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[ "James Smithson, a British chemist, died in 1829 and left approximately %500,000 to a relative. He stated that if the relative died childless, the entire estate should be given to the U.S. government. That occurred in 1835. The will required that an educational institution be built and equipped in Washington, D.C. Former President John Quincy Adams was in favor of the federal government becoming active in education and research, and Congress voted to accept the gift in 1836. After much political debate and financial difficulties in preserving the gift, the Smithsonian Institution was begun in 1846. It is called the Smithsonian Institution in honor of James Smithson. Without the philanthropy of this British chemist, the United States might not now have one of the world's most popular scientific and educational museums.", "Once the money was in hand, eight years of Congressional haggling ensued over how to interpret Smithson's rather vague mandate \"for the increase and diffusion of knowledge.\" Unfortunately, the money was invested by the US Treasury in bonds issued by the state of Arkansas which soon defaulted. After heated debate, Massachusetts Representative (and ex-President) John Quincy Adams persuaded Congress to restore the lost funds with interest and, despite designs on the money for other purposes, convinced his colleagues to preserve it for an institution of science and learning. Finally, on August 10, 1846, President James K. Polk signed the legislation that established the Smithsonian Institution as a trust instrumentality of the United States, to be administered by a Board of Regents and a Secretary of the Smithsonian.", "In authoring a change to the Tariff of 1828, he was instrumental to the compromise that ended the Nullification Crisis. When James Smithson died and left his estate to the U.S. government to build an institution of learning, many in Congress wanted to use the money for other purposes. Adams was key to ensuring that the money was instead used to build the Smithsonian Institution. In 1839, he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. ", "Smithson was never married and had no children; therefore, when he wrote his will, he left his estate to his nephew, or his nephew's family if his nephew died before Smithson. If his nephew was to die without heirs, however, Smithson's will stipulated that his estate be donated to the founding of an educational institution in Washington, D.C., in the United States. In 1835, his nephew died and so could not claim to be the recipient of his estate; therefore, Smithson became the founding donor of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. despite having never visited the United States.", "In 1829, James Smithson died in Italy, leaving behind a will with a peculiar footnote. In the event that his only nephew died without any heirs, Smithson decreed that the whole of his estate would go to “the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge.” Smithson’s curious bequest to a country that he had never visited aroused significant attention on both sides of the Atlantic.", "In 1846 the Smithsonian Institution was formed in the United States, funded by a bequest of half a million dollars from the British scientist James Smithson.", "The Smithsonian Institute, also called \"the nation's attic,\" is the largest museum in the world. It is vast, comprising 17 museums and the National Zoo in DC, and two museums in New York City. In 1829, James Smithson of London died and bequeathed his fortune to the people of the United States to create a research and educational institution. The Smithsonian Institute was officially founded in 1846, with the first museum opening that year. Pictured is \"The Castle,\" the first building of the institute and now the Smithsonian Information Center.", "Whatever the reason, Congress accepted the bequest, and after nearly a decade of wrangling, established the institution in 1846. The Smithsonian would operate independently, being governed by a board of regents and a secretary, and would be a relatively unique hybrid of museum and research institution. The phrase “national university” was frequently used, although the debate over what precisely that meant was heated. Ultimately, an act of Congress allowed for the creation of a building that would house an art gallery, a lecture hall, a library, two laboratories, and a science museum. Renowned architect James Renwick was commissioned to design the building, which still stands on the National Mall today. Over time, further philanthropy allowed for the creation of additional buildings, museums, libraries, laboratories, art and science collections, and programs for popular education and elite investigation.", "Smithsonite is a mineral, named after James Smithson , the founding donor of the Smithsonian. He was an English scientist who lived c. 1765-1829. In a secondary clause in his will, he left his fortune to the United States of America—a place he never visited—to create “an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.”", "N M Rothschild became Banker to the US Government in Europe, in which capacity the firm pursued the Government's claim to the legacy of James Smithson, leading to the foundation of the Smithsonian Institute. In 1843 Barings replaced Rothschilds as official bankers to the United States.", "Smithson had inherited the money from his aristocrat mother, and in the absence of an heir he left instructions to build, “at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge.” Smithson was active in the Royal Society of London, and had close friends who were interested in the education of the lower classes. But why he planted his learned benevolence in America, we don’t know.", "On 24 February 1847 the Board of Regents, which oversaw the creation of the Smithsonian, approved the seal for the institution. The seal, based on an engraving by Pierre Joseph Tiolier, was manufactured by Edward Stabler and designed by Robert Dale Owen. Although Smithson's papers and collection of minerals were destroyed in a fire in 1865, his collection of 213 books remains intact at the Smithsonian. The Board of Regents acquired a portrait of Smithson dressed in Oxford University student attire, painted by James Roberts, that is now on display in the crypt at the Smithsonian Castle. An additional portrait, a miniature, and the original draft of Smithson's will were acquired in 1877; they now reside in the National Portrait Gallery and Smithsonian Institution Archives, respectively. Additional items were acquired from Smithson's relatives in 1878.", "The Smithsonian Institution ( ), established in 1846 \"for the increase and diffusion of knowledge,\" is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States. Originally organized as the \"United States National Museum,\" that name ceased to exist as an administrative entity in 1967. ", "Smithson. Although it was held by John C. Calhoun and other members of Congress that the federal government had no power to accept such a gift, it was finally secured, largely through the efforts of John Quincy Adams, and in 1846 the institution was established by congressional act at", "Smithson's research work was eclectic. He studied subjects ranging from coffee making to the use of calamine, eventually renamed smithsonite, in making brass. He also studied the chemistry of human tears, snake venom and other natural occurrences. Smithson would publish twenty-seven papers. He was nominated to the Royal Society of London by Henry Cavendish and was made a fellow on 26 April 1787. Smithson socialized and worked with scientists Joseph Priestley, Sir Joseph Banks, Antoine Lavoisier, and Richard Kirwan.", "Since the eighteenth century, Philadelphia-area scientific societies have promoted scholarship and innovation, increased access to scientific knowledge and played an important role in the professionalization of various disciplines. Longstanding institutions, including the American Philosophical Society (1743), the Academy of Natural Sciences (1812), and the Franklin Institute (1824), have garnered national and international accolades, while many ⇒ Read More", "On his death in 1873, Johns Hopkins, a Quaker entrepreneur and childless bachelor, bequeathed $7 million (approximately $ today adjusted for consumer price inflation) to fund a hospital and university in Baltimore, Maryland. At that time this fortune, generated primarily from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States.", "On January 13th (that’s today!), 1888, a group of 33 scientists and explorers gathered at the Cosmos Club in Washington, D.C. to prepare the constitution for the National Geographic Society. The members of the club were an elite group of wealthy academics and explorers that aimed to create “a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge.” It has since become one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational institutions in the world, and has funded some of the most important projects of the past century’s greatest adventurers, including Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Jane Goodall, Louis and Mary Leakey, Michael Fay, and many more.", "The Ri – not to be confused with the Royal Society – was founded in 1799. Its early leading lights included Humphry Davy and Michael Faraday. It is a working laboratory to this day, and also houses a library, priceless archive and the theatre where the famous Christmas lectures are delivered, begun by Faraday in 1825. It’s also the home to the wonderful Faraday Museum (founded 1973, free entry, open Mon-Fri).", "The oldest American think tank, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, was founded in Washington, D.C. in 1910 by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie charged trustees to use the fund to \"hasten the abolition of international war, the foulest blot upon our civilization.\" The Brookings Institution was founded shortly thereafter in 1916 by Robert S. Brookings and was conceived as a bipartisan \"research center modeled on academic institutions and focused on addressing the questions of the federal government.\" ", "Many of Franklin's ideas had been included in his book, Poor Richard's Almanack. One of his most interesting acts of philanthropy was to leave a special bequest in his will. A gift of 1,000 pounds sterling (British currency) was made to the citizens of both of the cities of Boston and Philadelphia. The money was to be loaned out to young workers starting their careers. After 100 years from Franklin's death in 1790, the two cities could use three-quarters of the money to build museums and undertake other civic projects. Then, the remaining one-quarter was used for loans for another 100 years. Finally, in 1990, Franklin's will directed that the money be distributed for charitable purposes. The Boston money was spent on a number of projects, but Philadelphia decided to use their dollars to start a scholarship fund for students studying trades and crafts (Grimm, 2002). This act of colonial philanthropy is but one example of the tradition that continues today in the United States. Social advancement remains an important reason for this tradition.", "State policy has influenced the funding of public works and science for thousands of years, dating at least from the time of the Mohists, who inspired the study of logic during the period of the Hundred Schools of Thought, and the study of defensive fortifications during the Warring States period in China. In Great Britain, governmental approval of the Royal Society in the 17th century recognized a scientific community which exists to this day. The professionalization of science, begun in the 19th century, was partly enabled by the creation of scientific organizations such as the National Academy of Sciences, the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, and State funding of universities of their respective nations. Public policy can directly affect the funding of capital equipment, intellectual infrastructure for industrial research, by providing tax incentives to those organizations that fund research. Vannevar Bush, director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development for the United States government, the forerunner of the National Science Foundation, wrote in July 1945 that \"Science is a proper concern of government\". ", "Franklin bequeathed £1,000 (about $4,400 at the time, or about $112,000 in 2011 dollars [187] ) each to the cities of Boston and Philadelphia, in trust to gather interest for 200 years. The trust began in 1785 when the French mathematician Charles-Joseph Mathon de la Cour , who admired Franklin greatly, wrote a friendly parody of Franklin’s “Poor Richard’s Almanack” called “Fortunate Richard”. The main character leaves a smallish amount of money in his will, five lots of 100 livres , to collect interest over one, two, three, four or five full centuries, with the resulting astronomical sums to be spent on impossibly elaborate utopian projects. [188] Franklin, who was 79 years old at the time, wrote thanking him for a great idea and telling him that he had decided to leave a bequest of 1,000 pounds each to his native Boston and his adopted Philadelphia. By 1990, more than $2,000,000 had accumulated in Franklin’s Philadelphia trust, which had loaned the money to local residents. From 1940 to 1990, the money was used mostly for mortgage loans. When the trust came due, Philadelphia decided to spend it on scholarships for local high school students. Franklin’s Boston trust fund accumulated almost $5,000,000 during that same time; at the end of its first 100 years a portion was allocated to help establish a trade school that became the Franklin Institute of Boston , and the whole fund was later dedicated to supporting this institute. [189] [190]", "n 1859, a proposal was submitted to the Massachusetts General Court to use newly filled lands in Back Bay, Boston for a “Conservatory of Art and Science”, but the proposal failed. A proposal by William Barton Rogers a charter for the incorporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, signed by the governor of Massachusetts on April 10, 1861.", "A medical fraternity known as the ``rich man's club,'' the New York Academy of Medicine, was offered grants for a new building by the Rockefeller Foundation and the Carnegie Foundation, its subsidiary group. This ``seed money'' was then used to finance a public campaign which brought in funds to erect a new building. For Director of the new facility, the Rockefellers chose Dr. Lindsly Williams, son-in-law of the managing partner of Kidder, Peabody, a firm strongly affiliated with the J.P. Morgan interests (the J.P. Morgan Company had originally been called the Peabody Company).", "The Franklin Institute is a museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States, dating to 1824. The Institute also houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial.", "On this day in 1867,  the Peabody Fund was established.  George Peabody was a wealthy industrialist and considered by many to be the first American Philanthropist.  He established the Peabody Fund \"for the promotion and encouragement of intellectual, moral, or industrial education among the more destitute portions of the south and southwest states of our Union.\"  The fund was to help develop public education in the eleven former Confederate states.  It stabilized struggling schools and provided money to build new ones.  The fund's money was delivered systematically to maximize its impact.  Communities had to raise funds, through taxes or otherwise, to match the grant.  This was in keeping with Peabody's philosophy of self reliance. The Peabody Fund was great success.", "In 1787, a group of prominent ministers in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, proposed the foundation of a new college to be named in Franklin's honor. Franklin donated £200 towards the development of Franklin College, which is now called Franklin & Marshall College.", "1902: The Carnegie Institute, a non-profit organisation to conduct basic research and advanced education in biology, astronomy and earth sciences is established in Washington, DC", "Despite the three charter dates of 1755, 1779 and 1791, the University used for more than a century the founding date of 1749, the year in which founder Benjamin Franklin first convened a board of trustees to organize the new institution. In 1899, the University's board of trustees voted to change the founding date by nine years to 1740, the year in which a group of Philadelphia citizens established a trust for a charity school requested by traveling evangelist George Whitefield. A frame of a building was erected, but the citizens discovered that they lacked the funds to furnish the interior chapel or open the charity school.", "Founded in 1764 in Rhode Island, Brown University takes its name from businessman and philanthropist Nicholas Brown. Originally called the College of Rhode Island, it changed its name after receiving a generous gift from Brown.", "George Peabody ( ; February 18, 1795 – November 4, 1869) was an American-British financier widely regarded as the \"father of modern philanthropy.\"" ]

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[ "Little Jack Horner sat in a corner eating a pudding pie. He put in his thumb, pulled out a plum, and said, “What a good boy am I!”", "   According to the Mother Goose's Nursery Rhyme: \"Little Jack Horner sat in the corner, Eating his Christmas pie. He put in his thumb, and pull'd out a plum, And said \"What a good boy am I!\"", "DESCRIPTION: \"Little Jack Horner Sat in a corner Eating of Christmas pie. He put in his thumb And pulled out a plum, And said, What a good boy am I.\"", "3. Little Jack Horner Sat in the corner Eating his Christmas pie He stuck in his thumb And pulled out a plum And said \"What a good boy am I!\"", "Little Jack Horner sat in a corner, eating his mincemeat pie and being a good boy. But when he stuck in his thumb, what did he pull out? A plum? A cookie? A smaller pie that was inside the larger one? Watch this week's Cool School nursery rhyme to find out!", "Prarie Dawn arrives of the Nursery Rhyme of Little Jack Horner and he is about to stick his thumb into the Christmas pie. As Little Jack Horner recite his Nursery Rhyme and was about to stick his thumb, Goldilocks appeared again and stuck her thumb into Jack Horner’s pie to pull out the plum. Then she recites her own Little Jack Horner rhyme with her name in it as she eats the pie and the plum. Little Jack Horner cries and says he is going to tell on her to Mother Goose. Prairie Dawn signs off and she would let us know if there is any more development in Nursery Rhymes news.", "Little Jack Horner was in fact reputed to be the Steward to the Bishop of Glastonbury. He was sent to King Henry VIII with a Christmas gift of twelve title deeds to manorial estates. Whilst on his way to the King Jack stole the deed to the manor of Mells (this being the real 'plum' of the twelve manors) which was in France. The remaining eleven manors were given to the crown but the manor of Mells became the property of the Horner family! The first publication date for the lyrics to this nursery rhyme is 1725.", "Many people believe that Jack Horner was in fact Thomas Horner, the steward of Abbot Whiting of Glastonbury. The story goes that the abbot had sent Horner on a mission to see King Henry VIII in London, the aim of which was to try to save Glastonbury Abbey from being dissolved. Feeling hungry on the journey, Horner, who had been sent on his way with a pie, decided to eat a piece of it. To his surprise instead of pulling out the mince filling he pulled out a deed to one of Glastonbury’s smaller properties. On examining the contents of the pie he found a further eleven deeds concealed inside. Keeping the first deed, he delivered the other papers to the king [13] . The abbot was caught in a no-win situation as he could not accuse Horner of theft because then he would have to openly admit to trying to bribe the king giving Henry an easy excuse to charge the abbot with corruption. Horner gained the deeds to the estate of Mells Manor in Somerset where his descendants lived until the beginning of the 20th century [14] .", "Yes. Jack Horner was the clerk of my court whom I sent around the country collecting the deeds of the Monasterial land confiscated during the reformation. His reward was to keep one confiscated land for his own. He of course picked a plum site, I believe the Horners still live there.", "plum = One hundred thousand pounds (£100,000). As referenced by Brewer in 1870. Seemingly no longer used. Origin unknown, although I received an interesting suggestion (thanks Giles Simmons, March 2007) of a possible connection with Jack Horner's plum in the nursery rhyme. The Jack Horner nursery rhyme is seemingly based on the story of Jack Horner, a steward to the Bishop of Glastonbury at the time of the dissolution of the monasteries (16th century), who was sent to Henry VIII with a bribe consisting of the deeds to twelve important properties in the area. Horner, so the story goes, believing the bribe to be a waste of time, kept for himself the best (the 'plum') of these properties, Mells Manor (near Mells, Frome, Somerset), in which apparently Horner's descendents still lived until quite recently. The Bishop was not so fortunate - he was hung drawn and quartered for remaining loyal to the Pope.", "Anyway, Horner is said to have robbed the pie of its \"plum\" - the deeds to the manor of Mells, the most valuable of the twelve. I should note that Mells contained profitable lead mines and \"plumbum\" is Latin for \"lead.\"", "The next time you find yourself tempted to take credit for something for which a team is mainly responsible, remind yourself of little Jack Horner and of how silly he looked sitting there with that plum on his thumb!", "Jack Horner was the steward of the last Abbot of Glastonbury, Richard Whiting. In 1543, as part of an attempt to obtain Henry VIII's favor, Whiting sent Jack Horner to the king with title deeds of a number of valuable properties. To foil thieves, these deeds were concealed in a large pie. On the journey, Jack Horner surreptitiously opened the pie and extracted the deed of Mells Manor, Somerset.", "Horner, and several other men, saw an opportunity in the redistributing of Catholic lands to come up in the world and they took it. Buying the land that formerly belonged to the abbots and moving in just as the abbots were forced out. This nursery rhyme is seen as a Protestant version of the events in “Little Jack Horner”.", "Whoever Little Jack Horner may be, it is a fair guess that he was not a very good little boy.", "It's thought that Jack Horner was actually Thomas Horner a steward to Richard Whiting, the last abbot of Glastonbury put to death under King Henry VIII. The story goes that in a bid to stop his abbey being destroyed the abbot had sent Horner to the King with a huge Christmas pie, secretly containing the deeds to 12 manor houses as a sweetener. But Horner arrived with only 11, taking one for himself. Whatever the truth, the ploy didn't work. The abbey was torn down anyway.", "As London prepares for Christmas, newspapers report the theft of the near priceless jewel, The \"Blue Carbuncle\", from the hotel suite of the Countess of Morcar. John Horner, a plumber and a previously convicted felon, is soon arrested for the theft. Though the police have yet to find the jewel, and despite Horner's claims of innocence, the police are sure that they have the thief. Horner's record, and his presence in the Countess's room where he was repairing a fireplace, are all the police need.", "[The tale of Jack Horner has long been appropriated to the nursery. The four lines which follow are the traditional ones, and they form part of 'The pleasant History of Jack Horner, containing his witty Tricks and pleasant Pranks, which he plaied from his Youth to his riper Years,' 12mo, a copy of which is in the Bodleian Library, and this extended story is in substance the same with 'The Fryer and the Boy,' 12mo, Lond. 1617, and both of them are taken from the more ancient story of 'Jack and his Step-dame,' which has been printed by Mr. Wright.]", "Nursery Rhymes - Every child has heard of Little Jack Horner, and has played, at some time, Ring a Ring O'Roses, little realising that these seemingly childish rhymes are based on fact.", "* Littleface Finny (1941, 2011)- Gang leader/murderer/car and taxi hijacker/kidnapper/racketeer nicknamed for his unusually small face, further emphasized by his large ears. Tried to escape from Dick Tracy after nearly drowning in a pond. He was recaptured by Tracy after losing both ears to frostbite from being trapped in a freezer (as well as being covered with bee stings). After release from prison in 2011, he worked with police in infiltrating the Panda/Mr Crime gang. In the 1990 film, was one of the five gangsters under Lips Manlis killed by Flattop and Itchy at the beginning of the movie. ", "1949 UK: Professor Plum was first depicted as an aged pontificating scientist with similar features to Albert Einstein. Head mounted on a purple pawn.", "As further proof of this version of events there is another nursery rhyme that features Thomas Horner:", "These Lone Ranger adventures were similar in tone and nature to CBS's science fiction Western, The Wild Wild West, in that the plots were bizarre and had elements of science-fiction and steampunk technology thrown in. Even the Lone Ranger's greatest enemy in the animated series was a dwarf, similar to James T. West's greatest enemy, Dr. Miguelito Loveless. He was called Tiny Tom, and was voiced by Dick Beals. This animated cartoon was credited as being a Jack Wrather production, and it provided the first exposure many 1960s children had to the characters.", "In the 1983 film A Christmas Story, the main character Ralph is a fan of the Little Orphan Annie radio drama, listening to the show religiously while waiting for his Ovaltine decoder pin. Once he receives the pin, he anxiously copies the show's secret code, but is frustrated upon decoding it to Ovaltine's slogan \"Be sure to drink your Ovaltine\".", "*\"Lonely Little Robin\" (Coben) - #14 jukebox hit for The Pinetoppers in 1951; also #25 radio hit for Mindy Carson", "Jack Ross - Died 12-16-1982 ( Pop - Novelty ) Born 11-1-1916 - Trumpet player - (He did, \"Cinderella\" and \"Happy Jose\").", "Joe Shlabotnik is a minor-league baseball player who, inexplicably, is greatly admired by Charlie Brown. He never appears in the strip, but is occasionally mentioned by Charlie Brown as his hero and is part of several plots involving Charlie Brown:", "“It’s like the Chuck Berry song My Ding-a-Ling, which Mary Whitehouse tried to get banned. It was supposed be about a little bell and if you were very innocent or very young you could still believe that.”", "Young poker player Eric Stoner (Steve McQueen), also known as the \"Cincinnati Kid,\" wants to build his reputation by beating the best player around, Lancey \"The Man\" Howard (Edward G. Robinson). Through Stoner's friend, \"Shooter\" (Karl Malden), a game with Howard is scheduled. However, Stoner discovers the game is being fixed against Howard by Slade (Rip Torn) out of revenge for a bad loss he suffered to Howard. Stoner objects because he feels he can take the match on his own merits.", "* The 1946 Warner Bros. cartoon Book Revue had a sequence with Daffy Duck impersonating Kaye singing \"Carolina in the Morning\" with the Russian accent that Kaye affected from time to time.", "On Opening Day of the 1948 season, the year after Kiner hit 51 to set a club record (which he would break in '49), entertainer Bing Crosby, a minority owner of the Pirates, was in the booth with Rosey, but he kept talking through a Kiner swing, and Rosey had to interrupt him: \"Open the window, Aunt Minnie!... There it goes, clean clear over the scoreboard! Home run for Ralph Kiner, his first of the 1948 season! Let's hope it's the first of 61!\"", "Schroeder is one of Charlie Brown 's closest friends. They have conferences on the pitcher's mound, in between pitches, mostly about Beethoven. He also often encourages Charlie Brown during a baseball game, whereas the rest of the team say, \"Don't let us down by showing up!\"" ]

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[ "\"Pork. The Other White Meat.\" was an advertising slogan developed by advertising agency Bozell, Jacobs, Kenyon & Eckhardt in 1987 for the National Pork Board. The campaign was paid for using a checkoff fee (tax) collected from the initial sale of all pigs and pork products, including imports. In traditional culinary terminology, pork is considered a white meat, but the nutritional studies comparing white and red meat treat pork as red, as does the United States Department of Agriculture.", "In 1987 the U.S. National Pork Board began an advertising campaign to position pork as \"the other white meat\"—due to a public perception of chicken and turkey (white meat) as healthier than red meat. The campaign was highly successful and resulted in 87% of consumers identifying pork with the slogan. The board retired the slogan on 4 March 2011. ", "\"Pork-The Other White Meat,\" one of the most recognized promotional messages in the United States ever was introduced in 1987.", "However, let me start by repeating that “the other white meat” isn’t supposed to be white. That’s a marketing ploy by Big Ag to convince the consumer to purchase the pork they’ve produced in CAFOs (above left) through breeding pigs toward less fat and more chops. (Right up there with too many eggs will make you sick, raw milk is bad for you, and red meat will give you an awful disease. Hmph. More for us, is what we say.)", "0 \"The Pork Industry's 'Other White Meat' Campaign Is Taken in New Directions\"], The New York Times, March 4, 2005. Accessed April 22, 2009.", "The Other White Meat brand continues to have high consumer recognition and is a valuable asset of the pork industry.", "and the albacore. The latter is marketed as white meat. In fact, it is the only tuna among the seven types that is hailed as having the truest white meat. In the grocery stores it can also be marked as ‘fancy white’ or simple ‘white tuna.’ This is probably the reason why it’s more expensive that regular tuna.", "Now, of course, recent publicity has highlighted the problem with chicken, but this deception is not confined to chicken - adulteration of other meats, particularly ham, is commonplace.", "In January 2013, Aldi Germany was caught up in the horse meat contamination scandal along with Tesco and others. On 8 February 2013, the store group admitted that some of its frozen lasagne and spaghetti bolognese products contained 30%–100% horse meat rather than the advertised beef and that it had terminated its relationship with the supplier responsible for the adulterated product. ", ", on the other hand, many people are squeamish about eating offal. In these countries, organ meats that are considered edible in other cultures are more often regarded as fit only for processing into pet food under the euphemism \" meat by-products \". Except for heart, tongue (beef), liver (chicken, beef, or pork), and intestines used as natural sausage casings, organ meats consumed in the U.S. tend to be regional or ethnic specialties; for example, tripe as menudo or mondongo among Latinos , chitterlings in the southern states, scrapple in the Mid-Atlantic region, and beef testicles called Rocky Mountain oysters or \"prairie oysters\" in the west.", "In Australia , Canada and the United States , on the other hand, many people are squeamish about eating offal. In these countries, organ meats that are considered edible in other cultures are more often regarded as fit only for processing into pet food under the euphemism \"meat by-products\". Except for heart, tongue (beef), liver (chicken, beef, or pork ), and intestines used as natural sausage casings, organ meats consumed in the U.S. tend to be regional or ethnic specialties; for example, tripe as menudo or mondongo among Latinos, chitterlings in the southern states, scrapple in the Mid-Atlantic region, and beef testicles called Rocky Mountain oysters or \"prairie oysters\" in the west.", "In most countries, a commercial hamburger usually contains no ham or other pork product. It is made primarily of ground beef, although it may also contain spices and other ingredients. (In the 1930s ground liver was sometimes added to the mixture). This is also known as a beef hamburger or a \"beefburger.\" A beef hamburger that contains no other ingredients besides the beef itself is often referred to as an \"all beef hamburger\" or \"all beef patties.\" Some prepare their patties with egg, bread crumbs, onions or onion soup mix, Worcestershire sauce, parsley or other ingredients.", "Quorn is the brand name for a “mycoprotein” products sold as meat substitutes. Quorn products take the form of faux chicken patties, nuggets, cutlets, and imitation ground beef. It is designed to appeal to vegetarians who are looking for protein sources that aren’t meat.", "Hawaiians eat more Spam per capita than residents of any other state. Hormel’s signature canned meat is served in breakfast platters, as sushi, in bánh mì, in stir-fries, with noodles. The roots of this eccentric obsession are complicated , but the decision was easy: No other state could claim Spam as its official meat. (For the record, no other state was trying to claim it.)", "Charcuterie ( or; northern or southern, from chair 'flesh' and cuit 'cooked') is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products, such as bacon, ham, sausage, terrines, galantines, ballotines, pâtés, and confit, primarily from pork. ", "Spam: canned meat product produced by Hormel in the US. A substitute for real meat (see Bully Beef).", "Below: German consumer minister Ilse Aigner answers questions from the media about the European horsemeat scandal in February 2013. Complex supply chains meant that supermarkets were not aware that meat they were marketing as beef for their own-label foods was in fact horsemeat.", "Wedder Mutton, which is the best, may be known by a prominent lump of fat at the edge of the broadest part of the inside of the leg. That meat should be chosen which is fine in the grain, bright in the colour, and the fat firm and white. The flesh of the ewe is of a paler colour; that of the ram is strongly flavoured, is of a deep red colour, and the fat spungy.", "Products consisting of coarsely or finely ground meat and/or poultry and cure ingredients mixed together (bologna, turkey salami, pepperoni, pepper loaf, etc. ).", "The tests found horse DNA in the following products: Tesco Everyday Value Beef Burgers 29.1%, Tesco Beef Quarter Pounders 0.1%, Oakhurst Beef Burgers in Aldi 0.3%, Moordale Quarter Pounders in Lidl 0.1%, Flamehouse Chargrilled Quarter Pounders in Dunnes Stores 0.1%, and two varieties of Iceland Quarter Pounders 0.1%.", "Knackwurst (often incorrectly spelled knockwurst) is named for the characteristic pop you hear when you take a bite; “knack” is German for crack. Like the hot dog, knackwurst is precooked and can be made entirely from beef or a combination of beef and pork. The “smooth,” “mild” knackwurst is plumper and more sophisticated than a hot dog, though some tasters said it tasted like hot dog crossed with bologna. Eat it with traditional sausage toppings such as mustard and sauerkraut.", "Spam (stylized SPAM) is a brand of canned precooked meat made by Hormel Foods Corporation. It was first introduced in 1937 and gained popularity worldwide after its use during World War II. By 2003, Spam was sold in 41 countries on six continents and trademarked in over 100 countries. In 2007, the seven billionth can of Spam was sold.", "* A UK radio ad for Heinz Salad Cream ran the \"Stop the Pigeon\" theme song before ending with \"Any food tastes supreme with Heinz Salad Cream!\", implying Dastardly was intending to eat Yankee Doodle Pigeon.", "Oxo is a brand of food products, including stock cubes, herbs and spices, dried gravy, and yeast extract. The original product was the beef stock cube, but Oxo now also markets chicken and other flavour cubes, e.g. Chinese Recipe and Indian Recipe. The cubes are broken up and used as flavouring in meals or gravy or dissolved into boiling water.", "Pancetta - An Italian cured meat made from the belly (pancia) of the big (the same cut used for bacon). It is salted but lightly spiced, but not smoked.", "Photo credit: Alex Morley  (Apple strudel), Robspinella  (Rouladen), Takeaway  (Kasespatzle), Butaris (Eintopf),  Brücke-Osteuropa  (Sauerbraten), superscheell (Brezel),  Mikelo (Schwarzwalder kirschtorte), Benreis  (Schnitzel), sanfamedia.com (thumbnail).", "The beef burgers containing horse DNA were produced by two processing plants in Ireland, Liffey Meats and Silvercrest Foods, and one plant in the UK, Dalepak Hambleton in North Yorkshire. They were on sale in Tesco, Dunnes Stores, Lidl, Aldi and Iceland.", "Focusing on the retail trade, the meat at this Australianmanaged butcher comes pre-prepared and, if you so wish, pre-marinated. Sells up some of the best imported meats in town together with homemade sausages, free-range products and excellent Australian grassfed steak.", "Also called \"kielbasa,\" this is a highly seasoned smoked sausage of Polish origin made from pork and (sometimes) beef. It is flavored with garlic an other spices. It can be served cold or hot.", "Don't we have a legal right to know? Most certainly. But castoreum has been safely included , by the US Food and Drug Administration, in the umbrella category \"Natural Flavor.\" No need to list any ingredients more specific than that.", "best meat in the market and a lot more surplus steam in the same vein. Their", "side of meat , side - a lengthwise dressed half of an animal's carcass used for food" ]

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[ "The Constitutional Convention (also known as the Philadelphia Convention, the Federal Convention, or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia) took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to address problems in governing the United States of America, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from Great Britain.", "Drafting and Ratifying the Constitution. From May 25 to September 17, 1787, delegates from 12 states met in what is now Independence Hall at Philadelphia to “form a more perfect Union” and establish a government that would “secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our posterity.” The Constitutional Convention was one of the most remarkable bodies ever assembled. Not only were there leaders in the fight for independence, such as Roger Sherman and John Dickinson, and leading thinkers just coming into prominence, such as Gouverneur Morris, James Wilson, and Federalist Papers authors James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, but also legendary figures, such as Benjamin Franklin and George Washington, who was chosen as president of the Convention. Every state was represented, except for Rhode Island, which feared a strong national government and refused to send delegates. Adams declared the three-and-a-half month convention “the greatest single effort of national deliberation that the world has ever seen.” Jefferson described it as “an assembly of demigods.”", "On May 25, 1787, a week later than scheduled, delegates from the various states met in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia.  Among the first orders of business was electing George Washington president of the Convention and establishing the rules--including complete secrecy concerning its deliberations--that would guide the proceedings.  (Several delegates, most notably James Madison, took extensive notes, but these were not published until decades later.)", "On May 14, 1787, delegates from twelve of the states (all except Rhode Island) began to gather in Philadelphia, and the Constitutional Convention opened in Independence Hall on May 25th. In attendance were many remarkably talented scholars, philosophers, war leaders, and politicians. Alexander Hamilton, representing New York, was largely responsible for arranging the Constitutional Convention. Benjamin Franklin, representing Pennsylvania, freely offered the incomparable wisdom of his 81 years. Gouverneur Morris, also from Pennsylvania, headed up the committee that actually wrote the Constitution. George Washington, from Virginia, took the chair as president of the convention. And James Madison, also from Virginia, earned the nickname \"Father of the Constitution\" because time and again his brilliant ideas and tireless energy kept the convention moving toward its goal.", "The Constitutional Convention of 1787 is a high point in the history of the United States. This remarkable assemblage of men, meeting in Philadelphia between May 23 and September 17, 1787, created the document that has given the United States one of the most stable and admired constitutional democracies in the history of the world.", "May 25, 1787 - With 29 delegates from nine states present, the constitutional convention begins in the state house (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia. A total of 73 delegates have been chosen by the states (excluding Rhode Island) although only 55 will actually attend. There are 21 veterans of the Revolutionary War and 8 signers of the Declaration of Independence. The delegates are farmers, merchants, lawyers and bankers, with an average age of 42, and include the brilliant 36 year old James Madison, the central figure at the convention, and 81 year old Ben Franklin. Thomas Jefferson, serving abroad as ambassador to France, does not attend.", "In September 1786 delegates from several states met at Annapolis, Maryland, to discuss ways to improve American trade. They decided instead, with the backing of the Confederation Congress, to call a national convention to discuss ways of strengthening the Union. In May 1787, 55 delegates (representing every state but Rhode Island, whose legislature had voted not to send a delegation) convened in Philadelphia and drew up a new Constitution of the United States. The delegates were cosmopolitans who wanted to strengthen national government, but they had to compromise on a number of issues among themselves. In addition, the delegates realized that their Constitution would have to be ratified by the citizenry, and they began compromising not only among themselves but also on their notions of what ordinary Americans would accept. The result was a Constitution that was both conservative and revolutionary.", "The convention took place from May 14 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although the Convention was purportedly intended only to revise the Articles, the intention of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The convention convened in the Pennsylvania State House, and George Washington of Virginia was unanimously elected as president of the convention. The 55 delegates who drafted the Constitution are among the men known as the Founding Fathers of the new nation. Thomas Jefferson, who was Minister to France during the convention, characterized the delegates as an assembly of \"demi-gods.\" Rhode Island refused to send delegates to the convention. ", "By the time the Constitutional Convention assembled in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787, wartime and postwar difficulties had convinced most of the delegates that an energetic national executive was necessary. They approached the problem warily, however, and a third of them favoured a proposal that would have allowed Congress to select multiple single-term executives, each of whom would be subject to recall by state governors. The subject consumed more debate at the convention than any other. The stickiest points were the method of election and the length of the executive’s term. At first, delegates supported the idea that the executive should be chosen by Congress; however, congressional selection would make the executive dependent on the legislature unless the president was ineligible for reelection, and ineligibility would necessitate a dangerously long term (six or seven years was the most common suggestion).", "Nicknamed \"the Father of the Constitution\"; talented politician sent to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787; his notable contributions to the Constitution helped to convince the public to ratify it.", "Very few of the delegates selected were present at the appointed time for the meeting of the Grand Convention in Philadelphia on May 14, 1787. All the Virginia delegates were present, however, and fully settled into their accommodations. Washington stayed at Robert Morris’s Town House , and Madison secured lodgings across the street at Mrs. House’s Boarding House . During this waiting period, the Virginia delegates caucused with each other in an attempt to set the tone for the deliberations of the Convention and paid courtesy calls on prominent members of Philadelphia society. Some entered a Catholic church for the first time.", "A meeting of delegates from five states in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1786 to discuss the bleak commercial situation in the United States, growing social unrest, and Congress’s inability to resolve disputes among the states. The conference dissolved when Alexander Hamilton proposed holding the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia the next year to revise the Articles of Confederation.", "In 1787, John Rutledge, Charles Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Pierce Butler went to Philadelphia where the Constitutional Convention was piecing together the Constitution. Thirty years old, Charles Pinckney had long been a critic of the weak Articles of Confederation. Although he was wealthy by birth and quite the epicurean, Pinckney became the leader of democracy in the state. On May 29, 1787, he presented the Convention with a detailed outline for the United States constitution, and John Rutledge provided valuable input. Pierce Butler, a major slaveholder who lost numerous slaves during the war who escaped to the British, included a constitutional clause for the return of fugitive slaves.", "From May to September of 1787, the Constitutional Convention was held in Independence Hall; the Convention, or series of meetings and debates, was held to revise the Articles of Confederation. During that summer, the delegates to the Convention eventually drafted the United States Constitution. Within Independence Hall’s Assembly Room, the Constitution was debated, ratified, and signed on September 17, 1787; the date is now celebrated as Constitution Day.", "Elliot, Jonathan, editor. The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution as Recommended by the General Convention at Philadelphia, in 1787, 5 volumes. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott, 1836 (1888).", "In September 1786, the Annapolis Convention met to discuss revisions to the Articles of Confederation. The Convention's call for a further meeting led to the assembling of delegates at Philadelphia the following year to draft the U.S. Constitution.", "The First Continental Congress met briefly in Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from September 5 to October 26, 1774. It consisted of fifty-six delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that were to become the United States of America. The delegates, who included George Washington (then a colonel of the Virginia Colony's volunteers), Patrick Henry, and John Adams, were elected by their respective colonial assemblies. Other notable delegates included Samuel Adams from Massachusetts Bay Colony, and Joseph Galloway and John Dickinson from the Province of Pennsylvania. Peyton Randolph of Virginia was its president.", "In September 1786, delegates from five states met at the Annapolis Convention. Originally concerned with interstate commerce, the delegates turned their focus to the shortcomings of the national government. They proposed a convention to consider amending the Articles of Confederation. Congress agreed, and asked the states to appoint delegates to convene in Philadelphia.", "In response, a group of colonial delegates (including George Washington of Virginia , John and Samuel Adams of Massachusetts, Patrick Henry of Virginia and John Jay of New York ) met in Philadelphia in September 1774 to give voice to their grievances against the British crown. This First Continental Congress did not go so far as to demand independence from Britain, but it denounced taxation without representation, as well as the maintenance of the British army in the colonies without their consent, and issued a declaration of the rights due every citizen, including life, liberty, property, assembly and trial by jury. The Continental Congress voted to meet again in May 1775 to consider further action, but by that time violence had already broken out. On April 19, local militiamen clashed with British soldiers in Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, marking the first shots fired in the Revolutionary War.", "To amend the Articles into a workable government, 74 delegates from the twelve states were named by their state legislatures; 55 showed up, and 39 eventually signed. On May 3, eleven days early, James Madison arrived to Philadelphia and met with James Wilson of the Pennsylvania delegation to plan strategy. Madison outlined his plan in letters that (1) State legislatures each send delegates, not the Articles Congress. (2) Convention reaches agreement with signatures from every state. (3) The Articles Congress approves forwarding it to the state legislatures. (4) The state legislatures independently call one-time conventions to ratify, selecting delegates by each state's various rules of suffrage. The Convention was to be \"merely advisory\" to the people voting in each state.", "On February 21, 1787, the Confederation Congress called a convention of state delegates at Philadelphia to propose a plan of government. Unlike earlier attempts, the convention was not meant for new laws or piecemeal alterations, but for the \"sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation\". The convention was not limited to commerce; rather, it was intended to \"render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union.\" The proposal might take effect when approved by Congress and the states. ", "November 23, 1783 — Annapolis, Maryland became the US capital of the newly forming American nation when the Continental Congress met from in November 1783 (from the 26th to June 3, 1784).", "* Most of the 1787 delegates were natives of the Thirteen Colonies. Nine were born elsewhere: four (Butler, Fitzsimons, McHenry, and Paterson) in Ireland, two (Davie and Robert Morris) in England, two (Wilson and Witherspoon) in Scotland, and one (Hamilton) in the West Indies.", "Those who favored a strong national government and supported the constitution proposed at the American Constitutional Convention of 1787.", "On July 24, a \"Committee of Detail\" –John Rutledge (South Carolina), Edmund Randolph (Virginia), Nathaniel Gorham (Massachusetts), Oliver Ellsworth (Connecticut), and James Wilson (Pennsylvania) –was elected to draft a detailed constitution reflective of the Resolutions passed by the convention up to that point. The Convention recessed from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of this \"Committee of Detail\". Overall, the report of the committee conformed to the resolutions adopted by the Convention, adding some elements. A twenty-three article (plus preamble) constitution was presented. ", "55 delegates from 12 states attended various parts of the convention. Drawn from the educated and wealthy elite of the country, they included such luminaries as George Washington , the commander of American forces in the War of Independence , who presided over the convention, and Benjamin Franklin , at 81, the oldest delegate and the country's most famous statesman. A majority of the delegates were lawyers, and many, such as James Madison , were wealthy landowners. Many notable leaders of the time, however, including Thomas Jefferson , who was in France, and Patrick Henry , did not attend.", "The Congress met for 12 consecutive days, including Sundays. There was no audience at the meetings, and no information about the deliberations was released. [77] The meeting's final product was called \"The Declaration of Rights and Grievances \", and was drawn up by delegate John Dickinson of Pennsylvania. This Declaration raised fourteen points of colonial protest. In addition protesting to the Stamp Act issue, it asserted that colonists possessed all the rights of Englishmen , and that since they had no voting rights over Parliament, Parliament could not represent the colonists. Only the colonial assemblies had a right to tax the colonies. They also asserted that the extension of authority of the admiralty courts to non-naval matters represented an abuse of power. [78]", "The Constitutional Topics pages at the USConstitution.net site are presented to delve deeper into topics than can be provided on the Glossary Page or in the FAQ pages . This Topic Page concerns the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The Convention Timeline may also be of interest. A list of members of various committees is also available.", "Speech to the Constitutional Convention (28 June 1787); Manuscript notes by Franklin preserved in the Library of Congress", "Who was at the Constitutional Convention? - George Washington, Ben Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, William Paterson, John Dickinson, and Gouverneur Morris", "William Paterson (1745-1806) was a leading advocate of the interests of the small states at the American Constitutional Convention of 1787. As a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, he sought to strengthen the Federal government.", "This 1789 engraving shows the Bush Hill estate of William Hamilton Esq. It was located in the Fairmount neighborhood, bordering the Schuylkill River to the west. On July 4, 1788, a Grand Federal Procession celebrating the one-year anniversary of the ratification of the Constitution ended here. The procession began at Third and South Streets at 9:30 a.m. and marched for about three miles. Among about 17,000 participants were military units, ambassadors from ally nations, and representatives of some forty-four professions. At the end of the procession, the celebrants gathered on the lawn of Bush Hill for food and drinks." ]

