business reputation (and Harrell was endorsed by the Alki Foundation, the Seattle Chamber’s political arm); she says if Forward Seattle does want to throw money her way, she’ll gladly take it. “They want to spend money in a Seattle race,” Velazquez says. “If you find out what they’re planning to do with it, let me know.”", "Logging was Seattle's first major industry, but by the late 19th century the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush. By 1910, Seattle was one of the 25 largest cities in the country.[9] However, the Great Depression severely damaged the city's economy. Growth returned during and after World War II, due partially to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The city developed as a technology center in the 1980s. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and internet companies led to an economic revival, which increased the city's population by almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000. More recently, Seattle has become a hub for \"green\" industry and a model for sustainable development. Seattle was given the title “the Queen City” in 1869 and described as \"The Future Queen City of the Pacific\", owing to its high development rate and its attraction power.  This epithet lasted until 1982, when it was re-crowned as \"the Emerald City\". See:", "Seattle's economy is driven by a mix of older industrial companies, and \"new economy\" Internet and technology companies, service, design and clean technology companies. The city's gross metropolitan product was $231 billion in 2010, making it the 11th largest metropolitan economy in the United States. [114] [115] The Port of Seattle , which also operates Seattle–Tacoma International Airport , is a major gateway for trade with Asia and cruises to Alaska, and is the 8th largest port in the United States in terms of container capacity. [116] Though it was affected by the Great Recession , Seattle has retained a comparatively strong economy, and remains a hotbed for start-up businesses, especially in green building and clean technologies: it was ranked as America's No. 1 \"smarter city\" based on its government policies and green economy. [117] February 2010, the city government committed Seattle to becoming North America's first \"climate neutral\" city, with a goal of reaching zero net per capita greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. [118]", "We appreciate the Mayor’s commitment to returning the NBA and NHL to Seattle, and look forward to continuing our work with him and the City Council to make that happen.", "Seattle also has large lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations. According to a 2006 study by UCLA, 12.9% of city residents polled identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. This was the second-highest proportion of any major U.S. city, behind San Francisco Greater Seattle also ranked second among major U.S. metropolitan areas, with 6.5% of the population identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. According to 2012 estimates from the United States Census Bureau, Seattle has the highest percentage of same-sex households in the United States, at 2.6 per cent, surpassing San Francisco. ", "Bremerton is a city in Kitsap County, Washington, United States. The population was 39,520 at the 2015 State Estimate, making it the largest city on the Kitsap Peninsula. Bremerton is home to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and the Bremerton Annex of Naval Base Kitsap. Bremerton is connected to Downtown Seattle by a 60-minute ferry route, which carries both vehicles and walk-on passengers along a 17-mile sailing route to Seattle.", "[Norm Stamper is the former chief of the Seattle Police Department. He is the author of \"Breaking Rank: A Top Cop's Expose of the Dark Side of American Policing\" ]", "A 2006 study by UCLA indicated that Seattle has one of the highest LGBT populations per capita. With 12.9% of citizens polled identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, the city ranks second of all major US cities, behind San Francisco and slightly ahead of Atlanta and Minneapolis . [203 ] Greater Seattle also ranks second among major US metropolitan areas, with 6.5% being LGBT. [204 ]", "Due to Western Washington's large population, Democrats usually fare better statewide. The Seattle metropolitan combined statistical area, home to almost two-thirds of Washington's population, generally delivers stronger Democratic margins than most other parts of Western Washington. This is especially true of King County, home to Seattle itself and almost a third of the state's population.", "According to the 2010 United States Census, Seattle had a population of 608,660 with a racial and ethnic composition as follows: ", "Seattle offers an educated, skilled, productive, and stable work force, who are attracted to the area by the quality of life. Although experts proclaim that the post-September 11, 2001, recession has ended, it will not be until beyond 2005 that the area will surpass employment levels seen at the peak of the economic boom in December 2000.", "Because Seattle was established during an economic boom fueled by the timber industry (see Seattle#Timber town), the city's early years were characterized by hasty expansion and development, under which residential areas were loosely defined by widely scattered plats. This arrangement was further solidified by the establishment of locally-initiated community clubs, public libraries, public schools, and public parks, which created a sense of community and civic participation.", "But how powerful is this tradition in Seattle, compared with other American cities? It’s difficult to tell, but an informative demographic display tells us that now more than 20 percent of Seattle’s population is foreign-born; 40 percent of the city’s households contain one person; and the median age is 36 — all of which seem to suggest currents of unpredictable change.", "In addition, Seattle has a relatively high number of people living alone. According to the 2000 U.S. Census interim measurements of 2004, Seattle has the fifth highest proportion of single-person households nationwide among cities of 100,000 or more residents, at 40.8%. [113]", "VIVIAN MATTHEWS: Organized citizens who defeated Metro's plans to build a sewer outfall in Seahurst Park. She was a founding member and president of Citizens to Save Puget Sound. She also helped incorporate the City of Burien, and served on the council for five years. Matthews received two Governor's Distinguished Volunteer awards." ]

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[ "The astronomical unit (symbol au, [2] [3] AU [4] or ua) is a unit of length , roughly the distance from Earth to the Sun . However, that distance varies as Earth orbits the Sun, from a maximum ( aphelion ) to a minimum ( perihelion ) and back again once a year. Originally conceived as the average of Earth's aphelion and perihelion, it is now defined as exactly 7011149597870700000♠149597870700 metres (about 150 million kilometres, or 93 million miles). The astronomical unit is used primarily as a convenient yardstick for measuring distances within the Solar System or around other stars. However, it is also a fundamental component in the definition of another unit of astronomical length, the parsec .", "The light-year is often used to measure distances to stars and other distances on a galactic scale, especially in non-specialist and popular science publications. The preferred unit in astrometry is the parsec , because it can be more easily derived from, and compared with, observational data. The parsec is defined as the distance at which an object will appear to move one arcsecond of parallax when the observer moves one astronomical unit perpendicular to the line of sight to the observer, and is equal to approximately 3.26 light-years. [1]", "The astronomical unit (symbol au, AU or ua ) is a unit of length, roughly the distance from Earth to the Sun. However, that distance varies as Earth orbits the Sun, from a maximum (aphelion) to a minimum (perihelion) and back again once a year. Originally conceived as the average of Earth's aphelion and perihelion, it is now defined as exactly metres (about 150 million kilometres, or 93 million miles). The astronomical unit is used primarily as a convenient yardstick for measuring distances within the Solar System or around other stars. However, it is also a fundamental component in the definition of another unit of astronomical length, the parsec.", "74. This unit of length is almost equal to ten trillion kilometers, or six trillion miles. While astronomers prefer the parsec, popular science frequently uses this term. Identify this unit for measuring interstellar distances.", "Astronomical unit (AU, or au), a unit of length effectively equal to the average, or mean, distance between Earth and the Sun , defined as 149,597,870.7 km (92,955,807.3 miles). Alternately, it can be considered the length of the semimajor axis—i.e., the length of half of the maximum diameter—of Earth’s elliptical orbit around the Sun. The astronomical unit provides a convenient way to express and relate distances of objects in the solar system and to carry out various astronomical calculations. For example, stating that the planet Jupiter is 5.2 AU (5.2 Earth distances) from the Sun and that Pluto is nearly 40 AU gives ready comparisons of the distances of all three bodies.", "The first successful measurement of the distance to a star other than our Sun was made by Friedrich Bessel in 1838. The star was 61 Cygni , and he used a superlative Template:Convert heliometer designed by Joseph von Fraunhofer . The largest unit for measuring distances across space at that time was the Astronomical Unit (AU), equal to the radius of the Earth's orbit (1.50×108 km; 9.30×107 mi). The use of this unit in trigonometric calculations based on 61 Cygni's parallax of 0.314 arcseconds, gave the distance to the star as Template:Convert . Bessel realised that a much larger unit of measurement was needed to make the vast interstellar distances comprehensible.", "The International Astronomical Union (IAU) is responsible for maintaining and approving a special set of units in astronomy, formally defined in 1976. One of the most important of these is the astronomical unit. It is a unit of length approximating the Sun-Earth distance (of about 150 million kilometres) which is of convenient use in astronomy. According to its definition adopted by the XXVIIIth General Asssembly of the IAU ( IAU 2012 Resolution B2 ), the astronomical unit is a conventional unit of length equal to 149 597 870 700 m exactly. This definition is valid irrespective of the used time scale. The unique symbol for the astronomical unit is au. The IAU also defines other astronomical units: the astronomical unit of time is 1 day (d) of 86,400 SI seconds (s) (SI is the International System of Units) and the astronomical unit of mass is equal to the mass of the Sun, 1.9891×1030 kg.", "The most important fundamental distance measurements come from trigonometric parallax. As the Earth orbits the Sun, the position of nearby stars will appear to shift slightly against the more distant background. These shifts are angles in an isosceles triangle, with 2 AU (the distance between the extreme positions of Earth's orbit around the Sun) making the base leg of the triangle and the distance to the star being the long equal length legs. The amount of shift is quite small, measuring 1 arcsecond for an object at the 1 parsec (3.26 light-years) distance of the nearest stars, and thereafter decreasing in angular amount as the distance increases. Astronomers usually express distances in units of parsecs (parallax arcseconds); light-years are used in popular media.", "The stars are so far away that they look the same all over the Earth. The farthest apart we can ever make observations at present is from opposite sides of the Earth's orbit, on opposite sides of an ellipse 186 million miles in diameter. When we photograph the stars six months apart, some of them shift very slightly because of the Earth's motion. You can demonstrate this shift, or parallax, easily. Hold up your finger at arm's length and alternately open and close each eye. Your finger will appear to move relative to objects in the background. For the stars, the parallactic shift is extremely tiny but it can be measured. The distances to the stars turn out to be so great that we need a new unit of distance: the", "The Astronomical Unit (au or ua), often used for measuring distances in the Solar system, is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. It is 149,597,870,691 m, ± 30 m, as currently defined.", "The most common unit of measurement for distances within the solar system is the astronomical unit (AU). One AU equals the mean distance from the sun to Earth, about 150,000,000 km. JPL refined the precise value of the AU in the 1960s using radar echoes from Venus, since spacecraft navigation depended on its accuracy. Another way to indicate distances within the solar system is terms of light time, which is the distance light travels in a unit of time at the rate of 300,000 km per second. Distances within the solar system, while vast compared to our travels on Earth's surface, are comparatively small-scale in astronomical terms. For reference, Proxima Centauri, the nearest star at 4 light years away, is about 250,000 AU distant from the sun.", "Explain to students that an astronomical unit, or AU, is a simplified number used to describe a planet’s distance from the sun. It is a unit of length equal to the average distance from Earth to sun, approximately 149,600,000 kilometers (92,957,000 miles). Only Earth can be assigned AU 1. Planets farther away would have AU greater than 1; planets closer would have AU less than 1. Ask: Why do you think scientists find it helpful to use astronomical units? (Possible response: Distances in the solar system are very large. Using AU helps keep the numbers manageable, or smaller, so we can easily calculate very large distances.) What are the challenges of using kilometers or miles instead? (Possible response: Using kilometers or miles would make calculations more difficult and could produce errors in measurements required to accurately send a probe or lander to another planet.) Explain to students that the astronomical unit provides a way to express and relate distances of objects in the solar system and to carry out astronomical calculations. For example, stating that the planet Jupiter is 5.2 AU (5.2 Earth distances) from the sun and that Pluto is nearly 40 AU allows you to more easily compare the distances of all three bodies.", "Astronomical unit=(AU) The average distance from the Earth to the Sun; 1 AU is 149,597,870 kilometers (92,960,116 miles).", "Astronomers measure the parallax of a stars close to the Earth using Earth's orbital diameter as a baseline. The astronomer observes a star at a six-month interval, when the Earth is at opposite ends of an imaginary baseline defined by the width of its orbit around the Sun. Astronomers look for a parallax shift in the two images of the star, and if they find one, they can use simple geometry to estimate the star's distance from Earth. The greater the shift with respect to background stars, the closer the star. This sort of measurement is applicable to only nearby stars, no more than a few hundred light-years away. At 300 light-years, the angular shift is equivalent to a U.S. quarter seen at a distance of 300 miles, or 500 kilometers.", "used to measure distances to celestial objects including the Moon, the Sun, and to stars beyond the Solar System", "An astronomical unit (A.U.) is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, which is about 93 million miles or 150 million kilometers. Astronomical units are usually used to measure distances within our solar system. For example, the planet Mercury is about 1/3 of an A.U. from the Sun, while the farthest planet, Pluto, is about 40 A.U. from the Sun (thats 40 times as far away from the Sun as the Earth is).", "5.15 Astronomical units: The IAU System of Astronomical Constants recognises a set of astronomical units of length, mass and time for use in connection with motions in the Solar System; they are related to each other through the adopted value of the constant of gravitation when expressed in these units (IAU 1976). The symbol for the astronomical unit of length is au; the astronomical unit of time is 1 day (d) of 86 400 SI seconds (s); the astronomical unit of mass is equal to the mass of the Sun and is often denoted by Mo, but the special subscript makes this symbol inconvenient for general use.", "Definition of astronomical unit. For general reference, we can say that one astronomical unit (AU) represents the mean distance between the Earth and our sun. An AU is approximately 93 million miles (150 million km). It’s approximately 8 light-minutes.", "Astronomical Unit (AU): Unit of distance, equal to the distance of the Earth from the Sun, about 150 million kilometers (93 million miles).", "Knowing how far apart the observers were from each other and coordinating the observation times, astronomers could determine the distance to a planet. The slight difference in its position on the sky due to observing the planet from different positions gave the planet's distance from trigonometry. The state-of-the-art measurements still had a large margin of uncertainty. The last major effort using these techniques was in the 1930's. Parallax observations of an asteroid, called Eros , passing close to Earth were used to fix the value of the astronomical unit at 150 million kilometers.", "The Astronomical Unit (AU) is the mean radius of the Earth's orbit about the Sun. This is 150 million kilometres. 1 AU = 1.49578 x 10 metres.", "In August 2015, the IAU passed Resolution B2, which as part of the definition of a standardized absolute and apparent bolometric magnitude scale, included an explicit definition of the parsec as exactly astronomical units, or approximately metres (based on the IAU 2012 exact SI definition of the astronomical unit). This corresponds to the small-angle definition of the parsec found in many contemporary astronomical references. ", "Without fanfare, astronomers have redefined one of the most important distances in the Solar System. The astronomical unit (au) — the rough distance from the Earth to the Sun — has been transformed from a confusing calculation into a single number. The new standard, adopted in August by unanimous vote at the International Astronomical Union's meeting in Beijing, China, is now 149,597,870,700 meters — no more, no less.", "Edmond Halley published the first measurements of the proper motion of a pair of nearby \"fixed\" stars, demonstrating that they had changed positions from the time of the ancient Greek astronomers Ptolemy and Hipparchus. The first direct measurement of the distance to a star (61 Cygni at 11.4 light-years) was made in 1838 by Friedrich Bessel using the parallax technique. Parallax measurements demonstrated the vast separation of the stars in the heavens.", "a unit of length, equal to the mean distance of the earth from the sun: approximately 93 million miles (150 million km).", "(Units) a unit of distance used in astronomy equal to the mean distance between the earth and the sun. 1 astronomical unit is equivalent to 1.495 × 1011 metres or about 9.3 × 107 miles", "The visible star's position is carefully measured and detected to vary, due to the gravitational influence from its counterpart. The position of the star is repeatedly measured relative to more distant stars, and then checked for periodic shifts in position. Typically this type of measurement can only be performed on nearby stars, such as those within 10 parsecs. Nearby stars often have a relatively high proper motion, so astrometric binaries will appear to follow a wobbly path across the sky.", "“For example, the closest star in the sky, Proxima Centauri, has a parallax measurement of 0.77233 arcseconds – that’s how far it shifts in the sky from when the Earth shifts its position by 1 astronomical unit”", "It is parallax on an interstellar scale, and it can be used to determine the distance of Earth to another star directly with accurate astrometry. It was the subject of much debate in astronomy for hundreds of years, but was so difficult it was only achieved for a few of the nearest stars in the early 19th century. Even in the 21st century, stars with parallax measurements are relatively close on a galactic scale, as most distance measurements are calculated by red-shift or other methods.", "In astronomy, the distances are so huge that it becomes awkward to measure in terms of miles and kilometers. Below are some of the units used to measure distances in astronomy.", "By measuring the changing angles from the observer to the star and the background Universe, you can calculate the distance.", "the angle between two imaginary lines from two different observation points meeting at an astronomical object, used to measure the object's distance from Earth." ]

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[ "A woodie is a type of car, more specifically an early station wagon in which the rear portion of the car's bodywork is made of wood. Frequently this wood is visible, since it is covered in a clear finish, either over the entire wooden area or sometimes just on the framework with the interior panels painted.", "The wood-bodied 'woodie' station wagon wore a half-timbered body that originated in the 1930s. They became popular in the immediate post-WWII years and towards the end of the 1950s, the Woodie became the vehicle of choice among California surfers.", "Surfers represent a diverse culture based on riding the naturally occurring process of ocean waves. Some people practice surfing as a recreational activity while others demonstrate extreme devotion to the sport by making it the central focus of their lives. Within the United States, surfing culture is most dominant in California , Florida and Hawaii . Some historical markers of the culture included the woodie , the station wagon used to carry surfers' boards, as well as boardshorts , the long swim suits typically worn while surfing.", "The 1948 model was the final year for what might be termed the 'real' Woodies, when the entire rear body structure was constructed of timber. In 1949, steel was used for the roof and progressively fewer components were made of wood up to 1953 when the last of these Pontiac station wagons was made. The body was built by the skilled craftsman at the Ypsylanti Furniture Co in Michigan, where no fewer than 523 parts were made from either mahogany or Canadian maple.", "By the 1960s and to some degree the 1970s, California surfers, among others, realized the potential of these cars; they were cheap, large enough to carry a good number of people, surfboards and equipment, and could be fixed up with woodworking skills. Thus, the woodie became the archetypal vehicle of the surfer; the popular surf-pop group The Beach Boys directly referred to them in several of their songs, as did Jan and Dean in their (1963) #1 hit, Surf City.", "By the 1930s, wood-bodied station wagons, or Woodies, as they were often called, had gained some prestige. They were priced higher than regular cars and popular in affluent communities.", "A station wagon (also known as an estate or estate car) is an automobile with a body style variant of a sedan/saloon with its roof extended rearward over a shared passenger/cargo volume with access at the back via a third or fifth door (the liftgate or tailgate), instead of a trunk lid. The body style transforms a standard three-box design into a two-box design—to include an A, B, and C-pillar, as well as a D-pillar. Station wagons can flexibly reconfigure their interior volume via fold-down rear seats to prioritize either passenger or cargo volume.", "When Dodge and Plymouth began producing station wagons, the bodies were still made out of wood but the designs were more streamlined with curved roofs that allowed rainwater to flow down the side of the body better. The Dodge Winchester was the first wagon to introduce roll-up front door windows instead of the side curtains.", "Station Wagon – This is a 2-box style car with 4 pillars. You can imagine it to be a sedan with the roof extended completely up to the rear end.", "In Australia and New Zealand the most popular station wagons were the large Ford Falcon and Holden Commodore models, although the Falcon wagon ceased production in 2010 due to wagons being replaced by SUVs in the Australian marketplace. The Commodore is slated for discontinuation in 2017. These are usually built on a longer wheelbase than their sedan counterparts, though they share the same door skins, leading to a slightly unusual appearance with the rear door not reaching all the way to the rear wheel arch. Traditional station wagons in Australia have seen a major market share decline since the early 2000s as they are replaced by medium and large SUVs.", "Japanese manufacturers did not build station wagons in large volume until recently. Models marketed as passenger station wagons in export markets were often sold as utilitarian \"van\" models in the home market. Some were not updated for consecutive generations in a model's life in Japan: for example, while a sedan might have a model life of four years, the wagon served for eight years, such as the 1979 Toyota Corolla (built until 1987) and the 1987 Mazda Capella (built until 1996). The Nissan Avenir is an example of a model that began its life as a utility vehicle and became a passenger car in the 1990s. Toyota no longer builds a wagon version of the Camry, but has wagon versions of Corolla or Auris, as well as Avensis. Station wagons remain popular in Japan with the likes of Subaru Levorg and Toyota Corolla Fielder, although they are in slow decline as the SUVs and minivans have taken over a large portion of this market.", "A term used by a number of manufacturers in the North American market for their station wagon models, an example of the Sports Wagon would be the 1960s Buick Sport Wagon and the current Dodge Magnum . Auto manufacturers in recent years perceive a stigma attached to the term 'station wagon', and attempt to make these models sound more exciting.", "When a model range includes multiple body styles, such as sedan, hatchback and station wagon, the models typically share their platform, drivetrain and bodywork forward of the A-pillar. In 1969, Popular Mechanics said, \"Station wagon-style ... follows that of the production sedan of which it is the counterpart. Most are on the same wheelbase, offer the same transmission and engine options, and the same comfort and convenience options.\" ", "The earliest examples of longer-wheelbase wagon-type SUVs were the Chevrolet Carryall Suburban (1935, RWD only), GAZ-61 (1938, 4×4), Willys Jeep Station Wagon (1948), Pobeda M-72 (GAZ-M20/1955), which Russian references credit as possibly being the first modern SUV (with unitary body rather than body-on-frame), International Harvester Travelall (1953), Land Rover Series II 109 (1958), and the International Harvester Scout 80 (1961). These were followed by the more 'modern' Jeep Wagoneer (1963), International Harvester Scout II (1971), Ford Bronco (1966), Toyota Land Cruiser FJ-55 (1968), the Chevrolet Blazer/GMC Jimmy (1969), and the Land Rover Range Rover (1970). The actual term \"sport utility vehicle\" did not come into wide popular usage until the late 1980s; many of these vehicles were marketed during their era as station wagons.", "The Suburban of today is a full-size SUV with three rows of seating, a full pickup truck frame, and V8 engine. It is one of the few station wagons available with all bench rows. The Suburban is the same height and width as the Chevrolet Tahoe, although the Suburban is 20 in longer. The extra length provides a full-sized cargo area behind the 9 passenger seating area. From 1973 to 2013 it had been available in half-ton and 3/4-ton versions, the latter discontinued after the 2013 model year, but was revived in 2015 as a fleet-exclusive vehicle for the 2016 model year.", "In September 2001, the Toyota Camry was released as a larger sedan (taking styling cues from the successful Vitz , Corolla , and Solara ) only, but without a station wagon for the first time. Due to station wagons losing popularity to Minivans and crossover SUV, the Camry wagon was replaced by the Toyota Sienna Minivan (in North America only) and the Toyota Highlander SUV, both vehicles utilizing the Camry's platform.", "Surfing can be done on various equipment, including surfboards , longboards , Stand Up Paddle boards (SUP's) , bodyboards , wave skis , skimboards , kneeboards , surf mats and macca's trays. Surfboards were originally made of solid wood and were large and heavy (often up to 12 ft or 3.7 m long and 150 lb or 68 kg). Lighter balsa wood surfboards (first made in the late 1940s and early 1950s) were a significant improvement, not only in portability, but also in increasing maneuverability.", "The Chevrolet Suburban is a full-size, extended-length sport utility vehicle from Chevrolet. It is the longest continuous use automobile nameplate in production, starting in 1935 for the 1935 U.S. model year, and has traditionally been one of General Motors' most profitable vehicles. The Suburban has been produced under the Chevrolet, Holden, and GMC marques until the GMC version was rebranded as the GMC Yukon XL. For most of its recent history, the Suburban has been a station wagon-bodied version of the Chevrolet pickup truck, including the Chevrolet C/K and Silverado series of truck-based vehicles. Cadillac offers a version called the Escalade ESV.", "Surfing can be done on various equipment, including surfboards, longboards, Stand Up Paddle boards (SUP's), bodyboards, wave skis, skimboards, kneeboards, surf mats and macca's trays. Surfboards were originally made of solid wood and were large and heavy (often up to long and 150 lb). Lighter balsa wood surfboards (first made in the late 1940s and early 1950s) were a significant improvement, not only in portability, but also in increasing maneuverability.", "      n     (Brit)   a car with a comparatively long body containing a large carrying space, reached through a rear door: usually the back seats can be folded forward to increase the carrying space,   (Also called (esp. U.S., Canadian, Austral., and N.Z.))    station wagon  ", "A car with a full-height body all the way to the rear; the load-carrying space created is accessed via a rear door or doors. Sometimes shortened to just wagon.", "The Estate Wagon has a bigger carrying capacity compared to the standard hatch unit of Megane. The wagon also has an extended wheelbase and rear overhang.", "Desoto Station Wagon for the ladies with automatic power steering and room for all the children and shopping and power and style", "There are many different surfboard sizes, shapes, and designs in use today. Modern longboards, generally in length, are reminiscent of the earliest surfboards, but now benefit from modern innovations in surfboard shaping and fin design. Competitive longboard surfers need to be competent at traditional walking manoeuvres, as well as the short-radius turns normally associated with shortboard surfing. The modern shortboard began life in the late 1960s and has evolved into today's common thruster style, defined by its three fins, usually around in length. The thruster was invented by Australian shaper Simon Anderson.", "The Chevrolet Tahoe (and its rebadged version GMC Yukon) are full-size SUVs from General Motors. Chevrolet and GMC sold two different-sized SUVs under their Blazer/Jimmy model names through the early 1990s. This situation changed when GMC rebadged the full-size Jimmy as the Yukon in 1992. Chevrolet waited until 1995 to rebadge the redesigned mid-size S-10 Blazer as the Blazer, renaming the full-size Blazer as the Tahoe. The name Tahoe refers to the rugged and scenic area surrounding Lake Tahoe in the western United States. The name Yukon refers to the Yukon territory of northern Canada. For the 1995 model year, the Tahoe and Yukon gained a new 4-door model slotting in size between the 2-door models and the longer wheelbase and higher passenger capacity Chevrolet Suburban and newly named Yukon XL.", "Down Town The 1978-1988 'downsized' GM G-bodies are the hot ticket for street, strip and Autocross in the States, all of which means a thriving aftermarket. And if you want to make a '78 Chevy Malibu or an El Camino get down and boogie, start with UMI Performance's bolt-in rear coil-over conversion kit. It's a 100% bolt-in kit, no cutting or welding required, that mounts the Viking double-adjustable coil-overs and relocates the lower control arms. The adjustable arm mounting lets you fine-tune instant centre, and there's a choice of springs to suit your sport. Or the arm relocation brackets are available separately, so why not team them with UMI's uprated one-inch or two-inch lowering springs and get an instant step towards the Pro Touring look? See www.umiperformance.com and speak to your importer.", "Hi CI, I ride the Fishcuit all over North and South Orange County and love it. With some effort I'm able to make it into the steeper drops at the Newport jetties, but of course it's really not built for that. This gets particularly tough at low tide / when the waves are over 6 ft. I'm trying to decide between the Model 4 and the Weirdo Ripper for these more hollow beach breaks. Which would you recommend? Should I expect a significant difference? Thanks! Jeremy", "The Chevrolet Trax is a subcompact crossover SUV manufactured by Chevrolet since 2013. The car is based on the GM Gamma II platform, which is shared with the Chevrolet Aveo/Sonic, as well as the Opel Mokka/Buick Encore.", "A type of surfboard that is usually at least 8 feet in length and has a round nose.", "Grill Shell: Decorative trim that goes around the radiator usually on cars built in the early 1930's.", "62-595 Kamehameha Highway, Haleiwa (808) 637-7873 Wave Riding Vehicles was founded in 1967 as a board manufacturer. WRV is recognized internationally for quality and uniqueness with shops in Haleiwa, Virginia North Carolina and Puerto Rico. It has famous brands like Billabong, Volcom, O'Niell, Rusty, Oakley, Electric, FCS, Future Fins, skate boards and WRV", "A type of longboard with originated and popular in the 60's. The riding style of this longboard is meant for trimming, walking the board and noseriding." ]

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[ "Michael Gerard “Mike” Tyson (also known as Malik Abdul Aziz) (born June 30, 1966) is a retired American professional boxer . Tyson is a former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC , WBA and IBF heavyweight titles, he was 20 years, 4 months and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, with 12 of them occurring in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker . He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold and only Heavyweight to individually unify the WBA, WBC and IBF titles.", "Mike Tyson is disqualified from a championship boxing bout after biting off a large portion of Evander Holyfield's ear. Tyson is later banned from boxing and fined $3 million for the incident.", "Evander Holyfield goes by the nicknames the “Real Deal” and “The Warrior.” Perhaps most notably, Evander Holyfield is remembered for having part of his ear bitten off by Mike Tyson in 1997. He competed in the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympics and placed third, receiving the bronze medal.", "On June 28, 1997, Mike Tyson bites Evander Holyfield’s ear in the third round of their heavyweight rematch. The attack led to his disqualification from the match and suspension from boxing, and was the strangest chapter yet in the champion’s roller-coaster career.", "The reputation of boxing’s heavyweight division sank to an all-time low in 1997 with the disqualification of former undisputed world champion Mike Tyson for biting the ears of Evander Holyfield (see BIOGRAPHIES) during a World Boxing Association (WBA) heavyweight title bout in Las Vegas, Nev., on June 28. Tyson received a warning from referee Mills Lane after biting a chunk out of Holyfield’s right ear in the third round. When the fight resumed, Tyson sank his teeth into Holyfield’s other ear, and Lane was forced to disqualify him.", "June 28, 1997: Mike Tyson bites off chunk of Evander Holyfield’s ear in world title fight", "Mike Tyson bit off Evander Holyfield's ear. You never hear about how he set records for being the youngest boxer to win many world championships. It's always the ear and if not, it's these inglorious moments instead:", "A close-up of the injury to the right ear of Evander Holyfield of the USA after Mike Tyson Of the USA bit off a piece of it in the third round of their World Heavweight title fight on June 28, 1997 at the MGM Grand Garden in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.", "1997 - The headlines screamed: �Fight Bites into MGM Earnings,� �Bit Part for Tyson,� �Pay-Per-Chew Bout,� and the one that said it all, �Tyson Disqualified After Ripping Piece of Holyfield�s Ear.� Needless to say (but we will anyway), Evander Holyfield retained his World Boxing Association heavyweight championship after Mike Tyson was disqualified for biting Holyfield, not once, but twice. The Nevada Athletic Commission revoked Mike Tyson�s boxing license for a year and fined him $3 million.", "Mike Tyson bites Evander Holyfield's ear during their world heavyweight title fight at the MGN Grand in 1997. Photograph: Nick Potts/Action Images", "On this day in 1997, Mike Tyson lowered the noble art of boxing to a whole new level, by biting the ears of his opponent.   It was a rematch with Evander Holyfield, for Holyfield's WBA heavyweight title, in Las Vegas.   Mike bit Evander's ear in the third round and was warned by referee Mills Lane.   He apparently interpreted the warning as meaning he should not bite that ear again, so later in the same round he bit the other one.   Tyson was disqualified.   When asked to comment, Holyfield said, \"Pardon?\"", "Holyfield was forced to retire in 1994, only to return a year later. On November 9, 1996, he went on to defeat Mike Tyson by eleventh round technical knockout to win the WBA title, in what was named fight of the year and upset of the year for 1996 by The Ring magazine. Evander Holyfield became the first Heavyweight since Muhammad Ali to win the World title three times. Seven months later, Holyfield won the 1997 rematch against Tyson, when the latter was disqualified in round three for biting off part of Holyfield’s ear. During his reign as champion, he also avenged his loss to Michael Moorer, when he stopped him in eight rounds to win the IBF belt.", "Holyfield was forced to retire in 1994, only to return a year later. In 1996 he went on to defeat Mike Tyson by eleventh-round technical knockout to reclaim the WBA title, in what was named by The Ring as the Fight of the Year and Upset of the Year. This made Holyfield the first boxer since Muhammad Ali to win the world heavyweight title three times. Seven months later, Holyfield won the 1997 rematch against Tyson, when the latter was disqualified in round three for biting off part of Holyfield's ear. During this reign as champion, he also avenged his loss to Michael Moorer, when he stopped him in eight rounds to reclaim the IBF title.", "In 1992, Tyson was convicted of sexually assaulting Desiree Washington, for which he served three years in prison. After being released from prison in 1995, he engaged in a series of comeback fights. He regained a portion of the heavyweight title, before losing it to Evander Holyfield in a 1996 fight by an 11th round TKO . Their 1997 rematch ended in shocking fashion as Tyson was disqualified for biting off part of Holyfield's ear. He fought for a championship again at 35, losing by knockout to Lennox Lewis in 2002. Tyson retired from competitive boxing in 2006 after two consecutive knockout losses to Danny Williams and Kevin McBride . Tyson declared bankruptcy in 2003, despite receiving over US$ 30 million for several of his fights and $300 million during his career.", "He did go back to fighting for the heavyweight championship after his release but in 1997 was again in trouble when he fought Evander Holyfield in Vegas and was disqualified for biting Holyfield on both ears. One bite was severe enough to remove a piece of Holyfield's right ear, which was found on the ring floor after the fight.", "In 1992, Tyson was convicted of raping Desiree Washington, for which he was sentenced to six years in prison but was released after serving three years. After being released from prison in 1995, he engaged in a series of comeback fights. In 1996, Tyson won the WBC and WBA titles after defeating Frank Bruno and Bruce Seldon by knockout. After being stripped of the WBC title, Tyson lost his WBA crown to Evander Holyfield in November, 1996 by an 11th round TKO. Their 1997 rematch ended when Tyson was disqualified for biting off part of Holyfield's ear.", "Holyfield's rematch with Tyson took place on June 28, 1997. Known as \"The Bite Fight,\" it went into the annals of boxing as one of the most bizarre fights in history. The infamous incident occurred in the third round, when Tyson bit Holyfield on one of his ears and had two points deducted. Referee Mills Lane decided to disqualify Tyson initially, but after Holyfield and the ringside doctor intervened and said Holyfield could continue, he relented and allowed the fight to go on. Tyson bit Holyfield again, this time on the other ear. Tyson's teeth tore off a small section of the top of his opponent's ear, known as the helix, and spat that bit of flesh out onto the canvas.", "As a result of biting Holyfield on both ears and other behavior, Tyson's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission and he was fined $3 million plus legal costs. The revocation was not permanent; a little more than a year later on October 18, 1998, the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license. ", "Holyfield's rematch with Tyson took place on June 28, 1997. Known as \"The Bite Fight,\" it would go into the annals of boxing as one of the most bizarre fights in history. The infamous incident occurred in the third round, when Tyson bit Holyfield on one of his ears and had two points deducted. Referee Mills Lane decided to disqualify Tyson initially, but after Holyfield and the ringside doctor intervened and said Holyfield could continue, he relented and allowed the fight to go on. However, Tyson went on to bite Holyfield again, this time on the other ear. Tyson, with his teeth, tore off the top of his ear, known as the helix, and spit the flesh out on the ring.", "Soon to become one of the most controversial events in modern sports, [60] the fight was stopped at the end of the third round, with Tyson disqualified [61] for biting Holyfield on both ears. The first time he bit him the match was stopped, but then it resumed. However after the match resumed Tyson did it again; this time Tyson was disqualified and Holyfield won the match. One bite was severe enough to remove a piece of Holyfield's right ear, which was found on the ring floor after the fight. [62] Tyson later stated that it was retaliation for Holyfield repeatedly head butting him without penalty. [55] In the confusion that followed the ending of the bout and announcement of the decision, a near riot erupted in the arena and several people were injured in the ensuing melee. [63]", "Following his release from prison in 1995, Tyson resumed boxing and in 1996 regained two of his championship belts with easy victories over Frank Bruno and Bruce Seldon. On November 9, 1996, in a long-anticipated bout with two-time heavyweight champion Evander Holyfield, Tyson lost for the second time in his professional career, by a technical knockout in the 11th round. In a rematch against Holyfield on June 28, 1997, he was disqualified after he twice bit his opponent’s ears, and, as a result of the infraction, he lost his boxing license.", "Holyfield's rematch with Tyson took place on June 28, 1997. The infamous incident occurred in the third round, when Tyson bit Holyfield on one of his ears and had two points deducted. Referee Mills Lane decided to disqualify Tyson initially, but after Holyfield and the ringside doctor intervened and said Holyfield could continue, he relented and allowed the fight to go on. However, Tyson went on to bite Holyfield again, this time on the other ear. Tyson, with his teeth, tore off the top of his ear, known as the helix, and spit the flesh out on the ring.", "Tyson was rocked in the first round by a right. In the second round, Tyson threw a right as Holyfield was starting to throw a left hook. As Tyson leaned into the punch and Holyfield ducked it, their heads came together and opened a cut over Tyson’s right eye. Referee Mills Lane called time and informed ringside officials that the cut was caused by a headbutt. After losing the first two rounds on all three official scorecards, Tyson was doing better in the third, catching Holyfield with a couple of good rights. But in the final minute of the round, while the two were tied up, Tyson bit a chunk out of Holyfield’s right ear. Holyfield stepped back and jumped in the air, twirling around. Tyson then walked up behind Holyfield and pushed him into the ropes. Lane stopped the action and deducted two points from Tyson, who told Lane that the damage to Holyfield’s ear was caused by a punch. “Bullshit!” Lane replied. When the action resumed, Tyson bit Holyfield’s left ear. At the end of the round, when Lane saw the bite mark on Holyfield’s left ear, he disqualified Tyson. In a post-fight interview with Jim Gray, Tyson claimed that the head butts were intentional by Holyfield, and the bites were retaliation.", "After Tyson was warned he would be disqualified and having a point deducted by referee Mills Lane in the third round for biting Holyfield's ear, Tyson bit Evander's other ear the very next time they were in a clinch. The fight was briefly stopped after that and once Lane saw Holyfield's ear bleeding from the second bite he DQ'd Tyson, thus ending the fight.", "After the loss to Valuev, Holyfield took a period of inactivity. He reportedly agreed to fight South African boxer Francois Botha on January 16, 2010; it was agreed that the venue for the fight would be the Nelson Mandela Memorial Stadium in Kampala , Uganda . A few weeks before the fight, it was revealed that the bout would be postponed to February 20, 2010. [20] [21] The match was put in jeopardy due to economic disagreements but was later confirmed to be on April 10, 2010 at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas . [22] When asked about his upcoming bout, the four-time world heavyweight champion said: \"I've been hearing for a while that I can't do it. All it does is light a fire under me to prove people wrong.\" He also added: \"I can still fight. I don't want to leave until I've become the undisputed heavyweight champion one more time. That's been my goal the entire time.\" [23] The American boxer scored an eighth round knockout of Botha to win the vacant WBF Heavyweight title. [24] [25]", "Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962) is an American professional boxer. He is a former Undisputed World Champion in both the cruiserweight and heavyweight divisions, earning him the nickname \"The Real Deal.\" After winning the bronze medal in the Light Hea...", "Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962 USA). He is a former Undisputed World Champion in both the cruiserweight and heavyweight divisions, earning him the nickname \"The Real Deal.\" After winning the bronze medal in the Light Heavyweight division at the 1984 Summer Olympics, he debuted as a professional at the age of 21.", "After the fight, Holyfield announced that he was retiring from boxing, but by January 1993 he'd changed his mind. In Holyfield: The Humble Warrior, his brother Bernard attributes this to a growing anger that the bout with Bowe had been much closer than the judges seemed to think and an anger at Bowe for \"talking noise\" about Evander's supposed deficiencies. Others thought it might be simple restlessness. Under a new trainer, Emanuel Steward, Holyfield threw himself into another grueling regimen, at the same time developing a more subtle kind of boxing than his previous style. On June 26, 1993, Holyfield was back in the ring, dispatching Alex Stewart in a unanimous decision after 12 rounds. Unimpressed, Rock Newman, Bowe's manager, told Sports Illustrated, \"Holyfield won and eliminated himself. He's got no chance for a title fight now.\"", "Holyfield was first scheduled to fight Mike Tyson for the Undisputed World Heavyweight Championship on June 18, 1990, but those plans were spoiled by James (Buster) Douglas , who knocked out Tyson on February 11, 1990. Holyfield won the title from Douglas and was scheduled to defend it against Tyson on November 8, 1991, but the fight was canceled after Tyson suffered a rib injury during training. Before the fight could be rescheduled, Tyson was convicted of rape and sent to prison. Holyfield finally fought Tyson on November 9, 1996, and stopped him in the eleventh round to win the WBA Heavyweight Championship.", "Evander Holyfield was born on October 19, 1962, in the mill town of Atmore, Alabama. The youngest of nine children, Holyfield was much younger than his other siblings and was born from a different father.[5] Holyfield's family later moved to Atlanta, where he began boxing at age 7 and won the Boys Club boxing tournament. At 13, he qualified to compete in his first Junior Olympics. By age 15, Holyfield became the Southeastern Regional Champion, winning this tournament and the Best Boxer Award. By 1984 he had a record of 160 wins and 14 losses, with 76 Kos. Holyfield describes himself as a physical \"late-bloomer\": upon graduating from high school he was only 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) tall and weighed only 147 pounds (67 kg).[5] By age 21, he had grown to 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) and weighed 178 pounds (81 kg).[5] He grew an additional 2 1?2 inches (6.4 cm) in his early twenties, finally reaching his adult height of 6 ft 2 1?2 in (1.89 m).", "Ali retired for good after the fight, finishing his career with an overall record of 56-5 and earning a lasting reputation as one of the 20th century’s most influential sportsmen. For his part, Berbick won the WBC heavyweight title in 1986 but was beaten in his first defense by the 20-year-old Mike Tyson. Berbick continued boxing for another 14 years but was plagued by issues in his personal life, including various arrests and a conviction for sexual assault. His boxing license was revoked in 2000 after a post-fight CAT scan found a blood clot in his brain. In October 2006, Berbick was found dead, with massive wounds to the head, in a church courtyard in his native town, Norwich, near Kingston, Jamaica. His 20-year-old nephew and a friend were charged in the killing.", "\"Evander Holyfield loses WBA title, but says he won't quit boxing.\" Jet (March 19, 2001): 51." ]

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[ "The German Shepherd Dog, sometimes known as the Alsatian herders (in France, the UK and Ireland) or more common in France \"Berger Allemand\", Schäferhund (in other parts of Europe) and by the acronym GSD or simply German Shepherd, is a breed of dog originally bred for herding sheep. Today, based on 2006 Kennel Club figures, German Shepherd Dogs are the fourth most popular breed in the UK, with 12,857 registrations[1] and are the third most popular breed in the United States with 43,575 registrations[2]. They can also be found working as guide dogs for the blind, police work, guarding, search and rescue, therapy and in the military. Despite their suitability for such work, German Shepherds can also make loyal and loving pets inside the home. They enjoy being around people and other animals, although socialization is critical for young puppies in order to prevent aggressive and dangerous behavior as an adult. German Shepherds are well-suited to obedience, with advanced and prestigious titles available to test both the handler and dog in various schutzhund trials.", "The German Shepherd Dog ( German : Deutscher Schäferhund), also known as anAlsatian or just the German Shepherd, is a breed of large-sized dog that originated in Germany. [2]  The German Shepherd is a relatively new breed of dog, with its origin dating to 1899. As part of the  Herding Group , the German Shepherd is a working dog developed originally for herding and guarding sheep. Because of its strength, intelligence and abilities in obedience training it is often employed in police and military roles around the world. [3]  German Shepherds currently account for 4.6% of all dogs registered with the American Kennel Club . Due to its loyal and protective nature, the German Shepherd is one of the most registered of breeds. [4]", "The German Shepherd Dog (GSD, also known as an Alsatian), (German: Deutscher Schäferhund) is a breed of large-sized dog that originated in Germany. German Shepherds are a relatively new breed of dog, whose origins date to 1899. As part of the Herding group, the German Shepherd i...", "The onset of World War One and the entry of America into the fray created an air of distaste around all things German, and along with the Dachshund the German Shepherd soon found itself to be a much hated symbol of Germany. In order to abate some of the hostility, the AKC changed the name of the breed to the Shepherd Dog and the GSDCA became the Shepherd Dog Club of America (SDCA). In anti-German Britain, the German Shepherd Dog was likewise renamed the \"Alsatian Wolf Dog\" by UK Kennel Club (UKC) when it began to recognize the breed in 1919 fearing that the word “German” would harm the breed’s popularity.  Although the “wolf dog” appendage would eventually be dropped, the name Alsatian would remain for the next 50 years. It wasn’t until 1977 that breed enthusiasts and purists launched successful campaigns that pressured the UKC into allowing the breed to be registered again as German Shepherd Dogs. The word \"Alsatian\", though, would still appear in parentheses as part of the formal breed name until it was finally removed in 2010.", "German shepherds were first developed in Germany in the late 1800s. By the early 20th century, the dogs were imported to America and were well-known elsewhere in Europe. Two world wars pitting the United Kingdom against Germany gave the name \"German\" a bad connotation in Britain, so people of those generations usually referred to the breed as Alsatians. One common misconception is that long-haired members of the breed are German shepherds, while the short-coated variety are Alsatians. Both types are registered as German shepherds.", "During the world war, both sides were employing the German Shepherd in their ranks to attack, surprise and outmaneuver their opponents. The German Shepherd being a big working dog with high intelligence and a natural propensity for training was considered to be of great value by the armed forces and was therefore hotly pursued. However, the British were loath to using the name “German Shepherd” as the Germans were their arch-enemy and they (the British) didn’t want to associate with the Germans in any way, at least symbolically in this case. So, they coined a new name for the German Shepherd, Alsatian, which somehow some people has come to refer to as a different dog breed.", "German shepherd breed of working dog developed in Germany from traditional herding and farm dogs. Until the 1970s the breed was known as the Alsatian in the United Kingdom. A strongly built, relatively long-bodied dog, the German shepherd stands 22 to 26 inches (56...", "4. GERMAN DOGS: Your furry four-footer is man's best friend. But that love might be conditional if the breed's name evokes a particular enemy country. Instead of German Shepherds and Dachsunds, owners in countries around the world doted on their Alsatians and Liberty Pups.", "You will find people telling that there is difference in color between alsatian & German Shepherd . Some people act further intelligent to tell structural differences. Few say it is the size difference. An Alsatian is from Alsace in France and a German Shepherd from Germany.", "Before considering this proposition, the General Committee would like the benefit of the German Shepherd Dog community’s views on removing ‘(Alsatian)’ from the name of the breed.", "A schnauzer (play /ˈʃnaʊzər/) (German: [ˈʃnaʊtsɐ], plural schnauzers) is a German dog type that originated in Germany in the 15th and 16th centuries.[1] The term comes from Schnauze, the German word for “snout”,[2] because of the dog’s distinctively bearded snout. Some authorities, such as Encyclopædia Britannica, also claim that the name is derived from the word’s secondary meaning of “moustache”.[3] Although the schnauzer is considered a terrier-type dog, they do not have the typical terrier temperament. They seem to be kinder, calmer, less energetic, and easier to train than a dog such as a Scottish terrier would be.[citation needed]", "“In our opinion the KC wants to revert to the old Alsatian type with all its problems in health and temperament despite the Alsatian’s dwindling gene pool... at the expense of the German or international type which is recognised worldwide. The Alsatian is laughed at in Germany, the home of the breed, due to its swan neck, sagging back and over-angulation.", "In the Iberian peninsula the Alans settled in Lusitania (cf. Alentejo) and the Cartaginense provinces. They became known in retrospect for their massive hunting and fighting dog of Molosser type, the Alaunt, which they apparently introduced to Europe. The breed is extinct, but its name is carried by a Spanish breed of dog still called Alano, traditionally used in boar hunting and cattle herding. The Alano name, however, has historically been used for a number of dog breeds in a few European countries thought to descend from the original dog of the Alans, such as the German mastiff (Great Dane) and the French Dogue du Bordeaux, among others.", "The exact origins of this breed are unknown although a dog of the Weimaraner type appeared in a Van Dyke painting of the early 1600's. It is believed that the breed comes from stock similar to the German Short-Haired Pointer, with Bloodhound being added early through crosses with one or more of the various schweisshund breeds. The breed takes its name from the nobles of the court of Charles August, Grand Duke of Weimar and was once used to hunt big game, wolves, wildcats, deer, mountain lion and bears etc. When the big game disappeared from Europe by the late 1800's, Weims became a rarity. However, with selective breeding, they became small game hunters and bird dogs, once again, increasing their popularity. Their breeding was kept a close secret in Germany for many years by a very strict breed club and it was not until 1929 that the Weimaraner was introduced to America by Howard Knight, a member of the breed society club of Germany.", "The breed is known by a variety of names, including \"Fleckvieh\" in Germany, Austria and Switzerland as well as many other European countries.\"Pie Rouge\", \"Montbeliard\", and \"Abondance\" in France; and \"Pezzata Rossa\" in Italy. The Simmental name is derived from their original location, the Simme Valley of Switzerland. In German, Thal or Tal means valley, thus the name literally means \"Simme Valley\".", "Leonberger: This breed’s name derives from the town of origin: Leonberg, Germany. Heinrich Essig, an important businessman, bred large dogs using (although the records are unclear) breeds such as Newfoundlands and Saint Bernards. With adept marketing strategy, Essig promoted his dogs, supposedly developing them to resemble the town’s crest: a lion rearing up on his legs. Leonbergers were popular with celebrities and royalty. Empress Elisabeth of Austria owned half a dozen of Essig’s dogs. On a marble monument erected in her honor in Vienna, she’s depicted with two majestic Leonbergers at her feet. Unfortunately for the Empress, she didn’t have her faithful Leonbergers by her feet when an Italian anarchist assassinated her by stabbing her on a promenade. ", "Dachshunds have traditionally been viewed as a symbol of Germany. Political cartoonists commonly used the image of the dachshund to ridicule Germany. During World War I the dachshunds' popularity in the United States plummeted because of this association. As a result, they were often called \"liberty hounds\" by their owners similar to \"liberty cabbage\" becoming a term for sauerkraut mostly in North America. The stigma of the association was revived to a lesser extent during World War II, though it was comparatively short-lived. Kaiser Wilhelm II and German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel were known for keeping dachshunds.", "Interestingly, the name \"Grand Danois\" was given by French naturalist Comte de Buffon during his travels in Denmark. French were also calling it Dogue Allemand, or \"German Mastiff.\" Although the Danish made no contribution to the breeds development, for some reason the name stuck.", "This herding dog’s name is pretty straightforward if you know a bit of French. The breed originated in Flanders, and French farmers who prized their working spirits named the Bouvier des Flandres, which translates into “Cow herder of Flanders.”", "At least three big breeds went into the creation of the Leonberger : the Newfoundland , the Saint Bernard and the Great Pyrenees . No one really knows the “canine recipe” used by Heinrich Essig, but the result was a dog who at maturity stands 28 to 31.5 inches and weighs 120 to 170 pounds. Females are 25.5 to 29.5 inches tall and weigh 100 to 135 pounds.", "The Weimaraner is a silver-grey breed of dog developed originally for hunting. Early Weimaraners were used by royalty for hunting large game, such as boar, bears, and deer. As the popularity of large game hunting began to decline, Weimaraners were used for hunting smaller animals, like fowl, rabbits, and foxes. Rather than having a specific purpose such as pointing or flushing, the Weimaraner is an all purpose gun dog. The Weimaraner is loyal and loving to his family, an incredible hunter, and a fearless guardian of his family and territory. The name comes from the Grand Duke of Weimar, Charles August, whose court enjoyed hunting.", "Stephanitz had been endeavoring to develop his ideal German Shepherd dog in his own breeding kennel throughout the 1890’s when one of the largest all breed dog shows to date took place in the Rhineland town of Karlesruhe on April 3, 1899. Stephanitz, accompany by his friend Artur Meyer, attended the Karlesruhe Exhibition in his continuing search for shepherding dogs that could be added to his breeding program. Among the many shepherding dogs brought to the exhibition from a number of different German agricultural areas, Stephanitz saw his absolute ideal shepherd dog in the body of Hektor (Linksrhein) von Sparwasser, born the 1st of January 1895 along with litter brother, Luchs von Sparwasser. The breeder of Hektor and Luchs was Herr Friedrich Sparwasser of Frankfort who had been breeding herding dogs from the German highland Thuringia region for over 20 years. Stephanitz at once recognized Hektor as his ideal German Shepherd Dog that he had been striving to develop in his own ten year long breeding program. Stephanitz bought Hektor on the spot and renamed the dog Horand von Grafrath. (Hektor is sometimes referenced as Hektor Linksrhein with Linksrhein referring to the Rhine region of his kennel. Frankfort is close to the Rhine river on the Rhine’s Main tributary and is considered to be in the Rhine region.)", "Known to be the \"King of Terriers\", the Airedale boasts being the largest of the terrier breeds. Native to the UK and originally bred in Yorkshire, this elegant dog is thought to have been given their name when they attended the Airedale Show, an event where many \"waterside dogs\" were exhibited back in the day.", "The St. Bernard is a breed of very large working dog from the Italian and Swiss Alps, originally bred for rescue. The breed has become famous through tales of alpine rescues, as well as for its enormous size.", "The Saint Bernard of brandy-toting fame is a breed originally created in the Swiss Alps and northern Italy as a rescue dog. The monks of the Saint Bernard Hospice are credited with training dogs for rescue and for playing a role in developing the breed we know today. Dogs can stand between 25-30 inches tall and weigh anywhere from 140 to 180 pounds .", "\"The Schnauzer is a German breed, which in the 15th & 16th centuries must have been in high favor as a household companion, for his portrait appears in many paintings of the period. A portrait of a Standard Schnauzer appears several times in the works of Albrecht Durer, an artist, between the years of 1492 and 1504.", "Short-legged and unusually-elongated, the Dachshund is a popular dog breed which belongs to the hound family. Small in size, they were originally bred as scent and chase hounds. They're quite good at flushing out small, burrow-dwelling animals like rabbits, prairie dogs, badgers, and other prey.", "The lovable big-eared hounds don’t get their name from a person named Basset. Rather, “Basset” comes from the French word bas for “low” and refers to the dogs’ low-slung statures.", "In the 1800s, black-and-tan terriers in the River Aire region were crossed with Otterhounds to produce a dog adept at otter hunting. It was originally called the Bingley or Waterside Terrier, but became known as the Airedale in 1878.", "Animals, especially dogs which are a mixture of multiple breeds, can be referred to as \"Heinz 57\". ", "The Pyrenean Mountain Dog, known as the Great Pyrenees in North America, is a large breed of dog used as a livestock guardian dog.", "The Perro de Presa Canario is a large Molosser-type dog breed originally bred for working livestock. The name of the breed is Spanish, means \"Canarian catch dog\", and is often shortened to \"Presa Canario\" or simply \"Presa\"." ]

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[ "1789 Baptist Reverend Elijah Craig of Scott County, Kentucky, is given credit for first aging Kentucky corn whiskey, thus creating America’s first bourbon whiskey. (Fussell, 1992)", "Various Kentucky families claim their patriarchs were the first to make whiskey in Kentucky. Claims date back to as early as 1776, but that may just be patriotism talking. We have historical evidence which establishes that the Reverend Elijah Craig was distilling whiskey by 1789, but it seems evident that he was working in a region where whiskey distillation was already common practice. The whiskey writer Charles Cowdery even argues that whiskey was made in the area that became Kentucky as early as 1774.", "For some reason, everyone seems to want to know the name of the very first person to make bourbon. The truth is no one knows. The Reverend Elijah Craig, a Baptist minister, is often recognized as being the “inventor” of bourbon, but that claim is completely unsubstantiated. We do know that he was a whiskey distiller in the late eighteenth century, and that his whiskey was probably known as Kentucky whiskey or maybe even bourbon, but there’s no real evidence to prove that he was the first person to make bourbon. In fact, according to Mike Veach, archivist at United Distillers, it is more probable that Elijah Craig’s name was used to fight the prohibition movement in the late nineteenth century simply because he was a Baptist minister. Smart marketing has been around for millennia--what could be better than declaring a good Christian as the “inventor” of bourbon when the distillers had to argue against forces that quoted the Bible to further their cause?", "The origin of bourbon is not well documented. There are many conflicting legends and claims, some more credible than others. For example, the invention of bourbon is often attributed to Elijah Craig, a Baptist minister and distiller credited with many Kentucky firsts (e.g., fulling mill, paper mill, ropewalk) who is also said to have been the first to age the product in charred oak casks, a process which gives bourbon its reddish color and distinctive taste. Across the county line in Bourbon County, an early distiller named Jacob Spears is credited with being the first to label his product as Bourbon whiskey. Spears' home, Stone Castle, warehouse and spring house survive; one can drive by the Spears' home on Clay-Kiser Road.", "By the 1780s a distinctive style of corn-based whiskey was being distilled in Kentucky, although Minnick says the story that Baptist minister Elijah Craig invented bourbon by accident after storing his whiskey in barrels charred by a fire is mere legend concocted by whiskey advocates to cloak the spirit in the spiritual. “Craig was a very powerful and important person, but we don’t have any credible records to indicate that he would have been a true inventor of bourbon,” Minnick says.", "In approximately 1789, Craig founded a distillery. This last enterprise led to his subsequent dubious reputation as the inventor of bourbon whiskey. Craig has sometimes been claimed to have been the first to age the distillation in charred oak casks,McDaniel, Susan, \"[http://www.imbibemagazine.com/Bourbon-s-Keeper-Mike-Veach Bourbon's Keeper: Bourbon historian Mike Veach keeps the spirit's fire burning – literally]\", Imbibe Magazine, May/June 2008.Heilenman, Diane, \"[http://louisville.metromix.com/events/article/boys-of-bourbon/1145523/content Boys of Bourbon: The Lore behind the Labels]\", Louisville Courier-Journal, May 3, 2009. \"a process that gives the bourbon its reddish color and unique taste\". ", "Elijah Craig (1738/1743 – May 18, 1808) was a Baptist preacher in Virginia, who became an educator and capitalist entrepreneur in the area of Virginia that later became the state of Kentucky. He has sometimes, although rather dubiously,Cowdery, Charles K., \"Who Invented Bourbon?\" Malt Advocate Magazine (4th Quarter 2002), pp. 72-75. been credited with the invention of bourbon whiskey.", "November 8, 1789 — If you love bourbon whiskey, today is a day to celebrate its creation. Believe it or not, the credit goes to a non-drinking Baptist Minister named Elijah Craig.", "Bourbon was first made by a Baptist minsister from Bourbon County in Kentucky in 1789. That is where it got its name", "Bourbon whiskey is a type of American whiskey that is a barrel-aged distilled liquor made mainly from corn. The name comes from the French Bourbon dynasty, although it is still debated till today whether the Kentucky county or New Orleans Street inspired this whiskey's name. Bourbon has been produced since the 18th century, but the name \"Bourbon\" was not used until the 1850s. You can find this liquor being made anywhere in the United States, but bourbon is strongly identified with the American South in general, and Kentucky in particular.", "Distilling probably was brought to present-day Kentucky in the late 18th century by Scots, Scots-Irish, and other settlers (including English, Irish, Welsh, German and French) who began to farm the area. The spirit they made evolved, and became known as bourbon in the early 19th century due to its historical association with the geographic area known as Old Bourbon (this consisted of the original Bourbon County of Virginia as organized in 1785, a region that included much of today’s Eastern Kentucky – including 34 of today’s counties in Kentucky). This area included the current Bourbon County of Kentucky, which became a county of Kentucky when Kentucky was separated from Virginia as a new state in 1792.", "Corn whiskey was the first truly American whiskey, and the precursor to Bourbon. An unaged, clear spirit, it was the type of whiskey that Scotch-Irish farmers produced in their stills for family consumption or to trade for store goods. When state and federal excise taxes were permanently introduced during the Civil War, most of the production of Corn whiskey went underground to become moonshine, where it has remained ever since. A modest amount of commercial Corn whiskey is still produced and consumed in the South.", "Another factor that makes Kentucky fertile ground for bourbon production is literally its fertile ground. The influx of settlers who crossed the Appalachian Mountains in the late 1700s soon learned the Kentucky soil was perfect for growing bourbon’s second main ingredient—corn. Drawn in part by Virginia’s 1776 Corn Patch and Cabin Rights Act, which offered 400 acres to any settlers who built cabins and planted corn in its then-territory of Kentucky, immigrants from Germany, Scotland and the north of Ireland were among those who arrived with the whiskey-distilling knowledge from their homelands in tow.", "Across the county line in Bourbon County, KY an early distiller named Jacob Spears is credited being first to label his product as Bourbon whiskey. Spears’ home, Stone Castle, warehouse and spring house is still surviving and one can drive by the Spears’ home on Clay-Kiser Road.", "Woodford County, Kentucky, is largely covered by stud farms. Magnificent race-horses graze in verdant meadows and parkland, divided up by white wooden fences and fine old homesteads. The very epitome of the Old South. Woodford Reserve is the smallest distillery in Kentucky. Standing in a wooded valley, Glenn’s Creek, between Frankfurt and Lexington, it is built of pale limestone, with some of the buildings dating from the 1830s. For me, it is the prettiest distillery in America. It is also the most historic. It was founded by Elijah Pepper in 1776, the year the United States became", "Except for a few distilleries that were authorized to produce it for medicinal purposes, the bourbon industry was wiped out in 1919 when Prohibition took effect. Kentucky adopted prohibition a year earlier than the national prohibition. Within the boundaries of Bourbon County as it stands today there were, by some counts, 26 distilleries. All of these were shut down in 1919, and no distilleries resumed operation there until late 2014 – a period of 95 years. ", "* Lewis Craig (brother of Elijah Craig), Baptist preacher imprisoned for religious freedom issues before the American Revolution; leader of The Travelling Church that migrated to Kentucky (see History of Baptists in Kentucky)", "The Mint Julep is an original American creation (much like it’s main ingredient, bourbon), and was popularized by Kentucky Senator Henry Clay in the 18th century.", ": A Kentucky Straight Bourbon that was the original sour mash whiskey dating back to 1835.", "There was a New York State Supreme Court case in 1872 involving apparently one of the first persons to produce grenadine syrup (at least there in New York) from real pomegranates. He called his \"grenadine\" or \"grenade syrup\", then someone else started calling his syrup 'grenade syrup' and there was a suit over using the same words. ", "Craig continued to prosper, eventually owning more than 4000 acre and enough slaves to cultivate it, and operating a retail store in Frankfort. He died in Georgetown in 1808. John Taylor wrote of him in A History of Ten Baptist Churches, \"His preaching was of the most solemn style; his appearance as of a man who had just come from the dead; of a delicate habit, a thin visage, large eyes and mouth; the sweet melody of his voice, both in preaching and singing, bore all down before it.\" ", "* On July 31, 1790, the first U.S. patent was issued to Samuel Hopkins for an improvement \"in the making of Pot ash and Pearl ash by a new Apparatus and Process\". This patent was signed by then President George Washington.", "Elijah Pepper (James E. Pepper and Old Crow Bourbons) settled in Old Pepper Springs, Kentucky, in 1776. Within four years he was selling whiskey.", "Enter bourbon. Actually, enter bourbon barrels. By 1800, Louisville, in-not-yet-a-state-Kentucky, is host to one of the fledgling nation’s biggest transportation pains-in-the-ass: the Falls of The Ohio. Every shipment heading downstream to New Orleans has to stop, unload, and portage around the beautiful jumble of fossil Devonian reef then reload below it. There’s a lot of traffic, a lot of money to be made, and the Clark family is there to make it.", "In 1803, Londoner John Davis mentioned the Mint Julep in print for the first time . A decade later, the Old White Tavern in West Virginia (now the Greenbrier Hotel ) became famous for their own Mint Julep recipe. During the Civil War, bourbon became a common substitute for other liquors in the Mint Julep, due to its lower cost.", "Evan Williams rolled the first barrel out of his Louisville distillery in 1783, thereby assuring himself a place in history as Kentucky’s first commercial distiller.", "The drink that eventually came to be known as a Sazerac was actually born in a pharmacy. Antoine Peychaud, a Creole apothecary of Haitian descent, set up shop in the French Quarter in the early 19th Century. In addition to dispensing his traditional “medicines,” Peychaud formulated a gentian-based bitters recipe in his New Orleans pharmacy around the year 1830 and began selling it after-hours for “medicinal purposes.” Peychaud claimed his bitters could provide relief from just about any imaginable malady. Most likely, this was because he dispensed his bitters mixed with brandy and absinthe, an anisette liqueur. Thus the precursor to the Sazerac was born.", "1836 – Joseph Washington Dant starts a distilling operation in Dant Station, KY using an old fashioned log still.", "Frederick and Philip Stitzel built their first distillery in Louisville in 1872. Their company would later merge with the Weller company and become known as Stitzel-Weller.", "A brand of concentrated aromatic bitters created in Angostura, Venezuela, in 1824 from a secret combination of herbs and spices.", "The Enon Primitive Baptist Church was established in 1794 in what was then North Carolina (now Shelbyville, Bedford County, Tennessee). The first building was built around 1800 and the church was constituted in August 1821 and received its first African American member (“Major Byler’s Black Boy Emmanuel”) in November 1823. The congregation is a member of the Cumberland Association of Primitive Baptists.", "These Cawoods did not move to Blout County, TN until 1800. In 1821 he was in Daviess Co., IN, where in 1831, he was Justice of Peace. In 1836, he was a merchant in Edwardsport (Knox County), IN, and is said to have been the first merchant in that town." ]

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[ "HISTORICAL FACT: In 1942, FDR makes William \"Wild Bill\" Donovan the head of the OSS, Office of Strategic Services, the organization that would evolve eventually into the CIA. Donovan was a wealthy Wall Street lawyer and New York social figure. During World War I he served as a battalion commander in France and won the Medal of Honor. The OSS did investigate the possibility of assassinating Hitler. The SPIDER magazine ceased publication in 1943.", "William Joseph (\"Wild Bill\") Donovan (January 1, 1883 – February 8, 1959) was a United States soldier, lawyer, intelligence officer and diplomat. Donovan is best remembered as the wartime head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), a precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency, during World War II. He is also known as the \"Father of American Intelligence\" and the \"Father of Central Intelligence\".[https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/gen.-william-j.-donovan-heads-oss.html CIA: Look Back … Gen. William J. Donovan Heads Office of Strategic Services], cia.gov; accessed February 27, 2016.[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol3no3/html/v03i3a07p_0001.htm CIA: William J. Donovan and the National Security], cia.gov; accessed February 27, 2016.", "- \"General William Donovan [born in January 1883], a former New York State prosecutor and successful Wall Street lawyer, was the sole wartime Director of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) -- the American wartime intelligence organisation. This organisation was formally abolished in October 1945 but then reconstituted as the CIA in 1947 but without Donovan as its director. This chapter discusses some of the factors that explain the emergence of inter-agency collaboration between Donovan’s OSS and Justice Jackson.\"", "Fleming also worked with Colonel \"Wild Bill\" Donovan, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's special representative on intelligence co-operation between London and Washington. In May 1941 Fleming accompanied Godfrey to the United States, where he assisted in writing a blueprint for the Office of the Coordinator of Information, the department which turned into the Office of Strategic Services and eventually became the CIA.", "Fleming also worked with Colonel \"Wild Bill\" Donovan , President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's special representative on intelligence co-operation between London and Washington. [33] In May 1941 Fleming accompanied Godfrey to the United States, where he assisted in writing a blueprint for the Office of the Coordinator of Information , the department which turned into the Office of Strategic Services and eventually became the CIA . [34]", "Concomitant with the State's new attention to the crime of espionage was the birth of the U.S. intelligence community, with its ubiquitous influence upon policy. The number of FBI special agents swelled from 851 in 1939 to 5a~72 in 1944. The Bureau also moved into other countries, gaining responsibility for intelligence and counter-espionage in Latin America. To carry on covert actions elsewhere, Roosevelt created the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in July 1941, with the flamboyant General William \"Wild Bill\" Donovan at its helm. The OSS originated from the Coordinator of Information's office, created five months prior to Pearl Harbor. It grew prodigiously during the war and afterwards blossomed into the Central Intelligence Agency. /43", "The life of OSS director, William “Wild Bill” Donovan (1883−1959), a Catholic lawyer, politician, and soldier, traces the American dream and its limits during the interwar period. The arc of Donovan’s life crossed the United States’ emergence as a superpower and the rise of state-aided religious pluralism. Donovan’s life and times also illustrate the complex nature of American anti-Catholicism in the first half of the twentieth century. Anti-Catholic assumptions within American intelligence operations during World War II inadvertently increased demand for Catholic and other minority religious expertise within the American intelligence system. The OSS’s use of [End Page 80] the Catholic Church in its operations demonstrated to many powerful Protestants in government the utility of encouraging the strategic toleration of Catholics during and after the war. While the OSS’s goal was not to change public attitudes about Catholicism—it operated largely in secret—the value it placed on Catholic sources and assets would ultimately benefit American Catholics and the public image of U.S. Catholicism even while it drew upon old anti-Catholic stereotypes. American intelligence officers of the OSS, especially Donovan, navigated between the Catholic Church as an international intelligence resource and as a domestic political liability, all while creating new intelligence networks that aligned Catholicism with American policy interests. With Donovan orchestrating this new arrangement, the Catholic Church became a potential ally, but not without danger.", "Donovan did not have an official role in the newly formed CIA but with his protégé Allen Dulles and others, he was instrumental in its formation. Having led the OSS during World War II, Donovans opinion was especially influential as to what kind of intelligence organization was needed as a bi-polar post-war world began to take shape. Although he was a force to be reckoned with, his idea for consolidating intelligence met with strong opposition from the State, War and Navy Departments and J. Edgar Hoover. President Truman was inclined to create an organization that would gather and disseminate foreign intelligence; Donovan argued that the new agency should also be able to conduct covert action. Truman was unenthusiastic about this additional authority, but Donovan's arguments prevailed and were reflected in the National Security Act of 1947 and the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949. In 1946, Truman appointed Rear Admiral Sidney Souers, USNR, as the first Director of Central Intelligence. This was an important first step but the actual creation of the CIA required another persuasive voice, that of Hoyt Vandenberg. In 1947 Rear Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter was appointed as the first Director of the CIA.", "(CIA), independent executive bureau of the U.S. government established by the National Security Act of 1947, replacing the wartime Office of Strategic Services (1942–45), the first U.S. espionage and covert operations agency.", "As the only director of the OSS, Donovan remains a legend within the U.S. intelligence and military community. Donovan inspired either adoration or revulsion with little in between. To many, he was an American James Bond before the fictional British spy was created. As one of Donovan’s colleagues recalled, “Bill Donovan is the sort of guy who thought nothing of parachuting into France, blowing up a bridge, pissing in Luftwaffe gas tanks, then dancing on the roof of the St. Regis Hotel with a German spy.” 3 Sentiments like these would echo through the memories of many who associated with Wild Bill. He won the Medal of Honor in World War I and argued cases before the U.S. Supreme Court before leading the OSS. When Donovan died in 1959, President Eisenhower remarked that “we have lost the last hero.” 4 Donovan’s Catholicism, however, is not usually the focus of attention. 5 Donovan’s early life and career provide one way to understand why Donovan’s OSS utilized American Catholics at home and reached out to the Holy See abroad.", "President Franklin D. Roosevelt was concerned about American intelligence deficiencies. On the suggestion of William Stephenson , the senior British intelligence officer in the western hemisphere, Roosevelt requested that William J. Donovan draft a plan for an intelligence service based on the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) and Special Operations Executive (SOE). Colonel Donovan was employed to evaluate the global military position to offer suggestions concerning American intelligence requirements because the U.S. did not have a central intelligence agency. After submitting his work, \"Memorandum of Establishment of Service of Strategic Information,\" Colonel Donovan was appointed \"coordinator of information\" on July 11, 1941 heading the new organization known as the office of the Coordinator of Information (COI). Thereafter the organization was developed with British assistance; Donovan had responsibilities but no actual powers and the existing US agencies were skeptical if not hostile. Until some months after Pearl Harbor, the bulk of OSS intelligence came from the UK. British Security Coordination (BSC) trained the first OSS agents in Canada, until training stations were set up in the US with guidance from BSC instructors, who also provided information on how the SOE was arranged and managed. The British immediately made available their short-wave broadcasting capabilities to Europe, Africa, and the Far East and provided equipment for agents until American production was established. [3]", "Under the provisions of the National Security Act of 1947 (which became effective on 18 September 1947) the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency were established. Most of the National Security Act's specific assignments given the CIA~ as well as the prohibitions on police and internal security functions, closely follow both the original 1944 Donovan plan and the Presidential directive creating the Central Intelligence Group. The 1947 Act charged the CIA with coordinating the nation's intelligence activities and correlating, evaluating and disseminating intelligence which affects national security. In addition, the Agency was to perform such other duties and functions related to intelligence as the NSC might direct. The Act also made the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) responsible for protecting intelligence sources and methods.", "In January 1946, President Truman created the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) which was the direct precursor to the CIA. The assets of the SSU, which now constituted a streamlined \"nucleus\" of clandestine intelligence, was transferred to the CIG in mid-1946 and reconstituted as the Office of Special Operations (OSO). Next, the National Security Act of 1947 established the United States's first permanent peacetime intelligence agency, the Central Intelligence Agency , which then took up the functions of the OSS. The direct descendant of the paramilitary component of the OSS is the Special Activities Division of the CIA. [12]", "18. Donovan was first appointed “Coordinator of Information” in July 1941. This office was restructured in June 1942 and renamed the Office of Strategic Services. See Waller, Wild Bill Donovan, 71, 116.", "Seizing an opening provided by Roosevelt, Donovan brought the matter to a head on November 18, 1944, by submitting a formal proposal for the establishment of a postwar central intelligence service. Its essential features were: an independent agency responsible to the President and advised by the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy; several functions, including the coordination and production of intelligence, the conduct of espionage and counterespionage, \"subversive operations abroad,\" and \"such other functions and duties relating to intelligence\" as the President might assign it; and certain restrictions, including the denial of any \"police or law-enforcement functions, either at home or abroad.\" 15 The plan, with Donovan's energy and influence behind it, was a major challenge to the other intelligence services.", "Prior to Nuremberg, the Bridge of Spies true story reveals that Donovan had left private practice in 1942 and held the position of associate general counsel of the United States Office of Scientific Research and Development, which oversaw the creation of the atomic bomb. He was then commissioned as a line ensign in the navy in 1943, where he served as general counsel of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the agency that dealt with sabotage, espionage and other covert matters. -The Milwaukee Journal", "In 1947 Congress passed the National Security Act , which created the National Security Council (NSC) and, under its direction, the CIA. Given extensive power to conduct foreign intelligence operations, the CIA was charged with advising the NSC on intelligence matters, correlating and evaluating the intelligence activities of other government agencies, and carrying out other intelligence activities as the NSC might require. Although it did not end rivalries with the military services and the FBI, the law established the CIA as the country’s preeminent intelligence service. The agency was popularly thought of as the U.S. counterpart of the Soviet KGB (which was dissolved in 1991), though, unlike the KGB, the CIA was forbidden by law (the National Security Act) from conducting intelligence and counterintelligence operations on domestic soil. In contrast, the majority of the KGB’s operations took place within the Soviet Union and against Soviet citizens.", "Congress did have two problems, however: One, there was very strong opposition to the idea of a military man heading CIA. Many, thinking the military had become too prominent, feared the growth of militarism. Others, visualizing some militaristic officer heading a national intelligence agency, feared the rise of a military \"Gestapo.\" Still others, thinking the post of Director of Central intelligence very important, did not like entrusting it to admirals and generals for short tours of duty between other assignments. And still others, viewing the job more in line with Donovan's concept, saw it as an essentially civilian post. In short, Congress passionately wanted a civilian DCI, but the very fact that an admiral — Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter — now was the third DCI and was expected to continue in the post, and the real possibility that the best man for the job might actually be a military man made it necessary to make provision for either a military or civilian occupant of the post. Though unhappy with the necessity, Congress won in the long run, because its attitude established the essentially civilian character of the DCI. Actually this accomplishment was the only new contribution Congress made to the theory and structure of CIA. The rest was copywork.", "Troy, Thomas F. Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency (Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1981)", "Secondly, this influential \"mystery man\" had developed a special interest in strategic intelligence and special operations. He had studied not only Nazi military strategy and tactics but also Nazi radio propaganda, economic warfare, political subversion, and psychological warfare. Likewise, he had been thoroughly briefed on British experience in intelligence, propaganda, subversion, and commando operations — thanks largely to the efforts of Britain's wartime intelligence chief in the U.S., now Sir William S. Stephenson, lately celebrated in A Man Called Intrepid. 11 By early 1941 Donovan was convinced by the course of the war that the U.S. had to get into all those fields; and he, collaborating with Stephenson, had indeed developed a plan for a new agency to do just that.", "The Central Intelligence Agency , was created in 1947 out of remnants of the OSS , a World War II operation. Americans, still mesmerized by the intelligence failure at Pearl Harbor, welcomed the new spy agency because it seemed to promise the nation would always stay on alert. Congress supported covert action, even though Directors of Central Intelligence Roscoe Hillenkoetter (1947-50) and Walter Bedell Smith (1950-53), both military men, showed little interest and the CIA did not actually have a covert action capability until 1952.", "President Franklin D. Roosevelt was concerned about American intelligence deficiencies. On the suggestion of Canadian/British spymaster William Stephenson , the senior British intelligence officer in the western hemisphere, Roosevelt requested that William J. Donovan draft a plan for an intelligence service. Colonel Donovan was employed to evaluate the global military position in order to offer suggestions concerning American intelligence requirements because the U.S. did not have a central intelligence agency. After submitting his work, \"Memorandum of Establishment of Service of Strategic Information,\" Colonel Donovan was appointed as the \"Co-ordinator of Information\" in July 1941.", "In November 1941, Donovan authorised a research program to seek possible 'truth drugs' to aid the interrogation of agents and criminals. Among the substances investigated were scopolamine, opium, cannabis, mescaline and tetra-hydro-cannabinol acetate. The last of these was used clandestinely in the interrogation of New York gangster August del Gaizo by OSS agent George H. White, apparently yielding useful information about narcotics traffickers. Although Donovan subsequently cancelled the program, its activities were later resumed by the CIA in its controversial MKULTRA campaign.", "National Security Act of 1947, signed by President Truman, creates the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The Act also forms the National Security Council, the Office of Secretary of Defense, and the US Air Force.", "The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the agency of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, was created in 1947. The CIA is America's firs", "In 1947, the CIA was officially born (about a year after it had already effectively started operations), under the auspices of President Harry Truman and the National Security Act. In 1948, its charter was expanded to include \"covert actions\" in addition to intelligence-gathering. In 1949, the Central Intelligence Act broadened the scope of the CIA's powers and eliminated most oversight and accountability.", "The National Security Act of 1947 created the CIA with emphasis on the word \"central\" in its title. The Agency was supposed to become the unifying organization that would distill and write up all available intelligence, and offer it to political leaders in a manageable form. The Act gave the CIA five functions, four of them dealing with the collection, coordination, and dissemination of intelligence from open sources as well as espionage. It was the fifth function -- lodged in a vaguely worded passage that allowed the CIA to \"perform such other functions and duties related to intelligence affecting the national security as the National Security Council may from time to time direct\" -- that turned the CIA into the personal, secret, unaccountable army of the president.", "The CIA, an organisation brought into existence by President Truman (Author: US Central Government; Source: here )", "Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 establishing the CIA. The National Security Act charged the CIA with coordinating the nation’s intelligence activities and correlating, evaluating and disseminating intelligence affecting national security.", "In 1946 President Harry S. Truman , recognizing the need for a coordinated postwar intelligence establishment, created by executive order a Central Intelligence Group and a National Intelligence Authority, both of which recruited key former members of the OSS. As in the days of the OSS, there were problems of distrust and rivalry between the new civilian agencies and the military intelligence services and the FBI.", "Originating as a unit to decipher coded communications in World War II, it was officially formed as the NSA by Harry S. Truman in 1952. Since then, it has become one of the largest U.S. intelligence organizations in terms of personnel and budget, operating as part of the Department of Defense and simultaneously reporting to the Director of National Intelligence.", "According to President Harry S. Truman, Hoover transformed the FBI into his private secret police force. Truman stated: \"we want no Gestapo or secret police. The FBI is tending in that direction. They are dabbling in sex-life scandals and plain blackmail. J. Edgar Hoover would give his right eye to take over, and all congressmen and senators are afraid of him.\" " ]