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[ "On a standard QWERTY computer keyboard, what is the only vowel not to appear in the top row of letters?", "\"On a standard QWERTY computer keyboard, what is the only vowel not to appear in the top row of letters?\"", "90 Which is the only vowel on a standard keyboard that is not on the top line of letters?", "Yet a further disadvantage of the \"QWERTY\" keyboard layout is that the vowels do not follow the normally remembered sequence of A, E, I, O and U from left to right across the keyboard, instead, following the sequence A, E, U, I, O. This can further increase the time taken to learn the keyboard, and can reduce a typists speed.", "You might then naively expect that the QWERTY keyboard was designed so that most typing is done on the home row. You would be wrong. Only 32 percent of strokes are on the home row; most strokes (52 percent) are on the upper row; and a full 16 percent are on the bottom row, which you should be avoiding like the plague. Not more than 100 English words can be typed without leaving the home row. The reason for this disaster is simple: QWERTY perversely puts the most common English letters on other rows. The home row of nine letters includes two of the least used (J and K) but none of the three most frequently used (E, T, and O, which are relegated to the upper row) and only one of the five vowels (A), even though 40 percent of all letters in a typical English text are vowels.", "What I have always read is that early typewriter technology was unequal to early typists. Fast typists jammed typewriter \"hammers\" together. Keyboard designers responded by rearranging the keys to slow them down. Keyboards designed to promote speed would place the letters most frequently used in the \"home row\" where the fingers rest. Of R, S, T, N and the vowels only A and S are in the home row and they are under the weaker ring and pinkie finger. All the other vowels are in the upper row together with P, R, T , W and Y. None are in the bottom row.", "The home locations of the fingers would remain the same as when the keyboard is used conventionally, on the keys that on the QWERTY layout correspond to (A S D F) and (J K L ;). Up to six consonant sounds might occur in a syllable, and the fingers that indicate them would be (A)(SD)(F) before the vowel and (J)(KL)(;) after the vowel. So most consonants would be indicated by the (SD) and (KL) fingers; the other fingers would be used for those which combine before or after other consonants.", "The first thing you might be shocked about when traveling is that the layout of the letters on the keyboard won’t necessarily be the same as at home. QWERTY (check the first six letters on the top row) is the standard for most keyboards around the world, but others exist, including AZERTY, QWERTZ, and ones where it seems the letters are just strewn about randomly, like the Turkish F-keyboard.", "The name \"vowel\" is often used for the symbols that represent vowel sounds in a language's writing system, particularly if the language uses an alphabet. In writing systems based on the Latin alphabet, the letters A, E, I, O, U, Y and sometimes others can all be used to represent vowels. However, not all of these letters represent vowels in all languages, or even consistently within one language (some of them, especially W and Y, are also used to represent approximants). Moreover, a vowel might be represented by a letter usually reserved for consonants, or a combination of letters, particularly where one letter represents several sounds at once, or vice versa; examples from English include igh in \"thigh\" and x in \"x-ray\". In addition, extensions of the Latin alphabet have such independent vowel letters as Ä, Ö, Ü, Å, Æ, and Ø.", "a letter representing or usually representing a vowel, as, in English, a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w and y.", "a letter representing a vowel that can be spoken by itself: a, e, i, o, u, y.", "The vowel is short in monosyllables occurring before the letters p, t, c, m, ng, or before a combination of two or more consonants. For example: cwm (valley); nant (brook); pen (top); marl (chalky clay); lloc (fold); cwt (hut, sty), and so on.", "QWERTY is the most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters seen in the far left of the keyboard’s top row of letters. The QWERTY design was invented and patented by Christopher Sholesin 1874.", "Light-grey letter “a” denotes combining tone diacritical marks. These marks have to be entered after the respective vowels. Right-hand Alt key duplicates the US standard keyboard. Red color denotes symbols that may be entered only with the help of the right-hand Alt key. Pink color denotes symbols that may be entered either with the right-hand Alt key or without it.", "33. On a standard QWERTY keyboard which letter is at the extreme right of the middle row of letters?", "* QWERTY is the most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters seen in the far left of the keyboard's top row of letters. The QWERTY design was invented and patented by Christopher Sholes in 1874.[132]", "One interesting kink in this theory is that many European keyboards have an additional punctuation key to the left of [Z] (aka [Y], in QWERTZ). I’d be very interested to know if European touch-typists thus do type the key in the [Z] position with their ring finger.", "Three of the cardinal vowels, [i], [ɑ] and [u] have articulatory definitions that place them at the 'corners' of the vowel diagrams, with [i] and [a] having the most extreme tongue body positions, high front and low back, respectively. Other vowels are placed on the vowel chart using these three cardinal vowels as 'landmarks', with the rounded vowels always listed to the right of the corresponding unrounded vowel. (Besides being consistent, this also reflects their relative positions on formant graphs. Lip rounding will lower f2, and lower second formants are toward the right end of the standard vowel chart.)", "This layout is for the US hardware keyboard, and aims to provide access to all the Latin-alphabet characters of Unicode, while not interfering with the keying of the engraved characters. All extra characters are provided by combinations using the AltGr key (which may have to be keyed as the right-hand Alt key, or else as Ctrl/Alt). The layout is suitable for users who require the maximum range of characters, but on an infrequent basis, as the requirement not to disturb the default keyings means that the extra characters are keyed by methods which, while as mnemonic as possible, may be laborious for regular use.", "E is the most commonly used vowel in the English alphabet, while T is the most commonly used consonant in the English alphabet. A is the second most common vowel while consonants' runner up is N. R, D and S are also close. I just recognize this frequency process when i solve codewords, arrowwords, etc.", "Some variants are also more common in certain countries because of reasons like keyboard layouts . For example, the smiley =) is common in Scandinavia , where the keys for = and ) are placed right beside each other. Also, sometimes, the user can replace the brackets used for the mouth with other, similar shapes, such as ] and [ instead of ) and ( .", "Although the Dvorak layout is the only other keyboard layout registered with ANSI and is provided with all major operating systems, attempts to convert universally to the Dvorak layout have not succeeded. The failure of the Dvorak layout to displace the QWERTY layout has been the subject of some studies. ", "In unvocalized text (one in which the short vowels are not marked), the long vowels are represented by the vowel in question: ', ' (or '), ', or '. Long vowels written in the middle of a word of unvocalized text are treated like consonants with a ' (see below) in a text that has full diacritics. Here also, the table shows long vowel letters only in isolated form for clarity.", "And, still referring to Fig. 2, the font position occupied by the tilde [ ~ ], which is in the shift position of the single quote mark, might be replaced with the exclamation j comma. The replaced caret and tilde are of little use for composing type anyway, since they are not useful as such for human language, but rather are intended for computer telecommunication coding. In any case, a keyboard operator using the IBM PC keyboard layout (or, e.g., apparatus operated by software) equipped with a font structured as described above and as shown in Fig. 3, may access, for display, printing, communication, storage, etc. purposes, the question ? comma by activating the shift of the number 6 key, and the exclamation J comma may be accessed by activating the shift position of the single quote mark, as s/he (another sign of our times) accesses other punctuation, such as the question mark which is the shift of the diagonal key, or the exclamation mark which is the shift of the number 1 key.", "There are special vowel markings for certain diphthongs. The ow in how is just an a circle followed by a u hook. The io in lion, or any diphthong involving a long i and a vowel, is written with a small circle inside a large circle. The ia in piano and repudiate is notated as a large circle with a dot in its center. In Anniversary and back, if ea need be distinguished from ia, it is notated with a small downward tick inside the circle instead of the dot. The u in united is notated with a small circle followed by an u hook above it.", "A vowel is represented by a dot or a dash, which can be written either lightly or heavily depending on the vowel needed. As this only gives four symbols, they can be written in three different positions – either at the beginning, middle or end of a consonant stroke – to represent the 12 vowels.", "Vowels in Welsh can have accent marks, most commonly the circumflex (^), called the tô bach (little roof) , which lengthens the sound of the vowel, and the acute (´), which shortens it. Occasionally the diaresis appears on the letter ï, to signify a doubling of the sound. Vowel sounds tend to resemble those of major continental European languages rather than English.", "There is one alternative character set, sadly neglected on today's computers, that I would also wish to include on an ideal keyboard:", "Traditional Hebrew does not make use of vowels. In more modern times, however, diacritical symbols called NIQQUD* have been introduced to indicate the presence of vowel sounds. Of course, I only mention this fact here in the hope that the Scrabble dictionary folk will notice the word NIQQUD* and add it to their lexicon.", "Home  »  Science and Technology  » Look at your keyboard ― What does QWERTY stand for? Is it a word?", "In case you are interested, see these Korean hangul letters: ㄱ , ㄷ , ㅇ . I'm redirecting the alternative codepoints for choseong, jongseong and halfwidth forms of the same hangul letters, (I'm using {{ R character variation }} in the redirected entries) and adding the respective character boxes in the \"main\" entries.", "To type an accented or alternate version of a character, hold a key down until its alternate characters are displayed. " ]

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[ "1848 - The land of lakes and large expanses of green gave name to Wisconsin, the 30th state to enter the United States of America. (Wisconsin, is thought to be the Chippewa Indian word for \"grassy place\".) The wood violet is the state flower, the robin is the state bird and Madison is the capital city. All this is quite elementary. However, Wisconsin�s nickname is the Badger State, but it is not named after the little animal, as you might have thought. It seems that the many lead miners in the Wisconsin grass lands in the 1830s were called -- badgers.", "In 1634, Frenchman Jean Nicolet became Wisconsin's first European explorer. The French controlled the area until 1763, when it was ceded to the British. The state's name is an English version of a French adaptation of an Indian name said to mean \"the place where we live.\" The Wisconsin Territory was formed in 1836 and was admitted into the Union as the 30th state in 1848. With the nickname \"America's Dairyland,\" it's no surprise that Wisconsin is one of the top producers of milk, cheese, and butter in the country. In fact, the loyal fans of the Green Bay Packers football team call themselves \"cheeseheads.\" Milwaukee, the state's largest city, helps make Wisconsin one of the largest manufacturing states in the nation. The state capital, Madison, is home to the University of Wisconsin. The flower of the \"Badger State\" is the wood violet and the state bird is the robin. ...Read more here: Wisconsin - The Badger State", "Wisconsin, constituent state of the United States of America. Wisconsin was admitted to the union as the 30th state on May 29, 1848. One of the north-central states, it is bounded by the western portion of Lake Superior and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the north and by Lake Michigan to the east. The state of Illinois lies to the south, and Minnesota and Iowa lie to the west and southwest, respectively. The name Wisconsin is an Anglicized version of a French rendering of an Algonquin name, Meskousing, said to mean “this stream of red stone,” referring to the Wisconsin River. Madison , in south-central Wisconsin, is the state capital.", "Wisconsin became the 30th state on May 29, 1848. The state is smaller than the territory and the leftover area continued to be called the Territory of Wisconsin until March 3, 1849.", "Another reason why the state is called “The Badger State” is due to the fact that the badger was officially adopted in 1957 as Wisconsin’s official state animal. A nickname that actually suits Wisconsin more than “The Badger State” is “The Dairy State.” This is due to the fact that Wisconsin has a thriving dairy product industry fueled by the abundance of dairy cows in the state. Wisconsin is the second largest producer of dairy products in the United States, next to the state of California. Some of the dairy products include milk and cheese. The enormous amount of cheese produced in the state has led to the nickname of “The Cheese State.”", "Wisconsin was named for the Wisconsin River. The name for the river probably comes from a Chippewa Indian word, usually translated as \"grassy place.\" The state is known as the \"Badger State\" because the state's miners dug into the hillside and lived in the holes they dug, much like badgers digging burrows. Residents of Wisconsin are known as Badgers. The abbreviation for Wisconsin is WI.", "-The State of Wisconsin is named after the Wisconsin River. In Chippewa, Wisconsin means “grassy place.” When Hennepin first recorded the name in 1695, it referred either to the river itself or to a place on the river. Wisconsin is popularly, but unofficially, called the ‘Badger State’ after the early miners who lived underground and were called badgers.", "Unlike most of the other states that are named after animals, the nickname for the state of Wisconsin is not due to the animal it is named after being abundant in its territorial borders. One of the state nicknames of Wisconsin is “The Badger State.” This nickname is not a direct reference to the presence of the animals in the state. Rather, the nickname is a consequence of the behavior of the early settlers. The appellation “The Badger State” is an indirect reference to the behavior of badgers, while describing that of the miners.", "The 30 star Flag : This Flag became the Official United States Flag on July 4th, 1848. A star was added for the admission of Wisconsin (May 29th, 1848) and was to last for 3 years.", "Starting at the top of a shield on a dark blue field is the state motto \"Forward\". Below it is a badger the state animal. A sailor and miner show that the people work on water and land. The shield in the center shows Wisconsin's support for the United States. In four sections surrounding the shield are representations of the states main industries: agriculture, mining, manufacturing and navigation. The cornucopia and pile of lead represent farm products and minerals. The flag law was amended in 1979 to include the name of the state and the date of statehood.   Get this Flag", "In Europe, badgers were traditionally used to predict the length of winter. The badger is the state animal of the US state of Wisconsin and Bucky Badger is the mascot of the athletic teams at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The badger is also the official mascot of Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, as well as that of St Aidan's College at the University of Durham.", "Although badgers have been associated with our coat of arms, the state flag, the University of Wisconsin, the official seal and Cornish miners since the days of the Wisconsin Territory, it was four elementary school students from Jefferson County who discovered the animal had no official status in Wisconsin. You would think the badger was the only logical choice for state animal.", "The Wisconsin State Flag was adopted in 1913 and amended in 1979 to include the name of the state as well as the date of statehood. The flag features the state motto “Forward” at the top and just below is the state animal, the badger. The sailor and miner represent the people working on water and land. The cornucopia and lead highlight the states farm products and minerals. A shield is featured in the center of the flag highlighting Wisconsin’s main industries: Navigation, Mining, Agriculture and Manufacturing.", "Badger  - Wisconsin's state animal, \"The Badger\"; is known for his eye-catching markings. If you ever get the opportunity to see this animal, treasure it. Just make sure that you stay a safe distance...", "Wisconsin, United States.Founded when Wisconsinachieved statehood in 1848, UW–Madison isthe official state university of Wisconsin, and the flagship campus oftheUniversity of Wisconsin System. It was the first university established inWisconsin and remains the oldest and largest university in the state. It becamea land-grant institution in 1866.[4] The 933-acre(378 ha) main campus includes fourNational Historic Landmarks.[5]ACER Aspire 5742Laptop Keyboard", "Iowa is a Midwest state of the United States. It is the 29th state of the United States, having joined the Union on December 28, 1846. The official name of the state is the \"State of Iowa\". The state is named for the Native American Iowa people.", "When Florida became a state on March 3, 1845, it created an imbalance between free and slave states in the Union. Since about the beginning of the 19th century, free and slave states were admitted to the Union in pairs, the most notable pair being Maine and Missouri in the Missouri Compromise. Michigan and Arkansas followed about 15 years later, and eight years after that it was time for a new round. With Florida's admission, Iowa was the next candidate for statehood.", "Wisconsin was state number thirty The thirty-first California And thirty-two was Minnesota The thirty-third state Oregon-Yah! CHORUS", "The Mississippi river forms the eastern boundary and separates the state from Illinois and Wisconsin, while the west edge of the river borders Nebraska. On the northwest corner is the", "Some thought Florida should be divided into two States, East Florida and West Florida, while others thought it should not be divided. Finally Congress agreed that Florida should come into the Union as one State, and the bill was signed by President Tyler, March 3, 1845.", "Initially settled when miners discovered huge lead deposits in the 1830s and 1840s, the State of Wisconsin is known as \"The Dairy State\". As such, it's known as the home of cheese, That '70s Show , and the Green Bay Packers . Also home of Milwaukee , which was notable for having had three mayors from the Socialist Party for 38 years between 1910 and 1960, and for being the home of several brewing companies (though the actual brewing has long been relocated). Capital is Madison (named in honor of Founding Father James Madison ), a Berserkley University town.note The University's party college reputation and political history has given an appropriate nickname to the city: Madtown. Birthplace of Ed Gein , Jeffrey Dahmer , Senator Joseph McCarthy , and the Harley-Davidson motorcycle company , so watch it , eh? Also home of the Ocean Spray cranberry company; the state produces no less than 52% of the entire country's annual cranberry supply each year.", "constituent state of the United States of America. Admitted as the 27th state in 1845, it is the most populous of the Southeastern states and the second most populous Southern state after Texas. The capital is Tallahassee, located in the northwestern panhandle.", "1836: The Wisconsin Territory is organized. Arkansas is the 25th state admitted to the Union despite opposition in Congress to a new slave state. Arkansas Governor Henry M. Rector seized Fort Smith and Arkansas joined the Confederacy in 1861 re-entering the Union at War's end. The territory of Arkansas was larger than the state. After statehood the leftover area to the west had post offices that continued for some years to use an Arkansas abbreviation in the postmarks, although they were really in the \"Indian Country.\"", "Madison being the capital city of the state is prominently marked in the Wisconsin map. The accurate location of major cities such as Oshkosh, Spooner, La Crosse, Durand, Dodgeville, Prentice, Appleton, Dickey ville, Kenosha, Phillips, Plainfield, Sauk City, Hayward, Cameron, Ashland, Tomah, Manitowoc and many others are clearly highlighted in the map of Wisconsin.", "Wisconsin is an East North Central state bordered by Lake Superior to the north, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the northeast, Lake Michigan to the east, Illinois to the south, and Minnesota and Iowa to the west. The state is located in a region that was shaped by gigantic glaciers during the Ice Age. Its landscape includes woods, lakes, rivers, streams, rolling hills, and fertile valleys.", "Wisconsin is more than the land of beer, cheese and the Green Bay Packers. The state known as \"America's Dairyland\" is steeped in centuries of history, dating back to before it became part of the United States.", "Residents of the U.S. state of Wisconsin proudly display \"America’s Dairyland\" as the slogan on their license plates. Among the state’s credentials for the title is a history of being one of the country’s leaders in dairy production and in most milk products since shortly after the first cheese factory was opened in the state in 1864. Although the farm economy in Wisconsin Territory had been based on wheat, the soil became depleted and farmers reluctantly turned to dairying in the Driftless section in the south. Wisconsin cheese became an international delicacy; malted milk was invented there; and the development of a butterfat tester, to determine the richness of milk, brought the state creameries and commercial buttermaking.", "capital of Wisconsin , Madison - capital of the state of Wisconsin; located in the southern part of state; site of the main branch of the University of Wisconsin", "Wisconsin Territory was created by an act of the United States Congress on April 20, 1836. By fall of that year, the best prairie groves of the counties surrounding Milwaukee were occupied by New England farmers. The new territory initially included all of the present day states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa, as well as parts of North and South Dakota. At the time the Congress called it the \"Wiskonsin Territory\". ", "The state of Iowa, originally a territory of Wisconsin west of the Mississippi River, was named after the Iowa River.", "Wisconsin Territory was created in 1836 and in need for a capital. Although Madison existed only on paper back then, it was chosen by vote as the new seat of government, vigorously lobbied by James Doty, who had purchased over a thousand acres (4 km²) of land on the isthmus.", "Marathon County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, the population was 134,063. Its county seat is Wausau. It was founded in 1850, created from a portion of Portage County. At that time the county stretched to the northern border with the upper Michigan peninsula. It is named after the battlefield at Marathon, Greece. " ]

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[ "The most common type of fly fishing creel is made of wicker. These fly fishing creel baskets are lightweight to carry. The purpose of a creel is to keep the fish you catch fresh during the rest of your fishing day. You won’t always be able to clean your fish and throw the fillets in a cooler, especially if you are on foot in a remote area. Imagine you are fly fishing on a remote river in Alaska’s backcountry. You plan on eating some of the fish you catch. While you are wading and walking along the river, the best way to store and transport your fish is by using a fly fishing creel.", "A creel is a woven basket that was used to hold fish in while a fisherman was out on the banks of a river or more specifically while wading in the stream or small river.  Some even had either single or double pockets attached to the front that could carry fly wallets and spare leaders leaving the original space in the basket to carry fish.  In an effort to preserve the trout population, “catch and release” came into fashion and the fishing creel is no longer utilized to hold fish so it has now become treasured for its artistic appeal.", "Older wicker creels were lined with moss to help keep the fish cool. They usually come without the moss, so you can add fresh moss when you get to your fishing hole. The cracks in the wicker allow air to flow through to keep the fish as fresh as possible. Now a days, there are fly fishing creel bags that do basically the same thing, but have a few advantages. They are lighter (made of plastic), fold up very small, and can be integrated with different ice packs to form sort of a cooler (see the Polar Creel in the image below).", "I'm taking part in a project to remove invasive brook trout this year for the government and am required to keep all the brook trout that I catch and log what I catch and where. They are using anglers to do this in many creeks in my area and I am looking for suggestions for a good creel bag. I'm usually a catch and release fisherman but decided to take part in this project to fish some different watersheds while helping the bull trout and native cutties get their natural habitat back. As I've never needed a creel bag I really don't know what to even look for. Any suggestions would be extremely helpful. Thank you", "Fly fishing is most renowned as a method for catching trout and salmon, but it is also used for a wide variety of species including pike, bass, panfish, grayling and carp, as well as marine species, such as redfish, snook, tarpon, bonefish and striped bass. Many fly anglers catch unintended species such as chub, bream and rudd while fishing for 'main target' species such as trout. A growing population of anglers attempt to catch as many different species as possible with the fly. With the advancement of technology and development of stronger rods and reels, larger predatory saltwater species such as wahoo, tuna, marlin and sharks have become target species on fly. Realistically any fish can be targeted and captured on fly as long as the main food source is effectively replicated by the fly itself and the gear used is suitable.", "    * There are a wide variety of accessories—tools, gadgets, clothing and apparel used by the fly angler for maintenance and preparation of tackle, dealing the fish being caught as well as personal comfort and safety while fly fishing. Includes fly boxes used to store and carry artificial flies.", "Fly tying is becoming common practice in fly fishing. Many fly fishers tie their own flies, either following patterns in books, natural insect examples, or using their own imagination. The technique involves attaching small pieces of feathers, animal fur and other materials on a hook in order to make it attractive to fish. This is made by wrapping thread tightly around the hook and tying on the desired materials.", "I'm not much of a fisherman, but I do love old fishing creels and flyrods. I love searching for them at estate sales and garage sales to either put on a wreath or in an arrangement with a masculine cabin theme.", "Fly Fishing Rod Fly Fishing rods are long, thin, flexible rods sometimes made of bamboo, but more recently from man-made materials. Fly rods tend to have large diameter eyes (or guides) spaced along the rod to help control the movement of relatively thick fly line. To aid in the freedom of movement required to skillfully  cast with a fly rod, there is usually little to no butt (handle) extending below the fishing reel. Although fly rods are mainly used for  casting  from fixed positions, they can also be used for trolling for fish.", "Do you utilize a creel while fishing? Are you a wicker creel fisherman, or do you prefer the cooler bag type creels? Please leave your feedback in the comment section below. Thanks!", "Saltwater flyfishing is typically done with heavier tackle than that which is used for freshwater trout fishing, both to handle the larger, more powerful fish, and to accommodate the casting of larger and heavier flies. Salt water fly fishing typically employs the use of wet flies resembling baitfish, crabs, shrimp and other forage. However, saltwater fish can also be caught with \"poppers,\" and other surface lure similar to those used for freshwater bass fishing, though much larger. Saltwater species sought and caught with fly tackle include: bonefish, redfish or red drum, permit, snook, spotted sea trout, tuna, dorado (mahi-mahi), sailfish, tarpon, striped bass, salmon and marlin. Offshore saltwater species are usually attracted to the fly by \"chumming\" with small baitfish, or \"teasing\" the fish to the boat by trolling a large hookless lure (Billfish are most often caught using this latter method).", "In fly fishing with artificial flies, this stage of aquatic insects is the basis for an entire series of representative patterns for trout. They account for over half of the over all patterns regularly fished in the United States.", "Everywhere there are the fisherman's favourites: tench, barbel, bream, and roach, plus the large predatory carp and pike. As the water quality improves, these fish are now once again considered safe to eat, although not everyone would agree. You will see solitary fisherman along the banks. And here and there you will see fishing nets suspended on a pole above the surface of the water. The fisherman lowers them into the river, waits a while for unsuspecting fish to come along, and then quickly raises the nets with his catch.", "Does anyone here use a shoulder bag or creel to hold all of their streamside gear? Two of the guys that I was fishing with last week did. I didn't ask them why. Wish that I had.", "It presents a bushy, high floating fly, that remains visible into the evening twilight, and rides well in rough water. He designed and sold the first fly fishing vests, championed reeling with the left hand on fly reels (so the rod was in the stronger right hand), invented the first palming spool fly reels, introduced the fly-O casting practice rigs, popularized the \"riffling hitch\" for salmon fishing and designed", "Cockroaches can be found in woodpiles or stacked timber and under old logs. If cockroaches are scarce, mudeyes and large grasshoppers fished in the same way can be very affective as well. Any fly rod and reel from a 4 weight to an 8 weight can be used. Use a good line with low memory such as Maxima from 8 to 12 pounds to wind over your fly line or onto a separate reel. Bearing in mind that heavier lines tend to tangle less and are easier to manage. Bait saver hooks will keep the cockroach lying straight on the hook while casting and retrieving. Waders will help you get close enough for a cast and polarized sunglasses will add the visual aspect to your fishing by helping to locate fish and underwater structures. Warm clothing such as thermals, including thermal gloves and quality wet weather gear can make the difference between an enjoyable day’s fishing, or a miserable one.", "...they have planned a snare for the fish, and get the better of them by their fisherman's craft. . . . They fasten red wool. . . round a hook, and fit on to the wool two feathers which grow under a cock's wattles, and which in color are like wax. Their rod is six feet long, and their line is the same length. Then they throw their snare, and the fish, attracted and maddened by the color, comes straight at it, thinking from the pretty sight to gain a dainty mouthful; when, however, it opens its jaws, it is caught by the hook, and enjoys a bitter repast, a captive.", "In the United States, fly anglers are thought to be the first anglers to have used artificial lures for bass fishing. After pressing into service the fly patterns and tackle designed for trout and salmon to catch largemouth and smallmouth bass, they began to adapt these patterns into specific bass flies. Fly anglers seeking bass developed the spinner/fly lure and bass popper fly, which are still used today.", "A Complete and Comprehensive Work on Fly Fishing. Wm Heinemann 1954, 1st ed. xv, 242p, frontis and illus. 22cms dark green cloth, fine copy in lightly worn wrapper. 2. The Trout and I. Heinemann Auckland 1970. 155p, illus. Exlib copy, fair.", "Dry flies can be fished upstream or downstream.  Casting  upstream generally keeps the  angler  out of the view of the fish while casting downstream may be easier to get at productive holes.", "One pike has just guzzled a fish he was in the process of reeling in. It's a regular occurrence, and some of the match fishermen who visit Damflask for the chubb, roach, perch and bream would like to see a cull of pike, which they regard as vermin.", "In Arawak Indian times the Agave was known as Maguey or Kabuya. The fibre of the leaves was used extensively for hammock strings as well as for cords, ropes and handicrafts. In the more recent past, Antiguans and Barbudans have used Dagger Logs in many ways. Notably the plant was a fisherman�s friend. Youths cut down the dead dried out poles on which the flower bloomed, spiked them together with a length of hard wood, to make �dagger rafts�. These they used for fishing in sheltered waters. In Barbuda, the rafts are called �Batta logs�. The fibre in the leaves is very strong and was used to make fishing twines, cords and ropes, while the brilliant white interior of the living leaves made tow-baits or �feathers�.", "mayfly – A small aquatic fly that is an important food for trout, which means it is also important for fly-anglers.", "But pike fishing has its dangers. Pike are notorious for chomping lumps out of fishermen's fingers when the hook is being disgorged. And because pike excrete an anti- coagulant from their gums to ensure any prey caught in their teeth bleeds to death, if a pike draws blood from an angler's hand the wound can take a while to stop bleeding.", "Marabou jigs are made of bristle or hair. They are available in different colors and designs. These are especially common among fishermen", "Boilies are boiled paste fishing baits, usually combinations of fishmeals, milk proteins, bird foods, semolina and soya flour, which are mixed with eggs as a binding agent and then boiled to form hardish round baits which will last in the water. Additional flavourings and attractors are also usually included in the mix. The round shape allows the baits to be catapulted accurately when fishing at range. ", "Even eagles living in relatively arid regions still typically rely primarily on fish as prey. In Sonora (Mexico) and Arizona, 77% and over 73%, respectively, of prey remains at the nests were from fish, largely various catfish and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Prey fish targeted by bald eagles are often quite large. When experimenters offered fish of different sizes in the breeding season around Lake Britton in California, fish measuring 34 to were taken 71.8% of the time by parent eagles while fish measuring 23 to were chosen only 25% of the time. At nests around Lake Superior, the remains of fish (mostly suckers) were found to average in total length. In the Columbia River estuary, most preyed on by eagles were estimated to measure between 30 and in length, and carp flown with (laboriously) were up to 86 cm in length.", "    * Trout tickling - In the British Isles, the practice of catching trout by hand is known as trout tickling; it is an art mentioned several times in the plays of Shakespeare.", "(angling) the act or instance of fish coming to the surface of the water to take flies, etc", "Caring about something does not necessarily mean controlling it. Maclean, in A River Runs Through It, describes his fishing rod: \"It was wrapped with red and blue silk thread, and the wrappings were carefully spaced to make the delicate rod powerful but not so stiff it could not tremble.\"", "Uses:Physical:The bark of the older branches was used in the making of black dye and also the root. The leaves yield, with alum, a green dye and the berries dye blue and purple (with alum) and violet (with alum and salt). Inside the stem is a thick soft pith which can easily be hollowed out used to make flutes, pan pipes and a surprisingly loud reeded whistle. children have made pop-guns and pea shooters from the hollowed out stems.small pegs, skewers, spoons, small turned items, combs and children's toys. The hollowed out stems make natural beads,", "Fixed-wing applications of endosulphan have been studied over a period of three years in the Okavango delta in Botswana. No mortalities directly attributable to the applications have been observed in any species other than Glossina, Temporary accumulations of endosulphan, below levels of biological significance, have been observed (Russell-Smith, 1977 - personal communication; and Wood and Turner, 1975) in some species of fish and there is also some indication of transient behavioural responses in some species of fish and ants. The lack of side-effects is possibly not surprising when it is realized that dosages are of the order of 6-12 g/ha per application, much of which does not reach the ground. Glossina is particularly sensitive to this compound dispensed in this manner and it is again emphasized that there is no observable mortality of the other numerous Diptera present in sprayed areas, nor of any other animal studied so far." ]