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[ "Pullet is a female chicken less than one year of age. A pullet is, in industry, a young female that has yet to start laying eggs", "Pullet. A female chicken less than 1 year old, or a young female chicken before she begins to lay eggs.", "257 Pullet egg:  from a New Hampshire Red chick hatched Sept. 3. A pullet is a young hen less than a year old, and pullet eggs are the small eggs that the chicken lays in her first few weeks of laying. ↑", "Poultry Terms to Know CLICK PICTURES TO ENLARGE PREVIOUS NEXT Layer-a mature female ... Pullet- a young female chicken Capon- a male chicken that has been neutered ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation", "A rooster, or a cock,[1] is a male chicken (Gallus gallus) with the female being called a hen. Immature male chickens of less than a year's age are called cockerels. The oldest term is \"cock,\" from Old English coc. The term \"rooster\" originates from the United States[2], while in the United Kingdom and Ireland.[3] the older term \"cockerel\" is more widely used. In North America, Australia and New Zealand \"rooster\" (a relative neologism) is almost always used, occasionally cockerel.", "It is known that embryo precocial avian species (precocial refers to species which are born mobile and venture away from the nest as soon as they are born), such as domesticated poultry species, produce a wide variety of sounds toward the end of their incubation period. These sounds include the vocalizations that the hatchling will make as a newly hatched chick. It is also known that these sounds, in a natural situation, may affect the behavior of the incubating parent bird. There is also evidence that the embryos respond to external stimuli at this time. For example, it has been reported that the clucking sound of a brooding hen will stop a domestic chick embryo from giving distress calls and that changing the position of the egg can elicit pleasure twitters from the enclosed embryo.", "Male rabbits are called bucks; females are called does. An older term for an adult rabbit is coney, while rabbit once referred only to the young animals. Another term for a young rabbit is bunny, though this term is often applied informally (especially by children) to rabbits generally, especially domestic ones. More recently, the term kit or kitten has been used to refer to a young rabbit. A young hare is called a leveret; this term is sometimes informally applied to a young rabbit as well.", "Cattle are bovine mammals native to Africa and Eurasia. Like sheep, they have multiple stomachs that allow them to digest very tough plant material. Females are referred to as \"cows\" or \"heifers\", males as \"bulls\". Adult males have horns of varying size. They are also social animals that live in herds. Cattle were domesticated by man in the early Neolithic Age some seven or eight thousand years ago.", "A bevy of quail A bouquet of pheasants [when flushed] A brood of hens A building of rooks A cast of hawks [or falcons] A charm of finches A colony of penguins A company of parrots A congregation of plovers A cover of coots A covey of partridges [or grouse or ptarmigans] A deceit of lapwings A descent of woodpeckers A dissimulation of birds A dole of doves An exaltation of larks A fall of woodcocks A flight of swallows [or doves, goshawks, or cormorants] A gaggle of geese [wild or domesticated] A host of sparrows A kettle of hawks [riding a thermal] A murmuration of starlings A murder of crows A muster of storks A nye of pheasants [on the ground] An ostentation of peacocks A paddling of ducks [on the water] A parliament of owls A party of jays A peep of chickens A pitying of turtledoves A raft of ducks A rafter of turkeys A siege of herons A skein of geese [in flight] A sord of mallards A spring of teal A tidings of magpies A trip of dotterel An unkindness of ravens A watch of nightingales A wedge of swans [or geese, flying in a \"V\"] A wisp of snipe", "HATCHLING - The young animal just after it leaves the egg; any juvenile phase tortoise to about 6 months.", "Many lagomorphs breed several times a year and produce large litters. This is particularly the case in species that breed in underground, protective environments such as burrows. The altricial young of rabbits, called kittens, are born naked and helpless after a short gestation period and the mother can become pregnant again almost immediately after giving birth. The mothers are able to leave these young safely and go off to feed, returning at intervals to feed them with their unusually rich milk. In some species, the mother only visits and feeds the litter once a day but the young grow rapidly and are usually weaned within a month. Hares live above ground and their litters, containing leverets, are born in \"forms\" concealed among tussocks and scrub. They have a strategy to prevent predators from tracking down their litter by following the adults' scent. They approach and depart from the nesting site in a series of immense bounds, sometimes moving at right angles to their previous direction. The young are precocial and a small number are born after a longer gestation period, already clad in short fur and able to move around. ", "coydog (also dogote) /COY-dawg; daw-GŌ-dee/ A hybrid produced by mating between a domestic dog (Canis familiaris) and a coyote (Canis latrans).", "A group of rabbits is known as a colony, or nest (and occasionally a warren, though this more commonly refers to where the rabbits live). A group of young rabbits with the same parentage is referred to as a litter, and a group of domestic rabbits is sometimes called a herd. ", "Kiwi are flightless birds endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx and family Apterygidae. At around the size of a domestic chicken, kiwi are by far the smallest living ratites and lay the largest egg in relation to their body size of any species of bird in the world. There are five recognized species, two of which are currently vulnerable, one of which is endangered, and one of which is critically endangered. The kiwi is a national symbol of New Zealand, and the association is so strong that the term Kiwi is used all over the world as the colloquial demonym for New Zealanders.", "Broiler — All chickens that are bred and raised specifically for meat production. The term \"broiler\" is mostly used for a young chicken, 6 to 10 weeks old, and is interchangeable and sometimes in conjunction with the term \"fryer,\" for example \"broiler-fryer.\"", "POUCHED EGG: Along with the platypus, the echidna is the world's only living monotreme, an order of egg-laying mammals found only in Australasia. After mating, an adult female lays a single egg about the size of a U.S. dime or an Australian five-cent coin directly into her pouch. The newborn puggle that hatches about ten days later stays in the pouch for several weeks to suckle. Eventually, as it reaches maturity, it will grow to about the size of a human infant. \"They're so difficult to study,\" says researcher Peggy Rismiller, examining a puggle (above). \"They're hard to find, they're solitary, they make no noise and they travel great distances.\"", "The ostrich, the world’s largest bird and one of the oldest (having existed as a species for over 40 million years), is adapted to living in open, arid country. Four distinct geographic subspecies are recognized, ranging from the Arabian and Saharan deserts southward throughout Africa. The two subspecies imported to the United States are the Red Neck of northern Africa and the smaller Blue Neck of southern Africa. The first ostrich farm was founded in 1838 in South Africa, and that country is still the dominant producer of ostriches. South Africa protects its ostrich industry by prohibiting the export of fertile ostriches and eggs.", "The young carnivores taste their first solid food at about one month old; when the mother or some of the males in her group bring food back to the den, the hungry pups bleat with anticipation. The pups chase, stalk, pounce, and ambush each other for fun and practice for future hunts. They stay with their mother for quite a while to learn proper food gathering and hunting techniques. But when the pups are two years old, she is ready for her offspring to leave, and the youngsters must find a territory all their own.", "Ostriches normally mate for life, and they share the task of incubating the eggs. Ostriches form bisexual groups with a complex structure. Territorial males compete for flocks of 3 to 5 hens. Mating includes elaborate displays of hisses and dancing. Once divided into mating groups, ostriches in some areas use communal nests to hold anywhere from 14 to 60 eggs. The nest is a hole scraped in bare ground about 1 to 2 feet deep. The average egg is 6 inches in length, 5 inches in width, weighs about 3 pounds, and is shiny and whitish in color. Eggs take approximately 35 - 40 days to hatch.The male, which has mostly black feathers, sits on the eggs at night, and the drab, brown female who lays up to 20 eggs, covers them during the day. In this way, the nest is much harder to see. If threatened while sitting on the nest, which is simply a cavity scooped in the earth, the hen presses her long neck flat along the ground, blending with the background. Ostriches, contrary to popular belief, do not bury their heads in the sand. Once the young ones hatch, it is usually the male ostrich which looks after the chick until they are old enough to fend for themselves.", "Readers may have heard about a pack of wolves or a litter of puppies, but do they know which animals make up a gaggle or a murder? In Gaggle, Herd, and Murder, readers learn the meaning of these terms and more. Engaging photographs support the text.", "A herd of cows. A school of fish. Assuming you don't live under a rock, you've heard of those. Maybe you even know that biologists call a group of whales a pod . But what do you call a group of emus? How about hyenas? And what animal is collectively described by the term \"clowder?\"", "n. A nestling of a pigeon or other similar bird, esp. when very fat and not fully fledged.", "The chicks - also commonly referred to as eyas - usually hatch sequentially, 1 - 5 days apart. The hatchlings weigh only 50 - 60 g or 2 oz. They are covered with down and their eyes are open. Initially, they are only capable of limited motion.", "A nestle-cock is the last bird to hatch from a clutch of eggs. It dates from the early 1600s, when it was also used as a nickname for an overly spoilt or pampered child.", "3. (Zoology) a group of offspring produced at one birth by a mammal such as a sow", "Cooperative breeding – Breeding system where non-parental adult birds assist other breeding pairs (usually their own parents) to rear offspring, instead of dispersing from the nest or breeding themselves.", "A family of small to medium-sized, diurnal birds of prey with pointed wings. They do not build their own nests and mainly catch prey in the air. There are about 64 species worldwide, 10 in Britain.", "birds that lay their eggs in nest of same bird species to be raised by other families.", "young are being raised. The burrows can be complex. Below the entrances are vertical shafts leading to a system of galleries and chambers for storing food, depositing droppings, sleeping, or breeding. The home range is individual and limited (1-6 hectares). In the wild, one male \"supervises\" the home ranges of several females.", "Species of birds who deposit their eggs in the nest of other birds, to be fed and raised by other families.", "This group is made up of a male, approximately 6 or more females and their offspring of the current year.  It is a territorial family group in which the male is the one defending the territory against other family males or young males.  At the age of 8 months, the male offspring is expelled from the group and, as this occurs in several family groups, those animals gather and make up the males", "Asynchronous hatching: Staggered hatching of birds in a single clutch (group of eggs), often over several days." ]

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[ "1994 O.J. Simpson drove his Ford Bronco across Los Angeles with police in pursuit and millions of people watching live on television. After the slow speed chase ended Simpson was arrested and charged with the murders of Nicole Simpson and Ronald Goldman.", "June 17, 1994 - After leading police on a slow-speed chase on Southern California freeways, that millions of Americans watched, OJ Simpson was arrested for the murder of wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman. The arrest took place after a prolonged slow-car chase where Al A.C. Cowlings drove Simpson around in a white Ford Bronco and talked him into giving up to the police.", "On June 17, 1994, Hall of Fame running back O.J. Simpson led police on a slow-speed chase in Los Angeles prior to his arrest on charges that he killed his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ronald Goldman.", "O.J. Simpson was born in 1947 in San Francisco, California. He became a college football superstar at USC, winning the Heisman Trophy in 1968, and later enjoyed a record-setting career in the NFL and tremendous popularity among his fans. Amid a moderately successful post-playing career as an actor and broadcaster, Simpson was charged in 1994 for murdering his former wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend Ron Goldman. He was acquitted in a high-profile criminal trial, though he was found liable for their deaths in civil court. Simpson later was sentenced to up to 33 years in prison in 2008 for kidnapping and armed robbery.", "Former NFL star O.J. Simpson, center, and his attorney Howard Weitzman, right, are besieged by the media as they leave police headquarters in downtown Los Angeles Monday, June 13, 1994, after Simpson was questioned in connection with the apparent murders of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Lyle Goldman, 26, at the woman's Los Angeles condominium. (AP Photo/ Michael Caulfield) ", "1994 – DNA testing linked OJ Simpson to the murder of Nicole Simpson and Ron Goldman. m)", "O.J. Simpson plays football for the University of Southern California, where he wins the Heisman Trophy in 1968. He is the first draft pick for the NFL in 1969, and is the 1973 NFL player of the year. He plays in six Pro Bowls throughout his 10-year career. After his ex-wife, Nicole Brown, and her friend, Ron Goldman, are found murdered in 1994, O.J. Simpson stands trial for both homicides. Simpson assembles a “dream team” of lawyers, and is acquitted of criminal charges on Oct. 3, 1995, though he is convicted in civil court. In 2008, Simpson is convicted on a 2007 charge of kidnapping and armed robbery, and sentenced to 15 years in prison.", "1994 - In Los Angeles, O.J. Simpson pled innocent to the killing of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman.", "Thomas Johnson, from San Diego, Calif., autographs one of many signs in support of O.J. Simpson at the front gate, of ex- football hall of famer's, house in Brentwood section of Los Angeles, Tuesday June 21, 1994. Curious on-lookers and tourists keep visiting the house where Simpson surrendered to police after a two-county car chase. Simpson was charged with two-counts of murder for slaying his ex-wife, Nicole, and Ron Goldman. (AP Photo/Kevork Djansezian) ", "1994: A preliminary trial ruled that there was enough evidence to try OJ Simpson for the murders of his ex-wife Nicole Brown and waiter Ronald Lyle Goldman.", "ONE YEAR LATER: June 12, 1995, marked one year since Nicole Brown, center, and Ronald Goldman, right, were slain. O.J. Simpson, left, has been in jail since June 17, 1994 (AP).", "Simpson's former wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend, Ron Goldman, were found stabbed and slashed to death on June 12, 1994. The popular former athlete known as \"The Juice\" was charged with their murders.", "At 12:00 a.m. on June 13, 1994, Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman were found murdered outside Brown's Bundy Drive condominium in the Brentwood area of Los Angeles, California. Her two children, Sydney (age 8) and Justin (age 5), were asleep inside in an upstairs bedroom. O. J. Simpson and Nicole Brown Simpson had divorced two years earlier. Evidence found and collected at the scene led police to suspect that O. J. Simpson was the murderer. Nicole had been stabbed multiple times through the throat to the point of near decapitation; her vertebrae were almost severed.", "Former pro running back O.J. Simpson hangs his head as he sits in his attorney's car Monday, June 13, 1994, after being questioned by Los Angeles Police into the death of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson. The bodies of the 35-year-old woman and an unidentified 26-year-old man, apparent stabbing victims, were discovered after midnight Sunday in her Los Angeles area home. (AP Photo/Nick Ut) ", "Hall of Fame football player O.J. Simpson, center, leaves his home in the Brentwood section of Los Angeles Monday, June 13, 1994, with his attorney Howard Weitzman, left, and an unidentified man, to go to police headquarters for questioning about the death of his second ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and Ronald Goldman. (AP Photo/KCBS TV) ", "Brentwood was the site of the 1994 stabbing death of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman, outside Simpson's Bundy Drive condominium. Her ex-husband, football player and actor O.J. Simpson, was acquitted of charges of killing them.", "On this day in 1995, O.J. Simpson was acquitted of the murders of his ex-wife Nicole and her friend Ronald Goldman, whom he had viciously stabbed to death on June 12 of the previous year.   Since then, Simpson has been scouring Las Vegas casinos, and golf courses all over America, searching for the real killer.", "Early on the morning of June 13, 1994, aged 35, Brown was found murdered outside her home in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, along with restaurant waiter Ron Goldman. She had been stabbed multiple times in the head and neck, and had defensive wounds on her hands. The wound on her neck was gaping, and through it the larynx could be seen; the C3 vertebra was also incised. O.J. Simpson was arrested for the murders and found not guilty in a controversial criminal trial. He was later found liable for the deaths in a civil suit brought by the two victims' families, and was subsequently jailed for an unrelated armed robbery at a Las Vegas hotel. ", "Robert Kardashian, friend of O.J. Simpson, carries a bag with a suit for Simpson as he arrives at court for hearing in Los Angeles, July 29, 1994. Judge Lance Ito set September 20 for the start of jury selection in the case charging Simpson with the murders of his ex-wife and friend. (AP Photo/Chris Pizzello) ", "Lawyers convinced the Los Angeles Police Department to allow Simpson to turn himself in at 11 a.m. on June 17, even though the double murder charge meant no bail and a possible death penalty verdict if convicted (double homicide is a capital offense in California [13] ). On June 17, 1994, over one thousand reporters waited for Simpson at the police station. When he failed to appear, confusion set in. At 2 p.m., the police issued an all-points bulletin . Robert Kardashian , a Simpson friend and one of his defense lawyers, read a rambling letter by Simpson to the media. In the letter Simpson said, \"First everyone understand I had nothing to do with Nicole's murder… Don't feel sorry for me. I've had a great life.\" [14] To many, this sounded like a suicide note and the reporters joined the search for Simpson. Simpson was dating Playboy Playmate Traci Adell at the time and had been seen with her that night (she was questioned, but avoided controversy).", "Robert Kardashian, a friend of O.J. Simpson, reads a letter Simpson wrote before disappearing, June 17, 1994 during a news conference in Los Angeles. Simpson was declared a fugitive and eluded police for several hours before a freeway chase ended in his arrest. Simpson faces two counts of murder. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill) ", "O.J. Simpson is surrounded by his attorneys, clockwise from left, Ken Spaulding, back towards camera, Gerald Uelmen, Robert Shapiro and Johnnie Cochran Jr., as they discuss their plans for arguing the admissibility of the tapes of retired Los Angeles police detective Mark Fuhrman, Tuesday, Aug. 29, 1995 in Los Angeles.(AP Photo/Myung J. Chun, Pool) <%% 0 PICTURE_OK HEADER_OK 0 2 %%> ", "Simpson fled to his infamous white Ford Bronco on June 17, 1994 and led police on a low-speed chase on Interstate 405", "The police tracked calls placed on the cellular telephone from Simpson's van in Orange County . A sheriff's patrol car saw a white Ford Bronco belonging to Simpson's friend, Al Cowlings , going north on Interstate 405 . When the officer approached the Bronco, Cowlings, who was driving, yelled that Simpson had a gun to his own head. The officer backed off but followed the vehicle with Simpson in a slow-speed chase at 35 miles per hour (56 km/h). [15]", "1994 - OJ Simpson doesn't turn himself in on murder charges, LA cops chase his Ford Bronco for 1� hours, eventually gives up (seen live on TV)", "Leading the murder investigation was veteran LAPD detective Tom Lange. In 1995, the criminal trial of O.J. Simpson took place through 134 days of televised testimony. The prosecution elected not to ask for the death penalty, and instead it sought a life in prison sentence. The TV exposure made celebrities of many of the figures in the trial, including Judge Lance Ito.", "On Sunday, February 12, 1995, a long motorcade traveled into Brentwood and the judge, jurors, prosecutors, and defense lawyers made a two-hour inspection of the crime scene, and then a three-hour tour of O. J. Simpson's Rockingham estate. Simpson, under guard by several officers but not wearing handcuffs, waited outside the crime scene in and around an unmarked police car, but was permitted to enter his Rockingham house.", "On Sunday, February 12, 1995, a long motorcade traveled into Brentwood where the judge, jurors, prosecutors, and defense lawyers made a two-hour inspection of the bloody crime scene, and then a three-hour tour of O.J. Simpson's Rockingtham estate. Simpson, under guard by several officers but not wearing handcuffs, waited outside the crime scene in an unmarked police car, but was permitted to enter his Rockingham house.", "On Sunday, February 12, 1995, a long motorcade traveled into Brentwood where the judge, jurors, prosecutors, and defense lawyers made a two-hour inspection of the crime scene, and then a three-hour tour of O.J. Simpson's Rockingham estate. Simpson, under guard by several officers but not wearing handcuffs, waited outside the crime scene in an unmarked police car, but was permitted to enter his Rockingham house.", "On Sunday, February 12, 1995, a long motorcade traveled into Brentwood where the judge, jurors, prosecutors, and defense lawyers made a two-hour inspection of the crime scene, and then a three-hour tour of O.J. Simpson's Rockingham estate. Simpson, under guard by several officers but not wearing handcuffs, waited outside the crime scene in an unmarked police car, but was permitted to enter his Rockingham house.", "On March 3, 1991, in Los Angeles , a high-speed chase was initiated by California Highway Patrol officer Melanie Singer after motorist Rodney King was observed behind the wheel of a 1988 white Hyundai Excel allegedly traveling at a high speed. The chase ended on the right shoulder of Foothill Boulevard. Koon and four other officers ( Laurence Powell , Timothy Wind, Theodore Briseño and Rolando Solano) attempted to arrest King. The officers stated that King resisted arrest and Officers Powell, Wind and Briseño had to use force to subdue him. The incident was videotaped by a nearby resident, George Holliday, who gave it to local TV station KTLA . The station aired parts of the video and CNN aired it the next day. The police officers were tried for the use of excessive force in state court in Simi Valley in 1992 and acquitted on April 29 that year. Later the same day the 1992 Los Angeles riots erupted, which went on to claim the lives of fifty-three people. In 1993, the four officers were tried in a federal court in Los Angeles ; Koon and Powell were convicted of violating King’s civil rights and sentenced to 30 months in prison.", "On the evening of March 3, 1991, Rodney King and two passengers were driving west on the Foothill Freeway (I-210) through the Lake View Terrace neighborhood of Los Angeles. The California Highway Patrol (CHP) attempted to initiate a traffic stop. A high-speed pursuit ensued with speeds estimated at up to 115 mph first over freeways, and then through residential neighborhoods. When King came to a stop, CHP Officer Timothy Singer and his wife, CHP Officer Melanie Singer, ordered the occupants under arrest. " ]

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[ "Gregor Mendel conducted hybridization experiments on around 29,000 pea plants. Peas were an ideal choice for Mendel to use because they had easily observable traits there were 7 of which he could manipulate. He began his experiments on peas with two conditions. The conditions were 1) possess constant differentiating characteristics and 2) hybrids of such plants, during flowering period, be protected from the influence of all foreign pollen.[8] The second condition was used to protect from an accidental impregnation thus would cause misleading results. Mendel planned to selectively cross pollinate the peas with one another to study the traits passed on and the results from each pollination. He acquired about 34 varieties of peas and chose 22 different types to conduct his experiments with which varied in color and size.[8] He took years of breeding constant family lines to perfect the original constant traits. Mendel used seven pea plant traits in his experiments which include flower color (purple or white), flower position (axil or terminal), stem length (long or short), seed shape (round or wrinkled), seed color (yellow or green), pod shape (inflated or constricted), and pod color (yellow or green). The first generation of the hybrids produced a 3:1 ratio where there were 3 plants showing dominant traits and 1 showing recessive.[8] The second generation produces a 2:1:1 ratio. This showed there was one with the recessive trait, two with hybrid trait and one with dominant trait.", "Gregor Mendel, who is known as the \"father of modern genetics\", was inspired by both his professors at university and his colleagues at the monastery to study variation in plants, and he conducted his study in the monastery's two hectare[7] experimental garden, which was originally planted by the abbot Napp in 1830.[5] Between 1856 and 1863 Mendel cultivated and tested some 29,000 pea plants (i.e., Pisum sativum). This study showed that one in four pea plants had purebred recessive alleles, two out of four were hybrid and one out of four were purebred dominant. His experiments led him to make two generalizations, the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment, which later became known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance.", "Gregor Johann Mendel (; 20 July 1822 – 6 January 1884) was a German-speaking Moravian-Silesian scientist and Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the modern science of genetics. Though farmers had known for centuries that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits, Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance. ", "Dolly the Sheep, gene therapy, and GM foods all began their life thanks to a neurotic monk, Gregor Mendel, who uncovered the science of genetics by growing thousands of peas in his greenhouse. Science documentary series in which actor, comedian and science fanatic Ken Campbell recreates historical experiments. Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822[1] – January 6, 1884) was an Augustinian priest and scientist, who gained posthumous fame as the figurehead of the new science of genetics for his study of the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants. Mendel showed that the inheritance of these traits follows particular laws, which were later named after him. The significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century. The independent rediscovery of these laws formed the foundation of the modern science of genetics.", "Gregor Mendel is usually considered to be the founder of modern genetics. Though farmers had known for centuries that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits, Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity.", "He was an Augustinian friar of the Catholic church and a scientist. He eventually became the abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey, after which his scientific work decreased due to increasing administrative responsibilities. Mendel is known for pea-plant experiments and subsequent theories on genetics. During a seven year period, Mendel experimented with pea plants in the garden owned in his monastery. ", "Gregor Mendel , an Augustinian considered the father of modern genetics, conducted crossbreeding experiments with pea plants between 1856 and 1863. Through this work, he established many of the rules of heredity.", "Gregor Mendel. The Austrian monk Gregor Mendel experimented with pea plants. He did all of his research in the garden of the monastery where he lived.", "K. Gaertner's Experiments and Observations upon Hybridization in the Plant Kingdom was found among Mendel's possessions after his death. The book was filled with Mendel's notes. Gartner worked with plants in his experiments, including peas, which may have inspired Mendel to work with the same plant.[4]  Pea plants were a common and good choice for hybridization experiments because they normally self-pollinate.   ", "Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel experimented on thousands of pea plants.  During the seven years of conducting experiments on pea plants, Mendel experimented with a variation of different breeding techniques by using pea plants with different traits and recording the results of their offspring. ", "From Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiment, to the USDA's gene mutation, scientists have always tried to make bigger and better plants. In Mendel's 1866 experiment, he crossbred pea plants to get them to acquire the desired traits. ... Call us the Gregor Mendels of the 21st century, or call us crazy, but our experiment is one of a kind. ...", "� Gregor Mendel (1822 -1884) was a German monk who discovered the laws of genetics through research with garden peas. Mendel described the patterns of inheritance in terms of seven pairs of contrasting traits that appeared in different pea-plant varieties. He observed that the traits were inherited as separate units, each of which was inherited independently of the others. He found that each parent has pairs of units but contributes only one unit from each pair to its offspring. The units that Mendel described were later given the name genes. He published his findings in 1866, and they became known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance.", "In 1865, Mendel gave two lectures to mostly scientists and former peers about his discoveries from his pea plant experiments.  The first lecture given on February 8th consisted of mostly mathematical ratios that left famed botanist Alexander Makowsky, chemist Franz Czermak and physician Jacob Kalmus confused.[10]  Four weeks later, he gave his second part of the lecture to the same audience, and like the first time, scientists and Mendel's peers were still confused about the pea plant experiments, and if they had any significance.  In the town of Brünn, where the lecture was given, the newspaper Tagesbote published an article that summarized Mendel’s lectures.  Unless the newspaper headmaster Josef Auspitz understood Mendel’s lectures enough to write about them, it is speculated that Mendel himself wrote the article.[10]  Mendel's lectures were published into a paper called \"Experiments on Plant Hybridization\" in 1866.  The paper was widely ignored because illegitimacy of the journal his paper was published in.  It was reproduced in a couple of other papers. Mendel also presented his paper to the Natural History Society of Brunn. However, most felt Mendel's work was a further study of hybridization, rather than about hereditary theory. It was therefore widely ignored by the scientific community. ", "Because of his carefully conducted breeding experiments with pea plants, Gregor Mendel, who is known as the father of genetics, was the first person to discover the basic principles of heredity. ... Mendel also came up with a fourth and a fifth concepts: the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. ... In a typical breeding experiment, Mendel mated two contrasting, true breeding varieties. ... While Mendel's research was with plants, many traits of humans and animals follow Mendel's patterns of inheritance. Knowing that, mendel's model can be used to study patte...", "Mendel’s paper was ignored by all scientists except one, Carl von Nageli, a botanist.  Carl von Nageli suggested to Mendel to experiment with hawkweed plants, which had complex genetics that defied analysis by these techniques.  Mendel and von Nageli discovered that they could not replicate the findings because the hawkweed plant reproduces asexually from diploid tissue in the ovary, therefore producing clones of the parent.", "These scientists and their work on hybridization of plants are important because they set up groundwork on the relationship between plants and offspring, and their works were found among Mendel's possessions. Mendel likely continued with pre-established plant experiments because they simply interested him: both his early schooling and his monastery encouraged scientific thought and experimentation.  Mendel was unaware of the significance of his pea-plant experiments in the study and development of modern hereditary theory. ", "In a series of now-famous experiments, Mendel patiently bred and crossbred thousands of pea plants and recorded the characteristics of each successive generation. Mendel concluded that plant traits are handed down through hereditary elements now called genes. He reasoned that each plant receives a pair of genes for each trait, one gene from each of its parents. Based on his experiments, he concluded that if a plant inherits two different genes for a trait, one gene will be dominant and the other will be recessive. The trait of the dominant gene will appear in the plant. For example, the gene for round seeds is dominant, and the gene for wrinkled seeds is recessive. A plant that inherits both genes will have round seeds. Mendel also concluded that the pairs of genes segregate (separate) in a random fashion when a plant’s gametes are formed. Thus, a parent plant hands down only one gene of each pair to its offspring. In addition, Mendel believed that a plant inherits each of its traits independently of other traits. These two conclusions are today known as Mendel’s Law of Segregation and his Law of Independent Assortment.", "In a monastery garden Mendel began (1856) the breeding experiments that led him to discover the laws of heredity. Working with garden peas, he studied seven characteristics that occur in alternative forms: plant height (tallness vs. shortness), seed colour (green vs. yellow), seed shape (smooth vs. wrinkled), seed-coat colour (gray vs. white), pod shape (full vs. constricted), pod colour (green vs. yellow), and flower distribution (along length vs. at end of stem). Mendel made hundreds of crosses by means of artificial pollination. He kept careful records of the plants that were crossed and of the offspring. In 1865, Mendel reported his findings at a meeting of the Brnn Natural History Society. The following year his results were published as \"Experiments with Plant Hybrids\" in the society's journal.", "Mendel began to conduct experiments. He studied the inheritance of seven pairs of traits in garden pea plants and in their seeds. These pairs included tall or short plants and rounded or wrinkled seeds. He bred and crossbred thousands of plants and observed the characteristics of each successive generation. Mendel soon arrived at the conclusion that pea plants reproduced through the union of cells called gametes and that plant traits were being handed down through hereditary elements, now called genes, in the gametes. He worked out that each plant receives a pair of genes for one trait; that is one gene from each of its parents. He also concluded that if a plant inherits two different genes for a trait, one was dominant and the other recessive. It is the trait of the dominant gene that would appear in the plant. For example, if a plant inherits genes for round seeds and wrinkled seeds, it would have round seeds, if the gene for the round seed was dominant.", "Mendel was curious about how traits were transferred from one generation to the next, so he set out to understand the principles of heredity in the mid-1860s. Peas were a good model system, because he could easily control their fertilization by transferring pollen with a small paintbrush. This pollen could come from the same flower (self-fertilization), or it could come from another plant's flowers (cross-fertilization). First, Mendel observed plant forms and their offspring for two years as they self-fertilized, or \"selfed,\" and ensured that their outward, measurable characteristics remained constant in each generation. During this time, Mendel observed seven different characteristics in the pea plants, and each of these characteristics had two forms (Figure 3). The characteristics included height (tall or short), pod shape (inflated or constricted), seed shape (smooth or winkled), pea color (green or yellow), and so on. In the years Mendel spent letting the plants self, he verified the purity of his plants by confirming, for example, that tall plants had only tall children and grandchildren and so forth. Because the seven pea plant characteristics tracked by Mendel were consistent in generation after generation of self-fertilization, these parental lines of peas could be considered pure-breeders (or, in modern terminology, homozygous for the traits of interest). Mendel and his assistants eventually developed 22 varieties of pea plants with combinations of these consistent characteristics.", "The sporophyte generation contained a 2:1 ratio of polka dot phenotypes to normal phenotypes.IntroductionGregor Mendel discovered the laws of heredity between the years of 1856 and 1863. Mendel conducted experiments in plant hybridization, collecting the results of cross-fertilizing hundreds of pea plants.When Mendel performed cross-pollination between a true-breeding yellow pod plant and a true-breeding green pod plant, he noticed that all of the resulting offspring, F1 generation, were green. ... Mendel noticed a 3:1 ratio in pod color. ... From these experiments Mendel formulated what is no...", "Q1, When Mendel put pollen from tall plants into the flowers of short plants, the seeds produced an F1 generation with all tall plants. But the short trait was not lost. How did Mendel demonstrate this?", "Mendel presented his paper, \"Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden\" (\"Experiments on Plant Hybridization\"), at two meetings of the Natural History Society of Brno in Moravia on 8 February and 8 March 1865. It was received favorably and generated reports in several local newspapers. When Mendel's paper was published in 1866 in Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins Brünn, it was seen as essentially about hybridization rather than inheritance and had little impact and was cited about three times over the next thirty-five years. His paper was criticized at the time, but is now considered a seminal work. Notably, Charles Darwin was unaware of Mendel's paper, and it is envisaged that if he had, genetics would have been a much older science. ", "Gregor Johann Mendel is a famous scientist that was born in Austria on July 22, 1822. Mendel's fame came from his research in the monastery garden. ... Gregor Mendel learned so much about agriculture from his parents, which were peasants. In 1843, Mendel entered the monastery of St. ... Why was Mendel\"s discovery\"s ignored? ...", "By the late 1880s de Vries had become interested in the growing controversy surrounding plant heredity, particularly with regard to evolutionary theory.� His hybridization experiments led him in 1900 to rediscover Mendel's laws of heredity.� De Vries, along with two other scientists who independently made the same rediscovery, gave full credit to Mendel's work when he became aware of it.� De Vries, however, adhered to his own concept of heredity, published in 1899, in which he proposed that units called pangenes were the carriers of hereditary traits.� Like Mendel's so-called factors, pangenes were theorized as discrete, independent units.� Unlike Mendel's factors, they usually were considered to govern larger-scale hereditary traits.�", "MENDEL G. 1865. Experiments in Plant Hybridisation. (Translated by the Royal Horticultural Society of London). Retrieved Nov. 2, 2013 from  https://ia600409.us.archive.org/15/items/experimentsinpla00mend/experimentsinpla00mend.pdf .", "Spurred by the publication of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859, most biological thought at the time of Mendel's discoveries was preoccupied with solving the riddles of evolution. Published in an obscure scientific journal, Mendel's work gathered dust for almost 40 years. Remarkably, it was rediscovered in 1900 by three botanists working in separate laboratories across Europe. During the first decades of the 20th century, plant genetics was superseded by research on insects and animals, and Mendel's fundamental laws—which explain how traits are passed from generation to generation—were tested across a wide range of species.", "Without question, Mendel was the father of the modern science of genetics. One of the great ironies of history, however, was that his discoveries were lost for more than three decades. Then, in the early 1900s, Mendel's research was rediscovered almost simultaneously by three different biologists, the Dutch botanist Hugo de Vries (1848–1935), the German botanist Karl F. J. Correns (1864–1933), and the Austrian botanist Erich Tschermak von Seysenegg (1871–1962).", "In our opinion, this passage is strikingly perceptive and hardly betrays befuddlement or deep confusion as to whether the formative elements are paired in the plants and segregate in the reproductive cells. Although the passage does not use any of the words gene, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, or segregation, its meaning to modern geneticists is unmistakable. The only fault, which occurs on several occasions in the Versuche, is that the term trait (Merkmal) is used to mean either phenotype or allele, depending on the context, which indicates that the distinction may not always have been clear or entirely sharp in Mendel's own mind.", "Mendel’s findings were ignored for 35 years, probably for two reasons. Because the distinguished Swiss botanist Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli failed to recognize the significance of the work after Mendel sent him the results, he did nothing to encourage Mendel. Nägeli’s great prestige and the lack of his endorsement indirectly weighed against widespread recognition of Mendel’s work. Moreover, when the work was published, little was known about the cell, and the processes of mitosis and meiosis were completely unknown. Mendel’s work was finally rediscovered in 1900, when three botanists independently recognized the worth of his studies from their own research and cited his publication in their work.", "Just exactly why Gregor Mendel’s findings took years to be installed in their proper hierarchical place in the history of biology is now difficult to establish. But first, he worked and lived in isolation in a monastery. Unlike in universities where most researches were done, the monastery restricted exchange of ideas. Second, he is the first to combine mathematics with biology. But at the time, there was a wide gap between the two disciplines. Mendel was rather unique because he was a mathematician engaged in biological research.", "Gregor Mendel's work was re-discovered by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns in 1900. News of this reached William Bateson in England, who reported on the paper during a presentation to the Royal Horticultural Society in May 1900. It showed that the contributions of each parent retained their integrity rather than blending with the contribution of the other parent. This reinforced a division of thought, which was already present in the 1890s. " ]

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[ "The Arctic Circle is the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. The region north of this circle is known as the Arctic, and the zone just to the south is called the Northern Temperate Zone. North of the Arctic Circle, the sun is above the horizon for twenty-four continuous hours at least once per year (and therefore visible at midnight) and below the horizon for twenty-four continuous hours at least once per year (and therefore not visible at noon); this is also true within the equivalent polar circle in the Southern Hemisphere, the Antarctic Circle.", "The Arctic and Antarctic Circles are the parallels of latitude that are roughly 66.5 degrees (66° 33′ 44″ (or 66.5622°). The region above the Arctic Circle, which includes the North Pole, is known as the Arctic. The region south of the Antarctic Circle, which includes the South Pole, is known as the Antarctic.", "The Tropic of Cancer is a line of latitude circling the Earth at approximately 23.5° north of the equator. It is the northernmost point on Earth where the sun's rays can appear directly overhead at local noon. It is also one of the five major degree measures or circles of latitude dividing the Earth (the others are the Tropic of Capricorn, the equator, the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle).", "An arbitrary boundary marking the southernmost extremity of the northernmost area of the Earth; the area to the N of the tree-line; placed at 66°17N, but often defined as the area N of 70°N. The Arctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. Everything north of this circle is known as the Arctic, and the zone just to the south of this circle …", "The Arctic Circle is the imaginary line that circles the globe at about 66.5° north latitude. Areas north of the circle experience the phenomenon known as the midnight sun, which is a period of time when the sun is visible for twenty-four hours or longer. During the summer solstice (usually June 21 or 22), the sun is visible on the horizon at midnight from all points along the Arctic Circle. As you move farther north, seasons of sunshine get longer, so that at the North Pole, there are six months of continuous sunshine from the vernal equinox (usually March 21 or 22) until the autumnal equinox (usually September 21 or 22). The Arctic Circle also serves as a boundary between the North Temperate and the North Frigid climate zones.", "The Arctic Circle is the imaginary line that circles the globe at about 66.5° north latitude. Areas north of the circle experience the phenomenon known as the midnight sun, which is a period of time when the sun is visible for twenty-four hours or longer. During the summer solstice (usually June 21 or 22), the sun is visible on the horizon at midnight from all points along the Arctic Circle. As you move farther north, seasons of sunshine get longer, so that at the North Pole, there are six months of continuous sunshine from the vernal equinox (usually March 21 or 22) until the autumnal equinox (usually September 21 or 22). The Arctic Circle also serves as a boundary between the North Temperate and the North Frigid climate zones.", "Located at 66 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude, the arctic circle marks the line of demarcation between the northern frigid zone, or north polar region, and the northern temperate zone. This imaginary circle around the earth also marks the point north of which the sun is not visible every day of the year. Situated about 1,624 miles from the geographic north pole, this parallel of latitude passes through Alaska, Canada, Greenland, the northern Atlantic Ocean, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, and the Bering Sea.", "Its Southern Hemisphere counterpart, marking the most southerly position at which the Sun may appear directly overhead, is the Tropic of Capricorn. These tropics are two of the five major degree measures or major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth, besides the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Equator. The positions of these circles of latitude (other than the Equator) are dictated by the tilt of the Earth’s axis of rotation relative to the plane of its orbit.", "Its Southern Hemisphere counterpart, marking the most southerly position at which the Sun may appear directly overhead, is the Tropic of Capricorn. These tropics are two of the five major degree measures or major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth, besides the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Equator. The positions of these circles of latitude (relative to the Equator) are dictated by the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the plane of its orbit.", "The Arctic Circle is the latitude 66° 34′ North. All locations falling North of this latitude are said to be in the Arctic Circle. The Antarctic Circle on the other hand, is the latitude 66° 34′ south. Any locations falling south of this latitude are said to be in the Antarctic Circle.", "There are a few main lines of latitude:the Arctic Circle, the Antarctic Circle, the Tropic of Cancer, and the Tropic of Capricorn. The Antarctic Circle is 66.5 degrees south of the equator and it marks the temperate zone from the Antarctic zone. The Arctic Circle is an exact mirror in the north. The Tropic of Cancer separates the tropics from the temperate zone. It is 23.5 degrees north of the equator. It is mirrored in the south by the Tropic of Capricorn.", "Finally, the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle are also important lines of latitude. They are at 66°32'N and 66°32'S. The climates of these locations are harsh and Antarctica is the largest desert in the world. These are also the only places that experience 24-hour sunlight and 24-hour darkness in the world.", "Imaginary line on the surface of the Earth at 66°30S, marking the southernmost point at which the Sun can be seen during the summer solstice, and the northernmost point at which the midnight Sun can be seen in S polar regions. The area south of this circle is known as the Antarctic, and the zone to the north is the Southern Temperate Zone. The continent of Antarctica forms a la…", "This parallel of latitude is currently at 66° 33′ 46″ south of the Equator (or -66.5628°). Like the Arctic, the position of the Antarctic Circles is not fixed, as their exact location depends on the Earth's axial tilt, which fluctuates within a margin of 2° over a 40,000 year period, mainly due to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon.", "imaginary circle on the surface of the earth at 66 1-2°N latitude, i.e., 23 1-2° south of the North Pole. It marks the northernmost point at which the sun can be seen at the winter solstice (about Dec.", "Of or relating to the area around the geographic North Pole, from 90 degrees North to the Arctic Circle at approximately 66 1/2 degrees North latitude.", "The latitude of the circle is approximately the angle between the equator and the circle, with the angle's vertex at the Earth's centre. The equator is at 0°, and the North and South Pole are at 90° north and 90° south respectively. The Equator is the longest circle of latitude and is the only circle of latitude which also is a great circle.", "A (geographical) meridian (or line of longitude) is the half of an imaginary great circle on the Earth's surface, terminated by the North Pole and the South Pole, connecting points of equal longitude. The position of a point along the meridian is given by its latitude. Each meridian is perpendicular to all circles of latitude. Each is also the same length, being half of a great circle on the Earth's surface and therefore measuring 20,003.93 km (12,429.9 miles).", "Lines of longitude circle the globe from the North Pole to the South Pole.  The 0° line of longitude is called the prime meridian.  It runs through Greenwich, England.  Locations east and west of the prime meridian are measured by degrees between 0° and 180° east and west. ", "Imaginary lines running horizontally around the globe. Also called parallels, latitude lines are equidistant from each other. Each degree of latitude is about 69 miles (110 km) apart. Zero degrees (0°) latitude is the equator, the widest circumference of the globe. Latitude is measured from 0° to 90° north and 0° to 90° south—90° north is the North Pole and 90° south is the South Pole.", "Longitude lines are a numerical way to show/measure how far a location is east or west of a universal vertical line called the Prime Meridian. This Prime Meridian line runs vertically, north and south, right over the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich England, from the North Pole to the South Pole. As the vertical starting point for longitude, the Prime Meridian is numbered 0 degrees longitude.", "The latitude of a point on the Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude are called parallels. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems, which divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The north pole is 90°N; the south pole is 90°S.", "A semi great circle joining the north and south poles. Known as lines of longitude, they cross the equator and all parallels of latitude at right angles.", "1. What is the name of the imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres?", "The 49th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 49 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.", "Lines of latitude appear horizontal with varying curvature in this projection; but are actually circular with different radii. All locations with a given latitude are collectively referred to as a circle of latitude.", "The lines of latitude are similarly numbered from 0 to 90 degrees. Zero at the equator and 90 at the poles.", "line of longitude 65.56 degrees S; used to divide the southern middle latitudes to the north from the southern high latitudes to the south", "Great circle routes are used by ships and aircraft where currents and winds are not a significant factor. For aircraft traveling west between continents in the northern hemisphere these paths will extend northward near or into the Arctic region, while easterly flights will often fly a more southerly track to take advantage of the jet stream.", "a line of longitude (65.56 S) commonly used to divide the southern middle latitudes to the north from the southern high latitudes to the south", "Any of the imaginary circles around the earth parallel to the equator, marking degrees of latitude.", "line roughly concurrent with 180 degree line of latitude; where beginning of one day and end of another day meet; west of line is one day ahead of east" ]

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[ "June 18, TheWar of 1812 beguns. U.S. President James Madison signed a declaration of war against Great Britain, initiating the War of 1812, which arose chiefly from U.S. grievances over oppressive maritime practices during the Napoleonic Wars.", "* Jun 18 1812 – War of 1812: The U.S. Congress declares war on the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.", "America also had selfish reasons to go to war. If free trade and sailors' rights were the means used to justify the war, the complete annexation of Canada was the end in sight. Many Americans supported such expansion. Congressman John Harper declared that \"the Author of Nature marked our limits in the south, by the south of Mexico; and on the north, by the regions of eternal frost….\" Others felt taking Canada would punish Britain for its aggressive policies towards America. It has also been suggested that the political troubles of the American President, James Madison, influenced the decision to go to war. Madison was becoming unpopular for his failure to stand up to Britain and gain concessions. Faced with an election in late 1812, he decided to negotiate a settlement with the British and if that failed, go to war. Once the negotiations broke down it was only a matter of time before Madison asked Congress to vote on war. With 79 to 49 votes in the House of Representatives and 19 to 13 votes in the Senate, the United States declared war on Great Britain on June 18, 1812.[3]", "June 18, 1812, U.S. President James Madison signed a declaration of war against Great Britain, initiating the War of 1812 , which arose chiefly from U.S. grievances over oppressive maritime practices during the Napoleonic Wars.", "For many reasons, including the possibility of America's interest in annexing Canada, the War of 1812 began when the United States declared war on the British. The 32-month military conflict (fought on many fronts) resulted in no territorial change between the British Empire and the USA, but a resolution of many issues which remained from the American War of Independence.", "On 18 June 1812 US President James Madison signed a declaration of  war on Britain. Madison had made a speech to Congress on 1 June, listing a series of American objections to British policy. This was followed by votes for war of 79 to 49 in the House of Representatives and 19 to 13 in the Senate.", "Although the United States declared war on Great Britain on June 18, 1812, the outstanding cause of the war-impressment-dates much earlier. Indeed, its genealogy may even be traced to the Anglo-French warfare in the immediate wake of the French Revolution.", "James Madison: Second War of American Independence On June 18, 1812, James Madison signed Congress's official declaration of war against England, find out why.", "In June 1812, the United States declared war against Great Britain in reaction to three issues: the British economic blockade of France, the induction of thousands of neutral American seamen into the British Royal Navy against their will, and the British support of hostile Indian tribes along the Great Lakes frontier. A faction of Congress, made up mostly of western and southern congressmen, had been advocating the declaration of war for several years. These “War Hawks,” as they were known, hoped that war with Britain, which was preoccupied with its struggle against Napoleonic France, would result in U.S. territorial gains in Canada and British-protected Florida.", "The War of 1812 was a war fought between the United States of America and the British Empire. Lasting from 1812 to 1815, it was fought chiefly on the Atlantic Ocean and on the land, coasts and waterways of North America.", "Britain’s defeat at the 1781 Battle of Yorktown marked the conclusion of the American Revolution and the beginning of new challenges for a new nation. Not even three decades after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, which formalized Britain’s recognition of the United States of America, the two countries were again in conflict. Resentment for Britain’s interference with American international trade, combined with American expansionist visions, led Congress to declare war on Great Britain on June 18, 1812.", "The additional men would soon be needed. On June 18, 1812, Congress declared war against England. At the same time a Senate proposal to declare war against France failed by only two votes.", "Britains defeat at the 1781 Battle of Yorktown marked the conclusion of the American Revolution and the beginning of new challenges for a new nation.  Not even three decades after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, which formalized Britains recognition of the United States of America, the two countries were again in conflict.  Resentment for Britains interference with American international trade and impressment of American sailors combined with American expansionist visions led Congress to declare war on Great Britain on June 18, 1812. ", "The War of 1812 , a war between the United States and the British Empire (particularly Great Britain and British North America ), and Britain's Indian allies, lasted from 1812 to 1815. It was fought chiefly on the Atlantic Ocean and on the land, coasts and waterways of North America.", "The day after the Senate followed the House of Representatives in voting to declare war against Great Britain, President James Madison signs the declaration into law–and the War of 1812 begins. The American war declaration, opposed by a sizable minority in Congress, had been called in response to the British economic blockade of France, the induction of American seaman into the British Royal Navy against their will, and the British support of hostile Indian tribes along the Great Lakes frontier. A faction of Congress known as the “War Hawks” had been advocating war with Britain for several years and had not hidden their hopes that a U.S. invasion of Canada might result in significant territorial land gains for the United States.", "On 1 June 1812, President Madison sent Congress a request for an immediate declaration of war. On 4 June Congress voted 79-49 in favour. On 17 June the Senate followed with approval 19 votes to 13, and on 18 June Madison signed a declaration of war against Great Britain.", "1812 – By the summer of 1812 President James Madison had grown tired of watching America’s merchant ships and sailors take a beating at the hands of the British. The nation’s maritime interests had been caught in the crossfire of the Napoleonic Wars since the early 1800s. Though France had long since begged off from interfering with U.S. economic activities, England persisted in its practice of halting U.S. ships and seizing men who were suspected of having deserted the Royal Navy. Reluctant to build up America’s military forces, Madison attempted to rebuff the British through fiscally minded measures. However, neither the Embargo Act (1807) nor successive versions of non-intercourse legislation (1809, 1810) did much to dissuade the British from their habit of harassing American ports and ships. And so on this day in 1812, Madison gave the call to Congress to declare war on Great Britain. Just three days later the hawkish House voted 79 to 49 to engage England in armed conflict; by the end of the month the United States was embroiled in the War of 1812.", "The day after the Senate followed the House of Representatives in voting to declare war against Great Britain, President James Madison signs the declaration into law–and the War of 1812 begins. The American war declaration, opposed by a sizable minority in Congress, had been called in response... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/war-of-1812-begins?et_cid=76714637&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2fwar-of-1812-begins", "However, President James Madison was intrigued by the analysis of Major General Dearborn that in the event of war, Canada would be easy pickings – even that an invasion would be welcomed by the Canadians. Furthermore, the \"War Hawks,\" a group of Congressmen from the south and west, loudly demanded war. Motivated by Anglophobia and nationalism, these Republicans encouraged war as a means to retaliate against Britain for the economic distress caused by the blockade, and for what they perceived as British support for the First Nations in resisting American expansion into the West. On 18 June 1812, President Madison signed a declaration of war against Great Britain, supported by both the Senate and Congress.", "1812 - U. S. House of Representatives votes for declaration of war on Great Britain; Henry M. Ridgely, Delaware representative votes \"No\". Governor Haslet sends (January 7) message to legislature calling for preparation for a crisis and for minds firmly and valorously bent on facing the conflict. Legislature authorizes purchase of arms and equipment. Delaware's quota 10,000. Fort built at Rocks to defend Wilmington. Sloop-of-war Wasp, Capt. Jacob Jones of Delaware, captures British sloop-of-war Frolic (October 18); victory acclaimed throughout nation. Delaware River \"swarms with American privateers.\" Delaware votes for DeWitt Clinton (Federalist) for President.", "In 1812 the United States for a second time declared war against England. That country had claimed the right to search for British-born seamen upon American ships, in order to impress them into her own service and recruit her Navy. The \"right of search\" was denied, and the British { 151} forces landed in Maryland, burned the Capitol and Congressional Library at Washington, but met their \"Waterloo\" at New Orleans, where they were defeated by General Andrew Jackson, and the \"right of search\" is heard of no more.", "The fledgling Congress struggled with running a new nation; just paying the bills was a work in progress in those early days. Meanwhile, the British were developing a nasty habit of stopping American ships and kidnapping our sailors to help them fight Napoleon. Eventually, it boiled over into war. The year was 1812.", "There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S. declaration of war. In 1807, Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions to impede American trade with France , a country with which Britain was at war. The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law. [4] Both the impressment of American citizens into the Royal Navy , and Britain's military support of American Indians who were resisting the expansion of the American frontier into the Northwest further aggravated the relationship between the two countries. [5] In addition, the United States sought to uphold national honor in the face of what they considered to be British insults, including the Chesapeake affair . [6]", "On this day in 1814, British troops invaded the American capital of Washington DC and set fire to many major public buildings, including the Capitol and White House. The invasion occurred as part of the War of 1812 between the two nations, which saw the young United States’ first declaration of war. The war grew out of escalating tensions arising from the Napoleonic wars which ravaged Europe.", "During the War of 1812 against Britain, the British attacked Washington, and burned the Executive Mansion, the Capitol Building, and the Library of Congress. They then sailed back up the Chesapeake Bay to Baltimore and attacked Fort McHenry on September 13, 1814. Following the 25-hour British bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key was so moved to see the American Flag still flying at dawn of September 14 that he wrote The Star-Spangled Banner. 19", "the fortress at Quebec. In 1812, Americans were determined to make another attempt at eradicating the British presence in North America, and settle \"the Indian question\" once and for all. Such a campaign, promised Thomas Jefferson, would be a matter of mere marching. In Congress, the War Hawks took up this position and demanded the United States finalize the independence from Britain they had fought so hard to win. Many Americans came to see the 1812 conflict as the second Revolutionary War. When Great Britain finally realized that the Americans would go to war on the impressment issue, it revoked the Orders-in-Council which authorized the seizures. In the final analysis, these causes bore so little weight, that they were not even mentioned in the peace treaty which, eventually ended the war. But in early 1812, it was too late. War was imminent, and could would not be stopped. This aspect of the War of 1812 was made up of several almost independent struggles. On the high seas the U.S. Navy gained success in a number of single-ship frigate actions. The British frigates were generally smaller and less well-manned than their opponents and were often embarrassed by superior American gunnery and ship handling. In only one case, that of HMS Shannon and USS Chesapeake did the British prevail, and the victor brought the unfortunate", "On December 8, Congress approved Roosevelt’s declaration of war. Three days later, Japanese allies Germany and Italy declared war against the United States. For the second time, Congress reciprocated. More than two years after the start of the conflict, the United States had entered World War II .", "The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the summer of 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that, soon after warfare, declared the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met between September 5, 1774 and October 26, 1774, also in Philadelphia. The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties such as the Olive Branch Petition, the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States. ", "The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met briefly during 1774, also in Philadelphia. The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States. With the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, the Congress became known as the Congress of the Confederation.  (wikipedia.org.  Accessed August 4, 2011.)", "Act of the national legislature, in which a state of war is declared to exist between the United States and some other nation", "The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the thirteen British Colonies in North America. On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, referring to the new nation as the \"United States of America\". The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created the Congress of the Confederation, a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions. With no executive or judiciary, and minimal authority, this government was weak", "1794 – To protect American merchant ships from Barbary pirates, the United States Congress passed the Naval Act to establish a naval force, consisting of the USS Constitution and five other frigates, which eventually became the United States Navy." ]

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[ "The water-snake features in two legends. First, and most familiar, the Hydra was the creature that Heracles fought and killed as the second of his famous labours. The Hydra was a multi-headed creature, the offspring of the monster Typhon and the half-woman, half-serpent called Echidna. Hydra was thus the sister of the dragon that guarded the golden apples, commemorated in the constellation Draco. Hydra reputedly had nine heads, the middle one of which was immortal. In the sky, though, it is shown with one head only – perhaps this is the immortal one.", "The Lernaean Hydra was a mythical sea snake that had multiple heads. Heracles had to slay the Hydra of Lerna as the second of his Twelve Labors.", "Hercules persisted on slashing the monster’s head while Iolaus scorched each headless neck with a torch to prevent heads from growing back. Finally, the Hydra was slain as Heracles's second task was done.", "2. The second labor was to slay another beast - the Lernaean Hydra. When he cut one of its three heads, he saw that two new grew. He then called his nephew, Iolaus, to help him. He simply cauterized the open stumps after Heracles cut off each of the", "Hydra In Greek mythology, the Hydra was a huge monster with nine heads. If one were cut off, two would grow in its place. One of the 12 labours of Hercules was to kill it.", "Another child of Typhon and Echidna: A many-headed serpent of the swamps of Lerna. For every head you cut off, two more grow in it's place. Oh, and one head is immortal. Killing it was the challenge set forth in Heracles' second labor.", "Heracles would later use arrows dipped in the Hydra's poisonous blood to kill other foes during his remaining labors, such as Stymphalian Birds and the giant Geryon . He later used one to kill the centaur Nessus ; and Nessus' tainted blood was applied to the Tunic of Nessus , by which the centaur had his posthumous revenge. Both Strabo and Pausanias report that the stench of the river Anigrus in Elis, making all the fish of the river inedible, was reputed to be due to the Hydra's poison, washed from the arrows Heracles used on the centaur. [10] [11] [12]", "The hound of Hades that guarded the entrance to the underworld. He is described with anywhere from two to fifty heads and was the offspring of Typhon and Echidna. Heracles stole Cerberus as one of his labors, and both Aeneas and Odysseus managed to bypass the gigantic dog. Orpheus, the grand musician, soothed the savage beast in order to retrieve his wife Eurydice.", "Heracles journeyed to Lake Lerna in a speedy chariot, and with him he took his nephew and charioteer Iolaus, in search of the dreaded Hydra. When they finally reached the Hydras' hiding place, Heracles told Iolaus to stay with the horses while he drew the monster from its hole with flaming arrows. This brought out the hideous beast. Heracles courageously attacked the beast, flaying at each head with his sword, (in some versions a scythe) but he soon realized that as one head was severed another grew in its place. Heracles called for help from Iolaus, telling him to bring a flaming torch, and as Heracles cut off the heads one by one from the Hydra, Iolaus cauterized the open wounds with the torch preventing them from growing again. As Heracles fought the writhing monster he was almost stifled by its obnoxious breath, but eventually, with the help of Iolaus, Heracles removed all but one of the Hydras' heads. The one remaining could not be harmed by any weapon, so, picking up his hefty club Heracles crushed it with one mighty blow, he then tore off the head with his bare hands and quickly buried it deep in the ground, placing a huge boulder on the top. After he had killed the Hydra, Heracles dipped the tips of his arrows into the Hydras' blood, which was extremely poisonous, making them deadly. T Hydra ether has 9,8or7 heads", "Apollodorus' Cerberus has three dog-heads, a serpent for a tail, and the heads of many snakes on his back. According to Apollodorus, Heracles' twelfth and final labor was to bring back Cerberus from Hades. Heracles first went to Eumolpus to be initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries. Upon his entering the underworld, all the dead flee Heracles except for Meleager and the Gorgon Medusa. Heracles drew his sword against Medusa, but Hermes told Heracles that the dead are mere \"empty phantoms\". Heracles asked Hades (here called Pluto) for Cerberus, and Hades said that Heracles could take Cerberus provided he was able to subdue him without using weapons. Heracles found Cerberus at the gates of Acheron, and with his arms around Cerberus, though being bitten by Cerberus' serpent tail, Heracles squeezed until Cerberus submitted. Heracles carried Cerberus away, showed him to Eurystheus, then returned Cerberus to the underworld.", "HYDRA (Hydra) The nine-headed serpent of Lerna who sprung two heads for every one which was decapitated. It was slain by Heracles.", "It supposed to represent Heracles killing Ladon (Draco), the giant serpent of the Garden of Hesperides, in the 11th labour. Hyginus also says that it could be Heracles driving the Ligurian army back, during the 10th labour, where he was kneeling and hurling fistful-size stones at his enemies.", "In Greek mythology , the Minotaur was a monster with the body of a man and the head and tail of a bull. The Minotaur was the offspring of the Cretan Queen Pasiphae and a majestic bull. Due to the Minotaur's monstrous form, King Minos ordered the craftsman, Daedalus , and his son, Icarus, to build a huge maze known as the Labyrinth to house the beast. The Minotaur remained in the Labyrinth receiving annual offerings of youths and maidens to eat. He was eventually killed by the Athenian hero Theseus .", "Heracles later participated in many other adventures. He was an Argonaut. He killed Alastor and his brothers.", "The word ‘labyrinth’ comes from the ancient Greek words ‘labrys’, a word for the iconic ‘double axe’ which was used by the Minoans on the island of Crete, and ‘inthos’ meaning ‘place’. Thus, labryinthos has been interpreted to mean ‘house of the double-headed axe’.   The complex palace of Knossos in Crete is usually implicated.  According to Greek mythology, King Minos of Crete had the craftsman Daedalus construct the labyrinth in order to conceal the Minotaur, the half-bull, half-human offspring of Minos' wife Pasiphae and a bull. For some unknown reason, Daedalus and his son Icarus were confined in the labyrinth. Constructing wings of feathers and wax, the two were able to escape by flying above the walls of the labyrinth. Young Icarus, however, impetuously flew too near the sun. His waxy wings melted and he drowned in the Icarian Sea.  While the legend of the Minotaur was long thought of as a myth, the remains of the labyrinth of Knossos were uncovered in the early 20 th century by archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans.", "Later in Thebes, Heracles married King Creon's daughter, Megara. In a fit of madness, induced by Hera, Heracles killed his children by Megara. After his madness had been cured with hellebore by Antikyreus, the founder of Antikyra, he realized what he had done and fled to the Oracle of Delphi. Unbeknownst to him, the Oracle was guided by Hera. He was directed to serve King Eurystheus for ten years and perform any task Eurystheus required of him. Eurystheus decided to give Heracles ten labours, but after completing them, Heracles was cheated by Eurystheus when he added two more, resulting in the Twelve Labors of Heracles.", "When Heracles reached Erytheia, no sooner had he landed than he was confronted by the two-headed dog, Orthrus. With one huge blow from his olive-wood club, Heracles killed the watchdog. Eurytion the herdsman came to assist Orthrus, but Heracles dealt with him the same way.", "According to the Greek mythology, it was a monster that had the lower body of a human being and the head of a bull. It was believed to have been living in the Cretan labyrinth and consumed the flesh from human sacrifices until it was killed by Theseus.", "After Herakles completed his first ten Labors of Hercules Labors, Eurystheus gave him two more claiming that neither the Hydra counted (because Iolaus helped Heracles) nor the Augean stables (either because he had been promised payment for the job or because the rivers did the work). The first of these two additional Labours was to steal the apples from the Garden of the Hesperides. Heracles first caught the Old Man of the Sea, the shape-shifting sea god, to learn where the Garden of the Hesperides was located.", "    The older story says nothing of the exact number (twelve) of the labours (athloi) of Heracles. The number was apparently invented by the poet Pisander of Rhodes, who may have had in his eye the contests of the Phoenician god Melkart with the twelve hostile beasts of the Zodiac. It was also Pisander who first armed the hero with the club, and the skin taken from the lion of Cithaeron or Nemea. Heracles was previously represented as carrying bow and arrows, and the weapons of a Homeric hero.", "THE MINOTAUROS (Minotaur) was a bull-headed monster born to Queen Pasiphae of Krete (Crete) after she coupled with a bull. The creature resided in the twisting maze of the labyrinth where it was offfered a regular sacrifice of youths and maidens to satisfy its cannibalistic hunger. The beast was eventually slain by the hero Theseus.", "The sixth Labour pit Heracles against the Stymphalian birds, inhabitants of a marsh near Lake Stymphalus in Arcadia. The sources differ as to whether these birds feasted on human flesh, killed men by shooting them with feathers of brass or merely considered a nuisance because of their number. Heracles could not approach the birds to fight them as the ground was too swampy to bear his weight and too mucky to wade through. Finally he resorted to some castanets given to him by the goddess Athena. By making a racket with these, he caused the birds to take wing. And once they were in the air, he brought them down by the dozens with his arrows. ", "(Classical Myth & Legend) Greek myth a monster with nine heads, each of which, when struck off, was replaced by two new ones", "The Twelve Labours of Heracles were a number of tasks that the mythical hero Heracles was told to complete by King Eurystheus . It all started when Hera , who loathed Heracles for he was a living example of her husband's infidelities, drove the hero mad, making him kill his wife Megara and his children. When he realised what he had done, he deeply regretted it and went to the Oracle of Delphi to ask for penance. There, he was told to serve Eurystheus , king of Tiryns, for twelve years; if he completed all tasks he would be given, he would become immortal. Although Heracles did not like this as he considered Eurystheus to be a lesser person than himself, he decided to follow the Oracle's advice.", "Heracles Greek A mortal hero later gifted with immortality, Heracles was the epitome of brute strength and heroism. He performed twelve labors in order to soothe his concience after killing his own children in a fit of madness.", "1. (often cap.) a water monster of Greek myth having nine heads, each of which, if cut off, grew back as two.", "When he had come of age and already proved himself an unerring marksman with bow and arrow, a champion wrestler and the possessor of superhuman strength, Heracles was driven mad by the goddess Hera. In a frenzy, he killed his own children. To atone for this crime, he was sentenced to perform a series of tasks, or \"Labors\", for his cousin Eurystheus, the king of Mycenae.", "Hercules is the latinised name of the greatest of mythical Greek heroes, Herakles. According to the myths, Herakles killed his wife and children in a fit of passion and, as penance, was required to undertake a series of ten tasks (later increased to twelve, because he had assistance for two of them). Because of the difficult nature of the twelve tasks, a 'labour of Hercules' has come to signify a particularly arduous undertaking.", "For his crime, he was condemned to serve King Eurystheus as a slave for seven years. Eurystheus was a mean, spiteful man, whose kingdom was overrun by a great many problems, and he decided to set Heracles the twelve most dangerous tasks he could think of — tasks that were to become known as the Twelve Labors of Heracles.", "27 Mar 2003 However, Heracles (or Hercules to give his Latin moniker) is also famous for the 12 labours he was urged to perform by the oracle at Delphi.", "✰ The beast was virtually unbeatable, except for Heracles who overpowered it without any weapons, during his last labor.", "23 Jun 2010 The 12 labors of Heracles were originally assigned by King Eurystheus as the 10 labors. He added on two more because he did not give" ]