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[ "#2- The Midrange Circuit, which is actually a component of the main system, is comprised of the needle, needle jet, slide assembly and throttle plate assembly. The slide has a diaphragm attached to it�s top, which serves to isolate the chamber above the slide from atmospheric conditions below it. The needle, which rides in the bottom of the slide and moves up & down within the orifice of the needle jet, acts as a �throttle� for the needle jet, by nearly closing it�s opening when at it�s lowest position and allowing full flow at it�s highest position. The midrange system takes care of the mixture between approximately one-quarter throttle and near-wide open throttle (WFO). The throttle plate, located between the slide and the carb outlet, acts to control ALL air that passes through the carburetor and, while doing so, controls the transition between the pilot and main circuits. At its (mostly) closed setting (idle), the throttle plate restricts the air passing through the carb throat to a minimal volume needed to maintain idle and, when fully open (parallel to the carb throat) the air flow into the engine is at it�s greatest volume. Non-CV carbs don�t have a throttle plate (although they may have a choke plate in its place and therefore have no enrichener circuit), so they rely on manual (rider controlled) operation of the slide itself as the throttle.", "If the engine must be operated in any orientation (for example a chain saw or a model airplane), a float chamber is not suitable. Instead, a diaphragm chamber is used. A flexible diaphragm forms one side of the fuel chamber and is arranged so that as fuel is drawn out into the engine, the diaphragm is forced inward by ambient air pressure. The diaphragm is connected to the needle valve and as it moves inward it opens the needle valve to admit more fuel, thus replenishing the fuel as it is consumed. As fuel is replenished the diaphragm moves out due to fuel pressure and a small spring, closing the needle valve. A balanced state is reached which creates a steady fuel reservoir level, which remains constant in any orientation.", "The carburetor supplies a small amount of a very rich fuel mixture when the engine is cold and running at idle. With the throttle plate closed and air from the air cleaner limited by the closed choke plate, engine suction is amplified at the idle-circuit nozzle. This vacuum draws a thick spray of gasoline through the nozzle from the full float bowl, whose fuel line is closed by the float-supported needle valve. More fuel is provided when the gas pedal is depressed for acceleration. The pedal linkage opens the throttle plate and the choke plate to send air rushing through the barrel. The linkage also depresses the accelerator pump, providing added gasoline through the accelerator-circuit nozzle. As air passes through the narrow center of the barrel, called the \"venturi\", it produces suction that draws spray from the cruising-circuit nozzle. The float-bowl level drops and causes the float to tip and the needle valve to open the fuel line.", "The throttle is typically a butterfly valve. In a fuel-injected engine, the throttle valve is placed on the entrance of the intake manifold, or housed in the throttle body. In a carbureted engine, it is found in the carburetor.", "A, Float chamber; B, air-tight float; C, float chamber cover; D, cap to protect spindle; E, spring piston for depressing float; F, point of spindle forming needle of valve through which the spirit enters the carburetter; G, float balance levers; H, filtering chamber; I, conical petrol inlet joint; J, cap for flushing filter and float chamber; L, spraying nipple; M, spirit ducts; N, coned tube for concentrating air flow on spraying nipple; Pp, butterfly throttle; R, gas chamber; S, extra air-inlet valve; T, air valve spindle; U, hot-air pipe; V, heating chamber; X, air-inlet pipe; X’, extra air-inlet passage; Y, exit chamber for explosive mixture; Z, screw support; a, cover forming guide for extra air valve S; b, regulating nut.", "The parts of an engine vary depending on the engine's type. For a four-stroke engine, key parts of the engine include the crankshaft (purple), one or more camshafts (red and blue) and valves. For a two-stroke engine, there may simply be an exhaust outlet and fuel inlet instead of a valve system. In both types of engines, there are one or more cylinders (gray and green) and for each cylinder there is a spark plug (darker-gray), a piston (yellow) and a crank (purple). A single sweep of the cylinder by the piston in an upward or downward motion is known as a stroke and the downward stroke that occurs directly after the air-fuel mix in the cylinder is ignited is known as a power stroke.", "#3- The Main Circuit�s ultimate components are directly below the needle jet and includes the midrange system (above) PLUS the main jet, emulsion tube (between the main jet and the needle jet) and the main-air correction jet (in the perimeter of the carb�s �mouth�, opposite the pilot air correction jet). The function of the main jet is to limit the total amount of fuel available through the carb, at wide-open throttle. The main air correction jet admits air to the main system, through a channel that connects to the emulsion tube directly above the main jet, and that air also acts as a fuel/air ratio modifier and emulsion improver.", "All gasoline engines have a throttle valve to control the volume of intake air. The amount of fuel and air that goes into the combustion chamber regulates the engine speed and, therefore, engine power. The throttle valve is linked to the accelerator (gas pedal). The throttle valve is a butterfly valve that usually consists of a disc mounted on a spindle. The disc is roughly circular, and it has the same diameter as the main air passage in the throat or \"venturi\". In a carburetor, the throttle valve is usually located at the bottom of the carburetor, between the jet nozzle and the intake manifold. The throttle spindle is connected to the accelerator in such a manner that when the pedal is depressed, the valve opens. When the pedal is released, the valve closes. Fuel injected engines use throttle valves to regulate engine power, even though the fuel is also regulated through the injectors.", "The crankcase is at the bottom of the engine, where connecting rods from the pistons turn the crankshaft. Pressure can build up inside this space, which contains your motor oil. A “breather” allows the pressure to escape.", "After the engine has been completely dismantled and the parts thoroughly cleaned and dried, place them on a clean table in groups for visual inspection. This inspection will be the basis for determin¬ing which parts have been defective or damaged in the course of operation. As they are examined make a list of all damaged parts and those worn in excess of the permissible tolerance, which must be replaced. Always number each new part to correspond to the number on the old part it is replacing. REMEMBER - serious failure very often arises from minor causes which a few minutes of inspection could have avoided.", "show the vertical sectional view and a horizontal sectional view, respectively, through one of the cylinders 14 of the engine 1. The cylinder 14 includes a cylindrical wall 15 that defines a variable-volume cylinder chamber 21 between a piston 9 and a cylinder head 16, and has exterior surface cooling fins. Disposed in the cylinder head 16 are the high energy sparkplug 17 and the fuel injector 18. An exhaust valve 20 operates axially between an open position as shown in", "The best way to visualize the action of the engine in the animation at left is to look not at the rotor itself, but the cavity created between it and the housing. The Wankel engine is actually a variable-volume progressing-cavity system. Thus there are 3 cavities per housing, all repeating the same cycle. Note as well that points A and B on the rotor and e-shaft turn at different speed, point B moves 3 times faster than point A, so that one full orbit of the rotor equates to 3 turns of the e-shaft.", "As shown in FIG. 3, the ring gear 34 includes an upper gear 34a fastened to an upper plate or disc 35 of the carousel 14 and a lower gear 34b fastened to a lower plate or disc 37 of the carousel 14. Similarly driving gear 42 includes an upper gear 42a and a lower gear 42b and intermediate gear 44 includes a dual upper gear 44a and a dual lower gear 44b. The motor 40 is supported between the base member 19 and a bracket 12. The bracket 12 is integrally connected to the base member 19 and a spindle or central shaft 18 is supported there between. The spindle 18 supports upper and lower covers 45 and 47 of the carousel 10. The upper and lower plates 35 and 37 are supported by the upper and lower covers 45 and 47 respectively.", "The V-2 employed two sets of steering vanes. An external set of four steering vanes was made up of one steering vane at the base of each of the four V-2 fins. An internal set of four steering vanes was located at the base of the engine.", "These holes connect the starter petrol jet (9) and starter air jet sides to the passage which opens into a hole just below the throttle valve at (11). Either bigger or smaller holes come opposite to the passage depending upon the position of the starter lever(12).The starter lever is operated by flexible cable from dash board control", "This prompted me to do two things. First, I re-trimmed the prop to 9 inch diameter. It was still a bit of a club with its grossly exaggerated blade area, but I reckoned that the engine would have a far better chance of reaching speeds at which suction would improve. Secondly, I inserted a small rubber pad cut from an old bicycle inner tube between the cut-out flap and the updraft secondary intake, allowing the cut-out spring to hold it in place. This provided a very good seal at that point, undoubtedly enhancing suction from the primary intake at the rear of the engine.", "A Wankel engine has a triangular rotor that orbits in an epitroichoidal (figure 8 shape) chamber around an eccentric shaft. The four phases of operation (intake, compression, power, exhaust) take place in separate locations, instead of one single location as in a reciprocating engine.", "Multiple-crankshaft configurations do not necessarily need a cylinder head at all, but can instead have a piston at each end of the cylinder, called an opposed piston design. This design was used in the Junkers Jumo 205 diesel aircraft engine, using two crankshafts, one at either end of a single bank of cylinders, and most remarkably in the Napier Deltic diesel engines, which used three crankshafts to serve three banks of double-ended cylinders arranged in an equilateral triangle with the crankshafts at the corners. It was also used in single-bank locomotive engines, and continues to be used for marine engines, both for propulsion and for auxiliary generators. The Gnome Rotary engine, used in several early aircraft, had a stationary crankshaft and a bank of radially arranged cylinders rotating around it.", "Engine: Two chrome exhaust pipes instead of one. Square regulator, small generator pulley nut, and screw cap on oil filler.", "Many older V6 engines were based on V8 engine designs, in which a pair of cylinders was cut off the front of V8 without altering the V angle or using a more sophisticated crankshaft to even out the firing interval. Most V8 engines share a common crankpin between opposite cylinders in each bank, and a 90° V8 crankshaft has just four pins shared by eight cylinders, with two pistons per crankpin, allowing a cylinder to fire every 90° to achieve smooth operation.", "From the beginning of 1932, the C4 and C6 were equipped with the \"Floating Power\" engine which was mounted in a new way, using a Chrysler patent. The engine was secured with rubber mounts instead of being bolted directly to the chassis, thereby eliminating major engine vibrations. The first cars using this new engine mounting were recognizeable with a stylized swan in front of the Citroën double chevrons.", "Although the V8 with the now compulsory cylinder angle of 90 degrees may look like a sawn-off V10, technically it is an entirely separate concept with its own specific requirements. The V8 has a distinct firing sequence and demands a fundamentally different crankshaft design. Whereas a 72-degree offset crankshaft was used in most V10 Formula One engines, V8 powerplants can feature crankshafts with either four throws spaced at 90 degrees or four throws spaced at 180 degrees. Standard production engines are fitted with 90-degree crankshaft variants due to their better dynamic attributes, but a 180-degree crankshaft is favoured in racing car engine design. The improved performance this allows offsets the disadvantages in terms of dynamics.", "MITSUBISHI, KAWASAKI, DAEWOO ,DYNAPOWER, LINDE, REXROTH, UCHIDA, YAMAHA, HITACHI, KOMATSU, LIEBHERR, POCLAIN, VOLVO, VICKERS, CESSNA, HYDROMATIK AND SUNDSTRAND AND EATON CLOSED LOOP AND OPEN LOOP HYDRAULIC DRIVE PUMPS AND MOTORS PARTS.", "…the extra air slots in the engine cover and the ‘Volkswagen’ lettering – neither were used", "Gas cells 9 and 10; engine car highlighted to show alignment of images. (click to enlarge)", "The accelerator pump check valve is located in the bottom of the carburetor bowl (underneath the fuel). It has a flat-bladed screwdriver slot, and can be found in the center of the bowl, in the narrow part between the two reservoirs. There is only one check valve in each carburetor. Feel around in the bowl with your fingers, and you'll locate the valve.", "The time available for fuel to be port-injected into a Wankel engine is significantly shorter, compared to four-stroke piston engines, due to the way the three chambers rotate. The fuel-air mixture cannot be pre-stored as there is no intake valve. Also the Wankel engine, compared to a piston engine, has 50% longer stroke duration. The four Otto cycles last 1080° for a Wankel engine versus 720° for a four-stroke reciprocating piston engine.", "This engine was called, because of it's construction, for a balance motor. By doing this way they got rid of much of the vibration a single cylinder had. The cause was the opposite working cylinders.", "______________ _____________ Bottom of upper cylinder v ------ |_____________//_____________| ---------------------------- | | ------------------------------------ |<---------- 1/8\" ---------->|", "It is typically connected to a flywheel to reduce the pulsation characteristic of the four-stroke cycle, and sometimes a torsional or vibrational damper at the opposite end, to reduce the torsional vibrations often caused along the length of the crankshaft by the cylinders farthest from the output end acting on the torsional elasticity of the metal.", "2671 Why do our automobile (or airplane or motorcycle, or ship) engines have so many cylinders?", "Jaekle, D.E.: Propellant management device conceptual design and analysis: vanes. AIAA-91-2172 1, 13 (1991) Google Scholar" ]

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[ "With a career that began with appearances in comedy short films in the 1930s, he made his first feature film appearance in The Big Broadcast of 1938 singing Thanks for the Memory, which became his theme song. Bob Hope hit it big, however, in 1940 with his first �road� picture, The Road to Singapore. Co-starring with Bing Crosby and Dorothy Lamour, he hit the road to Zanzibar, Morroco, Utopia, Rio, Bali (the first in color), and the last, Hong Kong in 1962.", "Bob Hope was an actor and comedian. Born Leslie Townes Hope on May 29, 1903, in Eltham, London, England. He emigrated with his parents to the USA in 1907. After years in vaudeville and on the stage as a dancer and comedian, he made his first film appearance in \"The Big Broadcast\" of 1938 singing \"Thanks for the Memory,\" which became his signature tune. He is perhaps best known for his series of \"Road to...\" movies which co-starred Bing Crosby and Dorthy Lamour. He was also accomplished in radio, an avid golfer, and was named comedian of the century. Bob Hope traveled extensively for the USO and every Christmas season entertained US military troops around the world, beginning in the 1940s; from World War II until the Gulf War. Married to Dolores Reade-Hope for 69 years, and recipient of multiple awards and honors bestowed on him for his work in entertainment and humanitarian issues. One of the most popular entertainers in the history of Western civilization, he died July 27, 2003, at his home in California, nearly 8 weeks after he celebrated his 100th birthday.", "Crosby starred with Bob Hope and actress Dorothy Lamour in seven Road to musical comedies between 1940 and 1962, cementing Crosby and Hope as an on-and-off duo, despite never officially declaring themselves a \"team\" in the sense that Laurel and Hardy or Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis were teams. The series consists of Road to Singapore (1940), Road to Zanzibar (1941), Road to Morocco (1942), Road to Utopia (1946), Road to Rio (1947), Road to Bali (1952), and The Road to Hong Kong (1962). Appearing solo, Crosby and Hope frequently made note of the other during their various appearances, typically in a comically insulting fashion, and they appeared together countless times on stage, radio, and television over the decades as well as cameos in numerous additional films, to the point that it became difficult for audiences to think of one without thinking of the other.", "Dorothy Lamour (December 10, 1914 – September 22, 1996) was an American actress and singer. She is best remembered for appearing in the Road to... movies, a series of successful comedies starring Bing Crosby and Bob Hope.", "The famous Paramount Studios' \"Road\" films (a total of seven films stretching out until 1962), starred a wise-cracking Bob Hope and his comedy partner Bing Crosby as two hapless musicians, and their colorful heroine Dorothy Lamour. The series began at the start of the decade:", "Dorothy Lamour was an American film actress. She is best remembered for appearing in the Road to... movies, a series of successful comedies starring Bing Crosby and Bob Hope.", "Crosby was also popular in a string of hit comedy “Road” films (like “Road to Utopia”) where he co-starred with his longtime comic sidekick Bob Hope and, of course, the lovely Dorothy Lamour. (Gotta love that fake French name).", "*Road to Singapore, starring Bing Crosby, Dorothy Lamour and Bob Hope - first in the series", "Description: Dorothy Lamour (December 10, 1914 – September 22, 1996) was an American actress and singer. She is best remembered for appearing in the Road to... movies, a series of successful comedies starring Bing Crosby and Bob Hope. Lamour began her career in the 1930s as a big band singer. In 1936, she moved to Hollywood where she signed with Paramount Pictures. Her appearance as \"Ulah\" in The Jungle Princess (1936) brought her fame and also marked the beginning of her image as the \"Sarong Queen.\" In 1940, Lamour made her first Road to... comedy film, Road to Singapore. The Road to... films were popular during Dorothy Lamour (December 10, 1914 – September 22, 1996) was an American actress and singer. She is best remembered for appearing in the Road to... movies, a series of successful comedies starring Bing Crosby and Bob Hope.", "Lamour began her successful film career in 1936 with the films The Stars Can't Be Wrong and The Jungle Princess. Wearing her trademark sarong, she became known for her charm, beauty, and long, flowing brown hair. She performed in more than 50 films including Duffy's Tavern, Typhoon, Pajama Party, and Johnny Apollo. Her fame is most celebrated with her \"Road\" movies, slapstick Hollywood humor in which she appeared with Bob Hope and Bing Crosby . The seven \"Road\" films she starred in are: Road to Singapore, Road to Zanzibar, Road to Morocco, Road to Utopia.", "Road to Bali (Bing Crosby Enterprises/Hope Enterprises/Paramount, 1953). Dir Hal Walker. Wrt Frank Butler, Hal Kanter, William Morrow, Harry Tugend. With Bob Hope, Bing Crosby, Dorothy Lamour, Murvyn Vye, Peter Coe. (91 min, 35mm)", "Chased out of Singapore, Morocco, Zanzibar, Rio and even Utopia, Bob and Bing are on the road again in this Technicolor South Seas farce, the only one of the seven �Road� pictures in color and the last for ten years. Dorothy Lamour is back too, this time as �Princess Lala.� Look for cameo appearances by Bing�s bandleader brother Bob Crosby, Jane Russell, Humphrey Bogart, Jerry Lewis and Dean Martin. With music by Jimmy Van Heusen, Stan Kenton, and Pete Rugolo.", "She went on to play similar parts in the sarong in productions including The Hurricane (1937), Typhoon (1940), Beyond the Blue Horizon (1942) and her final big-screen sarong feature, Donovan's Reef (1963). Although Dorothy actually only wore a sarong in six of her 59 pictures, it defined her career. The sarong stayed with her in the Bob Hope / Bing Crosby \"Road\" pictures for Paramount. The trio starred in Road to Singapore (1940), Road to Zanzibar (1941), Road to Morocco (1942), Road to Utopia (1945) and Road to Bali (1952). A final \"Road\" picture, \"Road to the Fountain of Youth\" was in the works in 1977, until Bing Crosby 's sudden death. The final completed \"Road\" picture, The Road to Hong Kong (1962), had Hope and Crosby in their usual roles, but no Dorothy this time - Joan Collins had the female lead in it.", "Bing Crosby and Bob Hope starred in a series of musical comedies, starting with Victor Schertzinger's The Road To Singapore (1940) and ending 22 years later. Both became enormously popular. Bob Hope's signature song was Leo Robin's Thanks For The Memory (1938).", "This was the first of the \"Road\" pictures that paired Bing Crosby and Bob Hope. However, Bob Hope was given third billing behind Dorothy Lamour. See more »", "Burns and Allen were indirectly responsible for the Bob Hope and Bing Crosby \"Road\" pictures. In 1938, William LeBaron, producer and managing director at Paramount, had a script prepared by Don Hartman and Frank Butler. It was to star Burns and Allen with a young crooner named Bing Crosby. The story did not seem to fit the comedy team's style, so LeBaron ordered Hartman and Butler to rewrite the script to fit two male co-stars: Hope and Crosby. The script was titled Road to Singapore and it made motion picture history. Originally the studio had wanted Jack Oakie to play opposite Bing Crosby but he turned down the role.", "In 1940, Paramount cast Hope, Bing Crosby and Dorothy Lamour together for a one-off musical comedy called Road To Singapore. It was such a smash that it led to six further Road pictures (if one counts the dismal made-in-England Road To Hong Kong in 1962). The trio would take the Road To Zanzibar (1941), Morocco (1942), Utopia (1946), Rio (1948) and Bali (1953), although they hardly ever strayed from the studio backlot.", "The third of seven Road to… movies he made with Bob Hope, The Road to Morocco undoubtedly stands atop the rest. Here Crosby played Jeff Peters to Hope’s Orville “Turkey” Jackson, two fast-talking stowaways who accidentally blow up a merchant ship and wind up shipwrecked on the desert beach of Morocco. The two penniless castaways run into trouble with a desert sheik (Anthony Quinn) while getting sold into slavery to a beautiful princess (Dorothy Lamour, who starred in all the Road to… films). A rapid-fire comedy filled with exploding cigars and talking camels, The Road to Morocco surprisingly earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay, and remains just as funny and fresh today as it did in 1942. Check Amazon rating »", "Dorothy Lamour (December 10, 1914 – September 22, 1996) was an American actress and singer. She is best remembered for appearing in the Road to ...", "The 1942 Paramount film Road to Morocco was one of a series of light romantic comedies starring Bing Crosby and Bob Hope as two rich playboys who travel around the world having zany adventures ( Halliwell 825).", "Some of Lamour's other notable films include Johnny Apollo (1940; with Tyrone Power), Aloma of the South Seas (1941), Beyond the Blue Horizon (1942), Dixie (1943; with Bing Crosby), A Medal for Benny (1945), My Favorite Brunette (1947; with Bob Hope), On Our Merry Way (1948), Slightly French (1949) and a supporting role in the best picture Oscar-winner The Greatest Show on Earth (1952; with Charlton Heston). Her other leading men included William Holden, Ray Milland, James Stewart, Jack Benny, and Fred MacMurray.", "* \"Teamwork\" w. Sammy Cahn m. Jimmy Van Heusen. Introduced by Bing Crosby, Bob Hope and Joan Collins in the film The Road to Hong Kong", "Harry Lillis \"Bing\" Crosby, Jr. (May 3, 1903 October 14, 1977) was an American singer and actor. Crosby's trademark bass-baritone voice made him one of the best-selling recording artists of the 20th century, with over half a billion records in circulation.[2]", "On February 15, 1945, Command Performance presented \"Dick Tracy In B Flat,\" or \"For Goodness Sakes, Isn't He Ever Going To Marry Tess Trueheart?\" Billed as \"the world's first comic strip operetta\", it starred Bing Crosby as Dick Tracy, Dinah Shore as Tess Trueheart, and Bob Hope as Flattop Jones. The cast also included Jerry Colonna (police chief), Frank Morgan (Vitamin Flintheart), Jimmy Durante (The Mole), Judy Garland (Snowflake Falls), The Andrews Sisters (The Summer Sisters—May, June & July), Frank Sinatra (Shaky), Cass Daley (Gravel Gertie), and Harry Von Zell (narrator).", "Road to Singapore premiered March 13, 1940, at the Paramount Theatre in New York City. Tommy Dorsey's orchestra (with Frank Sinatra) highlighted the accompanying stage show. ", "In 1958, he was poached from the BBC by ITV who gave him his own show and, a year later, he hosted the famous Kraft Music Hall Show in America, replacing Milton Berle . In 1961, he appeared on The Bing Crosby Show (1961) in Britain and, a year later, made a cameo appearance as himself in the film, The Road to Hong Kong (1962).", "Bing Crosby (1903 - 1977) Born Harry Lillis Crosby, Jr. Singer and actor who became one of the first multi-media stars. He was one of the best-selling recording artists of the 20th century. Born in Tacoma, WA (615)", "Bob Hope, KBE, KCSG, KSS, born Leslie Townes Hope, (May 29, 1903 – July 27, 2003) was an English-born American comedian and actor who appeared on Broadway, in vaudeville, movies, television, and on the radio. He was noted for his numerous United Service Organizations (USO) shows entertaining Amer… more »", "** American singer and actor Bing Crosby, one of the most popular, far-reaching and influential entertainers of all time, dies after finishing 18 holes at La Moraleja Gold Course in Spain.", "comedian, actor: It�s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, Around the World in 80 Days, Show Boat, Some like It Hot; died July 6, 1973", "Dapper American character actor and radio personality, born in Omaha, Nebraska. After attending Chicago University, Givot entered show business as a comedian with the Ziegfeld Follies. His particular forte was mimicking a variety of ethnic dialects. Performing in vaudeville and in nightclubs, he scored an immediate hit with his comic creation, the \"Greek Ambassador of Good Will\", an English-fracturing Greek immigrant. He took this character with him to radio, where he worked for some time on the Jimmy Durante Show. Continuing popularity led to appearances in two-reel comedies and feature films.", "Personal Life: (1879-1954) Born in Sandwich, Kent in England. Father was a leather merchant. One of 8 siblings. At 18, left his home to make his fortune as a Ceylon tea planter but drought forced him out of business. Took acting lessons just to escape the boredom managing a brewery. Made his stage debut in 1902, yet refused to appear in a movie until he was 62 despite many offers. Signed on to Warner Brothers in 1941. Dorothy Marie Ogden in 1918 and had one son. Suffered from diabetes and Bright’s Disease. Retired from film in 1949. Died from diabetic complications at 74." ]

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[ "In addition to chocolate (the original flavor), Tootsie Pops come in a variety of the following fruit flavors: raspberry , cherry , orange and grape . Recently, Tootsie Roll Industries released three new flavors to the mix: blue raspberry , strawberry and watermelon . A new release, the Tootsie Pop \"Tropical Stormz\", includes five different \"swirl\" textured pops, including: orange/pineapple, lemon/lime, strawberry/banana, citrus punch and berry berry punch.", "The original bubble-gum flavor was discontinued for many years in the United Kingdom, with only apple, strawberry, and cola flavors available. As of June 2012, flavors available in the UK include strawberry, original and apple. (In April 2012, the original flavor returned, with packs proclaiming \"chunkier and bubblier\").[4] Flavors available in Australia include cherry, cola, peach, strawberry, lime, pineapple, apple, orange, grape and watermelon. As of 2004, flavors available in Croatia included lime, berry, cherry and generic fruit. Flavors available in Germany included cherry and cola. Flavors available in Norway include orange, apple, strawberry, cola and licorice. Flavors available in Canada included strawberry, grape, orange and blue raspberry. Other flavors seen over the years in various countries include lemon, cream soda, tropical, salty liquorice, and chocolate strawberry.", "The candy debuted to the public in 1931. In addition to chocolate (the original flavor), Tootsie Pops come in cherry, orange, caramel, grape, raspberry, strawberry, watermelon, blue raspberry, candy cane (seasonal), and now, pomegranate, banana, blueberry, and green apple flavors. Another release of Tootsie Roll Pops, named Tropical Stormz, features six swirl-textured flavors: orange , lemon lime, strawberry banana, apple blueberry, citrus punch, and berry berry punch.", "The brand features 24 flavours of chewing gum, all of which are available in the United States with the exception of Cirrus, Zephyr and Evolution. The first three flavors introduced were Peppermint, Spearmint, and Cinnamon; second came Tropical and Berry; and in 2009, Winter mint and Bubble.[2] In March 2010, two new flavors, both named \"React\" were introduced in the United States along with the slogan: \"Everyone Experiences It Differently.\"[3] \"React\" comes in both mint and fruit flavors. It was released in Australia in March 2011.[4] 5 also offers a watermelon flavor called \"Prism\", a Green apple flavor called \"Vortex\" and a sour tropical flavor called \"Swerve\".[5]", "Life Savers fruit-flavored candies in the iconic wax paper and aluminum foil wrapper, minus the outer paper wrapper. Thousands of anecdotal reports have confirmed that the 2nd  from either end of the 5-fruit flavor roll is almost always red. Thus, the photo shows a roll with the first  already eaten.1912: Crane's Peppermint Life Savers created by Clarence Crane in Cleveland, Ohio.", "Life Savers is an American brand of ring-shaped hard . Its range of mints and artificial fruit-flavors is known for its distinctive packaging, coming in paper-wrapped aluminum foil rolls.", "Tootsie Pops are hard candy lollipops filled with chocolate-flavored chewy Tootsie Roll. They were invented in 1931 by Lukas R. \"Luke\" Weisgram, an employee of The Sweets Company of America. The company changed its name to Tootsie Roll Industries in 1969.", "A small, hard, gelatinous candy with a fruit-flavor. Also refers to a Chinese jujube, a red, olive-sized fruit with a leathery skin with a prune-like flavor.", "A candy called Pop Rocks is pressurized with carbon dioxide gas at about 40 bar (600 psi). When placed in the mouth, it dissolves (just like other hard candy) and releases the gas bubbles with an audible pop.", "Method: Shake all ingredients except soda and Xanté with ice cubes. Strain over crushed ice in a highball glass. Add soda water and stir thoroughly with a bar spoon. Top with Xanté. Garnish with a pineapple leaf, Morello cherry, and a lemon wedge.", "The Jelly Belly company alone churns out more than 100 flavors. Its newest are pancakes & maple syrup, champagne, ginger ale, and beer. The company also offers a BeanBoozled box with 20 flavors: 10 classic and 10 gross-tasting lookalikes. So, an orange-ish bean could be peach—or vomit. A green one might be juicy pear—or booger. Blech. Blech. If you don't feel brave enough to try a box, you can find many, many YouTube videos in which participants challenge themselves to chew without gagging.", "Based on the wide range of results from these scientific studies, it's clear there remains a mystery when it comes to licks and reaching the Tootsie roll center of a Tootsie Pop. The only way to really know is to try it for yourself. Can you resist the temptation of biting your lollipop and tasting the Tootsie roll in the center, unlike Mr. Owl?", "A large sweet or lollipop. Given as a prize for one of the events in The Purity of the Turf.", "a sandwich made of two layers of pink, orange, brown or white candy with a black, liquorice-flavored layer in the middle", "(m) an elongated donut similar to the Spanish churro, usually sold by beach-side vendors, rolled in sugar and served in a paper wrapping. Sometimes called chouchou.", "A chewy fruit candy which had two colours per flavour (an outside colour and a colour hidden underneath). For example, the watermelon flavour was green with pink inside", "Always been my favorite. I think it is the most unique tasting, and of course like all good candy bars, its packaging is instantly recognizable. Butterfinger crisp was amazing, what happened to it? Oh well. Still love butterfinger!", "* Torrone – a candy made of honey, sugar, and egg white, with toasted almonds or hazelnuts", "No flavor combination is quite as decadent as juicy fruit smothered in rich dark chocolate. Its our most popular bean with a succulent twist.<br><br> 2.8 oz bag.<br><br>Also available in a <a href=\"/p/42830\">12-count case</a>.<br><br>All Jelly Belly Chocolate Dips are OU Kosher Dairy certified by the Orthodox Union, peanut and gluten free.<br><br>Watch the video: Introducing Jelly Belly Jelly Bean Chocolate Dips! <br><br> <style> .videowrapper { float: none; clear: both; width: 100%; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; padding-top: 25px; height: 0; } .videowrapper iframe { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; } </style> <div class=\"videowrapper\"> <iframe src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/stajfK7vxKY?rel=0\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"315\" width=\"560\"></iframe>&gt; </div>", "A darker candy, made of caramel syrup and nuts. This is rolled into thin sheets and formed into cups or bowls to serve as a vessel for other candy or fruit.", "How a great candy was saved from oblivion by a small alien visitor from outer space OR the story of Reese’s Pieces, E.T.’s favorite candy.", "a fluffy confection of spun sugar that's wound around a stick or cone; what Americans call cotton candy", "a short cylinder of pink or yellow, coconut-flavored candy that surrounds a central black, liquorice-flavored cylinder", "A sweet candy like confection made with sugar or corn syrup, water, gelatin, dextrose, flavorings, and sometimes coloring. Available in grocery stores.", "A Skittle Bomb is so named as it is described to taste like Skittle sweets. It may also be referred to as a Red Bull Bomb or C-Bomb.", "\"Traditional Earth confection enjoyed as much for chewing as for taste. Sometimes came with packs of baseball cards. Sometimes scotch-flavored.\"", "The majority of the mix was a mix of little rod shaped candies. Most were marked on the wrapper what they were.", "The flavor is a luscious, sweet melon that pairs well with a variety of other flavors.", "You bought Vernor's in a cardboard carton shaped like a megaphone with the little green gnome ", "As a kid, I always loved a gool ol' Box of Cracker Jack complete with cool toy inside.  You used to be able to get cool decoder rings.  Nowadays, Cracker Jack comes in a bag, and the surprise inside is a chinsy lick on tatoo", "Inside the husk are 2 to 3 triangular, edible nuts, each about 1.5 cm (5/8\") long.", "A small rectangular red packet, supposed to resemble an old seafaring type blokes brand of tobacco. Open up the pack and you are greeted with some brown wormy looking stuff that was trying to look like tobacco - not particularly visually appealing to a small child but the taste was sweet as sugar (that would probably have been the sugar) with perhaps a hint of coconut. Oh the taste..." ]

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[ "Waylon Smithers – Personal Assistant and self-proclaimed best friend to Mr Burns, and owner of the world’s largest Malibu Stacy collection.", "Waylon Joseph Smithers, Jr. (better known as \"Mr. Smithers\" or simply \"Smithers\") is Mr. Burns ' personal assistant, executive, and self-proclaimed best friend. He has lived with Burns since he was an infant, and though partly raised by him, Burns has never seen Smithers as a stepson or an heir; nonetheless, his loyalty to his evil boss is sincere.", "Waylon J. Smithers, Jr., usually referred to as Mr. Smithers or simply Smithers, is a recurring fictional character in the American animated sitcom The Simpsons, who is voiced by Harry Shearer. Smithers first appeared in the episode \"Homer's Odyssey\", although his voice could be heard in the series premiere \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\". He is the consummate executive and personal assistant of Springfield Nuclear Power Plant's owner Mr. Burns.", "John likens Braca to Waylon Smithers , the sycophantic toadie of Montgomery Burns, Homer's boss in Matt Groening's animated series THE SIMPSONS .", "Smithers was partly based on how numerous Fox executives and staff members acted towards Barry Diller. The idea for Smithers' orientation was pitched by Sam Simon, who proposed that Smithers should be gay, but the writers should never draw too much attention to it and should try to keep it in the back of their heads. Jay Kogen said \"Originally he was gay and black...But we thought it was too much so we just kept him gay.\" The script for \"Blood Feud\" originally featured Smithers saying \"Just leave me enough to get home to my wife and kids\", but the line had to be cut for time. Smithers is voiced by Harry Shearer, who is also the voice of Mr. Burns. Shearer is often able to perform dialogue between the two characters in one take. Dan Castellaneta occasionally fills in for Shearer at table reads and voices Smithers. The name Waylon was first used in \"I Married Marge\" and comes from the puppeteer Wayland Flowers. ", "Starring Characters: Dan Castellaneta (Homer Simpson, Grampa Simpson, Barney Gumble, Krusty the Clown, Groundskeeper Willie, and others), Hank Azaria (Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, Moe Szyslak, Chief Wiggum, Comic Book Guy, Lou, and others), Harry Shearer (Mr. Burns, Ned Flanders, Principal Skinner, Waylon Smithers, Kent Brockman, and others), Julie Kavner (Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, and Selma Bouvier), Nancy Cartwright (Bart Simpson, Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, and others), Yeardley Smith (Lisa Simpson).", "Waylon Smithers was partly based on how numerous Fox executives and staff members acted towards Barry Diller . The idea for Smithers' orientation came from Sam Simon , who proposed that Smithers should be gay, but the writers should never draw too much attention to it and should try to keep it in the back of their heads. The name Waylon was first used in \" I Married Marge \" and comes from the puppeteer Wayland Flowers . In his first visual appearance in \"Homer's Odyssey\", Smithers was mistakenly animated with the wrong color and was made an African American by Gyorgi Peluci, the color stylist.", "Starring Characters: Nancy Cartwright (Bart Simpson, Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, and others), Yeardley Smith (Lisa Simpson), Dan Castellaneta (Homer Simpson, Grampa Simpson, Barney Gumble, Krusty the Clown, Groundskeeper Willie, and others), Hank Azaria (Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, Moe Szyslak, Chief Wiggum, Comic Book Guy, Lou, and others), Harry Shearer (Mr. Burns, Ned Flanders, Principal Skinner, Waylon Smithers, Kent Brockman, and others), Julie Kavner (Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, and Selma Bouvier).", "Smithers' relationship with Mr. Burns has long been a running gag on The Simpsons. Smithers is an obedient and sycophantic assistant to Mr. Burns. In many ways, Smithers represents the stereotype of the closeted gay man, and numerous overt allusions and double entendres concerning his homosexuality are made, though some of the show's producers instead refer to him as a \"Burns-sexual\".", "* In The Simpsons episode \"Secrets of a Successful Marriage\", Waylon Smithers has a flashback to his love, with Mr. Burns below his balcony yelling \"SMITHERS!\" the way Stanley called for Stella.", "Outside the music industry, Jennings was also known as the voice of the narrator on the popular television series \"The Dukes of Hazzard\" and its predecessor, the 1975 film, \"Moonrunners\". The theme song, \"Good Ol' Boys\", an original Jennings composition, is one of the most well-known television theme songs in American television history. He also made an appearance on \"Married… with Children\" and had a role in the 1985 film, Sesame Street presents Follow That Bird as a truck driver. Jennings sang \"Ain't No Road Too Long\" in the movie with Big Bird, and the other \"Sesame Street\" characters. Jennings was also a member of USA for Africa for the recording of \"We Are the World\", but temperamental as ever, reportedly left the studio due to a dispute over the song's lyrics. In the early 70's, after Cash's guitar player fell ill while on tour in Canada, Waylon flew up from Nashville, where he had a free week, and filled in. Afterwards, after several solos and duets, Jennings refused to take payment for it.", "The 1988 film gives insight into the character, as portrayed by Bob Hoskins. Pictures and newspaper clippings in his office reveal that he and his brother Theodore (\"Teddy\" for short) were sons of a circus clown; they joined the police force in 1925 and started their own private investigation service in 1938. The brothers quickly established a reputation for helping Toons in trouble, such as solving the kidnapping of Donald Duck's nephews and clearing Goofy of espionage charges. In 1942, while they were investigating a robbery in Toontown, an unknown assailant (later revealed as Judge Doom) dropped a piano on them. Eddie survived with a broken arm, but Teddy was killed. The incident soured him on the idea of working for Toons, his business suffered greatly, and he became an alcoholic. Eddie began living in the office he and Teddy had shared and left Teddy's desk as a memorial to him, refusing to dust it or let anyone sit in its chair.", "The signature of McCloud's character was his Western unflappability and seeming inability to recognize an insult, especially from Clifford, whose jibes (\"send in the sagebrush Sherlock Holmes\") he never would take personally. Weaver's grin and drawling twang represented McCloud as the embodiment of the American law officer who always sees the good in people but knows the real stakes and spares no pain to catch the bad guy. The character's signature catch phrase was \"There ya go!\", often received with bemusement or puzzlement by the listener. (One exception was a character played by John Denver; at the end of the show they traded catch-phrases, Denver responding \"There ya go!\" to McCloud's \"Far out!\")", "Other recurring cast members include Adam West as the eponymous Mayor Adam West; Jennifer Tilly as Bonnie Swanson; John G. Brennan as Mort Goldman and Horace the bartender; Carlos Alazraqui as Jonathan Weed; Adam Carolla and Norm Macdonald as Death; Lori Alan as Diane Simmons; and Phil LaMarr as Ollie Williams and the judge. Fellow cartoonist Butch Hartman has made guest voice appearances in many episodes as various characters. Also, writer Danny Smith voices various recurring characters, such as Ernie the Giant Chicken.", "Keeping Hollywood secrets proves difficult for Homer when he scores a personal assistant job for the husband and wife team, Alec Baldwin & Kim Basinger. Also featuring Brian Grazer and Ron Howard.", "Friends with: Bob Barker, Wink Martindale, Mike Wallace, Phyllis Diller, Geraldo Rivera, Oprah Winfrey, Whoopi Goldberg, Carol Channing, Lauren Bacall, Barbara Bush, Regis Philbin, Kathie Lee Gifford, Donald Trump, Don Rickles, Carol Burnett, Robert Conrad, Larry Manetti, Richard Simmons, Paul Reubens, Ernest Borgnine, Marla Gibbs, Charlotte Rae, Della Reese, Angela Lansbury, Dick Van Dyke, Chuck Norris, Florence Henderson, Phil Donahue, Phil McGraw, Gene Siskel, Roger Ebert, Dick Clark, Casey Kasem, Hugh Downs, Joy Behar, Peter Marshall, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Mickey Rooney and Barbara Walters.", "Rogers' cultural influence is reflected in numerous songs, including \"If I Had a Boat\" by Lyle Lovett, \"Roy Rogers\" by Elton John on his 1973 album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, and \"Should've Been a Cowboy\" by Toby Keith. Rogers himself makes an appearance in the music video for the song \"Heroes and Friends\" by Randy Travis. Rogers is referenced in numerous films, including Die Hard (1988) in which the Bruce Willis character John McClane used the pseudonym \"Roy\" and remarks, \"I was always kinda partial to Roy Rogers actually.\" In the television series American Dad!, the character Roger uses \"Roy Rogers\" as a pseudonym in the episode \"Roy Rogers McFreely\".", "He is well known for his hit \"A Country Boy Can Survive\" and as the performer of the theme song for Monday Night Football, based on his 1984 hit \"All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight\". Read Less", "Stinky Pete, or The Prospector as Jessie calls him, is a prospector doll and the main antagonist of the second film. He is voiced by Kelsey Grammer . He is a toy modeled after a character on the television show, Woody's Roundup , where the characters consists of Sheriff Woody (the main character), Jessie the Yodeling Cowgirl (Woody's yodeling cowgirl sidekick), Stinky Pete (an idiot hillbilly), and Bullseye the Horse (Woody's trusty steed). The Prospector doll seen in the film had never been opened and was still \"Mint in the Box\", making him sought after by collectors.", "The Simpsons help Ned Flanders through tough times after losing his wife to an untimely death. Voices by: Frank Welker as the Parrot, and Shawn Colvin as Rachel Jordan.", "In 1963, Weaver left the series to pursue a broader acting career in TV series and films. In 1964, Curtis was signed as a regular to play the stubbornly illiterate hillbilly Festus Haggen. The character, heretofore a comic feature, came to town in a 1962 episode titled \"Us Haggens\", to avenge the death of his twin brother Fergus, and decided to stay in Dodge when the deed was done. Initially on the fringes of Dodge society, Festus was slowly phased in as a reliable sidekick/part-time deputy to Matt Dillon when Reynolds left in 1965. In the episode \"Alias Festus Haggen\", he is mistaken for a robber and killer whom he has to expose to free himself (both parts played by Curtis). In a comic relief episode (\"Mad Dog\"), another case of mistaken identity forces Festus to fight three sons of a man killed by his cousin. As a side note, only one episode has all three actors in it playing their respective roles. It is the 1964 episode entitled \"Prairie Wolfer\" (season 9, episode 16 [episode 321]), with Dennis Weaver as Chester, Burt Reynolds as Quint, and Ken Curtis as Festus. ", "King of the Hill (also known as Hank of the Hill in some parts of Western Europe) is an American animated series created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels , that ran from January 12, 1997 to May 6, 2010 on Fox . It centers on the Hills , a small-town Methodist family in the fictional town of Arlen, Texas , based loosely on the real life Dallas suburb, Garland, Texas . It attempts to retain a realistic approach, seeking humor in the conventional and mundane aspects of everyday life while dealing with comical issues.", "Appeared on an episode of The Simpsons (1989), in which he convinced Marge to get into the pretzel business. Shelley Levene, his character from Glengarry Glen Ross (1992), was the inspiration for another Simpsons character, the usually jobless Gil, who Marge first met while working at a real estate firm.", "Poor Gary Larsen has always been known as the guy you can't think of when naming the front four of the Purple People Eaters. Or the guy with the same name as the guy who wrote \"The Far Side\" cartoon.", "Other main characters include Hank's friends and their families. Dale Gribble (voiced by Johnny Hardwick) is the Hills' chain-smoking and paranoid next-door neighbor. He owns his own pest control business, Dale's Dead Bug, and he is also a licensed bounty hunter and president of the Arlen Gun Club. Dale is married to Nancy Hicks-Gribble (voiced by Ashley Gardner), a weather girl, later anchor woman, for the Channel 84 news. The only Gribble child, Joseph (voiced by Brittany Murphy; later Breckin Meyer), one of Bobby's best friends, has obvious Native American features, but neither Dale nor he seem to realize it. For more than 15 years, Nancy had an affair with John Redcorn (voiced by Victor Aaron; later Jonathan Joss), a Native American healer, who is the biological father of Joseph. Dale never realizes that Redcorn is having an affair with his wife; Dale considers Redcorn to be one of his best friends. Neither does Dale seem to question Joseph's parentage much and is the man on hand raising him; a point Hank eventually makes as to who was there for Joseph from birth.", "* He was referred to in an episode (\"Maid in Arlen\") of the cartoon TV show King of the Hill.", "The theme song \"The Good Ol' Boys\" was written and performed by Waylon Jennings. He was also \"The Balladeer\" (as credited), and served as narrator of the show. However, the version released as a single is not the same version that was used in the show's opening credits; the single version has a repeat of the chorus and an instrumental to pad out the length, uses a different instrumental mix that emphasizes the bass, and replaces the last verse with an inside joke about how the TV show producers \"keep on showing (Jennings's) hands and not (his) face on TV.\"", "Jim Varney (June 15, 1949 – February 10, 2000) was an American actor. He was best known for his character Ernest P. Worrell, originally created by Nashville advertising agency Carden and Cherry in the 1980s. The character was used in numerous television commercial campaigns and movies in the following years, giving him fame worldwide. He is best known for his slapstick style and his portrayal of \"redneck\" stereotypes in a friendly, approachable way.", "The secondary main character and Fred's best friend and next door neighbor. His occupation is, for the most part of the series, unknown. He shares many of Fred's interests like bowling and is also a member of the \"Loyal Order of Water Buffaloes\".", "Yes, even a teddy bear like Superted, has enemies! His enemy is in the form of an American Cowboy called 'Texas Pete'. They are a gang of a total of three evil characters. Texas Pete (with his great big grey chin) has already been named, so there is also 'Bulk', who is 'sort of' a brainless overweight fool, and then there is 'Skeleton', who wears pink slippers, who is a coward and very camp in personality. As their names and descriptions suggest, they are very evil and will do anything to tak eover the world, become really wealthy and finish off all their enemies, namely Superted.", "King of the Hill is an American animated sitcom created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels. The main characters are Hank Hill, Peggy Hill, Bobby Hill, Luanne Platter, Dale Gribble, Bill Dauterive, Boomhauer, Kahn Souphanousinphone, and Elroy \"Lucky\" Kleinschmidt.", "The most amusing aspect of the show was watching McCloud run around 1970s New York solving crimes dressed in a cowboy hat and  western clothes. His favorite phrase was \"there you go\". His romantic interest was a writer (Diana Muldaur) who had been working on a book about the criminal that McCloud came to New York to recapture." ]