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[ "Yo-Yo Ma (simplified Chinese: 马友友; traditional Chinese: 馬友友; pinyin: Mǎ Yǒuyǒu) is a French-born American cellist, virtuoso, orchestral composer of Chinese descent, and winner of multiple Grammy Awards, the National Medal of Arts in 2001 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011. He is one of the most famous cellists of the modern age.", "Yo-Yo Ma (Traditional Chinese: 馬友友; Simplified Chinese: 马友友; Pinyin: Mǎ Yǒuyǒu) (b. October 7, 1955) is an American cellist and winner of multiple Grammy Awards. Childhood and early career Ma was born in Paris to Chinese parents and had a musical upbringing. His mother, Marina Lu, was a singer, and his father, Hiao-Tsiun Ma, was a conductor and composer. His family moved to New York when he was seven years old. Ma began studying violin, and later viola, before taking up the cello in 1960 at age four. The child prodigy began performing before audiences at age five. At eight years old, he appeared on American television in a concert conducted by Leonard Bernstein. By fifteen years of age, Ma had graduated from high school and ap...", "Yo-Yo Ma (born October 7, 1955) is a cellist of world renown and the winner of multiple Grammy Awards.", "Ma's primary performance instrument is the cello nicknamed \"Petunia\", built by Domenico Montagnana in 1733, and valued at US$2.5 million. It was named Petunia by a student who approached him after one of his classes in Salt Lake City asking if he had a nickname for his cello. He said, \"No, but if I play for you, will you name it?\" She chose Petunia and it stuck. Yo-Yo Ma accidentally left this cello in a taxicab in New York City in 1999, but it was quickly returned undamaged.", "At a young age, Ma began studying violin and piano and later viola, finally settling on the cello in 1960 at age four. According to Ma, his first choice was the double bass due to its large size, but he compromised and took up cello instead. The child prodigy began performing before audiences at age five and performed for Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy when he was seven. [9] [10] At age eight, he appeared on American television with his sister, Yeou-Cheng Ma, in a concert conducted by Leonard Bernstein . In 1964, Isaac Stern introduced them on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, and they performed the Sonata of Sammartini. He attended Trinity School in New York but transferred to the Professional Children's School, from which he graduated at age 15. [11] He appeared as a soloist with the Harvard Radcliffe Orchestra in a performance of the Tchaikovsky Rococo Variations.", "Yo-Yo Ma was born in 1955 to Chinese parents living in Paris. He began to study the cello with his father at age four and soon came with his family to New York, where he spent most of his formative years. Later, his principal teacher was Leonard Rose at The Juilliard School. He sought out a traditional liberal arts education to expand upon his conservatory training, graduating from Harvard University in 1976.", "Yo-Yo Ma plays a 1733 Montagnana cello from Venice, which is valued at over $2.5 million. He also performs using the 1712 Davidoff Stradivarius cello.", "Yo-Yo Ma (mä), 1955–, American cellist, b. Paris. The son of musicologist Hiao-Tsun Ma, who left China in the 1930s, he was a musical prodigy, giving a public recital in Paris at the age of six. In 1963 he and his family settled in New York City, where he began attending the Julliard School of Music at the age of nine. He later studied at Harvard. Ma appeared at Carnegie Hall in 1964 and won the prestigious Avery Fisher Prize in 1978. One of the era's premier string players, he continues to appear as a soloist with many of the world's best orchestras and is a superlative chamber player and frequent recital performer. Ma is acclaimed for his extraordinarily broad repertoire, ravishing tone, superb musicianship, and dazzling technique, and is noted for his seeming state of passionate transport while performing. In 1998 Ma founded the Silk Road Project, a cross-cultural musical enterprise that includes concerts, festivals, recordings, publications, and the commissioning of new works.", "the symphony. “I go to the symphony routinely: around twice a month,” Myer said. “This concert was especially fun because it was interesting to hear him play, and the audience went wild.” Polinsky also lives in a very musical household. “My younger sister is a violinist,” Polinsky said. “My whole family is very into music, so it was a really big deal for us that he was coming in town.” Myer had an even bigger draw to see Yo-Yo Ma’s performance. “I also play the cello,” Myer said. “And he is pretty amazing.“ Polinsky agreed. “Yo-Yo Ma made the concert more interesting because of his incredible talent and style,” Polinsky said. “I’ve never seen any cellist play with such", "The most famous cellist alive today is Yo Yo Ma.  Janos Starker is another very famous and influential cellist.  The 20th Century saw a number of great cello virtuosos, including Jacqueline duPre, Pablo Casals, Pierre Fournier, and of course, Mstislav Rostropovich (who died earlier this year).", "Yo-Yo Ma (born October 7, 1955) is a Chinese American cellist. [2] Born in Paris, he spent his schooling years in New York City and was a child prodigy, performing from the age of four and a half. He graduated from the Juilliard School and Harvard University and has enjoyed a prolific career as both a soloist performing with orchestras around the world and a recording artist. He has recorded more than 90 albums and has received 17 Grammy Awards.", "Yo-Yo Ma was born in Paris on October 7, 1955, to Chinese parents and had a musical upbringing. His mother, Marina Lu, was a singer and his father, Hiao-Tsiun Ma, was a violinist and professor of music at Nanjing National Central University (predecessor of the present-day Nanjing University). [6] The family moved to New York when Ma was seven years old. [7] [8]", "Some people that you probably know include Yo-Yo Ma, who graduated with a Professional Studies degree in 1972, jazz trumpet legend Wynton Marsalis, world-renowned violin soloist and former child prodigy Sarah Chang, modern minimalist composers Nico Muhly, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, jazz bassist and bandleader Christian McBride.", "Did Yo Ma ever tell you about Yo-Yo Ma? If not, she should have. Recommend: Unaccompanied Cello Suite No.1", "Ma was born in 1955. His parents, musicians of Chinese descent, were living in Paris, and their son got started on the cello early. A few years after the family relocated to New York City, Ma began studying with Leonard Rose , a legendary teacher at the Juilliard School. Ma was a prodigy and could have been gone on the road as a performer at an age when other kids go to college. But he made what turned out to be a critical choice. He postponed the musician’s itinerant life and went to Harvard, where he studied anthropology.", "The greatest cellist of all time and some feel the finest musician alive today is Yo-Yo Ma. His easy going, nice and profound personality is perhaps largely due to the fact that he plays one of the worlds most beautifully rich instruments.", "GOAT RODEO LIVE is hosted by Yo-Yo Ma. Regarded by many as the most famous classical musician of the modern age, Ma was a child prodigy who began performing at age five, enrolled in Julliard at nine and later went on to perform with most of the world’s major orchestras while winning dozens of Grammys.", "Cellist Ma is known around the world for his outstanding talent. Born to Chinese parents, the former child prodigy has won numerous Grammy Awards, recorded more than 75 albums and participated in the making of several highly acclaimed films. He has also performed for eight American presidents. Ma’s frequent collaborations with musicians and artists from other genres, cultures and media have reinvigorated the world of classical music, turning it on its head. A Kennedy Center Honoree and member of the Silk Road Ensemble, Ma remains one of the best-selling recording artists in the classical field.", "Yo-Yo Ma is one of my favorite classical artists. I was fortunate to see him in concert once. Fantastic collection of his work.", "Along with many classical and romantic works, Yo-Yo Ma also plays a wide variety of contemporary music, folk music, and world music.", "Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Strictly speaking, the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi was not a musician or a music professional, although he did release an album of spoken word material, some of it with sitar backing. In 1968, though, the Beatles and Donovan went to Rishikesh, India to study on a meditation course with the Maharishi for a few weeks. And while there, they played together on acoustic guitars, Donovan teaching John Lennon finger-style guitar picking, influencing some of the quieter and folkier songs to appear on The White Album.", "He has also worked in collaboration with instrumental performers including pianist Chick Corea and cellist Yo-Yo Ma. This collaboration has established him as an ambassador of both the classical and jazz worlds. His recordings have sold over 20 million copies.", "Yo-Yo Ma maintains a balance between his engagements as soloist with orchestras throughout the world, his recital and chamber music activities, and his work with the Silk Road Project, for which he serves as Artistic Director. He draws inspiration from a wide circle of collaborators, each fueled by the artists’ interactions. Mr. Ma is also widely recognized for his strong commitment to educational programs that bring the world into the classroom and the classroom into the world. While touring, he takes time whenever possible to conduct master classes as well as more informal programs for students – musicians and non-musicians alike. He has also reached young audiences through appearances on “Arthur,” “Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood” and “Sesame Street.”", "Yo-Yo Ma's incredible 40 year (and expanding) career has attracted the attention and admiration of millions of people around the world. His performances are nothing short of extraordinary, and his albums are highly revered and rightfully recognized. Here are just a few of his awards and recognitions:", "Yo-Yo Ma plays the entire Six Unaccompanied Suites by Johann Sebastian Bach at the BBC Proms at the Royal Albert Hall on the 5th of September, 2015.", "In 1997 he was featured on John Williams' soundtrack to the Hollywood film, Seven Years in Tibet. In 2000, he was heard on the soundtrack of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, and in 2003 on that of Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World. He collaborated with Williams again on the original score for the 2005 film Memoirs of a Geisha. Yo-Yo Ma has also worked with world-renowned Italian composer Ennio Morricone and has recorded Morricone's compositions of the Dollars Trilogy including The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. He also has over 75 albums, 15 of which are Grammy Award winners. Ma is a recipient of the International Center in New York's Award of Excellence.", "To expand upon the knowledge he gained from Juilliard, Yo-Yo Ma attended Harvard University and graduated with a liberal arts degree in 1976. (In 1991, Harvard awarded him with an honorary doctorate degree.) Soon after his graduation, he began his professional career.", "Sources: Yo-Yo Ma: A Biography By Jim Whiting (ch 7, pgs 57-60) & [ 1 , 2 ]", "Ma insists that his educational work isn’t extracurricular, a distraction or addendum to the real work he does. It’s fundamental to the entire project of being Yo-Yo Ma.", "Mr. Ma is an exclusive Sony Classical artist, and his discography of over 75 albums (including more than 15 Grammy Award winners) reflects his wide-ranging interests. He has made several successful recordings that defy categorization, among them “Hush” with Bobby McFerrin, “Appalachia Waltz” and “Appalachian Journey” with Mark O’Connor and Edgar Meyer, and three albums with the Silk Road Ensemble. Mr. Ma’s recent recordings include Mendelssohn Trios with Emanuel Ax and Itzhak Perlman; “Songs of Joy & Peace”. His new album, “The Goat Rodeo Sessions,” with Edgar Meyer, Chris Thile and Stuart Duncan, is slated for release in October 2011. Across this full range of releases, Mr. Ma remains one of the best-selling recording artists in the classical field. All of his recent albums have quickly entered the Billboard chart of classical best sellers, remaining in the Top 15 for extended periods, often with as many as four titles simultaneously on the list. In fall 2009, Sony Classical released a box set of over 90 albums to commemorate Mr. Ma’s 30 years as a Sony recording artist.", "Love this artist I've been listening to yo yo MA for years now and I have yet to get tired of his works", "“And Yo-Yo said, ‘Oh my God, we’ve got to do something,’ ” Woetzel says. This is how some of the strangest and most compelling collaborations in the music world have happened over the past few decades. Ma gets excited, and the magic happens. They recently performed it in China." ]

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[ "Use a compass to draw a circle. Set a compass to the length of the radius required in order to copy a circle or arc.", "A compass is an instrument used to draw circles or the parts of circles called arcs .  It consists of two movable arms hinged together where one arm has a pointed end and the other arm holds a pencil.", "A math compass is used to draw perfect circles. The compass works with a sharpened pencil inserted into the cam lock. A sharp, pointed tip rests on the paper that the circle will be drawn on, and you rotate the top of the compass to create a circle of a certain diameter. Read this article to learn how to use a math compass.", "Compasses are a drawing instrument used for drawing circles and arcs . It has two legs, one with a point and the other with a pencil or lead. You can adjust the distance between the point and the pencil and that setting will remain until you change it.", "The use of compasses, rulers, and set squares to draw geometrical figures involving straight lines and circles.", "Dividers and compasses are drawing instruments that have been used since antiquity to measure distances, transfer lengths from one drawing to another, and draw circles. The Greek mathematician, Euclid, limited the constructions in his Elements of Geometry to those that could be done with an unmarked straight edge and rudimentary compass. Ancient Roman dividers survive in the collections of the British Museum. Before the 18th century, when one leg was modified to take a pen or pencil point, compasses had two sharp points, like dividers. The user scratched the writing surface in the shape of a circle and then inked the scratches.", "Most Americans probably last held a drawing compass in elementary school. It also usually has two legs, one with a sharp point for holding the instrument in place and one with a pen or pencil point for tracing out a circle. Some compasses have interchangeable points, so that they can also function as dividers. Both types of objects were widely sold individually or in sets of drawing instruments from the 17th through the 20th centuries. Instrument makers, such as Nicolas Bion in the 18th century and William Ford Stanley in the 19th century, provided detailed descriptions of the different types of dividers and compasses suitable for different drawing tasks. By the 20th century, manufacturers and retailers devoted considerable space in their catalogs to these instruments.", "So, faced with the problem of finding the midpoint of a line, it was very difficult to do the obvious - measure it and divide by two. This led to the constructions using compass and straightedge or ruler. It is also why the straightedge has no markings. It is definitely not a graduated ruler, but simply a pencil guide for making straight lines. Euclid and the Greeks solved problems graphically, by drawing shapes instead of using arithmetic.", "Whenever you draw a circle using compasses, as the pencil lead moves, it always remains exactly the same distance from the fixed point.", "Compasses are usually made of metal or plastic, and consist of two parts connected by a hinge which can be adjusted to allow the changing of the radius of the circle drawn. Typically one part has a spike at its end, and the other part a pencil, or sometimes a pen. ", "Most children know the names of basic two-dimensional shapes before they enter school. Squares, triangles, circles, and ovals are easy for young children to recognize and draw, even if their other math skills are still developing.", "It may also guide a set square to draw vertical or diagonal lines. Its name comes from its resemblance to the letter T. The top of the T-square hangs off of the drafting table and is called the head; the blade is the part that stays on the drafting table. The T-square usually has a transparent edge made of plastic which should be free of nicks and cracks in order to provide smooth, straight lines.", "It is a flat plate or circular plate with different sized holes punched at surface as shown in figure. If you want to draw circle of radius other than circle radius punched then it is required to use other drafting instrument as radius of circle cannot adjusted.", "Geometrical constructions should be drawn with a sharp, hard (2H) pencil. A pencil eraser, a ruler marked in centimetres (often used as a straight edge), a pair of compasses, two set squares (90°, 60°, 30° and 90°, 45°, 45°) and a protractor with a radius of at least 5cm make up the basic set of geometrical instruments. Students should be encouraged to draw accurate and large diagrams − a diagram which fits in a 3cm × 2cm box is rarely of any use at all.", "Circles can be made by fastening one leg of the compasses into the paper with the spike, putting the pencil on the paper, and moving the pencil around while keeping the hinge on the same angle. The radius of the circle can be adjusted by changing the angle of the hinge.", "A circle is a geometric shape that we have seen in other lessons. The circle to the left can be used to represent one whole. We can divide this circle into equal parts as shown below.", "Combining the functions of protractors and drafting triangles, adjustable triangles can be set and locked at any angle. The degrees of an angle, marked in half-degree increments, are found on the protractor portion and then locked in place. The triangle portion can then be used to draw the selected angle.", "This online tool allows you to draw geometric figures - points, lines, angles, triangles, polygons, circles.", "This unit is designed for students who have successfully completed the first year of algebra. It is assumed they have a working knowledge of geometry for this unit. Application and understanding of the figures and concepts employed with circles such as point, line, segment, angle, coplanar, etc. would come under this assumption. Figures, demonstrations, and some proposed problems are implemented with the use of The Geometer's Sketchpad. Exercises for the first lesson have been laid out in detail; subsequent lessons may or may not be this detailed.", "Boxing the compass is the action of naming all thirty-two principal points of the compass in clockwise order. Such names, formed by the initials of the cardinal directions and their intermediate ordinal directions , are accepted internationally, even though they have their origin in the English language, and are very handy to refer to a heading (or course or azimuth ) in a general fashion, without having to resort to computing or recalling degrees.", "2. A device used for drawing circles and arcs and for measuring distances, consisting of two legs hinged together at one end.", "ellipse , oval - a closed plane curve resulting from the intersection of a circular cone and a plane cutting completely through it; \"the sums of the distances from the foci to any point on an ellipse is constant\"", "For the sake of simplicity, we’ve made our drawing using a right triangle. But it turns out that you can make an exactly analogous drawing using any triangle you fancy, and you’ll always end up reaching the same conclusion. Try making a few drawings starting with different triangles of your choosing to see this for yourself. As an example, here’s another one that I’ve made:", "This fourth grade geometry lesson teaches the definitions for a line, ray, angle, acute angle, right angle, and obtuse angle. We also study how the size of the angle is ONLY determined by how much it has \"opened\" as compared to the whole circle. The lesson contains many varied exercises for students.", "Definition: A circle is a plane curve that is equidistant from a given fixed point, called the center.", "circle - Analytic results, Properties, Inscribed angles, An alternative definition of a circle, Numbers and the circle", "The circle is the collection of points satisfying both (3.) and (4.) These are projected using (2.) to the drawing plane. By substituting (3.) into (4.),", "Bezier curve:  The description of a character or symbol or graphic by its outline used by drawing programs to define shades.", "Sounds quite musical if you repeat it a few times, but they are just the names of the \"outer\" and \"inner\" circles (and each radius) that can be drawn on a polygon like this:", "Show the student the figures below. \"Which shape is congruent with this one\" Point to the one on the left. You can read the numbers to students if needed.", "My interest in this paper is to see how we may use Geometer's Sketchpad (GSP) as a tool for exploring the properties of these figures. I claim that students will learn a great deal more about the figures by writing GSP scripts to draw them than they will from either a lecture or a demonstration.", "The classic book about geometry is Euclid's Elements . This book helped teach geometry for hundreds of years, so we feel that writing this book based on the Elements is a correct step." ]

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[ "Gin (also known as Mother’s Ruin) is a spirit made from the distillation of ethyl alcohol and juniper berries. Different varieties of gin include Old Tom gin (made with a neutral grain spirit and flavoured with botanicals and sugar syrup), Plymouth gin (similar to London dry gin with a more intense fragrance and fuller bodied flavour), London dry gin (made with botanicals distilled into the gin for a dry, light and aromatic drink) and Holland gin (distilled from malted grain mash for a high aromatic and intense juniper flavour). Dry gin is commonly used in long drinks and cocktails such as martinis and Tom Collins.", "Gin (also known as Mother's Ruin) is a spirit made from the distillation of ethyl alcohol and juniper berries. Different varieties of gin include Old Tom gin (made with a neutral grain spirit and flavoured with botanicals and sugar syrup), Plymouth gin (similar to London dry gin with a more intense fragrance and fuller bodied flavour), London dry gin (made with botanicals distilled into the gin for a dry, light and aromatic drink) and Holland gin (distilled from malted grain mash for a high aromatic and intense juniper flavour). Dry gin is commonly used in long drinks and cocktails such as martinis and Tom Collins.", "Gin! Mother's milk, mother's ruin. Madam Geneva. In some ways, you can think of gin as a juniper-flavored vodka. Gin is a colorless, usually unaged, spirit. It's ordinarily made by distilling or redistilling fermented grains with juniper berries and other aromatics (also known as botanicals).", "Gin comes to us from the Netherlands, where it has long been referred to as genievre, or “juniper” in Dutch.  Gin is a grain-distilled, colorless liquor, flavored with juniper berries and other botanicals.  And we luh-huh-of it.  Although gin sounds like a straight forward spirit, it’s actually not.  There are multiple styles of gin and […]", "Interestingly, gentian root extract is also used to create the French liquor, Suze. Bitters are used as a flavoring for the soft drink, Moxie. Gin is a grain spirit flavored with juniper berries . Gin may also include extracts of citrus, anise, angelica root, orris root, licorice, cinnamon, coriander, and cassia bark.", "The Household Cyclopedia (1881) gives a Dutch and an English recipe: \"To Prepare Gin as in Holland\" using a proof spirit distilled from a rye, barley malt mash. Scaled down and converted to metric it consists of macerating 17.5g of juniper berries and 0.75ml (15drops) of juniper oil in 1 litre of proof spirit and redistilling. \"English Genever\" is made by macerating 35g of juniper berries in 1 litre of proof spirit with added water and redistilling.", "A base spirit made from juniper berries. A very popular base ingredient for cocktails since the early 1900’s and the traditional base ingredient for martini’s.", "A juniper berry is the female seed cone produced by the various species of junipers.  It is not a true berry but a cone with unusually fleshy and merged scales, which give it a berry-like appearance. The cones from a handful of species, especially Juniperus communis, are used as a spice, particularly in European cuisine, and also give gin its distinctive flavor.", "A neutral spirit which has been re distilled with juniper berries, coriander and a combination of ingredients collectively known as 'botanicals:", "The earliest we begin to see any juniper based distillates is in 13th century Flanders (present day Dutch speaking northern Belgium) with a spirit accurately named Jenever [juh-nee-ver]. Flanders was an influential province during the Middle Ages with the city of Bruges playing a central role in the culture and trade of the region. Jenever during these early periods was more a juniper infused brandy than the herbal distillate we associate today. With evidence of distillation practiced as early as 450 BCE, the Dutch became the masters of the process in central Europe since the 1100s where it was employed as a method of saving money on the exportation of wine.  By using distillation merchants payed less tax on volume as the wine could be reduced through distillation prior to shipping and re-hydrated at the port of destination with no spoilage. Known as brandewijn (etymology of the word brandy) literally meaning “burnt wine”, Dutch spirits whether infused or distilled with fruits, botanicals or cereals, shared this common name for all distilled liquors up until the 19th century.  As such, it is difficult to accurately define the earliest juniper distilled spirit yet not difficult to imagine the practice with such a long history use for both juniper and distillation in Europe.", "Juniperus spp. Junipers (e.g. J. communis) [Berries (cones) used to flavor gin; sloe gin flavored with sloe plum (Prunus spinosa).]", "Italian alchemists had long recognized the diuretic qualities of the juniper berry and may have used it as far back as the time of the Bubonic Plague (1347-1350). Since one of the symptoms of the plague (or, Black Death as it was called) was the enlargement of lymph nodes, a diuretic would have been used to reduce the swelling and juniper has this property. The first printed mention of the use of botanicals in distillation is in a book published in London in the 1520's. Thus, the theory of an early form of gin existing since the mid-1300's, or earlier, is entirely possible, but it cannot be proved.", "* Daisy – a traditional long drink consisting of a base spirit, lemon juice, sugar, and grenadine. The most common daisy cocktail is the Brandy Daisy. Other commonly known daisies are the Whiskey Daisy, Bourbon Daisy, Gin Daisy, Rum Daisy, Lemon Daisy (the non-alcoholic variant), Portuguese Daisy (port and brandy), Vodka Daisy, and Champagne Daisy.", "\"One of the few cocktails to have survived the Seventies, often called the Death Valley of cocktail eras, this has to be one of the least appreciated cocktails. When lime cordials were replacing fresh juice and American schnapps were being overused to make drinks, this vodka-based recipe utilized fresh orange juice and a float of an oft-under appreciated Italian herbal liqueur, Galliano. For some reason, you can always find this 3ft tall bottle in a dark corner in every bar, hidden behind the more recognizable Campari or Fernet. Brush the dust off the bottle and give this cocktail a try.\"", "Cognac or rye, absinthe, Peychaud's Bitters, and sugar, although bourbon whiskey or Herbsaint are sometimes substituted. Some claim it is the oldest known American cocktail, with origins in pre–Civil War New Orleans, although drink historian David Wondrich is among those who dispute this, and American instances of published usage of the word cocktail to describe a mixture of spirits, bitters, and sugar can be traced to the dawn of the 19th century. ", "An English alcoholic drink commonly based in gin and flavored with herbs, spices, fruit or flowers. Available in liquor stores.", "Absinthe is historically described as a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage. It is an anise-flavoured spirit derived from herbs, including the flowers and leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium, commonly referred to as \"grande wormwood\". Absinthe traditionally has a natural green colour but can also be colourless. It is commonly referred to in historical literature as \"la fée verte\" .", "A bittersweet liqueur produced by infusing gin or a neutral spirit with sloe berries and sugar.", "also absinth, alcoholic liqueur distilled from wine mixed with wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium), 1842, from French absinthe, \"essence of wormwood,\" from Latin absinthum \"wormwood,\" from Greek apsinthion, perhaps from Persian (cf. Persian aspand, of the same meaning). The plant so called in English from c.1500 (Old English used the word in the Latin form).", "A drink similar to modern-day root beer that derives its flavor from the roots of the prickly sarsparilla plant found throughout Latin America.", "Tia Maria is a dark liqueur made originally in Jamaica using Jamaican coffee beans. The main flavour ingredients are coffee beans, Jamaican rum, vanilla, and sugar, blended to an alcoholic content of 26.5%. The historical fable of its origins dates it to the 1700s. A young Spanish girl was forced to flee Jamaica, and the family plantation during a conflict. She was accompanied by a sole servant who carried a bit of jewelry and the recipe for the family liqueur. In honor of the woman's help, the girl named the liqueur \"Tia Maria\" (tia is Spanish for \"aunt\"), her name for the woman who had helped save her life. One account of its history says that a man named Dr. Evans discovered the drink after World War II, and he began reproducing it. This story of Dr. Evans devotion to the drink is part of the official website's history, however.According to some sources, it was actually created in Jamaica in the 1930s. The Jamaican company Lascelles supposedly manufactured the concentrate from which the liqueur was made, at least, up until the time it was sold by Pernod.", "Poitín or poteen, is a traditional Irish distilled, highly alcoholic beverage. Poitín was traditionally distilled in a small pot still from malted barley grain or potatoes.", "I havent been able to trace a cocktail of this name, although there seems to be at least one modern brewery making a beer called Lizards Breath. The term seems to be used in the SW of the USA to describe something hot and dry, and it also seems to be used as a play on the name Elizabeth.", "Cynar- An artichoke-based bitter liqueur that was launched in 1952. Despite its base, it does not have the distinct flavor of the artichoke because it also includes a blend of thirteen herbs and plants. The aperitif is commonly paired with orange juice and soda or tonic and has been used in a number of modern cocktails including Fall from Grace , Game Set Match , Happily Ever After , and Warm Fuzzies .", "Shandy is a mixture of bitter beer and lemonade, served in a pint or half-pint glass. Quantities are about equal measures although sometimes it's about 2/3 bitter to ⅓ lemonade. The same drink made with lager is known as a Lager Top.", "The historical fable of its origins dates it to the 18th century. A young Spanish girl was forced to flee Jamaica, and the family plantation during a conflict. She was accompanied by a sole servant who carried a bit of jewelry and the recipe for the family liqueur. In honor of the woman's help, the girl named the liqueur \"Tia Maria\" (tia is Spanish for \"aunt\"), her name for the woman who had helped save her life. One account of its history says that a man named Dr. Evans discovered the drink after World War II, and he began reproducing it. ", "Around this globe of ours there are those who believe that by drinking a spirit that contains the “essence” of a certain animal, some of the powers and characteristics of that animal are taken on by the drinker. These beliefs aren’t as prevalent in Mexico (at least these days) but are alive in well in Asia, where snake wine  is believed to increase potency and is marketed as a cure for all sorts of ailments.", "Retsina () is a Greek white (or rosé) resinated wine, which has been made for at least 2000 years. Its unique flavor is said to have originated from the practice of sealing wine vessels, particularly amphorae, with Aleppo Pine resin in ancient times. Before the invention of impermeable glass bottles, oxygen caused many wines to spoil within the year. Pine resin helped keep air out, while at the same time infusing the wine with resin aroma. The Romans began to use barrels in the 3rd century AD, removing any oenological necessity for resin, but the flavor itself was so popular that the style is still widespread today.", "A bitter Italian liqueur made from herbs, citrus peels and caramel. Often drank as a digestif (after dinner drink).", "If you don't know what this is, you might want to find another subculture to subscribe to. It's an alcoholic beverage made with wormwood (artimisia absinthium), a plant known for its mild hallucinigenic properties. It was very popular among 19th and early 20th century artists.", "92. It means Aunt Mary in English, but by what name do we usually know this drink ?", "The name of this bittersweet Italian herbal liqueur means \"witch\" in Italian    perfect for female tête-à-tête moments :-)" ]

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[ "Bunker Hill was a battle of the American Revolutionary War that took place on June 17, 1775 during the Siege of Boston. It is considered by some to be the bloodiest battle of the American Revolutionary War. General Israel Putnam was in charge of the revolutionary forces, and Major General William Howe commanded the British forces. Colonel William Prescott, the revolutionaries' second in charge, is known as the officer who said: \"Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!\" Although the battle is known as \"Bunker Hill\", most of the fighting did not take place there, occurring on Breed's Hill nearby. On their third assault the British forces overran the revolutionaries' fortified earthworks on Breed's and Bunker Hill. The battle was a Pyrrhic victory for the British who suffered more than 1000 casualties. Howe's immediate objective was achieved.", "In fact, it originates with Colonel William Prescott commander of George Washington's Continental Army, at the Battle of Bunker Hill . The full quotation is, \"Don't fire till you see the whites of their eyes. Then, fire low!\"", "Don't one of you fire until you see the whites of their eyes. -- William Prescott at the battle fo Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775.", "The famous order, \"Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes\" was popularized by stories about Bunker Hill. However, it is uncertain as to who said it, since various writers attribute it to Putnam, Stark, Prescott and Gridley. Another reporting uncertainty concerns the role of African-Americans. There were certainly a few involved in the battle, but their exact numbers are unknown. One of these was Salem Poor, who was cited for bravery and whose actions at the redoubt saved Prescott's life, but accounts crediting him with Pitcairn's death are highly doubtful. Other African-Americans present were Peter Salem; Prince Whipple; and Brazillari Lew [1]. A mulatto Phillip Abbot of Andover was killed in the battle.", "a misquotation of \"Don't fire till you see the whites of their eyes; then, fire low.\" by Israel Putnam at the 17 June 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill that was fought on Breed's Hill, being the first major battle of the AMERICAN REVOLUTION; this delay in firing, especially against an opponent that's been exhausted by climbing uphill before engaging, makes every shot more effective, with a greater psychological impact upon morale. [nb: this expression has often been erroneously attributed to Andrew Jackson at the 8 January 1815 Battle of New Orleans]", "General Putnam - The foul-mouthed and harsh commander of the Revolutionaries at Bunker Hill, famous for his quote \"Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes\", General Israel Putnam and Connor must work together to stop the Redcoats.", "* Jun 17 1775 – Revolutionary War: Battle of Bunker Hill (actually it was Breed’s Hill)", "On August 27, 1776, the Battle of Long Island (also known as the Battle of Brooklyn) was the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the modern sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park, and Grand Army Plaza. ", "In a war council held early on 17 June, the generals developed a plan calling for a direct assault on the colonial fortification, and Gage gave Howe command of the operation. Despite a sense of urgency (the colonists were still working on the fortifications at the time of the council), the attack, now known as the Battle of Bunker Hill , did not begin until that afternoon. [18] With Howe personally leading the right wing of the attack, the first two assaults were firmly repulsed by the colonial defenders. Howe's third assault gained the objective, but the cost of the day's battle was appallingly heavy. [19] The British casualties, more than 1,000 killed or wounded, were the highest of any engagement in the war. [20] Howe described it as a \"success ... too dearly bought.\" [21] Although Howe exhibited courage on the battlefield, his tactics and overwhelming confidence were criticised. One subordinate wrote that Howe's \"absurd and destructive confidence\" played a role in the number of casualties incurred. [21]", "British Grenadiers at the Battle of Bunker Hill on 17th June 1775 in the American Revolutionary War: picture by Howard Pyle: click here to buy this picture", "Battle of Bunker Hill on 17th June 1775 in the American Revolutionary War: picture by Richard Simkin", "On this day in 1781, General George Washington, commanding a force of 17,000 French and Continental troops, begins the siege known as the Battle of Yorktown against British General Lord Charles Cornwallis and a contingent of 9,000 British troops at Yorktown, Virginia, in the most important battle of the Revolutionary War.", "The Americans, seeing this activity, had also called for reinforcements. The only troops to get to the forward positions were two New Hampshire regiments (1st NH and 3rd NH) of 200 men under John Stark and James Reed. Stark's men took positions along the fence on the left or north end of the American position. Since low tide opened a gap along the Mystic River, they quickly extended the fence with a short stone wall to the north. Gridley or Stark placed a stake about 30 meters in front of the fence and ordered that no one fire until the regulars passed it. Private John Simpson, however, disobeyed orders and fired as soon as he had a clear shot, thus starting the battle (Americans were trigger happy even in those days).", "In May of 1775, British General Thomas Gage planned to occupy Dorchester Heights, part of a peninsula that was of strategic importance to holding and defending Boston. General Artemus Ward, commander of Patriot forces around Boston, placed Colonel William Prescott in charge of defending the peninsula from the British. Prescott and his forces dug in on Breed’s Hill, next to Bunker Hill, to build a fortification. British forces in the harbor opened fire on the men, but Prescott managed to convince the troops to continue working on the fortification by deliberately exposing himself to the fire from the British ship. Brigadier Israel Putnam also risked his life to travel between the Bunker and Breed Hills into Cambridge to demand reinforcements and additional equipment.", "At dawn the next day, 19 April , the Regulars marched into town and found themselves facing (at a distance of some 60 or 70 yards) about 70 minutemen—a special sub-set of the militia trained to be ready to march at the shortest notice—lined up on the Lexington Green. (Many men were just getting word of the alarm that morning, and were still mustering to Lexington from surrounding towns). British major John Pitcairn, who was convinced that \"burning two or three of their towns, will set everything to rights,\" rode onto the Green and ordered the Americans to disperse, calling them \"rebels\" and \"villains.\" 124 The colonists had begun backing away, but then someone—to this day, no one knows who—fired a single shot. Witnesses on both sides later confessed that they simply did not know who fired, and it didn't help matters that the British Regulars were shouting \"huzza! huzza! huzza!\" the battle cry of the British infantry. 125 But that shot—the \"shot heard round the world\"—began the first battle of the Revolutionary War. British troops then charged the minutemen with bayonets, spilling the first blood of the Revolution on Lexington Green . Eight colonials died and ten more were wounded. As historians George Tindall and David Shi later recounted, \"One wounded American patriot, whose wife and son were watching the spectacle, crawled 100 yards to die on his front doorstep.\" 126", "In August 1776 British General William Howe launched a massive naval and land campaign designed to seize New York. The Continental Army under Washington engaged the enemy for the first time as an army of the newly independent United States at the Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the entire war. The Americans were heavily outnumbered, many men deserted, and Washington was badly defeated. After conferring with other generals of the situation a plan of retreat was decided. Washington instructed General Heath to make available every flat bottom river boat and sloop in the area. In little time Washington's army under the cover of darkness crossed the East River safely to Manhattan Island, and did so without loss of life or materiel. ", "Our Patriot ancestors were not sitting idly by while the British made such elaborate preparations for battle. Colonel Prescott had the breastworks extended another one hundred yards. His own Regiment and elements of the Regiments of Colonel Jonathan Brewer, Colonel John Nixon, Colonel Moses Little, Colonel Ephraim Doolittle and Colonel Ebenezer Bridge defended this line. Between the Breastworks and the Mystic River was a short stone wall surmounted by a two rail fence. Prescott ordered Colonel Thomas Knowlton to take his troops and defend that line. Knowlton's men dismantled a fence further back and added those rails to the existing fence. They then stuffed recently cut hay into the remaining openings. This was done, obviously not to stop musket balls, but to make the defense works seem more formidable. Colonel John Stark of New Hampshire arrived on the scene and", "On the night of June 16, colonial Colonel William Prescott led about 1,200 men onto the peninsula in order to set up positions from which artillery fire could be directed into Boston. This force was made up of men from the regiments of Prescott, Putnam (the unit was commanded by Thomas Knowlton), James Frye, and Ebenezer Bridge. At first, Putnam, Prescott, and their engineer, Captain Richard Gridley, disagreed as to where they should locate their defense. Some work was performed on Bunker Hill, but Breed's Hill was closer to Boston and viewed as being more defensible. Arguably against orders, they decided to build their primary redoubt there. Prescott and his men, using Gridley's outline, began digging a square fortification about 130 ft on a side with ditches and earthen walls. The walls of the redoubt were about 6 ft high, with a wooden platform inside on which men could stand and fire over the walls. ", "Fort Ticonderoga , Ticonderoga - a pitched battle in which American revolutionary troops captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775", "November 10, 1782 - The final battle of the Revolutionary War occurs as Americans retaliate against Loyalist and Indian forces by attacking a Shawnee Indian village in the Ohio territory.", "On the night of June 16, American Colonel William Prescott led 1,500 men onto the peninsula. At first Putnam, Prescott, and their engineering officer, Captain Richard Gridley, disagreed as to where they should locate their defense. Breed's Hill was viewed as much more defensible, and they decided to locate their primary redoubt there. Prescott and his men, using Gridley's outline, began digging a fortification 160 feet (50 m) long and 80 feet (25 m) wide with ditches and earthen walls. They added ditch and dike extensions toward the Charles River on their right and began reinforcing a fence running to their left.", "By 11:30 pm on May 9, the men had assembled at Hand's Cove (in what is now Shoreham, Vermont ) and were ready to cross the lake to Ticonderoga. However, boats did not arrive until 1:30 am, and they were inadequate to carry the whole force. [24] Eighty-three of the Green Mountain Boys made the first crossing with Arnold and Allen, and Douglas went back for the rest. [2] As dawn approached, Allen and Arnold became fearful of losing the element of surprise, so they decided to attack with the men at hand. The only sentry on duty at the south gate fled his post after his musket misfired, and the Americans rushed into the fort. Most of the men roused the small number of sleeping troops at gunpoint, and began to confiscate their weapons. Allen, Arnold, and a few other men charged up the stairs toward the officers' quarters. Lieutenant Jocelyn Feltham, assistant to Captain William Delapace, was awoken by the noise, and called to wake the captain. [25] Stalling for time, Feltham demanded to know by what authority the fort was being entered. Allen, who later claimed that he said it to Captain Delaplace, replied, \"In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!\" [26] Delaplace finally emerged from his chambers, fully dressed, and surrendered his sword. [26]", "The Americans found out about the British plan and decided beat the English to the Charleston peninsula. On June 16, 1775, Colonel Israel Putnam and Colonel Samuel Prescott led the Patriots to the Charleston Peninsula. Their mission was to settle in at Bunker Hill on a small peninsula on the Charles River north of Boston. For some reason, they ended up on Breed's Hill closer to the waterfront.", "Colonel John Trumbull's painting, \"The Death of Warren,\" now at the Yale University Art Gallery, shows the red Continental Flag to be one of those used by American forces at the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. American troops rebuffed the British Regulars three times stopping the British charge.", "On June 16, 1775, having learned that the British were planning to send troops from Boston to occupy the hills surrounding the city, some 1,000 colonial militiamen under Colonel William Prescott (1726-95) built earthen fortifications on top of Breed’s Hill, overlooking Boston and located on the Charlestown Peninsula. (The men originally had been ordered to construct their fortifications atop Bunker Hill but instead chose the smaller Breed’s Hill, closer to Boston.)", "Aug. 27, 1776, American defeat in the American Revolution. To protect New York City and the lower Hudson valley from the British forces massed on Staten Island, George Washington sent part of his small army to defend Brooklyn Heights, on Long Island.", "General Howe led the light infantry companies and grenadiers in the assault on the American left flank, expecting an easy effort against Stark's recently arrived troops. His light infantry were set along the narrow beach, in column, in order to turn the far left flank of the colonial position. The grenadiers were deployed in the middle. They lined up four deep and several hundred across. As the regulars closed, John Simpson, a New Hampshire man, prematurely fired, drawing an ineffective volley of return fire from the regulars. When the regulars finally closed within range, both sides opened fire. The colonists inflicted heavy casualties on the regulars, using the fence to steady and aim their muskets, and benefit from a modicum of cover. With this devastating barrage of musket fire, the regulars retreated in disarray, and the militia held their ground. ", "When General Washington met French General Rochambeau in Connecticut in May, 1781, they agreed that their next move should be against the British Army at New York City, a force of 10,000 men. But while Washington and his Continental Army were encamped at Dobbs Ferry in New York state, news arrived that changed the plan: General Cornwallis had set up defenses at Yorktown, Virginia. His force of 7,000 men had been fighting in the southern colonies for nearly two years and while they had experienced some success, they were low on supplies and in need of reinforcement. This was mainly due to the fact that they had been harassed by General Nathaniel Greene during most of their travels. Greene was a proponent of small unit engagements and sneak attacks, methods that were not unknown to European armies but were certainly not as well-embraced as the large set battles that were so common at the time. Cornwallis planned to set up a defensive perimeter at Yorktown and wait for the Royal Navy to deliver the men and supplies he so desperately needed.", "On July 3 Washington assumed command of the American forces at Cambridge. Not only did he have to contain the British in Boston, but he also had to recruit a Continental army. During the winter of 1775–76 recruitment lagged so badly that fresh drafts of militia were called up to help maintain the siege. The balance shifted in late winter, when Gen. Henry Knox arrived with artillery from Fort Ticonderoga in New York. The British fort, which occupied a strategic point between Lake George and Lake Champlain , had been surprised and taken on May 10, 1775, by the Green Mountain Boys , a Vermont militia group under the command of Col. Ethan Allen . The cannons from Ticonderoga were mounted on Dorchester Heights, above Boston. The guns forced Howe, who had replaced Gage in command in October 1775, to evacuate the city on March 17, 1776. Howe then repaired to Halifax to prepare for an invasion of New York, and Washington moved units southward for its defense.", "In August 1776, the Continental Army was routed in its first test on Long Island in part because Washington failed to properly reconnoiter and he attempted to defend too large an area for the size of his army. To some extent, Washington’s nearly fatal inability to make rapid decisions resulted in the November losses of Fort Washington on Manhattan Island and Fort Lee in New Jersey, defeats that cost the colonists more than one-quarter of the army’s soldiers and precious weaponry and military stores. Washington did not take the blame for what had gone wrong. Instead, he advised Congress of his “want of confidence in the Generality of the Troops.”", "As the British Army's advance guard under Pitcairn entered Lexington at sunrise on April 19, 1775, 77 Lexington militiamen, led by Captain John Parker, emerged from Buckman Tavern and stood in ranks on the village common watching them, and spectators (somewhere between 40 and 100) watched from along the side of the road. Of these militiamen, nine had the surname Harrington, seven Munroe, four Parker, three Tidd, three Locke, and three Reed. This group of militiamen was part of Lexington's \"training band\", a way of organizing local militias dating back to the Puritans, and not what was styled a minuteman company.", "Lt. Governor Dinwiddie rewarded Washington in 1755 with a commission as \"Colonel of the Virginia Regiment and Commander in Chief of all forces now raised in the defense of His Majesty's Colony\" and gave him the task of defending Virginia's frontier. The Virginia Regiment was the first full-time American military unit in the colonies (as opposed to part-time militias and the British regular units). Washington was ordered to \"act defensively or offensively\" as he thought best. While Washington happily accepted the commission, the coveted redcoat of a British officer as well as the accompanying pay continued to elude him. Dinwiddie as well pressed in vain for the British military to incorporate the Virginia Regiment into its ranks. " ]

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[ "Actor Rob Reiner made his directorial debut with This Is Spinal Tap (1984) - it set the standard for a mockumentary (or \"rockumentary\") in its depiction of a fictional heavy-metal rock band named Spinal Tap on tour in the US during the fall of 1982. It has been rated one of the best cult movies and comedy films of all-time. Its most memorable scene was the one in which a band member described how the amplifier had an \"11\" on its dial: \"These go to eleven.\" Actors Michael McKean, Harry Shearer, and Christopher Guest (all former Saturday Night Live cast members, appearing as David St. Hubbins, Derek Smalls, and Nigel Tufnel) subsequently released three official albums as Spinal Tap, and appeared on several shows in character, including The Simpsons.", "THIS IS SPINAL TAP (1984) Director Rob Reiner’s cult classic that follows the exploits of a hard rock band on the verge of extinction. Shot documentary style and capturing the ups and downs of a fictitious British group on an American tour to promote a new album, the film stars Reiner as the “Rockumentary” Director often depicted in the film alongside a quintet of make-believe band members who can’t come to terms with their rapid decline in popularity. This is Spinal Tap delivers plenty of raw, uncensored and unintentionally hysterical exploits of 80s Rock ‘n’ Roll gone terribly awry.", "Stylistically the movie is a parody of rock documentaries, purportedly filmed and directed by the fictional Marty DiBergi (Rob Reiner). The faux documentary covers a 1982 United States concert tour for the fictional British rock group \"Spinal Tap\" to promote their new album Smell the Glove, but interspersed with one-on-one interviews with the members of the group and footage of the group from previous points in their career.", "This is Spinal Tap is presented as a parody of rock documentaries, purportedly filmed and directed by the fictional Marty Di Bergi (Rob Reiner, who was also the actual director of the movie). The faux documentary covers a 1982 United States concert tour by the fictional British rock group \"Spinal Tap\" to promote their new album Smell the Glove, interspersed with Di Bergi's one-on-one interviews with the members of the group and footage of the group from previous periods in their career.", "Some biopics purposely stretch the truth. Confessions of a Dangerous Mind was based on game show host Chuck Barris' widely debunked yet popular memoir of the same name, in which he claimed to be a CIA agent. Kafka incorporated both the life of author Franz Kafka and the surreal aspects of his fiction. The Errol Flynn film They Died with Their Boots On tells the story of Custer but is highly romanticised. The Oliver Stone film about the band The Doors, mainly about Jim Morrison, was highly praised for the similarities between Jim Morrison and actor Val Kilmer, look-wise and singing-wise, but fans and band members did not like the way Oliver Stone portrayed Jim Morrison, and a few of the scenes were even completely made up. ", "Dirty Harry was well received by critics and is regarded as one of the best films of 1971. [4] [5] [6] The film holds a 95% approval rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes . [7] The film was nominated at the Edgar Allan Poe Awards for Best Motion Picture . [8] In 2008, Dirty Harry was selected by Empire Magazine as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. [9] It was placed similarly on The Best 1000 Movies Ever Made list by The New York Times . [10]", "Aside from that they have a mention in the Jamie Lee Curtis movie Freaky Friday in a scene where one girl says something about not liking them because they don't have a bassist�and also in one of my favorite films, School of Rock, starring Jack's name sake arch-enemy...Jack Black. A conversation is going on between to students regarding great female drummers and Meg White is brought up...and the suggestion is quickly shot down. The director does try to make amends in the audio commentary though�I'm still waiting for a formal apology.", "In 1984, an edited restoration of Metropolis (1927) was released to cinemas with a new rock music score by producer-composer Giorgio Moroder. Although the contemporary score, which included pop songs by Freddie Mercury of Queen, Pat Benatar, and Jon Anderson of Yes was controversial, the door had been opened for a new approach to presentation of classic silent films.", "Near the end of this movie about punk rockers in Salt Lake City in 1985, a flashback scene shows the two main characters discussing Dungeons and Dragons as \"The Trees\" plays on the stereo. One character complains about the music, and the other defends them with \"Rush is a very good band, their music is very complex, and...perfection! ...I like them, they rock!\" The first character then changes the music to Generation X (Billy Idol).", "What is the Band? Last night I visited Chapters and picked up a \"Rock&Roll double Jeopardy!\" desk calendar to spice up my working life. Every day comes with its own trivia question. Zipping through the days to get to the 18th, I spotted the \"answer\" for January 9: \"Interviews with this group's members highlight The Last Waltz, a film of their farewell concert.\" Wow, the big time!!", "So Frank is a great film. Let's be clear, this is not a bio-pic. It was inspired by Frank Sidebottom in so much as the story is about a band whose front man wears a big papier-mâché head.", "These images were an allusion to George Orwell's noted novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which described a dystopian future ruled by a fictional \"Big Brother\". The film 1984 was released a few months later in the same year by director Michael Radford. Though neither of the films are related, they both share the same subject.", "Ebert's reviews can clash with the overall reception of movies, as evidenced by his one-star review of the celebrated 1986 David Lynch film Blue Velvet (\"marred by sophomoric satire and cheap shots... in a way, [director Lynch's] behavior is more sadistic than the Hopper character\"). [44] He was dismissive of the popular 1988 Bruce Willis action film Die Hard (\"inappropriate and wrongheaded interruptions reveal the fragile nature of the plot\"), [45] while his positive review of 1997's Speed 2: Cruise Control (\"Movies like this embrace goofiness with an almost sensual pleasure\") [46] is the only one accounting for that film's 2% approval rating on the Rotten Tomatoes critical website. [47]", "The movie was a huge financial success. It was produced on an US$8 million budget, grossing $6,174,059 in its opening weekend and finished its domestic run with $69,821,334, making it the tenth highest-grossing film of 1984. The movie was also well received by critics and is considered to be one of the best films of 1984. It earned a 92% \"Fresh\" rating from the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes. ", "Beginning with a title card saying \"This film should be played loud!\" the concert documentary is an essay on The Band's influences and their career. The group – Rick Danko on bass, violin and vocals, Levon Helm on drums, mandolin and vocals, Garth Hudson on keyboards and saxophone, Richard Manuel on keyboards, percussion and vocals, and guitarist-songwriter Robbie Robertson – started out in the late 1950s as a rock and roll band led by Ronnie Hawkins, and Hawkins himself appears as the first guest. The group backed Bob Dylan in the 1960s, and Dylan performs with The Band towards the end of the concert.", "The answer: Blue Velvet is not only odd, but it goes for something that transcends cinema. As a first-time viewer, you share in the main character’s uncomfortable departure from your safe movie-going existence. You go along with it, because you’re intrigued, but by the time the velvet curtain drops, you aren’t sure what to make of it. Wasn’t half the movie campy, corny, even poorly written? And how does that compute with the other half, which is the exact opposite — a brutally real underworld? Finally, you contemplate it long enough and you realize the corniness and brutality are both there for a reason: two contrasting views on the world around us, presented in two contrasting styles by a director daring enough to challenge us and to comment on the film medium itself. Siskel and Ebert famously clashed over this very notion. My goal, in this case, is to convert you from Eberts to Siskels:", "Farris: Just a great movie for all of us who have ever longed to say those cool four words: I'm with the band. Exceptional casting here, too, especially Philip Seymour Hoffman as gonzo journalist Lester Bangs. That was genius!", "Critics praised the film not only for its satire of the rollercoaster lifestyles of rock stars but also for its take on the non-fiction film genre. David Ansen from Newsweek called the film \"a satire of the documentary form itself, complete with perfectly faded clips from old TV shows of the band in its mod and flower-child incarnations\". ", "Though they would later become associated with the nascent stirrings of punk rock, during their brief career, the MC5 were better known for their radical lifestyle than their music. David C. Thomas' digital video documentary, MC5: A TRUE TESTIMONIAL, takes an impressive look at the band's turbulent life and times. Formed in Lincoln Park, Michigan in 1964 as a high school garage band, they were later inspired by the same industrial bleakness of nearby Detroit that spawned their spiritual brothers The Stooges. Guitarists Fred \"Sonic\" Smith (who later married Patti Smith) and Wayne Kramer piled on the distortion, creating a ferocious and unparalleled guitar-fueled din. Along with their rabble-rousing manager, John Sinclair, the band took inspiration from the Black Panther Party, forming the White Panther Party, a mock political organization based on unabashed love of drugs, sex, and guns. This invited harassment by local and federal law enforcement agencies. Revealing interviews with surviving members Kramer (who is the most insightful), bassist Michael Davis, and drummer Dennis Thompson, as well as a videotaped 1988 interview with the late vocalist Rob Tyner, paint a portrait of a band whose lifestyle created obstacles every step of the way. Cut in a rapid-fire style, the film is a heady, kaleidoscopic swirl of stills, talking-head snippets, and concert footage.", "Few films have raised such complicated questions about fame and fans as this metatextual doc about the cult US singer-songwriter, driven and damaged by decades of mental illness. We follow his picaresque journey through fairgrounds, MTV shows and mental hospitals. He causes a plane crash believing he’s Casper The Friendly Ghost. He hits his manager with a lead pipe. He has physical presence but, personally, he’s barely there. “The establishment think it’s heresy to say the words Daniel Johnston in the same breath as Bob Dylan,” says director Feuerzeig. “We’re picking a fight on purpose.” Victoria Segal Now watch: Benjamin Smoke (Jem Cohen, Peter Siller, 2000)", "Recent academic discussions of ‘badfilm’ and ‘paracinema’ have highlighted the re-appraisal of ‘all forms of “cinematic trash”’ (Sconce 1995, 372). This article addresses the theme by contrasting films from two of the most well-known purveyors of ‘cinematic trash’: X: The Man with the X-Ray Eyes (1963), directed by Roger Corman, and They Live (1988), directed by John Carpenter. In X, a scientist develops X-ray vision, seeing into the fourth dimension and something so shocking he rips his eyes out. This act is analogous with Corman’s career as purveyor of trash cinema: refraining from pushing badfilm’s power to the absolute limit; foregoing the gift of ‘second sight’; content to exist on a marginalised, second-tier, parallel reality to the Hollywood mainstream. In They Live, Carpenter re-empowers the thesis: the hero stumbles on a secret society that has developed sunglasses to see through the real to the alien-generated subliminal messages in advertising and politics. Rather than withdrawal, Carpenter’s hero declares: ‘I have come here to chew bubblegum and kick ass – and I’m all out of bubblegum’. Unabashed, glorying in his outsider status, Carpenter reappropriates Hollywood values in a cheap ‘bubblegum’ universe, deploying trash culture as a smart bomb that aims to prise apart not only cinematic convention but also reality itself.", "The Beatles' first two feature films, A Hard Day's Night (1964) and Help (1965), were made in collaboration with an American director, Richard Lester . Their humorous, ironic, and farcical film performances are reminiscent of the Marx Brothers' comedies. Later The Beatles moved into the area of psychedelic innovations with the animated film Yellow Submarine (1966). Their surrealistic TV movie The Magical Mystery Tour (1967) became the cause for the first major criticism of their work in the British press. Their film music was also released as studio albums. Original music by The Beatles as well as re-makes of their songs has been also used, often uncredited, in music scores of feature films and documentaries. Some of The Beatles concert and studio performances were filmed on several occasions and were later edited and released after the band's dissolution. In 1999 the remastered and remixed film The Beatles Yellow Submarine Adventure (2000) delighted a younger audience with incredible animation and songs.", "here are many great songs and there are many great movies, but not many of them make it to the big screen. Arlo Guthrie’s “Alice’s Restaurant Massacre” isn’t really a song, more of a long story with music, but either way you look at it, it’s a classic and so is the movie.", "“Help!” followed the quartet’s 1964 cinematic debut, “A Hard Day’s Night,” the latter considered one of the best rock music films of all time. The low-budget, black-and-white film used a cinema verite approach, which gave way a year later to the bigger-budget, color production of “Help!”", "I'd give it a 8/10 because it contains decent live footage of a band I love. But, I'd give it 3/10 because the movie is a lie; so poorly edited, and presented to the audience that it is supposed to be an actual film. I meet in the middle at 5/10.", "The American release of the counterculture-era film with its explicit sexual content (by contemporary standards) by a major Hollywood studio was in direct defiance of the Production Code. Its subsequent outstanding critical and box office success proved to be one of the final events that led to the final abandonment of the code in 1968 in favour of the MPAA film rating system. ", "Musicians Kurt Cobain and Elliott Smith claimed this was their favorite movie of all time. See more »", "Fincher used a number of subliminal shots in the movie alluding to the craze that swept through movies in the late seventies and early eighties. One such shot at the films credits would cause some controversy and earn the movie even more notoriety and press time. I will go into further detail on this further on in the review.", "IT was the video that went viral before there was such a thing as viral video. Todd Haynes's \"Superstar,\" released in 1987, was a darkly campy and experimental biopic about Karen Carpenter, who rose to fame with her brother, Richard, in the '70s pop group the Carpenters, and who fought a protracted battle with anorexia nervosa before her death at 32 in 1983. In the film characters were portrayed by plastic dolls, including Barbies, that looked as if they'd been plucked from a garage-sale free bin. Running 43 minutes, \"Superstar\" was a phenomenon, but not at the multiplex. It was shown primarily in galleries, museums and clubs, though it had a theatrical life at some repertory houses. Eventually it was copied and widely traded on bootleg VHS tapes, available for rent at alternative video stores across the country.", "There's a scene in the film that's coming out to theaters in which you say you felt the creativity within the band was done. When did you have that realization?", "Comment: Interesting story but badly filmed (too much arty-farty nonsense) and with an appallingly bad soundtrack. Much of the dialogue was drowned by background noise. Not enough of Dylan's poetry and much of that was inaudible. When will over-intrusive sound engineers wake up to themselves? A film which offered so much was a disappointment.", "Extra trivia: the film has an infamous scene that was cut as a result of a test screening. We've detailed that in this article here ." ]

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[ "The Plymouth Rock is a breed of domestic chicken from the United States. It originated in New England in the 19th century from cross-breeding of Dominiques and Black Javas.", "The Leghorn ( or; or Livornese) is a breed of chicken originating in Tuscany, in central Italy. Birds were first exported to North America in 1828 from the port city of Livorno, on the western coast of Tuscany. They were initially called \"Italians\", but by 1865 the breed was known as \"Leghorn\", the traditional anglicisation of \"Livorno\". The breed was introduced to Britain from the United States in 1870. White Leghorns are commonly used as layer chickens in many countries of the world. Other Leghorn varieties are less common.", "This is the best heritage egg laying breed. The Leghorn is a single comb, clean legged variety that originated in Italy. Standard white plumage throughout. Hardy, but combs subject to frostbite in extreme cold weather areas. Leghorns are a flighty breed, very nervous and non broody.", "Leghorn is the English word for Livorno, the city where this breed must have originated. However, the breed has been brought to the current degree of purity outside its country of origin. Leghorns of different types were selected in various countries, but they all have yellow shanks and white ear-lobes. The Leghorn belongs to the lightweight breeds.", "Plymouth Rock - Originating from Plymouth, USA in 1829. It is believed that these original fowls lost their identity and that the progenitors of present Barred Plymouth Rocks were first exhibited in 1869 at Worcester, Massachusetts. These were composites of several blood lines – a Dominique male with Black Cochin or Black Java females. This breed has always been popular owing to the intricate barring on the feathers. If you look closely you will see that every feather should end in a black tip.", "Orpington – First produced in 1886, the Black Orpington was created from a Black Langshan / Black Minorca / Black Plymouth Rock cross. The Buff (1894) and White (1889) varieties followed later.", "The Java chickens are similar to the Plymouth Rocks in size, shape and traits. The American Dominiques are the oldest American breed and it was from this breed that the Plymouth Rock originated.", "The problem with these crosses is that they are weak and unhealthy Frankenstein chicks.  To achieve a bied with similar qualities, you can use a Dark Cornish rooster with either Plymouth Barred Rock or Plymouth White Rock hens.  I would not use any other Plymouth Rocks such as the Buff Rock because their genetics breed smaller birds.  Both the White Rocks and Barred Rocks are known for their fast growth and large meaty frames.  The Cornish rooster will add a double thick breast and add to the compact meaty structure of the bird.", "This chicken originates from The Port of Leghorn in Italy and arrived in Britain in the late 1800s in the white form followed by the brown. They have white earlobes and yellow legs and the eye is red in all colours. The females have a double folded comb, a deep abdomen and a whipped tail. The eyes are prominent and the beak is short and stout. Earlobes are well defined and the wattles are long, thin and fine in texture. Their legs are long and featherless with four toes on the feet with a long straight back toe and the feathers on the body are soft and silky. The Leghorns were one of the breeds used to create the modern battery hybrid layer as they are very productive birds and are able to adapt to all conditions.", "Suppliers of pullets: Warrens, Rhode Rock, Blue Belles, Speckled, Barred Rock, Light Sussex, White Leghorn, Cheshire Blues (blue egg layers) Pure Breed LF: Speckled Sussex, Vorwerk, Marans, Salmon Faverolles, Cream Legbar, Partridge Brahma, Buff Orpington, Rhode Island Red, Black, White Silkies, Barnvelder, Lemon Pyle Brahma, Welsummer, Friesian Fowl. Bantams: Partridge Pekins, Salmon Pekins, Lemon Milliefleur Sablepoot, Milliefleur Pekin, Black Mottled Pekin, Cuckoo Pekin, Silver Laced Wyandotte, Gold Laced Polish. Ducks: Aylesbury, Khaki Campbell, White Campbell, Indian Runner, Muscovy, Call Duck, Welsh Harlequin. Geese: Embden, Chinese, Toulouse. Guinea Fowl, Quail.", "The first Leghorn chickens came to England from America. Mr. Tegetmeier imported White Leghorns in 1870 and Lewis Wright imported Brown Leghorns in 1872. English breeders embraced the breed for its excellent laying ability, but they did not value its small appetite and smallish size as Americans did. So Minorca chickens were crossed into the English Leghorns to increase the breed’s size – much closer to that of a dual-purpose farm fowl. And thus English Leghorns came back across the Atlantic to America to help fuel the transition of farm fowl to commercial poultry industry, about 1910 and onward.", "Breeders of Bantams. including – Pekins. Wyandottes. Buff and Chocolate Orpingtons. Large Fowl including – Light, Buff and Speckled Sussex, Buff and Splash Orpingtons, Marans, Cream Legbars, Welsummers, Brahmas, Barnevelders, La Fleche. Hatching Eggs by post. growers and POL.", "The origins of the Leghorn are not clear; it appears to derive from light breeds originating in rural Tuscany. The name comes from Leghorn, the traditional anglicisation of Livorno, the Tuscan port from which the first birds were exported to North America. The date of the first exports is variously reported as 1828, \"about 1830\" and 1852. They were initially known as \"Italians\"; they were first referred to as \"Leghorns\" in 1865, in Worcester, Massachusetts.", "In Italy, where the Livorno breed standard is recent, ten colour varieties are recognised. There is a separate Italian standard for the German Leghorn variety, the Italiana (German: Italiener). The Fédération française des volailles (the French poultry federation) divides the breed into four types: the American white, the English white, the old type (golden-salmon) and the modern type, for which seventeen colour variants are listed for full-size birds, and fourteen for bantams; it also recognises an autosexing variety, the Cream Legbar. Both the American Poultry Association and the American Bantam Association (ABA) recognize a number of Leghorn varieties including white, red, black-tailed red, light brown, dark brown, black, buff, Columbian, buff Columbian, barred, and silver. In Britain, the Leghorn Club recognises eighteen colours: golden duckwing, silver duckwing, partridge, brown, buff, exchequer, Columbian, pyle, white, black, blue, mottled, cuckoo, blue-red, lavender, red, crele and buff Columbian. Most Leghorns have single combs; rose combs are permitted in some countries, but not in Italy. The legs are bright yellow, and the ear-lobes white.", "This is a family hobby. We breed stock to aim for the best quality and standards as we like to enter shows. (Accolades include best novice, best utility, best rare, best soft feather etc.) Hatching eggs and youngstock are sometimes available, as are pol and trios. LF: Salmon Faverolle, Buff Cochin, Cream Legbar. Self Blue Poland, White Sultan. Bantams: Pekins in mixed colours, Lavender, Black, White and some Frizzle. Chamois, Black and White Thuringian. Groningen Meeuwen, Buff Orpington, Black Orpington, Modern Game, Ohiki. Turkeys: Bronze. Ducks: Welsh Harlequin, Call.", "LF Buff Orpingtons and New Hampshire Reds. Hatching Eggs to order and growers later in the season.", "Silkie, Orpington, Marans, Sussex, Cream Legbar. Waterfowl: Call, Aylesbury, Campbell, Indian Runner. Turkeys. Many more breeds available at other times. All our poultry are free range.", "The Leghorn was included in the American Standard of Perfection in 1874, with three colours: black, white and brown (light and dark). Rose comb light and dark brown were added in 1883, and rose comb white in 1886. Single comb buff and silver followed in 1894, and red, black-tailed red, and Columbian in 1929. In 1981 rose comb black, buff, silver, and golden duckwing were added.", "The British went for bigger birds, larger combs and lobes with tight tails and the Americans went for exactly the opposite. By the end of the first World War, the shipments stopped as they were of no use to one another. Leghorns effectively became two different breeds maintaining the same name. Today, the breeds still maintain these differences and it is clear to see the differences when looking at photos of the Leghorn in American and British written books.", "The Ixworth is also the name of a breed of chicken, first bred in the 1930s by Ixworth resident Reginald Appleyard. In his quest to produce a mature table bird that also gave good egg production, he crossed five existing breeds; White Orpington, White Sussex, White Minorca, White Old English Game & Indian (or Jubilee) Game, to produce a bird with all white plumage, white skin, a pea comb & pinkish legs & beak. Development of the breed was completed in 1939 & it was accepted into the British Poultry Club’s Standards.", "The Rock Cornish game hen or Rock Cornish hen is a cross between the Cornish Game and White Plymouth Rock chicken breeds. This breed develops a large breast over a short period of time compared to game hens. Rock Cornish game hens weigh about after four to six weeks, at which time they are slaughtered.", "Breeds kept and details: e.g. Orpingtons in black, white, and buff. All of our stock is free range.", "The Fell pony is a versatile, working breed of  mountain and moorland pony  originating in the north of  England  in Cumberland and Westmorland ( Cumbria ) and Northumberland. It was originally bred on the  fell  farms of northwest England, and is used as a  riding  and  driving  pony. The breed is closely related to its geographic neighbour, the  Dales pony , but is a little smaller and more ponylike in build. The Fell pony is noted for hardiness, agility, strength and sure-footedness.", "The Pointer, often called the English Pointer, is a medium to large-sized breed of dog developed in England as a gun dog. It is one of several pointing breeds. The coat of a Pointer is short, dense, smooth with a sheen. They are generally white with either liver, lemon, orange or black markings. Males stand 60-70cm and weigh 25-34kg while the females stand 58-66cm and weigh 45-65kg. Pointers are even-tempered, congenial dogs, and despite their large size, make good house pets so long as they get sufficient exercise due to their extremely high energy levels. Pointers are intelligent, affectionate, clean and intensely loyal.", "A sheepdog of a medium-sized breed developed in Australia, having a compact body, usually erect ears, and short coat. Also called Australian kelpie.", "The greyhound is the first breed mentioned in English literature. The monk in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales kept greyhounds:", "This breed was originated in the district of Barneveld, Holland, and stock was imported into this country about 1921, with the brown egg as one of the chief attractions. At first the birds were very mixed for markings, some being double laced, others single, while the majority followed a partridge or `stippled’ pattern. Two varieties were standardized, namely, double laced and partridge or `stippled’, but the former gradually came to the top, and is the popular variety of today.", "The word lamblike describes the Bedlington's appearance but not its personality. Once known as the Rothbury Terrier, this breed was developed in the north of England during the 1820s to be an all-purpose terrier: A dog that could swim down an otter, course a rabbit and fight in the pit.", "The Cocker Spaniel comes from England and was bred originally to hunt small game. It's origins can be dated back to the 1800's.", "The Cornish breeders were concentrating on producing a bird with short, thick legs and a wide, meaty body. Sir Walter Raleigh Gilbert claimed credit for the initial development of the Cornish Game in 1849. Fanciers were probably using this and other crossbred types for cockfighting. Although they were slow to strike, the cocks remained somewhat pugnacious and impressive.", "The origin of the Hamburgh is wrapped in mystery. The spangled were bred in Yorkshire and Lancashire three hundred years ago as Pheasants and Mooneys, and there is a book reference to black Pheasants in the North of England in 1702. In its heyday, the Hamburgh was a grand layer and must have played its part in the making of other laying breeds. However, its breeders directed it down purely exhibition roads, until today it is in few hands.", "Muntjacs are not a native species to Britain. They originate from China but were introduced to Woburn Park in Bedfordshire in 1838. After escapes and deliberate movement of the deer by humans they have now spread over southern England and are increasing in number. Muntjac are a conservation concern in the UK as they impact on woodland ground flora." ]

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[ "In 1957, Wham-O, still a fledgling company, took the idea of Australian bamboo \"exercise hoops\" and manufactured them with Marlex. The new Hula Hoop was born (the name \"hula hoop\" has been used since the 18th century). Knerr and Melin had created the biggest fad to date. Twenty-five million were sold in less than four months, and in two years sales reached more than 100 million units. By the end of 1959, after US$45 million in profits (US$346M adjusted for inflation to 2012), the fad slowly was dying out.", "In 1957, Wham-O, still a fledgling company, took the idea of Australian bamboo \"exercise hoops\" and manufactured them with Marlex . The new Hula Hoop was born (the name \"hula hoop\" has been used since the 18th century). Knerr and Melin had created the biggest fad to date. [7] [8] Twenty-five million were sold in less than four months, and in two years sales reached more than 100 million units. By the end of 1959, after US$45 million in profits, the fad slowly was dying out.", "On this day in 1957, machines at the Wham-O toy company roll out the first batch of their aerodynamic plastic discs–now known to millions of fans all over the world as Frisbees.", "'s idea and in 1957 set out to turn the rest of country on to the \"Flyin' Saucers\" craze. However, when  Wham-O president Richard Knerr  traveled  east he discovered college students tossing Frisbie pie pans for fun. Knerr decided to call  his toy -- the Frisbee – and voila! Wham-O went on to market the Hula-Hoop, the Super Ball, the Water Wiggle, and other toys, but Frisbee remained its most profitable product", "The flying disc was Morrison’s invention, first sold by the Wham-O toy company on this day, Jan. 23, in 1957 — as the “Pluto Platter.” Wham-O changed the name the following year as a misspelled homage to the popular New England pastime of tossing around pie tins from Connecticut’s Frisbie Pie Company.", "Wham-O Incorporated of Emeryville, California describes itself as a \"global branded consumer products company with a diversified portfolio of innovative toys, sporting goods and recreational products\", although it is best known the introduction of such iconic toys such as the Frisbee , the Hula Hoop and the SuperBall .", "Morrison (after his split with Franscioni) produced a plastic Frisbie called the Pluto Platter, to cash in on the growing popularity of UFOs with the American public. The Pluto Platter has become the basic design for all Frisbies. The outer third of the Frisbie disc is called the 'Morrison Slope', listed in the patent. Rich Knerr and A.K. 'Spud' Melin were the owners of a new toy company called 'Wham-O'. Knerr and Melin also marketed the Hula-Hoop, the Super Ball and the Water Wiggle. They pair first saw Morrison's Pluto Platter in late 1955. They liked what they saw and convinced Morrison to sell them the rights to his design. With a deal signed, Wham-O began production (1/13/1957) of more Pluto Platters. The next year, the original Frisbie Baking Company shut down and coincidentally Fred Morrison was awarded a patent (Design patent 183,626) for his flying disc. Morrison received over one million dollars in royalties for his invention.", "Although Morrison and Franscioni made some progress, sales did not take off. The pair split, and Morrison continued producing what he now called the Pluto Platter. He made contact with Rich Knerr and Arthur \"Spud\" Melin, whose company, Wham-O, produced the hula hoop, a toy that equally captured another postwar interest — in this case in the South Pacific, when Hawaiian shirts looked cool and the ukulele was in vogue. Wham-O had clout and strong distribution channels, and in 1955 they struck a deal to market the Pluto Platter. Morrison retained a royalty on all future sales.", "\"It's just a Wham-O Air Blaster.\" - Wham-O , founded in 1948 by Arthur \"Spud\" Melin and Richard Knerr, is the undisputed king of classic \"fad\" toys, being the official producer of Frisbees, Hula Hoops and Hacky Sacks. One of their most popular toys was the Air Blaster. It looked like a real ray gun and, when you pulled the trigger, it shot a blast of air at your enemies, taking them down instantly. Well, okay, maybe not, but, in its time, the Air Blaster was an absolute must-have toy. Wham-O discontinued the Blaster in 1970 due to rumours that some stupid kids were putting the gun in their ears or the ears of other and pulling the trigger, a sure route to hearing damage. Stupid kids.", "*Wham-O Toys, a toy company and an inventor's workshop, home of the original frisbee, hacky sack and hula hoop", "Earlier, in 1998, Wham-O acquired Yes! Entertainment's girls' toy line, which included the Mrs. Fields Baking Factory and the Baskin-Robbins Ice Cream Maker. In the early 2000s, they also re-released their classic toys and about 30 new Frisbee designs.", "'s interest in the UFO craze made him think of  designing his own toy flying saucer. The Wham-O company of", "The Slip’N Slide is a toy manufactured by Wham-O, first introduced in 1961 after being invented by Robert Carrier. ", "Arthur “Spud” Melin and Richard Knerr were inventors, pioneers, risk takers, game changers, and “the gurus of blockbuster fads.” The two lifelong friends started Wham-O in 1948 in South Pasadena, California, and ran the company together for more than 30 years.  At a time when most of the industry was east of the Mississippi, Melin and Knerr helped to pioneer a move to the west. Their first products were novelty items made in the garage of Knerr’s parents and sold via mail order in the Wall Street Journal; their company was named after the sound produced by their first product, a slingshot. ", "MATTEL Mattel Incorporation is the worlds largest toy company based on income. The products it produces Fisher Price, Barbie Dolls, Hotwheels and Matchbox toys, American Girl Dolls and Board Games. The company was founded by Harold Matson and Elliot Handler who founded it in 1945. After the release of the barbie doll in 1959,", "30. Which toy was originally called the Pluto Platter when it was first introduced in 1957?", "Though the writing was on the wall, Dinky's offerings in the 1970s covered the entire spectrum of vehicles, both real and fictitious. Besides the normal gamut of passenger, sports and race cars, buses, farm, emergency and military vehicles – cars, airplanes and spacecraft were also offered from popular (mostly British) TV shows of the time like Captain Scarlet, UFO, Thunderbirds, the Pink Panther, and Joe 90 (Dinky Toys 1974). It could be argued, though, that it was too little too late, as Corgi Toys had already been offering for several years vehicles from far more well-known shows and movies in the United States like Batman, The Saint, Daktari, James Bond, and the Man from U.N.C.L.E. Dinky's seemingly weaker standing made it all the more susceptible to Mattel's unstoppable Hot Wheels onslaught. At least the Corgi name still survives as a well-known collectible brand.", "A combination of history, engineering, accident, and entrepreneurship produced one of the most successful toys of the twentieth century – Silly Putty®.", "Back in 1921, a small stuffed bear bought from Harrods department store was given to Christopher Robin (more often called Billy), from his mother, Daphne. This bear was called Edward at first, and sometimes Big Bear, or Teddy Bear. The story of how Christopher's toy became knows as Winnie-the-Pooh has two partsWinnie and Pooh.", "The name is a registered trademark of Hasbro, Inc. Drawing toys based on gears have been around since at least 1908, when The Marvelous Wondergraph was advertised in the Sears catalog. The ‘Boys Mechanic’ publication of 1913 had an article describing how to make a Wondergraph drawing machine. An instrument called a spirograph was invented by the mathematician Bruno Abakanowicz between 1881 and 1900 for calculating an area delimited by curves. The Spirograph toy was developed by the British engineer Denys Fisher, who exhibited it in 1965 at the Nuremberg International Toy Fair. In 1968, Kenner introduced Spirotot, a less complex version of Spirograph, for preschool-age children, too young for Spirograph.", "\"Erector\" is believed by many to have been the subject of the first national advertising campaign in America for a toy. Its great success made it part of American folk culture and the famous company slogan \"Hello Boys\" is still fondly remembered by many. Its popularity has faded in recent decades in the face of competition from molded plastic construction toys, electronics, and other more modern toys and gadgets.", "In the 1980s, with over 350 MILLION units sold, what toy is widely considered to be the best selling toy in history?", "Matchbox is a popular toy brand which was introduced by Lesney Products in 1953, and is now owned by Mattel, Inc. The brand was named as the original die-cast Matchbox toys, which were sold in boxes similar in style and size to those in which matches were sold. Subsequently, the brand would encompass a broad range of toys including larger scale die-cast models and various non die-cast lines such as plastic model kits and action figures.", "In 1962, John Spinello, an industrial design student at the University of Illinois, built an electric toy that allowed players to probe holes in a metal box with a metal rod. If a player touched the side of a hole, a loud bell sounded. The toy evolved into the 1965 game of Operation, in which surgeon wannabes test their steadiness by plucking 12 body parts and ailments—Adam’s Apple, Broken Heart, Charley Horse, Funny Bone, Spare Ribs, Writer’s Cramp, etc.—from a prone patient, Cavity Sam, with a set of tweezers. Players without a steady hand trigger a buzzer and light a bulb beneath Sam’s red nose.", "The cradle device with the largest diameter collision balls on public display, was on display for more than a year in Milwaukee, Wisconsin at retail store American Science and Surplus . Each ball was an inflatable exercise ball 26\" in diameter (enclosed in cage of steel rings), and was supported from the ceiling using extremely strong magnets. It was recently[ when? ] taken down due to its need for frequent maintenance.", "Mattel first big-seller was the \"Uka-a-doodle\", a toy ukulele. It was the first in line of musical toys.", "This large leather ball is inflated with air so that it bounces. It's a popular toy for children.", "McCullagh, John. 2008. (7 April 2008). Boys' Toys of the 1950s. The Newry Journal on-line. 7 April. [4]", "In 1977, Schmid & Co. of Toronto and Randolph, Massachusetts was granted licensing rights to Beatrix Potter, and produced a Mrs. Tittlemouse music box playing \"It's a Small World\" the same year. A Mr. Jackson flat ceramic Christmas ornament followed in 1984, and a hanging ornament depicting Mrs. Tittlemouse in her little box bed in 1987. ", "A popular children's toy with a sinister history. Its ability to tangle up hands has made it a popular tool for thieves.", "In 1901 Frank Hornby, a clerk from Liverpool, England, invented and patented a new toy called \"Mechanics Made Easy\" that was based on the principles of mechanical engineering. It was a model construction kit consisting of perforated metal strips, plates and girders, with wheels, pulleys, gears, shaft collars and axles for mechanisms and motion, and nuts and bolts to connect the pieces. The perforations were at a standard ½ inch (12.7 mm) spacing, the axles were 8-gauge, and the nuts and bolts used 5/32 inch BSW threads. The only tools required to assemble models were a screwdriver and spanners (wrenches). It was more than just a toy: it was educational, teaching basic mechanical principles like levers and gearing.", "This is a 1:1 scale transistor radio made in 1975 for children. It was made under Hasbro license by Illco (made in Hong Kong). It contained a transistor radio, Morse code sender, microphone, and headphones. I have never seen one of these except on ebay. This one still eludes me." ]