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[ "Quid pro quo (\"something for something\" or \"this for that\" in Latin) means an exchange of goods or services, where one transfer is contingent upon the other. English speakers often use the term to mean \"a favour for a favour\"; phrases with similar meaning include: \"give and take\", \"tit for tat\", and \"you scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours\".", "QUOTE: Quid pro quo - \"something for something\" indicates a more-or-less equal exchange or substitution of goods or services.", "quid pro quo: A phrase designating an exchange of goods, services, or money, it means “this for that.”", "An equal exchange of goods or services, or of money (or other consideration of equal value) for some goods or services.", "Since it literally means \"something for something\" this would be SoP in Latin, wouldn't it? Furius ( talk ) 20:11, 15 November 2012 (UTC)", "QUID PRO QUO:Latin phrase that means what for what or something for something. The concept of getting something of value in return for giving something of value. For a contract to be binding, it usually must involve the exchange of something of value.", "The exchange of commodities or services for other commodities or services rather than the purchase of commodities or services with money.", "Trivia: The expression \"quid pro quo\" is not used in Italian. An exchange of favours is indicated by \"do ut des\", another Latin expression meaning \"I give in order that you give\".", "Latin phrase meaning, approximately, \"allowing other things to change accordingly.\" Used as a shorthand for indicating the effect of one economic variable on another, within a system in which other variables that matter will also change as a result. Contrasts with ceteris paribus .", "equalise , equalize , equate , equal , match - make equal, uniform, corresponding, or matching; \"let's equalize the duties among all employees in this office\"; \"The company matched the discount policy of its competitors\"", "Latin for \"to this,\" used to indicate that something was created or exists for the particular purpose in view at the moment. Also refers to something organized for a specific purpose, for example, an ad hoc committee elected or appointed to address a specific issue or handle an unanticipated contingency, usually dissolved once the need has been met.", "It is taken from a line by Cicero: Nam iustitia, quae suum cuique distribuit ... (de Natura Deorum III, 38) \"For justice, which distributes to each one his own (what is his) .....\"", "Lorem ipsum is an inversion of the trope. It's originally a slice of random text from Cicero, modified from proper Latin to approximate the standard letter distribution of English. It's supposed to look like English, but not be distracting by actually meaning anything.", "To exchange something of great, important, or fundamental value for some financial gain that proves to be of little, trivial, or no value but which appears to be attractive or valuable on first reckoning. (A variant of \"sell one's birthright for a mess of pottage,\" an allusion to Esau in Genesis 25:29–32, who sells to Jacob his birthright to his family's estate for a bowl of lentil stew (pottage).) If we allow our obsession with job creation to undermine the health of the environment, humanity will ultimately end up selling its birthright for a bowl of soup.", "A Latin phrase for “Let the buyer beware”, i.e.: the onus is on the buyer to be satisfied with any item before purchasing.", "Clearance Deal Codex amiatinus: Novum... (Latin Edition) Online 2014 SEE BEST DEALS : amiatinus: Novum... (Latin Edition) Reserve Evaluation: What to Use As an alternative - A Handbook of Functional Substitutes Owning had times when I was completely not heading to go out and invest more cash, I've come up with many options of my personal. But this e book gets into factors even I had by no means assumed of. (It also has blank lines at the end of each chapter where by you can create your possess strategies.) The chapters protect substitutes for food items, personalized care solutions, cleaners, and much more. Codex amiatinus: Novum... (Latin Edition) Win With the Lottery Black Guide The Lottery Black Reserve is a effectively laid out lotto recreation that gives the participant the prospect to gain some money in a basic and systematic fashion. It arrives with various online games and owing to this provision, tends to make it simple for the participant to get. This system demands that the participant must st ...", "a. (equality of value) → parità , pari f (Fin) (of shares) → valore m nominale", "^Commerce is the exchange of goods and cash between communities within and around a city, the exchange of", "Market Exchange is used in Capitalist societies and is the most recently developed mode of exchange. Market exchange is the trade of goods that are calculated in value based on a standard of value and typically money, which are carried out by the market. Although trade and money were developed independently, they are used together to create market exchange. This is generally used in the Western societies, in places such as, Europe and the United States.", "(usually in plural) contact (often in business), bargaining, agreement etc made (between two or more people or groups). fair/honest dealing; dealing on the Stock Market; I have no dealings with him. handeling, omgang, transaksie تَعامُل، بَيْع وَراء договаряне negócio jednání, obchod, styk der Umgang handel; forretninger; forretningssamkvem συναλλαγή , δοσοληψία relaciones , transacciones , negocios ärisuhted, tehing داد و ستد؛ معامله kanssakäyminen relations , transactions מָגַעִים, עֲסָקִים संपर्क, मोलतोल, कारोबार इत्यादि करना poslovanje, trgovanje kapcsolat transaksi viðskiptatengsl rapporto , relazione 取り引き 거래 komerciniai reikalai, sandėriai darīšanas; darījumi urusan het handelen forbindelse , samkvem interesy معامله negócio relaţii (comerciale), tranzacţii торговые дела, сделки rokovanie, styky trgovanje, poslovanje poslovanje affärer, förbindelse[r], samröre ธุรกิจ alım satım ; iş, alışveriş 買賣，業務往來 торговельні справи; ділові стосунки تجاری روابط یا سودے quan hệ kinh doanh 买卖，商务往来", "(= fair) deal → gerecht , fair ; dealings, game, person → ehrlich ; to give somebody a square deal → jdn gerecht or fair behandeln ; to get a square deal → fair behandelt werden ; I’ll be square with you → ich will ehrlich or offen mit dir sein", "19. - 11th. It is usual to insert the words, value received, but it is. implied that every bill and indorsement has been made for value received, as much as if it had been expressed in totidem verbis. 3 M. & S. 352; Bayl. 40, n. 83.", "The following table is a list of some Latin Phrases in common English usage. The list is not comprehensive; rather it represents phrases I have encountered in various readings and research. Please send any comments to nsalway@accesscomm.ca . However, caveat lector: While I enjoy challenges, I am not a translator and can�t help with translations", "As for its being Latin — well, is it a Latin idiom? Obviously it's a Latin phrase, but it's not obvious to me that its current idiomatic sense is ancient.", "This is little more than an extension of the statement of Gaius: \"All peoples who are ruled by laws and customs employ a law partly peculiar to themselves, partly common to all mankind.\"22 Saint-German's \"law of reason secondary general\" is in fact the jus gentium of Gaius.", "Some Latin words are used in English to mean much the same as they did in Roman times. Here are four examples:", "Decus Et Tutamen \"An ornament and a safeguard\" Inscription on one pound coins. Originally on 17th century coins, it refers to the inscribed edge as a protection against the clipping of precious metal. The phrase originally comes from Virgil's Aeneid.", "(b) if such organisation ensures for exchanges within the Community conditions similar to those existing in a domestic market.", "one man�s loss is another man�s gain People profit from the misfortunes of others; also used more literally:", "The right side of the gift as an inscription in Latin that probably reads the same.", "cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos \"Whose the land is, all the way to the sky and to the underworld is his.\" First coined by Accursius of Bologna in the 13th century. A Roman legal principle of property law that is no longer observed in most situations today. Less literally, \"For whosoever owns the soil, it is theirs up to the sky and down to the depths.\"", "copy - v. to make something exactly like another; n. something made to look exactly like another" ]

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[ "Ray Harroun won the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911 driving a Marmon Wasp. Harroun finished with an average speed of 74.602 miles per hour.", "Ray Harroun won the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911 driving a Marmon Wasp. Harroun finished with an average speed of 74.602 miles per hour. ", "The first Indianapolis 500 was held in 1911 , where Ray Harroun was declared the first winner, driving the Marmon Wasp. The race has been run annually since 1911 (with exceptions during World War I and World War II ) and 67 drivers have been crowned champions of the 500-mile race over the course of 96 races. The most race victories held by a single driver is four, which has been accomplished only by A. J. Foyt , Al Unser and Rick Mears . The Indianapolis 500 has also drawn many international drivers to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway over the years, with 25 of the winners coming from outside of the United States, representing nine separate countries. The most recent champion of the Indianapolis 500 is Dario Franchitti , who won his third Indianapolis victory at the 2012 race .", "The first Indianapolis 500 was held on Memorial Day 1911, at the Indianapolis, Indiana Motor Speedway. Built in 1909 as a testing ground for Indiana's then rapidly expanding automobile industry, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway was originally used to promote automobile sales. Affectionately known as \"The Brickyard,\" the track was originally surfaced with paving bricks. Although the modern track is covered by asphalt, most of the original paving bricks are still in place under the asphalt surface. Running 2.5 miles in length, the track has four turns linked by two long straight sections and two short straight sections. Today, billed as the Greatest Spectacle in Racing, the 500-mile competition is America's premier automobile race, pitting drivers against each other as they travel at average speeds well in excess of 150 miles per hour (mph).", "Billed as the Greatest Spectacle in Racing, the Indianapolis 500 is an annual Memorial Day sporting event held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The first auto races at the track were held in August 1909. Resurfacing its 500-mile (805 km) track with 3.2 million bricks accomodated the rapidly rising advancements in the automotive industry, and the first \"500\" race was held at the Speedway on Memorial Day in 1911.", "May 30th 1911 1st Indianapolis 500 car race, Ray Harroun wins at 74.59 MPH (120 KPH)", "The Indianapolis 500 is the most prestigious race on the open-wheel, or IndyCar, circuit and is contested annually on Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. First held in 1911, the Indy 500 is now known as the \"Greatest Spectacle In Racing,\" with the winner receiving the Borg-Warner Trophy. A.J. Foyt, Al Unser and Rick Mears have each won the Indianapolis 500 four times (the most among drivers in the event's history).", "Nicknamed the \"Little Professor\" for his pioneering work of creating the Marmon Wasp, which was a revolutionary design being the first open-wheel single-seater racecar. Harroun is best known for winning the first running of the Indianapolis 500 Mile Race on May 30, 1911. He is known to have started at least 60 AAA-sanctioned races, during the years 1905–1911 (statistics on some of the shorter races document only the top three finishers, so some starts resulting in lower finishes may not be known). From 1909 to 1911, Harroun drove primarily for the team operated by Indianapolis-based auto maker, Marmon. However, at least one 1909 race result shows him driving a Buick. Also, statistics from 1905 through 1908 show him driving cars described as \"Harroun Custom\" and \"Harroun Sneezer.\"", " In 1911, the first race was held and called \"International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race\" and quickly became an overnight tradition, drawing more than 90,000 spectators. A driver named Ray Harroun, won the race. He is also the man who invented the rear view mirror! Fortunately, he was driving a car called a Marmon, which is made in Indianapolis (just across town). Therefore, the hometown made car won the hometown race! However, Europeans also competed and later won races also.", "At the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911, his use of what would now be called a rear-view mirror, rather than the riding mechanic specified in the rules, created controversy, but was ultimately allowed. Harroun went on to win at an average speed of . Harroun, who came out of retirement to race in the first 500, would not race after 1911. Harroun's historic Firestone-shod yellow #32 Marmon \"Wasp,\" in which he won the Indianapolis 500, is on display at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum.", "From its inception in 1911, the Indianapolis 500 has been considered the marquee event of Championship/Indy Car racing. The race has been held every year from 1911-2016, with the exception of 1917-1918 (WWI) and 1942-1945 (WWII). The Indianapolis 500 has been part of an official National Championship in 1916, 1920-1941, and 1946-2016. In the years from 1911-1915, as well as 1919, the race was held, but it was not attached to an officially recognized national championship.", "1911 --- 1st winner of the Indianapolis 500 car race. His average speed was 74.59 mph, he finished in 6 hours, 42 minutes, 8 seconds.", "The first \"500\" was held at the Speedway on Decoration Day (as Memorial Day was known from its inception in 1868 to 1967 when Federal Law made Memorial Day the official name), May 30, 1911, run to a 600 cid maximum engine size formula. It saw a field of 40 starters, with Harroun piloting a Marmon Model 32-based Wasp racer — outfitted with his invention, the rear view mirror. Harroun (with relief from Cyrus Patschke) was declared the winner, although Ralph Mulford protested the official result. 80,000 spectators were in attendance, and an annual tradition had been established. Many considered Harroun to be a hazard during the race, as he was the only driver in the race driving without a riding mechanic, who checked the oil pressure and let the driver know when traffic was coming. ", "Love it or not, Indycar racing is one of the world’s most hotly contested forms of motorsport. The most prestigious event in the Indycar calendar is the Indy 500 (or Indianapolis 500-Mile Race), which has been run since 1911, and which along with the Monaco F1 Grand Prix and 24 Hours of Le Mans is one of the races that form the ‘Triple Crown’ of motorsport. The Triple Crown is a feat that has only ever been achieved by a single driver – the late great Graham Hill. As well as being one of the most important four-wheeled racing events, the Indy 500 is also known as one of the most deadly – with drivers achieving speeds of over 200mph just feet away from the safety barrier. Wilbur Shaw – the president of Indianapolis Motor Speedway from 1945-1954 was the man who gave us the immortal phrase “gentlemen, start your engines”. All of these things point to the illustrious and immovable position of the Indy 500 in the world of motorsport – and show us why the event billed as “The Greatest Spectacle in Racing” is so important.", "Since 1911, the Indianapolis 500 has been held every year, with the exception of 1917-18 and 1942-45, when the United States was involved in the two world wars. With an average crowd of 400,000, the Indy 500 is the best-attended event in U.S. sports. In 1936, asphalt was used for the first time to cover the rougher parts of the track, and by 1941 most of the track was paved. The last of the speedway’s original bricks were covered in 1961, except for a three-foot line of bricks left exposed at the start-finish line as a nostalgic reminder of the track’s history.", "Thirty-three cars driven to victory in the Indianapolis 500 form the staring grid on the main straight during a photo shoot for the 100th anniversary of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Oct. 12, 2010. The front row, from right to left, included the 1911 Marmon \"Wasp, driven by Ray Harroun, the 2010 car driven by Dario Franchitti, and the 1961 roadster driven by A.J. Foyt for his first of four Indianapolis 500 wins.", "While Harroun's Marmon Wasp car was designed and built just miles away from the speedway, the race was considered an international affair even in the early years, when drivers from across the globe converged on Indianapolis. European-made cars (Peugeot, Delage and Mercedes) won at Indy from 1913 to 1919, and foreign-born drivers also dominated in the Speedway's formative years, with Italian Ralph de Palma emerging as a top star of the era. De Palma's only win at Indy came in 1915, but he finished in the top seven on six occasions and his record tally of 612 laps led at the speedway wasn't exceeded until 1987.", "August 19, 1909 – The first automobile race takes place at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Twelve thousand are in attendance.", "1911 winner Ray Harroun. Note the rear-view mirror attached to his car. Photo courtesy of Indianapolis Motor Speedway.", "Indianapolis is a major center for motorsports. Since 1911, Indianapolis Motor Speedway (IMS) (in the enclave of Speedway, Indiana) has been the site of the Indianapolis 500, an open-wheel automobile race held each Memorial Day weekend. Considered part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport, the Indianapolis 500 is the largest single-day sporting event in the world, hosting more than 257,000 permanent seats. The city is headquarters to INDYCAR, the sanctioning body for American Championship car racing, and more than 500 motorsports companies and racing teams, employing some 10,000 people in the region. Indianapolis is so well connected with racing that it has inspired the name \"IndyCar,\" used for both the competition and type of car used in it. ", "The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, also known as the Indianapolis 500, the Indy 500 or The 500, is an American automobile race, held annually over the Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. The event lends its name to the IndyCar class, or formula, of open-wheel race cars that have competed in it. The event, billed as The Greatest Spectacle in Racing, is considered one of the three most significant motorsports events in the world.", "The winner of the 1911 Indianapolis 500 averaged about 75 mph, less than half the winning speed in today's race. (William Manning / Corbis)", "In the United States the first recorded race was held on May 24, 1878, in Boston, two years after the start of professional baseball and 13 years before basketball was invented. Almost all of the early American racing was on tracks, in long races sometimes employing pacers who rode ahead of contestants at a fast speed and then dropped away. By the 1890s there were about 100 dirt, cement, or wooden tracks around the country, mainly in big cities. More than 600 professionals traveled on this national circuit, which ranged from Boston to San Francisco , with competitions in such cities as St. Louis, Salt Lake City , Denver, and Los Angeles . The sport received an enormous publicity boost on June 30, 1899, when one of these riders, Charles M. Murphy, rode on a wooden track behind a Long Island Rail Road train and covered a mile in 57.8 seconds, earning the nickname of Mile-a-Minute Murphy.", "Altoona was the site of a board track called Altoona Speedway from 1923 to 1931. On June 15, 1929, just two weeks after winning the 1929 Indianapolis 500, Ray Keech was killed in an accident at the Altoona Speedway.", "The Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 as a gravel-and-tar track and hosted a smattering of small events, including ones for motorcycles. The first long distance event, in \"fearful conditions\", was the 100-lap Prest-O-Lite Trophy in 1909, won by Bob Burman in a Buick. Breakup of the asphalt led to two fatal accidents in the first two long-distance events (a 250 mi and 300 mi, which was shortened to 235 mi after two severe wrecks). ", "HARROUN DIDN’T 184 RAY WIN THE INAUGURAL 500. According to Harroun, “Marmon won it.” As Donald Davidson points out, the early races were about the cars, not the drivers: “They were like jockeys.”", "BOBBY UNSER WON HIS FIRST INDY 500 IN 1968. He’d win twice more, in ’75 and ’81.", "The first race run on the brick track at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Indiana was held on this day.", "* May 29 – Indianapolis 500: A. J. Foyt becomes the first driver to win the race 4 times.", "In the United States, Indy Car is a class of single seat paved track racing, organized by INDYCAR. Its premier race is the Indianapolis 500.", "May 29 – Indianapolis 500: A. J. Foyt becomes the first driver to win the race 4 times.", "** Bobby Unser wins the Indianapolis 500 for a second time in a rain-shorted 174 lap, 435 mile (696 km) race." ]

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[ "The Mystery Machine is an iconic symbol of the Scooby Doo franchise. It has featured in different forms through the various versions of the long-running show, ferrying the Mystery Inc. team from one whodunnit riddle to the next. With its psychedelic colour scheme and painted-on flowers, the van takes its inspiration from the hippy movement of the late sixties – the first episode was broadcast in 1969. Although not based on one particular van, the cartoon version resembles a Ford Econoline, while many fan-made replicas are based on Volkswagen Transporters. ", "The distinctive aqua and lime exterior adorned with the outrageous orange-lettered logo no longer conceals the mysterious interior of the windowless van. Shaggy and Scooby-Doo have blanketed vermilion shag carpeting on the van's walls, floor and ceiling, accented by screaming green area rugs. A television, surfboard, beanbag chair, refrigerator, hammock-plus a hibachi for grilling -- equip the Mystery Machine with all the comforts of home. (A custom-made sunroof hatch located over the hibachi keeps the van up to fire code standards.)", "Fred Jones, Daphne Blake, Velma Dinkley, Shaggy Rogers and Scooby Doo are the five members of the Mystery Inc team that go around the world (with their van The Mystery Machine) and solve mysteries. Fred (the blonde one) is their leader that most of the time drives the van and sets traps, his color is blue. Daphne loves fashion and she usually screams Jeepers, she loves pink and purple. Velma is the brain of the team, with great knowladge, technology, Velma uses the clues to solve the mystery, her color is red (and orange). Shaggy is the best friend of the dog, Shaggy, they love eating, but they never get fat. With color of green (and red) Shaggy always messes up the trap with Scooby (the are also always the bate, doing it for scooby Snacks) but at the end, after lots of chasing, they catch the monster! The gang in 99% of the episodes were together without any private problems until Mystery Incorporated, as drama came between Fred and Daphne, Velma, Shaggy and Scooby (teen and love problems). Click here to go to the page \"The Gang\"", "Popular animated series featuring Scooby-Doo, a Great Dane who joins four California high school students (Fred, Daphne, Velma and Shaggy) on many quests to solve strange mysteries. Each mystery is current and unusual and involves the group stopping someone from wreaking certain havoc on the world. The gang were always driving in the Mystery Machine, returning from or going to a regular teenage function, when their van develops engine trouble or breaks down for a variety of reasons. Their (unintended) destination turns out to be suffering a monster problem, and the gang volunteers to investigate the case. Eventually, enough clues are found to convince the gang that the ghost or monster was a villain. Invariably, the ghost or monster was apprehended and revealed to be an apparently blameless authority figure or otherwise innocuous local who uses the disguise to cover up a crime or scam. After proclaiming \"And I would have gotten away with it too, if it weren't for you meddling kids!\", ... Written by Anonymous", "B. A.'s legendary black and metallic gray GMC Vandura van used by the A-Team, with its characteristic red stripe, black and red turbine mag wheels, and rooftop spoiler, has become an enduring pop culture icon. Early examples of the van had a red GMC logo on the front grille, and an additional GMC logo on the rear left door. Early in the second season, these logos were blacked out, although GMC continued to supply vans and receive a credit on the closing credits of each episode.", "In What's New Scooby Doo, the Mystery Machine plays even a bigger role. First, there is an episode about the van becoming possessed called its It's Mean, It's Green, It's the Mystery Machine. Plus, the episodes have numerous gags about the van being customized by Fred. And, it is always with gang, even on trips to Transylvania and where ever they roam.", "The 1994 Chevy G10 was used in \"Scooby Doo! The Mystery Begins,\" a 2009 TV movie filmed in Vancouver. According to the postings, it was a Telus panel van before starring in the film.", "\"First, they are scheduled for release around May/June 2015. There will be four sets in total including the famous Mystery Van which has minifigures of Fred, Shaggy, and Scooby-Doo. The next set is a Haunted House that includes Shaggy, Scooby, Daphne, and Velma. There were also two other sets but there aren’t any descriptions. However, they mention that there was a Swamp Monster in one of these sets.\"", "90. Scooby-Doo 1969 Mystery Machine Van: Without the Mystery Machine, Fred, Daphne, Velma, Scooby and Shaggy go nowhere. They've been going since 1969. That's 42 years.", "Scooby-Doo and Shaggy are inseparable, in their antics and on this list. They're funny on two levels. The first is, seen through the eyes of a child, they're just silly cowards who somehow always save the day and remain best friends. But watch Scooby-Doo as an adult, and you'll wonder if the van driving, spacey talk and continual snacking are lifestyle symptoms of the same folks who inspired Pineapple Express. The original 1969 title, Scooby-Doo, Where Are You?, was a parody of then popular TV series Car 54, Where Are You?.", "*In the episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies episode \"Sandy Duncan's Jekyll and Hyde\", one of the cut out letters for a ransom note is from a newspaper. The newspaper reads Daily Bu le with the g missing. Also shown on the newspaper is the Bugles signature bugle.", "Here is the wording from the press release: \"Scooby-Doo and the Gang are revving up the Mystery Machine in the upcoming, all-new animated comedy series Be Cool Scooby-Doo! WBCP will continue to offer licensing opportunities for the Scooby-Doo brand and returning partners including global master toy licensee Character Group, Rubie’s Costumes, Scholastic, Hallmark and Pressman Toy, among others.\"", "Scooby has a speech impediment and tends to pronounce most words as if they begin with an \" R \", though most characters are able to understand him perfectly. In most iterations, he keeps his sentences relatively short, usually using charades for anything longer than three or four words. His catch phrase , usually howled at the end of every episode, is \"Scooby-Dooby-Doo!\" or \"Rooby-Rooby-Roo\". He also usually says, at least once per episode, \"Ruh-roh, Raggy\" (\"Uh-oh, Shaggy\"). His quirky chuckle is often also in an episode, but it changed slightly when Frank Welker took over the voice of Scooby. Scooby's voice is similar to that of the earlier character Astro from The Jetsons .", "- Like in the film \"The Curse of the Were-rabbit\", the buttons on the radio in the van spell out the word mutt (American slang for a mongrel dog)", "*In a bonus feature on the Aloha Scooby-Doo DVD, Fred mentions a sixth member of the gang, to the gang's shock and dismay. Shaggy mentions they weren't supposed to talk about Scrappy. Freddy was talking about the Mystery Machine.", "Description : The Mystery Inc. crew travels the globe on a transcontinental treasure hunt to solve a series of ancient riddles. Scooby-Doo and Shaggy are indoctrinated by an unlikely Sword Master.", "Description : Scooby Doo and the gang visited a haunted school. After the girls are kidnapped, it's up to Scooby and the gang to save them.", "In 1988, Scooby and the gang had their most extensive makeover to date. A Pup Named Scooby-Doo built on the “back when they were kids…” idea that was all the rage in the mid-to-late-80s ( Muppet Babies , The Flintstone Kids, even a junior Roseanne Barr in Little Rosie). Junior versions of Fred, Daphne, Velma, Shaggy and Scooby (no more Scrappy) solved preteen crimes, although not before falsely accusing a recurring character named Red Herring.", "Also note the license plates on the getaway van (what make is this?). I originally thought it had no license plates, but the license plates are blacked out on the top (you can see just a small amount of the plates at the bottom). This truck is later seen at Dillingham Field outside the warehouse-like building. If the plates were blacked out, this would be a dumb move because the cops could pick up on this easily.", "We are delighted to bring the third season of Whats New Scooby-Doo? to consumers, commented Amit Desai, WHV Vice President, Family, Animation and Sports Marketing. He added, What makes this Scooby-Doo series different than the others is that we see a more contemporary version of the Mystery Inc. gang. They use todays technology in fighting crimes and solving mysteries. Although the show has evolved with the passage of time, that same essence that made Scooby-Doo such a superstar is still going strong. We think families everywhere will enjoy watching this very entertaining DVD.", "One attempt to answer this has been the novel, authored by Wendy Teasdale, \"Scooby-Doo and the Illuminati.\" Set between Series 4 and 5 of the official series, Scooby-Doo and the Illuminati tells the epic story of the gang's discovery of a secret and shadowy conspiracy devoted to hiding all evidence of the gang's doings and wiping the minds of all those who encounter \"monsters\".", "Those meddling kids—Fred, Daphne, Velma, Shaggy, and their dog, Scooby-Doo—get more ghost-debunking than they bargained for when faced with a fundamental change in their world. The apocalypse has happened. Old rules about logic no longer apply. The creatures of the night are among us, and the crew of the Magical Mystery Machine has to fight to survive—because in the apocalyptic badlands of the near-future, the horrors are real!", "Said by Velma in the series finale for Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated while she is trying to comprehend the reveal of an alternate timeline where the Nibiru Entity never existed, and therefore never negatively influenced any of the character's lives, placing them in a happy town with no mysteries.", "In addition to the television show, Scooby Doo and the gang have made numerous videos. These Scooby-Doo videos include:", "*Yankee-Doodle-Doo: Scooby's ancestor. He was owned by McBaggy Rogers. He also appears to be a pilgrim. Little is known about him.", "* Phineas and Ferb: In the episode My Ride From Outer Space, the series' title characters repair and modify a crashed alien space-ship into a Hot-Rod themed flying car, they also modified their mom's station wagon into a flying car called The Flying Car of The Future, Today", "The adventures of Scooby and his friends Shaggy, Velma, Fred and Daphne first aired in 1969.", "The Creep of Crystal Cove returns to steal the pieces of the disc from the Mystery Gang, who is shocked of the real face behind the mask. The gang finally seperates; Scooby is sent to a farm, Shaggy is sent to a military camp, Fred breaks off his engagement with Daphne to find his parents, and Velma leaves to go to a better college out of Crystal Cove.", "The band have a strong connection with the Scooby Doo franchise. How did that come about?", "8: The gang finally gets to relax and have fun. Shaggy tries to eat something, but Scooby beats him to the punch.", "Fred : Shaggy, you, Scooby, David and Seb take a look around town, and see if you can find any trace of Jeff!", "Can anyone tell me what year and model Barney's patrol car was? Thanks for the help." ]