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[ "West Virginia's capital and seat of government is the city of Charleston, located in the southwest area of the state.", "Standing proudly at the heart of capital city of Charleston, the West Virginia State Capitol is the seat of government of the state of West Virginia. It currently houses the Office of the Governor of West Virginia and the West Virginia Legislature. The building was designed by no other than renowned architect Cass Gilbert, who also designed the state capitols of Minnesota and Arkansas, the US Treasury Building, and the US Supreme Court in Washington DC.", "The West Virginia State Capitol is the seat of government for the U.S. state of West Virginia, and houses the West Virginia Legislature and the office of the Governor of West Virginia. Located in Charleston, West Virginia, the building was dedicated in 1932. Along with the West Virginia Executive Mansion it is part of the West Virginia Capitol Complex, a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "Charleston, the capital of West Virginia and seat of Kanawha County, is a regional hub for transportation, finance, retail trade, commerce, government, and health care, and acts as a lively center for the arts and recreation while also serving as West Virginia's state capital. A vital urban area, the city also projects a comfortable charm that invites visitors and residents alike; its downtown is active and filled with people in the evening.", "Upon viewing the Capitol Complex in Charleston, one is left with little doubt that the seat of government in West Virginia is securely moored along the north bank of the Kanawha River. Yet, the capitol's location literally floated between the northern and south-central regions of the Mountain State during its spirited one hundred nineteen-year history. During the first twenty years of what could be considered a turbulent period of new statehood, West Virginia grew in population and watched her people gather and shift with the economic tides of industrialization. At the same time, power structures emerged in the developing cities, and the establishment of a permanent seat of government became the political chess piece of the era. The temporary seat of government was located at Wheeling, where statehood was deliberated and finally determined on June 20, 1863. Washington Hall, the site of numerous meetings and assemblies concerning the proposed 35th state, is now popularly known as \"The Birthplace of West Virginia.\"", "Settling on a state capital location, however, proved to be difficult. For several years, the capital of West Virginia intermittently traveled between Wheeling and Charleston. In 1877, however, the state's citizens voted on the final location of their capital, Charleston.", "1863 - Virginias cessation from the Union gave reason for the birth of West Virginia. 40 western counties of Virginia did not secede, and instead, formed their own government, officially entering the United States of America this day as the 35th state. Charleston is the capital of the Mountain State which boasts of having the most rugged terrain of any state east of the Mississippi. Throughout the forested hills of West Virginia, youll also find many cardinals (the state bird) and multitudes of the state flower, the big rhododendron.", "Abraham Lincoln, relying on his war powers, responded to Virginia’s repeated intrastate disputes and approved West Virginia’s admission into the Union. Northwestern and eastern Virginia divided politically; over issues like voting rights, abolitionism and industrialization. In August 1863 Wheeling became the capital of the State of West Virginia, and the capital of the Union-friendly restored government of Virginia moved from Wheeling to the federally-occupied city of Alexandria. Richmond remained the capital of seceded Virginia and the Confederate States of America. The military repeatedly criticized the Alexandria Gazette for its dual coverage of Alexandria and Richmond politics. Restored Governor of Virginia Francis H. Pierpont—a lawyer, northwestern Virginia coal operator, and anti-slavery Whig— also moved to Alexandria in 1863. Mayor Lewis McKenzie, Unionist Congressman Lewis McKenzie and First Ward Alderman Lewis McKenzie welcomed him. Pierpont established his executive offices in the Farmer’s Bank Building. McKenzie, born October 7, 1810, was a lifelong Alexandrian; a byproduct of Virginia’s antebellum south and an abolitionist repulsed by the city’s slave trade. In 1864 the restored government [seven Virginia counties] called a Convention. The attendees acknowledged the 35th State of West of Virginia, adopted an amended constitution, and abolished slavery. “There have been few Alexandrians whose Old Town Crier", "The Huntington Metro Area is sometimes called KYOWVA, an acronym that refers to the three states that make up the region, (Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia). As of the 2010 census, the Huntington Metro Area is the largest in West Virginia with a population of 365,419. Huntington is combined with Charleston, the state capital, as the Huntington-Charleston TV market, the 64th-largest in the nation. ", ": The 35the largest state is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Kentucky to the west, Maryland and Washington, D.C. to the north and east. In the South, it shares it borders with North Carolina and Tennessee, while West Virginia lies to its north and west. Apart from the heavily forested region on the west, the map shows the location of airports near Richmond, Alexandria and Norfolk. Richmond, the state capital located in eastern Virginia, is known for the famous Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Virginia Beach, the largest city, is located on the southern tip. Alexandria, in northeast Virginia, is home to quite a few memorials and the Arlington National Cemetery.", "On April 20th, 1863, President Lincoln issued a proclamation that sixty days after that date West Virginia would become a state  (June 20, 1863). Meanwhile, officers for the new state were chosen, and Governor Peirpoint moved his capital to Alexandria, from which he asserted jurisdiction over the counties of Virginia within the Federal lines.   ", "There was just one problem: West Virginia became a separate state in 1863, and Wheeling became the capital of the new state. Forty-eight counties now belonged to West Virginia, not Virginia. The governor of the Union version of Virginia, Francis Pierpont, had to leave Wheeling and move back to what remained of Virginia.", "A temporary office building was speedily erected in forty-two working days after January 14, 1921, at a cost of $225,000, of wood and wallboard construction at the Daniel Boone Hotel site. That same year a State Capitol Commission was created during an extraordinary session of the Legislature when seven members were selected to choose an architect and find a 'suitable location for a complex of buildings of impressive structure which would serve the needs of state government in a practical sense for a long time to come'. The \"Pasteboard Capitol\" and other Charleston buildings would serve as temporary offices and houses for the state courts and Legislature for several years to come as the steps were carefully and decisively taken for the construction of a permanent and enduring monument to West Virginia's statehood.", "Wheeling (39), largest city in West Virginia, U.S., on the Ohio River, 67 m. SW. of Pittsburg; contains some fine buildings; is a country rich in bituminous coal; has extensive manufactures; is a great railway centre, and carries on an extensive trade.", " West Virginia is a state in the Appalachia / Upland South region of the United States. West Virginia broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War and was admitted to the Union as a separate state on June 20, 1863. It is the only state formed as a direct result of the American Civil War, and the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state. West Virginia is one of the Border States. The Census Bureau considers West Virginia part of the South because most of the state is below the Mason-Dixon Line, though its northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio with Weirton on a parallel with Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the \"Old Dominion\" and the \"Mother of Presidents\" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city, though Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's estimated population is 8,185,866 as of 2012.", ", as well as the theories that the seat of government wouldn't get big enough to need it and that the District would not develop much of a local population. Both ended up happening, of course, and several major buildings such as the Pentagon are across the Potomac River in what is now known as Arlington, Virginia. As for the people, over 600,000 live in DC proper, and its suburbs sprawl out quite a ways into Virginia and Maryland, and even into West Virginia, as the seventh-largest metro area in the US. For fun trivia, residents of DC proper enjoy a little-known perk: they may attend any public college in the US and only pay in-state tuition.", "Exhibited at West Virginia Independence Hall are: An ORDINANCE to provide for the election of representatives in the Congress of the United States. Passed August 20, 1861. , Acts of The General Assembly, Passed At The Regular Session, Held December Second, 1861. At The City Of Wheeling.\" Wheeling, 1862, Acts Of The General Assembly, Passed At The Extra Session held May Sixth, 1862 at the City of Wheeling, and the Exceedingly rare Acts of the Legislature of West Virginia, at Its First Session, Commencing June 20th, 1863 - courtesy of America's Four United Republics", "West Virginia is one of two U.S. states formed during the American Civil War (1861–1865), along with Nevada , and is the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state. It was originally part of the British Virginia Colony (1607–1776) and the western part of the state of Virginia (1776–1863), whose population became sharply divided over the issue of secession from the Union and in the separation from Virginia, formalized by admittance to the Union as a new state in 1863. With statehood, West Virginia became one of the Civil War Border States. West Virginia, furthermore, profoundly affected by its mountainous terrain, spectacular river valleys, and rich natural resources, was ripe for Guerrilla war.", "Virginia is one of the thirteen original colonies, and one of the first states to ratify the Declaration of Independence. It is known as the \"Mother of States\" as its original territory included West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and Tennessee. It is also known as the \"Mother of Presidents,\" as eight U.S. presidents were born in the state: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, William Harrison, John Tyler, Zachary Taylor, and Woodrow Wilson.", "After the creation of West Virginia in 1863, there were few locations available within the now-altered boundaries of Virginia for Union sympathizers to locate a capital of the Restored Government of Virginia. The Civil War was still being hotly contested, and it was not clear which side would win.", "Washington, D.C., United State's capital. The city stands on the Potomac river and bordered by the state of Maryland to the north and Virginia to the.", "Largely inspired by Paris, since its designer Pierre-Charles Désiré L’Enfant ( Jackson 1980 ) was French, the new capital city of the United States built between 1790 and 1800, after years of erratic movements of the national seat of power in previous years, is also organized around a major axis of power. The center of Washington, DC ( Bowling 1980 ; Reps 1991 ; Boquet 1995 ; Abbott 1999 ; Gournay 2006 ; Gutheim and Lee 2006 ), a square area 10 miles by 10 miles (16 kilometers by 16 kilometers) carved out of Maryland, on the left (east) bank of the Potomac River, and Virginia on the west bank (this part of Virginia was later retroceded to Virginia to form Arlington County) is Capitol Hill, the seat of the United States Congress. The city is divided in four quadrants from the Capitol, and the city plan is made up of a series of streets organized by letters (east-west streets) and numbers (north-south streets), while diagonal avenues bearing the names of states provide larger thoroughfares. As in Paris Rond-Point des ChampsElysées, and later around Place de l’Etoile, a round plaza (Dupont Circle for example) allows a distribution of traffic between lettered streets, numbered streets, and statenamed streets. A similar pattern was later followed in Indianapolis.", "Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, \"the District\", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the Residence Act approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country's East Coast. As permitted by the U.S. Constitution, the District is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States Congress and is therefore not a part of any U.S. state.", "Washington, D.C., is the capital of the United States and home to many of the country's most famous and recognizable landmarks. Follow this slideshow to learn more about some of the capital city's notable sites.", "The West Virginia Legislature is bicameral. It consists of the House of Delegates and the Senate. It is a citizen's legislature, meaning that legislative office is not a full-time occupation, but rather a part-time position. Consequently, the legislators often hold a full-time job in their community of residence.", "The Second Wheeling Convention met as agreed on June 11 and declared that, since the Secession Convention had been called without the consent of the people, all its acts were void and that all who adhered to it had vacated their offices. The Wheeling Conventions, and the delegates themselves, were never actually elected by public ballot to act on behalf of western Virginia. An act for the reorganization of the government was passed on June 19. The next day Francis H. Pierpont was chosen by other delegates at the convention to be governor of Virginia, other officers were elected, and the convention adjourned. The legislature was composed of 103 members, 33 of whom had been elected to the Virginia General Assembly on May 23.", "West Virginia's history has been profoundly affected by its mountainous terrain, numerous and vast river valleys, and rich natural resources. These were all factors driving its economy and the lifestyles of its residents, and remain so today.", "Washington was instrumental in lobbying the state legislature in 1891 to locate the newly authorized West Virginia State University in the Kanawha Valley of West Virginia. He visited the campus often and spoke at its first commencement exercise. ", "Lynchburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 75,568. The 2014 census estimates an increase to 79,047. Located in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the banks of the James River, Lynchburg is known as the \"City of Seven Hills\" or the \"Hill City\". Lynchburg was the only major city in Virginia that was not captured by the Union before the end of the American Civil War. ", "Yeager Airport is West Virginia's largest airport serving more than twice as many passengers as all other WV airports combined. It is located 2 mi north of Interstate 64 and Interstate 77, accessible via WV 114.", "The Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex dominates the city's stature as a regional and national hub for government and politics. All administrative functions of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania are located within the complex and at various nearby locations." ]

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[ "On June 22, 1941, the German military launched \"Operation Barbarossa\"-a full-scale invasion of the Soviet Union that negated the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. In response, the United States offered Lend-Lease assistance to the Soviet Union.", "Operation Barbarossa was the name given to Nazi Germany’s invasion of Russia on June 22nd 1941. Barbarossa the largest military attack of World War Two and was to have appalling consequences for the Russian people.", "On June 22, 1941, the Nazis invaded Russia. Operation Barbarossa, as it was called—its name a reference to the twelfth century Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa—was the largest land invasion in history. Fought according to the blitzkrieg (\"lightning war\") tactics already demonstrated elsewhere in Europe, the invasion relied on mechanized infantry divisions and Panzer (tank) columns with heavy aerial support.", "Operation Barbarossa (German: Fall Barbarossa, literally \"Case Barbarossa\"), beginning 22 June 1941, was the code name for Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II . [16] [17] Over the course of the operation, about four million soldiers of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a 2,900 km (1,800 mi) front, [1] [3] [18] the largest invasion in the history of warfare. In addition to troops, Barbarossa initially used 600,000 motor vehicles and 625,000 horses. [19] The ambitious operation was driven by Adolf Hitler 's persistent desire to conquer the Soviet territories as embodied in Generalplan Ost . It marked the beginning of the pivotal phase in deciding the victors of the war. The German invasion of the Soviet Union caused a high rate of fatalities: 95 percent of all German Army casualties that occurred from 1941 to 1944, and 65 percent of all Allied military casualties from the entire war.[ citation needed ]", "On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany launched Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa). The armed forces of Germany and its allies invaded the Soviet Union , quickly advancing deep into Soviet territory. In December, having suffered multiple defeats during the summer and autumn, Soviet forces counter-attacked during the Battle of Moscow and successfully drove the German Army (Wehrmacht Heer) from the environs of Moscow.", "Operation Barbarossa was the code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, commencing on 22 June 1941. Over the course of the operation, about four million soldiers of the Axis powers invaded Soviet Russia along a 2,900 km front, making it the largest invasion in the ... more", "The major goal of Hitler's conquest lay in the East. On June 22, 1941, the German army advanced on Russia in the so-called Operation Barbarossa, which Hitler regarded as Germany's final struggle for existence and \"living space\" ( Lebensraum ) and for the creation of the \"new order\" of German racial domination. However, after initial rapid advances, the German troops were stopped by the severe Russian winter and failed to reach any of their three major goals: Leningrad, Moscow, and Stalingrad. The following year's advances were again slower than expected, and with the first major setback at Stalingrad (1943), the long retreat from Russia began. A year later, the Western Allied forces of America, England, and Russia started advancing on Germany.", "On June 22, 1941, Germany, together with its allies (Finland, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Italy), invaded Russia in a gigantic surprise attack.", "Operation Barbarossa: Was the German codename for the invasion of the USSR which took place on 22 June 1941. Launched by Hitler in violation of the existing non-aggression treaty with Stalin, it was designed to provide the Reich with 'living space in the East'.", "On June 22 , 1941 , Germany launched an invasion against the Soviet Union, code-named Operation Barbarossa . The leader of the USSR, Josef Stalin , had been warned repeatedly by outside sources and his own intelligence network of the impending invasion, but he ignored the warnings. Moreover, on the very night of the invasion Soviet troops received a directive undersigned by Marshal Timoshenko and General of the Army Georgi Zhukov that commanded: \"do not answer to any provocations\" and \"do not undertake any actions without specific orders\". The early weeks of the invasion were devastating for the Soviet Army. Enormous numbers of Soviet troops were encircled in pockets and fell into Nazi German hands. In addition to German troops, a few Italian, Hungarian and Romanian troops were also involved in the campaign. Finland also sent troops, but oddly, the Finns initially declared neutrality, however with both German and Soviet troops on her soil, Finland was well prepared for to join forces with Nazi Germany when the Soviet Union attacked on June 25 . The following conflict from 1941 - 1944 is sometimes referred to as the Continuation War , as in the continuation of the Winter War .", "On June 22 , 1941 , Hitler gave the signal for three million German troops to attack the Soviet Union , breaking the non-aggression pact he had concluded with Stalin less than two years earlier. This invasion, code-named Operation Barbarossa , seized huge amounts of territory, including the Baltic states, Belarus , and Ukraine , along with the encirclement and destruction of many Soviet forces. German forces, however, were stopped short of Moscow in December 1941 by the Russian winter and fierce Soviet resistance (see Battle of Moscow ), and the invasion failed to achieve the quick triumph over the Soviet Union which Hitler had anticipated.", "Before 1917, a city in Europe's eastern direction was part of heavy Soviet forces fighting the Germans. 24 years later, Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the  Soviet Union . On the first day of October,  Germany  forces were encountered by the Soviets at Kharkov trying to get hold of three major outposts in the ruined city. As the battle continued, Stalingrad and Kursk became heavily bombarded by German artillery. On August 23, 1943, the Soviets had won the two battles against the Germans.", "On June 22, 1941 the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union commenced with Operation Barbarossa. Between June 22 and July 26, 1941, Romanian troops with the help of Wehrmacht recovered Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. The Soviets employed scorched earth tactics during their forced retreat from Bessarabia, destroying the infrastructure and transporting movable goods to Russia by railway. At the end of July, after a year of Soviet rule, the region was once again under Romanian control.", "On June 22, 1941 the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union commenced with Operation Barbarossa . Between June 22 and July 26, 1941, Romanian troops with the help of Wehrmacht recovered Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. The Soviets employed scorched earth tactics during their forced retreat from Bessarabia, destroying the infrastructure and transporting movable goods to Russia by railway. At the end of July, after a year of Soviet rule, the region was once again under Romanian control.", "Operation Barbarossa was the code name given by Nazi Germany to its invasion of the USSR during World War II . The largest military invasion in history, it comprised of more than four million Axis troops, stretched along almost two thousand miles of the Eastern Front. Although the Germans achieved some notable tactical victories during the operation, strategically it was a failure as the Nazis failed to capture Moscow. Barbarossa proved to be a turning point in the history of the war, and Germany never again threatened the Soviet capital.", "Operation Barbarossa was named after Frederick Barbarossa , the medieval Holy Roman Emperor. The invasion was authorized by Hitler on 18 December 1940 ( Directive No. 21 ) for a start date of 15 May 1941, but this would not be met, and instead the invasion began on 22 June 1941. Tactically, the Germans won resounding victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union, mainly in Ukraine. [20] Despite these successes, the German offensive stalled on the outskirts of Moscow and was then pushed back by a Soviet counter offensive without having taken the city. The Germans could never again mount a simultaneous offensive along the entire strategic Soviet–German front . [21] The Red Army repelled the Wehrmacht 's strongest blow, and forced an unprepared Germany into a war of attrition with the largest nation on Earth.", "On June 22, 1941, the German offensive was launched by three army groups under the same commanders as in the invasion of France in 1940. On the left (north), an army group under Gen. Wilhelm von Leeb struck from East Prussia into the Baltic states toward Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). On the right (south), another army group, under Gen. Gerd von Rundstedt , with an armoured group under Gen. Paul Ludwig von Kleist , advanced from southern Poland into Ukraine against Kiev, whence it was to wheel southeastward to the coasts of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov . Last, in the centre, north of the Pripet Marshes , the main blow was delivered by Gen. Fedor von Bock ’s army group, with one armoured group under Gen. Heinz Guderian and another under Gen. Hermann Hoth, thrusting northeastward at Smolensk and Moscow.", "Respite came as Hitler turned eastwards. By May 1941 the Nazi leader was finalising his grand strategic plan: the invasion and defeat of the Soviet Union. This invasion – Operation Barbarossa – was launched on 22 June 1941, diverting many German aircraft from attacks on Britain. The nation breathed a sigh of relief.", "June 22. Operation Barbarossa. Germany invades the western borders of the Ukrainian SSR and the Belorussian SSR. The German army has 3.5 million soldiers in 190 divisions. The powerful Ukrainian T-34 tank surprises the German Panzers. The NKVD massacres over 19,000 Ukrainian political prisoners in Lviv and other West Ukrainian cities before retreating.", "The German offensive against the Soviet Union, which had been prepared in great secret (operation Barbarossa), started on the 22nd of June, 1941. Rumania, Hungary and Finland, later also Italy, had been persuaded to join in the operation. The purpose was to take the European territories of the Soviet Union as far as the Astrakan-Arkangel line, and the first stage of the attack went smoothly and rapidly. Large sections of the red army were blockaded and numerous prisoners captured. Nevertheless, Hitlers attempts to take Leningrad and Moscow by the end of 1941 were unsuccessful, and during the winter the red army managed to reorganize their troops for counter-offensives. However, due to the blockade, the people in Leningrad had to suffer from starvation from September 1941 till January 1944. The enormous manpower resources of the Soviet Union and her ability to set the war industry in motion again in the Ural area, began to produce results in the course of the years. The material aid of the Western Powers, the so-called lend-and-lease system, helped the red army to cope with the periods of the worst material shortage. The convoys transporting this aid were the targets of the German navy and airforce on the Arctic Ocean.", "* 1941: Germany invades the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa; fails to capture Moscow or Leningrad", "Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. Despite the fact that all the intelligence given to Stalin pointed to a German attack, plus the obvious preparations the Germans were making, the Wehrmacht achieved complete surprise. In the first day alone more then 1000 planes were caught on the ground and destroyed (more planes than the German Air force managed to destroy during the whole \"Battle of Britain\"), while the German Panzers were already slicing through the Russian lines, beginning the first of many encirclements of the Russian Armies. Since a large part of the Red Army was massed along the border, the German Army managed to capture or destroy whole armies. On the 28th of June they took Minsk and managed to surround 15 Soviet Divisions, which later surrendered. On July the 15th, the Germans took Smolensk, and on August 5th they captured the 250,000-300,000 Russians soldiers encircled around it. Similar progress was made by Army Group North in the Baltic States, while Army Group South's advance was slow but steady.", "After encircling the 23rd Division, Zhukov proceeded to annihilate it, while forcing the remaining Japanese back to the border. As Stalin was planning for the invasion of Poland, the campaign in Mongolia was ended and a peace agreement signed on September 15. For his leadership, Zhukov was made a Hero of the Soviet Union. Returning west, he was promoted to general and made Chief of General Staff of the Red Army in January 1941. On June 22, 1941, the Soviet Union was invaded by Nazi Germany opening the Eastern Front of World War II .", "On June 22, 1941, Operation Barbarossa began, the largest military invasion in history. Three German Army Groups, an Axis force of over four million men, advanced rapidly deep into the Soviet Union, destroying almost the entire western Red Army in huge battles of encirclement. Nevertheless, the Soviets dismantled as much industry as possible ahead of the advancing Axis forces, moving it to areas east of the Ural Mountains for reassembly, and ultimately resupplying the Soviet armies and contributing mightily to the destruction of Germany. By late November, the Axis had reached a line at the gates of Leningrad, Moscow, and Rostov, at the cost of about 23 percent casualties. Their advance then ground to a halt as the harsh Russian winter set in. The German General Staff had underestimated the size of the Soviet army and its ability to draft new troops. German soldiers were ill-equipped for harsh weather, and logistics were poor because of the distances, the rudimentary rail and road system , and the breakdown of men, animals and machinery in extreme cold.", "On 5 December 1940, Hitler received the final military plans for the invasion which were drawn since July 1940 already under the codename Operation Otto. [54] He approved them all, with the start scheduled for May 1941. [55] On 18 December, Hitler signed War Directive No. 21 to the German High Command for an operation now codenamed \"Operation Barbarossa\" stating: \"The German Wehrmacht must be prepared to crush Soviet Russia in a quick campaign.\" [55] [56] The operation was named after Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire , a leader of the Third Crusade in the 12th century. The invasion was set for 15 May 1941. [56] The plan for Barbarossa assumed that the Wehrmacht would emerge victorious if it could destroy the bulk of the Red Army west of the Western Dvina and Dnieper Rivers. This assumption would be proven fatally wrong less than a month into the invasion. [57]", "Barbarossa, German codename for the invasion of the USSR which took place on 22 June 1941 (see Map 14). Launched by Hitler in violation of the existing non-aggression treaty with Stalin, it was designed to provide the Reich with 'living space in the East'. The German dictator had advocated the conquest of the USSR as early as 1924 in his book, Mein Kampf. At the same time, the campaign was to lay the foundations for the expected conflict with the two Anglo-Saxon powers for primacy as a world power and to free Germany of the economic warfare the Allies were waging against it.", "On 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany broke the non-aggression treaty and invaded the Soviet Union with the largest and most powerful invasion force in human history, opening the largest theater of World War II. Although the German army had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow. Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942–43, and then in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943. Another German failure was the Siege of Leningrad, in which the city was fully blockaded on land between 1941 and 1944 by German and Finnish forces, and suffered starvation and more than a million deaths, but never surrendered. Under Stalin's administration and the leadership of such commanders as Georgy Zhukov and Konstantin Rokossovsky, Soviet forces took Eastern Europe in 1944–45 and captured Berlin in May 1945. In August 1945 the Soviet Army ousted the Japanese from China's Manchukuo and North Korea, contributing to the allied victory over Japan.", "In the two years leading up to the invasion, the two countries signed political and economic pacts for strategic purposes. Nevertheless, on 18 December 1940, Hitler authorized an invasion of the Soviet Union, with a planned start date of 15 May 1941. The actual invasion began on 22 June 1941. Over the course of the operation, about four million soldiers of the Axis powers invaded the Soviet Union along a 2900 km front, the largest invasion force in the history of warfare. In addition to troops, the Germans employed some 600,000 motor vehicles and between 600,000 and 700,000 horses. It marked the beginning of the rapid escalation of the war, both geographically and in the formation of the Allied coalition.", "During World War II , Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, opening the largest and bloodiest theatre of war in history and violating an earlier non-aggression pact between the two countries. The Soviet Union suffered the largest loss of life in the war, but halted the Axis advance at intense battles such as at Stalingrad , eventually driving through Eastern Europe and capturing Berlin in 1945. Having played the decisive role in the Allied victory in Europe, the Soviet Union established the Eastern Bloc in much of Central and Eastern Europe and emerged as one of the world's two superpowers after the war. Together with new socialist satellite states , through which the Soviet Union established economic and military pacts , it became involved in the Cold War , a prolonged ideological and political struggle against the Western Bloc , and in particular the other superpower, the United States .", "How do you know that operation barbarossa started at 22 of June in 1941 at exactly 0445? I would like to know your sources. thanks", "Operation Bagration was a major Soviet offensive against German Army Group Centre in June 1944, during the Second World War and regarded by Russian historians as perhaps the most decisive operation of the war on the Eastern Front. In the space of four weeks, the Soviets destroyed 25 German divisions, crossed eastern Poland , and advanced 725 km/ finishing on the line of the Vistula river. The German field marshal Ernst Busch was forewarned of the attack and requested permission to fall back to a better defensive line on the river Beresina, but Hitler refused and ordered the Group to remain in position. The Soviet force consisted of over 40 tank brigades plus supporting troops, heavily outnumbering the Germans in both tanks and artillery . The Germans were encircled and cut off in the Vitebsk, Mogilev, and Bobruysk areas and suffered heavy losses.", "Blau finally opened as Army Group South began its attack into southern Russia on 28 June 1942. The German offensive started well. Soviet forces offered little resistance in the vast empty steppes and started streaming eastward. Several attempts to re-establish a defensive line failed when German units outflanked them. Two major pockets were formed and destroyed: the first, northeast of Kharkov, on 2 July, and a second, around Millerovo, Rostov Oblast, a week later. Meanwhile, the Hungarian 2nd Army and the German 4th Panzer Army had launched an assault on Voronezh, capturing the city on 5 July." ]

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[ "Wasabi is a perennial species that grows extremely sluggishly. These plants have branched roots, a condensed stem (also known as a rhizome), large leaves and elongated petioles (stem leaves). Each and every part of this plant, counting the leaves, stems, roots and rhizome, is collected, ground and employed for various purposes. The long petioles (stems) of wasabi appear from the rhizome and grow to a height of anything between 12 inches and 18 inches and, in some instances, may even measure about 40 mm (1 � inches) across. These petioles end to form solitary leaves that are heart-shaped. When grown in the most favourable conditions, the leaves of wasabi may be as large as a small dinner plate. The rhizome of Wasabia japonica functions as the store room of the plant, where all its nutrients (akin to that of a potato ) are stored. Incidentally, the flavours of this herb are also more intense in the rhizome. The rhizome of wasabi resembles a Brussels sprout stalk following the removal of the sprouts.", "Wasabi is traditionally from the root of the wasabia japonica plant. However, most wasabi in restaurants is a mix of green-dyed horseradish and mustard powder.[14]", "Wasabi is generally sold either as a stem, which must be very finely grated before use, as dried powder in large quantities, or as a ready-to-use paste in tubes similar to travel toothpaste tubes. Because it grows mostly submerged, it is a common misconception to refer to the part used for wasabi as a root or sometimes even a rhizome: it is in fact the stem of the plant, with the characteristic leaf scar where old leaves fell off or were collected. ", "Wasabi is a Japanese plant or root vegetable (it is known in English as Japanese Horseradish) with a thick green root which tastes like strong horseradish and is used in cookery, especially in powder or paste forms as an accompaniment to raw fish. The wasabi plant is a member of the Brassicaceae family (which also includes cabbages, horseradish and mustard). The root of the Wasabi plant is used as a condiment and has an extremely strong flavour. Its hotness is more like a hot mustard - the vapours tend to stimulate the nasal passages more than they do the tongue, so whilst you might not feel a burning sensation or experience a numb tongue it will certainly help you to clear any sinuses. Because the burning sensation of wasabi is not oil based it is only a short burning sensation compared to that of a chilli, the burning sensation will go away after a short time and it is recommended you eat and drink as normal which will assist in the alleviation of the burning. It is very important to remember that less is always more when it comes to Wasabi; the more you have the more painful the burn is going to be.", "Wasabi is a member of the Brassicaceae family, which includes cabbages, horseradish and mustard. Known as “Japanese horseradish”, its root is used as a spice and has an extremely strong flavour. Its hotness is more akin to that of a hot mustard than the capsaicin in a chilli pepper, producing vapours that irritate the nasal passages more than the tongue. The plant grows naturally along stream beds in mountain river valleys in Japan. There are also other species used, such as W. koreana, and W. tetsuigi. The two main cultivars in the marketplace are W. japonica cv. ‘Daruma’ and cv. ‘Mazuma’, but there are many others. Wasabi is generally sold either in the form of a root which must be very finely grated before use, or as a ready-to-use paste (either real wasabi or a mixture of horseradish, mustard and food colouring), usually in tubes approximately the size and shape of travel toothpaste tubes. The paste form is usually just horseradish, since fresh wasabi is extremely perishable and more expensive than horseradish. Once the paste is prepared it should remain covered until served to protect the flavour from evaporation. For this reason,sushi chefs usually put the wasabi between the fish and the rice.", "Leaves and Petioles : Virtually unknown in North America are the wasabi plant’s leaves. The palm-size leaves and long, crisp, light-green stems are both edible and delicious. They don’t taste quite like wasabi, but they have a bit of a spicy bite to them, and they make an excellent salad green.", "Wasabi: A spicy green paste made from the fleshy rhizome of Eutrema wasabi, the essential condiment for sashimi (raw fish). Wasabi comes from yet another member of the large mustard family (Brassicaceae). It is often called Japanese horseradish, not to be confused with ordinary horseradish (Armoracia rusticana).", "wasabi, Japanese plant (of the watercress family) that has a thick green root; green root of the wasabi plant; Japanese condiment made from the spicy greenish root of the wasabi plant that tastes like horseradish and is used in cooking as a powder or paste", "wasabi - the thick green root of the wasabi plant that the Japanese use in cooking and that tastes like strong horseradish; in powder or paste form it is often eaten with raw fish", "Wasabi (botanical name Wasabia japonica), also known as the Japanese horseradish, belongs to the Brassicaceae family. This botanical family also includes plants like horseradish , cabbages and mustard . While wasabi is also known as the Japanese horseradish, this plant does not belong to the plant species called horseradish. The wasabi root is often employed in the form of a flavouring agent and possesses a very potent essence. The hotness of this plant�s root is very much similar to the spiciness of the hot mustard compared to the capsaicin present in chili pepper, generating vapours that excite the nasal passages more compared to the tongue.", "Wasabi - The root of the Eutrema wasabi plant native to Japan is frequently called Japanese horseradish even though the two plants are not related. In Japan the root is available fresh and is often grated and added to fish dishes, but the rest of the world has to be content with powdered wasabi, or with powdered wasabi that has been prepared in a paste. In its dry, powdered form wasabi has little taste and only develops its eye-tearing and sinus-clearing pungency when mixed with water. It loses its flavor when exposed to heat, so is typically served with and added to cold foods. It is essential to sashimi and sushi. When buying powdered wasabi, read the label carefully. Many so-called \"wasabi\" products actually contain horseradish, mustard, and food coloring because wasabi is expensive to grow due to its finicky horticultural requirements. The real thing should cost at least twice as much as the imitation. Powdered wasabi has a shelf life of several months, and the prepared paste will last almost as long if properly stored.", "The Japanese condiment wasabi, although traditionally prepared from the wasabi plant, is now usually made with horseradish due to the scarcity of the wasabi plant. The Japanese botanical name for horseradish is , or \"Western wasabi\". Both plants are members of the family Brassicaceae.", "As its first alternate name implies, the wasabi is grown in Japan in natural environments alongside open bodies of water. It can reach heights of 30 centimeters, and its leaves, which are dark green and shaped like a kidney, can grow to 15 centimeters long by 15 centimeters wide. Seeds grow on the Wasabi plant in small, white flowers that attach themselves to the stem. This is referred to as it rhizome.", "In the U.S. there are very few places where the climate and growing conditions mimick Japan and that have had success. Wasabi Japonica (the root) is being grown in an area of the Blue Ridge Mountains, where the weather and conditions are similar to Japan and favorable for growing wasabi root. Real Wasabi, LLC offers authentic powder, dresings, sauces and whole wasabi roots. www.realwasabi.com.", "Wasabia japonica is a slow growing perennial with a rooted, thickened rhizome, long petioles and large leaves. The wasabi rhizome looks much like a brussel sprout stalk after the sprouts are removed. The long stems (petioles) of the Wasabia Japonica plant emerge from the rhizome to grow to a length of 12 to 18 inches and can reach a diameter of up to 1 ½ inches. They merge into single heart shaped leaves that can reach the size of a small dinner plate. Wasabia Japonoica plants can take as much as three years to reach maturity. Initially, given the right conditions, the wasabi plant produces robust top and root growth, growing to about 2 feet with an overall width about the same.", "1. A very pungent green Japanese condiment made from the root of the herb Wasabia japonica (syn. Eutrema wasabi) of the mustard family.", "Wasabia japonica is a member of the Cruciferae family which also includes cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, sprouts, water cress, radish, mustard and horseradish. The European horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) is a distant cousin of Wasabia japonica and is often coloured and mixed with mustard and other ingredients to produce a “fake” wasabi (50). The genus Wasabia consists of two species, Wasabia tenuis (an uncultivated species) and Wasabia japonica (the cultivated species). These two species are distinguished primarily by their cytology, stem size, colour, leaf size and shape (3).", "– Wasabi is a member of the super-healthy cruciferous family, which includes kale, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, mustard and more.", "Like its relatives in the cabbage family, wasabi owes its pungency to isothiocyanates. Two glucosinolates have been identified in the root: Sinigrin (90%), which is also the characteristic aroma compound of black mustard and horseradish , and traces of glucocochlearin. These tasteless compounds are enzymatically hydrolyzed to the pungent", "As the wasabi plants are very slow growing perennials, they may often take as many as three years to mature. When grown in the appropriate conditions, in the initial stage, the Wasabia japonica plants develop a vigorous top as well as the growth of the root too is healthy, often attaining an approximate height of two feet having nearly the same width in general. Once this early stage of growth passes, during which the plant establishes itself, the rhizome of the plant starts developing and storing more useful nourishments. Such concentration of vital energy is actually responsible for producing the most excellent flavours owing to which the wasabi rhizomes are usually extremely valued for culinary use. Normally, the wasabi rhizome attains a size of anything between 6 inches to 8 inches in length and about one inch in diameter in about two years from its inception.", "Wasabi can be brought in three different ways, generally for traditional Japanese cooking Wasabi is purchased as a root which is then finely grated down before use, it can be brought as dried powder in large quantities (a great option for Japanese restaurateurs) or the most commonly sold version to the general public is as paste in tubes (similar to a tube of toothpaste).", "Wasabi is most commonly used as a green-paste condiment for sushi and sashimi, but it is also added to a wide number of food products and Japanese dishes. It has a strong, hot flavor with short-lived burning sensations. It is extremely difficult to cultivate wasabi, so be on the lookout for wasabi imposters made of horseradish, Chinese mustard, and green food coloring. You can only get the potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-platelet, and anti-cancer benefits from the real deal.", "Wasabi is grown in the mountain valleys of Japan alongside steam beds; however, even in ideal conditions, wasabi cultivation is quite difficult, especially on a large scale, which makes genuine wasabi such a rare treat. Wasabi plants are only grown in a few locations in Japan, and real wasabi plants are rare outside of Japan. Due to the high demand, a wasabi imitation is often produced using horseradish, mustard, starch and green food coloring to imitate the appearance of genuine wasabi.", "A horseradish that is dried, powdered, and made into a pale green paste with an extremely potent flavor. Often mixed with soy sauce and served with sushi, sashimi, and other Japanese specialties. Also called \"wasabi.\"", "Wasabi is one of few condiments which had been traditionally used in the ancient Japanese cooking while many other condiments were introduced to Japan from other countries. Wasabi is known to have been naturalized in Japan as far back as the Nara period (710-794). Therefore, it is clearly distinguishable from the Western varieties of horseradish.", "Japanese green horseradish The rood is grated and mixed with soy to dip sashimi Fresh wasabi is sometimes available but it's more readily found in paste or powdered form", "Wasabi is very delicate plant, so it requires certain climate condition; such as cool temperature, mountain stream, etc. \"Sawa\" of \"Sawa-wasabi\" means mountain stream in Japanese language, that is why wasabi is often called as \"Sawa-wasabi\" It takes about a year to a year and half to harvest. Since wasabi is really picky about climate condition to grow, production area is very limited. Most of wasabi is produced in Shizuoka, Nagano, Iwate and Shimane prefecture in Japan. Cultivation of wasabi was started way back in ancient Japan history. There was a discovery of a very old wooden board from around year of 685, which has writing about wasabi. So, this wooden board proves that cultivation of wasabi has started at least 1300 years ago. Japanese oldest code law, \"Taihouritsuryo\" indicate wasabi was one of the things that people could render as a tax.", "“Most of the wasabi you get is nothing more than horseradish, mustard and green food coloring,” said Lambrecht, the marketing force behind the business and the co-owner— with his wife Reneé — of a wasabi-growing farm in North Carolina.  “Authentic wasabi is a wonderful herb, and more and more research is showing that it is a super-food, that it has medicinal values. “We hope to be successful in the food industry with wasabi, but we also want to educate, to continually update information about wasabi as it becomes available and create a scientific clearinghouse and database,” he said.", "[mass noun] A Japanese plant with a thick green root which tastes like strong horseradish and is used in cooking, especially in powder or paste form as an accompaniment to raw fish.", "Wasabi plants are native perennials found along stream beds in mountain river valleys in Japan. There are several varieties of wasabi and amongst them are:", "Wasabi is a condiment that many of us first encountered in the context of sushi — it was largely unknown outside of Japan until the North American sushi boom of the 1980s. That unfamiliarity may explain why most of us still haven't encountered real wasabi—but we've developed a taste for the thing we think is wasabi.", "Full-scale wasabi cultivation eventually began in 1774 in the Amagi area of Izu, Shizoka prefecture — a region then under direct control of the Shogunate. Amagi is still a major wasabi production region today." ]

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[ "In the end, defeated, Antony committed suicide and Cleopatra committed suicide, according to legend, by putting an asp to her breast.", "According to accepted historical accounts, Cleopatra, the last active pharaoh of ancient Egypt, committed suicide by holding a snake to her breast and allowing it to bite her, killing her with its poisonous venom. However, an Egyptologist now claims that although she is said to have liked snakes so much that she slept with them, Cleopatra was probably not killed by a venomous snake.  That said, it is “fairly certain” the ancient queen did commit suicide, he said.", "CAIRO — Everybody knows that Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, lover of Julius Caesar, widow of Mark Antony, committed suicide at age 39 by holding an asp to her breast.", "It is interesting, Bianchi added, to consider whether historians and artists, influenced by the Vatican torso or others like it, \"perpetuated the legend that she committed suicide by holding an asp to her breast.\"", "Dressed in her finest royal garments, Cleopatra kisses her maids goodbye. Iras falls dead, and Cleopatra takes a snake from the basket and presses it to her breast. She applies another asp to her arm, and dies. As the guards rush in to discover the dead queen, Charmian presses the snake to herself and joins her mistress in death. Dolabella enters, followed by Caesar. They realize the manner of the suicide, and Caesar orders Cleopatra to be buried next to Antony in a public funeral.", "The ancient sources, particularly the Roman ones, are in general agreement that Cleopatra killed herself by inducing an Egyptian cobra to bite her. The oldest source is Strabo, who was alive at the time of the event, and might even have been in Alexandria. He says that there are two stories: that she applied a toxic ointment, or that she was bitten by an asp on her breast, but he said in his writings that he was not sure if Cleopatra poisoned herself or was murdered. Several Roman poets, writing within ten years of the event, all mention bites by two asps, as does Florus, a historian, some 150 years later. Velleius, sixty years after the event, also refers to an asp. Other authors have questioned these historical accounts, stating that it is possible that Augustus had her killed. ", "Although they had suffered a decisive defeat, it was nearly a year before Octavian reached Alexandria and again defeated Antony. In the aftermath of the battle, Cleopatra took refuge in the mausoleum she had commissioned for herself. Antony, informed that Cleopatra was dead, stabbed himself with his sword. Before he died, another messenger arrived, saying Cleopatra still lived. Antony had himself carried to Cleopatra’s retreat, where he died after bidding her to make her peace with Octavian. When the triumphant Roman arrived, she attempted to seduce him, but he resisted her charms. Rather than fall under Octavian’s domination, Cleopatra committed suicide on August 12, 30 B.C., possibly by means of an asp, a poisonous Egyptian serpent and symbol of divine royalty.", "After Mark Antony's death Cleopatra realizes that Octavian can never treat her as anything but an enemy and that he will take her and her children to Rome to be paraded in a victory triumph. She sends Caesarion with trusted protectors to hide in the east of Egypt near the Red Sea. Cleopatra first intends to commit suicide by setting fire to the mausoleum where she has collected her treasures. Roman soldiers find entry to the mausoleum and thwart her plans. She is taken captive. Cleopatra then arranges for a poisonous snake, an asp, to be smuggled to her in a basket of figs. She then commits suicide by allowing the asp to bite her on her chest. She arranged for her and Mark Antony to be buried together. Octavian sent agents to hunt down Caesarion and kill him. Thus ended the sad life of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt at 39 years of age. She was the last of the Ptolemy dynasty.", "Cleopatra committed suicide, on 12 August 30 BC. In one account, she put an end to her life by the bite of an asp conveyed to her in a basket of figs. [3] Octavian had Caesarion killed later that year, finally securing his legacy as Caesar's only 'son'.", "After Antony’s death Cleopatra’s was taken to Octavian who informed her that she would be brought to Rome and paraded in the streets as part of his Triumph . Perhaps unable to bear the thought of this humiliation, on August 12, 30 BCE Cleopatra dressed in her royal robes and lay upon a golden couch with a diadem on her brow. According to tradition (found in ancient historian Plutarch , for example) she had an asp (an Egyptian cobra), brought to her concealed in a basket of figs, and died from the bite. Two of her female servants also died with her. The asp was a symbol of divine royalty to the Egyptians, so by allowing the asp to bite her, Cleopatra became immortal. Other historians (including Joyce Tyldesley) believe that Cleopatra used either a poisonous ointment or a vial of poison to commit suicide.", "It was to the mausoleum that Antony, dying of self-inflicted sword wounds, was brought on the first of August so he might take a last sip of wine and perish in Cleopatra's arms. And it may have been in the mausoleum where, ten days or so after Antony's death, Cleopatra herself escaped the humiliation of defeat and captivity by committing suicide at the age of 39, reputedly with the venom of an asp. The Roman historian Dio Cassius reported that Cleopatra's body was embalmed as Antony's had been, and Plutarch noted that on the orders of Octavian, the last queen of Egypt was buried beside her defeated Roman consort. Sixteen centuries later Shakespeare proclaimed: \"No grave upon the earth shall clip in it / a pair so famous.\"", "Following the Battle of Actium, Octavian invaded Egypt. As he approached Alexandria, Antony's armies deserted to Octavian. Cleopatra and Antony both committed suicide, Cleopatra by using a snake to poison herself on August 12, 30 BC. Cleopatra's son by Caesar, Caesarion, was executed by Octavian. The three children of Cleopatra with Antony were spared and taken back to Rome where they were reared by Antony's wife, Octavia.", "After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, she aligned with Mark Antony in opposition to Caesar's legal heir, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (later known as Augustus). With Antony, she bore the twins Cleopatra Selene II and Alexander Helios, and another son, Ptolemy Philadelphus (her unions with her brothers had produced no children). After losing the Battle of Actium to Octavian's forces, Antony committed suicide. Cleopatra followed suit. According to tradition, she killed herself by means of an asp bite on August 12, 30 BC. She was outlived by Caesarion, who was declared pharaoh by his supporters, but soon killed on Octavian's orders. Egypt then became the Roman province of Aegyptus.", "Octavian eventually entered Egypt, and Cleopatra tried once again to captivate the most important Roman but Octavian was not moved. He wanted to embellish his triumph by having her and her children dragged through the streets of Rome in chains. Rather than suffer such humiliation she sent him a letter asking that she might be buried with Antony, and then committed suicide by allowing a snake to bite her. Plutarch describes the scene, saying that she was found “stone dead, lying upon a bed of gold, set out in all her royal ornaments.”", "Soon after, Cleopatra was taken prisoner. Legend has it she smuggled a poisonous snake into her cell and placed it upon her chest where it delivered a fatal strike. Cleopatra was buried next to her beloved, where they lay together for eternity.", "Plutarch tells us of the death of Antony. When his armies deserted him and joined with Octavian, he cried out that Cleopatra had betrayed him. She, fearing his wrath, locked herself in her monument with only her two handmaidens and sent messengers to tell Antony that she was dead. Believing them, Antony stabbed himself in the stomach with his sword, and lay on his couch to die. Instead, the blood flow stopped, and he begged any and all to finish him off. Another messenger came from Cleopatra with instructions to bring him to her, and he, rejoicing that Cleopatra was still alive, consented. She would not open the door, but tossed ropes out of a window. After Antony was securely trussed up, she and her handmaidens hauled him up into the monument. This nearly finished him off. After dragging him in through the window, they laid him on a couch. Cleopatra tore off her clothes and covered him with them. She raved and cried, beat her breasts and engaged in self-mutilation. Antony told her to calm down, asked for a glass of wine, and died upon finishing it. ", "Octavian entered Alexandria in 30 BC. Cleopatra was captured and taken to him, but Octavian had no interest in any relation, reconciliation, or even negotiation with the Egyptian Queen. Realizing that her end was close, she decided to put an end to her life. It is not known for sure how she killed herself, but many believe she used a venomous snake as her death instrument.", "On August 12, 30 B.C., after burying Antony and meeting with the victorious Octavian, Cleopatra closed herself in her chamber with two of her female servants. The means of her death is uncertain, but Plutarch and other writers advanced the theory that she used a poisonous snake known as the asp, a symbol of divine royalty. According to her wishes, Cleopatra’s body was buried with Antony’s, leaving Octavian (later Emperor Augustus I) to celebrate his conquest of Egypt and his consolidation of power in Rome.", "Cleopatra VII Philopator, born in late 69 BC, was represented as the reincarnation of the Goddess Isis. From 48 to 47 BC, she was Julius Caesar's lover, and the mother of Caesarion. After Caesar's death, she became Mark Antony's wife. She commited suicide on the 12th of August, 30 BC after her spouse.", "Cleopatra insisted on taking part in the campaign. At the naval engagement at Actium in 31 bc, believing Antony's defeat to be inevitable, she withdrew her fleet from action, and she and Antony fled to Alexandria. On the approach of Octavian, Antony, deceived by a false report of the death of the queen, committed suicide. Hearing that Octavian intended to exhibit her in his triumph at Rome, Cleopatra killed herself, probably by poison, or, according to an old tradition, by the bite of an asp. Caesarion, the last member of the Ptolemy dynasty, was put to death by Octavian, and Egypt subsequently became a Roman province.", "Another story describing how Cleopatra died was documented by Plutarch, nearly hundred and thirty years after her demise. According to his account, Cleopatra was captured by Octavian in her mausoleum after Antony’s death. As Octavian wanted to present her to mark his victory, he asked his freedman Epaphroditus to keep a watch on her so that she does not commit suicide. However, she managed to trick Epaphroditus and induced an asp, hidden in a basket of figs, to bite her on her hand. She took this step to ensure her immortality as a goddess. A similar account was given by another historian Suetonius.", "Following the Battle of Actium, Octavian invaded Egypt. As he approached Alexandria, Antony’s armies deserted to Octavian. Cleopatra and Antony both committed suicide, Cleopatra doing so on August 12, 30 B.C.E. Cleopatra’s son by Caesar, Caesarion, was executed by Octavian. The three children of Cleopatra and Antony were spared and taken back to Rome where they were reared by Antony’s wife, Octavia.", "After Antony's death, Cleopatra was taken to Octavian where her role in Octavian's triumph was carefully explained to her. He had no interest in any relationship, negotiation or reconciliation with the Queen of Egypt. She would be displayed as a slave in the cities she had ruled over. She must have had memories of her sister, Arsinoe, being humiliated in this way. She would not live this way, so she had an asp, which was an Egyptian cobra, brought to her hidden in a basket of figs. She died on August 12, 30 BC at the age of 39. The Egyptian religion declared that death by snakebite would secure immortality. With this, she achieved her dying wish, to not be forgotten. The only other ruler to cast a shadow on the fascination with Cleopatra was Alexander who was another Macedonian. After Cleopatra's death, Caesarion was strangled and the other children of Cleopatra were raised by Antony's wife, Octavia.", "The episode most clearly evoking Cleopatra as an incarnation of Egypt and its poisonous luxuries is placed early in book 21. It appears within a discussion of various flowers and follows a discussion of the history and making of chaplets, their ritual use, laws against their being worn inappropriately, and the crowning of Scipio Africanus with one such floral offering. This anecdote serves as the culmination of a section that emphasizes the particularly Roman significance of garlands, and lends seriousness to a subject that would seem rather frivolous otherwise. At this point, Cleopatra defiles the custom of garland wearing by turning what was meant to be a festive token of honor into an instrument of death: [End Page 56]", "Cleopatra continued to mourn and harm herself, eventually falling into a fever from her wounds. She refused to eat but Octavian reputedly threatened to harm her children if she did not recover as he wanted her to feature in his triumph. Some later commentators have suggested that she may have been murdered by Octavian rather than committing suicide, but there is no evidence for this and although she may have been a figurehead for a rebellion against him he could simply have let her die of a fever at this point if he wanted to so this seems unlikely.", "There is yet another theory that contradicts the above theories regarding Cleopatra’s death. Many historians doubted that the great Egyptian queen was killed by Augustus. In fact, the widely acclaimed German historian, Christophe Schaefer, suggested that the Queen was compelled to drink a mixture of three poisons -- hemlock, opium, and wolfsbane. He concluded it on the basis of the fact that Cleopatra is known to have died a slow, pain-free death, while the death caused by an asp bite can be very painful.", "Conflicting versions of Cleopatra's suicide were in circulation almost immediately after her death, he said. Two of the most famous were provided by the Roman poet Horace and his Greek contemporary, Strabo, a historian and geographer.", "Regarded by the Romans as “fatale monstrum”- a fatal omen, Cleopatra is one of the ancient world’s most popular, though elusive figures. The Egyptian Queen has been immortalized by numerous writers and film-makers, most popularly by Shakespeare in Antony and Cleopatra, and by Hollywood in Cleopatra (1963) starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton. The latter work features the memorable image of the enticing young Cleopatra emerging gracefully from an unfurled carpet in front of Roman general Julius Caesar . But is Cleopatra to be regarded merely as the lover of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony ? Or did she play an important role not only in the history of Egypt , but also in that of the mighty Roman Republic ?", "Cleopatra's Needle was witness to both the brilliance and brutality of Golden Age Alexandria. It was, in fact, witness to an horrific murder.", "\"Cleopatra is a constant source of legends and theories, and is often credited with the writing of treatises on poisons, cosmetics and medicines,\" Touwaide said. \"I believe finding her body and applying forensic methods of analysis would be the only way to solve the mystery of her death.\"", "The Queen of the Nile committed suicide in August 30 B.C. at the age of 39, following the example of her lover, the Roman leader Marc Antony, who killed himself after losing the Battle of Actium.", "It is often difficult to gain a clear understanding of the personalities of the ancient world, for the portraits of them painted in the ancient texts are derived from layers of time-specific prejudice. When Nero was emperor and it was necessary that he be viewed favorably, Agrippina was described as a negative influence. When his reputation plummeted after his death and the Flavians rehabilitated Claudius' capital, she was held responsible for Claudius' inadequacies.  The constant theme, however, is the perception that she was a very ambitious woman.  The anecdote in which she asks Gaius to choose a name for her newborn son, retrojected on to the narrative as it probably was, makes this point as clearly as any, for it indicates that ambition was the driving force of her entire adult life. The message resurfaces in the accusations of her partnering with Aemilius Lepidus, her poisoning of Passienus Crispus, her seduction of Claudius and the manipulation of him in regard to the adoption of Nero and especially her poisoning him at the opportune moment.  The factual truth of all of these allegations must remain uncertain, but she was a woman who had both the means to make a place for herself in the high-stakes Julio-Claudian world and seemingly the will to exercise her options.  In the end she was overwhelmed by the weight of her competitive family." ]

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[ "Hernando de Soto (c.1496/1497–1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who, while leading the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States, was the first European documented to have crossed the Mississippi River.", "Hernando de Soto (c. 1500 – May 21, 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States (Florida, Georgia, Alabama and most likely Arkansas), and the first documented European to have crossed the Mississippi River.", "Hernando de Soto (c.1496/1497–1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States , and the first documented to have crossed the Mississippi River. [1]", "Spanish explorer and conquistador Hernando de Soto died on this day in 1542. He is best remembered for being the first European to explore the inland parts of what are now the USA and the first one who is documented to have crossed the Mississippi. All in all, he crossed thousands of kilometers.", "On May 8, 1541, south of present-day Memphis, Tennessee, Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River, one of the first European explorers to ever do so. After building flatboats, de Soto and his 400 ragged troops crossed the great river under the cover of night, in order to avoid the armed Native Americans who patrolled the river daily in war canoes. From there the conquistadors headed into present-day Arkansas, continuing their fruitless two-year-old search for gold and silver in the American wilderness.", "The first written recordings of someone other than a native Indian going to Indiana were by a Hispanic man, a Spaniard. Hernando DeSoto, a Spanish explorer and conquistador who, while leading the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States, was the first European to discover the Mississippi River.", "The 16th-century Spanish explorer and conquistador Hernando de Soto (c. 1496-1542) arrived in the West Indies as a young man and went on to make a fortune in the Central American slave trade. He supplied ships for Francisco Pizarro’s southward expedition and ended up accompanying Pizarro in his conquest of Peru in 1532. Seeking greater glory and riches, de Soto embarked on a major expedition in 1538 to conquer Florida for the Spanish crown. He and his men traveled nearly 4,000 miles throughout the region that would become the southeastern United States in search of riches, fighting off Native American attacks along the way. In 1541, de Soto and his men became the first Europeans to encounter the great Mississippi River and cross it; de Soto died early the next year.", "The main figure of this painting is Hernándo de Soto, a Spanish explorer who led the first Europeans to visit the Mississippi River and parts of southeastern North America.", "The word Mississippi comes from the Ojibwe name for the river, \"Messipi\", which means big river, or from the Algonquin Missi Sepe, \"great river,\" literally, \"father of waters.\" On May 8, 1541 Hernando de Soto became the first recorded white man to reach the Mississippi River, which he called \"Rio de Espiritu Santo\" (River of the Holy Spirit). French explorers Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi, which they knew by the Sioux name \"Ne Tongo\" (which, like the Ojibwe name, means big river), on May 17, 1673. In 1682, René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Henri de Tonty claimed the entire Mississippi River Valley for France, calling it Louisiana, for King Louis XIV.", "On April 6, 1538, de Soto and his fleet departed Sanlúcar. On their way to the United States, de Soto and his fleet stopped in Cuba. While there, they were delayed by helping the city of Havana recover after the French sacked and burned it. By May 18, 1539, de Soto and his fleet at last set out for Florida. On May 25 they landed at Tampa Bay. For the next three years de Soto and his men explored the southeastern United States, facing ambushes and enslaving natives along the way. After Florida came Georgia and then Alabama. In Alabama, de Soto encountered his worst battle yet, against Indians in Tuscaloosa. Victorious, de Soto and his men next headed westward, serendipitously discovering the mouth of the Mississippi River in the process. De Soto's voyage would, in fact, mark the first time that a European team of explorers had traveled via the Mississippi River.", "Hernando de Soto was born c. 1500 in Jerez de los Caballeros, Spain. In the early 1530s, while on Francisco Pizarro's expedition, de Soto helped conquer Peru. In 1539 he set out for North America, where he discovered the Mississippi River. De Soto died of fever on May 21, 1542, in Ferriday, Louisiana. In his will, de Soto named Luis de Moscoso Alvarado the new leader of the expedition.", "1539 – 1543: Hernando de Soto (representing Spain) setting sail from Havana, Cuba, he landed near Fort Myers, Florida on May 25, 1539 with a force of 570 men and 223 horses. De Soto, got his training with Pizarro in Peru, he had no respect for the indigenous population of Florida. His basic strategy, was to enter an Indian town, capture the chief, demand provision, then move to the next village, capture that chief, then release the chief from the previous village. During his expedition, de Soto killed many Indians wherever he went. They marched north from Florida, into Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee. Near Memphis, he built barges and crossed the Mississippi River, two years after landing in Florida. They marched through Arkansas and Oklahoma, then back to the Mississippi. De Sota, died of fever on May 21, 1542, at the mouth of the Red River. His successor, Luis Moscoso, continued the expedition, spending a fourth winter at the mouth of the Arkansas River. He built a ship, sailed down the Mississippi, across the Gulf of Mexico, and arrived in Mexico on September 1543, with 311 men, out of the original 570.", "De Soto had little interest in the river, which in his view was an obstacle to his mission. There has been considerable research into the exact location de Soto crossed the Mississippi River. A commission appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935 determined that Sunflower Landing, Mississippi was the \"most likely\" crossing place, where de Soto and his men spent a month building flatboats, and then crossed the river at night to avoid the Native Americans who were patrolling the river, and with whom De Soto had previously hostile relations. More recent research suggests other locations may have also been the site of de Soto's crossing, including three locations in Mississippi: Commerce, Friars Point, and Walls, as well as Memphis, Tennessee. Once across the river, they continued their travels westward through modern-day Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. They wintered in Autiamique, on the Arkansas River. Read Less", "*Hernando de Soto (c. 1496 – 1542) – Spanish explorer. Explored Florida, mainly northwest Florida, and discovered the Mississippi River.", "Soto, Hernando de Spanish explorer and conquistador who participated in the conquests of Central America and Peru and, in the course of exploring what was to become the southeastern United States, discovered the Mississippi River. Early years De Soto spent his youth in...", "The Mississippi River was discovered during Hernando de Soto's journey to find gold and a route to India for Spain.", "*1541 – Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River and names it Río de Espíritu Santo.", "On May 8, 1541, de Soto's troops reached the Mississippi River (Alonso Álvarez de Pineda was the first European to see it, in 1519, and sailed twenty miles up the river).", "Among the most significant early Spanish explorations was that of Hernando De Soto , a veteran conquistador who had accompanied Francisco Pizzaro during the conquest of Peru. Leaving Havana in 1539, De Soto's expedition landed in Florida and ranged through the southeastern United States as far as the Mississippi River in search of riches.", "Hernando de Soto - Mini Biography (TV-PG; 3:12) Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who participated in the conquests of Central America and Peru and discovered the Mississippi River.", "Discovery of the Mississippi. After this battle De Soto learned that his ships were at Pensacola Bay—only a few days' journey from Mauvilla; but he kept their arrival a secret from his men, fearing that they would all want to return home. The vessels, after long waiting in vain, returned to Cuba. De Soto next turned to the northwest on the journey that led him to the Mississippi. This the Spaniards called simply the Great River. They made boats and rafts from the trees on the banks and so crossed. The summer, autumn, and winter were spent in exploring the regions beyond; but in the spring he decided to go to the coast and send a vessel to Cuba to ask for help in carrying on the expedition. He had now lost 250 men and 150 horses.", "The importance of the Old Natchez Trace as a road of national significance cannot be overestimated. The existence of the trail, and its subsequent use by travelers during America's history, brought about the opening of the Western frontier. The Trace's use was a major factor contributing to the development of the nation's interior. The vast network of trails, which we now know as the Natchez Trace, was used by American Indians in prehistoric times, and later as a road of commerce between many American Indian nations. The Spanish explorer Hernando DeSoto and his expedition force are believed to be the first Europeans to have used part of the Trace on their 1540 journey across the southeastern United States.", "1500-1542 First Spanish explorer to sail the Atlantic and the first European to explore Florida and southeastern US First to discover the Mississippi River", "The Caddo first encountered Europeans in 1541 when the Hernando de Soto Expedition came through their lands. De Soto's force had a violent clash with one band of Caddo Indians, the Tula, near present-day Caddo Gap, Arkansas. This historic event has been marked by the town with a monument. ", "Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries. Most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound builders, formed prolific agricultural societies. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the native way of life as first explorers, then settlers, ventured into the basin in increasing numbers. The river served first as a barrier – forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States – then as a vital transportation artery and communications link. In the 19th century, during the height of the ideology of Manifest Destiny, the Mississippi and several western tributaries, most notably the Missouri, formed pathways for the western expansion of the United States.", "Historians have worked to trace the route of de Soto's expedition in North America, a controversial process over the years. Local politicians have vied to have their locales associated with the expedition. The most widely used version of \"De Soto's Trail\" comes from a study commissioned by the Congress of the United States. A committee chaired by the anthropologist John R. Swanton published The Final Report of the United States De Soto Expedition Commission in 1939. Among other locations, Manatee County, Florida, claims an approximate landing site for de Soto and has a national memorial recognizing that event. [8] The first part of the expedition's course, until de Soto's battle at Mabila (a small fortress town in present-day central Alabama. [9] ), is disputed only in minor details today. His route beyond Mabila is contested. Swanton reported the de Soto trail ran from there through Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas.", "In 1539, Hernando de Soto landed at Tampa Bay in what is now the US State of Florida. With 600 soldiers in tow, his goal was to find gold for the Spanish Crown. At that same time natives on the continent lived without fear as they were ignorant of the outside world. Soon their innocence disappeared, as Europeans began to stake their claims, frequently in brutal ways.", "The Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto landed at Tampa Bay Florida with 600 soldiers. His aim was to find gold but he also introduced pigs into North America.", "Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto explores the southwestern part of the state in search of gold.", "The first known European reference to Florida is in a 1502 map by Cantino, which maps Florida and aptly describes the unique vegetation rafts in the St. Johns Rivers by originally naming the river the Rio de las Almadias (River of Rafts). Later, in 1513 Juan Ponce de León arrived near Cape Canaveral, and not until 1562 did Europeans settle the north Atlantic coast of the peninsula. Early Spanish explorers named the river Rio de Corientes (River of Currents). The St. Johns River became the first place colonized in the region and its first battleground: when French explorer Jean Ribault erected a monument south of the river's mouth to make the French presence known, it alarmed the Spanish who had been exploring the southern and western coast of the peninsula for decades. Ribault was detained after he returned to Europe.", "After helping conquer the Incas in Central America, de Soto had sailed from Cuba to Tampa Bay in 1539. He brought about 650 men, many horses, dogs, and Spanish hogs, which were not native to the continent. He then set out exploring and pillaging what is now the Southeast of the US.", "The webpage that follows is intended as a travel guide to East Florida's most important waterway as it appeared in 1765-1766 before the natural terrain was transformed by Europeans. John Bartram was the first person to systematically explore the St. Johns River and leave a written record of his observations. European plantation development had just begun when Bartram wrote his journal. Only a handful of settlements could be found in the lower valley of the river. Spanish colonists from 1565 to 1763 had done little to alter the natural setting, and the hand of Florida's Native Americans had passed only lightly over the river's shores. The ceremonial mounds and burial middens that rose along the shores fascinated the Bartrams and were frequent subjects of their journal entries. But the mounds were widely scattered over a vast terrain, and the nearby ruins of \"old fields\" where Florida's indigenous Indians had once harvested corn and other provisions covered only fifty to one hundred acres at each site." ]

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[ "Something that is coral is dark orangey-pink in colour. coral lipstick. the coral-colored flower buds. pink or reddish-orange in colour. Any of about 2,300 species of marine cnidarians in the class Anthozoa that are characterized by stonelike, horny, or leathery skeletons (external or internal). The skeletons of these animals are also called coral. Corals are found in warm seas worldwide. The body is of the polyp type. Soft, horny, and blue corals are colonial in habit (i.e., they live in large groups). Stony corals, the most familiar and widely distributed forms, are both colonial and solitary. Atolls and coral reefs, which are composed of stony coral, grow at an average rate of 0.2-1.1 in. (0.5-2.8 cm) per year. See also sea fan. coral reef Coral Sea coral snake", "They head is very long with a blunt snout. They have a rim on the top of the head that protrudes over the mouth. They can vary in coloration depending on where they live. They need to be able to be well hidden in their environment. They can be brown, black, olive green, yellow, and gray. The various colorations result in the Water Moccasin Snake often being mistaken for other species of snakes.", "Any of various venomous snakes of the genus Micrurus, native to tropical America and the southern United States, characteristically having brilliant red, yellow, and black banded markings. Any of about 90 species of strongly patterned burrowing elapids. \"True\" forms are limited to the New World, chiefly the tropics, but similar species live in Asia and Africa. Secretive and docile, coral snakes rarely bite when handled, but the venom of some can kill a person. Most prey on other snakes. More than 50 species in the largest genus, Micrurus, range from the southern U.S. to Argentina. They are ringed with red, black, and yellow or white. The eastern coral snake, or harlequin snake (Micrurus fulvius), ranges from North Carolina and Missouri in the U.S. to northeastern Mexico and is about 30 in. (76 cm) long, with wide bands of red and black separated by yellow. The rhyme \"Red on yellow, dangerous fellow\" distinguishes it from similarly coloured but harmless species", "For most types of coral snake in North America, the rhyme “Red and yellow, kill a fellow. Red and black, friend of Jack” will set you in good stead to remember the color order.", "Description: These snakes have a brown background color and longitudinal stripes in colors of red, yellow, blue, orange or white. They also have rows of blotches in between the stripes. Their name comes from the stripes, which resemble a garter.", "There's one little glitch, however. Though the mimic snakes have a similar size and shape, and the same Red-Black-Yellow color scheme, the order of the pattern is off. For some reason, most of the mimics, which probably started out as striped snakes of a kind, have black bands every other color. The coral snake is the only one that has alternating yellow bands. Thus, with the Coral snake, the red band touches the yellow band, and with the mimics, the red band touches the black band. In order to help folk remember, a man named \"Fat\" Jack Loticus developed the rhyme in 1862. There are a few different variations shown below, and the first is the original, and the others are variations popular in different regions of the country:", "Examples of adaptation due to natural selection Skin color of the Australian Death adder: brilliant orange skin very unusual in an animal but quite similar to the local soil color. Likely that the snake moved towards this color over time as snakes with brownish and then orange coloring experienced higher survivorship than other-colored snakes.", "Snakes of various species can exhibit some of the most beautiful shades of green seen on any living creatures. The green pigmentation of snakes has less to do with their species than with their habitat – like other animals, green serves as an effective camouflage whether one is catching dinner, or avoiding being one. Most North Americans have seen the Smooth Green Snake or Grass Snake, a small (up to 1 meter or 3 feet) insect-eating snake common in the United States and southern Canada.", "Among the more colorful snakes are the four species of coral snakes, with small heads, blunt tails, and bright bands of red, black, and yellow or white. These highly venomous snakes (often fatal to humans) exhibit a spectacular defensive display when approached: they flatten their bodies and snap back and forth while alternately hiding then swinging their heads side to side and coiling and waving their tails.", "Other, harmless snakes have similar colors in a different order. The rhyme \"red and yellow kill a fellow\" can help you remember that the coral snake's red and yellow colors touch, but the harmless milk snake has red touching black.", "The common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis, Fig. 1) is found from coastal islands to mountain regions. This species is easily the most frequently encountered snake in Maine. It can be quite variable in appearance, including individuals with brightly colored yellow, green and blue stripes that run lengthwise along its body and a grayish-blue underside to checkered varieties, to darker and more solid-colored animals with limited pattern. Most grow to two or three feet.", "This relatively small snake grows to be 1 to 2 feet long and has a dark gray, black, brown or olive body with a single white to yellow stripe on its underside. Queen snakes have a reddish belly with two rows of dark spots running its length. These aquatic creatures eat mostly crayfish, but will also consume water bugs, fish and tadpoles. They bask under rocks and logs close to the water. Queen snakes are relatively shy and live primarily in the eastern to midwestern United States.", "The diameter of the serpent was about 15 or 16 inches behind the head, which was, without any doubt, that of a snake; and it was never, during the twenty minutes that it continued in sight of our glasses, once below the surface of the water: its colour a dark brown, with yellowish white about the throat. It had no fins, but something like the mane of a horse, or rather a bunch of seaweed, washed about its back.", "The yellow-bellied sea snake ( Pelamis platurus ) is planktonic, and is seen on occasions floating in massive groups. Fish that come up to shelter under these slicks provide food for the snakes. Occasionally these yellow-bellies get washed up on beaches after storms and pose a hazard to children.", "The fierce snake grows to 6 or 7 feet in length. Their scales range from yellowish-brown to dark brown in color, and their heads and necks are usually a darker shade than the rest of their bodies. They change color seasonally, displaying a darker coloration in winter. This adaptation is believed to enable the cold-blooded creatures to absorb more heat in colder months. The inland taipan’s scales often have a darker edge, giving the snake’s skin a herringbone pattern.", "Slide: 3 / of 6. Caption: Caption: Here the octopus mimics a highly venomous sea snake.Roger Steene", "An aquatic snake with a flattened body and tail that spends most of its life in the ocean.", "The sea snake is an aggressive hook-nosed type of snake. It is very dangerous with allegedly eight times more toxicity than the cobra’s venom. Its toxicity depends on the type of sea snake involved, ranging from an LD50 of 0.04 for the Dubois reef sea snake to as low as 0.01 for the Belcher’s sea snake.", "The Hydrophiinae, also known as coral reef snakes or sea snakes, are a subfamily of venomous elapid snakes that inhabit marine environments for most or all of their lives. Most are extensively adapted to a fully aquatic life and are unable to move on land, except for the genus Laticauda, which has limited land movement. They are found in warm coastal waters from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific and are closely related to venomous terrestrial snakes in Australia. ", "SEA-SERPENT - there are a variety of sea monsters.  Many are snake-like sea creatures, others are monstrous whale-like or squid/octopus-like in appearance. In SCA heraldry the sea-serpent is depicted as a finned snake-like creature.", "name for any of the venomous marine snakes of the family Hydrophidae, found in tropical waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans. The sea snake's body is flattened laterally and its oarlike tail is used as a scull.", "Sea Serpent (XXX)- Found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Mediterranean seas. They are scary in appearance, but have never been known to attach humans. They can grow up to 100 feet with a horse like head and a long snake body that rises in humps out of the water.", "Thus, the Australian terrestrial elapids are technically 'hydrophiines', although they are not sea snakes. It is believed that the Laticauda and the 'true sea snakes' evolved separately from Australasian land snakes. Asian cobras, coral snakes, and American coral snakes also appear to be monophyletic, while African cobras do not. ", "There are three native species (grass snake, adder and smooth snake) and one legless lizard (slow-worm), which may be confused for a snake. All species are currently in decline mainly due to habitat loss. Snakes are naturally secretive creatures and because of their behaviour they are often feared by humans.", "Of course, the ability to simply identify a snake on sight, without the use of silly rhymes, is a better approach, so just study the appearance of the Coral Snake seen above, and you'll recognize it if you see it.  Many people also know to look for the black nose, which the mimic snakes lack. However, the real best approach when discovering an unknown snake is to simply leave it alone. Virtually all cases of snakebite occur when people attempt to capture or kill snakes. The Coral Snake in particular is very shy and reclusive, and it has no intention of biting. In fact, it has a tiny mouth and small fangs, and you have to be pretty careless to get envenomated. So I propose a new rhyme: \"Just leave snakes alone, chappy, and everybody goes home happy\".", "* Classic Sea Serpent: A quadrupedal, elongated animal with the appearance of many humps when swimming. Essentially a composite of the many humped, super otter, and super eels types. The authors suggest Basilosaurus as a candidate, or possibly Remingtoncetids.", "A slender snake with smooth scales, only a faint neck and a head with a long pointed snout.", "* 2C Eel-Like: A 60 –, elongated reptile with no appendages. The head is very large and cow-like or reptilian with teeth similar to a crabeater seal's. Also shares the \"motorboating\" behavior. Inhabits the Atlantic, Pacific, and South China Sea. Possibly extinct.", "The hawksbill sea turtle has been shown to be biofluorescent and is the first reptile recorded with this characteristic. It is unknown if this is derived from the turtle's diet, which includes biofluorescent organisms like the hard coral Physogyra lichtensteini. Males have more intense pigmentation than females, and a behavioural role of these differences is speculated. ", "The snake is so dangerous that another completely harmless species has adopted it’s coloring as a defense.", "Vision, chemoreception (tongue-flicking) and hearing are important senses for terrestrial snakes but these stimuli become distorted in water. The poor visibility, chemical dilution and limitation of ground-borne vibrations underwater suggest that sea snakes and sea kraits may have unique sensory abilities to compensate for the relative lack of other sensory cues. ", "Look for the heat sensor. Some venomous snakes in the U.S. will have a small depression between the eye and the nostril. This is called a pit (hence \"pit viper\"), which is used by the snake to sense heat in their prey. Coral snakes are not pit vipers, and lack this feature." ]

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[ "Missouri is the 24th state to be admitted in the union on August 10, 1821. It is located in the Midwest region of the United States. It is bordered by Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois and Iowa. It is ranked 18th in population. It is composed of 114 counties and 1 independent city. The state capital is Jefferson City.", "Missouri became the 24th state of the Union on August 10, 1821. In 1865 it was the first state to be slave free. Missouri is known as the Show Me State.", "Missouri (nickname The Show Me State) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Missouri is the 21st most extensive and the 18th most populous of the 50 United States. Missouri comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.", "On this date in 1821, Missouri entered the Union as the 24th state. It was the first one located entirely west of the Mississippi River.", "When the Missouri constitutional convention empowered the state legislature to exclude free blacks and mulattoes, however, a new crisis was brought on. Enough northern congressmen objected to the racial provision that Clay was called upon to formulate the Second Missouri Compromise. On March 2, 1821, Congress stipulated that Missouri could not gain admission to the Union until it agreed that the exclusionary clause would never be interpreted in such a way as to abridge the privileges and immunities of U.S. citizens. Missouri so agreed and became the 24th state on August 10, 1821; Maine had been admitted the previous March 15.", "As part of the Louisiana Purchase territory, Missouri has belonged to three nations: France, Spain and the United States. First claimed for France by LaSalle in 1682, Missouri was ceded to Spain in 1762. By secret treaty in 1802, Spain ceded the Louisiana Territory back to France. Napoleon Bonaparte, anxious to rid himself of the vast and troublesome frontier, sold it to the United States in 1803 for a total of $15,000,000. Missouri was organized as a territory in 1812, and was admitted to the Union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821. Missouri was the second state (after Louisiana) of the Louisiana Purchase to be admitted to the Union.", "Missouri Compromise, (1820), in U.S. history, measure worked out between the North and the South and passed by the U.S. Congress that allowed for admission of Missouri as the 24th state (1821). It marked the beginning of the prolonged sectional conflict over the extension of slavery that led to the American Civil War .", "By 1810 the population of the USA was over 7.2 million and it continued to grow rapidly. By 1820 it was over 9.6 million and by 1840 over 17 million. More and more states were added to union. Indiana was admitted in 1816. Mississippi followed in 1817. Illinois became a state in 1818 and Alabama in 1819. Missouri became a state in 1821. It was followed by Arkansas in 1836 and Michigan in 1837.", "After the Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina, Lincoln called for troops from the remaining states to recover the forts. This action resulted in the secession of four more states. Virginia (April 17, 1861), Arkansas (May 6, 1861), Tennessee (May 7, 1861), and lastly, North Carolina (May 20, 1861). Four states that still had slavery did not secede and one seceding state split. These Bordering states consisted of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky. Northwest Virginia seceded from Virginia, entering the Union in 1863 and became known as West Virginia. The southern half of New Mexico voted to secede and joined the Confederacy. They were accepted as the Territory of Arizona, with its capital in Mesilla.", "After settling a dispute with New York, Vermont was admitted to statehood in 1791, formally completing the defined area of New England. On March 15, 1820, as part of the Missouri Compromise, the territory of Maine, formerly a part of Massachusetts, was admitted to the Union as a free state. Today, New England is defined as made up of the six states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. ", "Illinois was the twenty-first state to join the Union on December 3, 1818. Illinois covers an area of 57,914 square miles (149,998 square kilometers) in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Michigan across Lake Michigan, in the Great Lakes region.", "            1889 –Thursday-  President Grover Cleveland signed a bill admitting North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington as U.S. states. This was the Enabling Act, an act to provide for the division of Dakota Territory into two states and to enable the people of", "The political conflict between the North and the South took definite form in 1819, when Missouri applied for admission into the Union. Application was made entirely in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Constitution, closely adhering to procedures established in the admission process of other states.", "Virginia is one of the thirteen original colonies, and one of the first states to ratify the Declaration of Independence. It is known as the \"Mother of States\" as its original territory included West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and Tennessee. It is also known as the \"Mother of Presidents,\" as eight U.S. presidents were born in the state: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, William Harrison, John Tyler, Zachary Taylor, and Woodrow Wilson.", "Kentucky was a border state during the American Civil War and, for a time, had two state governments, one supporting the Confederacy and one supporting the Union. The original government remained in the Union after a short-lived attempt at neutrality, but a rival faction from that state was accepted as a member of the Confederate States of America; it did not control any territory. A more complex situation surrounds the Missouri Secession , but, in any event, the Confederacy considered Missouri a member of the Confederate States of America; it did not control any territory. With Kentucky and Missouri, the number of Confederate states can be counted as 13.", "On February 2, 1781, the much-awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis. As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session, \"among engrossed Bills\" was \"signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber, in the presence of the members of both Houses... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation\" and perpetual union among the states. The Senate then adjourned \"to the first Monday in August next.\" The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12. The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1, 1781 and was celebrated in the afternoon. With these events, the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state.", "Wisconsin, constituent state of the United States of America. Wisconsin was admitted to the union as the 30th state on May 29, 1848. One of the north-central states, it is bounded by the western portion of Lake Superior and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the north and by Lake Michigan to the east. The state of Illinois lies to the south, and Minnesota and Iowa lie to the west and southwest, respectively. The name Wisconsin is an Anglicized version of a French rendering of an Algonquin name, Meskousing, said to mean “this stream of red stone,” referring to the Wisconsin River. Madison , in south-central Wisconsin, is the state capital.", "On April 1, 1803, the United States of America was comprised of lands east of the Mississippi River, including a handful of states (17), and the Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Mississippi Territories.", "In 1820, Maine separated from Massachusetts and entered the Union as the 23rd state as a result of the ratification of the Missouri Compromise. ", "You don’t need to buy a gift or a card, but this Thursday is our state’s 121st birthday. On November 11, 1889, Washington joined the Union as the 42nd state, just three days after Montana was admitted and nine days after North Dakota and South Dakota officially became states.", "Vermont became the first state added to the Union following the 13 colonies on March 1, 1791. Until statehood, had been a region claimed by both New York and New Hampshire", "      Un compromis est conclu le 03 mars 1820 � l'initiative du s�nateur Henry Clay, lequel reste connu dans l'Histoire comme le �Grand pacificateur� (�The Great compromiser�). Un nouvel Etat anti-esclavagiste, le Maine, est d�tach� du Massachusets pour faire contrepoids au Missouri. Par ailleurs, il est convenu que les futurs Etats qui seront cr��s dans l'ancienne Louisiane seront esclavagistes ou abolitionnistes selon qu'ils seront au sud ou au nord du parall�le 36� 30' (la fronti�re sud du Missouri). Ce compromis va apaiser les tensions pendant un moment. Mais la question de l'esclavage resurgira au bout d'une g�n�ration et d�bouchera alors sur la guerre de S�cession.", "Many people from the western part of the state did not agree with the decision to secede. They set up an independent government in the northwestern portion of the state. On June 20, 1863, 48 Virginia counties became the state of West Virginia, the 35th state to join the Union. In November 1863, two more counties joined West Virginia.", "The Anderson–Gual Treaty (formally, the General Convention of Peace, Amity, Navigation, and Commerce) was an 1824 treaty between the United States and Gran Colombia integrated by modern day countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador . It is the first bilateral treaty that the United States concluded with another American country.", "Tennessee became a state on June 1, 1796, becoming the 16th state to join the union. Before becoming a state, the area had been part of North Carolina. In the 1760s, long hunters had begun to explore the area as they moved further west to hunt. In 1790, North Carolina ceded this area to the federal government where it became the Southwest Territory. As the Southwest Territory, William Blount was named the governor and Knoxville became the capital. At this time population grew as families moved into the area and towns were created. By 1795, the population was 70,000. At this time, a petition was given to Congress to change Tennessee from a territory to a state. There was a lively debate between the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists. While the Federalists were opposed to giving Tennessee statehood, the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans were successful and President George Washington signed a bill on June 1, 1796 that gave statehood to Tennessee, the 16th state of the union.  ", "Montana remained a territory for twenty-five years. It was not until the federal government passed the Enabling Act of 1889 and the voters of Montana Territory ratified a new constitution that Montana was admitted into the Union on November 8, 1889, by presidential proclamation of President Benjamin Harrison.", "The Confederate States of America (Confederacy, Confederate States, and CSA) was the secessionist government formed by eleven southern states of the United States between 1861 and 1865, following the secession of each state from the United States. These actions precipitated, and were the opening chapters of the American Civil War . The Confederacy was eventually defeated in the Civil War and the states went through a period of Reconstruction before returning to full standing again in the U.S. Seven states declared their independence from the United States before Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president; four more did so after the American Civil War began in April 1861 when the Confederacy attacked a Union fortress at Fort Sumter. The United States (\"Union\") held secession illegal and refused recognition of the Confederacy. Confederate hopes that King Cotton would force Britain and France to intervene to rescue their cotton supply remained unfulfilled, and no European powers officially recognized the CSA. However, British commercial interests sold it warships and operated blockade runners to help supply it. The Union Blockade effectively shut down 95% of ordinary exports and imports; only blockade runners got through.", "Tennessee became a state on June 1, 1796. It was the 16th state to join the union. Was Southwest Territory before statehood.", "        Learn what year your state joined the Union and became part of the \"United States of", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "The nation was founded by thirteen colonies of Great Britain located along the Atlantic seaboard. Proclaiming themselves \"states,\" they issued the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776 . The rebellious states defeated Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War , the first successful colonial war of independence. A federal convention adopted the current United States Constitution on September 17, 1787 ; its ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic. The Bill of Rights , comprising ten constitutional amendments, was ratified in 1791.", "Accordingly, on April 4, 1818, President Monroe accepted a bill requiring that the flag of the United States have a union of 20 stars, white on a blue field, and that upon admission of each new State into the Union one star be added to the union of the flag on the fourth of July following its date of admission. The 13 alternating red and white stripes would remain unchanged. This act succeeded in prescribing the basic design of the flag, while assuring that the growth of the nation would be properly symbolized." ]

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[ "CenturyLink Field is a multi-purpose stadium in Seattle , Washington , United States. It is the home field for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL) and Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer (MLS). Originally called Seahawks Stadium it became Qwest Field on June 23, 2004, when telecommunications carrier Qwest acquired the naming rights. It received its current name in June 2011 after Qwest’s acquisition by CenturyLink . [4] The complex also includes the Event Center with the WaMu Theater, a parking garage, and a public plaza . The venue hosts concerts, trade shows, and consumer shows along with sporting events. Located within a mile (1.6 km) of Seattle’s central business district, the venue is accessible by multiple freeways and forms of mass transit.", "CenturyLink Field (formerly known as Qwest Field) is a stadium built for football and soccer located in Seattle, Washington. It serves as the home field for the NFL’s Seattle Seahawks and men’s and women’s Seattle Sounders soccer teams. The stadium opened in July 2002 and was built on the site of the Kingdome, the previous stadium for the Seahawks, Major League Baseball’s Seattle Mariners, and several other Seattle sports teams. On March 26, 2000, to make way for the construction of the stadium, the Kingdome fell in the world’s largest implosion of a single concrete structure.", "CenturyLink Field is a multi-purpose stadium in Seattle, Washington, United States. It serves as the home field for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL) and Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer (MLS). Originally called Seahawks Stadium it became Qwest Field on June 23, 2004, when telecommunications carrier Qwest acquired the naming rights. It received its current name in June 2011 after the acquisition of Qwest by CenturyLink. The complex also includes the Event Center with the WaMu Theater, a parking garage, and a public plaza. The venue hosts concerts, trade shows, and consumer shows along with sporting events. Located within a mile (1.6 km) of Seattle's central business district, the venue is accessible by multiple freeways and forms of mass transit.", "The stadium was originally named Seahawks Stadium. The name was changed to Qwest Field in June 2004 after the telecommunications carrier bought the naming rights for $75 million for a period of 15 years. [177] According to the agreement, the proceeds must be used for maintenance and upgrades. A portion of any profit then goes into a $10 million fund Allen guaranteed for youth playfields. [178] Due to CenturyLink ‘s recent acquisition of Qwest, the stadium was officially renamed CenturyLink Field on June 23, 2011. [4] [179] There is speculation as to if there will be a new nickname for the venue. An informal reader poll conducted by The Seattle Times showed that “The Clink” was a popular suggestion. [180] During Sounders FC matches, the field has been entitled “The Xbox Pitch at CenturyLink Field” as part of a sponsorship deal with Microsoft. [181] [182]", "In 2002, the Seahawks moved into what was honestly known as Seahawks Stadium, which was built on the grave of the Kingdome (and with much of its recycled concrete). The facility has undergone some name changes, from Qwest Field to its current moniker of CenturyLink Field, but to the Seahawks, it's still home.", "The Kingdome (officially King County Multipurpose Domed Stadium [1] ) was a multi-purpose stadium located in Seattle's SoDo neighborhood. Owned and operated by King County, the Kingdome opened in 1976 and was best known as the home stadium of the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL), the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB), and the Seattle SuperSonics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The stadium was also the home stadium of the Seattle Sounders of the North American Soccer League (NASL) and hosted numerous amateur sporting events, concerts, and other events.", "Qwest Field is home to the NFL's Seattle Seahawks as well as Major League Soccer's Seattle Sounders FC. It has also been host to an annual Washington State Cougars home game, as well as concerts by musicians such as P. Diddy, the Rolling Stones, and Metallica. There are also talks of the NCAA wishing to hold future soccer Final Four games at Qwest Field.", "Breaking ground in April 2000 and opening in 2002, Qwest Field is owned by the Washington State Public Stadium Authority and is operated by First & Goal Inc. It is located right at the junction of I-5 and I-90, making it easily accessible to fans traveling by car. The naming rights of what was formerly known as \"Seahawks Stadium'' were awarded to Qwest Communications International Inc. in an agreement made in June 2004. Qwest paid $75 million to keep the name for 15 years.", "The stadium formerly known as Seahawks officially became Qwest Field yesterday, courtesy of an approving nod from the Washington State Public Stadium Authority.", "The Mariners played their final game in the Kingdome to a sold-out crowd on June 27, 1999, and played their first game at their new home, Safeco Field, on July 15, nearly 3 weeks later. The Seahawks, meanwhile, temporarily relocated to Husky Stadium following the 1999 season while the Kingdome was demolished, their new stadium, Qwest Field , was being built on the Kingdome's footprint, and would open on time for the 2002 NFL season.", "Even prior to the recent success of the local National Football League franchise, the Seattle Seahawks, CenturyLink Field has long been packed to the gills by the \"12th man\" (the name for loud, devout Seahawks fans) watching their home game in late summer through early winter. Soccer fans can enjoy the Seattle Sounders FC games May through September, also held in CenturyLink Field. Safeco Field next door is home to the Major League Baseball Seattle Mariners.", "During the 1990s both the Seahawks' and Mariners' respective ownership groups began to question the suitability of the Kingdome as a venue for each team, threatening to relocate unless new, publicly funded stadiums were built. At issue was the fact that neither team saw their shared tenancy as profitable, as well as the integrity of the stadium's roof as highlighted by the collapse of ceiling tiles onto the seating area before the start of a scheduled Mariners game. As a result, public funding packages for new, purpose-built stadiums for the Mariners and Seahawks were approved in 1995 and 1997, respectively. The Mariners moved to Safeco Field midway through the 1999 season, and the Seahawks temporarily moved to Husky Stadium following the 1999 season. The Kingdome was demolished by implosion on March 26, 2000; the Seahawks' new stadium, Seahawks Stadium (now known as CenturyLink Field) was built on the site and opened in 2002.", "Qwest Field hosted the 2002 Seattle Bowl , in which Wake Forest beat Oregon 38–17. [106] The inaugural Seattle Bowl was played a year earlier at Safeco Field, but the game was discontinued when organizers could not secure financing before 2003. Later attempts to revive the Seattle Bowl were unsuccessful. [107] The Seattle Sports Commission is pushing for a proposal of a new bowl game. In 2008 a business plan was begun for a game in 2010 that would be a fundraiser for Seattle Children’s Hospital . [108]", "Prior to the stadium opening in 2002, Allen and Bob Whitsitt said that they hoped the new stadium would help turn the Seahawks into a Super Bowl contender and that Seattle would be considered to host the championship game. [22] The seating is expandable to 72,000 for the purpose of holding the game, but the NFL typically does not consider cities with outdoor stadiums where the average temperature in February is below 50 °F (10 °C). [53] The number of season tickets available at Qwest was capped at 61,000 following the Super Bowl appearance. The ensuing waiting list was the first for the Seahawks since the early 1990s. [54]", "The CenturyLink Field Event Center connects to the stadium’s west field plaza and consists of two exhibition halls, a conference room, and a concourse. [24] The center hosts pre-game events for the Seahawks and Mariners . According to the Public Stadium Authority’s website, the event center contributes more than half a billion dollars to the region’s economy. [160] The center was renamed the CenturyLink Field Event Center in June 2011, following the acquisition of Qwest Communications by CenturyLink and the renaming of the stadium. [161]", "CenturyLink Field & Event Center is ideally situated at the junction of I-5 and I-90, with parking for 3,100 automobiles onsite, 8,400 in surrounding lots, and 15,000 in lots downtown. Parking may be limited or restricted on game days, particularly in the International District and Pioneer Square where many lots are reserved for regular customers. There are three parking lots managed by Qwest Field: the North Lot, Qwest Event Center Garage, and Union Station Garage. The entrances to these three garages are as follows: Qwest Event Center Parking Garage: Royal Brougham Way South, across from Safeco Field; North Lot: 2nd Ave. South and South King Street; Union Station: 4th Ave. South across from the Weller Street Pedestrian Bridge Parking costs range between $5 - $25, depending on the event. For further information or to order season parking passes for Seahawks games, please call the Seahawks ticket office at 1-888-NFL-HAWK (1-888-635-4295) or visit www.centerfieldparking.com.", "The Mariners played their final game in the Kingdome to a sold-out crowd on June 27, 1999, and played their first game at their new home, Safeco Field , on July 15, nearly 3 weeks later. The Seahawks, meanwhile, temporarily relocated to Husky Stadium following the 1999 season while the Kingdome was demolished, their new stadium, CenturyLink Field, was being built on the Kingdome's footprint, and would open on time for the 2002 NFL season.", "The first sporting event at the stadium was a double-header on July 28, 2002, that included both the Sounders Select Women and the men's Seattle Sounders of the USL team. The women defeated the Vancouver Breakers 4–3, while the men beat the Vancouver Whitecaps 4–1 in front of 25,515 people. The USL team began using the facility regularly as their home field in 2003. Although team management was concerned with the high rent and the underused seating capacity, they were drawn by the sponsorship opportunities and location. The Sounders increased their average attendance from 2,583 at Seattle's Memorial Stadium in 2002 to 3,452 at the new stadium in 2003. In 2005, the Sounders beat the Richmond Kickers 2–1 in a penalty shootout for the USL championship in front of 8,011. Scott Jenkins scored the final goal and announced his retirement after the game. ", "The first sporting event at the stadium was a double-header on July 28, 2002, that included both the Sounders Select Women and the men’s Seattle Sounders of the USL team. The women defeated the Vancouver Breakers 4–3, while the men beat the Vancouver Whitecaps 4–1 in front of 25,515 people. [130] The USL team began using the facility regularly as their home field in 2003. Although team management was concerned with the high rent and the underused seating capacity , they were drawn by the sponsorship opportunities and location. The Sounders increased their average attendance from 2,583 at Seattle’s Memorial Stadium in 2002 to 3,452 at the new stadium in 2003. [131] In 2005 , the Sounders beat the Richmond Kickers 2–1 in a penalty shootout for the USL championship in front of 8,011. Scott Jenkins scored the final goal and announced his retirement after the game. [132]", "CenturyLink Field is also designed for soccer. The first sporting event held included a United Soccer Leagues (USL) Seattle Sounders match. The USL team began using the stadium regularly for home games in 2003. The MLS expansion team Seattle Sounders FC, began its inaugural season in 2009 at the stadium. CenturyLink Field was the site of the MLS Cup in 2009. The venue also hosted the 2010 and 2011 tournament finals for the U.S. Open Cup . Sounders FC won both times and new attendance records were set each year it was hosted at CenturyLink Field. On August 25, 2013, the Sounders broke a new home field attendance record when 67,385 fans turned out to watch them play the Portland Timbers . [10]", "On December 5, 1974, the NFL awarded Seattle an expansion franchise to occupy the new stadium; the team would later be named the Seattle Seahawks. [3] Construction lasted another two years, and the stadium held an opening ceremony on March 27, 1976. [4] It hosted its first professional sporting event on April 9 of that year, a soccer match between the Seattle Sounders and New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League.", "The Seattle Seahawks first took the field in 1976, and for the first quarter-century of their existence, played their home games at the King County Domed Stadium, better known as the Kingdome.", "Seattle fields teams in all major-league sports. The American League's Seattle Mariners played in the Kingdome from 1990 to 1998, when they moved to the new Safeco Field. The Kingdome, which was imploded on March 26, 2000, was also the home of the National Football League's Seattle Seahawks. A new stadium for footbal and soccer is scheduled to open in 2002. The Seattle Super Sonics of the National Basketball Association compete in the Seattle Center Auditorium. Seattle also has a women's basketball team, the Reign. The Seattle Thunderbirds Hockey Club also plays at the Seattle Center.", "The Mariners were forced to play the last 20 games of the 1994 season on the road after the players' union vetoed playing the \"home\" games at Cheney Stadium in Tacoma, BC Place Stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia, or some neutral site, as the union believed its members should only play in major-league venues. [16] The extended road trip could have lasted over two months, but was shortened due to the 1994 Major League Baseball strike , which began on August 12. [16] The Seahawks had to play both preseason games and the first three regular-season home games of the 1994 regular season at nearby Husky Stadium.", "Home games were played at KeyArena, originally known as Seattle Center Coliseum, for 33 of the franchise's 41 seasons in Seattle. In 1978, the team moved to the Kingdome, which was shared with the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). They returned to the Coliseum full-time in 1985, moving temporarily to the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma, Washington, for the 1994–95 season while the Coliseum was renovated and rebranded as KeyArena.", "Two years after being awarded a franchise, the Seattle Seahawks took the field for the first time ever in a preseason game on Aug. 1, 1976. Their home field was the brand new Kingdome. The opponent? A soon-to-be familiar foe in the San Francisco 49ers.The Kingdome would later be torn down and replaced by CenturyLink Field, but it was in that first facility where Seahawks fans became known for their distinct loudness.   Photo: Michael Zagaris", "The configuration of CenturyLink Field is a U-shape with an open north end to provide views of downtown Seattle and the large north plaza. The large retractable roof of Safeco Field along with Mount Rainier to the southeast can be seen from the partially open south end. The stadium's concourses were built to be wide, and they provide additional views of the surrounding area. A 13-story tower was erected at the north end of the stadium that visually complements the Seattle skyline. The tower features a vertically oriented scoreboard which is the first of its kind in the NFL. At the base is bleacher seating for 3,000 called the \"Hawks' Nest\". Another addition not previously seen in the NFL are field-level luxury suites located directly behind the north end zone.", "By the 1990s, the stadium's suitability as an NFL and MLB venue came into doubt. Neither the Seahawks' nor the Mariners' respective ownership groups saw the shared stadium arrangement as economically feasible. [3] After several years of threats to relocate the Mariners due to poor attendance and revenue, owner Jeff Smulyan sold the team to an ownership group led by Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi in 1992. Almost immediately, the new ownership group began campaigning with local and state governments to secure public funding for a new baseball-only stadium. In March 1994, King County Executive Gary Locke appointed a task force to study the need for a baseball-only stadium.", "CenturyLink Field is bordered by the junction of Interstates 5 and 90 to the east and State Route 99 to its west. The State Route 519 corridor connects I-90 to the neighborhood. Local governments compromised with both the Seahawks and Mariners on the location of new ramps over the train tracks that run along the east sides of CenturyLink and Safeco Fields. An overpass for S Royal Brougham Way, the road that borders the south edge of the CenturyLink Field complex, to improve access and safety was completed in May 2010. The stadium has 2,000 parking spaces in its parking garage and 8,400 in the surrounding lots to accommodate automobile traffic. Beginning in December 2011, construction of the Stadium Place mixed-use development project replaced much of the north lot. The developer must replace the 500 lost parking spots and turn over parking revenue to the Public Stadium Authority per an agreement with King County.", "CenturyLink Field is bordered by the junction of Interstates 5 and 90 to the east and State Route 99 to its west. The State Route 519 corridor connects I-90 to the neighborhood. Local governments compromised with both the Seahawks and Mariners on the location of new ramps over the train tracks that run along the east sides of CenturyLink and Safeco Fields. An overpass for S Royal Brougham Way, the road that borders the south edge of the CenturyLink Field complex, to improve access and safety was completed in May 2010. [193] The stadium has 2,000 parking spaces in its parking garage and 8,400 in the surrounding lots to accommodate automobile traffic. Beginning in December 2011, construction of the Stadium Place mixed-use development project replaced much of the north lot. The developer must replace the 500 lost parking spots and turn over parking revenue to the Public Stadium Authority per an agreement with King County. [194]", "Qualcomm Stadium is located immediately northwest of the interchange of Interstate 8 and Interstate 15. The neighborhood surrounding the stadium is known as Mission Valley, in reference to the Mission San Diego de Alcalá, which is located to the east, and its placement in the valley of the San Diego River. The stadium is served by the Qualcomm Stadium station of the San Diego Trolley, accessible via the Green Line running toward Downtown San Diego to the west, and Santee to the east.", "Seattle can no longer be called a major sports city. A major sports city has at least 3 major franchises, and sometimes 4. We now have 2 major league teams. People of Seattle, we are now Kansas City. Our Baseball team is rebuilding, and we are pinning all our hopes on the Seahawks." ]

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[ "The last paragraph of the above-quoted response might provide a clue as to how this rumor began. The Great Seal of the United States includes a coat of arms featuring an eagle clutching thirteen arrows in one talon and an olive branch in the other, its head facing to the viewer's left, towards the talon with the olive branch. Presidential flags had historically featured a similar coat of arms, but in 1916 President Woodrow Wilson issued an executive order that changed the design slightly, such that the eagle's head was modified face to the viewer's right, towards the talon holding the arrows:", "To solve the mystery of what these symbols mean, we go directly to the source, Charles Thomson, who presented his written description of the Great Seal to Congress on June 20, 1782. The most striking feature of the front of the seal is, in Thomson’s words, “an American Eagle on the wing and rising.” The eagle flies freely, independent of any support, holding in its left talon 13 arrows, signifying war, and in its right talon an olive branch, signifying peace.", "On the front side of the Great Seal of the United States, a bald eagle is depicted holding an olive branch in its right talon and 13 arrows in its left. The olive branch and arrows symbolize the United States' commitment to peace and its readiness for war, while the number of arrows – 13 – refers to the original 13 states.", "The Great Seal of the United States features an eagle clutching an olive branch in its dexter talon, and arrows in its sinister talon, indicating the nation's intended inclination to peace. In 1945, one of the changes ordered for the similarly arranged Flag of the President of the United States by President Harry S. Truman was having the eagle face towards its right (dexter, the direction of honor) and thus towards the olive branch. ", "The bald eagle is the national bird of the United States of America. The founders of the United States were fond of comparing their new republic with the Roman Republic, in which eagle imagery (usually involving the golden eagle) was prominent. On June 20, 1782, the Continental Congress adopted the design for the Great Seal of the United States depicting a bald eagle grasping 13 arrows and an olive branch with its talons.", "The bald eagle is the national bird of the United States of America. The founders of the United States were fond of comparing their new republic with the Roman Republic, in which eagle imagery (usually involving the golden eagle) was prominent. On June 20, 1782, the Continental Congress adopted the design for the Great Seal of the United States depicting a bald eagle grasping 13 arrows and an olive branch with its talons.", "   The Eagle became the National emblem in 1782 when the great seal of the United States was adopted. The Great Seal shows a wide-spread eagle, faced front, having on his breast a shield with thirteen perpendicular red and white stripes, surmounted by a blue field with the same number of stars. In his right talon the eagle holds an olive branch, in his left a bundle of thirteen arrows, and in his beak he carries a scroll inscribed with the motto: \"E Pluribus Unum.\" The Eagle appears in the Seals of many of our States, on most of our gold and silver coinage, and is used a great deal for decorative patriotic purposes.", "After George Washington became the first U.S. president in 1789, the American bald eagle officially became the national bird of the USA. It has since appeared on stamps, paper money , and coins. On the official national seal, the bald eagle is shown with its wings spread with an olive branch held in talons on one foot and 13 arrows grasped by the other foot. Thirteen red and white stripes, along with 13 stars, appear on a shield covering the bald eagle’s breast. A banner with the words E Pluribus Unum, Latin that means out of many, one, is clutched in the eagle’s beak.", "Now look at the right-hand circle, and check it carefully, you may notice that with only slight modifications it is the Seal of the President of the United States. It also appears on every National Cemetery in the United States and is the centerpiece of most heroes’ monuments. On the Great Seal, the eagle faces the talon holding the olive branch symbolically saying that we, as a nation, look toward peace . The eagle on The Presidential Seal faces in the opposite direction-toward the talon holding the arrows symbolizing that our nation is always prepared for war. That was until 1945, when Harry Truman had it redesigned to face the olive branch as well.", "1782 - The Great Seal of the United States was adopted by Congress. William Barton designed the seal which consists of an eagle, an olive branch and 13 arrows -- one for each of the original 13 colonies.", "Almost a year ago, the \"West Wing\" aired an episode where the United States was at war. An observation was made about the Presidential Seal during war time. The Presidential Seal, has a shield bearing bald eagle clutching olive branches in its right talons and arrows in its left. The eagles head is turned toward the olive branches. The \"West Wing\" mentioned that in times of war, the Presidential Seals are replaced with an eagle whose head is turned toward the arrows.", "Above the eagle on the right side of the note are the words E Pluribus Unum, Latin for \"out of many one\". The eagle clutches 13 arrows and 13 olive branches, while 13 stars appear above the eagle's head. America was founded with 13 colonies. Templar pirate Jaques deMolay was executed on Friday the 13th.", "On June 20, 1782 Congress approved the design, and the Great Seal of the United States was born.  The image of the eagle within the seal became our National \"Coat of Arms\".", "     The eagle on the official U.S. Coat-of-Arms and seal has always faced dexter, toward the olive branch. Some 19th century military colors had the arrows in the dexter claw or the eagle's head facing sinister, but this was not normal, nor was it ever the case on the great seal, nor did it ever have anything to do with wartime vs. peacetime.", "The reverse of the seal on the left features a barren landscape dominated by an unfinished pyramid of 13 steps, topped by the Eye of Providence within a triangle. At the base of the pyramid are engraved the Roman numerals MDCCLXXVI (1776), the date of American independence from Britain. At the top of the seal stands a Latin phrase, \"ANNUIT COEPTIS,\" meaning \"He (God) favors our undertaking.\" At the bottom of the seal is a semicircular banner proclaiming \"NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM\" meaning \"New Order of the Ages,\" which is a reference to the new American era. To the left of this seal, a string of 13 pearls extends toward the edge of the bill.", "The bald eagle appears on most official seals of the U.S. government, including the presidential seal, the presidential flag, and in the logos of many U.S. federal agencies. Between 1916 and 1945, the presidential flag showed an eagle facing to its left, which gave rise to the urban legend that the flag is changed to have the eagle face towards the olive branch in peace, and towards the arrows in wartime.", "The Bald Eagle was officially declared the National Emblem of the United States by the Second Continental Congress in 1782. It was selected by the USA's founding fathers because it is a species unique to North America. It has become the living symbol of the USA's freedom, spirit and pursuit of excellence. Its image and symbolism have played a significant role in American architecture, art, folklore and music.", "Because the golden eagle also flew over European nations, however, the federal lawmakers specified that the bird in the seal should be an American bald eagle . On June 20, 1782, they approved the design that we recognize today.", "Before and after his time on the first Great Seal committee, Franklin had a number of ideas for the emblem of the United States. In an anonymous letter to the Pennsylvania Journal in 1775, Franklin pondered the virtues of using the rattlesnake as the coat of arms of America. His assessment was perhaps overthought—Franklin recognized both that a rattlesnake “never begins an attack, nor, once engaged, ever surrenders” and that rattlesnakes huddle together in winter for warmth, just like Americans do. (I guess?) Though it didn’t make it onto the Great Seal, Franklin’s rattlesnake comparison and the related “Don’t Tread on Me” slogan and other symbols have been in the limelight in recent years.", "     The Presidential coat-of-arms (the U.S. COA as depicted on the Presidential seal) formerly had the eagle facing sinister, toward the arrows. This design was incorporated into the 1916 Presidential flag. The direction of the head was reversed when the flag was redesigned in 1945, as much to have the eagle facing the honorable dexter direction as to have it looking toward the olive branches.", "1. Describe the eagle side of the Great Seal.  What are the key symbols and what do they represent?", "The eagle, with it's wings outstretched, bears a shield consisting of thirteen red and white stripes, representing the thirteen states, which support the President and Congress signified by the blue bar. In the Eagles beak is a scroll with the motto, E Pluribus Unum meaning \"Out of Many One\". Above the eagles head is a cloud surrounding an azure field bearing a constellation of thirteen stars.", "The bald eagle is important in various Native American cultures and, as the national bird of the United States, is prominent in seals and logos, coinage, postage stamps, and other items relating to the U.S. federal government.", "The National Coat of Arms is featured by an Mexican eagle exposing its left profile, the upper part of the wings in a level higher than plume and slightly displayed in a battle attitude; with the sustenation plumage downwards touching to the tail whose feathers are fan-like displayed. It puts its left claw on a bloomed prickly pear borns in a rock wich, in turn, arises from a lake. It is grasping with the right claw and the beack, in an eating attitude, a curved snake, harmonizing with the whole achievement. Several prickly pear's stems grow to the sides. Two branches, one of oak to the front of the eagle and another one of laurel opposed, form a lower semicircle, both are united by a ribbon divided into three stripes which, when the National Coat of Arms is represented in natural colors, match those of the National flag.", "An image of the bald eagle is placed at the center of the white stripe that carries a long ribbon with the inscription \"our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain,\" a phrase taken from the state seal. While the word Iowa is placed directly in red, just below the image of the bald eagle. The official emblem was first approved in May 1917 based on the design of Mrs. Dixie Cornell Derhardt and was adopted in 1921.", "    When the eagle was being selected for national emblem in 1782*, Benjamin Franklin wrote to his daughter to complain, tongue firmly in cheek: [Wild Turkey gobbling]", "On July 4, 1776, the same day the thirteen states united to declare themselves an independent nation, the Continental Congress took the next step necessary to demonstrate this Independence. They began to create their national emblem, the Great Seal of the United States.", "The Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is a bird of prey found in North America, most recognizable as the national bird of the United States.", "The Bald Eagle. The Bald Eagle represents strength and power. Bald eagles are only found in North America. The largest population of bald eagles is in Alaska, and the second largest population is in Florida. The bald eagle is on U.S. money (including the quarter, half dollar, and one dollar bill), U.S. government buildings, U.S. passports, and is on the logo for the U.S. Post Office.", "            .1789-A three man commission, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin voted to make the bald eagle the national emblem over the objections of Franklin who voted for the wild turkey.", "The second picture is the Great Seal of the United States. The following is a direct quote from a Wikipedia article. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States", "On July 4, 1776, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson were given the task of creating a seal for the 13 United States of America. The delegates of the Constitutional Convention believed an emblem and national coat of arms would be evidence of an independent nation and a free people with high aspirations and grand hopes for the future." ]

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[ "Today in US military history: 1780 - Gen. Benedict Arnold betrays US, promising to surrender West Point to the British.", "On this day in 1780, during the American Revolution, American General Benedict Arnold meets with British Major John Andre to discuss handing over West Point to the British, in return for the promise of a large sum of money and a high position in the British army. The plot was foiled and Arnold, a former American hero, became synonymous with the word “traitor.”", "This day in 1780, during the American Revolution, American General Benedict Arnold meets with British Major John Andre to discuss handing over West Point to the British, in return for the promise of a large sum of money and a high position in the British army. The plot was foiled and Arnold, a former American hero, became synonymous with the word \"traitor.\"", "Benedict Arnold’s Oath of Allegiance - In 1778, Benedict Arnold, like all military officers, swore allegiance to his country. In 1780 General Arnold betrayed his oath by conspiring to surrender West Point to the British. - From the War Department Collection of Revolutionary War Records National Archives", "September 23, 1780 - A British major in civilian clothing is captured near Tarrytown, New York. He is found to be carrying plans indicating Benedict Arnold intends to turn traitor and surrender West Point. Two days later, Arnold hears of the spy's capture and flees West Point to the British ship Vulture on the Hudson. He is later named a brigadier general in the British Army and will fight the Americans.", "Benedict Arnold, the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and became synonymous with the word “traitor,” was born on this day in 1741.", "At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, both the colonists and the British had recognized the importance of gaining possession of the Hudson River valley, and West Point became the strategic key to its defense. General George Washington established his headquarters there in 1779. In 1780 Major General Benedict Arnold , who was then in command at West Point, attempted to betray it to the British; but his treason was discovered and he fled to the enemy.", "Benedict Arnold ( - June 14, 1801) was a general during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Army but defected to the British Army. While a general on the American side, he obtained command of the fortifications at West Point, New York (future site of the U.S. Military Academy after 1802), overlooking the cliffs at the Hudson River (upriver from British-occupied New York City), and planned to surrender it to the British forces. The plan was exposed in September 1780, and he was commissioned into the British Army as a brigadier general.", "The most famously perfidious figure in American History is Benedict Arnold, the American army officer in the Revolutionary War who plotted with the British to surrender West Point to them.After his perfidy was discovered, he fled to England and spent the rest of his life in disgrace and poverty.", "Benedict Arnold = Traitor Turncoat Major General Arnold was probably the best field commander on either side in the Revolution. His invasion of Canada, compared by contemporaries to Hannibal's crossing the Alps, had nearly succeeded in making that province the fourteenth state. Skillful and bold, he had won the Battle of Saratoga, reversing the Americans' losing streak and securing French assistance for Ambassador Benjamin Franklin . He also sustained a severe leg wound that, for a time, sidelined him to garrison duty, and gave him more time to brood on the under-appreciation of his brilliance. But this talented American, so trusted by Washington that the British thought him incorruptible, had attempted to betray his country by surrendering West Point, the most strategic fort on New York 's Hudson River . He had persuaded Washington to give him the command in 1780, and had plotted its fall in a dozen letters exchanged with Major John André, chief of British intelligence. For his treason, Arnold wanted money ...", "Benedict Arnold , the American victor of Saratoga, grew increasingly disenchanted with struggle and decided to defect. In September 1780 he attempted to surrender the key American fort at West Point along the Hudson River to the British, but his plot was exposed. He escaped and continued to fight under the British army. He wrote an open letter justifying his actions by claiming he had only fought for a redress of grievances and since Britain had withdrew those grievances (see above) there was no reason to continue shedding blood, particularly in an alliance with an ancient and tyrannical enemy like France. He led the last British attack in the north, a devastating raid against New London in September 1781.", "By the end of 1779, Arnold had begun secret negotiations with the British to surrender the American fort at West Point, New York, in return for money and a command in the British army. Arnold’s chief intermediary was British Major John André (1750-80). André was captured in September 1780, while crossing between British and American lines, disguised in civilian clothes. Papers found on André incriminated Arnold in treason. Learning of André’s capture, Arnold fled to British lines before the Patriots could arrest him. West Point remained in American hands, and Arnold only received a portion of his promised bounty. André was hanged as a spy in October 1780.", "Today in 1781, British General Lord Charles Cornwallis offered to surrender to an allied force of American and French soldiers surrounding his troops at Yorktown, Virginia. Although no one realized it at the time, this battle marked the beginning of the end of the American War for Independence.", "August 3, 1780 - Benedict Arnold is appointed commander of West Point. Unknown to the Americans, he has been secretly collaborating with British Gen. Clinton since May of 1779 by supplying information on Gen. Washington's tactics.", "General Cornwallis did not attend the surrender ceremony saying that he was not feeling well. His substitute, General O'Hara, first tried to surrender to the Comte de Rochambeau who directed the British officer to General Washington who in turn directed him to Washington's subordinate General Lincoln. During the ceremony a British band played the song \"The World Turned Upside Down.\" Dr. James Thacher served with the Continental Army and published his account of the surrender some years later:", "22. He was denounced to Congress for his actions as commander at Philadelphia, and he asked for a court-martial to clear his name. Although he was seriously wounded during the Saratoga campaign, the monument honoring him does not bear his name — just a booted leg with a bullet hole. Who later conspired to hand over West Point to the British, and was declared a traitor?", "American General. Prevented British from reaching Ticonderoga and helped protect the north from Britain (1777). Tried to help British take West Point & Hudson River (1780) but he was found and declared traitor of America", "October 17, 1777 - During the American Revolutionary War , British General John Burgoyne and his entire army of 5,700 men surrendered to American General Horatio Gates after the Battle of Saratoga, the first big American victory.", "October 17, 1777 - During the American Revolutionary War , British General John Burgoyne and his entire army of 5,700 men surrendered to American General Horatio Gates after the Battle of Saratoga, the first big American victory.", "October 19, 1781 - As their band played The World Turned Upside Down, the British Army marched out in formation and surrendered to the Americans at Yorktown. More than 7,000 British and Hessian troops, led by British General Lord Cornwallis, surrendered to General George Washington. The war between Britain and its American colonies was effectively ended. The final peace treaty was signed in Paris on September 3, 1783.", "1775 � American Revolutionary War: Ethan Allen surrenders to British forces after attempting to capture Montreal during the Battle of Longue-Pointe. Benedict Arnold and his expeditionary company set off from Fort Western, bound for Quebec City.", "Bunker Hill was a battle of the American Revolutionary War that took place on June 17, 1775 during the Siege of Boston. It is considered by some to be the bloodiest battle of the American Revolutionary War. General Israel Putnam was in charge of the revolutionary forces, and Major General William Howe commanded the British forces. Colonel William Prescott, the revolutionaries' second in charge, is known as the officer who said: \"Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!\" Although the battle is known as \"Bunker Hill\", most of the fighting did not take place there, occurring on Breed's Hill nearby. On their third assault the British forces overran the revolutionaries' fortified earthworks on Breed's and Bunker Hill. The battle was a Pyrrhic victory for the British who suffered more than 1000 casualties. Howe's immediate objective was achieved.", "Captain Nathan Hale of the 19th Regiment of the Continental Army was one of the first known American spies of the Revolutionary War. In September 1776, he was captured while gathering intelligence behind enemy lines before the Battle of Harlem Heights. When it was discovered that he was carrying incriminating documents, British General William Howe had him executed. Legend holds that when 21-year-old Hale was asked if he had any last words, he replied with the now-famous words, \"I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country.\"", "General Artemas Ward, American Commander: Battle of Bunker Hill on 17th June 1775 in the American Revolutionary War: click here to buy this picture", "-Pharmacist turned military leader whose bravery and daring made him an American hero and a favorite of George Washington until he committed treason in 1780.", "In Parliament he was generally sympathetic to the American colonies. He publicly opposed the collection of legislation intended to punish the Thirteen Colonies known as Intolerable Acts , and in 1774 assured his constituents that he would resist active duty against the Americans and asserted that the entire British army could not conquer America. [11] He also let government ministers know privately that he was prepared to serve in America as second in command to Thomas Gage , whom he knew was unpopular in government circles. [12] In early 1775, when King George called on him to serve, he accepted, claiming publicly that if he did not, he would suffer \"the odious name of backwardness to serve my country in distress.\" [13] He sailed for America in March 1775, accompanied by Major Generals Henry Clinton and John Burgoyne . [14] In May 1775 his colonelcy was transferred to the 23rd Fusiliers . [15]", "Despite his heroic service, Arnold felt he did not receive the recognition he deserved. He resigned from the Continental Army in 1777 after Congress promoted five junior officers above him. General George Washington (1732-99), the commander in chief of the Continental Army, urged Arnold to reconsider. Arnold rejoined the army in time to participate in the defense of central New York from an invading British force under General John Burgoyne in the fall of 1777.", "When-1742-1786 Where- Born, Lived in Rhode Island Who/did what- He was a major general in the Continental Army durring the Revolutionary War, He climbed the ranks in the army and was one of George Washington's most dependable officers. Commanded his troops to victory at the battle of Trenton so what- One of the Revolutionary War's leaders whose stratagical prowess and loyalty allowed the Americans to beat a much more disciplined and well funded army in order to obtain freedom for the colonies", "General who set up base in Yorktown on a Chesapeake Bay peninsula. He would wait there for supplies from a ship. He was trapped there by Washington and had to surrender on October 19, 1781.", "A British army officer in the American War of Independence; his surrender in 1781 to a combined American and French force at the Siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities in North America.", "A British commander who surrendered to the French and American armies in Yorktown, Virginia; October 17, 1781 ", "In 1778 Washington appointed Arnold the military commander of Philadelphia after the British evacuated.  In Philadelphia patriots accused him of using using public wagons for private profit and for making money for himself after he closed all the shops down in Philadelphia.  Patriots also accused him of being to friendly with loyalists.  After all, the British had just evacuated Philadelphia, and tensions were high between loyalists and patriots.  Arnold then faced a court martial for corruption and  resigned his post on March 19, 1779.  Soon after resigning, Arnold sold his services to the British. " ]

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[ "The Gregorian calendar has gradually replaced the Julian calendar over a period of a few hundred years from October 1582 to re-align dates with the changing motions of the earth and moon in relation to the sun.", "…This was verified by the observations of Clavius, and the new calendar was instituted when Gregory decreed, by the papal bull Inter gravissimas of 24 February 1582, that the day after Thursday, 4 October 1582 would be not Friday, 5 October, but Friday, 15 October 1582. The new calendar duly replaced the Julian calendar, in use since 45 BC, and has since come into universal use. Because of Gregory’s involvement, the reformed Julian calendar came to be known as the Gregorian calendar.", "1582: Pope Gregory XIII announced the introduction of the new Gregorian calendar (in use to this day) which replaced the Julian calendar. It took Britain almost 200 years to follow suit, and as a result the year of its adoption, 1752, consisted of only 354 days - 11 days had to be deducted!", "The Gregorian calendar - also known as the New Style was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 but was not adopted by Great Britain until 1752. It modified the Julian calendar in order to correct the accumulated errors of 11 minutes 10 seconds in each Julian year. 10 days were removed in 1582 in those countries that adopted the Gregorian calendar. Great Britain removed 11 days in September 1752 when it adopted the Gregorian calendar.", "Once these errors were rectified, the Gregorian calendar was introduced by the pope in 1582, under the papal bull known as ‘ Inter gravissimas ’. By this time, however, the East-West Schism between the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox had been going on for over 500 years, and the Protestant Reformation in Western Europe had been underway for slightly more than 50 years. Thus, the change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar in 1582 was adopted mainly by countries under Roman Catholic rule, including Spain, Portugal (and the overseas possessions of these two countries) and France.", "The Gregorian calendar, also known as the Western calendar, or Christian calendar, is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by a decree signed on 24 February 1582, a papal bull known by its opening words Inter gravissimas. The reformed calendar was adopted later that year by a handful of countries, with other countries adopting it over the following centuries. The motivation for the Gregorian reform was that the Julian calendar assumes that the time between vernal equinoxes is 365.25 days, when in fact it is presently almost exactly 11 minutes shorter. The error between these values accumulated at the rate of about three days every four centuries, resulting in the equinox occurring on March 11 (an accumulated error of about 10 days) and moving steadily earlier in the Julian calendar at the time of the Gregorian reform. Since the Spring equinox was tied to the celebration of Easter, the Roman Catholic Church considered that this steady movement in the date of the equinox was undesirable.", "In the English-speaking world we use the Gregorian calendar, a 1582 modification (named after Pope Gregory XIII) of the \"Julian\" calendar established by Julius Caesar in ancient Rome. Although many other calendars have existed through history, and others are used in large parts of the world today, the Gregorian calendar, complete with months derived from their Latin names and with its peculiar \"rump\" month of February, is now the international standard.", "Interestingly, before the breakthrough by Galileo of direct observation the Roman Catholic Church led by Pope Gregory adopted the Solar Calendar in 1582. The Gregorian calendar, also called the Western calendar and the Christian calendar, is internationally the most widely used civil calendar.", "The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582. The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day, it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria (see Easter for the issues which arose). ", "The new calendar went into effect on the first day of January 709 A.U.C. (ab urbe condita—\"from the founding of the city [Rome]\")—January 1, 45 B.C.—and put an end to the arbitrary and inaccurate nature of the early Roman system. The Julian calendar became the predominant calendar throughout Europe for the next 1600 years until Pope Gregory made further reforms in 1582.", "The Gregorian calendar is today's internationally accepted civil calendar and is also known as the \"Western calendar\" or \"Christian calendar\". It was named after the man who first introduced it in February 1582: Pope Gregory XIII.", "On 5 October 1582, the Gregorian calendar was actively adopted for the first time. It required an adjustment to correct 11 accumulated days from the Julian calendar. The day following Thursday, 4 October 1582 was Friday, 15 October 1582, effective in most Catholic countries such as Italy, Poland, Spain and Portugal. Non-Catholic countries such as Scotland, Britain and the latter's colonies still used the Julian calendar up until 1752, and some Asian countries were still using the Julian calendar up until the early twentieth century.", "The Western world still marked time by the Julian calendar created in 46 B.C. By Galileos day, the calendar was 12 days off, leaving church feasts woefully behind the seasons for which they were intended. It was Pope Gregory XIII who was able to present a more accurate calendar in 1582. Though Protestant Europe fumed at the imposition of popish time, the accuracy of Gregorys calendar led to its acceptance throughout the West.", "The Julian calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC (708 AUC), was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect in 45 BC (AUC 709), shortly after the Roman conquest of Egypt. It was the predominant calendar in the Roman world, most of Europe, and in European settlements in the Americas and elsewhere, until it was refined and gradually replaced by the Gregorian calendar, promulgated in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. The Julian calendar gains against the mean tropical year at the rate of one day in 128 years. For the Gregorian the figure is one day in 3,226 years. The difference in the average length of the year between Julian (365.25 days) and Gregorian (365.2425 days) is 0.002%.", "* 1582: Pope Gregory XIII issues the Gregorian calendar. The last day of the Julian calendar was Thursday, 4 October 1582 and this was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar, Friday, 15 October 1582", "When the new calendar was put in use, the error accumulated in the 13 centuries since the Council of Nicaea was corrected by a deletion of 10 days. The Julian calendar day Thursday, 4 October 1582 was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar, Friday, 15 October 1582 (the cycle of weekdays was not affected).", "Although the drift of the Julian calendar is slow, the error in the calendar had accumulated enough by the sixteenth century that the Catholic Church became concerned about the drift's effect on the date of the celebration of Easter. The Italian chronologer Aloisius Lilius invented modifications to the Julian calendar to correct the difference. Pope Gregory XI instituted the new calendar, now named the Gregorian calendar, in the year 1582.", "The Gregorian calendar is today's international calendar, named after the man who first introduced it in February 1582, Pope Gregory XIII.", "Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar, which should be used with some caution. For ordinary purposes, the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar, with the year starting on 1 January, and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin's Day.", "Pope Paul III recruited several astronomers, principally the Jesuit Christopher Clavius (1537-1612), to come up with a solution. They built upon calendar reform proposals by the astronomer and physician Luigi Lilio (d. 1576). When Pope Gregory XIII was elected he found various proposals for calendar reform before him, and decided in favor of that of Clavius. On 1582-02-24 he issued a papal bull, Inter Gravissimas, establishing what is now called the Gregorian Calendar reform. (The full text may be read in both the Latin original and a French translation by Rudolphe Audette, and in an English translation , recently done by Bill Spencer.)", "On the 4th October 1582, Pope Gregory XIII implemented the Gregorian calendar. Although this calendar is now the most widely used calendar in the world, it was initially only adopted by the Catholic Church and.... . .", "Neither the papal bull nor its attached canons explicitly fix such a date, though it is implied by two tables of saint's days, one labelled 1582 which ends on 31 December, and another for any full year that begins on 1 January. It also specifies its epact relative to 1 January, in contrast with the Julian calendar, which specified it relative to 22 March. The old date was derived from the Greek system: the earlier Supputatio Romana specified it relative to 1 January.", "Until 1582, the main calendar used in Europe was the Julian calendar (after Julius Caesar) which was designed to approximate the solar year.", "This version still suffered from a lack of accuracy because the intercalation it used caused the annual solstices and equinoxes to throw off the measurements by as much as 11 minutes per year. A second type of calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. This was known as the Gregorian calendar and it is now the most commonly used version today.", "November: Ninth Roman month (novem, Latin for 9). Catholic countries adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1582, skipping 10 days that October, correcting for too many leap years,", "In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII decreed that the new calendar would be followed thereafter, and the change took place in all of the Catholic countries of Europe. The Protestant countries of Europe did not go along with Pope Gregory’s decree in 1582. The lowland states of Rhineland-Pfalz (now Germany), Belgium (then part of Holland), and the northern German states, for example, were made up of a majority of Protestant Palatines, Calvinists, or Lutherans. These groups did not adopt the Gregorian Calendar until 1700.", "The Gregorian Calendar was adopted immediately upon the promulgation of Pope Gregory's decree in the Catholic countries of Italy, Spain, Portugal and Poland, and shortly thereafter in France and Luxembourg. During the next year or two most Catholic regions of Germany, Belgium, Switzerland and the Netherlands came on board. Hungary followed in 1587. The rest of the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland made the change during 1699 to 1701. By the time the British were ready to go along with the rest of Europe, the old calendar had drifted off by one more day, requiring a correction of eleven days, rather than ten. The Gregorian Calendar was adopted in Britain (and in the British colonies) in 1752, with (Wednesday) September 2, 1752, being followed immediately by (Thursday) September 14, 1752.", "book&page_ind=209 \"The papal bull of 1582 promulgating a reform of the calendar\"], pages 201-239 in G.V. Coyne (ed.), The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican conference to commemorate its 400th anniversary (Vatican City: Specola Vaticana), 1983. ", "The Gregorian calendar was adopted at once by France, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Luxembourg. Within two years most German Catholic states, parts of Switzerland and The Netherlands adopted the new calendar. The rest of The Netherlands, along with Denmark and the German Protestant states followed in 1699-1700.", "1502–85, pope (1572–85), an Italian named Ugo Buoncompagni, b. Bologna; successor of St. Pius V. He is best known for his work on the calendar, and the reformed calendar, the Gregorian, is named for him.", "followed in 1587. The Protestant German countries adopted the Gregorian reform in 1700. By this time, the calendar trailed the seasons by 11 days.", "1539 – Christopher Clavius, German mathematician was a German Jesuit mathematician and astronomer who was the main architect of the modern Gregorian calendar.  (d. 1612)" ]

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[ "The Molly Maguires were members of a secret Irish organization. Many historians believe the \"Mollies\" were present in the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania in the United States from approximately the time of the American Civil War until a series of sensational arrests and trials in the years 1876−1878. Evidence that the Molly Maguires were responsible for coalfield crimes and kidnapping in the U.S. rests largely upon allegations of one powerful industrialist, and the testimony of one Pinkerton detective. Fellow prisoners also testified against the alleged Molly Maguires, but some believe these witnesses may have been coerced or bribed.[ citation needed ]", "1877 U.S.A. Molly Maguires Jun. 21st 1877 : Ten members of the Irish Miners Group The \"Molly Maguires\" were hanged for murder, the hangings bought about an end to the group as members now feared for their lives and loved ones lives.", "The Mollies are believed to have been present in the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania in the United States since at least the Panic of 1873 until becoming largely inactive following a series of arrests, trials and executions, between 1876 and 1878. Members of the Mollies were accused of murder, arson, kidnapping and other crimes, in part based on allegations by Franklin B. Gowen and the testimony of a Pinkerton detective, James McParland (also known as James McKenna), a native of County Armagh, Ireland. Fellow prisoners testified against the defendants, who were arrested by the Coal and Iron Police. Gowen acted as a prosecutor in some of the trials. ", "1877 - The Molly Maguires, ten Irish immigrants, are hanged at the Schuylkill County and Carbon County, Pennsylvania prisons.", "from approximately the time of the American Civil War until a series of sensational arrests and trials in the years 1876−1878. Evidence that the Molly Maguire’s were responsible for coalfield crimes in the", "Four members of the Molly Maguires, Alexander Campbell , John \"Black Jack\" Kehoe, Michael Doyle and Edward Kelly, were hanged on June 21, 1877 at a Carbon County prison in Mauch Chunk (renamed Jim Thorpe in 1953), for the murder of mine bosses John P. Jones and Morgan Powell, following a trial that was later described by a Carbon County judge, John P. Lavelle, as follows:", "Other worker�s associations formed, but bargaining was met with increasing resistance.  In the 1870�s, a number of murders and other violent acts against the mining companies were blamed on the Irish-American secret society, the Molly Maguires.  Pinkerton detectives hired by railroad and coal interests were able to infiltrate the organization.  Vigilante attacks were carried out on suspected members.   Many members were arrested and 20 were convicted of murder and hanged in 1877-1879. ", "The Molly Maguires, ten Irish immigrants who were labor activists, are hanged at Carbon County Prison in Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania. Author and Judge John P. Lavelle of Carbon County said of this, \"The Molly Maguire trials were a surrender of state sovereignty. A private corporation initiated the investigation through a private detective agency. A private police force arrested the alleged defenders, and private attorneys for the coal companies prosecuted them. The state provided only the courtroom and the gallows.\"", "Some historians (such as Philip Rosen, former curator of the Holocaust Awareness Museum of the Delaware Valley) believe that Irish immigrants brought a form of the Molly Maguires organization into America in the 19th century, and continued its activities as a clandestine society. They were located in a section of the anthracite coal fields dubbed the Coal Region, which included the Pennsylvania counties of Lackawanna, Luzerne, Columbia, Schuylkill, Carbon, and Northumberland. Irish miners in this organization employed the tactics of intimidation and violence used against Irish landlords during the \"Land Wars\" yet again in violent confrontations against the anthracite, or hard coal, mining companies in the 19th century. ", "The anti-Irish sentiments of the community resulting from Irish violence made them an easy target for political critics. In 1857, \"Miners' Journal\" publisher Bannan accused Irish Catholic organizations of voting in the 1856 presidential elections as a block. He also commented on the 55 indictments of voting inspectors in Philadelphia. \"Every one of these inspectors were Irishmen, belonging no doubt to the order of 'Molly Maguires' ....\" This publication marked the first time the eastern Pennsylvania coal mines saw the term in print. Sleepers and Buckshots would become alternate names for this alleged organization. The Molly Maguires he referred to were certainly the Ancient Order of Hiberians, a benevolent association founded by the alienated Irish Catholics.", "A heritage of agrarian violence in Ireland undoubtedly contributed to the crimes in the Pennsylvania coal fields, which continued for well over a decade in the late 19th century. But historian Aleine Austin believes,", "The Molly Maguire’s were members of a secret Irish organization. Many historians believe the Mollies were present in the anthracite coal fields of", "* June 21 – The Molly Maguires are hanged at Carbon County Prison in Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania.", "Franklin B. Gowen, the President of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, and of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, a first generation Irish American protestant and \"the wealthiest anthracite coal mine owner in the world,\" hired Allan Pinkerton's services to deal with the Molly Maguire’s. Pinkerton selected James McParlan, a native of County Armagh, to go undercover against the Mollies. Using the alias of James McKenna, he became a trusted member of the organization, and became a secretary for one of its local groups. McParlan's assignment was to collect evidence of murder plots and intrigue, passing this information along to his Pinkerton manager. He also began working secretly with a Pinkerton agent assigned to the Coal and Iron Police for the purpose of coordinating the eventual arrest and prosecution of members of the Molly Maguire’s.[32]", "Some miners faced the additional burden of prejudice and persecution. In the 1840s, 1850s, and 1860s, twenty thousand Irish workers had arrived in Schuylkill County. [27] It was a time of rampant beatings and murders in the mining district, some of which were committed by the Mollies. [28]", "In Labor's Untold Story, Richard Boyer and Herbert Morais put the responsibility for creating the Molly Maguire’s on industrialist Franklin B. Gowen, observing that, a good number of historians now concede that there was never any organization in Pennsylvania known as the Molly Maguire’s—although any militant miner might have been called a Molly Maguire after the newspapers had spread Gowen's charge far and wide. [16] Gowen, who was wealthy, powerful, and the District Attorney for Schuylkill County, contributed to such perceptions when he declared, the name of Molly Maguire being attached to a man's name is sufficient to hang him.[12]", ", secret organization of Irish-Americans in the coal-mining districts of Pennsylvania. Its name came from a woman who led an extralegal, antilandlord organization in Ireland during the 1840s, and its membership was drawn from the Ancient Order of Hibernians, an", "The concern caused by the increased violence, especially against coal mining officials prompted the establishment of the Coal and Iron Police in 1866. Permission for the institution of this special police force was granted by the state legislature with the intention that the force would protect private property from vandalism and sabotage. The \"policemen\" were hired, paid, and therefore completely controlled by the coal companies. This private force would be the one that made many of the arrests that would lead to the Molly Maguire executions. The coal companies were given the power to arrest the men that troubled them, and used this power to its fullest extent.", "Samuel Wells, who regularly used the alias \"Charlie Pitts,\" was a member of the James-Younger gang. He was involved with them in a number of robberies and resultant shootouts, but it cannot be stated with any degree of certainty in which specific incidents he participated. It is known that he took part in a train robbery at Rocky Cut, Missouri, in July, 1876, because after the holdup he jilted his sweetheart, Lillian Beamer, to marry another girl, and Miss Beamer promptly informed on him to the authorities. It is also known that he was present in the abortive raid on Northfield, because he was killed during the subsequent manhunt.", "During the mid-19th century, \"hard coal\" mining came to dominate northeastern Pennsylvania, a region already afforested twice over to feed America's growing need for energy. By the 1870s, powerful financial syndicates controlled the railroads and the coalfields. Coal companies had begun to recruit immigrants from overseas willing to work for less than the prevailing local wages paid to American-born employees, luring them with \"promises of fortune-making\". Herded into freight trains by the hundreds, these workers often replaced English-speaking miners who, according to labor historian George Korson:", "Kenny continues, most Irish mine workers belonged to the WBA and roughly half the officers of its executive board in 1872 bore Irish names. But, in addition to the WBA, there existed a loosely organized body of men called the Molly Maguire’s, whose membership appears to have been exclusively Irish... Both modes of organization... tried to improve conditions of life and labor in the anthracite region. But the strategy of the trade union was indirect, gradual, peaceful, and systematically organized across the anthracite region, while that of the Molly Maguire’s was direct, violent, sporadic, and confined to a specific locality.[44]", "** Wound Ravens (Irish) - One of the first gangs in Gotham since the late 1800s.", "Some aspects of the investigations, trials, and executions are unseemly. Information passed from the Pinkerton detective, intended only for the detective agency and their client — the most powerful industrialist of the region — was apparently also provided to vigilantes who ambushed and murdered miners suspected of being Molly Maguire’s. The vigilantes did not spare the miners’ families. [1] The industrialist standing to gain financially from the destruction of the striking union acted as prosecutor of some of the alleged Molly Maguire’s at their trials.", "One of the burning questions for modern scholars is the relationship between the Workingmen's Benevolent Association, the Mollies, and their alleged cover organization, the Ancient Order of Hibernians. Historian Kevin Kenny notes that all of the men who were convicted were members of the AOH. But \"the Molly Maguire’s themselves left virtually no evidence of their existence, let alone their aims and motivation.\"[37]", "One of the burning questions for modern scholars is the relationship between the Workingmen's Benevolent Association, the Mollies, and their alleged cover organization, the Ancient Order of Hibernians. Historian Kevin Kenny notes that all of the men who were convicted were members of the AOH. But \"the Molly Maguires themselves left virtually no evidence of their existence, let alone their aims and motivation.\" [35]", "John Herbert Dillinger (/dɪlɪndʒər/; June 22, 1903 – July 22, 1934) was an American gangster in the Depression-era United States. He operated with a group of men known by some as the Dillinger Gang or Terror Gang, which was accused of robbing 24 banks and four police stations, among other activities. Dillinger escaped from jail twice. He was also charged with, but never convicted of, the murder of an East Chicago, Indiana, police officer who shot Dillinger in his bullet-proof vest during a shootout, prompting him to return fire. It was Dillinger's only homicide charge. MORE", "The trusts seem to have focused almost exclusively upon the Molly Maguires for criminal prosecution. Information passed from the Pinkerton detective, intended only for the detective agency and their client — the most powerful industrialist of the region—was also provided to vigilantes who ambushed and murdered miners suspected of being Molly Maguires, as well as their families. Molly Maguire history is sometimes presented as the prosecution of an underground movement that was motivated by personal vendettas, and sometimes as a struggle between organized labor and powerful industrial forces. Whether membership in the Mollies' society overlapped union membership to any appreciable extent remains open to conjecture. ", "The Molly Maguires originated in Ireland, where secret societies with names such as Whiteboys and Peep o' Day Boys were common beginning in the 18th century and through most of the 19th century. In some areas the terms Ribbonmen and Molly Maguires were both used for similar activism but at different times. The main distinction between the two appears to be that the Ribbonmen were regarded as \"secular, cosmopolitan, and protonationalist\", with the Molly Maguires considered \"rural, local, and Gaelic\". ", "1892 - The chief justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court swears out a warrant for the arrest of the entire advisory board of the striking steel union at the Carnegie plant in Homestead for treason against the state. The 29 strike leaders are charged with plotting \"to incite insurrection, rebellion and war against the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania\".", "Boarding the train, the bandits relieved the 25 passengers of their money and jewelry, preying especially on what they scornfully called the plug-hat gentlemen. Each male passenger was asked tauntingly if he was Mr. Pinkerton, whom the outlaws said they wanted. After rifling the mailbags and robbing the Adams Express safe, one of the bandits, thought to be Jesse James, handed engineer William Wetton (or somebody else, accounts differ) a whimsical press release titled A true account of this present affair. It stated: The most daring robbery on record. The southbound train on the Iron Mountain Railroad was stopped here this evening by five heavily armed men and robbed of___dollars….The robbers were all large men, none of them under six feet tall. They were masked, and started in a southerly direction after they had robbed the train, all mounted on fine-blooded horses. There is a hell of an excitement in this part of the country! (Jesse had conveniently allowed for the railroad to fill in the amount lost, but apparently that was never done.) A 25-man posse formed the next day but was unable to follow the outlaws’ trail.", "1933 – Ten convicts escape from the Indiana State Prison with guns smuggled into the prison by bank robber John Dillinger", "1923 - Eight republican prisoners are executed by use of a mine at Ballyseedy, Co. Kerry" ]