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[ "After several years of decreased profits for Cunard Line, Queen Mary was officially retired from service in 1967. She sailed to the port of Long Beach, California, United States, where she remains permanently moored. Much of her machinery including her propellers and boilers were removed, and the ship now serves as a tourist attraction featuring restaurants, a museum, and hotel. The ship is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "After several years of decreased profits for Cunard Line, Queen Mary was officially retired from service in 1967. She left Southampton for the last time on 31 October 1967 and sailed to the port of Long Beach, California, United States, where she remains permanently moored. Much of the machinery including two of the four steam turbines, three of the four propellers, and all of the boilers were removed, and the ship now serves as a tourist attraction featuring restaurants, a museum, and hotel. The ship is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The  National Trust for Historic Preservation  has accepted the Queen Mary to be part of the Historic Hotels of America. [1]", "After several years of decreased profits for Cunard Line, Queen Mary was officially retired from service in 1967. She left Southampton for the last time on 31 October 1967 and sailed to the port of Long Beach, California , United States, where she remains permanently moored. Much of the machinery, including one of the two engine rooms, three of the four propellers, and all of the boilers, were removed. The ship serves as a tourist attraction featuring restaurants, a museum , and a hotel. The ship is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The National Trust for Historic Preservation has accepted the Queen Mary as part of the Historic Hotels of America. [4]", "The RMS Queen Mary is a hotel. RMS Queen Mary was a Cunard Line (then Cunard White Star Line) ocean liner that sailed the North Atlantic Ocean from 1936 to 1967. Built by John Brown and Company, Clydebank, Scotland, she was designed to be the first of Cunard's planned two-ship weekly express service from Southampton to New York, in answer to the mainland European superliners of the late twenties and early thirties. Queen Mary and her slightly larger and younger running mate RMS Queen Elizabeth commenced this two-ship service after their release from World War II troop transport duties and continued it for two decades until Queen Mary's retirement in 1967. The ship is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is permanently berthed in Long Beach, California serving as a museum ship and hotel.", " RMS Queen Mary is a retired ocean liner that sailed primarily in the North Atlantic Ocean from 1936 to 1967 for the Cunard Line (known as Cunard-White Star when the vessel entered service). Built by John Brown & Company in Clydebank, Scotland, Queen Mary along with her running mate, the RMS Queen Elizabeth, were built as part of Cunard's planned two-ship weekly express service between Southampton, Cherbourg, and New York City. The two ships were a British response to the superliners built by German and French companies in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Queen Mary was the flagship of the Cunard Line from May 1936 until October 1946 when she was replaced by Queen Elizabeth. The vessel also held the Blue Riband from 1936 to 1937 and then from 1938 to 1952 when she was beaten by the new SS United States.", "RMS Queen Mary is a retired ocean liner that sailed primarily in the North Atlantic Ocean from 1936 to 1967 for the Cunard Line (known as Cunard-White Star when the vessel entered service). Built by John Brown & Company in Clydebank, Scotland, Queen Mary along with her running mate, the RMS Queen Elizabeth, were built as part of Cunard's planned two-ship weekly express service between Southampton, Cherbourg, and New York City. The two ships were a British response to the superliners built by German and French companies in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Queen Mary was the flagship of the Cunard Line from May 1936 until October 1946 when she was replaced in that role by Queen Elizabeth. The vessel also held the Blue Riband from 1936 to 1937 and then from 1938 to 1952 when she was beaten by the new SS United States.", "Sightseers line the waterfront at Southampton, England, to wave farewell to the legendary ocean liner Queen Mary, September 16, 1967. The former flagship of the Cunard-White Star Line is en route to Long Beach, Calif., where it will find a permanent berth as a floating hotel and maritime museum. (AP Photo)", "Cunard Line, one of the world's most recognized brand names with a classic British heritage, is operated by Miami-based Cunard Line Limited, which also operates Seabourn Cruise Line.  Cunard Line Limited is a unit of Carnival Corporation.  Carnival shares trade on the New York Stock Market under the ticker symbol CCL.  The Cunard fleet includes famed Queen Elizabeth 2 and Caronia.  The Seabourn fleet includes Seabourn Sun, Seabourn Pride, Spirit and Legend and Seabourn Goddess I & II.  Cunard Line and Seabourn Cruise Line are members of the exclusive World's Leading Cruise Lines alliance, which also includes Carnival Cruise Lines, Holland America Line, Costa Cruises and Windstar Cruises.  Together, these member lines share a commitment to quality and value, offering cruise vacations that appeal to the widest range of lifestyles and budgets and sail to some of the world's most exciting destinations.  Cunard Line and Seabourn Cruise Line represent nearly 50 percent of the world's luxury cruise market.", "On September 27th 1947 the ship was transferred back to Cunard and underwent refitting to transform her back to her grand state of luxury. In 1958 The Queen Mary was upgraded with stabilizers but her future was beginning to dim. She was only making cruises to the Canary Islands and the Bahamas periodically due to the fact that she had no central air conditioning or outdoor pools. Air travel was becoming economical, safe and above all fast and this contributed greatly to the decline in liner travel. In May of 1965, an employee strike cost Cunard millions of dollars and doomed the great ships career. Bids were then opened and received for the sale of the Queen Mary with the California City of Long Beach winning out. So it was on September 16, 1967 that the grandest ship to sail the oceans made her last scheduled crossing of the Atlantic.", "* Built in Scotland and completed in 1936, The former ocean liner in Long Beach, California, United States uses its first-class staterooms as a hotel, after retiring in 1967 from Transatlantic service.", "Seven years later, after the Alaska, the ill fated Oregon, the America, and the twin Cunarders Etruria and Umbria, had successively reigned and been deposed as ocean monarchs, the Paris reached another milestone by crossing in less than six days. For three years more the Paris' only rivals were her sister ship, the New York, and the pair of White Star liners, the Teutonic and Majestic. Then the Cunard company launched its latest giants -- also twin vessels -- the Campania and Lucania, and the latter now holds the record -- five days, seven hours, and twenty three minutes.", "She resumed passenger duties at the end of the war and was officially retired from service in 1967 when she set sail for the last time from Southampton to Long Beach.", "RMS Aquitania was a Cunard Line ocean liner designed by Leonard Peskett and built by John Brown & Company in Clydebank, Scotland. She was launched on 21 April 1913 [4] and sailed on her maiden voyage to New York on 30 May 1914. Aquitania was the third in Cunard Line's \"grand trio\" of express liners, preceded by the RMS Mauretania and RMS Lusitania , and was the last surviving four-funnelled ocean liner. [5] Widely considered one of the most attractive ships of her time, Aquitania earned the nickname \"Ship Beautiful\". [3]", "In 1840 the Cunard Line started out with four wooden paddle steamers as the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company. Seven years later the service was increased to weekly transatlantic sailings and the company was later renamed to Cunard Steam Ship Co., Ltd with an upgrade of its fleet in 1878. In order to keep up with fierce competition from the American combine and the German Cunard modernized and upgraded its fleet once more by adding the express liners Mauretania and Lusitania in 1907. By the end of World War I the fleet was rebuilt and around the same time Cunard moved its express service from Liverpool to Southampton. Eventually Cunard built the two large liners Queen Mary in 1936 and Queen Elizabeth in 1940 respectively and took over the White Star Line in 1934. With the decline in passenger traffic in the 1960s the shipping line discontinued the regular transatlantic service and concentrated on cruising only. Still today Cunard is known for its cruise ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2 or Queen Mary 2.", "Hoping to continue financing their still-under-construction Queen Elizabeth 2, Cunard mortgaged the majority of the fleet. Due to a combination of age, lack of public interest, inefficiency in a new market, and the damaging after effects of the national seamen's strike, Cunard announced that both Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth would be retired from service and sold off. Many offers were submitted, and the bid of $3.45m/£1.2m from Long Beach, California beat the Japanese scrap merchants. ", "The largest liner in the world at the time of her 30 May 1914 Maiden Voyage Aquitania is considered one of the most beautiful liners ever built and certainly the most beautiful four-funnelled liner ever. She became one of the longest-serving Cunarders in history (36 years service) and was the only major liner to serve in both World Wars. In fact Churchill credited her and the two Cunard Queens (Mary and Elizabeth) with shortening the Second World War by a year! Her service length and miles sailed (three million) were both only surpassed by QE2.", "    The Queen Mary was the only one left. Would she too disappear from the face of earth? Fortunately, as a touch of fate, the Californian city of Long Beach made a higher offer than the Japanese scrappers; they were willing to give as much as $3,450,000. The Queen Mary was saved! She was chartered by a New York travel agency for the voyage to California. On this last sentimental voyage she carried cruise passengers from Southampton around South America to Los Angeles. After forty days at sea she reached her destination on December 9, 1967. Well in Long Beach the Queen Mary was relieved of her propellers and underwent a $72,000,000-refit (!) into the �Hotel Queen Mary� emerging in May 1971. She has remained there ever since. Some years ago she was in financial trouble, and the Japanese scrappers reappeared. She managed to get through that, and today her future looks very bright.", "1967 The luxury liner Queen Mary was sold to the Southern Californian town of Long Beach.", "To raise additional capital, in 1879 the privately held British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company was reorganised as a public stock corporation, the Cunard Steamship Company, Ltd. Under Cunard's new chairman, John Burns (1839–1900), son of one of the firm's original founders, Cunard commissioned four steel-hulled express liners beginning with Servia of 1881, the first passenger liner with electric lighting throughout. In 1884, Cunard purchased the almost new Blue Riband winner Oregon from the Guion Line when that firm defaulted on payments to the shipyard. That year, Cunard also commissioned the record-breakers Umbria and Etruria capable of 19.5 knots (36.1 km/h). Starting in 1887, Cunard's newly won leadership on the North Atlantic was threatened when Inman and then White Star responded with twin screw record-breakers. In 1893 Cunard countered with two even faster Blue Riband winners, Campania and Lucania, capable of 21.8 knots (40.4 km/h).", "The Cunard fleet was subsequently expanded with the construction of Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth (the third Cunard liner with this name). Although these smaller ships have periodically been dispatched along the transatlantic route, they spend much their time in the Mediterranean, the Caribbean and the Pacific.", "Cunard regained its position as the biggest Atlantic passenger line upon the end of World War II. By the mid-1950s, the line operated 12 ships to Canada and the United States. After 1958, trans-Atlantic liners became increasingly unprofitable due to the introduction of jet airliners. In 1968 Cunard Line withdrew from year round service to concentrate on cruising and summer transatlantic sailings for vacationers. The Queens were replaced by QE2 (Queen Elizabeth 2), which was designed for her special dual role.", "Cunard withdrew Mauretania from service following a final eastward crossing from New York to Southampton in September 1934. The final crossing was made at an average speed of 24 knots (her original contractual speed stipulation for her mail subsidy), and Mauretania was then laid up at Southampton awaiting her fate next to the former one time White Star Line flagship Olympic. Thus marked the end of twenty-eight years of service with Cunard.", "Cunard withdrew Mauretania from service following a final eastward crossing from New York to Southampton in September 1934. The final crossing was made at an average speed of 24 knots (her original contractual speed stipulation for her mail subsidy), and Mauretania was then laid up at Southampton awaiting her fate next to the former one time White Star Line flagship Olympic. Thus marked the end of twenty-eight years of service with Cunard.", "Cunard withdrew Mauretania from service following a final eastward crossing from New York to Southampton in September 1934. The final crossing was made at an average speed of 24 knots (her original contractual speed stipulation for her mail subsidy), and Mauretania was then laid up at Southampton awaiting her fate next to the former one time White Star Line flagship Olympic. Thus marked the end of twenty-eight years of service with Cunard.", "In 1900, Cunard’s key vessels were the Campania and Lucania of 1893 (until the Queen Mary of 1935, all Cunard ships had names ending –ia). Campania and Lucania were 13,000 tons and over 600 feet long, and could accommodate 2,000 passengers and over 400 crew.", "Discerning, well-traveled British and American couples from their late 30s to retirees are drawn to the traditional style of Cunard and the notion of \"a cruise aboard an ocean liner\". Announcements are made in English, French, German, and, on occasion, Spanish. Travelers on cruises are older than those on crossings. However, there is enough buzz about Cunard Line as to attract a number of young passengers and families. The Kid Zone features a splash pool and a dedicated play area for kids ages one to six. Separate programs are reserved for older ages (7 to 12) and teens up to 17. Activities range from games to educational computer classes. Kids can practice social graces when served their afternoon teatime goodies. English nannies supervise the toddlers. Facilities are operated until midnight and group babysitting is complimentary. Infants under 12 months are not permitted. Kids ages 1 to 2 sail free (except for government fees).", "Image caption The Queen Mary and her sister ship the Queen Elizabeth provided a twice weekly transatlantic service for Cunard between the 1940s and 1960s", "She was returned to Matson Lines in mid-1946 and extensively refitted at Bethlehem-Alameda Shipyard in Alameda, CA in 1947 at the then huge cost of $US 20 million. She resumed her San Francisco to Honolulu service from 15 April 1948 and regained her pre-war status as the Pacific Ocean's top liner. Her high occupancy rates during the early 1950s caused Matson to also refit/rebuilt her sister ss Monterey (actually renaming her ss Matsonia) and to put her on the same service. As a result, the two liners provided a first-class-only service between Hawaii and the American mainland from June 1957 to September 1962, mixed with the occasional Pacific cruise. Serious competition from jet airlines caused passenger loads to fall in the early 1960s and the ultimate lay-up of sister Matsonia in late 1962.", "Lurline was christened on 12 July 1932 in Quincy by Lurline Matson Roth (who had also christened her father's (William Matson) 1908 steamship Lurline as a young woman of 18). On 12 January 1933, she departed New York City on her maiden voyage bound for San Francisco, CA via Havana, Cuba, the Panama Canal and Los Angeles. From there, she would sail for Sydney, Australia and the South Pacific, returning to San Francisco on 24 April 1933. She then served on the express San Francisco to Honolulu, Hi service alongside her older sister Malolo.", "The SS Catalina, also known as The Great White Steamer, is a 301-foot steamship built in 1924 that provided passenger service on the 26-mile passage between Los Angeles and Santa Catalina Island from 1924 to 1975.  She carried more passengers than any other vessel anywhere.  SS Catalina transported more than 800,000 soldiers, more than any other army transport throughout WWII.  Retired in 1975 and place on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Catalina is registered as a California State Historical Landmark and City of Los Angeles' Cultural Monument.", "To meet the increased demands of tourism to the islands, in June of 1957, it joined its sister ship, the Lurline (commissioned in 1932) in service between San Francisco, Los Angeles and Honolulu.  With a length of 632 feet and a speed of 22 knots it was now completely air-conditioned. Spacious and distinctively designed public rooms and staterooms accommodated 761 passengers, all in first-class.", "This original photo shows what appeared to be the S.S. Californian heading towards the Carpathia. In a series of images, the Californian appears progressively larger. After the Carpathia had picked up survivors, the Californian arrived at 8:30 a.m. on April 15, 1912 and searched through the wreckage." ]

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[ "Trap: A u-shaped pipe below plumbing fixtures designed to create a water seal and prevent sewer odors and gases from being released into the habitable areas.", "U-shaped pipe beneath a fixture containing a quantity of water to prevent sewage gases from escaping.", "Problem number one is that the drain is connected to the sewer side of the trap.  The water that always sits in the bottom of the P-trap is what prevents sewer gases from coming in to the house.  The dishwasher drain must be connected before the P-trap, not after it, which is what was done here.  With this improper installation, sewer gases have the potential to come back in to the dishwasher.  The diagram below right shows a proper installation.", "Sewer gas is typically restricted from entering buildings through plumbing traps that create a water seal at potential points of entry. In addition, plumbing vents allow sewer gases to be exhausted outdoors. Infrequently used plumbing fixtures may allow sewer gas to enter a home due to evaporation of water in the trap, especially in dry weather. The result is the most common means of sewer gas entering buildings and can be solved easily by using the fixtures regularly or adding water to their drains. One of the most common traps to dry out are floor drains such as those typically placed near home furnaces and water heaters. Infrequently used utility sinks, tubs, showers, and restrooms also are common culprits. Trap primers are available that automatically add water to remote or little used traps such as these. Blocked plumbing vents, typically at the roof, also can cause water seals to fail via siphoning of the water.", "Bend, Return. A U-shaped pipe fitting for the purpose of connecting the ends of two parallel pipes, thus providing for a return flow.", "Soil Pipe. Any pipe that conveys the discharge of toilets, urinals or fixtures having similar functions to the building drain or building sewer. The discharge may be conveyed with or without the discharge from other fixtures.", "A section of pipe curved to retain water and make a seal in the line below a fixture. P-traps are shaped like the letter P, while S-traps (no longer allowed) are shaped like the letter S.", "House Sewer: The watertight soil pipe extending from the exterior of the foundation wall to the public sewer.", "Indirect Waste Pipe. A waste pipe that does not connect directly with a drainage system, but discharges into a drainage system through an air break or air gap into a properly wasted and vented trap, fixture, receptacle or interceptor.", "Principle No. 14 -- Prevent Contamination by Installing Indirect Waste. Indirect drainage piping installations shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, ice, sterile goods, and other similar products. When the potential of a backflow of sewage event is possible the fixture, device, or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building sanitary or storm drainage system.", "The fixture on the left is a washing machine drain box. You can see the 2-inch drain pipe leave the box and go into a p-trap. It connects to a 2 x 1.5 x 2 x tee. The vent pipe rising above the tee is just 1.5 pipe and connects to another vent pipe that is coming up from the basement below. (C) Copyright 2017 - Tim Carter", "House Drain: A horizontal sewer piping within a building, which receives waste from the soil stacks.", "Sanitary Sewer. A pipe that carries sewage but does not carry storm, surface, clear water or ground water.", "Sewer    A large, underground pipe or drain used for conveying waste water and sewage. The Local Authority is usually responsible for the sewers, which collect the effluent from various drains, the drains being the responsibility of the land owners.", "Natural gas is pumped to houses by way of underground pipelines that connect directly to the natural gas source.", "Hi Tim, I am a electrician by trade ,but a okunber I am not, I however am tackling my \"whole\" home remodel. I have a 4 inch septic drain from my basement wall the old plumbing was just a simple 3\" vent from the main 4\" drain as all fixtures drained here only one vent was used. I have upgraded to two full baths from one and redone my roof . I moved the 3 \" stack farther up the roof line and some 4 feet over ,now preventing a straight run from septic exit to roof. My question is ,can my 3 inch vent pipe have any vertical runs. I would have one under the floor joices and another below roof to accomplish a connection from septic exit to roof exir , and all fixtures connecting along the way? Please help", "This system consists of perforated pipe placed at the bottom of a narrow trench and backfilled with a filter material such as coarse sand. It is generally used along the toes of cut or fill slopes. The trench should be below the groundwater surface and dug into a lower, more inpervious soil layer to intercept groundwater. The drains may be made of metal, concrete, clay, asbestos-cement, or bituminous fiber and should be 15 centimeters (6 inches) in diameter or larger.", "The piping shall be connected to a main drain or branch drain from other fixtures to provide a point of waste dilution.", "A major difficulty in selecting a drainage system is the lack of adequate performance data for various drainage methods. A good knowledge of seasonal groundwater fluctuations, variation in lateral and vertical permeability, and the ratio of vertical to lateral permeability are critical. Long term monitoring of drainage performance is important in determining appropriate prescriptions for future installations. For example, perforated drains are commonly prescribed but often will not function properly as a result of clogging of pores with fines or from geochemical reactions leading to the formation of precipitates. Several methods may be used to prevent plugging depending on soil characteristics and material availability. The first is to enclose the perforated pipe with geotextile fabric. Second, surround the pipe with an open graded aggregate material, which in turn is surrounded by a fabric. The use of fabric eliminates the need for an inverted filter consisting of various sized gravel and sand layers. Third, if fabric is not available, surround the pipe with a graded aggregate filter. Although the cost of installing such a drainage system is high, it may effectively reduce final road costs by decreasing the depth of base rock needed, thereby reducing subgrade widths and associated costs for clearing, excavating, and maintenance.", "Additionally, most homes built before the 1970s have sewer lines composed of cast iron and clay. The most common problem in these lines is cracking at the joints and the bottom of the pipe rusting out—this can ultimately be a failure itself or lead to root intrusion. Root intrusion is one of the most destructive and costly problems property owners can face when maintaining their sewer drainage system. Tree roots can travel a great distance, even around concrete slabs, and penetrate pipes in a bid to access water. This problem is reported to cause half of all sewer blockages. Traditional care for root intrusion involves simply hiring someone to dig up and replace the pipe. Not only is this rarely a long-term fix, but it also requires removal and replacement of finished landscapes and slab to address the problem.", "the collection system that connects main and trunk sewers with the wastewater treatment plant. In a combined sewer system interceptor sewers allow some untreated wastes to flow directly into the receiving streams so the plant won't be overloaded.", "Although two tubs have V-shaped notches in their sides for overflow, none of the tubs is equipped with an outlet. Notches cut at the top of their common walls allowed water to flow from one tub to another. Wastewater in the East Tub Room flowed across the floor to an opening at the corner of the staircase. A terracotta channel under the staircase, behind its", "For crawlspaces, the EPA states \"An effective method to reduce radon levels in crawlspace homes involves covering the earth floor with a high-density plastic sheet. A vent pipe and fan are used to draw the radon from under the sheet and vent it to the outdoors. This form of soil suction is called submembrane suction, and when properly applied is the most effective way to reduce radon levels in crawlspace homes.\"", "A drain designed to collect water from the surface and/or from the surrounding ground continuously along its length.RT", "Besides having larger diameters, the drainlines in some older buildings may have sag or slope interruption, have too little slope, or have buildup in the pipe that has occurred over time. When these conditions exist, the reduction in water flow in the pipes that will occur when lowering the flush from 13.25 L (3.5 gal)—or even 6 L (1.6 gal) to 4.84 L (1.28 gal)—can result in more frequent clogging of the drainlines.", "There are several types of backflow prevention devices used today. The type of device is determined by the degree of hazard presented by the possible “cross connection”.", "There are several types of backflow prevention devices used today. The type of device is determined by the degree of hazard presented by the possible \"cross connection\".", "A device which works to join together systems or mechanisms in order to prevent leakage, contain pressure or exclude contamination.", "Hey Tim, I own a home built in 1957, a townhouse that for the life of me I can not find a vent line. I was told by a friend who's a master plumber that the main stack vents everything which is cool I guess except I want to put a bathroom in my basement and I am struggling with finding out how to do exactly that. everything drains into the basement floor via this stack. The system I am installing would be an upflush system that I know would need to be vented, but where would I vent it to? I've found my main stack, unsure where to connect the vent, could i tie it into the same stack above where i tied in the slurry from the upflush?", "Loop Vent. A branch vent that serves two or more floor-outlet fixtures that are battery wasted. The loop vent extends from the top of the horizontal soil and/or waste branch in front of the last fixture waste and connects to a vent stack or stack vent that is adjacent to the down-stream end of the horizontal branch.", "A label shall be affixed at the point of dilution that reads \"Limited Use Waste Drain\" in one inch high lettering shall identify the piping.", "Here is the scenario: Recent heavy rains (flooding nearby), Main drain overflows, No noises prior to over flow and it is draining - extremely slow,I had the main line snaked by plumbers & they went 120 ft out & couldn't get it ; the city guy came out and said the line is 100 ft & their end is clear. I'm thinking that either the city guy didn't actually check or the vent maybe clogged. your thoughts?" ]

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[ "Yogi Bear (voiced by Daws Butler impersonating Art Carney) and Boo-Boo Bear (voiced by Don Messick) reside in Jellystone Park and would often try to steal picnic baskets while evading Ranger Smith (voiced by Don Messick). Yogi also has a relationship with his girlfriend Cindy Bear (voiced by Julie Bennett).", "Yogi Bear. As a resident of Jellystone National Park, Yogi and his friend Boo Boo spend their time pilfering picnic baskets and eluding Ranger Smith. Voice of Daws Butler.", "A live-action/computer-animated film titled Yogi Bear was released by Warner Bros. in December 2010. The movie featured Dan Aykroyd as the voice of Yogi Bear. The film, adapting the television series, follows the adventures of Yogi Bear and his pal Boo-Boo in Jellystone Park, as they avoid Ranger Smith who is trying to stop Yogi from stealing picnic baskets. A sequel is in the works.", "This new adaptation of Hanna-Barbera's classic cartoon stars Academy Award nominee Dan Aykroyd (Driving Miss Daisy) as the voice of Jellystone Park's most famous troublemaker, Yogi Bear. Two-time Emmy Award winner (Saturday Night Live) and six-time Grammy Award winner Justin Timberlake stars as the voice of Boo Boo, Yogi's faithful pal and co-conspirator in his tireless schemes to separate Jellystone Park patrons from their lunches.", "Cast: Dan Aykroyd, Justin Timberlake, Anna Faris, Tom Cavanagh, T.J. Miller, Nathan Corddry, Andrew Daly, Josh Robert Thompson, David Stott Director: Eric Brevig Summary: When the greedy mayor (Andrew Daly) decides to close Jellystone Park to cash in by selling the land, Yogi Bear (voiced by Dan Aykroyd) and his sidekick Boo-Boo (voiced by Justin Timberlake) must team with their adversary, Ranger Smith (Tom Cavanagh), to save their home. Meanwhile, filmmaker Rachel (Anna Faris) follows Yogi and captures his antics. My Thoughts: \"Dan Aykroyd and Justin Timberlake deserve props for the voices. They did a great job. But the film itself was a little on the boring side bringing very few laughs. My niece's and nephew completely disagree with me, as they should considering they are the audience for which this film was intended to be made for. But us grown ups who loved this cartoon as a child will in the end, prefer the cartoon over the film.\"", "Description : A documentary filmmaker travels to Jellystone Park to shoot a project and soon crosses paths with Yogi Bear, his sidekick Boo-Boo, and Ranger Smith.", "Nearly every sentence he says starts with, “But Yogi:” And, by the way, why is he wearing a bow tie in the middle of Jellystone Park? Doesn’t matter. The whole package makes Boo-Boo cuter than the average bear.", "This was the self-promoting saying of Yogi Bear, a cartoon character in two American television series, beginning in 1958. Yogi thought he was quite clever at devising ways to steal campers’ picnic baskets at Jellystone National Park — a takeoff on Yellowstone Park. Delivered in an affected manner borrowed from a human character in another TV show, “I’m smarter than your average bear” became a catchphrase in the popular culture.", "Yogi Bear is a cartoon character who has appeared in numerous comic books, animated television shows and films. He made his debut in 1958 as a supporting character in The Huckleberry Hound Show.", "A music video (known as a \"Cartoon Groovie\") for Yogi Bear used to air on Cartoon Network and Boomerang. It showcases clips of Yogi and Boo Boo stealing picnic baskets and annoying Ranger Smith.", "Yogi, Boo Boo, Quick Draw McGraw, Magilla Gorilla, Snagglepuss, and Huckleberry traveled around America in the half-hour series Yogi's Gang. Debuting in 1973, the characters traveled in Ark Lark, a hot air balloon. They solved problems including Mr. Waste and pollution, Mr. Bigot's bigotry, and other various issues.", "Besides often speaking in rhyme, Yogi Bear had a number of catchphrases, including his pet name for picnic baskets (\"pic-a-nic baskets\") and his favorite self-promotion (\"I'm smarter than the av-er-age bear!\"), although he often overestimates his own cleverness. Another characteristic of Yogi was his deep and silly voice. He often greets the ranger with a cordial, \"Hello, Mr. Ranger, sir!\" and \"Hey there, Boo Boo!\" as his preferred greeting to his sidekick, Boo Boo. Yogi would also often use puns in his speech, and had a habit of pronouncing large words with a long vocal flourish.", "In 1999, animator John Kricfalusi's Spümcø company created and directed two Yogi cartoons, A Day in the Life of Ranger Smith and Boo Boo Runs Wild. Both shorts aired that year on the Cartoon Network as part of a Yogi Bear special. \"Boo Boo Runs Wild\" features a fight between Yogi and Ranger Smith, which was edited heavily for broadcast for both violence and torture situations.", "Description : Yogi and Boo Boo go in search of Cindy Bear, who has fallen into the clutches of a nasty circus owner.", "In 1999, animator wikipedia:John Kricfalusi 's Spümcø company created and directed two Yogi cartoons, wikipedia:A Day in the Life of Ranger Smith and Boo Boo Runs Wild . Both shorts aired that year on the wikipedia:Cartoon Network as part of a Yogi Bear special. \"Boo Boo Runs Wild\" features a fight between Yogi and Ranger Smith, which was edited heavily for broadcast for both violence and torture situations.", "Both Yogi Bear and Boo-Boo appeared as members of Mandy's Nazi group in her neighborhood. Yogi Bear held Hector Con Carne and Stomach in his body alluding to Boskov.", "Help us go green in honor of Earth Day! Make a bird feeder, explore our hidden wildlife, and get in touch with nature. Yogi Bear™ and Boo Boo™ will be helping pick up trash and going green!", "Universal Studios Hollywood is a movie studio and theme park in the unincorporated Universal City community of Los Angeles County, California, United States. It is one of the oldest and most famous Hollywood movie studios still in use. Its official marketing headline is \"The Entertainment Capital of LA\", though during the summer it is often advertised as \"The Coolest Place in LA.\" It was initially created to offer tours of the real Universal Studios soundstages and sets. It is the first of many full-fledged Universal Studios Theme Parks located across the world. Woody Woodpecker is the mascot for Universal Studios Hollywood. The entrance to the theme park may be accessed by the Metro Red line subway line at Universal City Station and other Metro bus routes. Outside the theme park, Universal City includes hotels Universal Hilton & Towers, the Sheraton Hotels and Resorts, the multi-screen Globe Theatre, often used for banquets and receptions, and Universal CityWalk, which offers a collection of shops and restaurants.", "dozens of different species of marine life, including dolphins, sea lions, walruses, polar bears and beluga whales. It also is one of only two places in the world where emperor penguins are kept in captivity. In the nearby community of Carlsbad, Legoland is dedicated to tiny plastic bricks (dubbed “Legos”), and boasts mind-boggling Lego replicas of famous architectural icons (the Statue of Liberty and the Taj Mahal among them) as well as dioramas of seven areas of the U.S. The park incorporates rides and eateries, and is home to the Model Shop, the headquarters for the", "Smokey Bear, probably the most famous bear in the history of the United States, was a cub first found cowering an injured in a tree after a 17,000 acre forest fire in the Lincoln National Forest near Capitan.  Starting in 1950, Smokey was selected by the U.S. Forest Service and the Advertising Council as a spokesman and symbol for fire prevention campaigns all across the country.  Smokey served in this capacity for the rest of his life, even after his death in 1975.  He is buried in Smokey Bear State Park in Capitan.", "He is the mascot of MetLife since its name change in the 1980s. He is also featured in logos for Cedar Point and Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, both amusement parks owned by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company. He is also featured at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California. He was the main character in \"Camp Snoopy\" in Minnesota's Mall of America until the mall's contract with Knott expired.", "A visiting Japanese bear causes problems for Yogi./The Raindance Kid has a policy of always shooting a sheriff on his birthday./Alfy, the alligator, tries everything he can to grab Yakky Duck for lunch.", "greeting cards, a connection that has created a lasting market for the franchise. Camp Snoopy began in Knotts Berry Farm and has become a staple of several theme parks. Snoopy has made his way into Holiday on Ice and national museums. He was also featured in", "* Still Hunt by sculptor Edward Kemeys (1843–1907) was placed in the park in 1883. This bronze sculpture of a crouching cougar waiting to pounce, was created by Edward Kemeys, the famous American sculptor who also created the famous Hudson Bay wolves at the Philadelphia Zoo, and lions at the entrance to the Art Institute of Chicago. Situated on a rock outcrop on the west side of the East Drive at the edge of the Ramble, the crouching animal has scared many joggers as they climb \"Cat Hill\" (formally Cedar Hill) and approach this life-size and realistic representation. Unlike the traditional sculptures of other animals in the park that sit on a base or pedestal, Kemeys situated his animal directly on the rock ledge. Kemeys was so interested in depicting his animals in a realistic mode that he traveled to the western states to see them in their native habitat.", "The Florida resort is not within Orlando city limits, but is about 21 mi southwest of downtown Orlando. Much of the resort is in southwestern Orange County, with the remainder in adjacent Osceola County. The property includes the cities of Lake Buena Vista and Bay Lake which are governed by the Reedy Creek Improvement District. The 27258 acres site is accessible from Central Florida's Interstate 4 via Exits 62B (World Drive), 64B (US 192 West), 65B (Osceola Parkway West), 67B (SR 536 West), and 68 (SR 535 North), and Exit 8 on SR 429, the Western Expressway. At its founding the park occupied approximately 30500 acres. Portions of the property have since been sold or de-annexed, including land now occupied by the Disney-built community of Celebration. Now the park occupies 27258 acres, about the size of San Francisco, or twice the size of Manhattan.", "Quick Description: This Roadside Attraction is a statue of Winnie the Bear at the Assiniboine Park Nature Playground in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It's just inside main entrance.", "Noddy's best friends are Big Ears, Tessie Bear, Bumpy Dog and the Tubby Bears. Tessie is a gentle hearted, gold bear who often wears a bonnet with flowers and a skirt. She is very kind and very loving towards all of her friends and neighbors. Bumpy Dog is Tessie's pet. He loves to run up and 'bump' people over. Noddy frequently gets annoyed with Bumpy but still likes him. Whenever Noddy threatens Bumpy, Tessie gets upset, and sometimes even begins to cry. The Tubby Bears live next door to Noddy. They are gold and chubby teddy bears. Mr. and Mrs. Tubby Bear frequently help Noddy. It is clear that Mr. and Mrs. Tubby Bear are the superiors of Noddy, as if he were a child. Their first names are never mentioned and Noddy always refers to them as Mr. and Mrs. They have one son, also named Tubby, who is occasionally referred to as Master Tubby. Tubby is naughty and is usually in trouble for breaking rules, being rude, or doing something wrong. Noddy often attempts to scold or punish Tubby, with little result. On one occasion, Tubby gets tired of always being bossed around and being punished and decides to run away to sea. Noddy and Bumpy accidentally join with him. By the end of the journey, Tubby misses his parents and brings them back presents from his trip, as an apology.", "The township is perhaps best known for being the home of Winnie the Pooh . In August 1914, a trapped Black Bear cub named Winnie was sold to Captain Harry Colebourn in White River, who named it after his hometown, Winnipeg", "Beautiful park with a children's playground area, miniature train, skate park, basketball, tennis, football and bowl courts. There is a nice cafe in the park too.", "Danny, the little Grizzly cub, frolicked in the tall grass on this sunny Spring morning, his mother keeping a watchful eye as she chewed on a piece of a hiker they had encountered the day before. 2007 Winner: Dave McKenzie, Federal Way, WA", "Hello~ I am looking for a TRUE animal friendly park near Bangkok (okay with 1-2 hr drive). Do you have any recommendation? We are not able to travel to #1 nor #3 locations during our trip!", "I am looking for a TRUE animal friendly park near Bangkok (okay with 1-2 hr drive). Do you have any recommendation? We are not able to travel to #1 nor #3 locations during our trip!" ]

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[ "Trader Vic's is a restaurant chain headquartered in Emeryville, California, United States. Victor Jules Bergeron, Jr. (December 10, 1902, San Francisco – October 11, 1984, Hillsborough, California) founded a chain of Polynesian-themed restaurants that bore his nickname, \"Trader Vic\". He was one of two people who claimed to have invented the Mai Tai. The other was his amicable competitor for many years, Don the Beachcomber.", "Victor J. Bergeron claimed to have invented the Mai Tai in 1944 at his eponymous restaurant, Trader Vic's, in California. Trader Vic's rival, Don the Beachcomber, claimed to have created it in 1933 at his then-new bar named for himself (later a famous restaurant) in Hollywood. Don the Beachcomber's recipe is more complex than that of Vic's and tastes quite different. ", "As the story goes, the drink was coined \"mai tai\" one afternoon in 1944, when Victor J. \"Trader Vic\" Bergeron hosted some friends visiting from Tahiti. He passed around a new concoction, made from dark rum, light rum, lime juice, orange Curacao liqueur, orgeat syrup, simple syrup, ice cubes, and garnished with a pineapple wedge and fresh mint. After the first sip, one of his guests shouted, \"Maita'i roa ae!\" or \"Out of this world!\" Another restaurateur, however, claimed to have created the cocktail several years prior. Ernest Raymond Beaumont Gantt, better known as Donn Beach or \"Beachcomber,\" lured customers in with his \"rum rhapsodies\" and is considered the founder of tiki-themed restaurants, popular in the 1940s and '50s. Gantt said he invented the \"mai tai\" in 1933, but Vic's growing celebrity sidelined Gantt's claim.", "The fruity, tropical Mai Tai is another cocktail with conflicting stories of origin. The drink, which is made of a mixture of white and gold rum, pineapple juice, orange and/or lime juice, is of American origin despite its Polynesian name. The favored history, however, is that the drink was first created by Victor Buergon, better known as “Trader Vic” who invented the cocktail at the Polynesian-style restaurant in Oakland, California that bore his name.", "The doctor is another cocktail that has changed in a near chrysalis manner over the decades. In each subsequent form, the Doctor has gained depth and character. Originally published in Hugo Ensslin's 1916 Recipes for Mixed Drinks, it called for just two ingredients; Swedish Punch and lime. The evolution began in 1922 when Robert Vermeire traded the fresh lime for lemon and orange, and appeared in its most dynamic form in the Frank Meier's Artistry of mixing drinks in 1936 with the addition of rum. \"Trader Vic\" Bergeron then substituted Jamaican Rum in the place of the Cuban Bacardi called for by Meier in his 1947 Bartender's Guide. In it's most modern incarnation, the leathery and earthy Jamaican Rum blends well with the Arrack, an Indonesian rice and sugar cane rum, based Swedish Punch.", "I think one of the big underappreciated aspects of the “Tiki” drinks by Don the Beachcomber and Trader Vic, were that in many cases the specific rum being used was really part of the recipe. Today customers think nothing of “calling” the brand of spirit they want in their drinks (often simply out of brand loyalty as opposed to understanding what actually tastes best), but with those Tiki drinks, you would never consider calling for a brand. The bartenders knew the right products to use. And the stockpile of different rums that they would keep in their back rooms was quite impressive.", "One story traces the origins of the Mojito back to 16th century Cuba, where the drink was called the “El Draque” in honor of explorer and sailor Sir Francis Drake. Legend has it the drink was first created as a means of covering up the often harsh taste of tafia/aguardiente, a primitive form of rum. The drink improved greatly during the 19th century with the introduction of copper stills that led to the modern (and much better tasting) form of rum. The contemporary name for the drink probably comes from a Cuban sauce called mojo, which is made from garlic, olive oil and citrus juice. Perhaps in reference to lime as a main ingredient, the drink became known as a cocktail with “a little mojo” or, in Spanish, a “Mojito.” While the Mojito may be one of the world’s first cocktails, it certainly has not waned in popularity over the years. In fact, the drink first invented to make bad rum tolerable is now a widely popular cocktail around the world and is an especially popular and refreshing summer drink.", "The Curacao Punch is another example of how one barman took a simpler cocktail, ran with it, and made it his own. Harry Johnson first published this version in his 1882 \"New and Improved Bartender's Manual\" but he is not the author of the Curacao Punch. It first appeared in Jerry Thomas' 1862 \"Les Bons Vivants Companion\" as a larger recipe in true punch fashion. The only true difference in the two, is Johnson's addition of soda water to Thomas' base, albeit scaled down, recipe. Brandy, Curacao, Jamaican Rum, lemon, and sugar blend with the soda to create one monster of a beverage.", "Trader Vic's is a Polynesian restaurant and bar which specializes in Island cuisine and tropical cocktails in an exotic atmosphere. Island cuisine is a mixture of French, Creole and Chinese and is mostly found on tropical islands.", "Now, the first recipes that appear for the Singapore Sling in old cocktail books – Robert Vermeire (1922), Harry Craddock (1930), Charles H. Baker (1939) and Trader Vic (1948) – all feature gin, cherry brandy and soda. The good ones include lemon, most include Bénédictine, and not one has even a drop of pineapple juice.", "Modest amounts of Tequila have been exported into U.S. border towns since the late 19th century. The first major boost to Tequila sales in the rest of the United States came in the late 1940s when the Margarita cocktail, a blend of Tequila, lime juice, orange liqueur, and ice was invented. Its origins are uncertain, but Hollywood actors and cocktail parties in California and Mexican resorts seem to be involved in most of the genesis stories. It is known that crooner and actor Bing Crosby was so taken with one particular brand of Tequila, Herradura, that he teamed up with fellow actor Phil Harris to import the brand into the United States. The Margarita, along with the Tequila Sunrise and the Tequila Sour, have become highly popular in the United States; in fact, it is claimed by many in the liquor industry that the Margarita is the single most popular cocktail in the nation. In the 1970s, when balladeer Jimmy Buffet sang of \"Wasting away in Margaritaville,\" the success of the song enticed millions more Americans to sip from the salt-rimmed Margarita glass.", "The drink of sailors? Traditionally made using white rum, sugar or sugar cane juice, lime, carbonated water and mint muddled together, many believe the Mojito is quite possibly world’s first cocktail. Although the image of hardened sailors drinking rum mixed with mint, lime and sugar may not match your vision of straight-from-the-bottle gulping pirates, the Mojito has been enjoyed as early as the 16th century.", "The famous Pegu Club Cocktail (gin, orange curaçao, and fresh lime juice) has been around since the 1920s, and probably goes back further than that. It was the signature cocktail of a bar that catered to foreigners outside of Rangoon, Burma; the bar was named after the Pegu River. The reported first printed mention is in Harry Craddock’s famous 1930 The Savoy Cocktail Book, where he contends that the cocktail was of worldwide renown at that time. Some contend it was published earlier in Barflies and Cocktails (1927) by Harry McElhone of the famous Harry's New York Bar in Paris. Craddock used orange curaçao in his Pegu, while others used Cointreau.", "Overlooking the Emeryville, Calif., Marina with a view of the sparkling San Francisco Bay, is Trader Vic's Polynesian restaurant and lounge, a beloved spot for people in search of exotic eats, premier cocktails or a tropical getaway close to home. It's a realm of tiki gods and tribal decor, and its top-notch Polynesian cuisine has earned it a place among San Francisco's best restaurants. Trader Vic's is also well known in the cocktail world: the contemporary tiki hut is known as the birthplace of the original mai tai.", "Fill a cocktail shaker with ice. Add 50ml light rum, 25ml dry vermouth, 25ml dry curacao (I like Pierre Ferrand’s) and a dash of grenadine (optional). Stir, stir, stir until very cold. Strain into a chilled cocktail glass and garnish with a twist if orange if desired.", "A recipe called the Picador was invented in London in 1936, and was published in 1937 in W.J. Tarling's Cafe Royal Cocktail Book. Made of tequila, Cointreau, and lime juice, it lacked the salted rim. The Picador calls for ¼ fresh lime or lemon juice, ¼ Cointreau, ½ tequila, shaken and strained; the basic Margarita recipe. The Picador was only one of 15 tequila cocktails in the book, which shows how popular tequila was in Europe at the time. Of all of the contenders for heritage, this seems the earliest to the true Margarita.", "The Vieux Carre Cocktail, names for the old French term for New Orleans French Quarter - le Vieux Carre (the Old Square), was invented by Walter Bergeron sometime before the publication of Stanley Clisby Arthur's 1937 \"Famous New Orleans Drinks and How to Mix Them\". This was the cocktails first published appearance, and sadly it was forgotten after. The blending of rye, cognac, Benedictine, sweet vermouth, and both Angostura and Peychauds biters is truly a New Orleans classic.", "1 part light rum, 1 part blue curacao, 2 parts pineapple juice, 1 part cream of coconut, 1 cup (250 mL) ice, 1 cocktail cherry, 1 piece of pineapple. Shake the rum, the blue curacao, the pineapple juice and the cream of coconut with the ice. Strain into a highball glass and garnish with a cherry and a piece of pineapple.", "The Pina Colada is one of the most famous cocktails in existence, featuring in a song that anyone reading this can probably sing at least a couple bars from. It is made from pineapple juice, rum, and coconut. What may be more surprising to know is that the all-important third ingredient, cream of coconut, was essentially responsible for the drink. The Pina Colada was more than anything a mark of success for a businessman named Don Ramon Lopez, who owned a company that sold a premade cream of coconut drink called Coco Lopez . He made sure to get the cream of coconut into the hands of as many bartenders as possible and encouraged them to experiment with it. One of the bartenders eventually hit upon the famous combo beloved by so many today and the rest was sweet, corporate history.", "A bitter sweet collection of fruity flavours. De Kuyper Blue Curaçao and grapefruit juice are blended with White Rum for an exotic tropical flavour. To make it an even longer, lighter drink – top up with soda or lemonade.", "Fill a cocktail shaker with ice. Add juice of ½ a lime, 50ml white rum, 50ml dark rum, 60ml passion fruit juice, 30 ml orange juice, 1 tablespoon sugar syrup and 1 tablespoon grenadine. Shake to the sound of Elvis singing Hula Hula Baby. Strain into a fancy glass, and garnish with an orange slice and a maraschino cherry. Or two.", "Some historians contend that African slaves who worked in the Cuban sugar cane fields during the 19th century were instrumental in the cocktail's origin. Guarapo, the sugar cane juice often used in Mojitos, was a popular drink among the slaves who named it. It never originally contained lime juice. ", "This cocktail is a simple variation of a Martini. It is one of five cocktails named after the boroughs of New York City. The story of how the Bronx was created has been questioned throughout the years, but it's generally accepted that Johnnie Solon created it at the Waldorf Astoria sometime shortly after 1900. The remarkable thing is that Solon never touched a drop of liquor, but he had the uncanny ability to create great drinks just the same. First published in William Boothby's 1908 \"The Worlds Drinks and How to Mix Them\", the Bronx quickly achieved celebrity status, and by the end of Prohibition, only the Martini and the Manhattan were more popular. Sadly this libation shared the fate of many of it's brethren by the end of World War II by being forgotten. In this cocktail, you will find sweet vermouth, dry Vermouth, fresh orange juice, and gin.", "Don Facundo Bacardi y Maso came to Cuba from Catalonia in Spain as a boy of 14 in 1830. He eventually went into business as a wine merchant and was very involved in the development of the \"new style\" of rum. In 1862 he formed Bacardi y Cia and made Ron Bacardi fir the first time. By 1876 \"Ron Bacardi\" won a gold medal at the International Exposition in Philadelphia, at which time Don Facundo Bacardi retired and turned the business over to his three sons. In 1892, Bacardi rum was prescribed by a court physician for the future King Alfonso XIII of Spain who was suffering from grippe which no one could cure. Bacardi eventually received a letter from the royal palace in Madrid thanking them for the supply of a liquor \"which has saved his Majesty's life.\" Permission was granted for the company to use the royal coat of arms on all 'Ron Bacardi' labels.", "Their Curaçao is based on a 19th century recipe that uses bitter lahara oranges, a proprietary selection of spices and un-aged brandy plus Pierre Ferrand Cognac, then ages the mixture in oak casks. The exact recipe was created in consultation with cocktail historian David Wondrich. The moment the bottles hit the market, bartenders swooped in to use them in classic and modern cocktails.", "Curaçao is used by liqueur makers the world over as a generic name for orange-flavoured liqueurs but one brand of Curaçao, Senior's Curaçao of Curaçao, is actually distilled on the Caribbean island of Curacao.", "Legend has it that Jennings Cox, an American iron miner who came to the island in the wake of the American victory, was planning to entertain guests one night, only to realize he ran out of gin. With limited materials at hand, he bought a common island liquor (rum) to mix together with citrus juice, sugar, and a little bit of water. After mixing it, he poured it together with ice to make as a punch for his guests. His guests instantly loved it, and its popularity grew on the island.", "The Planter´s Punch is an old rum drink and the origin is unknown to me. The most common recipe is 1/3 Rhum, 1/3 Orange Juice, 1/3 Pineapple Juice and a dash of Grenadine.", "Bay rum is obtained from the distillation of the leaves of Pimenta racemosa, a tree native to the West Indies. The bay rum tree belongs to the same genus as allspice, both members of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae). It contains a phenolic essential oil used in lotions and colognes. The fragrant oil superficially resembles clove oil, another tree in the myrtle family. The name bay \"rum\" comes from the former practice of distilling bay in rum and water. It is NOT consumed internally as in the highly intoxicating sugar cane beverage known as rum.", "General term covering all orange-flavoured liqueurs. Triple-sec curacao is a colourless liquor flavoured with the peel of green oranges which grow on the West Indies island of Curao7ao. The liquor is sweetened and can be coloured orange, green and blue. The colour does not affect the flavour.", "When a young Florida barman entered a competition to sell the most cocktails, he called his peach schnapps, orange juice, cranberry juice and vodka concoction Sex on the Beach.", "“It’s not just the juice,” says spirits writer Wayne Curtis, author of “And a Bottle of Rum: A History of the New World in Ten Cocktails” (2006). “There’s a lot of money to be made in selling that Cuban story to Americans, who want to have that authentic brand.”" ]

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[ "** Oncology – study of cancer processes, including virus or mutation oncogenesis, angiogenesis and tissues remoldings", "Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist. The name's etymological origin is the Greek word ὄνκος (ónkos), meaning \"tumor\", \"volume\" or \"mass\". ", "The term oncology literally means a branch of science that deals with tumours and cancers. The word “onco” means bulk, mass, or tumor while “-logy” means study.", "Neck oncology refers to the study & management of tumours associated with or originated in the neck region of the human body. These cases are generally dealt with ENT surgeons .", "Devita, Vincent T., Samuel Hellman, and Steven A. Rosenberg, eds. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology , 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, 2001.", "HEALTH & WELLNESS Hematology-Oncology Associates provides the highest level of quality care Since 1982, Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY (HOA) has been a private practice dedicated to providing optimal care in a healing environment for the mind, body and spirit of patients dealing with cancer and blood disorders. HOA is comprised of 16 physicians, 22 nurse practitioners/physician assistants and 200-plus clinical personnel in four locations including one in Rome and three in the greater Syracuse area. They are privileged to have patients entrust them with their medical care and allow them to be an integral part of their healthcare journey. HOA treats about 2,500 new cancer patients and 1,300 new patients with blood disorders each year. HOA’s Clinical Research Department and Clinical Trials are one of our community’s jewels. HOA is one of just 50 National Cancer Institute Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) participants in the U.S. There are times when HOA’s patients can benefit from clinical trials using new cancer treatments or technologies that are unavailable anywhere else in Upstate NY. Everyone at HOA is deeply committed to offering their patients the most advanced treatments available. Their clinical staff is highly skilled and certified in their Oncology specialty. HOA’s comprehensive cancer sites offer infusion therapy and radiation therapy via two advanced Varian linear accelerators for IGRT (Image Guided Radiation Therapy). Their East", "Therapeutic radiology (also called radiation oncology) is the treatment of cancer and other diseases with radiation. High energy x-rays are used to kill the cancer cells by preventing them from multiplying. Therapeutic radiology may be used to cure or control cancer, or to alleviate some of the symptoms associated with cancer.", "medical oncologist (on-KAHL-uh-jist): a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancer with chemotherapy and other drugs. A medical oncologist is different from a surgical oncologist, who mostly treats cancer with surgery.", "Turning Cancer Patients into Cancer Survivors. ONCOLOGISTS:Mussa Banisadre, MD; Mihoko Fujita, MD; Roozbeh Mohajer, MD; Abdol Mojab, MD", "Another type of study looks at cancer rates in different groups of people. Such a study might compare the cancer rate in a group exposed to a substance versus the rate in a group not exposed to it, or compare it to what the expected cancer rate would be in the general population. But studies in people can sometimes be hard to interpret, because there may be other factors affecting the results that are hard to account for.", "Medical Oncologist, Radiation Oncologist - a medical oncologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of all types of cancers and tumors; a radiation oncologist specializes in the application of radiation to manage disease.", "Radiation oncologists are specialists with training and experience in the treatment of cancer. They coordinate the care of cancer patients and, when needed, prescribe radiation and other anti-cancer drugs.", "It seems that some other much respected cancer researchers are also listening. This is a short video from ecancer.tv of an interview of Dr, Tak Mak during the American Association of Cancer Researchers 2011 conference in Orlando. What he is basically saying is that current cancer research as a whole is wrong, that the cure is in the metabolism of cancer which is the commonality of all cancers….. The WARBURG EFFECT…See Dr. Mak’s Bio here, certainly not a quack! One of the most respected cancer researchers of our time. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak_Wah_Mak", "zytologieseminar.de Zytologieseminar Onkologie Programm Fuchs Koblenz Chugai Praxisklinik Befunde Pharma Deutschland Hämatologie Zytologiekurs Fallbeispiele Seminar Veranstaltung Grundlage Umfangreiche Hmatologen Spektrum", "In recent years, collaboration between anthroposophical scientists and established university-based researchers has led to improvement in the quality and mutual acceptability of \"unconventional\" anthroposophical research in Germany. Of particular note is the work done by Professor G. Hildebrandt and his colleagues at the University of Marburg. In the past 30 years they have contributed more than 500 papers to the world's scientific literature, placing particular emphasis on the chronobiology (biorhythms) of body physiology in stress, disease, and therapy (Hildebrandt and Hensel, 1982; Hildebrandt, 1986). An example of the application of this line of research is shown by the work of von Laue and Henn, who reported studies of the time rhythms of cancer patients and tumor growths and how these abnormal rhythmic functions in cancer could be altered with mistletoe therapy (von Laue and Henn, 1991).", "clinical trial - a research study that compares many children from around the world with the same type of cancer and evaluates their treatment, side effects, and survival.", "Local (localized) or systemic radiation therapy (as a monotherapy) is a tool for oncologists to treat cancer. Radiation in one form or another can kills cancer cells, but it also kills healthy cells. See, for example, the Radiation Therapy for Cancer webpage on the National Cancer Institute's website.", "Research continues to explore interaction between the immune system and cancerous cells in search of methodologies and processes to save lives and restore health.  Some of the methods studied include:", "a. Immunology - The study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with, the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders; and the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.", "In general, there are two types of leukemia research: clinical or translational research and basic research. Clinical/translational research focuses on studying the disease in a defined and generally immediately patient-applicable way, such as testing a new drug in patients. By contrast, basic science research studies the disease process at a distance, such as seeing whether a suspected carcinogen can cause leukemic changes in isolated cells in the laboratory or how the DNA changes inside leukemia cells as the disease progresses. The results from basic research studies are generally less immediately useful to patients with the disease. ", "Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. In the 18th century, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom. This and other observations of acquired immunity were later exploited by Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease. Pasteur's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease, such as the miasma theory. It was not until Robert Koch's 1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905, that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease. Viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901, with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by Walter Reed. ", "Adjuvant therapy is therapy given in addition to the primary, main, or initial treatment, but simultaneously (as opposed to second-line therapy). Neoadjuvant therapy is therapy that is begun before the main therapy. Thus one can consider surgical excision of a tumor as the first-line therapy for a certain type and stage of cancer even though radiotherapy is used before it; the radiotherapy is neoadjuvant (chronologically first but not primary in the sense of the main event).", "Human subject research is systematic, scientific investigation that can be either interventional (a \"trial\") or observational (no \"test article\") and involves human beings as research subjects. Human subject research can be either medical (clinical) research or non-medical (e.g., social science) research. Systematic investigation incorporates both the collection and analysis of data in order to answer a specific question. Medical human subject research often involves analysis of biological specimens, epidemiological and behavioral studies and medical chart review studies. (A specific, and especially heavily regulated, type of medical human subject research is the \"clinical trial\", in which drugs, vaccines and medical devices are evaluated.) Human subject research in the social sciences often involves surveys, questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups.", "While there is still much research to be done, this is very promising news for those suffering with cancer.", "Your assertions that there is no progress at all, and that nobody discovers anything regarding cancer, are baffling. There are new drugs approved. There are many studies, and clinical trials, conducted.", "Gynaecology or Gynecology , the study of medicine relating to women, or of women in general", "A research study conducted at a hospital, university, physician's office, community clinic, or other medical facility in which human subjects answer specific health questions, usually about prevention options, new treatments (or new ways to use existing treatments), new screening and diagnostic techniques, or options for improving the quality of life of people with serious medical conditions. A clinical trial is conducted according to a plan called a protocol specifying what types of patients may participate in the study, schedules of tests and procedures, drugs and dosages to be used, length of study, and outcomes to be measured. Each participant must agree in advance to observe the rules stated in the protocol . Participants are usually volunteers, but may in some cases be paid. Although some risk may be involved in participation, a clinical trial that is well-designed and properly executed gives patients a participatory role in their own health care and may provide access to new research treatments and therapies before they become widely available. In the United States, clinical trials are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In MEDLINE and other health-related bibliographic database s, search results can be limited to the publication type \"clinical trial.\" Synonymous with clinical study.", "biomedicine - the branch of medical science that applies biological and physiological principles to clinical practice", "Is concerned with studying the structural and functional changes which occur in the body as a result of disease.", "A clinical study in which participants identified as belonging to study groups are assessed for biomedical or health outcomes. Participants may receive diagnostic, therapeutic, or other types of interventions, but the investigator does not assign participants to specific interventions (as in an interventional study).", "A research study using human subjects to evaluate the effect of interventions or exposures on biomedical or health-related outcomes. Two types of clinical studies are interventional studies (or clinical trials) and observational studies.", "c. Biostatistics - The study of the development and application of statistical methods and techniques in addressing problems and critical issues in health-related sciences." ]

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[ "Much of the fighting took place on the Crimean Peninsula (located in modern-day Ukraine , on the northern coast of the Black Sea.", "The Crimean Peninsula, also known as the Crimea, is an autonomous republic in southeastern Ukraine. The peninsula extends well into the Black Sea, measuring 175 kilometers (110 miles) from north to south and 320 kilometers (200 miles) from east to west, with a total area of 25,993 square kilometers (10,036 square miles). The narrow Isthmus of Perekop joins the peninsula to the mainland in the north and the Kerch Peninsula extends to the east, almost linking it with Russia. The Arabat Spit is a long stretch of sand along the northeast coast of Crimea that helps to form the Sivash Lagoon.", "The Crimean War (1853–1856) was fought between Imperial Russia on one side and an alliance of France, the United Kingdom , the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire on the other. Most of the conflict took place on the Crimean Peninsula, with additional actions occurring in western Turkey, and the Baltic Sea region and is sometimes considered to be the first \"modern\" conflict and \"introduced technical changes which affected the future course of warfare.\" [19]", " The Crimean War (1853–1856) was fought between Imperial Russia on one side and an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire on the other. Most of the conflict took place on the Crimean Peninsula, with additional actions occurring in western Turkey, and the Baltic Sea region. The Crimean War is sometimes considered to be the first \"modern\" conflict and \"introduced technical changes which affected the future course of warfare.", "The Crimean War ( 1854– 1856) was fought between Imperial Russia on one side and an alliance of France , the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire on the other. The majority of the conflict took place on the Crimean peninsula, with additional actions occurring in western Turkey , the Baltic Sea region, and in the Russian Far East.", "The Crimean War (pronounced / k r aɪ ˈ m iː ə n / or / k r ɨ ˈ m iː ə n / ) (October 1853 – February 1856) [7] [8] was a conflict in which Russia lost to an alliance of France , Britain , the Ottoman Empire , and (to a lesser extent) the Piedmont-Sardinia (The Kingdom of Sardinia). Austria, while neutral, played a role in stopping the Russians.", "The regional rivalry between the Russians and the Turks persisted, however, and in the Crimean War (1853–56), it expanded into a broader European conflict. Anglo-French armies, reacting to Russian encroachments in the Ottoman-held Danubian principalities (modern Romania ), landed at Sevastopol in September 1854. Lacking the heavy artillery needed to reduce the fortified city’s walls, the British and French besieged Sevastopol for almost a year before Russian forces withdrew. Many Crimean Tatars were forcibly dispersed to other parts of Russia after the Crimean War.", "The Crimean War took place from October 1853 to February 1856. It was a conflict which involved Russia against an alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, Sardinia and the Austrian Empire. The Crimean War was fought mostly in the Crimean Peninsula.", "Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the military and political situation in Crimea was chaotic like that in much of Russia. During the ensuing Russian Civil War, Crimea changed hands numerous times and was for a time a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik White Army. The White Army controlled Crimea before remnants were finally driven out by the Red Army in November 1920. It was in Crimea that the White Russians led by General Wrangel made their last stand against Nestor Makhno and the Red Army. When resistance was crushed, many of the anti-Communist fighters and civilians escaped by ship to Istanbul. Between 56 000 and 150 000 of the Whites were murdered as part of the Red Terror.", "Two world wars have obscured the huge scale and enormous human cost of the Crimean War. Today it seems to us a relatively minor war; it is almost forgotten, like the plaques and gravestones in those churchyards. Even in the countries that took part in it (Russia, Britain, France, Piedmont-Sardinia in Italy and the Ottoman Empire, including those territories that would later make up Romania and Bulgaria) there are not many people today who could say what the Crimean War was all about. But for our ancestors before the First World War the Crimea was the major conflict of the nineteenth century, the most important war of their lifetimes, just as the world wars of the twentieth century are the dominant historical landmarks of our lives.", "Crimean War, (October 1853–February 1856), war fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British , French , and Ottoman Turkish, with support from January 1855 by the army of Sardinia-Piedmont . The war arose from the conflict of great powers in the Middle East and was more directly caused by Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan . Another major factor was the dispute between Russia and France over the privileges of the Russian Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in the holy places in Palestine .", "The large peninsula extending into the Black Sea on its northern shore, framed on the east by the Sea of Azov, is the Crimea, site of the Crimean War (1854–1856). In the 8th century BC it was inhabited by the Cimmerians, who were expelled by the Scythians in the 7th century. The southern coast of the Crimea was settled in the 6th century BC by Greek traders who maintained extensive trade ties with Athens. In WWII Germans occupied the peninsula from 1941–1944. At Yalta in 1945, FDR and Churchill handed Eastern Europe to the Communists.", "The Crimean War lasted from 1854 to 1856. It was fought between Russia and an opportunistic alliance of the Ottoman Empire with United Kingdom and France.", "A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. Russia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed", "*--Andrew Rath, The Crimean War in Imperial Context, 1854-1856| ((Until now, accounts of Britain's and France's naval campaigns against tsarist Russia in the Baltic, White Sea, and Pacific have been too narrowly focused . Rath considers each campaign from an imperial perspective extending from South America to Finland. Ultimately, this regionally-focused approach reveals that even the smallest Anglo-French naval campaigns in the remote White Sea had significant consequences in fields ranging from medical advances to international maritime law. Considering the perspectives of neutral powers including China, Japan, and Sweden-Norway, allows Rath to examine the Crimean conflict's impact on major historical events ranging from the \"opening\" of Tokugawa Japan to Russia's annexation of large swaths of Chinese territory))", "a small port in Ukraine, in S Crimea: scene of an inconclusive battle (1854), which included the charge of the Light Brigade, during the Crimean War", "March 28, 2014, is the 160th anniversary of Britain declaring war on Russia to formally start the Crimean War. The war was fought by Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire against Russia, mainly to curtail Russia's presence and ambitions in the Black Sea and Eastern Europe. It lasted until 1856, and was fought in several places, not just Crimea. But it's best remembered for just one battle, a battle that was vaunted as glorious and heroic by the side that lost it (but won the war)—and that has left us with some misquotations, three articles of clothing, and some lessons in accidental and deliberate miscommunication.", "The bulk of the fighting revolved around control of the Black Sea, an important commercial body of water that both empires sought to use as a military naval base. The land fighting took place largely on the Crimean Peninsula, where the Russian forces held out in their fortress at Sevastopol for over a year. The Siege of Sevastopol began in October 1854 and its conclusion eleven months later brought an effective end to the Crimean War.", "Balaklava - famous for the Crimea war of the 1850s, the infamous Charge of the Light Brigade and home to a former secret Soviet submarine base.", "The most memorable battle of the war was at Balaclava, on October 25, 1854, and it gave rise to two British legends, one highlighting honor, the other incompetence. According to one eyewitness account, a large Russian force had advanced on the Allies at the entrance of Balaclava (a Black Sea port now part of Ukraine). Heavy artillery fire prepared the way for Russian cavalry, and the Ottomans retreated rapidly, fleeing for the port.", "The British and French fleets departed from the Bulgarian port of Varna on 5 September 1854, heading towards Kalamita Bay in the Crimea. By the 14th, the troops began to land; within four days the Allied force of 61,400 infantry, 1,200 cavalry and 137 guns, was ashore. [5] Thirty-three miles (~53 km) to the south of the landing zone, beyond the Bulganak, Alma , Katcha and Belbek rivers, lay the Russian naval base and fortress of Sevastopol, the key Allied objective in the Crimea. General Menshikov , aware of the Allied presence, prepared his troops on the banks of the River Alma in an effort to halt the Franco-British advance, but on 20 September he was soundly defeated in what was the first major battle in the Crimea. News of Menshikov's defeat was met with disbelief by Tsar Nicholas I in St. Petersburg – it seemed it would only be a matter of time before Sevastopol fell. [6] But Allied hesitation, first from the French commander-in-chief, Saint-Arnaud , then by Lord Raglan , allowed the dispirited Russians to escape the battlefield in relative order, [7] allowing Menshikov and his army to reach Sevastopol, reorganise and rebuild their morale. [8] \"It is frightful to think what might have happened,\" wrote Vice-Admiral Kornilov , \"had it not been for this cardinal error of the enemy's.\" [9]", "In the first battle of the Crimean War, British and French forces clashed with Russian forces near the River Alma in the Crimea. The Russians were defeated.", "The heaviest fighting was seen when the allied troops landed a coalition fighting force in Russian controlled Crimea. The battle of Sevastopol began, a siege that would last a full year and mark the focal point of the fighting. Russians eventually retreated and gave up Sevastopol late in 1855. The amount of casualties in the war is viewed in retrospect as costly and unnecessary by all sides, totaling near 750,000 deaths combined.", "Sevastopol is a city in the south of the Crimea, and it was the home of a major fleet of Russian ships. The British, French, and Turkish troops besieged the city for one year before finally capturing it on the 9 September 1855.", "By then, the Russian withdrawal was complete, except for the fortress towns of northern Dobruja, while their place in the Principalities was taken by the Austrians, as a neutral peacekeeping force. There was little further action on this front after the autumn of 1854 and in September the allied force boarded ships at Varna to invade the Crimean Peninsula.", "The British and French fleets departed from the Bulgarian port of Varna on 5 September 1854, heading towards Kalamita Bay in the Crimea. By the 14th, the troops began to land; within four days the Allied force of 61,400 infantry, 1,200 cavalry and 137 guns, was ashore. Thirty-three miles (~53 km) to the south of the landing zone, beyond the Bulganak, Alma, Katcha and Belbek rivers, lay the Russian naval base and fortress of Sevastopol, the key Allied objective in the Crimea. General Menshikov, aware of the Allied presence, prepared his troops on the banks of the River Alma in an effort to halt the Franco-British advance, but on 20 September he was soundly defeated in what was the first major battle in the Crimea. News of Menshikov's defeat was met with disbelief by Tsar Nicholas I in St. Petersburg – it seemed it would only be a matter of time before Sevastopol fell. But Allied hesitation, first from the French commander-in-chief, Saint-Arnaud, then by Lord Raglan, allowed the dispirited Russians to escape the battlefield in relative order, allowing Menshikov and his army to reach Sevastopol, reorganise and rebuild their morale. \"It is frightful to think what might have happened,\" wrote Vice-Admiral Kornilov, \"had it not been for this cardinal error of the enemy's.\"", "One of the most notable events involving the city is the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55) carried out by the British, French, Sardinian, and Turkish troops during the Crimean War, which lasted for 11 months. Despite its efforts, the Russian army had to leave its stronghold and evacuate over a pontoon bridge to the north shore of the inlet. The Russians chose to sink their entire fleet to prevent it from falling into the hands of the enemy and at the same time to block the entrance of the Western ships into the inlet. When the enemy troops entered Sevastopol, they were faced with the ruins of a formerly glorious city.", "The Battle of the Alma was the first major engagement between the British, French and Russians in the Crimean War . The Allied armada had aimed to concentrate in Balchik Bay, fifteen miles north of Varna but delayed due to bad weather.", "Sevastopol is one of the classic sieges of all time. The city of Sevastopol was the home of the Tsar's Black Sea Fleet, which threatened the Mediterranean. The Russian field army withdrew before the allies could encircle it. The siege was the culminating struggle for the strategic Russian port in 1854–1855 and was the final episode in the Crimean War.", "Sevastopol is one of the classic sieges of all time. The city of Sevastopol was the home of the Tsar's Black Sea Fleet, which threatened the Mediterranean. The Russian field army withdrew before the allies could encircle it. The siege was the culminating struggle for the strategic Russian port in 1854–1855 and was the final episode in the Crimean War.", "In September 1854, the Anglo-French army that had been at Varna was ferried across the Black Sea and landed on the Crimean Peninsula. They then fought their way to the main Russian naval base on the peninsula, the city of Sevastopol, which they then placed under siege. The Russian garrison eventually withdrew from the city in early September 1855, freeing the French and British fleets for other tasks. A discussion ensued over what target should be attacked next; the French and British high commands considered driving from the Crimea to Kherson and launching major campaigns in Bessarabia or the Caucasus. Instead, at the urging of French commanders, they settled on a smaller-scale operation to seize the Russian fort at Kinburn, which protected the mouth of the Dneiper. The British argued that to seize Kinburn without advancing to Nikolaev would only serve to warn the Russians of the threat to the port. Fox Maule-Ramsay, then the British Secretary of State for War, suggested that without a plan to exploit the capture of the fortress, the only purpose of te operation would be to give the fleets something to do. ", "During this period the Russian Black Sea Fleet was operating against Ottoman coastal traffic between Constantinople (currently named Istanbul) and the Caucasus ports, while the Ottoman fleet sought to protect this supply line. The clash came on 30 November 1853 when a Russian fleet attacked an Ottoman force in the harbor at Sinop , and destroyed it. [21] There was little additional naval action until March 1854 when on the declaration of war the British frigate Furious was fired on outside Odessa harbour. In response the British fleet bombarded the port, causing much damage to the town." ]

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[ "Yahtzee is played by rolling five dice, up to three times per turn, and creating combinations that score points.", "This dice game requires players to make the best poker hands to earn higher scores. Yahtzee uses a tumbler and five dice, and each player can roll any number of dice up to three times on her turn to make the best hand. Consecutive numbers on the dice earn small straights (for four in a row) and large straights (for five in a row), while a five of a kind is known as a Yahtzee. Players can choose where on their scorecards to mark their rolls, adding an element of strategy to the game.", "Yahtzee is a dice game based on Poker. The object of the game is to roll certain combinations of numbers with five dice. At each turn you throw dice trying to get a good combination of numbers; different combinations give different scores. While luck plays a big role in Yahtzee, strategy makes a significant difference. The reason for this is that you score each combination just once, and the number of different combinations in which you can score is equal to the number of turns in the game. This means that you have to make wise choices about when to score in each combination and you have to be careful about what combinations you seek at each turn.", "Score a Yahtzee. A Yahtzee is one of the highest rolls you can score. A Yahtzee occurs when all five dice are the same number. A Yahtzee is worth 50 points the first time, regardless of dice value. Additional Yahtzees are worth 100 points.", "The Yahtzee scorecard contains 13 different category boxes and in each round, after the third roll, the player must choose one of these categories. The score entered in the box depends on how well the five dice match the scoring rule for the category. Details of the scoring rules for each category are given below. As an example, one of the categories is called Three-of-a-Kind. The scoring rule for this category means that a player only scores if at least three of the five dice are the same value. The game is completed after 13 rounds by each player, with each of the 13 boxes filled. The total score is calculated by summing all thirteen boxes, together with any bonuses.", "You have three rolls on each turn to get the combination you want, and you can keep as many dice from each roll as you want. So if, on one turn, you roll a 2, three 3's and a 6 on the first roll, you might decide to keep the 3's and roll the other three dice again. If on that second roll you get, say, a 3 and a 5, you'll keep the 3. On the third roll, you're aiming for one more 3 so you can get the maximum number of points for the combination, which is 15 (or, of course, a 50-point Yahtzee). If you roll a 2 on that last roll, you'll enter a \"12\" in the threes slot; or, if you would rather score for your Four of Kind, you could tally up the sum of the dice.", "A player must throw at least 8 Yahtzees in order to score 1000. Throwing 8 Yahtzees will score 750 for the Yahtzee and Yahtzee bonuses. The 7 Yahtzees after the first throw will generally score highly, including the opportunity of using the Joker rule to score in, for instance, the Large Straight category. This means that a player throwing 8 Yahtzees will often be able to score 1,000.", "There are two possible spans: 1 to 5 and 2 to 6. Each of these spans can be ordered in 5!=120 ways. There are 65 = 7776 ways to roll five dice. So the probability is 2*120/7776 = 3.09%. The probability of this seems to be much higher right after I put mark 0 for large straight during a game of Yahtzee.", "Yahtzee: Score in this box if the dice show five of the same number. The score is 50 points.", "*There are no Yahtzee bonuses or Joker rule. Yahtzees can be scored in other categories under the normal scoring rules. For example, a Yahtzee of sixes will score 12 in the One Pair box, 18 in Three-of-a-Kind, 24 in Four-of-a-Kind, 30 in Sixes or Chance and 0 in Two Pair, Full House, Small Straight and Large Straight boxes.", "A Yahtzee is scored in about 34% of games while a Yahtzee bonus is scored in about 8% of games. A second Yahtzee bonus occurs about 1% of the time while a third one is scored in about 0.1% of games. The average number of Yahtzees thrown in a game is 0.46. This includes about 3% of games where a Yahtzee is thrown after 0 has been scored in the Yahtzee box and although it does score something, it is not scored as a Yahtzee or Yahtzee bonus.", "The overall concept of Yahtzee traces its roots to a number of traditional dice games. Among these is the Puerto Rican game Generala, and the English games of Poker Dice and Cheerio. Another game, Yap, shows close similarities to Yahtzee; this game was copyrighted by Robert Cissne in 1952.", "• Which of these games traditionally uses dice? Clue, Dungeons and Dragons, Monopoly, Mousetrap, Risk, Trivial Pursuit, Trouble, Yahtzee", "If this is the case, you can use the Yahtzee as a joker to fill in any lower scores category. You score the category as normal. Thus for the Small Straight, Large Straight, and Full House categories, you would score 30, 40, and 25 points respectively. For the 3 of a Kind, 4 of a Kind, and Chance categories, you would score the total of the die face.", "Yahtzee - A classic dice rolling game with poker aspects. Multiple variants were published over the last few decades.", "Review the score sheet. In Yahtzee, scores are kept on a sheet of paper containing a column of 13 boxes. On each turn, you must choose which box to fill in based on your best scoring option. If you are unable to enter a score, or choose not to, you must enter a \"0\" in one of your boxes. Each box can be filled in only once.", "Dice games use a number of dice as their central element. Board games often use dice for a randomization element, and thus each roll of the dice has a profound impact on the outcome of the game, however dice games are differentiated in that the dice do not determine the success or failure of some other element of the game; they instead are the central indicator of the person's standing in the game. Popular dice games include Yahtzee, Farkle, Bunco, Liar's dice/Perudo, and Poker dice. As dice are, by their very nature, designed to produce apparently random numbers, these games usually involve a high degree of luck, which can be directed to some extent by the player through more strategic elements of play and through tenets of probability theory. Such games are thus popular as gambling games; the game of Craps is perhaps the most famous example, though Liar's dice and Poker dice were originally conceived of as gambling games.", "Polyhedral dice are commonly used in role-playing games. The fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) is largely credited with popularizing dice in such games. Some games use only one type, like Exalted which uses only ten-sided dice. Others use numerous types for different game purposes, such as D&D, which makes use of all common polyhedral dice. Dice are usually used to determine the outcome of events. Games typically determine results either as a total on one or more dice above or below a fixed number, or a certain number of rolls above a certain number on one or more dice. Due to circumstances or character skill, the initial roll may have a number added to or subtracted from the final result, or have the player roll extra or fewer dice. To keep track of rolls easily, dice notation is frequently used.", "The five perfectly regular solid figures are the tetrahedron, hexahedron, octohedron, dodecahedron and icosahedron (4, 6, 8, 12 and 20 sides, respectively). These five, along with the decahedron (10 sides), are the shapes of the dice most commonly used in role-playing games . However, the triacontahedron (30-sided die) is sometimes used, and I've also seen a heptahedron (7-sided die). There's even a 100-sided die, or hecatohedron, though it goes by the trademarked name of Zocchihedron after its inventor. It has so many sides that it's basically a sphere, which means that it has the annoying tendency to roll off flat surfaces.", "Some players count a Yahtzee as being a valid Full House. However the official rule is that a Full House is \"three of one number and two of another\".", "If you have a bad roll of the dice near the end of the game, you may enter a zero in the Yahtzee box or one of the other difficult combinations.", "Yellow die has four on the viewer's right side. Middle white die also has a four on viewer's right side. Right white die has a three on viewer's right side.", "The other four Platonic solids are the most common non-cubical dice; these can have 4, 8, 12, and 20 faces. The only other common non-cubical die is the 10-sided die. Using these dice in various ways, games can closely approximate the real probability distributions of the events they simulate. For instance, 10-sided dice can be rolled in pairs to produce a uniform distribution of random percentages; and summing the values of multiple dice will produce approximations to normal distributions. ", "In the simpler, alternative version of the Joker rule the player retains the free choice as to which category to use, but the Yahtzee can only be used as a Joker if the corresponding Upper Section box has been used. If the corresponding Upper Section box is unused the Yahtzee would score 0 if the Full House, Small Straight or Large Straight categories were chosen.", "The numbers rolled by the dice dictated how many spaces the player can move. If the roll is 1-6, the player can move two separate pieces one and six points or pips as they are referred to. The player could also advance a single piece by seven points.", "There are four different designs (24 different images total, six per die). The set of four Wonderland dice is $10.00.", "Suppose that you are playing a \"1-turn Yahtzee\" game (all the boxes are empty and you are tying to maximize your score for a single turn), and your second roll leaves you with 3 3 3 1 1. Which (if any) of the dice should you keep for the last roll?", "* Yahtzee has been cited as a precipitating factor in a case of domestic violence and as the motive for at least one murder. ", "The rules around it are a bit complex, but I believe they are the right ones, at least according to http://www.yahtzee.org.uk/rules.html . There are a couple of different cases:", "The dice must be rolled together and land flat in the board. They must be rerolled if one of the dice land outside of the board or crooked (cocked) in the board.", "To answer your other question, no, I have never seen a game actually in a casino that used any dice other than cubes. About ten years ago I saw a game demonstrated at a gaming show in Atlantic City that I think used a Rhombic triacontahedron , one of the Catalan solids, but I don’t think it ever made it to a casino floor. There is a game I see year after year at the Global Gaming Expo that uses a spinning top (like a dreidel), but alas, I’ve never seen that in a casino either.", "Thanks to R Chapman (no relation), for the contribution of this excellent exercise. Incidentally die is singular for dice not plural, as I ridiculously stated when I first posted this item, (thanks M Burgess)." ]