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[ "The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,600 kilometres over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres. The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia. The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms. This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps. It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981. CNN labeled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world. The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland. A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, which helps to limit the impact of human use, such as fishing and tourism. Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish. According to a study published in October 2012 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985.", "The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s Largest coral reef system. It is composed of roughly 3,000 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for 2,600 kilometers (1,616 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometers (132,974 sq mi). The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland in northeast Australia. The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from orbit and is the world’s biggest single structure made by living organisms. This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps. The Great Barrier Reef supports a wide diversity of life, and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981.", "The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres. The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia.", "The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres (1,400 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres (133,000 sq mi). The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia.", "The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometers (1,400 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometers (133,000 sq mi). Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. Coral reefs are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine waters that contain few nutrients. The Great Barrier Reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia.", "Composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 1,600 miles, the Great Barrier Reef is in the Coral Sea, off Queensland coast (Australia). Yes, you can see it from space.", "Great Barrier Reef, complex of coral reefs , shoals, and islets in the Pacific Ocean off the northeastern coast of Australia and the longest and largest reef complex in the world. The Great Barrier Reef extends in roughly a northwest-southeast direction for more than 1,250 miles (2,000 km), at an offshore distance ranging from 10 to 100 miles (16 to 160 km), and has an area of some 135,000 square miles (350,000 square km). It has been characterized, somewhat inaccurately, as the largest structure ever built by living creatures.", "In the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia, lies the Great Barrier Reef, one of the natural wonders of the world. A barrier reef is a long, narrow, mostly submerged coral formation that lies parallel to the shoreline of a landmass. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest complex of coral reefs, shoals, and islets in the world. Despite its name, it is not a single reef. It actually includes some 2,900 reefs, of which about 800 are fringing reefs (which form closer to shorelines). It stretches more than 1,250 miles (2,000 kilometers) from northwest to southeast, a length comparable to that of the Pacific coast of the United States. Its area is about 135,000 square miles (350,000 square kilometers).", "The Australian coastline is very diverse, and its environments range from mangroves, estuaries, rocky shores, sandy shores, cliffs, islands, towns, cities, and rainforest. It also features the Great Barrier Reef, the largest reef on earth! It is on the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and Tasmania borders the Arctic Ocean.", "The Great Barrier Reef, a World Heritage site, extends some 2,010 km (1,250 mi) along the eastern coast of Queensland from Cape York in the north to Bundaberg in the south. Made of coral, it is the world's largest structure created by a living organism. The chain of reefs forms a natural breakwater for the passage of ships along the coast. See Also Kosciusko National Park; Uluru National Park.", "The Great Barrier Reef covers roughly 80,000 square miles, an area approximately as large as the state of Kansas. It is the largest structure created by living organisms.", "The Great Barrier Reef is the only living organic collective visible from Earth's orbit. The Great Barrier Reef, off the east coast of Australia, is one of the wonders of the natural world - it is the world's largest coral reef ecosystem. It was declared a World Heritage area in 1981 and added to the National Heritage List in 2007.", "Australia is a vast island continent situated south of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea between the Pacific and Indian oceans. The world's sixth largest country, Australia measures some 4000km (2500mi) east to west and 3200km (2000mi) north to south. Much of the interior of the country is flat, barren and extremely sparsely populated. The bulk of the population lives on the narrow, fertile eastern coastal plain and on the south-eastern coast. The continent-long Great Dividing Range runs north-south down the eastern seaboard, separating the coastal plain from the drier inland areas. The Great Barrier Reef lies between 50-300km (30-185mi) offshore and extends 2000km (1240mi) from the Torres Strait to Gladstone. Area: 2,966,152 sq miles (7,682,300 sq km)", "One of the seven wonders of the natural world, the Great Barrier Reef lies in the clear blue waters off the northeast coast of Australia. Spanning 14 degrees of latitude, this complex reef system is not only the greatest expanse of coral in the world, it is the Earth's largest living structure, a massive, beautiful, and ancient biological phenomenon of bewildering diversity and immense ecological significance. Habitats within the reef mosaic include the coral reefs themselves (some 3,000 individual reefs), sponge gardens, sea grasses, mangroves, continental islands, and coral cays, which together help support a rich assemblage of marine and terrestrial life, including more than 1,500 species of fish, 200 species of birds, six species of sea turtles, whales, dolphins, and dugongs.", "The Great Barrier Reef, the largest barrier reef in the world, extends for 1,600 miles off the northeastern coast of Australia. It is home to a host of sea creatures and fish that draw millions of tourists each year. The reef attracts scuba divers and water enthusiasts from around the world. The reef is a main tourism attraction and brings income to the Australian economy. The Great Barrier Reef has been designated as a United Nations World Heritage Site. Brisbane is located on the Gold Coast, which gets its name from the beautiful sandy beaches. The beaches attract an important tourism market for the country.", "Off the eastern coast of Australia is the world's largest coral reef complex, the Great Barrier Reef. The State of Tasmania, a large and mountainous island, resides in the south-eastern corner of Australia.", "The Great Barrier Reef is mainly made of coral polyps, a member of the jellyfish family. Algae called zooxanthellae live on the coral, the result of a mutual relationship between the organisms.", "The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometers and of course a World Heritage Site. A fantastic playground for snorkeling and diving amongst beautiful coral. Find Out More >", "Reefs, which are usually made up of many colonies, are much bigger still. The largest coral reef is the Great Barrier Reef , which spans 1,600 miles (2,600 km) off the east coast of Australia. It is so large that it can be seen from space !", "The largest organism found on Earth can be measured using a variety of methods. It could be defined as the largest by volume , mass , height , or length . Some organisms group together to form a superorganism , though this cannot truly be classed as one large organism. (The Great Barrier Reef , the world's largest coral reef (stretching 2,000 km) is a collection of many organisms).", "The 2300 kilometre (1430 mile) Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef system in the world. You can swim, snorkel, dive and sail this living masterpiece.", "The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park was established in 1975, and it is the world largest marine protected area in the world. It is approximately 348,700 square kilometres in area and approximately 2,300 kilometres long, running from just north of Bundaberg to the tip of the Cape York Peninsula. The reef contains over 2,900 reefs which includes 760 fringing reefs, and 300 coral cays. There are also 618 continental islands, which were once part of the mainland. As the world's largest coral reef ecosystem the Great Barrier Reef is home to approximately:- 1,500 species of fish 400 species of corals 4,000 species of molluscs 500 species of seaweed 215 species of birds 16 species of sea snake 6 species of sea turtle and some of the largest populations of dugong in the world.", "By far the largest part of Australia is desert or semi-arid. Australia is the driest inhabited continent, the flattest, and has the oldest and least fertile soils. Only the south-east and south-west corners of the continent have a temperate climate. The northern part of the country, with a tropical climate, has a vegetation consisting of rainforest, woodland, grassland and desert. The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef, lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 2,000 km (1,250 mi). The world's two largest monoliths are located in Australia, Mount Augustus in Western Australia is the largest and Uluru in central Australia is the second largest. At 2,228 m (7,310 ft), Mount Kosciuszko on the Great Dividing Range is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland, although Mawson Peak on the remote Australian territory of Heard Island is taller at 2,745 m (9,006 ft).", "On June 11 (that’s today!), 1770, Captain James Cook became the first European to discover Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Unfortunately for Cook, the discovery was lacking a bit in style. The explorer discovered the reef after accidentally running his ship aground on it. Thatmay have earned Cook’s Captain friends some fun at his expense since The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef in the world.", "The approximately 20,000-year-old Great Barrier Reef offers an example of how coral reefs formed on continental shelves. Sea level was then 120 m lower than in the 21st century. As sea level rose, the water and the corals encroached on what had been hills of the Australian coastal plain. By 13,000 years ago, sea level had risen to 60 m lower than at present, and many hills of the coastal plains had become continental islands. As the sea level rise continued, water topped most of the continental islands. The corals could then overgrow the hills, forming the present cays and reefs. Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years, and the age of the modern living reef structure is estimated to be between 6,000 and 8,000 years. Although the Great Barrier Reef formed along a continental shelf, and not around a volcanic island, Darwin's principles apply. Development stopped at the barrier reef stage, since Australia is not about to submerge. It formed the world's largest barrier reef, 300 – from shore, stretching for . ", "* The Great Barrier Reef—largest, comprising over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2600 km off Queensland, Australia", "Stretching for almost 300 kilometres Ningaloo Reef is a World Heritage listed coral reef system. The nearby Shark Bay, Australia's largest bay, features a 1,030 square kilometre Wooramel Seagrass Bank and is the largest of its type in the world. Ningaloo Reef is, at times, home to the Whale Shark, the largest fish species in the world.", "Much of the Great Barrier Reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. It covers over 1,800 miles (3,000 km) of the reef and runs along Queensland's coast near the town of Bundaberg.", "This type of reef resembles a fringing reef, but they are located further from the shore and can be much bigger than fringing reefs.  For example, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia lies 300 – 1000m (328 - 1093 yards) from shore, and 2000km (1243 miles) long", "Off of the northeast coast of Australia is the largest coral reef in the world. What is its name?", "Sydney Harbour in Australia is the largest natural harbor in the world. It is also the location of many of the city's main attractions, including the Sydney Opera House, the Sydney Aquarium and the Sydney Harbour Bridge.", "Fraser Island is a heritage-listed island located along the southern coast of Queensland, Australia, approximately 200 kilometres north of Brisbane. Its length is about 120 kilometres and its width is approximately 24 kilometres. It was inscribed as a World Heritage site in 1992. The island is considered to be the largest sand island in the world at 1840 km². It is also Queensland's largest island, Australia's sixth largest island and the largest island on the East Coast of Australia. The island has rainforests, eucalyptus woodland, mangrove forests, wallum and peat swamps, sand dunes and coastal heaths. It is made up of sand that has been accumulating for approximately 750,000 years on volcanic bedrock that provides a natural catchment for the sediment which is carried on a strong offshore current northwards along the coast. Unlike many sand dunes, plant life is abundant due to the naturally occurring mycorrhizal fungi present in the sand, which release nutrients in a form that can be absorbed by the plants. Fraser Island is home to a small number of mammal species, as well as a diverse range of birds, reptiles and amphibians, including the occasional saltwater crocodile. The island is part of the Fraser Coast Region and protected in the Great Sandy National Park." ]

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[ "One important court case in the U.S. was Miller v. California (1973). The case established that obscenity was not legally protected, but the case also established the Miller test, a three-pronged test to determine obscenity (which is not legal) as opposed to indecency (which may or may not be legal).", "The Miller test (also called the Three Prong Obscenity Test) is the United States Supreme Court's test for determining whether speech or expression can be labeled obscene, in which case it is not protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and can be prohibited.", "The Roth test was expanded when the Court decided Miller v. California (1973). Under the Miller test, a work is obscene if: Note that \"community\" standards—not national standards—are applied whether the material appeals to the prurient interest, leaving the question of obscenity to local authorities. Child pornography is not subject to the Miller test, as the Supreme Court decided in New York v. Ferber (1982) and Osborne v. Ohio (1990), ruling that the government's interest in protecting children from abuse was paramount. ", "The first two prongs of the Miller test are held to the standards of the community, and the last prong is held to what is reasonable to a person of the United States as a whole. The national reasonable person standard of the third prong acts as a check on the community standard of the first two prongs, allowing protection for works that in a certain community might be considered obscene but on a national level might have redeeming value.", "Since 1998 the meaning of State Street has been clarified. State Street didn’t abolish the technological test established by Toma as acknowledged by the Board of Patent Appeals and Inferences (BPAI) in affirming that a claimed invention (Bowman) was not statutory. The Toma case was an appeal from the BPAI that was decided by the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (CCPA). The CCPA said: \"The 'technological' or 'useful' art inquiry must focus on whether the claimed subject matter... is statutory, not on whether the product of the claimed subject matter... is statutory, not on whether the prior art which the claimed subject matter purports to replace... is statutory, and not on whether the claimed subject matter is presently perceived to be an improvement over the prior art, e.g., whether it 'enhances' the operation of a machine.\" The Toma test is a two-prong test of:", "The ACLU and other anti-gun groups generally cite United States v Miller, a 1939 case which decides that the 1934 National Firearms Act is constitutional. The Court found that the Act was not an attempt on the part of the Federal Authority to usurp the police powers reserved to the states, on the grounds that, though regulations were applied to the transfer and taxation of firearms, strictly circumscribing possession of certain kinds of firearms vis-a-vis private citizens-notably sawed-off shotguns and other \"gangster-type\" weapons-the right of citizens to keep and bear arms in the narrow context of the need of the Several States to have and maintain a militia was not thereby infringed.", "In its opinion, the Court undertook a detailed examination of whether the Federal Rules of Evidence superceded Frye. It concluded that Frye's 'general acceptance' is not a necessary precondition to the admissibility of scientific evidence\" and that the Federal Rules \"assign to the trial judge the task of ensuring that an expert's testimony both rests on a reliable foundation and is relevant to the task at hand.\" To guide the trial judge, the Court offered a flexible four-pronged test based on whether the theory or technique has been \"tested\"; whether it has been subjected to \"peer review,\" usually through a peer-reviewed publication, so that the scientific community can detect flaws; what its \"known or potential rate of error\" is; and its \"acceptability\" in the relevant scientific community. Accordingly, the more stringent Daubert (pronounced \"Dough-BEAR\") standard replaced the earlier Frye standard. Judges, not the scientific community, were to determine reliability and relevance.", "\"The claim and exercise of a constitutional Right cannot be converted into a crime.\" Miller vs. U.S., 230 F. 486, 489.", "The Supreme Court reaffirmed and extended the Shaw holding in Miller v. Johnson, 515 U.S. 900, 115 S. Ct. 2475, 132 L. Ed. 2d 762 (1995). In Miller, the state of Georgia had complied with the redistricting provisions of the Voting Rights Act, but still found its redistricting scheme struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court as a racial gerrymander. As a designated state under the act, Georgia reapportioned three times before the attorney general accepted a plan. In its first two plans, Georgia drew two districts in which the majority of the voting population was African American. The scheme eventually accepted by the attorney general contained three congressional districts in which the majority of the voting population was African American. According to the Court, the redistricting was a racial gerrymander because its guiding principle was racial division, even though the new election districts were not bizarrely shaped.", "*119. K. DAVIS, supra note 83, at 232 (“What a flexible Constitution we have! The Fourth Amendment, according to a unanimous Supreme Court in 1924 . . . prohibits ‘direct fishing expeditions into private papers on the possibility that they may disclose evidence of crime.’ And the same Fourth Amendment, according to a unanimous Supreme Court in 1950, allows an agency to go fishing in corporate papers, even if the reason is ‘nothing more than official curiosity.'”). Although Davis chooses to regard the question as the degree of reasonableness of an inspection, the Court saw the question as one of the nature of corporate personality, and whether that entitled the state to regulate the corporation. In United States v. Morton Salt, 338 U.S. 632, 652 (1950), the Court explicitly used a federal version of the artificial entity theory. The Court held that “[Corporations] are endowed with public attributes. They have a collective impact upon society, from which they derive the privilege to act as artificial entities.” Id.", "Following the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests for soldiers in World War I, mental testing became popular in the US, where it was soon applied to school children. The federally created National Intelligence Test was administered to 7 million children in the 1920s, and in 1926 the College Entrance Examination Board created the Scholastic Aptitude Test to standardize college admissions. The results of intelligence tests were used to argue for segregated schools and economic functions—i.e. the preferential training of Black Americans for manual labor. These practices were criticized by black intellectuals such a Horace Mann Bond and Allison Davis. Eugenicists used mental testing to justify and organize compulsory sterilization of individuals classified as mentally retarded. In the United States, tens of thousands of men and women were sterilized. Setting a precedent which has never been overturned, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of this practice in the 1907 case Buck v. Bell. ", "The second inquiry is whether equality was denied because of a person's membership in a protected class of sex, race, color, creed, or national origin. Id. As I have discussed above in connection with the analysis of appellants' federal equal protection challenge to 21.06, it is manifest on the face of that statute it is the gender of the particular actors that serves as the trigger for 21.06's prohibitions, so that discussion need not be repeated here. Thus, addressing the second part of the McLean test, the focus is on whether the discrimination in 21.06 is prohibited by the ERA. Id. Sex-based discrimination is allowed to co-exist with the ERA only when the proponent of the discrimination can prove there is no other manner to protect the state's compelling interest. Id. Surprisingly, counsel for the State conceded at oral argument that he could not \"even see how he could begin to frame an argument that there was a compelling State interest,\" much less demonstrate that interest for this Court. The State did offer, however, what it characterized as legitimate purposes for the statute: enforcement of principles of morality and promotion of family values.", "n22 Under the Fourteenth Amendment, gender classifications are analyzed according to an intermediate \"heightened scrutiny\" falling somewhere between the rational relationship test and strict scrutiny. Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718, 724, 73 L. Ed. 2d 1090, 102 S. Ct. 3331 (1982); see also Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190, 197, 50 L. Ed. 2d 397, 97 S. Ct. 451 (1976) (holding that under the Fourteenth Amendment, classifications by gender must serve important governmental objectives and must be substantially related to the achievement of those objectives).", "Justice Frankfurter in concurrence developed a balancing test, which, however, he deferred to the congressional judgment in applying, concluding that ''there is ample justification for a legislative judgment that the conspiracy now before us is a substantial threat to national order and security.'' 10 Justice Jackson's concurrence was based on his reading of the case as involving ''a conviction of conspiracy, after a trial for conspiracy, on an indictment charging conspiracy, brought under a statute outlawing conspiracy.'' Here the Government was dealing with ''permanently organized, well-financed, semi-secret, and highly disciplined organizations'' plotting to overthrow the Government; under the First Amendment ''it is not forbidden to put down force and violence, it is not forbidden to punish its teaching or advocacy, and the end being punishable, there is no doubt of the power to punish conspiracy for the purpose.'' 11 Justices Black and Douglas dissented separately, the former viewing the Smith Act as an invalid prior restraint and calling for reversal of the convictions for lack of a clear and present danger, the latter applying the Holmes-Brandeis formula of clear and present danger to conclude that ''[t]o believe that petitioners and their following are placed in such critical positions as to endanger the Nation is to believe the incredible.'' 12", "      After further consideration of the arguments and the relevant case law and statutory authority, the Court makes the following finding:", "*237. Shades of Harlan and artificial entity theory emerged in later years as the government acquired increased power over corporate documents. In Wilson v. United States, 221 U.S. 361, 368 (1910), the Court held constitutional a broad subpoena that asked for all letters and telegrams relating to an alleged fraud and conspiracy violation. The subpoena required the production of letters and telegrams “signed or purporting to be signed by the President of said company during the month [sic] of May and June 1909 in regard to an alleged violation of the statutes of the United States by C. C. Wilson.” Id. at 375. The Wilson Court did not develop any reasons for its narrow construction of fourth amendment rights, and it was not until the 1940s that the Court granted the government broader powers to search for corporate documents and reconsidered a theory of corporate personality. See infra notes 239-42 and accompanying text.", "Rejecting this argument, the Court held that the words “no person” in the privileges portion of the fifth amendment do not suggest that corporations should be included within the amendment’s protections.*226 The majority then rendered its most expansive rendition of the artificial entity theory,*227 drawing a sharp distinction between the individual and the corporation.*228 The individual exists antecedent to the state and therefore owes no duty to the state and cannot be deprived of any constitutional rights. The corporation, however, is a mere “creature of the State.” Its powers are limited by law, and the legislature reserves a right to investigate the corporation.*229 An individual may refuse to answer incriminating questions, but a corporation may not if it is charged with an abuse of its state-conferred privileges.*230", "*114. See Wilson v. United States, 221 U.S. 361, 368 (1910), distinguishing Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616 (1886) (no constitutional violation in a broad subpoena that asked for all letters and telegrams relating to an alleged fraud and conspiracy violation where there was no “unreasonable” search and seizure). Wilson did not develop any reason for its narrow construction of fourth amendment rights, and it was not until the 1940s that the Court granted government broader powers to search for corporate documents and reconsidered a theory of corporate personality. Cf. Essgee Co. v. United States, 262 U.S. 151, 157 (1922) (request for corporate documents not unreasonable when confined in scope).", "The US Supreme Court, in what becomes informally known as the “Keith case,” upholds, 8-0, an appellate court ruling that strikes down warrantless surveillance of domestic groups for national security purposes. The Department of Justice had wiretapped, without court warrants, several defendants charged with destruction of government property; those wiretaps provided key evidence against the defendants. Attorney General John Mitchell refused to disclose the source of the evidence pursuant to the “national security” exception to the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. The courts disagreed, and the government appealed the decision to the Supreme Court, which upheld the lower courts’ rulings against the government in a unanimous verdict. The Court held that the wiretaps were an unconstitutional violation of the Fourth Amendment, establishing the judicial precedent that warrants must be obtained before the government can wiretap a US citizen.", "In Loving, the State of Virginia attempted to uphold its miscegenation statute in the face of an equal protection challenge by arguing that the statute did not discriminate on the basis of race because it applied equally to whites and blacks. The Supreme Court traced the origins of Virginia's miscegenation statute and concluded that \"penalties for miscegenation arose as an incident to slavery.\" Loving, 388 U.S. at 6. Because the clear and central purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment was \"to eliminate all official state sources of invidious racial discrimination,\" the court determined the statute was unconstitutional. Id., at 10.", "*266. In Donovan v. Dewey, 452 U.S. 594 (1981), the Court confronted another statute — the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (MSHA) — that required warrantless inspections. In Donovan, a federal mine inspector was denied access to the premises of the Waukesha Lime and Stone Company. The corporation charged that the warrantless inspection provisions of MSHA violated the fourth amendment. The Supreme Court disagreed. Although the Court did not use a theory of corporate personality to reach this result, it distinguished between the privacy accorded commercial property and the sanctity of an individual’s home. Id. at 598-99.", "After reviewing the opinion of the Florida Supreme Court, we find �that there is considerable uncertainty as to the precise grounds for the decision.� Minnesota v. National Tea Co., 309 U. S. 551, 555 (1940). This is sufficient reason for us to decline at this time to review the federal questions asserted to be present. See ibid.", "United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers, 413 U.S. 548 (1973), is a ruling by the United States Supreme Court which held that the Hatch Act of 1939 does not violate the First Amendment, and its implementing regulations are not unconstitutionally vague and overbroad.", "The breadth of this hypothesis is unprecedented in our constitutional system. The first step is easily taken. No one denies the regrettable fact that there has been societal discrimination in this country against various racial and ethnic groups. The second step, however, involves a speculative leap: but for this discrimination by society at large, Bakke \"would have failed to qualify for admission\" because Negro applicants -- nothing is said about Asians, cf., e.g., post at 374 n. 57 -- would have made better scores. Not one word in the record supports this conclusion, and the authors of the opinion offer no standard for courts to use in applying such a presumption of causation to other racial or ethnic classifications. This failure is a grave one, since, if it may be concluded on this record that each of the minority groups preferred by the petitioner's special program is entitled to the benefit of the presumption, it would seem difficult to determine that any of the dozens of minority groups that have suffered \"societal discrimination\" cannot also claim it in any area of social intercourse. See Part IV-B, infra.", "It is important to note that on January 30, 2001, after a two-day hearing devoted to whether the PAS satisfied Frye Test criteria for admissibility in a court of law, a Tampa, Florida court ruled that the PAS had gained enough acceptance in the scientific community to be admissible in a court of law ( Kilgore v. Boyd, 2001 ). This ruling was subsequently affirmed by the District Court of Appeals ( February 6, 2001 ). In the course of my testimony, I brought to the court’s attention the more than 100 peer-reviewed articles (there are 133 at the time of this writing) by approximately 150 other authors and over 40 court rulings (there are 66 at the time of this writing) in which the PAS had been recognized. These lists of the PAS peer-reviewed articles and legal citations are frequently updated on my website (www.rgardner.com). I am certain that these publications played an important role in the judge’s decision. This case will clearly serve as a precedent and facilitate the admission of the PAS in other cases—not only in Florida, but elsewhere.", "(1971) was an important United States Supreme Court case dealing with the busing of students to promote integration in public schools. After a first trial going to the Board of Education, the Court held that busing was an appropriate remedy for the problem of racial imbalance among schools, even where the imbalance resulted from the selection of students based on geographic proximity to the school rather than from deliberate assignment based on race. This was done to ensure the schools would be \\\"properly\\\" integrated and that all students would receive equal educational opportunities regardless of their race.", "The 1960s were a period characterized by much civil unrest. Citizens were dissatisfied with the social and political conditions, and particularly with the treatment of minorities. During this time, the U.S. Supreme Court decided a series of landmark cases that limited the investigative techniques used by police officers. For example, the court decided in Mapp v. Ohio (367 U.S. 643 (1961)), that evidence obtained during a search and seizure that violated citizens' Fourth Amendment rights could not be used against them in a court of law. Dubbed the exclusionary rule, Mapp guaranteed that the fruits of an unconstitutional search could not be used during prosecution. In 1966, the court ruled in Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436, that a suspect must be advised of his or her right against self-incrimination (protected by the Fifth Amendment) and the right to council (protected by the Sixth Amendment) before police can interrogate that suspect. Any admission of guilt obtained prior to giving the Miranda warnings cannot be used against the suspect during prosecution. Critics of these and other decisions claimed that the Supreme Court was \"handcuffing\" police. Most studies have shown, however, that these rulings did not have the substantial influence that either side believed would result (Leo).", "In a 1952 decision (Morissette v United States, 342 US 246), the U. S. Supreme Court recognized the powers of juries to engage in nullification. The court stated:", "In 2004, Sotomayor was part of the judge panel that ruled in Swedenburg v. Kelly that New York's law prohibiting out-of-state wineries from shipping directly to consumers in New York was constitutional even though in-state wineries were allowed to. The case, which invoked the 21st Amendment, was appealed and attached to another case. The case reached the Supreme Court later on as Swedenburg v. Kelly and was overruled in a 5–4 decision that found the law was discriminatory and unconstitutional. ", "Corporations were protected against invasive searches designed to secure corporate documents as well. See Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States, 251 U.S. 385, 392 (1920) (government officers, “without a shadow of authority” went to the office of the company and made a clean sweep of all books, papers and documents and brought them to the district attorney’s office for photographing. The Court found that the search violated the fourth amendment and overturned the district court judgment finding the corporation guilty of violating a federal statute); see also Go-Bart Importing Co. v. United States, 282 U.S. 344, 346 (1931) (A corporation received an order enjoining the use of materials taken from a corporate headquarters, in violation of the fourth and fifth amendments, to be used against two individual defendants and for violating the National Prohibition Act of 1929.).", "* In the U.S. Supreme Court Case Reed v Reed, for the first time since the Fourteenth Amendment went into effect in 1868, the Court struck down a state law on the ground that it discriminated against women in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of that amendment. The law in question—enacted in Idaho in 1864—required that when the father and mother of a deceased person both sought appointment as administrator of the estate, the man had to be preferred over the woman. ", "By the time NRA ended in May 1935, industrial production was 55% higher than in May 1933. In addition, well over 2 million employers accepted the new standards laid down by the NRA, which had introduced a minimum wage and an eight-hour workday, together with abolishing child labor. On May 27, 1935, the NRA was found to be unconstitutional by a unanimous decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Schechter v. United States. On that same day, the Court unanimously struck down the Frazier-Lemke Act portion of the New Deal as unconstitutional. After the end of the NRA quotas in the oil industry were fixed by the Railroad Commission of Texas with Tom Connally's federal Hot Oil Act of 1935, which guaranteed that illegal \"hot oil\" would not be sold. " ]

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[ "On 25 June 1991 the parliaments of Slovenia and Croatia voted to declare independence from Yugoslavia, the first republics of the federation to do so.", "On June 25th 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence from Yugoslavia. On the same day Slovenian territorial defense units captured Yugoslav control posts on borders with Italy, Hungary and Austria. Slovenian forces also established border control posts on their border with Croatia.", "June 25, 1991: Slovenia and Croatia declare independence from Yugoslavia. Two days later, Yugoslav army attacks Slovenia, withdraws after a 10-day war.", "On 25 June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia became the first republics to declare independence from Yugoslavia. The federal customs officers in Slovenia on the border crossings with Italy, Austria, and Hungary mainly just changed uniforms since most of them were local Slovenes. The following day (26 June), the Federal Executive Council specifically ordered the army to take control of the \"internationally recognised borders\", leading to the Ten-Day War.", "* The Yugoslav Wars (1991–1995) – The breakup of Yugoslavia beginning on 25 June 1991 after the republics of Croatia and Slovenia declared independence from Yugoslavia which was followed by the subsequent Yugoslav wars. The Yugoslav Wars would become notorious for numerous war crimes and human rights violations such as ethnic cleansing and genocide committed by all sides.", "The provinces of Croatia and Slovenia declare their independence from Yugoslavia. Slovenia breaks off without violence (it has no border with Serbia). However, within two days the Yugoslav army, representing Serbia, attacks Croatia and a long war between the two countries begins. This is the start of nearly a decade of conflict in the region as Yugoslavia slowly breaks apart.", "Some of the countries that border Austria are young or have seen major changes since the end of the Cold War. The Czech Republic and Slovakia, which were once a single country called Czechoslovakia, parted peacefully on Jan. 1, 1993. Slovenia declared its independence from the former Yugoslavia on June 25, 1991, and was recognized as a nation-state in 1992 after a brief war.", "  Home  »  Context of 'June 25, 1991: Croatia and Slovenia Declare Independence; War Between Croatia and Serbia Begins'", "Context of 'June 25, 1991: Croatia and Slovenia Declare Independence; War Between Croatia and Serbia Begins'", "In Croatia the Croatian War of Independence soon began, with Croatian Serb rebels (assisted by the JNA ) consolidating their hold on chunks of Croatian territory, and declaring that their entities will not secede from Yugoslavia if Croatia follows through with independence (after the Brijuni Agreement three-month moratorium passes). In October 1991 Croatia and Slovenia finally declared independence, leading to full-scale war in Croatia. Serbian rebels and Serb-controlled JNA units succeed in occupying large chunks of Croatia. A temporary armistice took hold in January 1992, with attention quickly shifting to SR Bosnia and Herzegovina . In September 1991, Macedonia also declared its independence. Five hundred US soldiers were then deployed under the UN banner to monitor Macedonia's northern borders. [2]", "From 1991 to 1992, the SFRY's territory disintegrated as the independent states of Slovenia , Croatia , Republic of Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina separated from it, though the Yugoslav military controlled parts of Croatia and Bosnia prior to the state's dissolution. By 1992, only the republics of Serbia and Montenegro remained committed to union, and formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in 1992.", "This is a scalable context timeline. It contains events related to the event June 25, 1991: Croatia and Slovenia Declare Independence; War Between Croatia and Serbia Begins . You can narrow or broaden the context of this timeline by adjusting the zoom level. The lower the scale, the more relevant the items on average will be, while the higher the scale, the less relevant the items, on average, will be.", "Yugoslavia (\"Land of the South Slavs\") was originally Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, created by joining Serbia , Croatia , Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Macedonia , and Montenegro . It became Yugoslavia in 1929. It subsequently split into its constituent states in the years 1992-2008.", "In 1992, the SFRY's territory disintegrated as the independent states of Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina separated from it, though the Yugoslav military controlled parts of Croatia and Bosnia prior to the state's dissolution. By 1992, only the republics of Serbia and Montenegro remained committed to union, and formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in that year.", "The Ten-Day War, sometimes called the Slovenian War, was a brief military conflict between Slovenia and Yugoslavia that took place in 1991 following Slovenia's declaration of independence.", "On 8 April 1990, the democratic and anti-Yugoslav DEMOS coalition won the elections in Slovenia, while on 24 April 1990 the Croatian elections witnessed the landslide victory of the nationalist Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) led by Franjo Tuđman . The results were much more balanced in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia in November 1990, while the parliamentary and presidential elections of December 1990 in Serbia and Montenegro consolidated the power of Milošević and his supporters. Free elections on the level of the federation were never carried out. Instead, the Slovenian and Croatian leaderships started preparing plans for secession from the federation. In the Slovenian independence referendum on 23 December 1990, 88.5% of residents voted for independence. [21] In the Croatian independence referendum, on 2 May 1991, 93.24% voted for independence.", "The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new multinational state, which was named Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia became a republic of the renewed Yugoslavia, which though communist, distanced itself from Moscow's rule. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a strong economy, and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's transformation to a modern state. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the euro zone and the Schengen zone in 2007.", "The Slovene lands were part of the Holy Roman Empire and Austria until 1918 when the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new multinational state, renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia became a republic of the renewed Yugoslavia, which though Communist, distanced itself from Moscow's rule. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power of the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a strong economy, and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's transformation to a modern state. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004.", "The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new multinational state, which was named Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia became a republic of the renewed Yugoslavia, which though Communist, distanced itself from Moscow's rule. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a strong economy, and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's transformation to a modern state. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004.", "Slovenia: Slovenia becomes independent and works as a buffer, neutral state between Italy and Croatia as stated in the peace treaty.", "Slovenia and Croatia each declare independence. With 90% of its population ethnic Slovenians, Slovenia is able to break away with only a brief period of fighting. Because 12% of Croatia's population is Serbian, however, rump Yugoslavia fights hard against its secession for the next four years. As Croatia moves towards independence, it evicts most of its Serbian population.", "Independence Day, 8 October (1991) and Statehood Day, 25 June (1991); note - 25 June 1991 was the day the Croatian parliament voted for independence; following a three-month moratorium to allow the European Community to solve the Yugoslav crisis peacefully, parliament adopted a decision on 8 October 1991 to sever constitutional relations with Yugoslavia", "In the Slovenian independence referendum, 1990, held on 23 December 1990, a vast majority of residents voted for independence. 88.5% of all electors (94.8% of those participating) voted for independence – which was declared on 25 June 1991. [53] Both Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence on 25 June 1991.", "With a population of slightly more than two million and an area slightly smaller than New Jersey, the country now called Slovenia was strongly influenced by its historic and cultural ties to Western Europe.12 It was a contingent of the Roman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Hapsburg Dynasty before becoming part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Following the dissolution of the Empire in 1919, the Slovenes joined their Croatian and Serb neighbors in 1929 in forming a multinational state named \"Yugoslavia.\" Following World War II, Slovenia became a republic within the communist Yugoslavia. In 1991, driven by the goal of full freedom from the Serb majority, Slovenia declared its independence after a ten-day struggle.", "In the same year more than 88% of the electorate voted for a sovereign and independent Slovenia  . The declaration of independence  followed on 25 June 1991. The next day, the Yugoslav Army attacked the newly-founded state. After a ten-day war  , a truce was called, and in October 1991 the last soldiers of the Yugoslav Army left Slovenia.", "Croat and Slovene independence was recognized by West Germany and other western states. The Yugoslav People�s Army (YPA) soon abandoned the attempt to conquer Slovenia with its very small Serb minority. but the Krajina Serbs were able to fight as long as they did because of the support of the Yugoslav People's Army  (YPA) organized by General Radko Mladic. The Krajina Serbs managed to seize one third of Croatia and their merciless shelling of the Croat town of Vukovar was followed by the killing of most of the survivors. (November 1991). At this time, the first news reports began to come in about Serb \"ethnic cleansing\" of Croats.", "October 8, 1991, when the July 9 moratorium on Slovenian and Croatian secession was ended and Croatia restated its independence in Croatian Parliament (that day is celebrated as Independence Day in Croatia)", "The Slovenian and Croatian leaderships started preparing plans for secession from the federation, while the Serbs of Croatia organized the so-called Log Revolution, an insurrection that would lead to the creation of the breakaway region of SAO Krajina. In the Slovenian independence referendum on 23 December 1990, 88.5% of residents voted for independence. In the Croatian independence referendum, on 2 May 1991, 93.24% voted for independence.", "The Slovene People's Party launched a movement for self-determination, demanding the creation of a semi-independent South Slavic state under Habsburg rule. The proposal was picked up by most Slovene parties, and a mass mobilization of Slovene civil society, known as the Declaration Movement, followed. This demand was rejected by the Austrian political elites; but following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the aftermath of the First World War, the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs took power in Zagreb on 6 October 1918. On 29 October, independence was declared by a national gathering in Ljubljana, and by the Croatian parliament, declaring the establishment of the new State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.", "Slovenia unexpectedly declared independence on 25 June 1991, even though it had previously announced that it would declare independence on 26 June. This \"advance\" on the date of independence was a vital element of the Slovenian plan to gain an early advantage in the expected conflict. The Slovenian government fully expected the Yugoslav military to respond with force on the day of the declaration of independence or shortly afterwards. By secretly advancing the date by 24 hours, the Slovenians wrongfooted the Yugoslav government, which had planned 26th of June as the date for its move.", "** Ten-Day War (1991) – a brief military conflict between Slovenian TO (Slovenian Territorial Defence) and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) following Slovenia's declaration of independence.", "On June 27th, 1991, the Yugoslav Army attacked the Slovenian TO units on borders and also in all other areas which were under Slovenian control. The Slovenian TO blockaded all the Yugoslav Army bases in Slovenia and kept them under siege for 10 days." ]

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[ "*** Actor John Drew Barrymore married first actress Cara Williams. From his subsequent marriage to actress/manager Jaid Barrymore (née Ildiko Jaid Mako), he was the father of actress Drew Barrymore. Drew was briefly married to MTV host and comedian Tom Green. His last marriage was to actress Nina Wayne.", "Drew Barrymore and Jeremy Thomas: Remember when Drew Barrymore was all crazy and bisexual and doing insane things in the '90s? Well, this was one of those episodes, and the pair got married after a very brief courtship. But \"29 days later\" isn't the name of a zombie movie, it's how long they lasted before getting divorced.", "Drew Barrymore's marriage to Tom Green fizzled pretty quickly. Despite living together for two years prior to tying the knot, the pair didn't last five months as a married couple. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo: David McNew/Getty)", "Mousse up your hair and pull your Missing Persons records out of mothballs for this romantic comedy set in that era of questionable fashion decisions, the '80s. In 1985, Robbie Hart (Adam Sandler) is a vocalist whose rock band stubbornly refuses to get off the ground. In the meantime, he makes a living playing wedding receptions, where his easy charm and ability to schmooze brings him a steady income. Robbie meets Julia Sullivan (Drew Barrymore) when she's working as a waitress at one of his wedding gigs; he immediately takes a shine to her, but since he's engaged, he keeps his distance. Robbie learns that Julia is also engaged; unfortunately, her fiancée Glen Gulia (Matthew Glave) is an obnoxious, self-obsessed yuppie who is chronically unfaithful to her. When Robbie gets stood up at the altar by his fiancée, it's a crushing blow to his ego, and he moves from working weddings to bar mitzvahs to avoid the humiliating issue of matrimony, and he considers giving up on music altogether. In time, Robbie realizes that he needs to step in and stop Julia from marrying Glen before the woman he's come to love ruins her life. Adam Sandler's former Saturday Night Live co-stars Kevin Nealon and Jon Lovitz make cameo appearances, as do Steve Buscemi and Billy Idol", "Kimberly \"Kim\" Kardashian West (née Kimberly Noel Kardashian; October 21, 1980) is an American reality television personality, actress, socialite, businesswoman, model and singer. Kardashian first gained media attention as a friend and stylist of Paris Hilton, but received wider notice after a 2003 sex tape with her former boyfriend Ray J was leaked in 2007. Later that year, she and her family began to appear in the E! Network's reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians. Its success soon led to the creation of spin-offs including Kourtney and Kim Take New York and Kourtney and Khloe Take Miami in addition to various business ventures. Kardashian's personal life soon became subject to widespread media attention. ", "His castmates included future girlfriend and pop superstar Britney Spears, future tourmate Christina Aguilera, future bandmate JC Chasez, and future movie actor Ryan Gosling.[8] The show ended in 1994, but late in 1995 Timberlake recruited Chasez to be in an all-male singing group organized by boy band manager Lou Pearlman[9] that eventually became 'N Sync.", "In 1999, Barrymore was honored by the Young Artist Foundation with its Former Child Star \"Lifetime Achievement\" Award commemorating her outstanding achievements within the film industry as a child actress. In 2005, she began a recurring role in the animated comedy Family Guy as Brian Griffin's simple-minded girlfriend, Jillian Russell. She subsequently appeared in a total of eleven episodes. She was the subject of the 2005 documentary My Date with Drew. In it, an aspiring filmmaker, who was a fan of Barrymore's, used his limited resources in an attempt to gain a date with her. On February 3, 2004, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. ", "Khloé Kardashian Odom (born Khloé Alexandra Kardashian; June 27, 1984) is an American entrepreneur and television personality. Since 2007, she and her family have starred in the reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians. Its success has led to the creation of spin-offs including Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami and Khloé & Lamar. In September 2009, Kardashian married basketball player Lamar Odom one month after they first met.", "* Drew Barrymore (Olive in Olive, the Other Reindeer, Akima in Titan A.E., Jillian in Family Guy, and Chloe in Beverly Hills Chihuahua)", "Kirsten Caroline Dunst (; born April 30, 1982) is an American actress, singer and model. She made her film debut in Woody Allen's short film Oedipus Wrecks for the anthology film New York Stories (1989). At the age of twelve, Dunst gained widespread recognition as vampire Claudia in Interview with the Vampire (1994), a role for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress. She appeared in Little Women the same year and in Jumanji the following year. After a recurring role in the NBC medical drama ER (1996–97) as Charlie Chemingo and starring in films such as Wag the Dog (1997), Small Soldiers (1998), the English dub of Kiki's Delivery Service (1998) and The Virgin Suicides (1999), Dunst transitioned into romantic comedies and comedy-dramas, starring in Drop Dead Gorgeous (1999), Bring It On (2000), Get Over It and Crazy/Beautiful (both released in 2001).", "The career of Carmen Electra (born Tara Leigh Patrick) launched with one of Hollywood's “lucky break” stories. At the age of 18, she was discovered while dancing at a Los Angeles nightclub by a talent scout for Prince. The rap-funk record she recorded with the R&B icon flopped, however, so Electra moved back to L.A. to pursue another path to fame: appearing in the pages of Playboy in 1996 (and several other times since). Electra soon replaced Jenny McCarthy on MTV's Singled Out, and a few months later joined the slow-motion beach running cast of Baywatch. She married (and divorced) both basketball bad boy Dennis Rodman and former Jane's Addiction guitarist Dave Navarro. Electra has maintained her sex symbol status by performing with the Pussycat Dolls, and with regular appearances in parody flicks like Scary Movie, Epic Movie, and Meet the Spartans.", "In 1995, she and business partner Nancy Juvonen formed the production company Flower Films , [3] with its first production the 1999 Barrymore film Never Been Kissed . Flower Films has gone on to produce the Barrymore vehicle films Charlie's Angels , 50 First Dates , and Music and Lyrics , as well as the cult film Donnie Darko . Barrymore's more recent projects include He's Just Not That into You , Beverly Hills Chihuahua , Everybody's Fine and Going the Distance . A recipient of a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , Barrymore appeared on the cover of the 2007 People magazine's 100 Most Beautiful issue.", "She married actor Jon Tenney in May 1994. She gave birth to daughter Emerson Tenney on November 10, 1997. Later, she signed to play \"Sally Bowles\" in a road tour of Cabaret. The tour debuted in Los Angeles on March 2, 1999. Her final show was on September 4, 1999. She stayed out of the industry for a little bit before nabbing a role on the darkly comedic soap opera Desperate Housewives , which could have been a huge mistake. The show turned out to be a mega-hit, which skyrocketed Hatcher to the A-list. Her portrayal of a divorced mother, \"Susan Mayer,\" was consistently named as America's favorite \"Desperate Housewife.\" Hatcher won both a Golden Globe for Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and the SAG Award for Female Actor in a Comedy Series before the show's first season was even over.", "Throughout the 1990s her hard work got her a reputation as a reliable and respected actress, in addition to being a singer and an advocate for gay rights. Her recurring role in early 1995 as a sneering sociopath, Rikki, on Melrose Place was critically acclaimed and landed her more roles in other movies, playing villains and psychotic characters. In the latter half of the 1990s she appeared in several B movies that went straight to video and/or cable in lead, minor or cameo roles. She even guest-starred in a number of TV shows ranging from Married with Children , Roseanne , MacGyver and Nash Bridges .", "During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Pitt was involved in relationships with many of his co-stars, including Robin Givens (Head of the Class), Jill Schoelen ( Cutting Class ), and Juliette Lewis (Too Young to Die? and Kalifornia ). Along with this, his romance and engagement to his Seven co-star Gwyneth Paltrow , who he dated from 1994 to 1997, was very popular. On July 29 2000, Pitt married actress Jennifer Aniston , whom he had met in 1998, in a private wedding ceremony in Malibu, but in January 2005 they decided to separate. Aniston filed for divorce two months later, which was finalized by the Los Angeles Superior Court on October 2, 2005.", "After the release of her seventh studio album Ray of Light (1998), Madonna stated in a live interview with Larry King on January 19, 1999 that \"I am going to do a movie in April; The Next Best Thing, and then I am going to rehearse to go on tour. And then I'll probably play up until the millennium, New Year's Eve.\" The tour was delayed until 2001, as she had, in her own words, \"been distracted by having children and filming movies\". She also began a serious relationship with Guy Ritchie in 1999. By 2000, she had become pregnant with her son Rocco Ritchie, released her eighth studio album Music that year, and married Ritchie in December 2000. ", "Tony composed and performed the title theme to My Date with Drew, an independent documentary feature film about a guy who has 30 days and $1100 to get a date with Drew Barrymore. It has been featured on \"The Tonight Show,\" Today Show,\" Playboy Magazine, Entertainment Weekly and Premiere. Released in 2005, the film was awarded top honors at the New York Gen Arts Festival, the HBO Comedy Arts Festival and the Vail Film Festival. The movie's theme song, \"If I had Drew,\" is featured on his debut CD.", "1999: Was among the guests at the wedding of Spike Jonze and Sofia Coppola . Others were George Lucas , Jason Schwartzman , Bo Barrett , Kirsten Dunst and Tom Waits .", "The beloved U.S. TV star wed former Ally McBeal actress De Rossi last month following the legalisation of gay marriages in California in May.", "He played Jason Sharpe, a model who falls in love with a waitress after mistaking her for another model. It was released on March 12, 2000. The rise of his own stardom and the general decline in the popularity of boy bands led to the dissolution of NSYNC. Band member Lance Bass was openly critical of Timberlake's actions in his memoir Out of Sync. Read Less", "In 1995, Barrymore formed Flower Films, a production company, with business partner Nancy Juvonen. The first film produced by the company was 1999's Never Been Kissed. The second offering from the company was Charlie's Angels (2000), a major box office success that helped solidify the standing of both Barrymore and the company. When the production of Richard Kelly's debut film, Donnie Darko, was threatened, Barrymore stepped forward with financing from Flower Films and took the small role of Karen Pomeroy, the title character's English teacher. Although the film was less than successful at the box office in the wake of 9/11, it reached cult film status after the DVD release, inspiring numerous websites devoted to unraveling the plot twists and meanings.", "Her second marriage was to her former backup dancer, Cris Judd . She met Judd while filming the music video for her single \"Love Don't Cost a Thing\". The two were married on September 29 , 2001 , at a home in a Los Angeles suburb. Their marriage ended in June 2002, during which time she had reportedly started dating actor Ben Affleck .[ citation needed ]", "Portman hosted live television sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live on March 4, 2006.Freydkin, Donna. [http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2006-03-14-portman_x.htm \"Portman's bald truth: She's no pixie\"]. USA Today, March 14, 2006; retrieved January 16, 2011. In a SNL Digital Short, she portrays herself as an angry gangsta rapper (with comedian Andy Samberg as her partner in Viking garb) during a faux-interview with comedian Chris Parnell, saying she cheated at Harvard University while high on marijuana and cocaine. The song, titled \"Natalie's Rap,\" was released – alongside other sketches from the show – in 2009 on Incredibad, an album by the Lonely Island. ", "The couple got engaged in January 2010 after meeting at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, where he hosted and she performed. He was effusive about his bride while promoting projects earlier this year, saying marrying Perry has \"given me much more strength in what I do.\"", "In 2003, Kate announced her own venture into motherhood, revealing she and husband Chris Robinson, were expecting their first child together. The actress and the Black Crowes front man met at a New York City party in May 2000 and despite not looking for love at the time, Kate couldn't help but fall for the rocker. \"I was okay being alone,\" said Kate. \"I wasn't somebody who always needed to be in a relationship, I was out with my girlfriends in New York having a great time and boom! There he was. We just kind of met and that was it. Every rule went out the window. We were telling each other we loved each other by the fourth day. I moved in in a week\".", "1999: \"Never Been Kissed,\" starring Drew Barrymore, opens in theaters. ( Watch this movie online with Starz )", "She was in three year relationship with Canadian singer Michael Bublé. In November 2008 she began dating American actor John Krasinski and the couple announced their engagement in August 2009. The couple married on 10 July 2010 in Italy.", "Cole portrayed herself in Livin' for Love: The Natalie Cole Story, a 2000 television movie that depicted her drug addiction. She was married three times.", "Cole portrayed herself in \"Livin' for Love: The Natalie Cole Story,\" a 2000 television movie that depicted her drug addiction. She was married three times.", "Cole portrayed herself in \"Livin' for Love: The Natalie Cole Story,\" a 2000 television movie that depicted her drug addiction. She was married three times.", "Cole portrayed herself in \"Livin' for Love: The Natalie Cole Story,\" a 2000 television movie that depicted her drug addiction. She was married three times.", "Drew Barrymore looks effortlessly chic in simple and sophisticated black jumpsuit as she attends Madrid photocall for new Netflix zombie show " ]

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[ "Thomas Duane \"Tom\" Arnold (born March 6, 1959) is an American actor and comedian. He has appeared in many films and starred alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger in True Lies (1994). He was the host of The Best Damn Sports Show Period for four years.", "Arnold met comedian Roseanne Barr when she saw his act in 1983. Their relationship was complicated by his drug and alcohol addiction, but eventually he became sober. The two married in 1990 and divorced in 1994. In an April 2009 interview on Anytime with Bob Kushell, Arnold discussed how when he divorced Barr, he did not take any alimony. During the next ten years, Arnold married two subsequent times. Both marriages ended in divorce. In August 2008, Arnold broke his scapula in a motorcycle accident on the Pacific Coast Highway. ", "Roseanne Barr, one of America's funniest comedians, has another side that not many people have seen. She was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. During her teenage years, she worked as a dishwasher at a local restaurant. She married Bill Pentland and they had three children together. They remained married for 16 years, until Roseanne found her place as a comedian. She worked doing stand-up comedy until her 8/23/85 appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962) thrust her into the limelight. In 1987, HBO offered her a show of her own, On Location: The Roseanne Barr Show (1987). It was canceled after a short time. In 1989, Roseanne starred opposite Meryl Streep and Ed Begley Jr. in She-Devil (1989). Though her first picture wasn't as successful as she might have hoped, her sitcom, Roseanne (1988), ran for 9 seasons seasons on ABC. During the show, Roseanne fell in love with fellow cast member Tom Arnold and divorced her husband Bill after 16 years of marriage in order to marry Arnold.", "Barr’s massive success continued to inspire increasingly extreme behavior. She had repeated plastic surgeries, claimed to be possessed by 24 different personalities, and revealed that she had been the victim of sexual abuse as a child, a charge her family vehemently denied. Divorcing Pentland, Barr married comic Tom Arnold in 1990 and alienated many of her associates by her vigorous promotion of Arnold as the star of two failed sitcoms, The Jackie Thomas Show and Tom. Calling herself Roseanne Arnold, she stunned her fans by announcing that she and Arnold were “marrying” her young female assistant. By 1994, her relationship with Arnold had ended in an ugly divorce, and she changed her stage name to simply Roseanne. She subsequently married her bodyguard Ben Thomas, with whom she had a son, Buck, in 1995. Roseanne filed for a divorce from Thomas three years later.", "On September 10, 2006, Comedy Central's Legends: Rodney Dangerfield commemorated his life and legacy. Featured comedians included Adam Sandler, Chris Rock, Jay Leno, Ray Romano, Roseanne Barr, Jerry Seinfeld, Bob Saget, Jerry Stiller, Kevin Kline and Jeff Foxworthy. ", "The granddaughter of immigrants from Europe and Russia, Barr was the oldest of four children in a working-class Jewish Salt Lake City family; she was also active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In 1974, she married Bill Pentland, with whom she had three children, before divorcing in 1990 and marrying comedian Tom Arnold for four years. Controversy arose when she sang \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" off-key at a 1990 nationally aired baseball game, followed by grabbing her crotch and spitting.", "The success in other people’s clubs and on TV enabled him to open Dangerfield’s, a homey comedy club on Manhattan’s East Side. Dangerfield would roam through the crowd in his trademark silk bathrobe, greeting guests and watching the new comics. He was infallibly generous about giving young talent exposure at his club, and on his memorable HBO specials, where Roseanne Barr made her first big splash. He supported one of the most audacious and irreverent comics ever, the great Sam Kinison.", "The comedian and actor tied the knot with his first wife Noelene in 1958, then divorced her in 1981.", "Ellen Lee DeGeneres (; born January 26, 1958) is an American comedian, television host, actress, writer, and producer. Degeneres starred in the popular sitcom Ellen from 1994 to 1998, and has hosted her syndicated TV talk show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, since 2003.", "Tina Fey (born February 2 1971) is a comedian best known for being the first ever female head-writer on Saturday Night Live as well as anchoring Weekend Update.", "In 1989, he received the international award of the American Sportscasters Association, and by the time of his retirement in 1994, he had covered tennis at Wimbledon and all the major golf tournaments since 1967, and all the Olympic Games from 1956 to 1992. He presented Sportsnight, Grandstand and Sports Personality of the Year, and in 1999 returned to pay tribute to Ali as sports personality of the century – \"not only the most remarkable sports personality I have ever met, he is the most remarkable man I have ever met\". In a further comeback in April 2001, he gave expert analysis of Lennox Lewis's loss of his world heavyweight title to Hasim Rahman in South Africa.", "Barr was \"roasted\" by Comedy Central in August 2012. Barr's former spouse, Tom Arnold, had claimed that he would not be appearing, but he ended up doing so. ", "\"She was a true pioneer,\" said talent agent Fred Wostbrock. \"She was the first lady of stand-up comedy. She paved the way for everybody. She paved the way for Joan Rivers, Chelsea Handler, Roseanne Barr, Ellen Degeneres, and all the women stand-up comics. She was the first and the best.\"", "In 1991, she voiced the baby, Julie, in Look Who's Talking Too. She was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress. She appeared three times on Saturday Night Live from 1991 to 1994, co-hosting with then-husband Tom Arnold in 1992. In 1994, she released a second book, My Lives. That same year, Barr became the first female comedian to host the MTV Video Music Awards on her own. She remained the only to have done so until comedian Chelsea Handler hosted in 2010. In 1997, she made guest appearances on 3rd Rock from the Sun and The Nanny.", "In March 2008, she headlined an act at the Sahara Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. From 2009 to 2010, she hosted a politically themed radio show on KPFK. Since 2008, she and partner Johnny Argent have hosted a weekly radio show on Sundays, on KCAA in the Los Angeles area, called \"The Roseanne and Johnny Show\". On March 23, 2009 it was announced that Barr would be returning to primetime with a new sitcom, wherein she would once again play the matriarch. Jim Vallely of Arrested Development had been tapped to pen the series. She later stated on her website that the project had been canceled.", "In the book Live from New York: An Uncensored History of Saturday Night Live, as Told By Its Stars, Writers and Guests, Chevy Chase recalls being confronted by Murray shortly before an SNL broadcast in which Chase had returned to guest host. The issue, likely to do with Chase's insistence on doing the \"Weekend Update\" segment that had been taken over by Jane Curtin, led to Murray and Chase trading insults, with Murray telling Chase to go have sex with Jacqueline Carlin, Chase's wife at the time, while Chase commented that Murray's face looked \"like something Neil Armstrong had landed on.\" The argument eventually turned physical. Murray later said of the incident, \"It was an Oedipal thing, a rupture. Because we all felt mad he had left us, and somehow I was the anointed avenging angel, who had to speak for everyone. But Chevy and I are friends now. It’s all fine.” The two would go on to star together in Caddyshack in 1980.", "Patrick, who has worked for ESPN, Sports Illustrated and NBC Sports, has built a career on his brash style of dry comedy. He doesn’t miss an opportunity for a joke. He has a back-and-forth with his trio of competitors that is reminiscent of the sports bar banter. The host pokes fun at eventual pilot winner Kenny Chung’s extensive jersey collection, claiming it’s the reason Chung is still single. Patrick’s words have just a hint of zip to them, unlike Trebek.", "1. Crash Davis, Bull Durham \"I believe in long, slow, deep, soft, wet kisses that last three days.\" Said by actor Kevin Costner 2. Carl Spackler, Caddyshack \"Cinderella story. Outta nowhere. A former greenskeeper, now, about to become the Masters champion. It looks like a mirac... It's in the hole! It's in the hole! It's in the hole!\" Said by actor Bill Murray 3. Rod Tidwell, Jerry Maguire \"Show me the money!\" Said by actor Cuba Gooding, Jr. 4. Knute Rockne,...", "Playboy contributor David Rensin described film and television producer Lorne Michaels as \"the unofficial godfather of modern comedy.\" Known primarily for creating, producing, and writing the late-night program Saturday Night Live--or as it is commonly referred to, SNL--Michaels is credited with pioneering a style of television comedy that was revolutionary when the popular show debuted in 1975. With its political, social, and often confrontational content, SNL took viewers by surprise and established a loyal audiences. As the show grew in popularity, Michaels branched out and began work on other projects, including writing and producing numerous television programs and acting as producer for a variety of films, including the immensely popular Wayne's World. In 1993, Michaels was chosen by the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) to create and produce a new late-night show to replace the celebrated Late Night with David Letterman. His work has permeated popular culture to the point where lines of dialogue from his shows and films are used by millions of people worldwide as catch-phrases in regular conversation. David Marc appraised Michaels' career in the Voice, stating that \"his mastery of television history and gesture, and his willingness to take chances with both pen and camera put late-night TV satire on the cultural map.\"", "Originally intended as a one-off special, it became an unexpected hit, causing ABC to place an episode order for the show turning it into a regular weekly half-hour primetime series; it made its debut as a series on January 14, 1990. Ernie Anderson served as announcer; once Anderson became too ill to continue, Gary Owens took over as announcer in 1995 (though Anderson briefly returned until his death in 1997). Charlie O'Donnell (who notably served as the longtime announcer of Wheel of Fortune until his death in 2010) served as announcer for a few episodes during the first season. Besides hosting the series, Saget also served as a member of its writing staff, alongside Todd Thicke and Bob Arnott. The success of AFHV led to a spinoff called America's Funniest People, hosted by Saget's Full House co-star Dave Coulier (and co-hosted by actress/producer Arleen Sorkin for the first two seasons, then model Tawny Kitaen for the final two), focusing on videos featuring people doing celebrity impressions, committing pranks, and performing short amateur comedy routines, among other things. ", "Harvey first performed stand-up comedy on October 8, 1985 at the Hilarities Comedy Club in Cleveland, Ohio. In the late 1980s Harvey was homeless for multiple years. He slept in his 1976 Ford when not performing gigs that provided a hotel, and he showered at gas stations or swimming pool showers. Rich and Becky Liss helped Harvey during this time with a contract for carpet cleaning and credit at a travel agency. He was a finalist in Second Annual Johnnie Walker National Comedy Search performing on April 16, 1990, eventually leading to a long stint as host of It's Showtime at the Apollo, succeeding Mark Curry in that role. His success as a stand-up comedian led to a starring role on the ABC show Me and the Boys in 1994. He would later star on the WB network show, The Steve Harvey Show, which ran from 1996 to 2002. While popular, the show never achieved critical acclaim outside of the African-American community. ", "She was a perfect stand-up comic. Self-deprecating without being self-deprecating. Her jokes were flawless. And she was always the smartest person in the room.", "I was born on the cusp of Title IX, at a time when the sports pages claimed only men played sports. When people ask where I got my comedy training, I tell them teaching high school English. I began performing stand-up in 1981, the same year Ronald Reagan began his comedy. I never got used to saying President Ronald Reagan. It was like saying President Merv Griffin. Reagan wasn't so much a president as the host. He was having such a good time playing president and going on vacation that he decided to run again.", "America's Funniest Home Videos : Bob Saget would always say, \"Keep those cameras safely rolling,\" and follow it up with, \"Honey...*insert comment to wife here*\"note though the last two episodes of the series did not feature this since his marriage was in the process of falling apart . Tom Bergeron's was \"If you get it on tape, you could get it in cash.\" Eventually, it became \"Upload to us! Get rich! Get famous!\"", "Michaels became a U.S. citizen in 1987. He has three children. He has been married three times, first to SNL writer Rosie Shuster (1967; div. 1980), then to model Susan Forristal (1984; div. 1987), and currently to his former assistant Alice Barry (1991 to present).", "In November 1997, Carlin met Sally Wade, a comedy writer based in Hollywood; Carlin described it as \"love at first sight\", but was hesitant to act on his feelings so soon after Brenda's death. They eventually married on June 24, 1998, in a private, unregistered ceremony. The marriage lasted until Carlin's death, two days before their tenth anniversary. ", "She has never stopped working, whether it be a Bob Hope Christmas special, her own sitcom Suddenly Susan (1996) or as an author. She also managed to work on a degree from Princeton University. She has received a number of awards during her career, most notably The People's Choice award for 1981 through 1984 in the category of Favorite Young Performer. In 1997, she was honored again with The People's Choice award for Favorite Female Performer in a New Television Series in 1997 for her work in Suddenly Susan (1996). In her personal life, she was married in 1997 to tennis player Andre Agassi and was devastated when they divorced two years later. She married for the second time in 2001 to Chris Henchy . She has been open about using fertility treatments to become pregnant with their daughter, Rowan, born in 2003.", "At the Carson Tonight Show 10th-anniversary party on September 30, 1972, Carson announced that former model Joanna Holland and he had been secretly married that afternoon, shocking his friends and associates. Bob Newhart kidded that he had married three similarly named women to avoid \"having to change the monogram on the towels.\"", "Two-time Olympic gold medalist soccer player Heather Mitts married Rams QB A.J. Feeley in 2010. It was a dark day for Mitts lovers — She was routinely counted among the sexiest single athletes in the world.", "I just read someone say that Steve Harvey is the best Family Feud host and I died inside. (FYI Richard Dawson is. Duh.)", "\"It was the thrill of my life to be chosen by Joey as the announcer for his talk show on ABC back in the '60s,\" Philbin said in a statement. \"He was a master comedian and a great teacher, and I will never forget those days or him.\"", "Former NFL great Gale Sayers shares a laugh during the taping of the NFL Players Week 10th Anniversary on Wheel Of Fortune on December 6, 2005 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Doug Benc/Getty Images" ]

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[ "As of 2009, Toyota officially lists approximately 70 different models sold under its namesake brand, including sedans, coupes, vans, trucks, hybrids, and crossovers. Many of these models are produced as passenger sedans, which range from the subcompact Toyota Yaris and compact Corolla, to mid-size Camry and full-size Avalon. Vans include the Previa/Estima, Sienna, and others. Several small cars, such as the xB and tC, are sold under the Scion brand.", "The Toyota Sienna is a minivan manufactured by Toyota at the Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana facility, in Princeton, Indiana, United States, for the North American market. It replaced the first-generation Previa van in 1997 with a more conventional front wheel drive layout and shares a heavily revised platform with the Camry. Both the Previa and original Sienna were smaller than the other minivans they competed against, but a redesign in 2003 (for the 2004 model year) increased the dimensions to match those of its competitors. The Sienna is currently the only minivan in its class to offer all-wheel-drive. It was redesigned a second time in 2010 (for the 2011 model year). The third generation Sienna was put on sale in the US in February 2010 and is the first Sienna to ever receive a \"Top Safety Pick\" award from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Exports from the US to Korea began in November 2011. ", "The Toyota Avalon is a full-size car produced by Toyota in the United States, and is the flagship sedan of Toyota in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, and the Middle East. It was also produced in Australia from 2000 until July 2005, when it was replaced in November 2006 by the Toyota Aurion. The first Toyota Avalon rolled off the assembly line in Georgetown, Kentucky, on February 21, 1994, as a 1995 model. A second-generation model was released in the United States and Japan in 1999.", "The second-generation Avalon grew larger in almost every respect, except wheelbase. It was still based on the stretched Camry platform and was powered by a 3.0 liter 1MZ-FE V6 engine equipped with VVT-i, shared with the Toyota Sienna, Lexus RX300, Lexus ES, and the Toyota Highlander, making and 220 lbft. of torque and paired to a 4-speed automatic. The styling remained conservative to appeal to older buyers and the coefficient of drag had been reduced to 0.28 Cd.", "This second-generation Avalon also featured a built-in 115V AC power inverter, the first car with such a feature. This was dropped in the third-generation Avalon; yet, the Toyota Matrix, Sienna, and Scion models now offer such an inverter.", "Mike Quincy: Toyota says no Lexus Division or Scion vehicles are affected by these actions. Also not affected are Toyota Prius, Tacoma, Sienna, Venza, Solara, Yaris, 4Runner, FJ Cruiser, Land Cruiser, Highlander hybrids and select Camry models, including all Camry hybrids, which will remain for sale.", "he elegant, athletic styling of the all-new 2013 Toyota Avalon isn’t the only thing that makes the vehicle a top-tier competitor in the sedan market. Its improved dynamic performance and emotional styling give it an edge-plus a host of", "Yaris helps you secure small items with smartly designed storage compartments. For more room, simply fold down the 60/40 split rear seats.", "The first-generation Avalon was also sold in Japan (vehicles were made in the United States and exported to Japan) as a right-hand drive model, and was exclusive to Toyopet Store locations. In Japan, it was the largest front-wheel drive sedan at Toyopet Store locations, and was sold alongside the front-engine, rear-drive Toyota Celsior, and was available in 3.0 and 3.0G grade levels, with the \"Coach Edition\" available as an option starting in late 1997 (equivalent to the 1998 model year).", "In Australia, the Yaris is available in hatchback and sedan forms. It comes in a 1.5-litre powered petrol engine. Models sold are the basic YR, the mid-range YRS, and the sportier YRX which features a sporty bumper with bodykit. Across the model lineup, a seven airbag package is available as part of the Enhanced Safety Pack option.", "The Avalon was available with a front bench seat for six-passenger seating, and its column shifter was the first such feature in an American Toyota car since the 1982 Corona. The XL models were similar to the LE models of other Toyota vehicles, and the XLS models were similar to the XLE models of other Toyota vehicles. Traction control was optional. For 1997 models ABS became standard, power rating increased to , and torque increased to 214 lbft. In 1997 for the 1998 model year a mid-cycle refresh was introduced with minor updates to the front and rear fascias. Also for 1998, the Avalon's structure was modified to improve safety while front seat-mounted side airbags became standard.", "The Avalon underwent a redesign for 2005, and was unveiled to the public at the January 2005 North American International Auto Show. It went on sale in February 2005. Toyota reportedly cut the Avalon's production development time down from 29.5 months to 18 months. The third generation Avalon was not sold in Europe or Japan.", "* China: Yaris has been built and marketed in China by GAC Toyota since July 2008. Two engine options have been provided: the 1.3-litre 2NZ-FE and 1.6-litre dual VVT-i 4ZR-FE. To boost sales, GAC-Toyota developed a 2011 model specifically for the Chinese market, which has an extended front body which brings the car to measure 3915 mm in length and a new chrome grille. The XP90 continued to be built in China until it was replaced by the newer model in November 2013.", "MAY 2016 -- Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing (Toyota) is recalling certain model year 2016 Avalon and Camry vehicles manufactured November 30, 2015 to March 4, 2016. The occupant classification system (OCS) that activates or deactivates the front passenger seat air bag system may have been improperly calibrated. As a result, the front passenger air bag and the front passenger knee air bag may not deploy as intended in certain crash scenarios. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 208, \"Occupant Crash Protection.\" Air bags that do not deploy as intended during a crash increase the risk of injury. Toyota will notify owners, and dealers will recalibrate the OCS, free of charge. The recall is expected to begin by May 31, 2016. Toyota's number for this recall is G0J. Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov", "The European, Australian, Canadian, Mexican, Venezuelan and Puerto Rican markets saw the second generation Vitz near the end of 2005. In the Australian and North American markets, the car was sold as the \"Yaris\" for the first time. The production Yaris for the US market was unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show in January 2006. The XP90 series Yaris is built in Japan, France, and Thailand.", "The company says the British-built Avensis will get a new engine range that promises \"both performance and efficiency\". That will mean changes to the ageing 1.8-litre (petrol), 2.0 (diesel) and 2.2-litre (diesel) units, which are set to be replaced by BMW-sourced EU6 compliant powertrains and possibily all-new turbocharged petrol variants. A plug-in hybrid powertrain could be on the cards too, since the Auris and Yaris both already offer it.", "This Avalon was available in two trims: the basic XL and the upscale XLS. Standard features include electroluminescent Optitron gauges, 4-wheel disc ABS, front torso side airbags and 15\" alloy wheels. Optional were a JBL audio system, a navigation system, Vehicle Stability Control, and a front row bench seat, allowing up to six passengers—a characteristic of large sized cars. However the front center seat is a tight fit for an adult passenger. Dual climate control, larger 16\" wheels, and driver's and passenger's power seats were also available.", "The Toyota Yaris RS was launched in 2007. It was first seen at the Geneva Motor Show and is powered 1.5 L 4-cylinder VVT-i engine rated 107 bhp (80 kW) and 140 Nm. The RS features 16 inch alloy wheels, a RS badged mesh grille, a redesigned front and rear bumper, redesigned taillamps, deep side skirts and a tail spoiler. It also features sports tuned steering and suspension as well as disc rear brakes.", "The Camry in Taiwan and Malaysia of this generation looked very similar to other versions, but the front end had a \"thicker\" grille and larger, all-white, differently shaped headlights. [9] The reverse lights were moved onto the trunk and were somewhat similar to the lights on a second generation Avalon's trunk. [10] The older models from 2002-2003 had tail lights with a white streak across them, [11] while models 2004 and later did not. [12]", "Toyota's mid-size models include the Camry, which is the passenger car in the United States. In addition, Toyota's other mid-size models include the REIZ for the Chinese market, the Avensis for the European market, and the Mark X for the Japanese market. In North America, Europe, Japan and other regions, Toyota's luxury lineup consists of vehicles sold under the Lexus brand name. Lexus passenger car models include the LS, the GS, the ES, the IS, the HS, the CT and the RC. Lexus models also include the LX, the GX, the RX and the NX sold as luxury sport-utility vehicles. The Lexus brand lineup in Japan includes the LS, the GS, the HS, the IS, the CT, the LX, the RX, the NX and the RC. Toyota also sells the Century limousine in Japan. In the United States, Toyota sells the Scion tC, a sports model for young drivers. Toyota offers the LFA model under the Lexus brand as the sports model, and the 86 (called Scion FR-S in the United States), a compact sports car with a front-mounted engine and rear-wheel drive. Toyota offers the RC coupe that leads the image of Lexus, which engages drivers on a sentimental level.", "Lexus is the luxury automobile division of Toyota Motor Corporation . The Lexus brand name represents a premium line of luxury vehicles, first begun in 1989 with the debut of the LS 400 flagship sedan and the ES 250 executive sedan. Lexus cars and SUVs are sold in North America, the Middle East, Europe, Africa, Latin America, Asia and Oceania; in the United States, Lexus is the top selling brand of luxury cars. Until 2005, Lexus vehicles were sold under the Toyota marque in Japan until its introduction there that year.  ", "A station wagon, also called an estate car, estate wagon, or simply wagon or estate, is an automotive body-style variant of a sedan/saloon with its roof extended rearward over a shared passenger/cargo volume with access at the back via a third or fifth door (the liftgate or tailgate), instead of a trunk lid. The body style transforms a standard three-box design into a two-box design — to include an A, B, and C-pillar, as well as a D-pillar. Station wagons can flexibly reconfigure their interior volume via fold-down rear seats to prioritize either passenger or cargo volume.", "In most markets, the RAV4 is the only compact SUV or crossover available from Toyota. In other markets, it is the crossover counterpart of the Toyota FJ Cruiser. Since the 2006 third generation model, Toyota has offered both short- and long-wheelbase versions of the RAV4. Short-wheelbase versions are sold in Japan and Europe, with Australia and North America receiving the long-wheelbase versions. Toyota of Japan also sells the longer-wheelbase version as the Toyota Vanguard at Toyopet Store locations. Japanese versions are sold at two different Toyota Japanese dealerships called Toyota Corolla Store and Toyota NETZ Store.", "Toyota is the world's market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles, one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe, and the first to commercially mass-produce and sell such vehicles, with the introduction of the Toyota Prius in 1997. The company eventually began providing this option on its main passenger cars such as Camry and later with the Lexus divisions, producing some hybrid luxury vehicles. It labeled such technology in Toyota cars as \"Hybrid Synergy Drive\" and in Lexus versions as \"Lexus Hybrid Drive.\" Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models passed the 9 million milestone in April 2016. Its Prius family is the world's top selling hybrid nameplate with almost 5.7 million units sold worldwide . The Prius family accounts for 63% of Toyota's total global cumulative hybrid car sales: 5.691 million units, consisting of Prius liftback: 3.733 million; Aqua, Prius c: 1.249 million; Prius α, Prius v, Prius +: 0.634 million; Prius PHV: 75,000.", "The Toyota Camry  is a series of mid-size (originally compact) automobiles manufactured by Toyota since 1982, and sold in the majority of automotive markets throughout the world. Between 1980 and 1982, the \"Camry\" nameplate was delegated to a four-door sedan, known as the Toyota Celica Camry.", "In 2000, Lexus introduced the IS line, a series of entry-level sport sedans. In 2001, the first convertible was introduced, as well as the SC 430, a redesigned ES 300, and the third generation LS 430. The GX 470 mid-size SUV debuted in 2002, followed by the second generation RX 330 in 2003. The following year, Lexus recorded its two-millionth U.S. vehicle sale, and the first luxury-branded production hybrid SUV, the RX 400h. This vehicle used Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive system that combined gasoline and electric motors.", "The American and Canadian classification of entry-level luxury (formerly dominated by premium marques e.g. Buick, Oldsmobile, Mercury, Chrysler) is a broad category which includes not only compact executive cars, but also midsize to large cars and SUVs such as the Lexus ES, Acura TL, Buick LaCrosse, Lexus RX being similar in price to the BMW 3 Series and Mercedes-Benz C-Class. However, the ES, TL, and LaCrosse do not fall under the European luxury classification of compact executive car nor are they sold in Europe. The ES and TL actually began as badge engineered versions of the mid-size Toyota Camry and Honda Accord, respectively, retaining the front wheel drive transverse engine layout, whereas Toyota's current Lexus IS does not share a platform with mass market Toyota cars. The ES and TL are not considered executive cars either (that slot is filled by the Lexus GS and Acura RL, respectively), despite similar dimensions, since executive cars usually emphasize higher performance, often being rear-wheel drive with longitudinal engines. The present iterations of the ES and LaCrosse emphasize \"comfortable, reasonably priced luxury\", while the TL has recently been targeted at the entry-level luxury sport market due to its SH-AWD.", "Following the unveiling of the AMV8 Vantage concept car in 2003 at the North American International Auto Show, the production V8 Vantage was introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in 2005 for the 2006 model year. The two seat, two -door coupé had a bonded aluminium structure for strength and lightness. The 172.5 inch (4.38 m) long coupé featured a hatchback-style tailgate for practicality, with a large luggage shelf behind the seats. In addition to the coupé, a convertible, known as the V8 Vantage Roadster, is available. ", "In this generation, the Camry line-up for the Japanese domestic market was reduced to being just a single variant (hybrid only). The Japanese market will now share the same Camry model as the Asian market \"prestige\" Camry—a design also adopted by the Toyota Aurion (XV50), albeit with minor visual changes. Prior to the XV50, the Japanese market wide-body Camry was similar to the US models. ", "The N420 became the successor to the special edition N400 of 2007, based upon the standard 4.7-litre V8 Vantage and available as either Coupe or Roadster and with either the six-speed manual or optional Sportshift. The special edition, motorsport-inspired V8 Vantage N420 came with Sports Pack suspension as standard, a new sports exhaust system and plenty of carbon fibre which achieved a 27 kg weight saving over the standard car. In addition, the N420 has some distinctive Aston Martin ‘Race Collection’ paint schemes available as an option although any other colour could be specified. In addition, the N420 has the extended N400 sills, carbonfibre splitter, side strakes and diffuser plus 10-spoke diamond turned alloy wheels with gloss black finish, black mesh vents and ‘Graphitic’ tailpipe finishers.", "It was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro and initially featured three body styles: three-door and five-door hatchbacks and a four-door sedan. In 2006, a panel van version, developed in Ukraine by ZAZ, was also introduced. The Daewoo Lanos was designed to replace the Daewoo Nexia in the Daewoo line-up and was itself replaced by the Daewoo Kalos.", "European models went on sale in summer 2013, with deliveries beginning at autumn 2013. Early models include a choice of 3 engines (1.2-litre 80PS petrol, 1.2-litre 98PS DIG-S petrol, 1.5-litre 90PS turbo diesel), manual or CVT transmission, 3 trim grades (Visia, Acenta and Tekna). " ]