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[ "Percussion instruments are common types of musical instruments found in a marching band . Depending on the type of instrument, a marching percussion instrument may be attached to a musician via a harness or he may be able to carry it. Bass , snare, and tom-tom drums are all usually attached to a musician. Cymbals , on the other hand, are typically carried by a member of a marching band.", "A tom-tom drum, or tom-tom, is another type of marching percussion instrument that is strapped to a member of a marching band. This type of drum is similar to a snare drum, but it does not have the wire snares. Tom-tom drums are often put together in groups of four to six, known as quads, and they are arranged in a semi-circle.", "Tom-tom drums, or toms for short, are drums without snares and played with sticks (or whatever tools the music style requires), and are the most numerous drums in most kits. They provide the bulk of most drum fills and solos.", "A tom-tom drum (which is distinct from a tam-tam, a gong) is a cylindrical drum with no snares. The name came originally from the Anglo-Indian and Sinhala. The tom-tom drum was added to the drum kit in the early part of the 20th century. Most toms range in size between 6 and in diameter, though floor toms can go as large as 24 in.", "21 Struck drums, includes most types of drum, such as the timpani, snare drum, and tom-tom. (Included in most drum sets or", "The term comes from the middle east and refers to any drum that is not a snare drum, kettle drum or bass drum. Tom toms -- or just toms -- can range from as little as 4-6 inches in diameter to as large as or larger than a bass drum, and may have one or two heads. See Chinese Tom, Power Tom, Rack Tom, RotoTom, Tenor Drum.", "Long Drums were so called because their height exceeded their diameter. They were double-headed, tensioned with rope or sinew, and played with sticks. The modern tenor drum and tom-tom evolved from the long drum, as did the military snare drum.", "The snare drum or side drum is a percussion instrument that produces a sharp staccato sound when the head is struck with a drum stick. Snare drums are often used in orchestras, concert bands, marching bands, parades, drumlines, drum corps, and more. It is one of the central pieces in a drum set, a collection of percussion instruments designed to be played by a seated drummer, which is used in many genres of music. Snare drums are usually played with drum sticks, but the use of other beaters such as the brush or the rute can be used to achieve a very different sound.", "The marching band equivalent of a tom tom. Traditionally a side drum, and big brother to the snare drum, modern tenor drums are often more like mounted toms, with 3, 4 and even 6 drums mounted in a carrying frame. May be double or single headed. The single headed variety are sometimes called timp-toms as they can be tuned to a specific pitch.", "percussion family: timpani, bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, glockenspiel, xylophone, tambourine, triangle, woodblock, gong, piano, and hundreds of other instruments that make sound when struck, shaken, or scraped.", "The snare drum originates from the tabor, a drum first used to accompany the flute. The tabor evolved into more modern versions, such as the kit snare, marching snare, tarol snare, and piccolo snare. Each type presents a different style of percussion and size. The snare drum that one might see in a popular music concert is usually used in a backbeat style to create rhythm. In marching bands, it can do the same but is used mostly for a front beat.", "A three piece drum set is the most basic set. A conventional three-piece kit consists of bass drum, 14\" diameter snare drum, 12\"-14\" hi-hats, and a single 12\" diameter hanging tom, 8\"–9\" in depth, and a suspended cymbal, in the range of 14\"–18\", both mounted on the bass drum.", "Valve or slide: Neither! A typical kit consists of: a floor tom, two tom toms, a snare drum, hi hat, crash cymbal and ride cymbal.", "Percussion: timpani, snare drum, tenor drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle, wood block, tambourine, marimba, vibraphone, xylophone, glockenspiel, gong (tam-tam), tubular bells, etc.", "Rack toms have six lugs per head and the bass drum and floor tom have eight. The latest version of the Stage Custom snare has been upgraded to ten lugs per head for more precise tuning. It’s not surprising that at this price point the triple-flanged hoops are only 1.6mm thick — thicker ones would offer easier rim-clicks and louder rimshots. Our kit came in a Pure White high-gloss lacquer finish, which was attractive and professionally applied, and featured matching bass drum hoops. Several other finishes are available, including Raven Black, Natural Wood, Cranberry Red, and Honey Amber, so most drummers should be able to find one that suits their tastes. Toms were outfitted with clear Remo UT batter and resonant heads, a Remo UT coated snare batter, and a clear Remo UT Powerstroke3 bass drum batter with a black P3 logo head.", "A single-headed drum with a head that is significantly larger than the shell, e.g. a 24� head on a 20� drum. The result is a drum with a gong-like envelope. Usually mounted like a tom tom.", "In big band music, the drummer will often punctuate horn figures by playing a figure or a subset of the figure (i.e. the accents). Shots can be played anywhere on the drum set, although the snare drum appears to be the favourite.", "A gong bass drum (also known as \"gong drum\"), is a large, single-headed tom often sized at 20 in or 22 in, with the drumhead being 2 in larger than the shell. The sound produced is similar to a bass drum, though it is more open and has longer sustain. They can be mounted with standard floor tom legs, though many drummers mount them at an angle next to the floor tom(s). Notable users include Neil Peart, Stewart Copeland, Bill Bruford, Simon Phillips, Jason Bittner, Mike Portnoy and Dom Howard.", "Dennis used drums made by Camco, Ludwig, Rogers and Zickos. Around 1980, Dennis started to use Yamaha Recording Custom drums in a black finish with 14x10 and 15x12 rack toms, 16x16 and 18x16 floor toms, a 22x14 kick drum, and a 14\" metal snare drum. His cymbals were a combination of Paiste and Zildjian. He used Remo Clear Controlled Sound Black Dot drumheads on all the drums as well as Pro-Mark Dennis Wilson Signature 747 drumsticks.", "* Moving marching timpani and keyboard percussion into a stationary sideline percussion section (\"pit\"), which has since incorporated many different types of percussion instruments such as: tambourines, crash cymbals, suspended cymbals, bass drum and gong sets, chimes, EWIs (electronic woodwind instrument), and most keyboards", "Piccolo snare - A type of drum that is thin and tuned very tight. This drum includes snare wires on the bottom to give a very tight cracking sound to it. Piccolo snares are popular in all styles of music and offer a higher tone then regular snare drums.", "This distributed nature allows for rhythmic continuity while players take turns highlighting the melody. In funk-oriented groups that do not have a drummer, the electric bass player may take over some of the drummer's role by using slap bass. With slap bass, the bassist slaps the low strings to create a strong \"thump\" (similar to the bass drum's role) and \"snaps\" or \"pops\" the high strings to create a percussive effect (the latter takes over some of the role played by the hi-hat cymbals). In some bands, there may be no bass player—the basslines may be played by the piano player, synth player, or guitarist. Using a guitar player to provide basslines is particularly effective if a guitar player has a seven-string guitar with a low \"B\" string.", "A large diameter drum -- 14\" to 18\" -- that rests on the floor and is held up by steel legs attached to the shell. Floor toms are usually louder than mounted toms and their large diameter can make them somewhat difficult to play. Shell depth is quite often the same as the diameter. See Low Tom, Side Tom.", "A tom that is mounted in a rack, attached to a bass drum mount, or hanging from a stand. See Mounted Tom.", "A shell-less drum that consists of two circular racks mounted on a threaded rod. The drums are tuned by spinning the entire drum -- clockwise to raise the pitch, counter clockwise to lower it. The toms can be quickly tuned and can also produce a glissando.", "________. Techniques of Playing Bass Drum, Cymbals, and Accessories (Tambourine, Castanets, Triangle, Tam-Tam). SPACE SPACE Northbrook: Payson Percussion Products, 1971.", "drum - a hollow cylindrical shell of any size that has a head stretched over one or both ends and is beaten with the hands or a stick. There are also electronic drums where no shell is needed, just a triggering pad. When struck, it triggers synthesized sounds of all types.", "Timpani (also known commonly as kettledrums or kettle drums) are musical instruments in the percussion family. A type of drum, they consist of a skin called a head stretched over a large bowl traditionally made of copper, and more recently, constructed of more lightweight fiberglass. They are played by striking the head with a specialized drum stick or timpani mallet. Unlike most drums, they are capable of producing an actual pitch when struck, and can be tuned, often with the use of a pedal mechanism to control each drum's range of notes. Timpani evolved from military drums to become a staple of the classical orchestra by the last third of the 18th century. Today, they are used in many types of musical ensembles including concert, marching percussion, and even some rock bands.", "percussion Instruments, either tuned or untuned, that produce sounds by being struck, rattled, or scraped. Common percussion include drums, cymbals, and bells.", "percussion Instruments, either tuned or untuned, that produce sounds by being struck, rattled, or scraped. Common percussion include drums, cymbals, and bells.", "There are percussion-specific sound modules that can be triggered by pickups, trigger pads, or through MIDI. These are called drum modules; the Alesis D4 and Roland TD-8 are popular examples. Unless such a sound module also features a sequencer, it is, strictly speaking, not a drum machine.", " By the year 2000, standalone drum machines became much less common, being partly supplanted by general-purpose hardware samplers controlled by sequencers (built-in or external), software-based sequencing and sampling and the use of loops, and music workstations with integrated sequencing and drum sounds. TR-808 and other digitized drum machine sounds can be found in archives on the Internet. However, traditional drum machines are still being made by companies such as Roland Corporation (under the name Boss), Zoom, Korg and Alesis, whose SR-16 drum machine has remained popular since it was introduced in 1991. There are percussion-specific sound modules that can be triggered by pickups, trigger pads, or through MIDI. These are called drum modules; the Alesis D4 and Roland TD-8 are popular examples. Unless such a sound module also features a sequencer, it is, strictly speaking, not a drum machine." ]

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[ "A mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse. A hinny is the offspring of a male horse and a female donkey.", "A hinny is a domestic equine hybrid that is the offspring of a male horse, a stallion, and a female donkey, a jenny. It is the reciprocal cross to the more common mule, which is the product of a male donkey (jack) and a female horse, a mare.", "A hinny is a domestic equine hybrid that is the offspring of a male horse and a female donkey (called a jenny ). It is similar to the more common mule , which is the product of a female horse and a male donkey.", "Hinny is a domestic equine hybrid that is the offspring of a male horse and a female donkey (called a jenny). During their first year, both male & female horses are referred to as Foal", "When a male horse and a female donkey mate, they produce an offspring called a hinny. Hinnies are somewhat smaller than mules, which are the product of breeding between a female horse and a male donkey.", "When a female horse and male donkey mate, the offspring is called a mule, but when a male horse and female donkey mate, the offspring is called a hinny", "A mule is the offspring of a male donkey (called a jack) and a female horse (called a mare). Mules inherit desirable qualities from both donkeys and horses; from the horse they inherit strength and stamina, and like donkeys, mules are generally patient, sure-footed, intelligent and have an even temper. Mules are sterile but female mules are known to produce milk.", "A male donkey (jack) can be crossed with a female horse to produce a mule. A male horse can be crossed with a female donkey (jennet or jenny) to produce a hinny.  ", "A male donkey (jack) can be crossed with a female horse to produce a mule. A male horse can be crossed with a female donkey to produce a hinny.", "A mule is a crossbreed between a male donkey and a female horse. A hinnie is yada yada a female donkey and a male horse.", "When a female horse and male donkey mate, the offspring is called a mule, but when a male horse and female donkey mate, the offspring is called a ", "Donkey (Equus asinus), also called burro, domestic ass belonging to the horse family, Equidae , and descended from the African wild ass (Equus africanus; see ass ). It is known to have been used as a beast of burden since 4000 bce. The average donkey stands 101.6 cm (40 inches) at the shoulder, but different breeds vary greatly. The Sicilian donkey reaches only about 61 cm (24 inches), while the large ass of Majorca stands at about 157.5 cm (62 inches), and the American ass has been measured to 167.6 cm (66 inches). In colour the donkey ranges from white to gray or black and usually has a dark stripe from mane to tail and a crosswise stripe on the shoulders. The mane is short and upright and the tail, with long hairs only at the end, is more cowlike than horselike. The very long ears are dark at the base and tip. Although slower than horses, donkeys are surefooted and can carry heavy loads over rough terrain. The mule is a hybrid, the offspring of the mating of a male (jackass, or jack) donkey and a female horse. In some parts of the world where horses cannot easily survive or where extreme poverty prevents locals from owning horses, donkeys are the main beasts of burden and source of transportation.", "Other members of the horse family include zebras , donkeys, and onagers. The Donkey, Burro or Domestic Ass, Equus asinus, like the horse, has many breeds. A mule is a hybrid of a male ass (jack) and a mare, and is usually infertile. A hinny is the less common hybrid of a female ass (jenny) and a stallion. Breeders have also tried crossing various species of zebra with mares or female asses to produce \"zebra mules\" ( zorses, and zonkeys (also called zedonks)). This will probably remain a novelty hybrid as these individuals tend to inherit some of the undomesticated nature of their zebra parent, but they may inherit the zebra's resistance to nagana pest: zorses, also called zebroids, have been used in Central African game parks for light haulage.", "There are other reasons for the rarity of hinnies. Female donkeys, jennies , and male horses, stallions , are choosier about their mates than horse mares and donkey jacks.[ citation needed ] Thus, the two parties involved may not care to mate. Even if they do cooperate, female donkeys are less likely to conceive when bred to a horse than horse mares are when bred to a donkey. Breeding large hinnies is an even bigger challenge, as it requires stock from a jenny of Mammoth donkey ( Baudet de Poitou ). Mammoth donkey stock is becoming increasingly rare and has been declared an endangered domestic breed. Fanciers are unlikely to devote a Mammoth jenny's valuable breeding time to producing sterile hinny hybrids when Mammoth females are in high demand to produce fertile pure-bred Mammoth foals.", "** Hinny, a cross between a female donkey and a male horse. Mule and hinny are examples of reciprocal hybrids.", "Offspring from either cross, although fully developed as males or females, are almost always sterile. Hence, a line of horses and a line of domestic asses must be maintained to perpetuate mule or hinny production.", "Hinny:  This is the term used for the hybrid animal produced when the female ass (jennet) is mated to the male horse (stallion) to produce a foal.  There are both male hinnies and females.  The genetic inheritance of the hinny is exactly the same as the mule.  Scientists think that differences in hinnies and mules may be from the result of maternal influences on the fetus, and in the upbringing of the foal.  Some hinnies tend to look like horses with long ears, but most cannot be told apart from mules.  Untraced animals can not be verified as hinnies - the parents must be known in order to be absolutely sure the animal is a hinny and not the more normal cross of jack x mare.", "Other than size, some additional minor differences occur that can be used to distinguish between mules and hinnies. The head of a hinny is said to resemble that of a horse more than it does a mule's, with shorter ears (although these are still longer than those of horses), and more horse-like manes and tails than mules. A male hinny is properly called a horse hinny, and a female hinny is properly called a mare hinny. In England, a hinny is commonly called a jennet.", "Horse-donkey hybrids are almost always sterile because horses have 64 chromosomes whereas donkeys have 62, producing offspring with 63 chromosomes. Mules are much more common than hinnies. This is believed to be caused by two factors, the first being proven in cat hybrids, that when the chromosome count of the male is the higher, fertility rates drop (as in the case of stallion x jenney). The lower progesterone production of the jenny may also lead to early embryonic loss. In addition, there are reasons not directly related to reproductive biology. Due to different mating behavior, jacks are often more willing to cover mares than stallions are to breed jennys. Further, mares are usually larger than jennys and thus have more room for the ensuing foal to grow in the womb, resulting in a larger animal at birth. It is commonly believed that mules are more easily handled and also physically stronger than hinnies, making them more desirable for breeders to produce, and it is unquestioned that mules are more common in total number.", "Mule:  The hybrid animal produced when a male ass (Jack) is crossed with a female horse.  The mule is sterile hybrid, meaning it cannot reproduce.  Mules come in both male and female. A tiny percentage of female mules have had foals, but this is considered a freak genetic accident.  Mules are a combination of the traits of our parents with the most obvious donkey traits being long ears, narrower body and  smaller hooves.  The horse contributes size, speed, and muscle.  Other characteristics such as the head and voice (an odd combination  of the bray that ends as a whinny) are a blend of the parent features.  You can always tell a donkey from a mule by the fact that a donkey has a tail in essence like a lion or a cow (long tail with a tassel) and the mule has a tail like a horse (short tail bone with long hair).  No other characteristic s such as ear size, animal size, or color.  It takes experience to be able to immediately tell the differences in body shape and conformation, but experts will be able to tell doneys from mules at a glance.", "Mules (donkey stallion/horse mare) are bred as draught animals. Mules and hinnies are depicted in Egyptian art circa 1400 BC and were valued as draught animals by the Romans. Male mules are sterile, but fertile female mules (mollies) sometimes occur and can be mated to either a horse or donkey stallion. In France, the Poitou donkey is used almost exclusively for siring large, strong mules on Poitou horse mares. Jack donkeys are reportedly often reluctant to mate with horse mares and may have to be trained to do so. Miniature mules are produced using smaller breeds of donkey and pony. An article in The New York Times, Thursday Feb 22nd, 1968 entitled \"Rare Type Of Mule Kicks Up Heels At Children's Zoo\" detailed the birth of a foal to a Shetland pony fathered by a burro at New York's Central Park Zoo. Although sterile, mule stallions are generally castrated to make them tractable.", "The hinny (horse stallion/donkey mare hybrid) is less common. The head of a hinny is more horse-like than the head of a mule. They are harder to produce than mules as stallion/jenny matings are less likely to result in pregnancy. Hinnies are smaller and finer boned than mules. This was believed to be due to the donkey mare having a less roomy womb, but the difficulty in impregnation suggests it is largely genetic. Donkeys have 62 chromosomes while horses have 64 chromosomes; hybrids are less likely where the male has more chromosomes than the female.", "Hinnies are on average slightly smaller than mules. There is much speculation as to the size variances among the two types of hybrids. Some fanciers feel this size difference is merely physiological, due to the smaller size of the donkey dam, as compared with a much larger mare . Others claim it is genetic, but the view of the American Donkey and Mule Society is, \"The genetic inheritance of the hinny is exactly the same as the mule.\"[ citation needed ]", "The feet [hooves] of a hinny are more like a donkey, narrow and more upright, and the mule’s hooves are more horse-like. However, a bit more angle than the donkey hoof but not as round and angled as the horse. Both mules and hinnies should be trimmed more upright and the heels left longer than a horse.", "the hybrid that is produced by mating a male donkey with a female horse. they are usually sterile", "a hybrid between a female ass and a stallion. In appearance, the hinny resembles the horse more than the ass; it is usually smaller than the mule (a hybrid between an ass and a mare) and not as strong. In China, the crossbreeding of large female Shangtung asses with stallions has resulted in large hinnies, which are stronger than Chinese mules. Hinnies, except those raised in China, have almost no economic significance.", "A mule is sired on a mare by an ass. What is the offspring of a stallion and a female ass*hinny", "Hinnies are on average slightly smaller than the average bunny mules. There is much speculation about the size variances between the two types of hybrids. Some fanciers feel this size difference is merely physiological, due to the smaller size of the donkey dam, as compared with a much larger mare. Others claim it is genetic, but the view of the American Donkey and Mule Society is, \"The genetic inheritance of the hinny is exactly the same as the mule.\"", "\"offspring of a stallion and a she-ass,\" 1680s, from Latin hinnus, from Greek innos, ginnos, of unknown origin.", "Hinnies are thought to be smaller because female donkeys are, for the most part, smaller than mares, but like mules, Hinnies come in many size–it depends on the size of their dam and also the sire.", "The rarer Hinnies are often said to be more horselike than the mule, but more often it is impossible to tell them apart. Hinnies may tend to be slightly smaller, simply because of the fact that most donkeys are smaller than horses.", "Young donkey,  pony ,  mule, zebra, onagers and other equine relatives may be referred to as fillies as well." ]

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[ "A technique designed to save choking people by forcing food back out their mouths is described in an article titled “Pop Goes the Café Coronary” in the June, 1974 issue of _Emergency Medicine _magazine. The author, a Cincinnati thoracic specialist named Henry Heimlich, explains that by pressing upward on a choking person’s diaphragm, food lodged in his or her throat can be forced back out.", "1974 - The Heimlich maneuver for rescuing choking victims is published in the journal Emergency Medicine. Abdominal thrusts, also known by the proprietary name the Heimlich Maneuver (after Henry Heimlich, who first described the procedure in a June 1974 informal article entitled \"Pop Goes the Cafe Coronary\", published in the journal Emergency Medicine). Edward A. Patrick, MD, PhD, an associate of Heimlich, has claimed to be the uncredited co-developer of the procedure. Heimlich has objected to the name \"abdominal thrusts\" on the grounds that the vagueness of the term \"abdomen\" could cause the rescuer to exert force at the wrong site.", "Because he knew a peer-reviewed study in an established medical journal would take too long to get published , Heimlich got creative and crowd-sourced his research. For the June 1974 issue of the journal Emergency Medicine, he wrote an article called “ Pop Goes The Café Coronary ,” explaining how to do his method and asking people to try it if they encountered anyone choking on food. The Chicago Daily News then ran an article on it, and people around the U.S. reported that it worked.", "Of course, all Heimlich had proved with his experiments was that his anti-choking treatment worked on dogs. Whether it would work on humans was an open question. Seeking an answer, Heimlich prevailed upon the editor of Emergency Medicine—a \"throwaway\" journal that did not require its articles to be peer-reviewed—to let him propose his anti-choking treatment in its pages. Writing in the June 1974 issue, under the headline \"pop goes the cafe coronary,\" Heimlich instructed would-be rescuers on how to perform the maneuver. He urged readers to report the results of their rescue attempts to him. The public would serve as both his researchers and his subjects.", "* Heart transplantation or cardiac transplantation, is a surgical transplant procedure performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease. The most common procedure is to take a working heart from a recently deceased organ donor and implant it into the patient. The patient's own heart may either be removed or, less commonly, left in to support the donor heart. It is also possible to take a heart from another speciesor implant or a man-made artificial heart. The first heart transplanted into a human occurred in 1964 at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi when a team led by Dr. James Hardy transplanted a chimpanzee heart into a dying patient.[301]", "A number of different methods were employed. The most common was phlebotomy, or venesection (often called \"breathing a vein\"), in which blood was drawn from one or more of the larger external veins, such as those in the forearm or neck. In arteriotomy, an artery was punctured, although generally only in the temples. In scarification (not to be confused with scarification, a method of body modification), the \"superficial\" vessels were attacked, often using a syringe, a spring-loaded lancet, or a glass cup that contained heated air, producing a vacuum within (see fire cupping). There was also a specific bloodletting tool called a scarificator, used primarily in 19th century medicine. It has a spring-loaded mechanism with gears that snaps the blades out through slits in the front cover and back in, in a circular motion. The case is cast brass, and the mechanism and blades steel. One knife bar gear has slipped teeth, turning the blades in a different direction than those on the other bars. The last photo and the diagram show the depth adjustment bar at the back and sides.", "1974 - The Heimlich maneuver for rescuing choking victims is published in the journal Emergency Medicine.", "* cardiology, including coronary angiography and coronary angioplasty, plus facilities for cardiac electrophysiology and catheter ablation, pacemaker insertion, implantable cardiac defibrillator, transcatheter structural heart procedures such as valve implantation", "Well they found a 95% blockage in his coronary artery. They did an Angioplasty on him. An Angioplasty for those of you who do not know what it is, it is the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel; typically as a result of atherosclerosis. Tightly folded balloons are passed into the narrowed locations and then inflated to a fixed size using water pressures some 75 to 500 times normal blood pressure (6 to 20 atmospheres).", "Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI. Nitroglycerin or opioids may be used to help with chest pain; however, they do not improve overall outcomes. Supplemental oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath. In ST elevation MIs treatments which attempt to restore blood flow to the heart are typically recommended and include angioplasty, where the arteries are pushed open, or thrombolysis, where the blockage is removed using medications. People who have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are often managed with the blood thinner heparin, with the additional use of angioplasty in those at high risk. In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes, bypass surgery (CABG) may be recommended rather than angioplasty. After an MI, lifestyle modifications, along with long term treatment with aspirin, beta blockers, and statins, are typically recommended.", "HEART TRANSPLANTS. Texas physicians and scientists made numerous contributions to the field of human heart transplantation as it evolved from preliminary experimentation to an accepted orthodox therapy for patients with end-stage cardiac disease. Two Houston surgeons, Michael E. DeBakey and Denton Cooley, have been in the forefront in developing heart surgery and heart transplantation. DeBakey and his team performed the first successful coronary artery bypass graft procedure on November 23, 1964. By the mid-1980s more than one-half million coronary bypass surgeries were performed each year in the United States to extend the lives of patients.", "Ablation, or cardiac ablation, is a therapeutic method used to destroy a small section of heart tissue causing abnormal electrical activity or irregular heartbeat. Ablation is done using electrodes that help identify the site of abnormal activity, then deliver either radiofrequency energy (RF ablation) or intense cold (cryoablation) to destroy the tissue.", "During the procedure, a catheter (thin tube) with a balloon at its tip is threaded through a blood vessel to the faulty valve in your heart. The balloon is inflated to help widen the opening of the valve. Your doctor then deflates the balloon and removes both it and the tube. You’re awake during the procedure, which usually requires an overnight stay in a hospital.", "At this time, Norman Shumway, MD, Richard Lower, MD, and their associates at Stanford University Medical Center were embarking on the development of heart-lung machines, solving perfusion issues, and pioneering surgical procedures to correct heart valve defects. Key to their success was experimentation with \"topical hypothermia,\" the localized hyper-cooling of the heart which allowed the interruption of blood flow and gave the surgeons the proper blood-free environment and adequate time to perform the repairs. Next came \"autotransplantation,\" where the heart would be excised and resutured in place.", "In some cases, surgeons might make a small cut in the chest and left ventricle (the lower left heart chamber). They will thread the catheter into the heart through the small opening.", "Cardiac tamponade, also known as pericardial tamponade, is an acute type of pericardial effusion in which fluid accumulates in the pericardium (the sac in which the heart is enclosed).", "Claude Beck, a pioneering cardiovascular surgeon in Cleveland, successfully defibrillates a human heart during cardiac surgery. The patient is a 14 year old boy - 6 other patients had failed to respond to the defibrillator. His prototype defibrillator followed experiments on defibrillation in animals performed by Carl J. Wiggers, Professor of Physiology at the Western Reserve University. Beck CS, Pritchard WH, Feil SA: Ventricular fibrillation of long duration abolished by electric shock. JAMA 1947; 135: 985-989.", "It wasn't until 1982 that the first artificial heart implant intended for permanent use was made. A surgical team headed by William DeVries at the University of Utah performed the procedure. Dentist Barney Clark made worldwide headlines when he was given a second chance for life with the Jarvik-7. The Jarvik-7 was designed by American physician Robert Jarvik. The device was a pump made of plastic and titanium powered by compressed air. The compressed air was delivered by a large external (outside) air compressor through two tubes that passed into the body via incisions in the abdomen. Clark survived the surgery for only 112 days.", "In 1917, Lilienthal described a surgical treatment that was very similar to what is used today. [ 1 ] He called parotid abscesses celiac parotitis because they were believed to be metastatic from abdominal infections. Other authors used names such as acute surgical parotitis, acute necrotic parotitis, acute gangrenous parotitis, and other historical designations according to Hemenway and English in 1971. [ 2 ]", "In 1950, the first hole-in-the-heart surgery was carried out at Birmingham Children’s Hospital, and in 1960 it was announced that Queen Elizabeth Hospital surgeon Leon Abrams had fitted the first variable-pace pacemaker, which solved the infections and pain caused by earlier versions because it was in a small box outside the body. Abrams also set up one of the UK’s top centres for lung and heart surgery at the hospital and established open-heart surgery on the site.", "through an open chest, a graft (piece of vein or other heart artery) is implanted on the heart to bypass a blockage", "2005 Danish cardiologists report the successful reduction in the time between onset of chest pain and primary angioplasty when the ECG of patients is transmitted wirelessly from ambulance to the cardiologist's handheld PDA (Personal Digital Assistant). The clinician can make an immediate decision to redirect patients to the catheter lab saving time in transfers between hospital departments. Clemmensen P, Sejersten M, Sillesen M et al. Diversion of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients for primary angioplasty based on wireless prehospital 12-lead electrocardiographic transmission directly to the cardiologist's handheld computer: a progress report. J Electrocardiol. 2005 Oct;38(4 Suppl):194-8 ", "Passage of a sterile catheter into the heart via the brachial or femoral artery for the purpose of image intensification is called", "Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation. 1995 Aug 1. 92(3):657-71. [Medline] .", "Washkansky, a South African grocer dying from chronic heart disease, received the transplant from Denise Darvall, a 25-year-old woman who was fatally injured in a car accident. Surgeon Christiaan Barnard, who trained at the University of Cape Town and in the United States, performed the revolutionary medical operation. The technique Barnard employed had been initially developed by a group of American researchers in the 1950s. American surgeon Norman Shumway achieved the first successful heart transplant, in a dog, at Stanford University in California in 1958.", "In the mid-1980s, artificial hearts were powered by dishwasher-sized pneumatic power sources whose lineage went back to Alfa Laval milking machines. Moreover, two sizable catheters had to cross the body wall to carry the pneumatic pulses to the implanted heart, greatly increasing the risk of infection. To speed development of a new generation of technologies, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute opened a competition for implantable electrically powered artificial hearts. Three groups received funding: Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio; the College of Medicine of Pennsylvania State University (Penn State Hershey Medical Center) in Hershey, Pennsylvania; and AbioMed, Inc. of Danvers, Massachusetts. Despite considerable progress, the Cleveland program was discontinued after the first five years.", "April 21st. 1966 Dr. Michael E. DeBakey and at his right Dr. Domingo Liotta, during the clinical implantation of a Para corporeal Assisted Cardiocirculatory Device, at the Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA", "Critics often misinterpreted this incident as a heart attack instead of an episode of cardiac arrest caused by his condition and often use the two interchangeably when citing the incident however the two are distinct problems. The American Heart Association clearly defines and shows the distinction between the two.", "A term that refers to situations where the blood-supply to the heart muscle is suddenly blocked, resulting in heart attacks and unstable angina.", "A branch of the medical specialty of cardiology that deals specifically with the mechanical treatment of heart diseases.", "Michael DeBakey (1908-) designed and implanted a pneumatically-driven (worked by air pressure) component called a Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) in 1966. The LVAD served the chamber of the heart that pumps blood out into the arteries. Since the majority of severe heart disease is caused by left the ventricle failure, this was a major development.", "The breakthrough came with the publication of De Motu Cordis (1628) by the English physician William Harvey. Harvey's book completely describes the systemic circulation and the mechanical force of the heart, leading to an overhaul of the Galenic doctrines. Otto Frank (1865–1944) was a German physiologist; among his many published works are detailed studies of this important heart relationship. Ernest Starling (1866–1927) was an important English physiologist who also studied the heart. Although they worked largely independently, their combined efforts and similar conclusions have been recognized in the name \"Frank–Starling mechanism\"." ]

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[ "Charles Arthur Floyd, better known as Pretty Boy Floyd, made a name for himself as a bank robber in Oklahoma and the Midwest. His name conjured the ideals of Robin Hood to ordinary people suffering through the Great Depression. To them, he was a folk hero; to the FBI, he was Public Enemy Number One. He robbed over 30 banks, most of them in Ohio and Oklahoma. Though implicated in a string of murders he did not commit, Floyd was guilty of shooting a bounty hunter who tried to capture him. FBI agents and local police officers shot and killed Floyd in 1934 near East Liverpool, Ohio. Over 20,000 people attended his funeral.", "Known as \"Choc\" Floyd or \"Pretty Boy,\" Oklahoma's most notorious and glorified folk bandit, Charles Arthur Floyd also became one of the nation's most celebrated criminals. He was immortalized in song by Woody Guthrie and by the fictional Joad family in John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath. This Robin Hood figure, beloved of America's dispossessed and downtrodden of the Great Depression, was also a wanton bank robber and a man known to J. Edgar Hoover and the law enforcement establishment as \"Public Enemy Number One.\"", "Charles Arthur Floyd also known as Pretty Boy Floyd or Choctaw (shortened to Choc) Floyd (a.k.a. The Robin Hood of Cookson Hills) was born on February 3, 1904.  He was a notorious bank robber and operated mainly in the Midwest.  His exploits gained heavy press in the 1930s like most outlaws of the period.    ", "Charles Arthur \"Pretty Boy\" Floyd (February 3, 1904 – October 22, 1934) was an American bank robber. He operated in the Midwest and West South Central States, and his criminal exploits gained heavy press coverage in the 1930s. Like most other prominent outlaws of that era, he was killed by policemen. He remains a familiar figure in American popular culture, sometimes seen as notorious, but at other times viewed as a tragic figure, partly a victim of hard times.", "            1904 –Wednesday-  Happy Birthday, Charles Arthur “Pretty Boy” Floyd, American gangster. Floyd was one of a number of bank robbers and killers to achieve notoriety in early 1930’s during the Depression Era.  Others included John Dillinger, Bonnie and", "Birdwell befriended his neighbor, Bradley Floyd, who later introduced him to his brother Charles Floyd. In early 1930, Birdwell was laid off at his job at Magnolia and desperately needed a way to feed his wife, four children, and two nephews who lived with the family.  He began bootlegging whiskey and had some poker winnings, but it wasn’t enough. He started robbing banks with Pretty Boy and soon became known as a Robin Hood figure, frequently doling out $20 to friends and neighbors in need. ", "When paroled, Floyd vowed that he would never see the inside of another prison. Entering into partnerships with more established criminals in the Kansas City underworld, he committed a series of bank robberies over the next several years; it was during this period that he acquired the nickname \"Pretty Boy.\" According to one account, when the payroll master targeted in a robbery described the three perpetrators to the police, he referred to Floyd as \"a mere boy — a pretty boy with apple cheeks.\" Like his contemporary Baby Face Nelson, Floyd hated his nickname.", "Cookson Hills Gang (1932-1934) - Led by Charles Arthur \"Pretty Boy\" Floyd, the gang blazed a path of robbery and murder through Oklahoma , Kansas , Nebraska and Arkansas for 18 months", "(June 22, 1903 � July 22, 1934) was an American gangster and bank-robber in the Depression-era United States. He was charged with, but never convicted of, the murder of an East Chicago police officer. This was his only alleged kill. His gang robbed two dozen banks and four police stations. Dillinger escaped from jail twice.In 1933-34, among criminals like Lester Gillis (Baby Face Nelson), Pretty Boy Floyd, and Bonnie and Clyde, Dillinger was the most notorious of all. Media reports were spiced with exaggerated accounts of his bravado and daring. The government demanded federal action and J. Edgar Hoover developed a more sophisticated Federal Bureau of Investigation as a weapon against organized crime and would use Dillinger and his gang as his campaign platform to launch this FBI .", "In November of that year, three members of Floyd's gang attempted to rob the Farmers and Merchants Bank in Boley, Oklahoma. Despite his life of crime, Floyd was viewed positively by the general public. When he robbed banks he allegedly destroyed mortgage documents, but this has never been confirmed and may be myth. He was often protected by locals of Oklahoma, who referred to him as \"Robin Hood of the Cookson Hills\". Read Less", "Pretty Boy Floyd was a bank robber during the Great Depression and very popular with the media at the time. The public generally had a positive view of him because when he robbed banks, he would destroy mortage documents, freeing many people from their debts. He was killed in a shootout with the FBI in 1934.", "John Herbert Dillinger (June 22, 1903 – July 22, 1934) was an infamous American gangster in the Depression-era United States, he operated a group of men known asthe Dillinger Gang or Terror Gang. They were accused of robbing 24 banks and four police stations. Dillinger escaped from jail twice. In the Depression-era outlaw (1933–1934) Dillinger was the most notorious of all, standing out even among more violent criminals such as Baby Face Nelson, Pretty Boy Floyd, and Bonnie and Clyde", "... * Bandit's Fate SHOT DEAD AFTER LONG CHASE NEW YORK, Monday Charles ('Pretty Bob') Floyd, who succeeded Dillinger as 'Public Enemy No. 1...", "His spree of murders and robberies continued, and after gangster John Dillinger was shot to death in an FBI ambush in Chicago in 1934, Floyd was named \"Public Enemy #1.\" Although there was a $25,000 reward for his capture, Floyd was considered a hero in his area of Oklahoma, one reason being that whenever he returned there he would use some of the loot from his previous robberies to buy food and clothes for many of the poverty-stricken residents of the Cookson Hills, where he grew up. Also, whenever he robbed banks in the area, the first thing he did was tear up all the mortgages he could find, an act that endeared him to many of the local residents who were on the verge of losing their homes, farms and businesses to the banks.", "Such was the fame of Depression-era bandits that they remain subjects of movies and books to this day. At a time when the average Joe was struggling to pay for basic necessities, outlaws were taking what they couldn't get honestly. For most of the 1930s, Public Enemy Number One was usually a bank robber.", "\"Babyface\" Nelson -  Lester Joseph Gillis  (December 6, 1908[1] – November 27, 1934), known under the pseudonym George Nelson, was a bank robber and murderer in the 1930s. Gillis was better known as Baby Face Nelson, a name given to him due to his youthful appearance and small stature. Usually referred to by criminal associates as \"Jimmy\", Nelson entered into a partnership with John Dillinger, helping him escape from prison in the famed Crown Point, Indiana Jail escape, and was later labeled along with the remaining gang members as public enemy number one.", "Because of Prohibition, organized crime increased, especially in major cities. Gangsters got richer and more violent as they fought over control of liquor sales and other illegal activities such as prostitution and gambling, which also grew during the 1930s. The public was fascinated by big-city mob bosses who became the subject of newspaper stories and movies. Although they were far from urban speakeasies and gangland crime, rural residents also were fascinated by the underworld activities of mobsters. Gangs and outlaws with names like \"Pretty Boy Floyd,\" \"Baby Face\" Nelson, Ma and Fred Barker, and Bonnie and Clyde grabbed newspaper headlines. John Dillinger's armed robberies took place mostly in the Midwest, and he was named \"Public Enemy Number One.\"", "... Successor (Special to 'The Daily News') NEW- YORK. October 22. Charles ('Pretty Boy') Floyd, who succeeded' John Dillinger as public ene...", "1934 – Pretty Boy Floyd, an American bank robber and alleged killer who was later romanticised by the media, was gunned down by Federal Bureau of Investigation agents near East Liverpool, Ohio.", "“Nowadays, you’d be pissed because he was stealing your money,” says Randy Pinkston, a Fishers resident whose father was an early Dillinger expert. “But in the Depression you couldn’t get your money out of the bank, so everybody hated the banks more than they hated him.” To people beaten down by financial desperation, Dillinger was a heroic figure, and many a man on the street was happy to call the Hoosier bandit one of his own, despite the fact that most of the money he stole belonged, even if indirectly, to the people of Indiana. “Hurray for you, John,” read a letter published in one Indiana paper. “May you never be caught!”", "Floyd grew up in Oklahoma, and was first arrested at age 18, after stealing $3.50 from a post office. After participating in numerous small time robberies, he was eventually jailed for 5 years. When he was paroled he vowed to never see the inside of another prison. He began to associate with big time Kansas City mobsters. Over the next few years he participated in several bank robberies, and it was in this period that he acquired his nickname. A payroll master targeted in the robbery described Floyd as:", "The 1920s and 1930s were a time of rising crime, driven at first by Prohibition and then after its repeal, taking on a life of its own. The 1930s was a period of famous gangsters such as John Dillinger, Baby Face Nelson, Bonnie and Clyde, Pretty Boy Floyd, Machine Gun Kelly, and Ma Barker. It also became known as the Public Enemies Era when the FBI began to keep \"Public Enemies\" lists of wanted criminals charged with crimes. ", "During the next 12 years he robbed as many as 30 banks, killing 10 men. During his crime sprees in Oklahoma the bank insurance rates doubled. He filed a notch in his pocket-watch for everyone he killed. His first bank robbery is reported to have been the Farmers and Merchants bank in Sylvania, Ohio. Floyd was arrested at his Akron, Ohio hideout for this crime. He was tried and convicted but escaped by jumping out of the train window near Kenton, Ohio while on his way to the Ohio Penitentiary.", "Lester Joseph Gillis (December 6, 1908 – November 27, 1934), known under the pseudonym George Nelson, was a bank robber and murderer in the 1930s. Gillis was better known as Baby Face Nelson, a name given to him due to his youthful appearance and small stature. Usually referred to by criminal associates as \"Jimmy\". Nelson entered into a partnership with John Dillinger, helping him escape from prison in the famed Crown Point, Indiana Jail escape, and was later labeled along with the remaining gang members as public enemy number one.", "On January 4, 1929, Ruby Floyd filed for divorce, charging her incarcerated husband with neglect. Floyd did not contest the action, and she took custody of their four-year-old son. Through the years Floyd continued to see his former wife and son and lived with them in both Fort Smith, Arkansas, and in Tulsa. In March 1929, following release from prison in Missouri, Floyd headed straight to Kansas City, ready to put to use the education in crime he had received from veteran convicts behind bars. During a card game at Mother Ash's boardinghouse in Kansas City, Floyd met his future girlfriend, Beulah Baird, who gave him the colorful moniker \"Pretty Boy.\"", "At least three accounts exist of the following events: one given by the FBI, one by other people in the area, and one by local law enforcement. The accounts agree that, after obtaining some food at a local pool hall owned by a friend Charles Joy, Floyd hitched a ride in an East Liverpool neighborhood on October 22, 1934. He was spotted by the team of lawmen, at which point he broke from the vehicle and fled toward the treeline. Local retired officer Chester Smith fired first, hitting Floyd in the right arm, knocking him to the ground. At this point, the three accounts diverge; the FBI agents later attempted to claim all the credit, denying local law enforcement were even present at the shooting. According to the local police account, Floyd regained his footing and continued to run, at which point the entire team opened fire, knocking him to the ground. Floyd died shortly thereafter from his wounds.", "Floyd was first arrested at age 18 after he stole $3.50 in coins from a local post office. Three years later he was arrested for a payroll robbery on September 16, 1925 in St. Louis, Missouri and was sentenced to five years in prison. He served three and a half years before gaining parole. ", "Devoted to his wife and son but still restless with life as a dirt farmer, Floyd traded five gallons of corn whiskey for a pearl-handled pistol. In 1925 he and a friend jumped a freight train headed east and left behind the Cookson Hills of Oklahoma. In St. Louis on September 11, 1925, he took part in a payroll robbery that netted $11,929 and earned him a five-year sentence in the Missouri State Penitentiary in Jefferson City.", "Floyd was a suspect in the deaths of Kansas City brothers Wally and Boll Ash, who were rum-runners. They were found dead in a burning car on March 25, 1931. A month later on April 23, members of his gang killed Patrolman R. H. Castner of Bowling Green, Ohio. On July 22, Floyd killed federal agent Curtis C. Burke in Kansas City, Missouri. ", "Samuel Wells, who regularly used the alias \"Charlie Pitts,\" was a member of the James-Younger gang. He was involved with them in a number of robberies and resultant shootouts, but it cannot be stated with any degree of certainty in which specific incidents he participated. It is known that he took part in a train robbery at Rocky Cut, Missouri, in July, 1876, because after the holdup he jilted his sweetheart, Lillian Beamer, to marry another girl, and Miss Beamer promptly informed on him to the authorities. It is also known that he was present in the abortive raid on Northfield, because he was killed during the subsequent manhunt.", "Another film, A Bullet for Pretty Boy, was released in 1970, starring Fabian. Floyd was played by Steve Kanaly in the 1973 film Dillinger.", "In 1929, Floyd was wanted in numerous cases. On March 9, he was arrested in Kansas City on investigation, and again on May 6 for vagrancy and suspicion of highway robbery, but he was released the next day. Two days later, he was arrested in Pueblo, Colorado, and charged with vagrancy. He was fined $50.00 and sentenced to 60 days in jail." ]