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[ "Pierre Culliford (; 25 June 1928 – 24 December 1992) was a Belgian cartoonist who worked under the pseudonym Peyo. His best-known works are the comic strips The Smurfs and Johan and Peewit, in which the Smurfs first appeared. ", "The Smurfs (French: Les Schtroumpfs; Dutch: De Smurfen) is a Belgian comic franchise centered on a fictional colony of small blue humanoids who live in mushroom-shaped houses in the forest. The Smurfs was first created and introduced as a series of comic characters by the Belgian comics artist Peyo (pen name of Pierre Culliford) in 1958, where they were known as Les Schtroumpfs. There are more than one hundred Smurf characters, and their names are based on adjectives that emphasize their characteristics, such as \"Jokey Smurf\", who likes to play practical jokes on his fellow smurfs. \"Smurfette\" was the first female Smurf to be introduced in the series. The Smurfs wear Phrygian caps, which came to represent freedom during the modern era.", "      In Belgium the comic strip is a serious and well-respected art form that has become part of the country's modern cultural heritage. Children throughout the world became familiar with the adventures of the boy hero Tintin, who was created by Hergé ( Georges Rémi) and was featured in a comic strip that first appeared in 1929. The Smurfs, created in 1958 by Peyo (Pierre Culliford), became world famous as a television cartoon series. Brussels is home to a large comic-strip museum that attracts visitors from throughout Europe.", "The late cartoonist Pierre Culliford — best known by his pen name, \"Peyo\" — first introduced the tiny blue figures in a comic strip in October 1958. He called them Schtroumpf; they became known worldwide as the Smurfs.", "1958 – In his comic series Johan and Peewit in the weekly magazine Spirou, Belgian cartoonist Peyo introduced a new set of small sky blue characters known as The Smurfs.", "The 50th anniversary of the Smurfs and the 80th anniversary of the birth of its creator Peyo, were celebrated by issuing a high-value collectors' coin: the Belgian 5 euro 50th anniversary of The Smurfs commemorative coin, minted in 2008.", "The 50th anniversary of The Smurfs and the 80th anniversary of the birth of its creator Peyo , were celebrated by issuing a high-value collectors' coin: the Belgian 5 euro 50th anniversary of The Smurfs commemorative coin , minted in 2008.", "Peyo started his own animation studio in the 1960's and with time he became less involved with comic creation and took on more of a supervising role. In 1965 the first animated feature called \"The Adventures of the Smurfs\" was released in Belgium – a collection of five black and white shorts that had been made for Walloon TV.", "Who doesn’t love those cute blue faces? Half Belgian, half British cartoonist Pierre Culliford or Peyo created this mini blue icon in 1958. Peyo adopted this pen name when his British cousins couldn’t pronounce Pierre. He applied for two jobs after leaving school: illustrator or dental assistant. Luckily for fans, he got the first.", " Lucky Luke by Morris (Maurice De Bevere) (12/1, 1923 – 7/16, 2001) was a Belgian cartoonist and the creator of Lucky Luke from 1946 to 2001.  Lucky Luke was written by René Goscinny starting in 1955.  Set in the American Old West, it stars the titular character, Lucky Luke, the cowboy known to \"shoot faster than his shadow\".  It was a tribute to the mythic Old West and an affectionate parody.  Along with The Adventures of Tintin and Asterix, Lucky Luke is one of the most popular and best-selling comic-book series in continental Europe.  About half of the series' adventures have been translated into English.  Lucky Luke comics have been translated into 23 languages, including many European languages, some African and Asian languages. ", "The late cartoonist 'Peyo' with the characters he created: Memorabilia similar to that he's surrounded by can be bought in Brussel's Smurf Store", "One of the most important contributions to popular culture from the tiny nation of Belgium is the Franco-Belgian comics, known under the name of bandes dessinées - which in English translates to \"drawn strips\", where the Smurfs as well as the characters from recent feature films Tintin and Asterix originated.", "Among the most popular Franco-Belgian comics that have achieved international fame are The Adventures of Tintin, Gaston Lagaffe, Asterix, Lucky Luke and The Smurfs.", "A part of Belgian popular culture, Tintin is a fictional cartoon character created by Belgian cartoonist Georges Prosper Remi aka Hergé.", "Peyo also made comics for other publications, including one about a cute kitten called \"Poussy\" (Pussy) as well as the Indian brave title \"Pied Tendre\" (Tenderfoot).", "An animated series based on the popular European comics. Tintin, a young Belgian reporter, gets involved in various mysteries and adventures with his dog Snowy, his friends Captain Haddock and Professor Calculus, and the bumbling detectives, Thomson and Thompson. Tintin and his cohorts investigate jewel thefts, track kidnappers, solve murders, and find sunken treasure in journeys ranging from around the world to their own backyard. Written by Jean-Marc Rocher <rocher@fiberbit.net>", "Born in Brussels, Peyo worked as a movie projectionist before entering the world of comic strip drawing.", "Prior to that, while working at the CBA (Compagnie Belge d’Actualitiés) cartoon studio, Morris met future comics superstars Franquin and Peyo, and joined weekly magazine Le Moustique as a caricaturist – which is probably why (to my eyes at least) his lone star hero looks uncannily like the young Robert Mitchum who graced so many memorable mid-1940s B-movie Westerns.", "Packed with thrilling action, good-natured joshing, raucous, bombastic, bellicose hi-jinks and a torrent of punishing puns to astound and bemuse youngsters of all ages, this rollicking fantasy and paean to true friendship cements Uderzo’s reputation as a storyteller whilst his stunning illustrative ability affords glimpses of sheer magic to lovers of cartoon art. Asterix and Obelix All at Sea proves that the potion-powered paragons of Gallic Pride will never lose their potent punch. © 1996 Les Editions Albert René, Goscinny/Uderzo. Revised English translations © 1998, 2002 Les Editions Albert René, Goscinny/Uderzo. All rights reserved.", "Pepé Le Pew is a fictional character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons, first introduced in 1945. A French skunk that always strolls around in Paris in the springtime, when everyone's thoughts are of \"love\", Pepé is constantly seeking \"l'amour\" of his own. However, he has two huge turnoffs to any prospective mates: his malodorous scent, and his refusal to take 'no' for an answer, blissfully convinced that the girl is flirting with him, even when she rejects his advances to the point of physically assaulting him. Pepé is stereotypically French in the way Speedy Gonzales is stereotypically Mexican.", "A series of 5 minute cartoons about a group of inhabitants of a forest. Willo the Wisp is a sprite formed from gas who narrates each story. Other characters included Evil Edna (a witch shaped like a TV), Mavis (a rather overweight fairy), The Moog, The Argonauts (strange alien things that flew around in a mushroom), etc.", "Played by Jean-Pierre Talbot (Tintin and the Golden Fleece, Tintin and the Blue Oranges), Dal McKennon (Belvision series), Colin O'Meara (90's animated series), Richard Pearce (BBC Radio Series 1 and 2), Jamie Bell (Spielberg/Jackson film)", "*Annie Cordy — Belgian actress who is caricatured as chief Beefix's wife Bonanza in Asterix in Belgium.", "In 1960, after the expiration of his exclusive contract with Warner Bros., Blanc continued working for WB, but also began providing voices for the TV cartoons produced by Hanna-Barbera; his most famous roles during this time were Barney Rubble of The Flintstones and Cosmo Spacely of The Jetsons. His other notable voice roles for Hanna-Barbara included Dino the Dinosaur, Secret Squirrel, Speed Buggy, and Captain Caveman, as well as voices for Wally Gator and The Perils of Penelope Pitstop.", "This article is about the character. For the future film of the same name, see Pepé Le Pew (film) .", "In the early 1960s, French animator Serge Danot created an innovative stop-motion series, Le Manège Enchanté. British animator Ivor Wood joined Danot to work on the original episodes. Set in a magical park, it featured a dog named Pollux and his friends. Pollus was Wood’s invention, First broadcast in 1964, the unique programme soon caught the attention of TV executives in the UK.", "Les L�gendaires has Raptor the Green Shadow, a lizard-man working for the Big Bad and with Starscream tendencies.", "When Jean died of tuberculosis in 1937, he left two more stories about Babar that were in need of illustrations. Laurent, who was only 13, was assigned to finish the artwork , but it wasn’t until he was 21 that he wrote his first book about the character.", "Bluto bullies Popeye and attempts to sabotage Popeye's date with Olive. Animation by Tom Johnson and Frank Endres. Music by Winston Sharples. Produced in 1956.", "Voice Actors: Dickie Jones, Cliff Edwards, Christian Rub, Walter Catlett, Mel Blanc, Charles Judels, Evelyn Venable, Frankie Darro; Full Voice Cast", "On this day in 1953 an Oscar-winning short cartoon became a series. UPA ( Mr. Magoo ) released Gerald McBoing-Boing's Symphony, the second animation about the character, 57 years ago today.", "An animated film based on The Adventures of Tintin, directed by Raymond Leblanc. It was later adapted into a comic book using still images from the film:" ]

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[ "People of all ages enjoy Nutella®, which gets its unique taste from ingredients like roasted hazelnuts, skim milk and cocoa. In addition, Nutella® is gluten free and has no artificial colors or preservatives.  It can be found in grocery stores, warehouse clubs and mass merchandisers, and is generally found near the peanut butter and sweet spreads section. ", "Frangelico - this hazelnut liqueur from the north of Italy has a distinctly caramel colouring and is flavoured with cocoa, vanilla and sugar.", "Frangelico is a hazelnut and herb-flavored liqueur (coloured with caramel coloring) which is produced in Canale, Italy. It is 24% alcohol by volume, 48 proof. It was released in the 1980s, gaining attention largely because of its unusual packaging: its bottle was designed to look like a friar, complete with a real knotted white cord around the waist.", "According to Ferrero’s website, Nutella was created in the 1940s in the midst of a chocolate shortage. Pietro Ferrero, a pastry maker, stretched chocolate by thinning it out with ground hazelnuts. It became so popular that it’s as ubiquitous in Europe as peanut butter is in the U.S. If you ignore the high sugar content, Nutella actually has a nutritional profile similar to peanut butter. Its fat comes from the nuts, not the chocolate (Nutella gets its flavor from cocoa solids rather than cocoa butter). True, nuts are high in fat. But if you’re going to be eating fat, it might as well come from nuts rather than steaks.", "Frangelico is made in a similar manner to some other nut liqueurs: nuts are crumbled up and combined with cocoa, vanilla berries, and other natural flavors, and then left to soak in the base spirit. After the spirit has absorbed the flavor of the ingredients, the liqueur is filtered, sweetened, and bottled.", "First, can I just say this bottle reminds me of Aunt Jemima Syrup. Anyone else see it? It makes sense since the bottle is supposed to look like a monk in his habit. This Italian liqueur is popular already and I’m sure you’ve heard of it. Frangelico owns a light caramel coloring and is a hazelnut and herb flavored drink. When you open the bottle, wafts of hazelnut, vanilla and cinnamon enter your nose, giving you a dynamic and strong idea of what is to come. The body is more light weight then most liqueurs and also differs in the fact that while its smooth, it doesn’t leave that feeling of cream or syrup on your tongue after a swig. Its flavors sit on the tongue quickly, producing chocolate, hazelnut and spice to your taste buds. Again, the smell is so delicious that you’ll want to keep inhaling this drinks aromas, even while you’re pouring some down your throat. An easy finish, and its easy to see why Frangelico is such a popular liqueur. Here are the cocktails to try: Chocolate Cake Shooter, Friar Tuck #2 and Procrastinator Shot", "Frangelico  is produced in the Piedmont region of northern Italy, its origins date back more than 300 years to the presence of early Christian monks living in the hills of the area.  The Frangelico bottle is an immediate reminder of this distinctive history; shaped like a monk’s habit, with a traditional rope belt around its waist.  To make Frangelico, local Piedmont hazelnuts are roasted and infused in a solution of water and alcohol.  A number of natural extracts - including cocoa and vanilla - are blended with the hazelnut infusion and hazelnut distillate to create the Frangelico concentrate.  The mixture is then left to", "Nutella has been on the U.S. market for more than 25 years and throughout that time it has been a widely celebrated Italian import. Recently, however, the classic chocolate and hazelnut spread has experienced a bit of a rebirth with a significant surge in popularity. Type \"nutella\" into Pinterest and up pops an overwhelming wealth of recipes for cookies, cakes, brownies, cheesecake, truffles, banana bread, smoothies, hot chocolate, doughnuts, and even cocktails and dips, all built around Ferrero's beloved spread.", "If someone offered you portable chocolate that could instantly be spread on bread, fruit, crackers and pastries, how could you refuse? Thus began my love affair with Nutella , a European spread made of hazelnut butter and cocoa.", "We used Nice Cream Vanilla Bean Ice-cream, which is widely available from good delicatessens. Frangelico is a hazelnut-flavoured liqueur. You can replace it with Kahlua.", "Nutella ( pronunciation:[nut ella) is the brand name of a sweetened hazelnut chocolate spread.manufactured by the Italian company Ferrero. The main ingredients in this spread are ingredients sugar, oil, hazelnuts, cocoa solids and milk powder. Nutella is most commonly used as sandwich spread. The other uses are in smoothies or as an ingredient in cake and cookie frosting.", "I’m referring to Nutella, the iconic chocolate spread brought to you by the Italian confectionary company Ferrero.", "Frangelico  Notes:   This is a popular brand of hazelnut liqueur.  Substitutes:  hazelnut liqueur OR walnut liqueur OR amaretto OR brandy", "And then there are cookies, a very popular way to play with Nutella. Linzer cookies adapt beautifully to Nutella, as they're traditionally made with nuts in the dough and jam spread between two sandwiched cookies. This recipe capitalizes on those elements, using ground hazelnuts in the cookie dough and chocolate-hazelnut spread instead of jam. A faint note of orange in the cookies plays against the chocolate; a dusting of powdered sugar decorates the top.", "As a classic liqueur, Frangelico is perfect after a meal neat or with ice or as a complement to the coffee.", "The origins of Frangelico date back more than 300 years to the existence of early Christian monks living in the hills of Northern Italy. According to Barbero, the manufacturer in Italy, the name of the liqueur is based on a legend of a hermit named Fra. Angelico who \"created unique recipes for liqueurs.\" However, the bottle itself most closely resembles the habit of a Franciscan friar, while the liqueur's likely namesake, the famous painter Fra Angelico (d.1455), was a Dominican, whose robe would have been white and without the cincture.", "As well as the two main ingredients - amaretto is an almond-flavoured liqueur and cachaça a rum-style spirit from Brazil - it also includes thick cream and a little rose water.", "� There is proof of the popularity of liqueurs as a digestif, an after-dinner drink based on spirits flavoured with herbs, spices and sugar across Europe, especially the Royal courts. Charles, brought up in Italy and France, would have developed a taste for such sweetened, flavoured liqueurs.", "Imported liqueur from Greece. A combination of grapes, herbs, and berries including aniseed, licorice, mint, wintergreen, fennel, and hazelnut.", "Almond flavored liqueur from Italy and often used in mixing cocktails. Goes well with coffee liqueur.", "A cream liqueur from South Africa made from the ilala palm. It has hazelnut and toffee flavors. Lower in fat than many other cream liqueurs.", "Hazelnut Liqueur imported from Italy. A mix of hazelnuts, berries, and herbs. Flavors of hazelnut and butter.", "Amaretto: Almond-flavoured liqueur that's good with coffee, cookies, or in mixed drinks, with sours. Rather sweet. Popular brand: DiSaronno.", "Sambuca: A sweet, usually colorless, anise-flavored liqueur. It is made with the essential oils of anise, star anise, licorice, and elderflowers. It is said to have been based on an anise-flavored drink that arrived from the east to the the major port city of Cittavecchia in the Lazio region. It is served neat, as an after-dinner or coffee drink. It pairs well with coffee and sometimes used to sweeten espresso, in place of sugar. It is often served as a shot con la mosca, or \"with the fly\", with three coffee beans in the bottom of the shot to represent health, happiness and prosperity. Sambuca can also be lit to toast the occasion. Naturally, it must be extinguished and allowed to cool before sipping.", "Cream Sherry: This is a big favourite among drinkers outside Spain, especially in Great Britain, Holland and Germany. It results when you take oloroso Sherry (or fino, in the case of pale cream) and sweeten it. This is traditionally done by mixing in a measure of Pedro Ximenez, a naturally sweet wine, but many creams are made with fructose or grape concentrate. It makes an interesting dessert wine, and is a good companion for pâtés. The best selling brands are Harvey's Bristol Cream and Crofts.", "A miniature bottle of Amaretto di Saschira Liqueur from renowned Italian producer Luxardo, more famous for a range of Sambuca. This almond-flavoured liqueur can be enjoyed on its own or used as an alcoholic sauce poured over ice cream. [+]", "A nutty Egyptian spice mix, made by mixing roasted nuts (typically hazelnuts) with seeds and spices. It is often used as a dip with bread and olive oil.", "Also known as Montelimar, after the French town famous for its manufacture, it is a mixture of egg whites, sugar or honey and nuts or candied fruit.", "Among passionate fans celebrating Nutella's half century (and his own) is, of course, Giovanni Ferrero, although he admits its precise birthday is something of a mystery.", "When in Turin, be sure to try a cup of bicerin, a locally-beloved beverage which blends melted chocolate, strong coffee and cream, and has been served at Caffè al Bicerin , set in the Piazza della Consolata, since the late 1700s. Also seek out some vermouth, a spirit first produced in Turin in 1757, preferably in martini form; the cocktail was named for local dry vermouth-producer Martini & Rossi.", "Molinari Caffé is an Italian coffee-flavoured sambuca-based liqueur which is made with Arabica beans.  More info", "Around 1863, Angelo Mariani, a French Corsican chemist, had read Mantegazza’s paper and became intrigued with coca and its financial potential. He concocted a beverage called Vin Tonique Mariani, which was made from Bordeaux wine and coca leaves. It was to be used as a substitute for the opiates." ]

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[ "1953 - General Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected president of the United States. Jacqueline Bouvier announces her engagement to Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay conquer Everest. They are the first two climbers to reach the summit.", "The engagement of Miss Jacqueline Lee Bouvier, 23, to U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy (D-Mass) has been announced by her mother and stepfather Mr.and Mrs. Hugh D. Auchincloss of Newport, R.I., June 25, 1953. Undated photo. Associated Press photo from Glogau. (AP Photo)", "Jacqueline Bouvier, photographed by Horst P. Horst on the announcement of her marriage to John F. Kennedy, 1953 .", "For her wedding to John F. Kennedy in 1953, Jacqueline Lee Bouvier wore a silk chiffon taffeta gown that featured rosettes and pleated folds throughout the bouffant skirt. The famous wedding gown sealed Jacqueline’s title as a fashion icon.", "As the glamorous wife of President John F Kennedy, Jacqueline Lee Bouvier – as she was known before her wedding to JFK – remains one of America's most beloved First Ladies. Having established her credentials as a style icon while in the White House, Jackie's courage and dignity following the public assassination of her husband on November 22, 1963, won her admiration and respect across the world.", "\\ – John Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier met in 1951 and after a brief engagement, they married in Rhode Island in the century-old church of St. Mary's on September 12, 1953.", "Jacqueline Lee Bouvier and then-U.S. Representative John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy belonged to the same social circle and often attended the same functions. They were formally introduced by a mutual friend, journalist Charles L. Bartlett, at a dinner party in May 1952. Bouvier was attracted to Kennedy's physical appearance, charm, wit and wealth. The two also shared similarities in both being Catholic and writers, enjoying reading and previously having lived abroad. Kennedy was then busy running for the US Senate but after his election in November, the relationship grew more serious and led to their engagement, officially announced on June 25, 1953.", "Jackie Kennedy - Marrying JFK (TV-14; 1:47) A wealthy, educated Catholic girl, Jacqueline Bouvier's beauty and likability suited his political aspirations and made her the perfect bride for John F. Kennedy. The couple married on September 12, 1953 in Newport, Rhoda Island.", "Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy poses with a press camera during her stint as an inquiring photographer for the Washington Times Herald, the same year she married Sen. John F. Kennedy. (AP Photo)", "He introduced John F. Kennedy to one of his mistresses just weeks before he married Jacqueline Bouvier, while Gavin’s own romantic conquests over the years included JFK’s younger sister Patricia, socialite Doris Duke — known as “the world’s richest girl” — and, later in life, actress Vanessa Redgrave, to whom he was briefly engaged.", "Shortly after his election, Kennedy met a beautiful young woman named Jacqueline Bouvier at a dinner party and, in his own words, \"leaned across the asparagus and asked her for a date.\" They were married on September 12, 1953. Jack and Jackie Kennedy had three children: Caroline Kennedy , John F. Kennedy Jr. and Patrick Kennedy.", "On this day in 1953, Massachusetts Democratic Sen. John F. “Jack” Kennedy (1917-1963) married Jacqueline Lee “Jackie” Bouvier (1929-1994) at St. Mary’s Church in Newport, R.I. Some 750 guests attended the nuptial Mass, presided over by Boston Archbishop Richard Cushing. The bride was the elder daughter of John Vernou Bouvier III (1891–1957) and Janet Norton Lee Bouvier Auchincloss (1906–1989). Her parents divorced in 1942.", "The courtship and marriage of a young sophisticated society beauty and Washington's most eligible bachelor made headlines in the 1950s. The same couple, John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier, made headlines again in the 1960s as America's First Couple.", "41 The world was watching too. Some 500 photographers and 2,000 journalists from 92 nations lined the Coronation route - among them a 23-year-old Washington-based photojournalist named Jacqueline Bouvier - later famous as US First Lady Jackie Kennedy.", "In 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. Shortly after, he was elected to the United States Senate and the couple married the following year. They had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she aided her husband's administration with her presence in social events and with her highly publicized restoration of the White House. On November 22, 1963, she was riding with him in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from public view after his funeral, and she married Aristotle Onassis in 1968.", "In 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. Shortly after, he was elected to the United States Senate and the couple married the following year. They had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she aided her husband’s administration with her presence in social events and with her highly-publicized restoration of the White House . On November 22, 1963, she was riding with him in a motorcade in Dallas , Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from public view after his funeral , and she married Aristotle Onassis in 1968.", "Jacqueline Lee \"Jackie\" Bouvier Kennedy Onassis (pronounced pron.: /ˌˈdʒækliːn ˈliː ˈbuːvieɪ ˈkɛnɨdi oʊˈnæsɨs/;July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994), was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States during his presidency from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Five years later she married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis; they remained married until his death in 1975. For the final two decades of her life, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis had a career as a book editor. She is remembered for her contributions to the arts and preservation of historic architecture, her style, elegance, and grace.A fashion icon, her famous pink Chanel suit has become a symbol of her husband's assassination and one of the lasting images of the 1960s. A book containing the transcripts of interviews with Kennedy from 1964, accompanied by eight compact discs containing the audio from the interview, was released in September 2011.", "John Kennedy met his future wife, Jacqueline Bouvier, when he was a congressman. Charles L. Bartlett, a journalist, introduced the pair at a dinner party.[223] They were married a year after he was elected senator, on September 12, 1953.[224] Kennedy and his wife were younger in comparison to the presidents and first ladies that preceded them, and both were popular in ways more common to pop singers and movie stars than politicians, influencing fashion trends and becoming the subjects of numerous photo spreads in popular magazines. Although Eisenhower had allowed presidential press conferences to be filmed for television, Kennedy was the first president to ask for them to be broadcast live and made good use of the medium.[225] Jacqueline brought new art and furniture to the White House, and directed its restoration. They invited a range of artists, writers and intellectuals to rounds of White House dinners, raising the profile of the arts in America. The Kennedy family is one of the most established political families in the United States, having produced a President, three senators, and multiple other Representatives, both on the federal and state level. John Kennedy's father, Joseph P. Kennedy, was a prominent American businessman and political figure, serving in multiple roles, including Ambassador to the United Kingdom, from 1938 to 1940.", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis Future US President John F Kennedy (1917 - 1963) and Jacqueline Kennedy (1929 - 1994) (in a Battenburg wedding dress) hold hands as they cut the cake at their wedding reception, Newport, Rhode Island, September 12, 1953. (Photo by Lisa Larsen/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier", "John Kennedy met his future wife, Jacqueline Bouvier , when he was a congressman. They were married a year after he was elected senator, on September 12, 1953. Kennedy and his wife were younger in comparison to presidents and first ladies that preceded them, and both were popular in ways more common to pop singers and movie stars than politicians, influencing fashion trends and becoming the subjects of numerous photo spreads in popular magazines. Although Eisenhower had allowed presidential press conferences to be filmed for television, Kennedy was the first president to ask for them to be broadcast live and made good use of the medium. [78] Jacqueline brought new art and furniture to the White House, and directed a restoration. They invited a range of artists, writers and intellectuals to rounds of White House dinners, raising the profile of the arts in America. The Kennedy family is one of the most established political families in the United States, having produced a President , three senators , and multiple other Representatives, both on the federal and state level. Jack Kennedy's father, Joseph P. Kennedy was a prominent American businessman and political figure, serving in multiple roles, including Ambassador to the United Kingdom, from 1938 to 1940.", "Bouvier enrolled as a student in Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York , in the fall of 1947. [29] She had wanted to attend Sarah Lawrence College , closer to New York City, but her parents insisted that she choose the more geographically isolated Vassar. [30] Bouvier was an accomplished student, participated in the school’s art and drama clubs and wrote for its newspaper. [11] [31] Due to her dislike for the college, she did not take an active part in its social life, and instead traveled back to New York City on the weekends. [32] She had made her society debut in the summer before entering college, and became a frequent presence in New York social functions; Hearst columnist Igor Cassini dubbed her the “ debutante of the year”. [33] Bouvier spent her junior year (1949–1950) in France – at the University of Grenoble in Grenoble , and at the Sorbonne in Paris – in a study-abroad program through Smith College . [34] Upon returning home, she transferred to The George Washington University in Washington, D.C., graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature in 1951. [35] During the early years of her marriage to John F. Kennedy, she took continuing education classes in American history at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. [35]", "Kennedy married Jacqueline Lee Bouvier on September 12, 1953. Charles L. Bartlett , a journalist, introduced the pair at a dinner party. [22] Kennedy underwent several spinal operations over the following two years, nearly dying (in all he received the Roman Catholic Church's last rites four times during his life) and was often absent from the Senate. During his convalescence in 1956, he published Profiles in Courage , a book describing eight instances in which U.S. Senators risked their careers by standing by their personal beliefs. The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 1957. [23] From the time of publication, there have been rumors that this work was actually coauthored by his close adviser Ted Sorensen , who had joined his Senate office staff in 1953 and would serve as a speechwriter for Kennedy until his death. In May 2008, Sorensen confirmed these rumors in his autobiography. [24]", "His congressional district in Boston was a safe seat, but Kennedy was too ambitious to remain long in the House of Representatives. In 1952 he ran for the U.S. Senate against the popular incumbent, Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. His mother and sisters Eunice, Patricia, and Jean held “Kennedy teas” across the state . Thousands of volunteers flocked to help, including his 27-year-old brother Robert, who managed the campaign. That fall the Republican presidential candidate, General Dwight D. Eisenhower , carried Massachusetts by 208,000 votes; but Kennedy defeated Lodge by 70,000 votes. Less than a year later, on September 12, 1953, Kennedy enhanced his electoral appeal by marrying Jacqueline Lee Bouvier ( Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis ). Twelve years younger than Kennedy and from a socially prominent family, the beautiful “Jackie” was the perfect complement to the handsome politician; they made a glamorous couple.", "Bouvier enrolled as a student in Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York in the fall of 1947. She had wanted to attend Sarah Lawrence College, closer to New York City, but her parents insisted that she choose the more geographically isolated Vassar. Bouvier was an accomplished student, participated in the school's art and drama clubs and wrote for its newspaper.Spoto, pp. 67-68. Due to her dislike of the college, she did not take an active part in its social life, and instead traveled back to New York City on the weekends. She had made her society debut in the summer before entering college, and became a frequent presence in New York social functions; Hearst columnist Igor Cassini dubbed her the \"debutante of the year\". Bouvier spent her junior year (1949–1950) in France – at the University of Grenoble in Grenoble, and at the Sorbonne in Paris – in a study-abroad program through Smith College. Upon returning home, she transferred to The George Washington University in Washington, D.C., graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature in 1951. During the early years of her marriage to John F. Kennedy, she took continuing education classes in American History at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.", "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's parents divorced in 1940. Janet Bouvier married a second time on 1942, June 21, to Hugh D. Auchincloss (1897-1972). She married a third time on 1979, October 25, to Bingham Morris. Morris's first wife had been a bridesmaid in the wedding party of his second wife (Janet Lee Bouvier).", "On Sept. 12, 1953, Kennedy married Jacqueline Lee Bouvier, daughter of a New York City financier, at Newport, R. I. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., noted of Mrs. Kennedy that \"under a veil of lovely inconsequence\" she possessed \"an all-seeing eye and ruthless judgment.\" Four children were born, of whom two survived infancy: Caroline Bouvier and John Fitzgerald.", "Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy tossing her bridal bouquet, as was the custom, on the occasion of her …", "October 20, 1968 - Jacqueline Kennedy married multi-millionaire Greek businessman Aristotle Onassis, ending nearly five years of widowhood following the assassination of her first husband, President John F. Kennedy .", "Although they were both divorced and they could easily get married, Onassis devastated Callas with his sudden decision to marry Jacqueline Kennedy, the window of the 35th USA President J.F.Kennedy, probably for reasons of prestige. They got married in October 1968 in his private island, Skorpios, opposite Lefkada Greece. However, rumors say the he kept visiting Callas in Paris, even after his marriage to Jackie.", "After attending Vassar University, the Sorbonne and George Washington University, Onassis got her first job working as a reporter for the Washington Times-Herald in 1952. As the paper’s “Inquiring Photographer,” the future first lady roamed the streets of the nation’s capital asking strangers their opinions on everything from personal finance (“Do you approve of joint bank accounts?”) to politics and relationships (“Do you think a wife should let her husband think he’s smarter than she is?”). Among the many people she interviewed was Richard Nixon, the man John F. Kennedy would later defeat in the 1960 presidential election.", "After World War II, Stewart settled down, at age 41, marrying former model Gloria Hatrick McLean (1918–1994) on August 9, 1949. As Stewart loved to recount in self-mockery, \"I, I, I pitched the big question to her last night and to my surprise she, she, she said yes!\". [73]", "Onassis ended his relationship with Callas to marry Jacqueline Kennedy, widow of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. They married on 20 October 1968 on Onassis's privately owned Greek island, Skorpios." ]

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[ "The Battle of the Little Bighorn — which is also called Custer's last stand and Custer Massacre and, in the parlance of the relevant Native Americans, the Battle of the Greasy Grass — was an armed engagement between a Lakota- Northern Cheyenne combined force and the 7th Cavalry of the United States Army. It occurred June 25– June 26, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in the eastern Montana Territory.", "The Battle of the Little Bighorn —also known as Custer's Last Stand and, in the parlance of the Native Americans involved, the Battle of Greasy Grass Creek—was an armed engagement between a Lakota–Northern Cheyenne combined force and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. It occurred on June 25 and June 26, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in the eastern Montana Territory, near what is now Crow Agency, Montana.", "The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to Lakota as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, and commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes, against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which occurred June 25–26, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory, was the most prominent action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull (Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake). The U.S. 7th Cavalry, including the Custer Battalion, a force of 700 men led by George Armstrong Custer, suffered a severe defeat. Five of the 7th Cavalry's twelve companies were annihilated; Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew, and a brother-in-law. The total U.S. casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded (6 died from their injuries later), including 4 Crow Indian scouts and 2 Pawnee Indian scouts. Public response to the Great Sioux War varied at the time. The battle, and Custer's actions in particular, have been studied extensively by historians.", "The Battle of the Little Bighorn—also known as Custer's Last Stand, and, in the parlance of the relevant Native Americans , the Battle of the Greasy Grass—was an armed engagement between a Lakota- Northern Cheyenne combined force and the 7th Cavalry of the United States Army. It occurred between June 25 and June 26, 1876 , near the Little Bighorn River in the eastern Montana Territory.", "     Located in Southern Montana Territory on the banks of the Little Big Horn River, the Battle of the Little Big Horn also known as Custer's Last Stand took place on June 25,1876", "On June 25, 1876, the Custer myth got its start as Sioux and Cheyenne warriors clashed with the U.S. Army’s Seventh Cavalry in Medicine Tail Coulee and the surrounding area on the Greasy Grass River (Little Big Horn) in Montana Territory. When the shooting was over, five companies of Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer’s command had been wiped out, with 262 men dead and 55 wounded, half the battalion. So startling was the Indian victory that when Crow scouts who had been riding with Custer met up with Gen. Alfred Terry the day after the fight and told him what they had seen, he refused to believe them.", "June 25 is the anniversary of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, which took place from June 25-26 in 1876.  ", "After the Civil War, Custer remained a major general in the United States Volunteers until they were mustered out in February 1866. He reverted to his permanent rank of captain and was appointed a lieutenant colonel in the 7th Cavalry Regiment in July 1866. He was dispatched to the west in 1867 to fight in the American Indian Wars. On June 25, 1876, while leading the 7th Cavalry Regiment at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana Territory against a coalition of Native American tribes, he and all of his regiment—which included two of his brothers—were killed. The battle is popularly known in American history as \"Custer's Last Stand.\" Custer and his regiment were defeated so decisively at the Little Bighorn that it has overshadowed all of his prior achievements.", "  Lieutenant Colonel Custer and his U.S. Army troops are defeated in battle with Native American Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne, on the Little Bighorn Battlefield, June 25, 1876 at Little Bighorn River, Montana. Inaccurately shows Custer in a blue uniform and long hair", "Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument preserves the site of the June 25 and 26, 1876, Battle of the Little Bighorn, near Crow Agency, Montana, in the United States. It also serves as a memorial to those who fought in the battle: George Armstrong Custer's 7th Cavalry and a combined Lakota-Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho force. Custer National Cemetery, on the battlefield, is part of the national monument. The site of a related military action led by Marcus Reno and Frederick Benteen is also part of the national monument, but is about three miles (5 km) southeast of the Little Bighorn battlefield. ", "George Custer was born in New Rumley, Ohio, in 1839. During the Civil War he commanded several different cavalry divisions and distinguished himself with his bravery in some of its most important battles. In 1866 Custer joined the 7th Cavalry in Kansas, and on June 25, 1876, he led 210 men against Lakota and Cheyenne warriors at the Battle of Little Bighorn, where he and all of his men were killed.", "On this day in 1876, Native American forces led by Chiefs Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeat the U.S. Army troops of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer in a bloody battle near southern Montana's Little Bighorn River.", "On this day in 1876, Native American forces led by Chiefs Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeat the U.S. Army troops of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer in a bloody battle near southern Montana's Little Bighorn River.", "June 25, 1876, is a date that shall live in controversy. Even if Lieutenant Colonel (General to his men) George Armstrong Custer came back from the grave to tell his side of the story, the controversy would still not die. The Battle of the Little Bighorn is like a 10,000-piece jigsaw puzzle on the south-central Montana landscape – the stuff of legend and historical gamesmanship. Custer and more than a third of the elite 7th Cavalry Regiment lost their lives in an epic struggle with the Plains Indians. Although the deadly conflict at the Little Bighorn is a multifaceted tale that rivals the Alamo as the most famous military clash in the American West, the main focus has always been the man in command of the losing side – thus, the battle’s popular alternative name, Custer’s Last Stand.", "On June 25, 1876, Colonel George Armstrong Custer of the 7th Cavalry led his battalion in an attack on the main Sioux encampment at Little Bighorn, in a battle that is also commonly referred to as Custer’s Last Stand.", "THUNDER BAY – The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to some as “Custer’s Last Stand” is also called Lakota Victory Day by many Lakota people. The battle was fought on June 25th and 26th in 1876. By the end of the battle, over 200 soldiers of the United States 7th Calvary and Lt. Colonel George Custer were dead.", "On June 25, 1876, George Armstrong Custer and the 265 men under his command lost their lives in the Battle of Little Big Horn, often referred to as Custer's Last Stand.", "Custer died in the disastrous Battle of Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876 fighting the Sioux and Cheyenne, among them the warriors of Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux holy man and chief Sitting Bull. Sitting Bull had been fighting the encroaching United States forces for years before Custer and the 7th Cavalry met their end at Little Bighorn. The Sioux and Cheyenne’s famous victory on that day turned out to be Pyrrhic because it resulted in the US military sending thousands more troops to hunt them down over the next year. Sitting Bull and his band refused to surrender and escaped to Canada in 1877. Their living conditions in Saskatchewan were deplorable.", "George Custer was an American cavalry commander who in 1876 led 210 men to their deaths at the Battle of Little Bighorn.", "on May 17, 1876, part of a larger army force planning to round up remaining free Indians. Meanwhile, in the spring and summer of 1876, the Hunkpapa Lakota holy man Sitting Bull had called together the largest ever gathering of plains Indians at Ash Creek, Montana (later moved to the Little Bighorn River) to discuss what to do about the whites. It was this united encampment of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians that the 7th met at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.", "The deadline passes and Great Sioux War begins between the U.S. and the Sioux and Cheyenne tribes. On June 25, 1876, Custer and the 7th Cavalry are overwhelmingly defeated at the Battle of Little Bighorn.", "51. In which US state was 'Custer's Last Stand' at the Battle of the Little Bighorn?", "After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891. [21]", "* Jun 25 1876 – Custer & 7th Cavalry wiped out by Sioux & Cheyenne at Little Big Horn", "1876 - Battle of the Little Bighorn and the death of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer.", "*1876 – Battle of the Little Bighorn and the death of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer.", "* 1876: Battle of the Little Bighorn leads to the death of General Custer and victory for the alliance of Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho", "He led a war party to overwhelming victory at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876, in which 268 U.S. troops were killed including General George Armstrong Custer.", "Custer died in the Battle of the Little Big Horn with most of his command on June 25, 1876.", "Panzeri, Peter, Little Big Horn, 1876: Custer's Last Stand. London, UK: Osprey, 1995. ISBN 1-85532-458-X .", "1876 - Custer & 7th Cavalry wiped out by Sioux & Cheyenne at Little Big Horn", "The Battle of the Little Bighorn took place on July 25, 1876. U.S. cavalrymen attacked a camp of Lakota and Cheyenne Indians." ]

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[ "* Mario Batali as Mr. Rabbit, a chef in Mr. Fox's community that helps Mr. Fox.", "Absent are Jane Freeman (Ivy) (like Peter Sallis, an original cast member), Sarah Thomas (Glenda), Jean Alexander (Auntie Wainwright), Brian Murphy (Alvin Smedley), Russ Abbot (Hobo), and Louis Emerick (PC Walsh).", "José Plácido Domingo Embil (; born 21 January 1941), known as Plácido Domingo, is a Spanish tenor, conductor and arts administrator. He has recorded over a hundred complete operas and is well known for his versatility, regularly performing in Italian, French, German, Spanish, English and Russian in the most prestigious opera houses in the world. Although primarily a lirico-spinto tenor for most of his career, especially popular for his Cavaradossi, Hoffmann, Don José, and Canio, he quickly moved into more dramatic roles, becoming the most acclaimed Otello of his generation. In the early 2010s, he transitioned from the tenor repertory into almost exclusively baritone parts, most notably Simon Boccanegra. He has performed 147 different roles.", "C. Thomas Howell, American actor; Sin�ad O'Connor, Irish pop singer; Fred Armisen, American actor, comedian and musician; Kiefer Sutherland, Canadian actor; David Schwimmer, American actor; Gordon Ramsay, Scottish chef, restaurateur, and television personality; David Cameron, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; Luke Perry, American actor; Andy Richter, American actor, writer, comedian, and late night talk show announcer; Salma Hayek, Mexican-American actress; Adam Sandler, American actor and comedian; Soledad O'Brien, American television journalist and news anchor; Halle Berry, African-American actress; Dean Cain, American actor; John Cusack, American actor; Mary Stuart Masterson, American actress; Mike Tyson, African-American boxer; Kurt Browning, Canadian figure skater; Helena Bonham Carter, English actress; Stephen Baldwin, American actor; Janet Jackson, African-American singer; Lisa Stansfield, British soul singer; Edie Brickell, American singer; Rick Astley, British rock singer; Cindy Crawford, American model and actress; Rachel Dratch, American actress and comedianBilly Zane, American actor; T�a Leoni, American actress; Patrick Dempsey, American actor", "Lauren Bacall was the last surviving legendary actor or actress mentioned in this song. She passed away after a stroke on August 12, 2014. Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich, Joe DiMaggio (the only non actor mentioned), Marlon Brando, Gene Kelly, Ginger Rogers, Katharine Hepburn, and Lana Turner all previously departed before the husky-voiced Hollywood icon.", "Gracie Fields Polly Hemingway Barry Jackson Monty Banks Michael Angelis Boris Alperovici George Pravda Gordon Dulieu Pianist John Bowler Interviewer Sally Sanders Jenny Mark Jones Fred Doyne Byrd Flanagan", "Charles Bronson (Link Stuart), Ursula Andress (Cristina), Toshir� Mifune (Kuroda Jubie), Alain Delon (Gauche, a.k.a. Gotch Kink), Capucine (Pepita), Barta Barri (Paco (as Bart Barry)), Guido Lollobrigida (Mace (as Lee Burton)), Anthony Dawson (Hyatt (as Tony Dawson)), Gianni Medici (Miguel (as John Hamilton)), Georges Lycan (Sheriff Stone (as George W. Lycan)), Luc Merenda (Chato (as Luke Merenda)), Tetsu Nakamura (Japanese Ambassador (as Satoshi Nakamoura))", "Henry Fonda (Christopher Emmanuel 'Manny' Balestrero), Vera Miles (Rose Balestrero), Anthony Quayle (Frank D. O'Connor), Harold J. Stone (Det. Lt. Bowers), Charles Cooper (Det. Matthews), John Heldabrand (Tomasini), Esther Minciotti (Mama Balestrero), Doreen Lang (Ann James), Laurinda Barrett (Constance Willis), Norma Connolly (Betty Todd), Nehemiah Persoff (Eugene 'Gene' Conforti), Lola D'Annunzio (Olga Conforti, Manny's Sister), Kippy Campbell (Robert Balestrero), Robert Essen (Gregory Balestrero), Richard Robbins (Daniel, the guilty man), Dayton Lummis (Judge Groat), Peggy Webber (Miss Dennerly)", "D: Stanley Tucci; with Tucci, Oliver Platt, Alfred Molina, Campbell Scott, Lili Taylor, Steve Buscemi, Tony Shalhoub, Dana Ivey, Allison Janney, Hope Davis, Isabella Rossellini, Billy Connolly, Matt McGrath, Elizabeth Bracco. (R, 102 min.)", "Cast: Bob Balaban, David Krumholtz, Richard Coca, Michael Cerveris, Sherman Augustus, Castulo Guerra, Maira Serbulo, Salvador Sánchez, Alan Cianguerotti, Melisa Romero, Ernesto Gómez Cruz, Daniel Escobar, Dale Raoul, Jeremy Roberts, Jorge Malpica, Pedro Armendáriz Jr., Steve Rossi, Clint Curtis, Lawrence Bender, Ariane Pellicer, Carlos LaCamara, Daniel Zacapa, Alfredo Escobar, Luis Artagnan, Fermin Martinez, J.K. Simmons, Brad Pitt, James Gandolfini, Gene Hackman, Julia Roberts", "Geronimo Rauch and Hugh Panaro deserve to be on this list, Gerard Butler needs to be kicked off. Ramin is my personal favourite, but I love Michael Crawford too.", "Johnny Weissmuller (born Johann Peter Weißmüller; June 2, 1904January 20, 1984) was an Austro-Hungarian born American competition swimmer and actor best known for playing Tarzan in films of the 1930s and 1940s and for having one of the best competitive swimming records of the 20th century. Weissmuller was one of the world's fastest swimmers in the 1920s, winning five Olympic gold medals for swimming and one bronze medal for water polo. He won fifty-two U.S. National Championships, set more than fifty world records (spread over both freestyle and backstroke), and was purportedly undefeated in official competition for the entirety of his competitive career. After retiring from competitions, he became the sixth actor to portray Edgar Rice Burroughs's ape man, Tarzan, a role he played in twelve motion pictures. Dozens of other actors have also played Tarzan, but Weissmuller is by far the best known. His character's distinctive Tarzan yell is still often used in films.", "To see: Nothing But the Best (Clive Donner); Pale Flower (Masahiro Shinoda); Black Peter (Cerny Petr) (Milos Forman); Yearning (Mikio Naruse); Tonio Kroger (Rolf Thiele); Intentions of Murder (Shohei Imamura); Blood and Black Lace (Mario Bava); Seven Up! (Paul Almond); The Enchanted Desna (Yuliya Solntseva); Marriage, Italian Style (Vittorio De Sica); Three Sisters (Tri sestry) (Samson Samsonov)", "with: Michael Rivers (Miguel de la Riva), Roberto Samsó, Victor Iregua, Daniel Galán, Modesto Blanch, Paco Catalá (Francisco Catalá), J. M. Garcia (José María Garcia), Sidney Ling, Julie La Rousse, John Molland, Manuel Perez (José Martin)", "gs: Mario Joyner (Lamar) Dayton Callie (Cabbie) James Karen (Mr. Canterman) Helen Carey (Mrs. Christine Nyhart) Yul Vasquez (Bob) John Paragon (Cedric) Jenica Bergere (Leslie) Monica Allison (Gail) Marcelo Tubert (Father) Armando Molina (Amigo) Tom Agna (Gary) Tom Dahlgren (Priest) Bert Rosario (Man) Raoul N. Rizik (Parade Goer) Scott Conte (Sketch Guy) Mimi Cozzens (Mrs. Canterman) Alison Martin (Lucy) Marc Hirschfeld (Ellis) Chip Heller (Policeman)", "People we lost in 2014 – James Shigeta , a prolific and pioneering Asian-American actor whose 50-year career included the movies \"Die Hard\" and \"Flower Drum Song,\" died in his sleep in Los Angeles on July 28, his agent said. He was 81.", "gs: Mark Metcalf (Maestro) Mary Jo Keenen (Deena) Kathy Griffin (Sally Weaver) Monica Allison (Stewardess) Larry Braman (Stage Manager) John Lizzi (The Other Guy) Jerry Stiller (Frank) Estelle Harris (Estelle) Heidi Swedberg (Susan)", "To see: Der Verlorene Sohn (Luis Trenker); I'll Tell (Edwin J. Burke); Chu Chin Chow (Walter Forde); Crime Without Passion (Ben Hecht, Charles MacArthur); Le Dernier Milliardaire (The Last Millionaire) (Rene Clair); Groza (The Storm) (Vladimir Petrov); The Little Minister) (Richard Wallace); Les Miserables (Raymond Bernard); Mlody las (The Young Trees) (Jozef Lejtes); La Mujer del Puerto (Arcady Boytler, Rafael Sevilla); No Greater Glory (Frank Borzage); Return of the Terror (Howard Bretherton); Seeta (Debaki Bose); So ein Flegel (Robert A. Stemmle); Tonari no Yae-chan (Our Neighbour, Miss Yae) (Yasujiro Shimazu); Vosstaniye rybakov (Revolt of the Fishermen) (Erwin Piscator); What Every Woman Knows (Gregory LaCava); The White Parade (Irving Cummings); The World Moves On (John Ford); Yu guang qu (Song of the Fisherman) (Cai Chusheng); One More River (James Whale); Sadie McKee (Clarence Brown); Hips Hips Hooray! (Mark Sandrich); Mills of the Gods (Roy William Neill); 6 Day Bike Rider (Lloyd Bacon); Plunder of Peach and Plum (Ying Yunwei); We Live Again (Rouben Mamoulian); Hollywood Party (Roy Rowland)", "In the queue: Angel (Ernst Lubitsch); Straits of Love and Hate (Aien Kyo) (Kenji Mizoguchi); Lenin in October (Mikhail Romm); Street Angel (Malu tianshi) (Mu-jih Yuan); What Did the Lady Forget? (Yasujiro Ozu); Crossroads (Xiling Shen); Lone White Sail (Vladimir Legoshin); Josette (Christian-Jaque); Harvest (Marcel Pagnol); Good Morning, Boys (Marcel Varnel); Knight Without Armour (Jacques Feyder); Kaze no naka no kodomo (Children in the Wind) (Hiroshi Shimizu); Song at Midnight (Weibang Ma-Xu)", "To see: No Sad Songs for Me (Rudolph Maté); Domenica d'agosto (Luciano Emmer); Scandal (Akira Kurosawa); Side Street (Anthony Mann); House by the River (Fritz Lang); Try and Get Me! (The Sound and the Fury) (Cy Endfield); The Damned Don't Cry (Vincent Sherman); No Man of Her Own (Mitchell Leisen); Mussorgsky (Musorgskiy) (Grigori Roshal); Justice est faite (André Cayatte); The Angel with the Trumpet (Anthony Bushell); Bajaja (Prince Bayaya) (Jiri Trnka); Chinnamul (The Uprooted) (Nemai Ghosh); Darah dan Doa (The Long March) (Usmar Ismail); Dieu a besoin des hommes (Jean Delannoy); Dona Perfecta (Alejandro Galindo); Flicka och hyacinter (Hasse Ekman); The Lawless (Joseph Losey); The Magnet (Charles Frend); Mata au hi made (Tadashi Imai); Miquette (Henri-Georges Clouzot); Morning Departure (Roy Ward Baker); Non c'e pace tra gli ulivi (No Peace Among the Olives) (Giuseppe De Santis); Por la puerta falsa (Fernando de Fuentes); Prelude to Fame (Fergus McDonnell); Prima comunione (Alessandro Blasetti); El Rey del barrio (Gilberto Martinez Solares); The Titan: Story of Michelangelo (Curt Oertel (original footage), Robert Flaherty); Trio (Ken Annakin, Harold French); Wabash Avenue (Henry Koster); Wu Xun zhuan (The Life of Wu Xun (Sun Yu); Miasto nieujarzmione (Unvanquished City) (Jerzy Zarzycki)", "Leonard Marx (March 22, 1887 – October 11, 1961), known professionally as Chico Marx, was an American comedian, musician, bandleader, actor and film star, individually and as a member of the Marx Brothers. His persona in the act was that of a charming, dim-witted albeit crafty con artist, seemingly of rural Italian origin, who wore shabby clothes and sported a curly-haired wig and Tyrolean hat. In virtually every film that includes the main trio of the Marx Brothers, Chico is seen working with Harpo Marx, usually as partners in crime.", "Lee Archambault, Dominic Antonelli, Joseph Acaba, Steven Swanson, Richard Arnold, John Phillips, Koichi Wakata (up), Sandra Magnus (down)", "Cara Seymour (Hell-Cat Maggie), John C. Reilly (Happy Jack), Liam Neeson (Priest Vallon), Brendan Gleeson (Monk), and Gary Lewis (McGloin) as Dead Rabbits. Mario Tursi, from \"Gangs of New York,\" Miramax Films", "Andris Nelsons, Franco Zeffirelli, Maria Guleghina, Marcello Giordani, Marina Poplavskaya, Samuel Ramey, Charles Anthony, Joshua Hopkins, Tony Stevenson, Eduardo Valdes", "* José Carreras – \"Amigos para Siempre\", \"Love Unspoken\", \"La Traviata: Libiamo ne' lieti calici... Brindisi\", \"Subaru\"", "Sally Potter, Christopher Sheppard, Pablo Verón, Gustavo Naveira, Fabian Salas, David Toole, Carolina Iotti, Carlos Copello, Peter Eyre, Heathcote Williams, and Yo-Yo Ma", "Verdi: Il Trovatore. RCA/BMG. 2 CDs. Conductor: Zubin Mehta. New Philharmonia Orchestra. Leonora: Leontyne Price. Manrico: Placido Domingo. Get it from Amazon.com  or Amazon.de .", "Pete Hoida Michael Lyons Holly Parot ti Lynn Parot ti Lélia Pissarro Paul Vans tone Presented by Sandra Higgins F ine Ar t", "Bernie Hamilton, the brother of jazz drummer Chico Hamilton, was best known for his role on the ’70s police drama “Starsky and Hutch,” but he also appeared in dozens of films and founded the Chocolate Snowman record label. He died Tuesday at age 80.", "Rondo played monsters without makeup. He's also in encyclopedias under acromeglia (as an example). I cannot, for the life of me, find out the name of this actor from \"Jane.\"", "1940 Raul Julia San Juan Puerto Rico, actor (Addams Family, Kiss of the Spider Woman, Eyes of Laura Mars)", "El magnifico extranjero (1967)- Rowdy Yates. The English title of the film is ‘The Magnificent Stranger’." ]

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[ "A. The predominant complaint is difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or nonrestorative sleep, for at least 1 month.", "Difficulty in falling or maintaining sleep, or the feeling of not having had a good sleep for at least 1 month (criterion A). Sleep disturbance is related with daytime fatigue, causing clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important area of functioning (criterion B).", "B. The sleep disturbance (or associated daytime fatigue) causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.", "C. The sleep disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of narcolepsy, Breathing-related Sleep disorder, Circadian rhythm Sleep disorder, or a Parasomnia.", "Consider if there are clinically significant sleep disturbances, but they do not meet the criteria for any of the disorders described above:", "*Difficulty maintaining sleep, characterized by frequent awakenings or problems returning to sleep after awakenings. (In children, this may manifest as difficulty returning to sleep without caregiver intervention.)", "Predominant complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality, associated with one (or more) of the following symptoms:", "A sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal. Some sleep disorders are serious enough to interfere with normal physical, mental, social and emotional functioning. Polysomnography and actigraphy are tests commonly ordered for some sleep disorders.", "Sleep problems may be caused by or the result of disorders in various systems of the body. Sleep apnea, for example, is a respiratory disorder while narcolepsy is a neurological disorder.", "Sleep disorders are classified based on what causes them. Primary sleep disorders are distinguished from those that are not caused by other mental disorders, prescription medications, substance abuse, or medical conditions. The two major categories of primary sleep disorders are the dyssomnias and the parasomnias.", "Sleep-onset insomnia is difficulty falling asleep at the beginning of the night, often a symptom of anxiety disorders. Delayed sleep phase disorder can be misdiagnosed as insomnia, as sleep onset is delayed to much later than normal while awakening spills over into daylight hours. ", "There are many types of sleep problems. Disorders of sleeping and waking interfere with quality of life and personal health, and endanger public heath. These problems range from staying awake or staying with a regular sleep/wake cycle, sleepwalking, bedwetting, nightmares, insomnia, restless legs syndrome, snoring, and sleep apnea syndrome.", "PARASOMNIAS. Parasomnias are primary sleep disorders in which the patient's behavior is affected by specific sleep stages or transitions between sleeping and waking. They are sometimes described as disorders of physiological arousal during sleep.", "Furthermore, sleep difficulties are closely associated with psychiatric disorders such as depression, alcoholism, and bipolar disorder. Up to 90% of adults with depression are found to have sleep difficulties. Dysregulation found on EEG includes disturbances in sleep continuity, decreased delta sleep and altered REM patterns with regard to latency, distribution across the night and density of eye movements. ", "Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders Circadian rhythm disorders are disruptions in a person's circadian rhythm -- a name given to the \"internal body clock\" that regulates the (approximately) 24-hour cycle of biological processes in animals and plants.", "There are two main characteristics of narcolepsy: excessive daytime sleepiness and abnormal REM sleep. The first, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), occurs even after adequate night time sleep. A person with narcolepsy is likely to become drowsy or fall asleep, often at inappropriate times and places, or just be very tired throughout the day. Narcoleptics are not able to experience the amount of restorative deep sleep that healthy people experience – they are not \"over-sleeping\". In fact, narcoleptics live their entire lives in a constant state of extreme sleep deprivation. Daytime naps may occur with little warning and may be physically irresistible. These naps can occur several times a day. They are typically refreshing, but only for a few hours or less. Vivid dreams may be experienced on a constant or regular basis, even during very brief naps. Drowsiness may persist for prolonged periods of time or simply never cease. In addition, night-time sleep may be fragmented with frequent awakenings. A second prominent symptom of narcolepsy is abnormal REM sleep. Narcoleptics are unique in that they enter into the REM phase of sleep in the beginnings of sleep, even when sleeping during the day.", "Sleep disorders. Insomnia is itself a sleep disorder, but it can also be a symptom of other sleep disorders, including sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and circadian rhythm disturbances tied to jet lag or late-night shift work.", "Another very common sleeping disorder is sleep apnea ; in this condition, people actually stop breathing for brief periods of time while asleep. Their sleep cycle is interrupted and they feel as if they didn't get any rest during the night.", "sleep disorder characterized by a sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis (cataplexy), and dreams intruding while awake (hypnagogic hallucinations)", "A medical condition is a broad term that includes all diseases, lesions, disorders, or condition that normally receives medical treatment, such as childbirth. While the term medical condition generally includes mental illnesses, in some contexts the term is used specifically to denote any illness, injury, or disease except for mental illnesses. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the widely used psychiatric manual that defines all mental disorders, uses the term general medical condition to refer to all diseases, illnesses, and injuries except for mental disorders. This usage is also commonly seen in the psychiatric literature. Some health insurance policies also define a medical condition as any illness, injury, or disease except for psychiatric illnesses. ", "Though the exact prevalence is unknown, people with neurologic disorders like dementia or children with intellectual disability may more likely experience an irregular sleep-wake rhythm. This may be worsened among those who are institutionalized with inadequate exposure to natural day-night light patterns. It seems to occur when the circadian rhythm degenerates or becomes unmoored from natural influences. Sleep becomes very fragmented, often with 3 or more periods of sleep lasting a few hours and scattered throughout the 24-hour period. Irregular bouts of sleep may be accompanied by insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness complaints. The total amount of sleep is often normal.", "A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, these occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.", "SLEEP DISORDERS RELATED TO MENTAL DISORDERS. Many mental disorders, especially depression or one of the anxiety disorders , can cause sleep disturbances. Psychiatric disorders are the most common cause of chronic insomnia.", "1. A disorder of sleep involving complex motor acts that occurs primarily during the first third of the night but not during REM sleep. Synonym(s): oneirodynia activa , sleepwalking , somnambulance", "Specialists in sleep medicine are qualified to diagnose the many different sleep disorders. Patients with various disorders, including delayed sleep phase syndrome, are often mis-diagnosed with primary insomnia. When a person has trouble getting to sleep and awakening early, but has a normal sleep pattern once asleep, a delayed circadian rhythm is the likely cause.", "For most adults, a normal night’s sleep lasts about 8 hours and is composed of four to six separate sleep cycles. A sleep cycle is defined by a segment of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep followed by a period of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The NREM segment can be further divided into stages according to the size and frequency of brain waves. REM sleep , in contrast, is accompanied by bursts of rapid eye movement (hence the acronym REM sleep) along with sharply heightened brain activity and temporary paralysis of the muscles that control posture and body movement. When subjects are awakened from sleep, they report that they were “having a dream” more often if they had been in REM sleep than if they had been in NREM sleep. Transitions from NREM to REM sleep are governed by interactions among groups of neurons (nerve cells) in certain parts of the brain.", "Sleep is categorized into stages of a cycle between REM sleep and NREM sleep. NREM sleep is further divided into four stages: stage 1 (a light sleep period), stage 2 (a consolidated sleep period), and stage 3 and 4 (slow wave sleep periods). This is followed by stage 3, stage 2, stage 1, and a REM period. In normal adults, a cycle will last about 1.5 hours. According to Lavie, Malhotra, and Pillar, \"The length and content of sleep cycles change throughout the night as well as with age.\" Sleepwalking generally occurs during the first third of the night during the slow wave NREM sleep stage. High delta activity within the brain usually accompanies slow wave NREM sleep, and when 20–50% of all activity is delta activity, stage 3 is scored. When delta activity reaches 50% or higher, stage 4 is scored. Usually, if sleepwalking occurs at all, it will only occur once in a night.", "Certain mechanical and structural problems in the airway cause the interruptions in breathing during sleep. Apnea occurs:", "A dream is the recall of mental activity that has occurred during sleep. Using polysomnography, sleep can be divided into stage 1 (sleep onset), stage 2 (light sleep) and stages 3 and 4 (deep sleep)—the non–rapid-eye-movement (REM) stages. REM sleep occurs cyclically every 90 minutes during the night in association with high brain activity, rapid spontaneous eye movements and suppressed voluntary motor activity. Dreaming occurs in all stages of sleep. It is reported by 80 percent of persons who are awakened during REM sleep and sleep onset (stages 1 and 2), and 40 percent of persons who are awakened from a deep sleep.", "Certain mechanical and structural problems in the airway cause the interruptions in breathing during sleep. In some people, apnea occurs when the throat muscles and tongue relax during sleep and partially block the opening of the airway. When the muscles of the soft palate at the base of the tongue and the uvula relax and sag, the airway becomes blocked, making breathing labored and noisy and even stopping it altogether. Ingestion of alcohol and sleeping pills increases the frequency and duration of breathing pauses in people with sleep apnea.", "The occurrence of upper airway obstruction (particularly common in people who snore) has been documented in sleep laboratory studies. Sleep apnea , which sometimes involves upper airway obstruction, is characterized by cessation of breathing for up to a minute and by a marked fall in blood oxygen levels, thus arousing an affected individual from sleep. Sleep apnea affects approximately 4 percent of adults. It is not confined to the very obese, although it forms part of the syndrome of severe obesity in which sleep disturbance is common, and it is associated with the daytime somnolence known as the pickwickian syndrome , after Charles Dickens ’s description of the fat boy in The Pickwick Papers. Sleep apnea is sometimes caused by relaxation of muscles around the pharynx and obstruction of the airway by the palate and tongue . It is related to narrow anatomical dimensions in this area but is also more likely to occur if alcohol is ingested shortly before sleep. Sleep apnea may cause a rise in systemic blood pressure , and pickwickian syndrome may affect one’s performance at work and ability to do other tasks carried out during the day. In severe cases, sleep apnea leads to right ventricular heart failure .", "The stages of sleep were first described in 1937 by Alfred Lee Loomis and his coworkers, who separated the different electroencephalography (EEG) features of sleep into five levels (A to E), representing the spectrum from wakefulness to deep sleep. In 1953, REM sleep was discovered as distinct, and thus William C. Dement and Nathaniel Kleitman reclassified sleep into four NREM stages and REM. The staging criteria were standardized in 1968 by Allan Rechtschaffen and Anthony Kales in the \"R&K sleep scoring manual.\" " ]

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[ "In ancient Greek mythology , ambrosia ( Template:Lang-el ) is sometimes the food, sometimes the drink, of the Greek gods (or demigods), often depicted as conferring ageless immortality upon whoever consumes it. [1] It was brought to the gods in Olympus by doves, [2] so it may have been thought of in the Homeric tradition as a kind of divine exhalation of the Earth.", "Ambrosia In Greek mythology, ambrosia was the food of the gods which was supposed to confer eternal life upon all who ate it.", "In the ancient Greek myths, ambrosia (Greek: ἀμβροσία, \"immortality\") is sometimes the food or drink of the Greek gods, often depicted as conferring longevity or immortality upon whoever consumed it. It was brought to the gods in Olympus by doves, so it may have been thought of in the Homeric tradition as a kind of divine exhalation of the Earth.", "1550s, \"favored food or drink of the gods,\" from Latin ambrosia, from Greek ambrosia \"food of the gods,\" fem. of ambrosios, probably literally \"of the immortals,\" from a- \"not\" (see a- (3)) + mbrotos, related to mortos \"mortal,\" from PIE *mer- \"to die\" (see mortal (adj.)). Applied to certain herbs by Pliny and Dioscorides; used of various foods for mortals since 1680s (originally of fruit drinks); used figuratively for \"anything delightful\" by 1731.", "nectar , ambrosia - (classical mythology) the food and drink of the gods; mortals who ate it became immortal", "In Chinese mythology, the peaches of immortality were consumed by the gods due to their virtue of conferring longevity on all who eat them. The sacred peach tree put forth its leaves once every thousand years and it required another three thousand years for the fruit to ripen. It was said the gods would wait for four thousand years before gathering the divine peaches and feasting on them for a day and a night.", "                Nectar the other food of the gods has been widely known as honey. Honey Bees gather the nectar from flowers and the animal domesticating White Gods would harvest the honey. They used the honey in many ways. They made honey sweetened cakes and tasty drinks. The most important of all the things they made with honey was their alcohol. They would ferment the honey with water and sometimes malt to make Mead. Mead or Honey Wine is considered the grandfather of all beer. It was known in Sumer, Egypt, India, Greece, China, and all the classical civilizations. In its most ancient Proto-Indo-European form it is called Medu. The word meant both Honey and Mead in this ancient language. The word Mead also means Honey in many other languages. This early beer was referred to as liquid gold. Beer is the Nectar of the gods.", "Obviously the Immortals are like the humans but they are more advanced and eat different foods than the regular humans do. If they did not eat the Peaches of Immortality gave to them by the Xi Wang Mu (Queen Mother of the West) it is said that they would get old and die.", "                Apparently all the fables of Nectar, Ambrosia, and all the various Elixirs of Life that Kings have died for are all really just hand me down tales about the beer drinking and cow milking White Gods. These are humble origins for such a grand tradition. There is a kernel of truth in every tall tale. The people the ancients knew and revered as gods really did have a different kind of food. Sometimes truth is stranger than fiction.", "But the immortal food also appears in the Bible where we can see similarity between the gardens of Hesperides and the gardens of Eden, where according to the Old Testament, man was forbidden to eat the fruit from the Tree of Life:", "In ancient Greek religion, the food of Zeus and the twelve Gods of Olympus was honey in the form of nectar and ambrosia. ", "Perhaps in these older religions, where human sacrifice was rampant, the priests were more open about what the gods wanted to eat, whereas in later religions, these things were wrapped in allegory. Now we really get down to the crux of the issue. In every major culture, they say that their immortal gods, who live in an unreachable realm on high, maintain their immortal status via consumption of a special food. They keep the location of this food a secret, along with the mystery of what it is. The holy place is both psychically and physically guarded by creatures of terrifying countenance.", "---Nectar and Ambrosia: An Encyclopedia of Food in World Mythology, Tamra Andrews [ABC CLIO:Santa Barbara CA] 2000 (p. 176-7)", "---Nectar and Ambrosia: An Encyclopedia of Food in World Mythology, Tamra Andrews [ABC-CLIO:Santa Barbara CA] 2000 (p. 105-6)", "---Nectar and Ambrosia: An Encyclopedia of Food in World Mythology, Tamra Andrews [ABC-CLIO:Santa Barbara CA] 2000 (p. 85-6)", "If we now move to Egyptian mythology and the legends of Thoth and Hermes Trismegistus, we will see that there are references to both of them drinking ‘white drops’, also referred to as ‘liquid gold’, which provided them with immortality.  References about this can be found in the Quran (Sura 18; the Khidr) and in one of the Nag Hammadi texts.", "---Nectar and Ambrosia: An Encyclopedia of Food in World Mythology, Tamra Andrews [ABC-CLIO:Santa Barbara CA] 2000 (p. 172)", "---Nectar and Ambrosia: An Encyclopedia of Food in World Mythology, Tamra Andrews [ABC-CLIO:Santa Barbara] 2000 (p. 151)", "[1545–55; < Latin < Greek: immortality, food of the gods, n. use of feminine of ambrósios=a- a -6 + -mbrosios, comb. form of brotōs mortal ]", "Immortality: After eating an Apple from the Tree of Youth, Jadis was changed from having the longevity of her species to having complete immortality. Even if her body is destroyed, her embodiment will ultimately survive.", "The elixir of life is a mythical potion that, when drunk from a certain cup at a certain time, grants the drinker with immortality and eternal youth. It was based on the alchemical teachings of Thoth and Hermes Trismegistus, both of whom in various tales are said to have drunk “the white drops” of liquid gold, and thus achieved immortality. Alchemists throughout the ages have tried to recreate this incredible formula, but to no avail. In the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang sent a Taoist alchemist to the eastern seas to find the elixir, but he never came back.", "[N.B. Basileia \"the Princess\" is Hebe. As youth personified and the cup-bearer of the gods she was naturally responsible for immortality.]", "Sacred to : Zeus (victors of his Nemean Games were crowned with wild celery), Poseidon (victors of his Isthmian Games were later also crowned with celery, replacing the pine wreath)", "The Underworld is a mythological realm of the god or goddess of the dead, where the spirits of the deceased stay. It is known in many different languages under different names, such as Naraka (India), Helheim (Scandinavia and Germany) and Uca Pucha (Incas). The Underworld was separated from the worlds of the living by five rivers, namely Acheron (river of woe), Cocytus (river of lamentation), Phlehethon (river of fire), Lethe (river of forgetfulness), and Styx (river of hate). The latter was famous because Zeus forced gods to drink the entire river Styx if they had forsaken an oath. The water was said to be so foul that the god in question would lose his or her voice for nine years. Additionally, Achilles was dipped in the River Styx by his mother to make him immortal.", "Due observance of the feast produced abundance of corn, fruit, milk, and fish. Probably the ritual observed included the preservation of the last sheaf as representing the corn-spirit, giving some of it to the cattle to strengthen them, and mingling {274} it with next year's corn to impart to it the power of the corn-spirit. It may also have included the slaying of an animal or human incarnation of the corn-spirit, whose flesh and blood quickened the soil and so produced abundance next year, or, when partaken of by the worshippers, brought blessings to them. To neglect such rites, abundant instances of which exist in folk-custom, would be held to result in scarcity. This would also explain, as already suggested, why the festival was associated with the death of Tailtiu or of Carman. The euhemerised queen-goddess Tailtiu and the woman Carman had once been corn-goddesses, evolved from more primitive corn-spirits, and slain at the feast in their female representatives. The story of their death and burial at the festival was a dim memory of this ancient rite, and since the festival was also connected with the sun-god Lug, it was easy to bring him into relationship with the earlier goddess. Elsewhere the festival, in its memorial aspect, was associated with a king, probably because male victims had come to be representatives of a corn-god who had taken the place of the goddess.", "A vast area of ancient Eur-Asia was home to a Sacred God/plant/drink with hundreds of Sacred Names. A drink of Wisdom and Poetry from the very dawn of time that is found everywhere the Indo-European peoples had an influence. The Sacred drink had the following properties; it was “immortal” often associated with divine vessels, the drink was fragrant and tasted good, it “inspired” the drinker being either the source of Poetry or the source of Wisdom, it healed disease, it prolonged human life, and in a religious context it was the way to immortality.", "Fridays were Her special day, when people would eat fish to honour Her life-giving essence, hoping for lovemaking and fertility (cf. aphrodisiac). This rite would later be adopted by Christians minus the sexual aspect.", "The habitual use of salt is intimately connected with the advance from nomadic to agricultural life, a step in civilization that profoundly influenced the rituals and cults of almost all ancient nations. The gods were worshipped as the givers of the kindly fruits of the earth, and salt was usually included in sacrificial offerings consisting wholly or partly of cereal elements. Such offerings were prevalent among the Greeks and Romans and among a number of the Semitic peoples.", "The question is, are these divine foods merely a part of creative storytelling, or did they actually exist? Did our ancient ancestors actually discover a powerful substance capable of promoting speed, intelligence and longevity? Today there are many performance enhancing drugs that can sustain life, bolster strength and empower the mind, all cultivated from the incredible properties of certain plants and foods. Perhaps the discovery of an ‘immortalising’ drug is almost upon us. But can we really break the cycle of life and death and expect no consequences. Dare we walk in the footsteps of the gods?", "The question is, are these divine foods merely a part of creative storytelling, or did they actually exist? Did our ancient ancestors actually discover a powerful substance capable of promoting speed, intelligence and longevity? Today there are many performance enhancing drugs that can sustain life, bolster strength and empower the mind, all cultivated from the incredible properties of certain plants and foods. Perhaps the discovery of an ‘immortalising’ drug is almost upon us. But can we really break the cycle of life and death and expect no consequences. Dare we walk in the footsteps of the gods?", "God (or the gods in the Epic of Gilgamesh) smelled the roasted meat of the sacrifice.", "Many other figures, like a great part of those who fought in the Trojan and Theban wars, Menelaus, and the historical pugilist Cleomedes of Astupalaea, were also believed to have been made physically immortal, but without having died in the first place. Indeed, in Greek religion, immortality originally always included an eternal union of body and soul. The philosophical idea of an immortal soul was a later invention, which, although influential, never had a breakthrough in the Greek world. As may be witnessed even into the Christian era, not least by the complaints of various philosophers over popular beliefs, traditional Greek believers maintained the conviction that certain individuals were resurrected from the dead and made physically immortal and that for the rest of us, we could only look forward to an existence as disembodied and dead souls. " ]

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[ "I, the Jury is the 1947 debut novel of American crime-fiction writer Mickey Spillane, the first work to feature private investigator Mike Hammer.", "Michael \"Mike\" Hammer is a fictional hard boiled detective created by the American author Mickey Spillane in the 1947 book I, the Jury.", "Michael \"Mike\" Hammer is a fictional detective created by the American author Mickey Spillane in the 1947 book I, the Jury (made into a movie in 1953 and 1982).", "I belong to the second school of thought. Spillane wasn’t interested in making us feel sorry for criminals. He thought victims of crime deserved more sympathy than hoodlums. Mike Hammer isn’t very subtle but he does have a well-developed sense of justice. And if the courts and the police can’t In 1947 Mickey Spillane’s first Mike Hammer novel I, The Jury hit the bookstores. Depending on your point of view this event marked the degeneration of crime fiction or it represented a breath of fresh air.", "Frank Morrison Spillane (1918- ), celebrated writer of hard-boiled mystery stories, occasionally controversial for their violence. His character Mike Hammer, who first appeared in I the Jury (1947), may have inspired the name of Johnnys house.", "Frank Morrison Spillane (March 9, 1918 - July 17, 2006), better known as Mickey Spillane, was an American crime novelist, whose stories often feature his signature detective character, Mike Hammer. More than 225 million copies of his books have sold internationally. Spillane was also an occasional actor, once even playing Hammer himself. ", "(1918–  ) writer; born in New York City. He studied at Kansas State College (now University). In the early 1940s he wrote scripts for comic books, then became famous for his first novel, I, the Jury (1947). He went on to write a series of highly popular violent, sardonic, and sexually explicit mysteries, most featuring his detective, Mike Hammer. He converted to the Jehovah's Witnesses in 1952, and lived in Myrtle Beach, S.C.", "Story-magazines were losing ground to 'paperback originals' - pulp novels selling to the masses at 25 cents. Spillane duly turned out I, the Jury in 1947. It drew on the hard-boiled \"private investigator\" tradition pioneered by Black Mask magazine in the 1930s although the most famous product of that coterie, Raymond Chandler, disdained Spillane as a writing gorilla: \"pulp writing at its worst was never as bad as this stuff\". Spillane himself acknowledged the influence of only one crime writer, the now-obscure John Carroll Daly, creator of the private eye Race Williams. Spillane flaunted his lack of authorial polish claiming (mischievously) never to introduce characters with moustaches or who drank cognac because he didn't know how to spell the words. I, the Jury introduced the series hero Mike Hammer whose hard-drinking, tough-talking, woman-beating, whisky-swilling machismo answered the needs of the postwar \"male action\" market.", "Starting with “I, the Jury,” in 1947, Mr. Spillane sold hundreds of millions of books during his lifetime and garnered consistently scathing reviews. Even his father, a Brooklyn bartender, called them “crud.”", "1918 – Mickey Spillane was an American author of crime novels, many featuring his signature detective character, Mike Hammer.  (d. 2006)", "wrote novels \"I, the Jury\" 1947, \"Kiss Me, Deadly\" 1952, \"The Deep\" 1961, \"Black Alley\" 1996", "Mickey Spillane had unfinished business when he died in 2006. The hard-boiled heavyweight who, in his prime, would dash off thrillers in a matter of days, hadn't finished the final outing of his hot-headed New York detective Mike Hammer. The Goliath Bone , a valedictory case set in the wake of 9/11, lay incomplete. But the 88-year-old Spillane was determined to give his hero the send-off he deserved and, before he died, entrusted the book to mystery writer Max Allan Collins, who has been a Hammer fan since adolescence.", "Mike Hammer is a no-holds-barred private investigator who carries a .45 Colt M1911A1 in a shoulder harness under his left arm. His love for his secretary Velda is outweighed only by his willingness to kill a killer. Hammer's best friend is Pat Chambers, Captain of Homicide NYPD. Hammer was a WWII army veteran who spent two years fighting jungle warfare in the Pacific theatre against Japan.", "Whatever else you may think about MIKE HAMMER, one word may well be appropriate: extreme. The Hammer books are not only extreme in their subject matter, but they also have a tendency to provoke an extreme reaction. The first - and best known - in the series, I, The Jury, quite literally takes no prisoners. Written in six days it is a pulp classic. Avenging a friend's death, Hammer makes his mark following a code of violence which allows nothing to stand in his way. The bloody ending leaves no room for anything much, let alone subtlety. Extreme indeed but there is no questioning the impact of the book or the fact that, in picking up where Race Williams left off, Hammer was in the classic P.I. mold.", "The Secret of Mike Hammer - What are the attributes of a hard-boiled detective. Apart from his \"uniform\", including a hat, a gun and a tough attitude, he smokes and drinks. A lot. Mike Hammer, the hero of Mickey Spillane, is the embodiment of this concept. At least in his third novel, Vengeance is Mine, published in 1950. The reader will have a hard time if he decides to start searching for a page without a line referring to smoking. This might seem odd for us living in 2011 when we hear all the time that cigarette is lethal and should be banned everywhere....   [tags: Author, Novel Analysis, Contrasts]", "The reaction from Spillane's peers was equally extreme. Few writers have been as disliked as much as Spillane. Anthony Boucher maintained that I, The Jury should be \"required reading in a Gestapo training school\". The books, however, sold in their millions (by the early 80's Spillane had sold nearly 150 million). But the genre continued to shun him. Although Hammer received a 'life long achievement' award from the Private Eye Writers of America, no similar honour was forthcoming from the Mystery Writers of America. Hated by the 'liberal' writing establishment - for some reason - Hammer very probably represented a rampant right wing and reactionary politics. This is entirely in keeping with his historical context - the expansionist and paranoiac 50's America - an age when America lost what little innocence it could pretend to have.", "In \"I the Jury\", Mike Hammer is immediately involved in the murder of his best friend and former cop, Jack Williams. Jack had taken a bayonet in the arm in the Pacific theatre during WWII, saving Hammer's life, but losing the arm. Mike vows to find the killer and kill him in the same way Jack was killed. His police friend, Pat, has to follow the rules but since Hammer is independent, he can get rough and get the information he needs.", "Mike Hammer’s style is blunt, forceful and everything his polar opposite, Pat, is not. In I, THE JURY, Hammer comes up against prostitution, drugs, murder, and deceit as he narrows the suspects down to the killer. This was a solid re-read as I work my way through the Mike Hammer library.", "He also wrote another children’s novel, “The Ship That Never Was,” and then wrote his first Mike Hammer mystery in 20 years with “The Killing Man” (1989). “Black Alley” followed in 1996. In the last, a rapidly aging Hammer comes out of a gunshot-induced coma, then tracks down a friend’s murderer and billions in mob loot. For the first time, he also confesses his love for Velda but, because of doctor’s orders, cannot consummate the relationship.", "*2004 The Duke Alexander - Mike Hammer short story published in the book Byline: Mickey Spillane first published in 2004, although it was originally written circa 1956", "In his review for the New York Herald Tribune, Will Cuppy wrote, \"This department announces a new and pretty huge enthusiasm, to wit: Dashiell Hammett. Moreover, it would not surprise us one whit if Mr. Hammett should turn out to be the Great American Mystery Writer.\" The humor magazine Judge pronounced the writing in The Maltese Falcon to be \"better than Hemingway.\"", "A version of this article appears in print on January 22, 2012, on Page A24 of the New York edition with the headline: Reginald Hill, 75, Author Of a Series of Crime Novels. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe", "Capote's first novel was \"Other Voices, Other Rooms\" (1948), which told the story of a boy growing up in the Deep South. \"The Grass Harp\" (1951) is about a young boy and his elderly cousin discovering that some compromise is necessary for people to live together in a community and was adapted to screen in 1996. The play \"The House of Flowers\" (1954) is a musical set in a West Indies bordello. Capote then wrote, \"Breakfast at Tiffanys\" (1958), which tells the story of how Holly Golightly goes to New York seeking happiness. Capote became preoccupied with journalism and, sparked by the murder of a wealthy family in Holcomb, Kansas, began interviewing the locals to recreate the lives of the murderers and their victims. The research and writing for this novel, \"In Cold Blood\" (1966), took six years for him to complete.", "Detective Hieronymus 'Harry' Bosch (pronounced \"He-ron-ee-mus\" \"Bosh\") is a literary character created by Michael Connelly in the 1992 novel The Black Echo, and the lead character in a police procedural series now numbering twenty novels. The novels are more or less coincident in time frame with the year in which they were published. Harry, as he is commonly known by his associates, is a veteran police homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department. Bosch was named after the 15th century Dutch artist, Hieronymus Bosch.", "This biographical article was written in 2010 as a contribution to Steven Powell’s 100 American Crime Writers , Palgrave 2012. Please note that this is an unedited version of the article that appears in the book.", "Michael Connelly (born July 21, 1956, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American author of detective novels and other crime fiction, notably those featuring LAPD Detective Hieronymus \"Harry\" Bosch. His books, which have been translated into 35 languages, have garnered him many awards. Connelly was the President of the Mystery Writers of America from 2003 to 2004.", "The Adventures of Sam Spade was a radio series based loosely on the private detective character Sam Spade, created by writer Dashiell Hammett for The Maltese Falcon. The show ran for 13 episodes on ABC in 1946, for 157 episodes on CBS in 1946-1949, and finally for 51 episodes on NBC in 1949-1951. The series starred Howard Duff (and later, Steve Dunne) as Sam Spade and Lurene Tuttle as his secretary Effie, and took a considerably more tongue-in-cheek approach to the character than the novel or movie. The series was largely overseen by producer/director William Spier. In 1947, scriptwriters Jason James and Bob Tallman received an Edgar Award for Best Radio Drama from the Mystery Writers of America.", "Sam Spade is a fictional private detective and the protagonist of Dashiell Hammett's 1930 novel, The Maltese Falcon. Spade also appeared in three lesser-known short stories by Hammett.", "In Michael Chabon's alternate history mystery novel, The Yiddish Policemen's Union, the murdered man, Mendel Shpilman (born during the 1960s), being a chess enthusiast, uses the name \"Emanuel Lasker\" as an alias. The reference is clearly understood by the protagonist, Detective Meyer Landsman, because he has also studied chess.", "Sam Spade is a hardboiled private detective and the leading character in Dashiell Hammett’s novel The Maltese Falcon (1930) first published as a serial in the pulp magazine Black Mask. Sam Spade also appears in three short stories by Hammett.", "After three years at the Los Angeles Times, Connelly wrote his first published novel, “The Black Echo.” It was published in 1992.  The book is partially based on a true crime and featured Connelly's primary recurring character, Los Angeles Police Department Detective Hieronymus \"Harry\" Bosch.  Connelly named Bosch after the Dutch painter Hieronymus Bosch, known for his paintings full of sin and redemption. Connelly went on to write three more novels about Detective Bosch — The Black Ice (1993), The Concrete Blonde (1994), and The Last Coyote (1995) — before quitting his job as a reporter to write full-time.", "In Michael Chabon 's alternate history mystery novel, The Yiddish Policemen's Union , the murdered man, Mendel Shpilman (born during the 1960's), being a chess enthusiast, uses the name \"Emanuel Lasker\" as an alias. The reference is clearly understood by the protagonist, Detective Meyer Landsman, because he has also studied chess." ]

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[ "Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, based Cub Scouting on a story in Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book called \"Mowgli's Brothers\". Cub Scouts know it as \"The Story of Akela and Mowgli\". The words \"Law of the Pack,\" \"Akela,\" \"Wolf Cub,\" \"Grand Howl,\" \"den,\" and \"pack\" all come from the Jungle Book.", "Lord Baden-Powell, the founder of scouting, based aspects of Cub Scouting on Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli Stories. In scouting, the terms \"Law of the Pack,\" \"Akela\", \"Wolf Cub\", \"Grand Howl\", \"den,\" and \"pack\" all refer to Kipling's work. He wrote The Wolf Cub's Handbook, in which he compares scouting to a wolf pack and scout leaders to the character of Akela.", "Kipling's links with the Scouting movements were also strong. Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, used many themes from The Jungle Book stories and Kim in setting up his junior movement, the Wolf Cubs. These connections still exist today, such as the continued popularity of \"Kim's Game\" in the Scouting movement. The movement is named after Mowgli's adopted wolf family, and the adult helpers of Wolf Cub Packs adopt names taken from The Jungle Book, especially the adult leader who is called Akela after the leader of the Seeonee wolf pack. ", "The Jungle Book, because of its moral tone, came to be used as a motivational book by the Cub Scouts, a junior element of the Scouting movement. This use of the book's universe was approved by Kipling after a direct petition of Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the Scouting movement, who had originally asked for the author's permission for the use of the Memory Game from Kim in his scheme to develop the morale and fitness of working-class youths in cities. Akela, the head wolf in The Jungle Book, has become a senior figure in the movement, the name being traditionally adopted by the leader of each Cub Scout pack.", "In 1903, Kipling gave permission to Elizabeth Ford Holt to borrow themes from the Jungle Books to establish Camp Mowglis , a summer camp for boys on the shores of Newfound Lake in New Hampshire . Throughout their lives, Kipling and his wife Carrie maintained an active interest in Camp Mowglis, which is still in operation and continues the traditions that Kipling inspired. Buildings at Mowglis have names such as Akela , Toomai , Baloo , and Panther. The campers are referred to as “the Pack,” from the youngest “Cubs” to the oldest campers living in “Den.” [130]", "Rudyard Kipling was all about the ravening second. He called it “the undoctored incident”: Oh what avails the classic bent, and what the cultured word/ Against the undoctored incident that actually occurred? This is the wonderful thing about his Jungle Books, which function on one level as a moral primer for imperial schoolboys (Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the Scout Movement, worked up his Cub Scout catechism from stories like “Mowgli’s Brothers”) and on another level, much deeper, as a sequence of bone-white existential tableaux featuring coyotes eating rabbits. Or tigers eating villagers. Or, as we will be discussing today, mongooses eating snakes.", "founder of the Scouting movement, who had originally asked for the author's permission for the use of the Memory Game from Kimin his scheme to develop the morale and fitness of working-class youths in cities. Akela, the head wolf in The Jungle Book, has become a senior figure in the movement, the name being traditionally adopted by the leader of each Cub Scout pack. TOSHIBA Satellite P105-S9722 Laptop Keyboard", "The tales in the book (as well as those in The Second Jungle Book which followed in 1895, and which includes five further stories about Mowgli) are fables, using animals in an anthropomorphic manner to give moral lessons. The verses of The Law of the Jungle, for example, lay down rules for the safety of individuals, families, and communities. Kipling put in them nearly everything he knew or \"heard or dreamed about the Indian jungle.\" Other readers have interpreted the work as allegories of the politics and society of the time. The best-known of them are the three stories revolving around the adventures of Mowgli, an abandoned \"man cub\" who is raised by wolves in the Indian jungle. The most famous of the other four stories are probably \"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi\", the story of a heroic mongoose, and \"Toomai of the Elephants\", the tale of a young elephant-handler. As with much of Kipling's work, each of the stories is followed by a piece of verse.", "The Jungle Book, because of its moral tone, came to be used as a motivational book by the Cub Scouts, a junior element of theScouting movement. This use of the book's universe was approved by Kipling after a direct petition of Robert Baden-Powell, DELL V100830AS1 Laptop Keyboard", "Puffin Classics - the world's favourite stories - relaunched with exciting new covers. The Jungle Book is a classic story of friendship between man and beast. Saved from the jaws of the evil tiger Shere Khan, young Mowgli is adopted by a wolf pack and taught the law of the jungle by lovable old Baloo the bear and Bhageera the panther. The adventures of Rikki-Tikki-Tavi the snake-fighting mongoose, little Toomai and the elephant's secret dance, and Kotick the white seal are all part of Mowgli's extraordinary journey with his animal friends. With an introduction by Christopher Paolini. Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) was born in India, although educated in England. He was a prolific writer and recognized as a genius. In 1907 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. His many books for children include Just So Stories and Kim. The book includes a behind-the-scenes journey, including an author profile, a guide to who's who, activities and more. The Puffin Classics relaunch includes: A Little Princess Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Alice's Adventures Through the Looking Glass Anne of Green Gables series Black Beauty Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales Heidi Journey to the Centre of the Earth Little Women series Peter Pan Tales of the Greek Heroes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Adventures of King Arthur The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Call of the Wild The Jungle Book The Odyssey The Secret Garden The Wind in the Willows The Wizard of Oz Treasure Island show more", "Joseph Rudyard Kipling (December 30, 1865 – January 18, 1936) was an English author and poet, born in India, and best known today for his children's books, including The Jungle Book (1894), The Second Jungle Book (1895), Just So Stories (1902), and Puck of Pook's Hill (1906); his novel, Kim (1901); his poems, including Mandalay (1890), Gunga Din (1890), and \"If—\" (1910); and his many short stories, including \"The Man Who Would Be King\" (1888) and the collections Life's Handicap (1891), The Day's Work (1898), and Plain Tales from the Hills (1888). He is regarded as a major \"innovator in the art of the short story\"; his children's books are enduring classics of children's literature; and his best work speaks to a versatile and luminous narrative gift.", "[Joseph] Rudyard Kipling, (1865; d.1936), English author (born Bombay, India), 1907 Nobel prize for Literature \"In consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author.\". His works of fiction include The Jungle Book (1894), Kim (1901), and many short stories, including \"The Man Who Would Be King\" (1888).[3] His poems include \"Mandalay\" (1890), \"Gunga Din\" (1890), \"The Gods of the Copybook Headings\" (1919), \"The White Man's Burden\" (1899), and \"If—\" (1910). He is regarded as a major innovator in the art of the short story. December 30", "Item Description: Century, New York, 1899. Later printing. Later printing. With decorations by J. Lockwood Kipling. 324 pp. Printed by the DeVinne Press. 1 vols. 8vo. Inscribed to Frank Doubleday's Son, With a Poem. Inscribed on the title-page from Kipling to Felix Doty, the son of his close friend and American publisher, Frank N. Doubleday, \"Jack Doty, from the Author: Mar 28: 99: Rudyard Kipling.\" With a holograph four-line quotation on the facing page from the \"Law of the Jungle,\" \"Wash daily from nose tip to tail tip - / drink deeply but never too deep. / And remember the night is for hunting & / forget not the day is for sleep, / R.K.\"Frank N. Doubleday, or \"Effendi\" - the nickname given him by Kipling, founded Doubleday & McClure Company in 1897, partly on the author's advice. Kipling was close to his American publisher and his family - it was Frank Doubleday's son Nelson who asked Kipling to write a book of animal stories, published as Just So Stories in 1902. The \"Jack\" Doty of this inscription is undoubtedly Felix Doty (1887-1941), a Louisiana boy adopted by Doubleday. Richards A84 (for first American edition) Publisher's green cloth, stamped in black with elephant on front cover and lion on rear cover. Near fine With decorations by J. Lockwood Kipling. 324 pp. Printed by the DeVinne Press. 1 vols. 8vo. Bookseller Inventory # 267989", "Rudyard Kipling was the poet of the triumphant empire, who would capture the quality of the life of the soldiers of British expansion, and would reflect the Indian atmosphere. He also wrote in prose, among which his most popular work was The Jungle Book (1984).", "Akela ( / Akelā also called The Lone Wolf or Big Wolf) is a fictional character in Rudyard Kipling's stories, The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book. He is the leader of the Seeonee pack of Indian wolves and presides over the pack's council meetings. It is at such a meeting that the pack adopts the lost child Mowgli and Akela becomes one of Mowgli's mentors.", "Kipling put in them nearly everything he knew or \"heard or dreamed about the Indian jungle.\"[2] Other readers have interpreted the work as allegories of the politics and society of the time.[3] The best-known of them are the three stories revolving around the adventures of an abandoned \"man cub\" Mowgli who is raised by wolves in the Indian jungle. TOSHIBA Satellite L775-S7245 Laptop Keyboard", "Born a British subject in Bombay, India, in 1865, Rudyard Kipling is remembered mainly for his significant contributions to English literature.  His novels, short stories, and poetry earned him an immense following and in 1907, a Nobel Prize in literature.  Before the age of 40, he was acclaimed the world over for his \"Jungle Books,\" poems like \"Recessional\" and \"Barracks Room Ballads,\" and his masterpiece novel about life in India, \"Kim.\"  He was unofficial Poet Laureate of Great Britain—unofficial only because he could have had the title but declined it.  His professional writing spanned 50 years until his death in 1936.", "Rudyard Kipling wrote short stories, novels, and poetry for both young people and adults. His writings ranged from stories about British schoolboys, to poems about life as a soldier, to tales of the Indian jungle. Kipling wrote most of his best-known pieces more than 100 years ago, and many of his works, such as the stories that make up The Jungle Books and his novels Captains Courageous and Kim, are still widely read today. One of his best-known poems, entitled \"If—,\" (\"If you can keep your head while others all about you/ Are losing theirs and blaming it on you …\") continues to inspire many.", "In 1892 he married Caroline Balastier; her brother, an American writer, had been Kipling's friend but had died of typhoid fever the previous year. While on honeymoon Kipling's bank failed and cashing in their travel tickets only let the couple return as far as Vermont (where most of the Balastier family lived). Rudyard and his new bride would live in the United States for the next four years. During this time he turned his hand to writing for children, and he published the work for which he is most remembered today -- The Jungle Book -- and its sequel The Second Jungle Book -- in 1894 and 1895.", "Rudyard Kipling accorded an everlasting place in literature for the mongoose, when he created Rikki-tikki-tavi (1884), the heroic mongoose who kills a cobra and saves a child's life. Since earliest times the mongoose, with its characteristics of courage and cunning, strength, ferocity and curiosity, has been featured in religious myths and legends. \"Run and find out!\" is the motto of Rikki-tikki-tavi, a true mongoose..", "Children’s Books: Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) uses his own upbringing in India for his Mowgli stories in \"The Jungle Book.\"", "The Jungle Book, The Jungle Book is a collection of stories written by Rudyard Kipling. The tales in the book are fables, using animals in an anthropomorphic manner to give moral lessons.", "None of this would matter, to Orwell or anyone else, if Kipling had not been a great writer. There is good reason—beyond the fact that it’s in the public domain—why Hollywood has tackled The Jungle Book stories no less than three times. The stories of Mowgli and his animal brothers are enchanting (and the Mowgli stories account for only about half of The Jungle Book). They read not like stories that someone made up but like fables handed down through the generations. They never try to do too much—they certainly never strain for any high-minded moral—but they are utterly satisfying, even on repeated encounters, as any adult who has read them aloud to a child can attest. ", "English short-story writer novelist and poet who celebrated the heroism of British colonial soldiers in India and Burma. \"It is true that Mr Kipling shouts 'Hurrah for the Empire!' and puts out his tongue at her enemies\" Virginia Woof wrote in 1920. Kipling was the first Englishman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907). His most popular works include THE JUNGLE BOOK (1894) with such unforgettable characters as Mowgli Baloo and Bagheera. The book was adapted into screen by Zoltan Korda and André de Toth in 1942. Walt Disney's cartoon version was produced in the 1960s.", "Kipling moved to the United States with his American wife in 1892. The newlyweds settled in Vermont, where they remained for several years and had three children. It was during this time that Kipling wrote The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book—collections of stories about the Indian boy Mowgli and his friends in the jungle. In 1902, Kipling bought a house in Sussex, in southeast England, which would be his home for the rest of his life. Sussex also provided the background for many of the books that he wrote in his later years.", "Animals play a very prominent role in the works of Rudyard Kipling, especially within his children’s literature.  While Kipling’s animals represent a diverse array of species personalities, and imperial roles, it is clear that many of his representations fall within three major themes of imperialism and the use of imperial animals.  Whether the animals are involved in the confrontation between civilization and the wilderness, of the natural laws between man and beast, Rudyard Kipling makes an excellent micro-study in the basics of human-animal relations.", "In the 1890s Kipling settled for a time in Vermont, where he wrote Captains Courageous (1897). In this memorable novel, a fishing schooner out of Gloucester, on its way to the Grand Bank, inadvertently rescues a boy, Harvey Cheyne, who has been swept from the deck of an ocean liner. This son of a railroad tycoon is forced to swallow his rich kid ways and toe—and heave—the line aboard the We’re Here, captained by the no-nonsense Disko Troop (surely one of the great fictional names of all time—just waiting to be appropriated by a grunge band).", "\"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi\" is a short story in The Jungle Book (1894) by Rudyard Kipling about the adventures of a valiant young mongoose. ", "Travel to India to introduce listeners to Kipling's classic tale of a stalwart mongoose, Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, who saves Teddy, a little English boy, from the deadly cobras, Nag and Nagina. The little mongoose is first rescued from a roadside flood by Teddy's parents, and since the motto of the mongoose family is \"Go and find out,\" the curious Tikki adopts the house and family as his own. A mongoose's job is to fight and eat snakes. When he overhears the two cobras plotting to kill the human family and raise their 25 hatchlings in the house, the mongoose responds quickly and with deadly force, fighting and killing Nag in the bathroom of the bungalow. With the aid of tailorbirds Darzee and his wife, Rikki then finds and dispatches with the cobras' eggs, and outwits Nag's wife.", "Complete Novels of Rudyard Kipling by Rudyard Kipling · OverDrive: eBooks, audiobooks and videos for libraries", "While Sir Charles G D Roberts , who created the Realistic Animal Story , wrote about wild animals of the Canadian Northwoods in the late 19th Century, his bears were true-to-the-wild depictions.  At the same time, Kipling gave the world his talking animal character, Baloo…", "\"In the Rukh\" describes how Gisborne, an English forest ranger in the Pench area in Seoni at the time of the British Raj, discovers a young man named Mowgli, who has extraordinary skills in hunting, tracking, and driving wild animals (with the help of his wolf brothers). He asks him to join the forestry service. Mueller, the head of the Department of Woods and Forests of India as well as Gisborn's boss, meets Mowgli, checks his elbows and knees, noting the callouses and scars, and figures Mowgli is not using magic or demons, having seen a similar case in 30 years of service. Muller also offers Mowgli to join the service, to which Mowgli agrees. Later, Gisborne learns the reason for Mowgli's almost superhuman talents: he was raised by a pack of wolves in the jungle (explaining the scars on his elbows and knees from going on all fours). Mowgli marries the daughter of Gisborne's butler, Abdul Gafur. By the end of the story, Mowgli has a son and is back to living with his wolf brothers." ]

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[ "On June 25, 1876, Native American warriors led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeated Lt. Col. George Custer and his forces near Montana Territory’s Little Bighorn River.", "Sitting Bull (also known as Tatanka-Iyotanka) was a Hunkpapa Lakota tribal leader in the mid-western plains during the westward expansion of American settlers in the 1800s. In the 1860s he fought efforts by U.S. troops to move the Lakota tribes west onto reservations. He earned a reputation as a fearless warrior and by 1868 was the chief of a united Lakota Nation. He fought U.S. general George Armstrong Custer in a battle at Little Big Horn on 25 June 1876. Sitting Bull led thousands of warriors from different tribes to a resounding victory over Custer, and the desperate battle was dubbed \"Custer's Last Stand.\" Pursued by U.S. troops, Sitting Bull fled to Canada, but he returned to Montana in 1881 and surrendered. After two years in prison, he joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show as a public attraction, but left after a few months to live on a reservation in South Dakota. Lakota policemen were sent to arrest him in 1890 to head off another uprising, and he ended up getting shot and killed in a struggle between the tribal police and his supporters.", "On this day in 1876, Native American forces led by Chiefs Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeat the U.S. Army troops of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer in a bloody battle near southern Montana�s Little Bighorn River.", "Then came the Sioux, the most powerful, fierce and implacable tribe in all the north-western states. In June 1876 the bitter warfare between the United States army and the Indians of the Plains culminated in a battle on the Little Big Horn River. Colonel George A. Custer and his mounted force of 250 men were wiped out by Chief Sitting Bull and his 2,000 well-armed warriors. The Chief and some 5,000 of his people fled to Canada.", "Sitting Bull, or Tatanka Iyotake, was a great leader of the Hunkpapa Lakota group who helped defeat Gen. George Custer at the Little Bighorn.", "Named Slon-he, which literally translates to slow, Sitting Bull was a holy man and a Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux medicine man. He was famous for his premonition of winning against Lt. Col. George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn, which came true. He went to Canada for a short while after the battle, and when he returned to the United States, he joined Buffalo Bill's Wildwest Show as a performer. He was killed at the Standing Rock Indian Reservation by the police while they were attempting to arrest him and stop him from supporting the Ghost Dance movement.", "They include Sioux chief Sitting Bull, famous for his legendary victory over General Custer at Little Bighorn", "Montana is the home to about 48,000 Native Americans. Their ancestors called the region the \"Land of Shining Mountains\" because the sun shines on its high, snow-capped mountains. In 1876, General George Custer and 266 of his men were killed by Sioux and Cheyenne Indians at Little Big Horn. The Indians were led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull. The famous battle is known as \"Custar's Last Stand\" and was probably the biggest force of Indian warriors to gather in Western history.", "Native Americans: Sitting Bull (Tatanka Iyotake) (1831-1890), the chief who led the Sioux Indians at the Battle of Little Big Horn against Lt. Col. George Custer (1839-1876), is killed. He dies while resisting arrest by Indian police.", "In June of 1876, just a week before the Battle of Little Big Horn, there was a Sun Dance in which Sitting Bull was said to have danced for 36 consecutive hours. There, he had a vision of a war victory. Just a few days after the vision, the Lakota won the Battle of Rosebud and just a week after that George Armstrong Custer was killed at the Battle of Little Big Horn.", "On June 25, 1876, an alliance of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho defeat ed the U.S. Army under the leadership of Gen. George Armstrong Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Montana. The defeat is sometimes called “Custer’s Last Stand.”", "Battle of the Little Bighorn, also called Custer’s Last Stand, (June 25, 1876), battle at the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, U.S. , between federal troops led by Lieut. Col. George A. Custer and Northern Plains (Lakota [Teton or Western Sioux] and Northern Cheyenne) Indians led by Sitting Bull . Custer and all the men under his immediate command were slain. There were about 50 known deaths among Sitting Bull’s followers.", "Battle of Little Big Horn, where natives led by Sitting Bull defeated the forces of General Custer, who died in the battle", "Who: Chief Sitting Bull , famous for leading the Sioux tribe against General Custer's troops at the Battle of Little Bighorn", "In 1876, following their defeat of United States Army forces at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana Territory in the United States, the Lakota Chief Sitting Bull led several thousand of his people to Wood Mountain. Survivors and descendants founded Wood Mountain Reserve in 1914.", "In 1873, in what would serve as a preview of the Battle of Little Bighorn three years later, an Indian military coalition featuring the leadership of Sitting Bull skirmished briefly with Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer. In 1876, Sitting Bull was not a strategic leader in the U.S. defeat at Little Bighorn, but his spiritual influence inspired Crazy Horse and the other victorious Indian military leaders. He subsequently fled to Canada, but in 1881, with his people starving, he returned to the United States and surrendered.", "LITTLE BIGHORN, 1876. Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull mounted before their warriors at the Little Bighorn, June 25, 1876. Pictograph by Amos Bad Heart Bull, an Oglala Sioux from Pine Ridge Reservation", "..... Click the link for more information.  and his men were defeated and killed on June 25, 1876. Sitting Bull and some of his followers escaped to Canada, but returned (1881) on a promise of a pardon and were settled on a reservation. In 1885 he appeared in Buffalo Bill Buffalo Bill,", "Sitting Bull was a Lakota Sioux tribal chief and holy man. He was born sometime around 1831 in unorganized Missouri Territory, now in South Dakota. He inspired the Sioux to resistance to the 7th Cavalry at the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876. After the battle, he fled to Canada, but returned in 1881. In 1884 he saw Annie Oakley in Minnesota, and was so impressed with her he adopted her as his daughter and gave her the name �Watanya Cicilla�, translated as �Little Sure Shot.� He joined Buffalo Bill�s Wild West show for four months. In 1890 the government feared he was planning to join the Ghost Dance movement, and attempted to arrest him. During the struggle, he was killed. He is buried in South Dakota, near his birthplace.", "*Boston Custer (1848–1876), younger brother of General George Custer, lived in Monroe, killed at Battle of Little Big Horn.", "During most of his adult life Sitting Bull took a militant stance against the white invaders, but in 1881, five years after the victory at Little Bighorn, he surrendered to the whites along with his family and a few other warriors. After nearly two years of imprisonment in various forts, Sitting Bull and his family were transferred to Standing Rock Agency, an indian reservation in North and South Dakota.", "Sitting Bull surrenders History This Day in History 7/20/1881 : Born in the Grand River Valley in what is now South Dakota, Sitting Bull in the U.S. defeat at Little Bighorn, but his spiritual influence inspired Crazy Horse and 1881, with his people starving, he returned to the United States and surren", "This contract was to be displayed in the Custer Battlefield National Monument when it first opened in 1995. It was thought that Sitting Bull liked both Annie Oakley and William Cody (in spite of his hatred for most whites). Many report that he was mesmerized by Annie Oakley's performance at the Olympic Theatre. He nicknamed her \"Little Sure Shot.\" Some say he thought of her as his daughter. He liked Cody because he treated him fairly. The troupe of nine American Indians, counting Sitting Bull, had two interpreters. Their group traveled together from September 2, 1884 until October 25th. They visited twenty-five (25) cities, from Minneapolis to New York. Sitting Bull met President Grover Cleveland in 1885.", "on May 17, 1876, part of a larger army force planning to round up remaining free Indians. Meanwhile, in the spring and summer of 1876, the Hunkpapa Lakota holy man Sitting Bull had called together the largest ever gathering of plains Indians at Ash Creek, Montana (later moved to the Little Bighorn River) to discuss what to do about the whites. It was this united encampment of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians that the 7th met at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.", "Although the Battle of Little Big Horn was a great victory, soon more United States troops arrived in South Dakota. Sitting Bull's army had split up and soon he was forced to retreat to Canada. In 1881, Sitting Bull returned and surrendered to the United States. He would now live in a reservation.", "Sitting Bull Biography : Sitting Bull was born in March, 1831 near the site of presentday Bullhead, South Dakota. In 1865, Sitting Bull's warriors routed United States troops at the Battle of Powder all the Teton Sioux, with Crazy Horse, chief of the Oglala Sioux,", "Soon most all Indians headed for Sitting Bull’s big camp. Drums were beating, and every night there was dancing. Here they all come. Crazy Horse with his Oglala; Flying By, Hump, and Lame Deer of the Miniconjou; Spotted Eagle and Two Eagles of the Sans Arc; Four Horns with the Hunkpapa; Two Moon, Ice, and Little Horse of the Cheyenne; other tribes represented included Arapaho, Yankton, Blackfeet Sioux, Inkpaduta’s Santees; even some Brule and southern Oglala including Jack Red Cloud, son of the great chief Red Cloud, who, along with Spotted Tail advised against joining with Sitting Bull. The head men selected the fighting chiefs for each band. Sitting Bull was chosen to lead the campaign, chosen by voice acclamation, without one dissenting voice.", "As a young man, Sitting Bull became a leader of the Strong Heart warrior society and, later, a distinguished member of the Silent Eaters, a group concerned with tribal welfare. He first went to battle at age 14, in a raid on the Crow, and saw his first encounter with American soldiers in June 1863, when the army mounted a broad campaign in retaliation for the Santee Rebellion in Minnesota, in which Sitting Bull's people played no part. The next year Sitting Bull fought U.S. troops again, at the Battle of Killdeer Mountain, and in 1865 he led a siege against the newly established Fort Rice in present-day North Dakota. Widely respected for his bravery and insight, he became head chief of the Lakota nation about 1868.", "Sitting-Bull grew into adulthood in a world where his very way of life was being threatened by encroaching American settlement. In 1863, Sitting Bull fought American soldiers for the first time. One year later, he would lead another campaign against U.S. troops and his attack on Fort Rice in 1865 led to his being named Chief Sitting Bull of the Lakota nation in 1868. To this day he is arguably the most revered of all Native American Chiefs in recorded history.", "Four years later, however, finding it impossible to feed his people in a world where the buffalo was almost extinct, Sitting Bull finally came south to surrender. On July 19, 1881, he had his young son hand his rifle to the commanding officer of Fort Buford in Montana, explaining that in this way he hoped to teach the boy \"that he has become a friend of the Americans.\" Yet at the same time, Sitting Bull said, \"I wish it to be remembered that I was the last man of my tribe to surrender my rifle.\" He asked for the right to cross back and forth into Canada whenever he wished, and for a reservation of his own on the Little Missouri River near the Black Hills. Instead he was sent to Standing Rock Reservation , and when his reception there raised fears that he might inspire a fresh uprising, sent further down the Missouri River to Fort Randall, where he and his followers were held for nearly two years as prisoners of war.", "Sitting Bull's courage was legendary. In 1872, during a battle with soldiers protecting railroad workers on the Yellowstone River, Sitting Bull led four other warriors out between the lines. He sat calmly sharing a pipe with them as bullets buzzed around. Sitting Bull carefully reamed the pipe out when they were finished, and casually walked away.", "December 15, 1890 - Sioux leader Sitting Bull (native name Tatanka-yatanka) was killed in a skirmish with U.S. soldiers along the Grand River in South Dakota as his warriors tried to prevent his arrest." ]

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[ "The Borzoi (/Ëb�\"Ërz�\"ɪ/, literally \"fast\"), also called the Russian wolfhound (Russian: � ÑÌÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ñ�-аÑ), is a breed of domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris).", "The Borzoi (, literally \"fast\"), also called the Russian wolfhound (), is a breed of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris). Descended from dogs brought to Russia from central Asian countries, it is similar in shape to a greyhound, and is also a member of the sighthound family.", "The borzoi, also called the Russian wolfhound, is a breed of domestic dog. Descended from dogs brought to Russia from central Asian countries, it is similar in shape to a greyhound, and is also a member of the sighthound family. The system by which Russians over the ages named their sighthounds was a series of descriptive terms, not actual names. \"Borzói\" is the masculine singular form of an archaic Russian adjective that means \"fast\". \"Borzáya sobáka\" is the basic term used by Russians, though \"sobáka\" is usually dropped. The name \"Psovaya\" derived from the word Psovina, which means \"wavy, silky coat\", just as \"Hortaya\" means shorthaired. In Russia today the breed we know as the borzoi is officially known as \"Russkaya Psovaya Borzaya\". Other Russian sighthound breeds are \"Stepnaya Borzaya\", called \"Stepnoi\"; and \"Krimskaya Borzaya\", called \"Krimskoi\". The standard plural, \"borzois\", is given in most dictionaries and must therefore be considered correct. The Borzoi Club of America and the Borzoi Club UK both prefer \"borzoi\" as the form for both singular and plural forms.", "The Borzoi (or Russian Wolfhound) originated in Russia and was bred as a hunting dog, using its excellent speed and sight to chase and run down foxes, hares and wolves. The agility and strength of the Borzoi lent itself perfectly to the great hunting traditions of the Russian aristocracy. The first Borzoi was exported to Australia in 1898.", "The Borzois are gentle, well-mannered dogs who have grace and beauty, yet they enjoy having fun and racing games. Known as the Russian Wolfhound, the breed was associated to the Russian and English nobility. Its tall and elegant body, its courage and agility are designed for speed and hunting. Borzois are proud, affectionate, loyal to its family and tolerant of other dogs. It is also known for being calm and independent.", "The Borzoi, also called the Russian Wolfhound, was developed by crossing the Arabian Greyhound with Russian sheepdogs. Originally, the breed was used to hunt foxes, rabbits and wolves. Today, it is considered as a companion dog. The Borzoi was recognized by the AKC in 1891.", "Known as the Russian Wolfhound, they are a tall, elegant dog whose body is designed for speed. Borzoi s are lean and quick , originally bred to dually attack wolves. They have long hair that can be wavy, curly, or straight, and have small heads in comparison to their deep chest s and long bodies.", "The Borzoi ([ˈbɔɹzɔɪ, ˈbɔːzɔɪ]) is a breed of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) also called the Russian Wolfhound. They were brought to Russia from Middle-Asian countries. They have medium-length and slightly curly hair and are similar in shape to Greyhounds. They a...", "Once known as the Russian Wolfhound, the Borzoi's written history can be traced to 1650, when the first standard for the breed was written in his homeland, Russia. Bred for hundreds of years by Russian nobles, the Borzoi is believed to have been developed from the early Russian bearhound, the coursing hounds of the Tatars, and the Owtchar, a tall sheepdog.", "(Breeds) a tall graceful fast-moving breed of dog with a long silky coat, originally used in Russia for hunting wolves. Also called: Russian wolfhound", "The Borzoi was bred to run down and hold wolves, and was known for years as the Russian Wolfhound. It was bred and owned solely by the Russian Czars and nobility from the 1500s to the mid 1800s. The first pair to leave Russia were given to Queen Victoria.", "greyhound s with a thick-coated, Russian breed , the Borzoi has been bred by the Russian aristocracy for hundreds of years. They were created to hunt wolves, fox and hare over the open plains of Russia, often in hunting parties of more than 100 dogs. Until 1936, the Borzoi was known as the Russian Wolfhound in ...", "any of a breed of tall, slender, swift dogs with long, silky hair and a long, narrow head, raised orig. in Russia for hunting wolves. Also called Russian wolfhound.", "Russian wolfhound russian wolfhound crossword clue sale dogs adoption rescue price breeders temperament irish borzoi also called breed domestic descended from brought russia central asian countries similar shape puppies puppy find reputable perfect information pictures borzois russkaya borzaya psowaya barsaya american canadian champion abidjan kobold ferlinka tdia breeds doggiebuddy those proclaim most wonderful world have strong grounds opinion great size marvelous adult description canis lupus familiaris middle guide hound history care training infoplease more tall swift developed early dogster known nobles hundreds years hunt wolves rugged utilitarian complete photos ratings ease intelligence shedding watchdog guard collectible merchandise ebay visit deals shop breeding exhibiting vintage books classic nellie martin amazon puppyfind country origin pronounced boar descends kazakh afghan comes shutterstock download stock vectors illustration affordable rates search million royalty", ">>The Psovoy (meaning long coat) Borzoi is the type known today throughout the world. The breed is very old and the exact date of his origin is hidden. However, Russian archives record that in the twelfth century members of the Grand Duke Vladimir's court used Borzoi to hunt wolves and other game. The hounds were described as very tall, having long legs for speed and a long dense coat to protect them from the cold winters. Their appearance differed greatly to the hounds used for hunting in Europe that were shorthaired.<<", "1885-90; < Russian borzóǐ orig., swift, fast; cognate with Czech brzý, Serbo-Croatian br̂z swift, Polish bardzo very", "The Russian concept of hunting trials was instituted during the era of the Tsars. As well as providing exciting sport, the tests were used for selecting borzoi breeding stock; only the quickest and most intelligent hunting dogs went on to produce progeny. For the aristocracy these trials were a well-organized ceremony, sometimes going on for days, with the borzois accompanied by mounted hunters and Foxhounds on the Russian steppe. Hares and other small game were by far the most numerous kills, but the hunters especially loved to test their dogs on wolf. If a wolf was sighted, the hunter would release a team of two or three borzois. The dogs would pursue the wolf, attack its neck from both sides, and hold it until the hunter arrived. The classic kill was by the human hunter with a knife. Wolf trials are still a regular part of the hunting diploma for all Russian sightdog breeds of the relevant type, either singly or in pairs or trios, in their native country.", "The Russian concept of hunting trials was instituted during the era of the Tsars. As well as providing exciting sport, the tests were used for selecting borzoi breeding stock; only the quickest and most intelligent hunting dogs went on to produce progeny. For the aristocracy these trials were a well-organized ceremony, sometimes going on for days, with the borzoi accompanied by mounted hunters and Foxhounds on the Russian steppe. Hares and other small game were by far the most numerous kills, but the hunters especially loved to test their dogs on wolf. If a wolf was sighted, the hunter would release a team of two or three borzoi. The dogs would pursue the wolf, attack its neck from both sides, and hold it until the hunter arrived. The classic kill was by the human hunter with a knife. Wolf trials are still a regular part of the hunting diploma for all Russian sightdog breeds of the relevant type, either singly or in pairs or trios, in their native country.", "The elegant, aristocratic dogs were bred by Russian nobles to hunt wolves. The dogs used to develop the Borzoi are thought to have been Russian bearhounds, coursing hounds from Tartary, and the Owtchar, a tall sheepdog. Another theory is that Arabian Greyhounds were crossed with heavy-coated Russian dogs.", "Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term Russian wolfhound is used in the context of the following news items.", "coated, smooth-faced bearhound of early Russia, an animal similar to the modern Laika but larger; and that the rough-coated longhound of the modern Scottish Deerhound type, with its rough coat extending to the face, had an entirely different origin-possibly, in this latter case, from some dog not dissimilar to the Old English Sheepdog.", "Find out the translation of Russian wolfhound to 20 languages with our English multilingual translator .", "Sable (from Russian: sobol – со́боль, ultimately from Persian سمور samor) A carnivorous mammal of the Mustelidae family native to Northern Europe and Asia.", "“The 'wolf (lupus) or 'little dog' (canicula) is an iron grapple that takes such names because if anything falls in a well it snatches them and draws them out.” [ The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville , 7th century AD, p.405.]", "\"...What about your dog? He follows (your command) better when you call him \"Joy\". That means \"joy\" (the original word here was in Russian) in English.\"", "Tolstoy - The famous Russian writer. His best known works are \"War and Peace\" and \"Anna Karenina.\" Your Siberian Husky dog would adore this name.", "DACHSHUND : This is a mix of the German words Dachs or badger and hund meaning dog. Originally the breed was known in Germany as Dachs Krieger or “badger warrior”", "The Siberian Husky (Russian: Сибирский хаски, Sibirskiy Haski) is a medium-size, dense-coat working dog breed that originated in eastern Siberia, belonging to the Spitz genetic family. It is recognizable by its thickly-furred double coat, sickle tail, erect triangular ears and distinctive markings.", "This is large, wolf-like dog breed that is magnificent in appearance. They were originally bred for use as an Alaskan sled dog. They are very similar to a Siberian Husky, but still different in many ways.", "The Bloodhound is an ancient breed, first taken to England from Normandy by William the Conqueror. The name Bloodhound is not for being \"blood thirsty\", but from being a hound of pure blood (pure in breeding). They were bred from the Talbot hound and the St Hubert hound, but have been identified as the modern Bloodhound since the Middle Ages.", "The Siberian Husky is a Spitz-type breed of dog that traced its root in northeastern Siberia. It is originally used for centuries by the Chukchi Tribe, for herding reindeer and sled-pulling. The breed is known for its amazing endurance. The Siberian Husky was recognized by the AKC in 1930.", "The Bloodhound is a large scent hound, originally bred for hunting deer, wild boar, and since the Middle Ages for tracking people. Believed to be descended from hounds once kept at the Abbey of Saint-Hubert, Belgium, it is known to French speakers as the Chien de Saint-Hubert." ]

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[ "John Reiner (born 1956) is a cartoonist who collaborates with writer Bunny Hoest on three cartoon series: The Lockhorns, syndicated by King Features, and Laugh Parade and Howard Huge (both for Parade magazine). ", "Bunny Hoest writes the snappy one-liners for The Lockhorns, a cartoon panel about a bickering long-married couple that appears in 500 newspapers. \"Be careful,\" Ms. Hoest said. \"I'm just writing what I see. It's based on observation.\" Ms. Hoest's strip is drawn by John Reiner, who took over when her husband, the artist Bill Hoest, got cancer in 1986. He died in 1988. Some comics are done by teams: writers create the dialogue and storyline; illustrators sketch the panels and strips in pencil. Inkers retrace the drawing. Then the lettering is done. ", "The Saint Bernard is a legendary hero of the Swiss Alps. While it is true that they were skilled search and rescue dogs , the tales about barrels of alcohol hanging from their necks are actually folklore. In fact, much of the Saint Bernard's history is cloaked in legend and the truth is debated by many. The indisputable fact is that Saint Bernards are massive dogs with even bigger hearts. Though they still have the ability to be excellent working dogs, Saints are typically seen as gentle, lovable family companions. The breed was also made famous when it was portrayed as a lovable goofball in the film \"Beethoven\" and its many sequels. Most Saint Bernards weight around 130-180 pounds and are about 26-27 inches tall. More »", "A daily Donald Duck comic strip drawn by Taliaferro and written by Bob Karp began running in the United States on February 2, 1938; the Sunday strip began the following year. Taliaferro and Karp created an even larger cast of characters for Donald's world. He got a new St. Bernard named Bolivar , and his family grew to include cousin Gus Goose and grandmother Elvira Coot . Donald's new rival girlfriends were Donna and Daisy Duck . Taliaferro also gave Donald his very own automobile, a 1934 Belchfire Runabout , in a 1938 story.", "DogActors.com note: The novel and movie do not portray Saint Bernards in an accurate manner and both make it clear that Cujo is infected with rabies, which any mammal can get and will cause chaotic and aggressive behavior. Saint Bernards are typically affectionate and loyal. Typically the largest threats to people from the breed is their large size, clumsiness, and a high chance of a wet and slobbery kiss.", "Modern single-panel gag cartoons, found in magazines, generally consist of a single drawing with a typeset caption positioned beneath, or—much less often—a speech balloon. Newspaper syndicates have also distributed single-panel gag cartoons by Mel Calman, Bill Holman, Gary Larson, George Lichty, Fred Neher and others. Many consider New Yorker cartoonist Peter Arno the father of the modern gag cartoon (as did Arno himself). The roster of magazine gag cartoonists includes names like Charles Addams, Charles Barsotti and Chon Day.", "... that What A Guy!, a gag cartoon created in 1987, continued for eight years after writer Bill Hoest's death using a mix of his jokes and new gags written by his widow, Bunny Hoest?", "Brutus was only around for two years on screen. When Hanna-Barbera produced \"The All-New Popeye Show\" in 1978, the character's name reverted back to the original Bluto. It remained so for the short-lived \"Popeye and Son,\" 1987-88. And, of course, the Robin Williams film \"Popeye\" it was Bluto, not Brutus. In print, Brutus lingered for some time, primarily under the direction of Segar apprentice Bud Sagendorf, who drew the strip, comic books, and designs for merchandise until 1986. Bill London, who took over from Sagendorf, preferred Bluto, but sometimes reverted back to Brutus, even within the confines of a single story (cf. \"Witch Hunt,\" 1992).", "Calvin and Hobbes is a daily comic strip by American cartoonist Bill Watterson that was syndicated from November 18, 1985 to December 31, 1995. Commonly cited as \"the last great newspaper comic,\" Calvin and Hobbes has evinced broad and enduring popularity, influence, and academic interest. Calvin and Hobbes follows the humorous antics of Calvin, a precocious, mischievous, and adventurous six-year-old boy, and Hobbes, his sardonic stuffed tiger. The pair is named after John Calvin, a 16th-century French Reformation theologian, and Thomas Ho ... (展开) bbes, a 17th-century English political philosopher. Set in the contemporary, suburban United States, the strip depicts Calvin's frequent flights of fancy and his friendship with Hobbes. It also examines Calvin's relationships with family and classmates. Hobbes' dual nature is a defining motif for the strip: to Calvin, Hobbes is a live anthropomorphic tiger; all the other characters see Hobbes as an inanimate stuffed toy. Though the series does not mention specific political figures or current events, it does explore broad issues like environmentalism, public education, philosophical quandaries, and the flaws of opinion polls. At the height of its popularity, Calvin and Hobbes was featured in over 2,400 newspapers worldwide. In 2010, reruns of the strip appeared in more than 50 countries, and nearly 45 million copies of the Calvin and Hobbes books had been sold.", "comic strip character created by Reg Smythe , seen in The Daily Mirror and The Sunday Mirror newspapers since August 5 , 1957 . The strip is syndicated internationally by Creators Syndicate . Originally a single-panel cartoon, Smythe later expanded it to four panels. The character is also licensed as the mascot for a line of snack foods , and a defunct chain of miniature golf courses in Brevard County, Florida", "The magazine has occasionally run guest articles in which notables from show business or comic books have participated. In 1964, an article called \"Comic Strips They'd Really Like To Do\" featured one-shot proposals by cartoonists including Mell Lazarus and Charles M. Schulz. More than once, the magazine has enlisted popular comic book artists such as Frank Miller or Jim Lee to design and illustrate a series of \"Rejected Superheroes.\" In 2008, the magazine got national coverage [45 ] for its article \"Why George W. Bush is in Favor of Global Warming .\" Each of the piece's ten punchlines was illustrated by a different Pulitzer Prize –winning editorial cartoonist.", "Comic strips, also known as cartoon strips in the United Kingdom, are found daily in newspapers worldwide, and are usually a short series of cartoon illustrations in sequence. In the United States, they are not commonly called \"cartoons\" themselves, but rather \"comics\" or \"funnies\". Nonetheless, the creators of comic strips—as well as comic books and graphic novels—are usually referred to as \"cartoonists\". Although humor is the most prevalent subject matter, adventure and drama are also represented in this medium. Some noteworthy cartoonists of humorous comic strips are Scott Adams, Steve Bell, Charles Schulz, E. C. Segar, Mort Walker and Bill Watterson.", "Li'l Abner was a satirical American comic strip appearing in many newspapers in the United States and Canada, featuring a fictional clan of hillbillies in the impoverished town of Dogpatch , Kentucky . Written and drawn by Al Capp (1909–1979), the strip ran for 43 years, from August 13, 1934 through November 13, 1977. It was distributed by United Feature Syndicate . Read daily by scores of millions of people, the strip's characters and humor had a powerful cultural impact.", "The Saint appeared in a long-running comic strip series starting as a daily strip 27 September 1948 with a Sunday added on 20 March the following year. The early strips were written by Leslie Charteris, who had previous experience writing comic strips, having replaced Dashiell Hammett as the writer of the Secret Agent X-9 strip. The original artist was Mike Roy. In 1951, when John Spranger replaced Roy as the artist, he altered the Saint's appearance by depicting him with a beard. Bob Lubbers illustrated The Saint in 1959 and 1960. The final two years of the strip were drawn by Doug Wildey before it came to an end on 16 September 1961.", "Calvin and Hobbes is a daily comic strip by American cartoonist Bill Watterson that was syndicated from November 18, 1985 to December 31, 1995. Commonly cited as \"the last great newspaper comic,\" Calvin and Hobbes has evinced broad and enduring popularity, influence, and academic interest.", "Calvin and Hobbes is a syndicated daily comic strip that was written and illustrated by American cartoonist Bill Watterson, and syndicated from November 18, 1985, to December 31, 1995. It follows the humorous antics of Calvin, a precocious and adventurous six-year-old boy, and Hobbes, his sardonic stuffed tiger. The pair are named after John Calvin, a 16th-century French Reformation theologian, and Thomas Hobbes, a 17th-century English political philosopher.", "Doonesbury is a comic strip by American cartoonist Garry Trudeau that chronicles the adventures and lives of an array of characters of various ages, professions, and backgrounds, from the President of the United States to the title character, Michael Doonesbury, who has progressed from a college student to a youthful senior citizen over the decades.", "Li'l Abner is a satirical American comic strip that appeared in many newspapers in the United States, Canada and Europe, featuring a fictional clan of hillbillies in the impoverished mountain village of Dogpatch, Kentucky. Written and drawn by Al Capp (1909–1979), the strip ran for 43 years, from August 13, 1934 through November 13, 1977.", "Dick Tracy is an American comic strip featuring Dick Tracy (originally Plainclothes Tracy), a tough and intelligent police detective created by Chester Gould. The strip made its debut on October 4, 1931 in the Detroit Mirror. It was distributed by the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. Gould wrote and drew the strip until 1977. Since that time, various artists and writers have continued the strip, which still runs in newspapers today. Dick Tracy has also been the hero in a number of films, notably one in which Warren Beatty played the crime fighter in 1990.", "In October 2007, he wrote a review of Schulz and Peanuts in The Wall Street Journal, a biography of Charles Schulz. In 2008, he provided a foreword for the first book collection of Richard Thompson's Cul de Sac comic strip.", "Gray died in May 1968 of cancer, and the strip was continued under other cartoonists. Gray's cousin Robert Leffingwell was the first on the job but proved inadequate and the strip was handed over to Tribune staff artist Henry Arnold and general manager Henry Raduta as the search continued for a permanent replacement. Tex Blaisdell, an experienced comics artist, got the job with Elliot Caplin as writer. Caplin avoided political themes and concentrated instead on character stories. The two worked together six years on the strip, but subscriptions fell off and both left at the end of 1973. The strip was passed to others and during this time complaints were registered regarding Annie's appearance, her conservative politics, and her lack of spunk. Early in 1974, David Lettick took the strip, but he left after three months. In April 1974, the decision was made to reprint Gray's classic strips, beginning in 1936. Subscriptions increased.", "In 1924, a comic strip artist named Harold Gray created a new comic strip for Captain Patterson's New York Daily News. It was called Little Orphan Otto, and was one of the better ideas he had come up with. Patterson thought it looked like a good concept: the little orphan, not tied to any one location but free to roam from place to place and through various adventures without the hampering presence of a family. But, he counseled Gray: \"He looks like a pansy. Put skirts on the kid.\" (Marschall 166) Gray complied, and changed the name from \"Otto\" to \"Annie.\" Thus Little Orphan Annie was brought into the world on August 5, 1924 and continued successfully until Gray's death in 1968. For 44 years, readers followed Annie through a myriad of adventures that could be as simple as staying at a farm to outwitting Nazi infiltrators. Annie stayed perpetually twelve years old, endowed with the wisdom of the ages and the innocence of eternal childhood.", "Jules Ralph Feiffer (born January 26, 1929) is an American syndicated cartoonist, most notable for his long-run comic strip titled Feiffer. He has created more than 35 books, plays and screenplays. In 1986, he won the Pulitzer Prize for his editorial cartooning in The Village Voice. He currently works as an instructor with the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton.", "his work appeared in the Saturday Evening Post, and eventually he created a cartoon entitled Li'l Folks for the St. Paul Pioneer Press.", "I loved Lulu LOTS more than I ever liked the Nancy or (ugh) Henry comic strips. Lulu comics were quite funny.", "Gary Larson once drew a strip for The Far Side with the caption \"Suddenly, two bystanders thrust their heads into the frame, ruining what would have been the funniest cartoon ever.\" Behind the huge heads of the waving \"bystanders\", all the reader can make out is a man sitting in a chair holding a chicken and a woman standing beside him. We are left to speculate as to what the strip might have involved.", "1981 Sin City Fables. Written by Alfa-Betty Olson and Marshall Efron. Illustrated by Steven Guarnaccia. Produced by Steven Heller. NY: A and W Publishers. $2.50 at George Herget, New Orleans, Dec., '92. Extra copy for $1 earlier.", "The National Lampoon had a long-running comic strip \"Chicken Gutz\" by Randall Enos. The eponymous Butt Monkey character had a bird perched on top of his hat, who provided constant snarky commentary on the proceedings.", "Rick Fletcher died in 1983 and was succeeded by editorial cartoonist Dick Locher , who had assisted Gould on the strip in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Locher was assisted by his son John, who died in 1986.", "Rick Fletcher died in 1983 and was succeeded by editorial cartoonist Dick Locher, who had assisted Gould on the strip in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Locher was assisted by his son John, who died in 1986.", "The Gordo cartoon strip, one of the first in the US to celebrate Mexican culture, ended. Gus Arriola (1917-2008) had begun the strip in 1941. photo", "On this day in 1953 The New Orleans States launched a limited-run comic strip, which was given national distribution by The Register & Tribune Syndicate ( Jane Arden, The Spirit ). The States marked the sesquicentennial of The Louisiana Purchase, starting 57 years ago today." ]

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[ "A Mickey Finn (or simply Mickey) is a slang term for a drink laced with a drug (especially chloral hydrate ) given to someone without their knowledge in order to incapacitate them. Serving someone a Mickey Finn is most commonly referred to as slipping a mickey, sometimes spelled \"slipping a mickie\".", "In slang, a Mickey Finn (or simply Mickey) is a drink laced with a drug (especially chloral hydrate) given to someone without their knowledge in order to incapacitate them. Serving someone a Mickey is most commonly referred to as slipping someone a mickey, but it is sometimes spelled \"mickie\"", "The Mickey Finn is most likely named for the manager and bartender of a Chicago establishment, the Lone Star Saloon and Palm Garden Restaurant, which operated from 1896 to 1903 in the city's South Loop neighborhood on South State Street [1] [2] . In December of 1903, several Chicago newspapers document that a Michael \"Mickey\" Finn managed the Lone Star Saloon and was accused of using knockout drops to incapacitate and rob some of his customers [3] [4] [5] [6] . Moreover, the first known written example (according to the Oxford English Dictionary) of the use of the term Mickey Finn is in 1915, twelve years after his trial, lending credence to this theory of the origination of the phrase.", "The term, \"strong drink,\" had no reference to distilled liquors, as in present usage. The art of distillation was unknown to the ancients, not being discovered until the ninth century of the present em. Strong drink, then, did not mean a liquor strong in alcohol, like brandy or rum. It referred to a liquor sometimes called \"mixed wine,\" which was a compound of wine with wormwood, myrrh, nux vomica, and narcotic drags, which rendered it very intoxicating. It was customary, among ancient nations, to administer this strong or intoxicating liquor to criminals who were about to be executed, in order to stupefy them and thus mitigate their pain. In obedience to the common custom, a draught of the powerful opiate was offered to the Saviour, as he hung upon the cross. It was to this well-known custom that the wise man had reference when he said, \"Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish,\" just as the surgeon would say, Give chloroform to a patient about to undergo a surgical operation.", "A Gibson is just like a Martini (qv), except garnished with cocktail onions. It's been said to have been named after one Mr Gibson, renowned for his tolerance until it was revealed that he had an agreement with many bartenders to give him a glass of water with an onion as a signal. Reference: The Official Harvard Student Agencies Bartending Course, Third Edition, ISBN 0-312-25286-2.", "false courage, or bravado inspired by drugs or booze; also known as \"Geneva courage\" or the \"Irish mistress\", and formally known as \"pot-valor\" or \"pot-valiant\"; originally referred to gin, introduced by the Dutch when William of Orange ruled England (1689). See STONED, HOOCH, GROG, BREW, JUICE, GROUP TIGHTENER, DEAD-SOLDIER, TOY SOLDIER, WHISKEY WARRIOR, MACHO, LOADED FOR BEAR, IRISH FLU, FRENCH FIT, SPLICE THE MAINBRACE, BYOB, THE DRINK. [nb: \"I told you, Sir, they were red-hot with drinking; So full of valour that they smote the air, For breathing in their faces, beat the ground For kissing of their feet.\" by William Shakespeare in The Tempest (1611)]", "The Stinger is another of the cocktail greats with somewhat of a murky cocktail etymology. Although first published in Tom Bullock's 1917 \"Ideal Bartender\", this was merely a formality that someone needed to record the recipe. It is cited as one of the most popular pre-prohibition cocktails, and for a good reason. The Stinger enjoyed a fairly intense revival spanning from the mid 1940's to early 1960's with several move references. One such reference is made in the 1956 film \"High Society\", where Bing Crosby explains to Grace Kelly how the Stinger gained its name. \"It's a Stinger. It removes the Sting.\" This blend of white Creme de Menthe and Cognac certainly does the trick.", "The Vesper is James Bonds quintessential cocktail. Although the author is unknown. In Casino Royale, the first Bond book, Ian Fleming had Bond name the Vesper for love interest Vesper Lynd. Lynd was doomed as a double agent, and sadly the drink was doomed along with its namesake. Bonds final words in the book were, \"The bitch is dead now.\" and he never drank another Vesper. Just enough vodka is used to smooth the bite of the gin, and in lieu of malty vermouth, a light quinquina is used.", "The post-revolutionary and antebellum periods gave the world some of its most ubiquitous cocktails, and the reconstruction period only expanded the beverage lexicon. When one considers the quintessential “classics”, the Mint Julep, Sazerac, and Old Fashioned probably come to mind. And these were all created in the 18th and 19th centuries. In modern times, it’s easy to think of the characters of Mad Men knocking back eight martinis during lunch and then going back to the office to flirt with their secretaries. In reality, the first cocktails were more likely consumed by the characters in Master and Commander , who then stumbled below decks to flirt with the cabin boys.", "Several years ago in Boston, Andrew Dietz—co-founder of cocktail fest Thirst Boston —and some of his bartender friends conceived a new hospitality industry drink ritual: the Daiquiri Time-Out (DTO) . The DTO is a daiquiri shot to be taken after a stressful situation, or for those who simply need a break. Whether that act originated from the Christopher Walken line in 2005's Wedding Crashers, when Walken's character suggested a daiquiri time out from the game of touch football, is anyone's guess. But Deitz describes it as \"a modern day drinking ritual that celebrates that act of taking a moment.\" And now this mini daiquiri has usurped the Fernet Branca shot as the bartenders' unofficial handshake. A perfect new role for this classic cocktail.", "There are lots of stories about how the Harvey Wallbanger originated.  One says it was created in 1952 by famed mixologist Donato “Duke” Antone, who supposedly named it after a surfer that frequented his Hollywood establishment, the Blackwatch Bar.  (Antone also claimed to have created other popular drinks, including The Rusty Nail — made with scotch and Drambuie — and the White Russian, which contains vodka, Kahlua, and heavy cream).", "Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, or GHB, is a hypnotic depressant known on the street by several names: easy lay, Georgia home boy, liquid X, liquid ecstasy, liquid E, grievous bodily harm, Gib, G-riffic, natural sleep -500, gamma-oh, cherry meth , scoop, soap, salty water, organic Quaalude, fantasy, sodium oxybate , somatomax, and gamma hydrate. GHB is perhaps best known as the date-rape drug.", "Like every other cocktail on this list, the history behind the Bloody Mary is also a bit cloudy. One popular legend says that the original Bloody Mary, which was then made using equal parts tomato juice and vodka and used as a hangover cure, was invented by comedian, songwriter and movie producer George Jessel (aka the “Toastmaster General of the United States”). Jessel claimed he created the drink one morning in Palm Beach during the 1950s, when he mixed tomato juice and vodka as a way to recover from an entire night spent drinking. Jessel even appeared in Smirnoff vodka ads in the 1950s declaring, “I, George Jessel invented the Bloody Mary.” However, as aptly put by Wall Street Journal columnist and cocktail historian Eric Felten, “Given Jessel’s knack for self-promotion, many doubted his claim,” which made skeptics to search for the true origin of the drink and opened the door for a legend involving the head bartender at the St. Regis Hotel in New York named Fernand “Peter” Petriot.", "Last, but not least, we have the Martini. The  most argued about cocktail  in the history of drinking. Stir or shake? Vermouth or none? Glass or metal tin? The Martini is THE drink that signifies nightlife and cocktails in general. When someone needs to use one image to symbolize drinking, more often than not, it’s the Martini. That sexy glass, clear liquor, green olive with red pimento. Makes me thirsty just thinking about it.", "liquor or beer; originally watered rum, after the grogram cloak worn by Admiral Edward Vernon, who ordered the dilution served instead of pure spirits from 1740", "A cocktail is a mixed drink typically made with a distilled beverage (such as, gin, brandy, vodka, whiskey, tequila, or rum) that is mixed with other ingredients. If beer is one of the ingredients, the drink is called a beer cocktail.", "Wealthy Dallas socialite Marguerite “Margarita” Sames loved to create drinks for her party guests using whatever she could find behind the bar. When she was 35 years old, during a 1948 Christmas party at a borrowed vacation home (hers was still under construction) in Acapulco, Mexico, she mixed 2 parts silver tequila with one part each of Cointreau and fresh lime juice, and being familiar with licking salt before taking a shot of tequila, she decided to lightly coat the rim with table salt. Over the years, Bill and Margarita served the drink to their guests, referring to it as “The Drink” or “Margarita's Drink.” After Bill presented Margarita with a set of champagne glasses with her name etched on them, the drink got its official name. Bill and Margarita ran in a powerful set, who all loved her cocktail, including hotelier Nick Hilton (who was also Elizabeth Taylor’s first husband), Tail O’ the Cock owner Shelton McHenry, Hotel Bel-Air owner Joseph Drown, movie stars Lana Turner and John Wayne, and other worldly guests and friends that later served the drink in their hotels and restaurants, spreading the drink around the globe. Sames moved to El Paso, Texas, in 1958 where she was well known for her lavish parties, and eventually settled in San Antonio in her golden years.", "An evocative origin of the word “cocktail” comes from the term “cock-ale”, a heady mixture of spirits fed to fighting cocks in the 18th century to inflame them. The punters and cockerel owners would undoubtedly have drunk the same mixture.", "\"Henry E. Allott, known all through the Middle West as 'Bunk' Allen, member of the old Chicago gambling syndicate, saloonkeeper, theatrical promoter, circus man, and inventor of pink lemonade, died here today. At 15 he ran away with the circus and obtained a lemonade concession. One day while mixing a tub full of the orthodox yellow kind he dropped some red cinnamon candi es in by mistake. The resulting rose-tinted mixture sold so surprisingly well that he continuted to dispense his chance discovery.\"", "The Last Word was created in the early 1920s in Detroit. It was first served at the Detroit Athletic Club, a private Detroit social club whose members are often of the wealthy elite. Sometime after its creation, but before 1951, Frank Fogarty introduced the cocktail to New York City. Fogarty himself was no bartender but one of the best vaudevillian monologists, the equivalent of a modern day comedian, of the era. It is assumed that Fogarty's profession led to the naming of the cocktail in some manner. After being published for the first time in Ted Saucier's Bottoms Up! Cocktail book in 1951, the drink fell into obscurity during World War II. It was only in 2004 when The Last Word started making a resurgence. Modern day cocktail legend Murray Stenson found the cocktail in an old copy of Saucier's book and started offering it at the Zig Zag Cafe in Seattle. Soon after, it became somewhat of a cult hit in the Washington state cocktail scene and has spread to most of the world since. This enticing blend of Green Chartreuse, gin, fresh lime and maraschino liqueur is sharp and pungent with a crisp herbal bite.", "The Harvey Wallbanger has one of the most memorable names in cocktail history—and one of the worst reputations. A mix of vodka, orange juice and Galliano, it was one of the preeminent drinks of the 1970s, a decade recognized by drink historians as the Death Valley of cocktail eras: a time of sloppy, foolish drinks made with sour mix and other risible shortcuts to flavor, christened with silly monikers like Mudslide and Freddie Fudpucker.", "There are other cocktails that have taken the name \"Metropolitan.\" Possibly the most popular is one made of Absolut Kurant Vodka, cranberry and lime juices, and (sometimes) triple sec . It is very similar to a Cosmopolitan and was created during the 1990's in New York City.", "3 oz (90 mL) cherry brandy, 2 oz (60 mL) cherry 7-up, 2 oz (60 mL) cherry soda, whipped cream, a cherry. All liquids should be chilled and mixed with a stirring stick. Top the cocktail with whipped cream and a cherry. The name probably comes from fact that cherry, the theme ingredient of this cocktail, and maiden head are both slang terms for the hymen. [33] [34] [35]", "The drink likely came from an old flu remedy of lime juice, honey and garlic. It eventually evolved into a cocktail by ditching the garlic and lime for ice and sugar, which made it more pleasant and tasty, along with some alcohol for a kick. ", "This drink is considered by historians as the first cocktail ever invented.  It was originally created by a New Orleans pharmacy in the early 19th century to ward off tropical malaise.", "As with several mixed drinks invented prior to prohibition in the United States, more than one story is attributed to the creation of this cocktail.", "If you want to add a little celebrity pizazz to your tipple, try one of these 10 cocktails named after famous people.", "I havent been able to trace a cocktail of this name, although there seems to be at least one modern brewery making a beer called Lizards Breath. The term seems to be used in the SW of the USA to describe something hot and dry, and it also seems to be used as a play on the name Elizabeth.", "It is without fail that the true origins of many of our favorite cocktails are a little hazy. We are talking about alcohol, after all, so it goes with the territory. This drink is no different and there are a few popular stories circulating.", "In 1886, John Styth Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist, came up with a particular syrup, in addition to his other concoctions against hair loss, headaches and whatever. He sold his articles to other pharmacists as medicinal products. The syrup consisted of cane sugar, caffeine and extracts of coca leaves (cocaine) and Kola beans. The drink was diluted with water, and cooled with ice cubes.", "A phrase with a nautical derivation, meaning a man under the influence of drink or unsteadiness through drink.", "A phrase with a nautical derivation, meaning a man under the influence of drink or unsteadiness through drink." ]

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