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[ "September   Bumbershoot : The Seattle Arts Festival. At the Seattle Center, Labor Day weekend, Bumbershoot explodes with music, film, comedy and a heck of a lot more. It made its debut in 1971, and is one of the country's largest urban arts festivals. And with hundreds of artists of all kinds performing today, it's a sensory overload. And each and every Bumbershoot features at least one \"act of absurdity\" to help kick things off and keep things rolling. It began at a fertile time -- during the arts explosion of the 1970s that gave rise to such institutions as the Pilchuck Glass School, Northwest Folklife Festival, Linda Farris Gallery and the Empty Space and Intiman theaters -- and is now so ingrained into Pacific Northwest lifestyles that it is just about THE thing to go to EVERY YEAR. As a Bumbershoot spokesperson states:  \"Bumbershoot fits the personality of this city so well because people here are curious and engaged and they come to the festival to sample.\"", "October   CroatiaFest  Held in October. Experience the treasures of Croatia - breathtaking landscapes, music, art, history and folklore during CroatiaFest at Seattle Center. From the cosmopolitan 1000 year old capital of Zagreb, the city of history and legends, to the port city of Split, home of Diocletian�s Palace, on the Dalmatian Coast; from the ancient walled city of Dubrovnik, the �Pearl of the Adriatic�, a favorite of the rich and famous, to the sixteen Plitvice Lakes, one of the most beautiful natural wonders in the world, CroatiaFest invites you to discover Croatia, one of the last undiscovered treasures on earth.", "August   Seattle Tibet-Fest. Northwest Tibetans will gather to celebrate and display Tibetan culture, art, handicrafts, music, and traditional food for the general public. The spectacular music and dance of Tibet are the star attractions at this colorful two-day festival at the Seattle Center. Featuring arts, crafts, literature, lectures and plenty of food, TibetFest is a cultural feast of entertainment from the Land of the Snows that is guaranteed to dazzle all visitors. Members of the esteemed Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts from Dharamsala in India join local dance troupe Nyenchen Thangla to present traditional folk music and dances of Tibet. Dressed in stunning silks and brocades of many colors and dripping in silver and turquoise jewels, the dancers wow audiences with tales of nomads and farmers and dances of gypsies, stags and yaks. TibetFest has been running since 1985 and is brought to Seattle by the close-knit community of Tibetan refugees who live in the area, through a local organization called the Tibetan Association of Washington.", "July   Bite of Seattle . A Seattle mid-summer tradition for the last 23 years, held at the Seattle Center, on the third weekend in July. It is hailed as \"The Northwest's Premier Food Festival.\" Out of the dozens of festivals and special events held at Seattle Center each year, the Bite of Seattle ranks among the most popular. Food is not the only attraction; you'll also be able to enjoy live music, cooking demonstrations, and family-friendly entertainment. Visitors to \"The Bite\" have the opportunity to indulge in tasty treats of all kinds, including entrees, desserts, fruit drinks, microbrews, and wine. You'll be able to sample a variety of different ethnic foods, including Thai, German, Greek, Filipino, French, Russian, and Hawaiian. Adults can savor an alcoholic beverage at one of the Bite of Seattle's many beer and wine gardens. Beers of the world, Northwest wines, and brand-name cocktails can be enjoyed at designated locations throughout Seattle Center. You can rest your stomach between all those goodies by taking in live music and entertainment at one of Seattle Center's four stages. Rock-n-roll, swing, jazz, and reggae are just a few of the musical stylings that will be offered from noon to closing each day.", "Among Seattle's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival, Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout July and August (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations. ", "See also: Museums and galleries of Seattle [34] [35] 210 cruise ship visits brought 886,039 passengers to Seattle in 2008. [151 ] [36] [37] Seattle Sheraton from Two Union SquareAmong Seattle's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival , [152 ] Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout July and August (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle , one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot , which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations. [153 ] [154 ] [155 ] In the past, the Gay Pride parade and festival have been centered on Capitol Hill, but since 2006, festivities have been held city-wide, and the parade has followed a route downtown along 4th Avenue from the central shopping district to Seattle Center. [156 ]", "Bumbershoot , Seattle Center. Labor Day weekend (early September). Seattle's largest music and arts festival, featuring dozens of local and world-class musical acts. ", "Other significant events include numerous Native American pow-wows, a Greek Festival hosted by St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church in Montlake, and numerous ethnic festivals (many associated with Festál at Seattle Center). ", "USA, Seattle , Washington State, Bumbershoot at Seattle Center – a 3 day music and art festival with over 2, 000 artists, many world famous, perform art of every kind from top flight rock to comedy, drama, poetry and bizarre sculptures.", "Other significant events include numerous Native American pow-wows , a Greek Festival hosted by St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church in Montlake , and numerous ethnic festivals (many associated with Festál at Seattle Center ). [157 ] [38] [39] The Seattle skyline viewed from Gas Works Park .There are other annual events, ranging from the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show; [158 ] an anime convention, Sakura-Con ; [159 ] Penny Arcade Expo , a gaming convention; [160 ] a two-day, 9,000-rider Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic , [161 ] and specialized film festivals, such as the Maelstrom International Fantastic Film Festival , the Northwest Asian-American Film Festival, Children's Film Festival Seattle, Translation: the Seattle Transgender Film Festival, and the Seattle Gay and Lesbian Film Festival. [162 ] [163 ]", "Seattle PrideFest , Seattle Center. A weekend in June or July. One of the biggest gay pride festivals in the country. Food carts, beer gardens, adult theme performances, and the eagerly anticipated Pride Parade. ", "Festál Cultural Center , Seattle Center. Year-round except December. Celebrate the world with festivals from about 25 countries represented, one country nearly every 2 weeks. ", "Thousands converge on the city each Labor Day Weekend for Westfest, which features music, arts and crafts, kolaches and sausage.", "Seattle Center/Space Needle/EMP The 74-acre Seattle Center features year-round activity. Originally the site for the 1962 World’s Fair, the Center’s landscaped grounds are free to visit and include the dramatic International Fountain. Over 12 million visit each year to ride the Monorail or enjoy one of the 30-plus campus organizations offering outstanding arts and entertainment. A “must see” is the 605-foot Space Needle, easily one of Seattle’s most recognizable landmarks. The Experience Music Project (or EMP) is a unique, interactive rock music Museum that also includes the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame. The Pacific Science Center and the Children’s Museum offer hours of family fun. The Chihuly Garden & Glass Exhibition Hall has eight galleries housing Dale Chihuly’s work. (206) 753-4940, www.chihulygardenandglass.com. A state-ofthe-art skatepark has features for all skill levels. Concerts and sporting events are held at Key Arena and Marion Oliver McCaw Hall. Seattle Center also hosts many of the region’s major festivals and cultural events. (206) 684-7200, www.seattlecenter.com.", "FALL FOLK FESTIVAL The 19th annual folk cultural festival features eight stages of traditional and ethnic dance, music, workshops, entertainment, vendors, food and more. More than 100 groups perform over the weekend, which culminates with a New England Contra Dance. Nov. 8 from 11 am-10 pm, Nov. 9 from 11 am-5 pm.", "Karneval der Kulturen [67] in May or June (on Whit Sunday). The idea of the \"Carnival of Cultures\" is a parade of the various ethnic groups of the city showing traditional music, costumes and dances. Other more modern, alternative and political groups also participate. Similar events are also held in Hamburg and Frankfurt .", "If you do the tour on the third weekend of July don't miss Bon Odori (a Japanese festival to remember the ancestors and dance).  The annual festival is organized by the Seattle Betsuin Buddhist Temple. The prayers to the ancestors are done earlier in the day and then the late afternoon and evening are a giant street dance where many of the participants where magnificent, colorful kimonos and yukatas (a casual summer kimono usually made of cotton.)", "July   West Seattle Hi-Yu Summer Festival . HiYu is a non-profit organization, established in 1934 by West Seattle's service clubs to produce a summer festival to promote the West Seattle Community. The annual HiYu Summer Festival is held throughout the month of July. Dozens of events occur all around West Seattle during this time. The kick-off event is the Seattle Seafair Pirates Landing at Alki Beach, and it finishes at the end of the month with the Miss West Seattle HiYu Scholarship Program and the Seafair Torchlight Parade. Named in 1934 (16 years prior to Seafair), in a community contest, HiYu means \"much, plenty, abundance\" in native Chinook jargon. It includes a kids fun fair, kids fishing derby, concert in the park, bowling tournament, kiddies parade and a grand parade. ", "October   Oktoberfest Northwest    Puyallup Fair Grounds, Puyallup, Washington. The first annual Oktoberfest Northwest took place October 6-9, 2005 at the Puyallup Fairgrounds, bringing German culture and entertainment to Western Washington. Nearly 15,000 festival attendees enjoyed German music and dancing, arts and crafts, authentic cuisine and family activities over the four days of the event. The event kicked off with the Tapping of the Golden Keg by Festmaster Bob Carlson on Thursday evening, which was attended by almost 4,000 people and filled the Festhalle Biergarten. Thousands more braved the uncertain weather to come out and celebrate Oktoberfest throughout the rest of the weekend. The Bavarian Brewer�s Band from Germany was a huge crowd favorite, playing polkas and dances that energized the Festhalle Biergarten Friday, Saturday and Sunday nights. The Schaefer Brothers Band and the Greg Meier Bavarian Quartet were also big hits, getting the crowd on their feet and even involving over 1,000 people in the Chicken Dance at the same time! Festival-goers also enjoyed the Scandinavian Heritage Festival, which paired with Oktoberfest Northwest and showcased Scandinavian foods, music and crafts. Event producers have received much positive feedback on this first-time event and plan to make Oktoberfest Northwest an annual tradition.", "July   Chinatown/International District Summer Festival. Authentic international food, arts & crafts, community booths, and cultural entertainment, the Chinatown-International District Summer Festival is known to be the largest Asian-American Streetfair in Washington and offers a variety of Asian-inspired Entertainment including Japanese Drumming, Chinese Martial Arts, Filipino Dancing, Lion and Dragon dances plus live concerts featuring Jazz, New Age and Pop music. You'll find lots of hand-made Arts & Crafts, authentic Asian Cuisine and even a Karaoke Stage for those that feel inspired to showcase their vocal talents. It has taken place each summer since 1975. It has been delighting visitors of all ages with live cultural entertainment, authentic Pan-Asian cuisine, and beautiful Asian-inspired arts & crafts. The two-day event also includes a Children's Corner, Karaoke Idol Contest, car show, Sports Corner, Eco-Village, martial arts demonstrations and much more.", "A local festival with a range of activities and concerts, exhibitions, craft fairs and a daily café and sporting competitions.", "Seafair [68] is in July and early August. Neighborhood events such as parades and street fairs run throughout the festival, with the downtown Torchlight Parade in late July. Seafair culminates in early August when hydroplane races and the Blue Angels bring loud, fast boats and planes to Lake Washington.", "The four-day Philadelphia Folk Festival began in 1962. It is sponsored by the non-profit Philadelphia Folksong Society. The event hosts contemporary and traditional artists in genres including World/Fusion, Celtic, Singer/Songwriter, Folk Rock, Country, Klezmer, and Dance. It is held annually on the third weekend in August. The event now hosts approximately 12,000 visitors, presenting bands on 6 stages.", "Seattle supports a number of museums and galleries specializing in a wide range of areas. The Seattle Art Museum displays a large collection of Oriental, Asian, African, and modern art; of special interest is a collection of paintings by the Northwest Mystics school. The Charles and Emma Frye Art Museum downtown features exhibits of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century and contemporary paintings. The Belle-vue Art Museum in Bellevue Square specializes in works by regional artists. The Henry Art Gallery at the University of Washington is one of the oldest art museums in the state. Commercial galleries, most of them clustered around Pioneer Square, regularly schedule shows.", "September   Port Townsend Wooden Boat Festival . The Port Townsend Wooden Boat Festival is the premier annual celebration of wooden boat enthusiasts in North America. There are hundreds of boats & expert demonstrations, activities for the whole family. Its mission is to celebrate and preserve traditional maritime skills, heritage and culture through education and community participation. It is the largest gathering of wooden boat enthusiasts on the West Coast and premier festival of its kind, this three-day educational celebration should not be missed by the true boat enthusiast. Over 100 finely crafted wooden boats are displayed in the water and on land. Workshops, lectures, demonstrations, regional music, food and fun for the entire family. Proceeds support the Wooden Boat Foundation's mission.", "Seattle has a number of top-notch museums. Downtown is home to the renowned Seattle Art Museum (SAM), which displays an good assortment of art from around the world. In the Central District is the Seattle Asian Art Museum, an off-shoot of the Seattle Art Museum which focuses on Chinese and Japanese Art, but includes works from as far away as India. Additionally, The Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience in the International District is the only Asian Pacific American museum in the nation. Nearby is the Frye Art Museum, a small private collection featuring 232 paintings by Munich-based artists. Not a museum, but open to browsing by the public, is the Seattle Metaphysical Library in Ballard, which specializes in material not found in normal libraries.", "Seattle is home to a number of top-notch museums. Downtown is home to the renowned Seattle Art Museum, which displays a good overview and assortment of art from around the world. In the Central District is the Seattle Asian Art Museum, an off-shoot of the Seattle Art Museum which focuses on Chinese & Japanese Art, but includes works from as far away as India. Additionally, The Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience is in Chinatown/International District is the only Asian Pacific American museum in the nation. Nearby is the Frye Art Museum, a small private collection featuring 232 paintings by Munich-based artists. Not a museum, but open to browsing by the public, is the Seattle Metaphysical Library, in Ballard, which specializes in material not found in normal libraries..", "USA, Washington State International Kite Festival (WSIKF) – a week-long kite celebration and competition run by the World Kite Museum and held annually on Long Beach.", "The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927, the first public art museum in Washington. The Seattle Art Museum (SAM) opened in 1933; SAM opened a museum downtown in 1991 (expanded and reopened 2007); since 1991, the 1933 building has been SAM's Seattle Asian Art Museum (SAAM). SAM also operates the Olympic Sculpture Park (opened 2007) on the waterfront north of the downtown piers. The Frye Art Museum is a free museum on First Hill.", "Seattle is a storytelling capital. That statement, along with an announcement of an ambitious new event coming to the city, was how…", "*LinuxFest Northwest is a free conference dedicated to discussion and development of the Linux operating system and other open-source and free-software projects. Held at Bellingham Technical College during the last weekend in April, it draws more than a thousand Linux enthusiasts from across the northwestern US and western Canada. Since the first conference in 2000 it has become one of the largest events of its kind.", "Several festivals are held at different times of the year inAthens. Some of them are as follows:" ]

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[ "Situated in the Midwestern location of the United States. Illinois is the 21st state to join the Union (on December 3, 1818 ) and with a population of nearly 13 million, Illinois is the 5th  most populous state. Known as the Land of Lincoln; The \"Prairie State\".", "Illinois became a state on Dec. 3, 1818. It was the 21st state to join the union.", "Illinois became a state on December 3, 1818. Illinois was the 21st state to enter the Union. It had a population of 34,620 people. Illinois is now the fifth most populous state in the country with almost 12.9 million people.", "Illinois was the twenty-first state to join the Union on December 3, 1818. Illinois covers an area of 57,914 square miles (149,998 square kilometers) in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Michigan across Lake Michigan, in the Great Lakes region.", "Between 1821 and 1859, the following States became part of the Union: Missouri (1821), Arkansas (1836), Michigan (1837), Texas (1845), Florida (1845), Iowa (1846), Wisconsin (1848), California (1850), Minnesota (1858) and Oregon (1859)", "This flag flew from 4 July 1818 to 3 July, 1819. States 16 through 20 admitted to the Union were in sequential order, Tennessee 16, Ohio 17, Louisiana 18, Indiana 19, and Mississippi 20.", "Admitted as the 21st state of the US, Illinois shares its boundary with Wisconsin in the north, Iowa in the west, Missouri in the south west, Kentucky in the south and south-east, and Indiana in the east. However, as you can see on the given map of Illinois state that the small north-east portion of the state makes coastline with Lake Michigan.", "Missouri (nickname The Show Me State) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Missouri is the 21st most extensive and the 18th most populous of the 50 United States. Missouri comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.", "In 1801 the United States bought 827,987 square miles of land from France for about $15 million. Eventually all or parts of 15 states were formed out of the region -- Arkansas , Colorado , Iowa, Kansas , Louisiana , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , New Mexico , North Dakota , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Texas , and Wyoming .", "borders of the thirteen original colonies up westward to the Mississippi River. The Treaty of Paris gave the U.S. twelve states which included: Wisconsin,... Illinois, Ohio, Tennessee, etc. In 1803 Thomas Jefferson then made the Louisiana Purchase from France, approximately cost fifteen million dollars. The Louisiana Purchase not only doubled the size of the still growing U.S. it also carved out about another twelve states including Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, etc. The Oregon Territory; included Oregon...", "Eighteenth was Louisiana Indiana was nineteenth to sign State twenty was Mississippi Illinois, twenty-first state in line", "The nation-changing Louisiana Purchase subsequently almost doubled the size of the United States overnight. This massive transfer of land included all of present-day Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska and Iowa; most of Colorado, South Dakota, Montana and Wyoming, as well as significant parts of North Dakota, Minnesota, Texas and Louisiana.", "The political conflict between the North and the South took definite form in 1819, when Missouri applied for admission into the Union. Application was made entirely in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Constitution, closely adhering to procedures established in the admission process of other states.", "On August 10, 1821, Missouri entered the Union as the twenty-fourth state. Named after the Native American people who originally inhabited the land, Missouri was acquired by the U.S. as part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase . At that time, the territory’s occupants were mainly French settlers. After the War of 1812, American settlers poured into the region.", "* North Dakota: Louisiana Purchase, part of Red River Colony before 1818, Great Plains, and Missouri River state.", "The land that today makes up North Dakota became U.S.territory as part of the Louisiana Purchaseof 1803.The regionwas originally part of the Minnesota and Nebraska territories, until, along with South Dakota, it was organized into the Dakota Territory in 1861. The state was very sparsely populated until the arrival of the railroads in the late 1800s, andfinally becamea state in 1889. During the run-up to statehood, there was an intense rivalry between North and South Dakota over which state would be admitted to the unionfirst. When the time came for their formal admission, President Benjamin Harrison selected at random which bill to sign first, and did not record the order in which the bills were signed, though North Dakota is traditionally listed first. The state is renowned for its scenic “badlands,” which are part of the Theodore Roosevelt National Park.", "On this date in 1821, Missouri entered the Union as the 24th state. It was the first one located entirely west of the Mississippi River.", ", Great Plains state of the central United States. It is bordered by Iowa and Missouri, across the Missouri River (E), Kansas (S), Colorado (SW), Wyoming (NW), and South Dakota (N). Facts and Figures", "Indiana, constituent state of the United States of America. The state sits, as its motto claims, at “the crossroads of America.” It borders Lake Michigan and the state of Michigan to the north, Ohio to the east, Kentucky to the south, and Illinois to the west, making it an integral part of the American Midwest . It ranks 38th among the 50 U.S. states in terms of total area and, except for Hawaii , is the smallest state west of the Appalachian Mountains . With a name that is generally thought to mean “land of the Indians,” Indiana was admitted on December 11, 1816, as the 19th state of the union. Its capital has been at Indianapolis since 1825.", "1817: On December 10, Mississippi is admitted to the Union as the twentieth state by an Act of Congress. Washington, Mississippi, near Natchez, is the first capitol. David Holmes is the first Governor.", "Located near the centre of the conterminous United States, Missouri is the meeting place of the eastern timberlands and western prairies and of the southern cotton fields and the northern cornfields. It has represented the political and social sentiments of a border state since its admission as the 24th member of the union on August 10, 1821. The question of its admission as a slave state or as a free state produced in the U.S. Congress the Missouri Compromise (1820), which regulated the spread of slavery in the western territories.", "In 1812, Louisiana had entered the Union, and the balance of the Louisiana Purchase was organized into the Missouri Territory. As the population trickled westward, many Southerners and their slaves settled the region north and west of St. Louis. In 1819, the settlers petitioned the House of Representatives for admission of the state of Missouri as a slave state, since the population exceeded the required 60,000. Missouri was the first area west of the Mississippi to apply for statehood that was entirely part of the Louisiana Purchase.", "1795 – The official design is modified and updated to include two more states into the Union:  Kentucky and Vermont. The stars pattern has now shifted away from the circle to five staggered rows.", "Dakota Territory was settled sparsely by European Americans until the late 19th century, when the railroads were constructed into the region. With the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture. An omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota , Montana , and Washington , titled the Enabling Act of 1889 , was passed on February 22, 1889 during the administration of Grover Cleveland . His successor, Benjamin Harrison , signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2, 1889. [20]", "The Republic of Texas was an independent nation, bordering the United States and Mexico,  that existed from April 21, 1836 to February 19, 1846. The new Republic was formed by the defeat of Mexico in the Texas Revolution and claimed borders that encompassed an area that included all of the present State of Texas, as well as parts of present-day New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming.", "In 1812 Missouri was organized as a territory and later admitted the 24th state of the Union on August 10, 1821.", "By Act of Congress on March 4, 1791, Vermont was admitted to the Union as the 14th state, the first state to join the union. The Congressional Act declared “that on the 4th day of March 1791, the said State, by the name and style of the State of Vermont, shall be received into this Union as a new and entire member of the United States of America.”", "Minnesota (; locally ) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd state on May 11, 1858, created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory. The name comes from the Dakota word for \"clear blue water\". Owing to its large number of lakes, the state is informally known as the \"Land of 10,000 Lakes\". Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord (French: Star of the North). ", "- On March 4, 1849 US Senator David Rice Atchison, from Missouri, was President for a day.", "North Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "        Learn what year your state joined the Union and became part of the \"United States of", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889." ]

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[ "Five species of salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) occur along the Pacific coast of North America, and two other species are found only in Asian waters. Of the North American species, the chinook (king) and coho (silver) salmon are the best known because of their wide distribution and renowned sporting qualities. The sockeye (red), pink (humpback) and chum (dog) salmon have long been thought of as commercial species, but these fish are increasingly valued by sport anglers. Each species of Pacific salmon has unique color patterns that vary throughout their lives and are the most vivid and colorful during the spawning period.", "Chinook salmon are the most well known type of salmon in North America.  Also known as King salmon, they are the largest of the salmon species. Americans often refer to Chinook as “Kings” because they are the “King” of salmon.", "Chum salmon are the most widely distributed and have the greatest biomass of the North Pacific salmon. They are the second largest of the salmon (Chinook are the largest). Chum salmon are one of the most common salmon in the sport fishery. The name 'chum' comes from a word meaning 'variegated coloration' in the native language and chum salmon have a different coloration (from other salmon species) that is variegated.", "Pacific salmon are anadromous fish of the genus Oncorhynchus spp. that are hatched in freshwater and spend most of their lives rearing in the ocean before returning to freshwater to spawn.  Pacific salmon are semelparous, meaning that after spawning once, all the adults die.  There are six species of Pacific salmon: pink , chum , sockeye , coho , Chinook , and cherry salmon .", "Chinook  The Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, is the largest species in the Pacific (Oncorhynchus) salmon family. Other commonly used names for the species include king salmon, Quinnat salmon, spring salmon and Tyee salmon. Chinook are anadromous fish native to the north Pacific Ocean and the river systems of western North America ranging from California to Alaska. They are also native to Asian rivers ranging from northern Japan to the Palyavaam River in the Siberian far east, although only the Kamchatka Peninsula supports relatively persistent native populations. They have been introduced to other parts of the world, including New Zealand and the Great Lakes. A large Chinook is a prized and sought-after catch for a sporting angler. The flesh of the salmon is also highly valued for its dietary nutritional content, which includes high levels of important omega-3 fatty acids.", "The upriver salmon migration is one of nature's most exciting dramas. But to the five species of Pacific salmon (chinook, chum, coho, pink, and sockeye), it is a long, strenuous, desperate race against time, with every obstacle taking its toll.", "The two most commonly caught species of salmon in the ocean hook and line fisheries off Oregon are coho and chinook salmon. Pink salmon are intercepted to a much lesser degree, and are most prevalent off Oregon in years ending in an odd number (i.e. '95, '97, '99, '01, etc.). Chum salmon and steelhead trout are occasionally intercepted as well. Sockeye salmon are rarely caught by Oregon ocean fishers.", "The Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is the largest species in the Pacific salmon genus Oncorhynchus. The common name refers to the Chinookan peoples. Other vernacular names for the species include king salmon, Quinnat salmon, spring salmon, and Tyee salmon. The scientific species name is based on the Russian common name chavycha (чавыча). Chinook and other Pacific salmon evolved from lake dwelling Salmo-like fish somewhere between 500,000 and 1,000,000 years ago..", "Chum salmon are the second most abundant species of Pacific salmon and originate both in Asia and North America. The fish spawn in streams and the fry migrate to the sea soon after emergence from the gravel.", "*Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are also known in the US as king salmon or blackmouth salmon, and as spring salmon in British Columbia. Chinook are the largest of all Pacific salmon, frequently exceeding 30 lb. The name tyee is used in British Columbia to refer to Chinook over 30 pounds, and in the Columbia River watershed, especially large Chinook were once referred to as June hogs. Chinook salmon are known to range as far north as the Mackenzie River and Kugluktuk in the central Canadian arctic, and as far south as the Central California coast. ", "‘At different times of the year, the Campbell hosts all five species of Pacific salmon: chinook, coho, chum, sockeye, pink - and even the odd Atlantic salmon escaped from a nearby fish farm.’", "Reproduction for chum salmon is somewhat varied. Many reproduce near the mouth of their stream (like pink salmon) whereas others travel up to one hundred miles inland. They migrate to the ocean after six to seven months in fresh water but spend three to five years in the ocean. The long period of time spent in the ocean gives them plenty of time to feed and grow to their large size. Because they are found in the same streams, the chum may hybridize with the pinks in their stream. Although this rare event has been documented numerous times (and the hybrids are thought to be fertile) there are no hybrid populations that are self-sustaining at this time.", "Chinook salmon are the largest, but least abundant of the North Pacific salmon. Because of their low abundance they are of minor importance in the salmon fishery. The name 'Chinook' came from the native peoples of the Columbia River (Washington and Oregon) and thus is a proper name and always capitalized.", "Chinook are anadromous fish native to the North Pacific Ocean and the river systems of western North America, ranging from California to Alaska, as well as Asian rivers ranging from northern Japan to the Palyavaam River in the Arctic north-east Siberia. They have been introduced to other parts of the world, including New Zealand, the Great Lakes of North America and Patagonia. A large Chinook is a prized and sought-after catch for a sporting angler. The flesh of the salmon is also highly valued for its dietary nutritional content, which includes high levels of important omega-3 fatty acids. Some populations are endangered, however many are healthy. The Chinook salmon has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List. According to NOAA the Chinook salmon population along the California coast is declining, due to factors like overfishing, loss of freshwater and estuarine habitat, hydropower development, poor ocean conditions, and hatchery practices.", "Chum Salmon - This, the smallest and most delicate flavored of the salmons, has the lightest color and the lowest fat content of the various salmon varieties. Also called the \"dog salmon.\"", "The chum salmon is the least commercially valuable salmon in North America. Despite being extremely plentiful in Alaska, commercial fishers often choose not to fish for them because of their low market value. Recent market developments have increased the demand for Chum salmon. Markets developed for chum from 1984 to 1994 in Japan and northern Europe which increased demand. They are a traditional source of dried salmon.", "Ocean type -- Ocean-type chinook salmon populations primarily emigrate to the ocean as subyearlings, although yearling emigrants do occur in some populations. Once in the ocean, ocean-type chinook salmon tend to migrate along the coastlines rather than move directly offshore. Morphologically, ocean-type chinook salmon have fewer vertebrae (70>) than stream-type chinook salmon (<70). Genetic differences between ocean- and stream-type populations are similar to those observed between coastal and inland steelhead and odd- and even-year pink salmon.", "Chinook Salmon - Considered the finest Pacific salmon. This high-fat, soft textured fish can reach up to 120 pounds. Also called the \"king salmon.\"", "DON'T use the size of a salmon to determine the species. Although the chinook grows to be the largest of our salmon, with fish over 50 pounds being caught on occasion, the average size of an ocean caught chinook is 12-15 pounds. On the other hand coho, chum, and steelhead have been observed in the 25-30 pound range.", "Catch a chum out in the saltwater and it will probably be metallic greenish-blue along the back with black speckles. In fact, they look a lot like the Silver or Sockeye types of Salmon when in the ocean. Their color changes in fresh water, however, developing prominent vertical stripes of red & black down their sides. The longer they're in the water the more prominent a male's hooked snout becomes, baring sharp teeth. Chum salmon range in size from 4 to over 30 pounds, but average between 7 and 18 pounds.", "The length of time spent in the estuary varies by species. Some species such as the pink salmon appear to pass through the estuary rapidly while Chinook salmon may spend months in the estuary.", "The young chinooks enter the Pacific Ocean where they grow rapidly on a diet of herring and anchovies. Male and female chinook salmon usually mature and are ready to spawn when they are 3 to 4 years old. Two-year old male spawners (commonly called jacks) usually make up 10% to 25% of the spawning run. Salmon return to their home stream where they were hatched by remembering the smell of that stream. Each stream acquires its own smell from the soil and decaying plants and animals. Fish that migrate from salt to fresh water to spawn are called anadromous. During the spawning run, male chinooks develop a hooked jaw and the color of both sexes changes from silver to olive-brown and then black.", "Big rivers are used by pink salmon in the lower reaches, chinook in the mainstem and larger tributaries, coho in small tribs, and steelhead in the uppermost tributaries.", "The main sources of chinook salmon are the United States, for wild caught fish, and Canada and New Zealand for farmed fish. Wild chinook sold in the U.S. market are primarily from the United States, while farmed chinook are mostly from Canada.", "chum – To throw chum (typically cut up pieces of bait fish or other bait) overboard to attract fish. A chum line is the trail of bait or scent in the water that attracts game fish.", "The Chinook is blue-green, red, or purple on the back and top of the head, with silvery sides and white ventral surfaces. It has black spots on its tail and the upper half of its body. Chinook have a Black gum line which is present in both salt and freshwater. Adult fish range in size from 24 to, but may be up to 58 in in length; they average 10 to, but may reach 130 lb. The current sport-caught world record, , was caught on May 17, 1985, in the Kenai River (Kenai Peninsula, Alaska). The commercial catch world record is 126 lb caught near Rivers Inlet, British Columbia, in the late 1970s. ", "Chum fry travel downstream shortly after hatching, form dense schools, and spend a month or more in estuary waters. Young chum favor eelgrass meadows and often prey on small crustaceans such as harpacticoid copepods, gammarid amphipods, and isopods. Many genetically distinct runs exist on Puget Sound and Hood Canal. As many as three distinct populations may exist on the same river, passing through estuaries and on to sea at different rates.  ", "Adult chum usually weigh from with an average length of 60 cm. The record for chum is 19 kg and 112 cm and was caught at Edie Pass in British Columbia.", "One of the most prized whitefish found in the Great Lakes and in Canada. May be prepared in any manner suitable for salmon. Also called \"lake herring\" and \"chub.\"", "Chub - One of the most prized whitefish found in the Great Lakes and in Canada. May be prepared in any manner suitable for salmon. Also called \"?Lake Herring\" and \"Cisco.\"", "Ross's Gull: The pink gull of the high Arctic. Small gull, pale gray upperparts, gray-white nape, white neck with thin black collar, and white, wedge-shaped tail; underparts are variably pink. Black bill is very short; legs, feet are orange-red. Often feeds on mudflats like a wader.", "The muskellunge (Esox masquinongy), also known as muskelunge, muscallonge, milliganong, or maskinonge (and often abbreviated \"muskie\" or \"musky\"), is a species of large, relatively uncommon freshwater fish native to North America. The muskellunge is the largest member of the pike family, Esocidae. The common name comes from the Ojibwa word maashkinoozhe, meaning \"ugly pike\", by way of French masque allongé (modified from the Ojibwa word by folk etymology), \"elongated face.\" The French common name is masquinongé or maskinongé." ]

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[ "The fourth and newest installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise, Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, is the only film of the series not directed by Gore Verbinski. Directed by Rob Marshall, the film–which draws inspiration from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers–follows Captain Jack Sparrow (Depp), joined by Angelica (Penélope Cruz), in his search for the Fountain of Youth. The film received mixed critical reviews but stands as the 13th highest grossing film of all-time.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film and the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski, being replaced by Rob Marshall. Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer. The film serves as a stand-alone sequel to the previous installments. In the film, which draws its plot from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers, Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) is joined by Angelica (Penélope Cruz) in his search for the Fountain of Youth, confronting the infamous pirate Blackbeard (Ian McShane). The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released in the United States on May 20, 2011. It was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3-D and IMAX 3D formats.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series , released on May 20 , 2011 as the sequel to At World's End and its predecessors. The plot used common elements from the novel written by Tim Powers . The film stars Johnny Depp ( Captain Jack Sparrow ), Penélope Cruz ( Angelica ), Ian McShane ( Blackbeard ), and Geoffrey Rush ( Barbossa ). It was directed by Rob Marshall , produced by Jerry Bruckheimer , and written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio .", "Ron Gilbert, the creator of the Monkey Island series, has jokingly expressed a bitterness towards the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise for its similarities to his game. Gilbert has also stated that On Stranger Tides, a novel by Tim Powers which was adapted into the fourth film , was the principal source of inspiration for his video games.", "Hector Barbossa is a fictional character and pirate in the Disney film series Pirates of the Caribbean. Barbossa was first introduced in the series as the main antagonist of the first film, and pirate captain of the Black Pearl after committing mutiny against the ship's former captain, Jack Sparrow, in the series' first installment, Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. Having met his demise in the climax of the film, his character is revealed to have been resurrected at the end of Dead Man's Chest, becoming a supporting protagonist in At World's End. In the third film, it is revealed that Barbossa is also one of the nine pirate lords as pirate lord of the Caspian Sea territory. In the fourth film, On Stranger Tides, he has become a privateer in the King's Navy and is ordered to be Jack's guide on an expedition for the Fountain of Youth.", "The film franchise started with their first release on the big screen in 2003 with Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl , which received positive reviews from the critics and grossing over $654 million worldwide. After the film's unexpected success, Disney revealed that two back-to-back sequels would follow as part of a trilogy. The second film, subtitled Dead Man's Chest , was released three years later in 2006 ; the sequel proved successful, breaking financial records worldwide on the day of its premiere. Dead Man's Chest ended up being the number one film of the year upon earning $1,066,179,725 at the worldwide box office. The third and final installment of the Pirates trilogy, subtitled At World's End , followed in 2007 . Disney released a fourth film, subtitled On Stranger Tides , in 2011 in conventional 2D, Disney Digital 3-D , and IMAX 3D . On Stranger Tides succeeded in grossing more than $1 billion, becoming the second film in the franchise and the eighth film in history to achieve this. A fifth film, subtitled Dead Men Tell No Tales , is currently filming and is set for release on May 26 , 2017 .", "In the film, which draws inspiration from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers, Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) is joined by Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) in his search for the Fountain of Youth , confronting the infamous pirate Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ). The film was distributed by Walt Disney Pictures and was released in the US on May 20, 2011. It was released in Disney Digital 3-D , IMAX 3D and 2D theatres.", "On Stranger Tides was first announced on September 28, 2008, during a Disney event at the Kodak Theater. Verbinski did not return to direct the fourth installment and was replaced by Rob Marshall. The movie uses elements from Tim Powers' novel of the same name, particularly Blackbeard and the Fountain of Youth, but the film is not a straight adaptation of the novel. ", "* The pirate-themed Monkey Island series of video games is inspired by Tim Powers' book 'On Stranger Tides' and Disneyland's Pirates of the Caribbean ride. It is set in the 18th century Caribbean and stars the hero pirate Guybrush Threepwood and the evil pirate LeChuck.", "Jack Sparrow is a legendary pirate and the main protagonist in Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean series. Portrayed by Johnny Depp, he is first introduced in the film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl and has appeared in the sequels Dead Man's Chest, At World's End, and On Stranger Tides. When the original Disneyland attraction was revamped in 2006, Jack Sparrow was added to the ride. Among other appearances, the character headlines The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow attraction at Disney's Hollywood Studios, as well as several books and video games.", "Tim Powers ' On Stranger Tides , featuring Blackbeard himself (see Real Life). Loosely adapted into Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides .", "The Pirates of the Caribbean series is a series of films based on the original Disneyland attraction Pirates of the Caribbean . Distributed by Walt Disney Pictures and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer , the films were directed by Gore Verbinski (1-3), Rob Marshall (4), and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg (5). They were most notably written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio (1-4); other writers include Stuart Beattie (1), Jay Wolpert (1), and Jeff Nathanson (5). Set in a fantasy world with a fictional historical setting, the films follow the adventures of the infamous Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ), joined by Captain Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ) and Joshamee Gibbs ( Kevin McNally ), as well as Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ), and Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ).", "Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of fantasy adventure films produced by Disney . Set in the late 17th century Caribbean — in an era known to be the golden age of pirates , sea battles, magical artifacts, giant ocean monsters, and cursed squid people — the films follow the adventures of part-comic relief part- badass Captain Jack Sparrow, eunuch Will Turner, kisser-of-death Elizabeth Swann, and a large host of other colorful characters, most of whom are there for comic relief and not much else.", "The idea that a theme park ride could spawn a multimillion dollar movie franchise sounds ridiculous, but for producer and director team Gore Verbinski and Jerry Bruckheimer this literally was a million dollar idea. The original Pirates of the Caribbean ride was opened in Disney Land in 1967 and was the last attraction to be constructed under the supervision of Walt Disney himself, today the attraction is one of the best known and most popular Disneyland rides and can be found in four of the international theme parks. The Curse of the Black Pearl was the first in the Pirates of the Caribbean movie trilogy which starred Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow. The story follows Captain Sparrow and blacksmith Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ) as they try to rescue Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ) from the cursed crew of the Black Pearl. The film, which was released in 2003, got a very positive reception from both critics and audiences alike and grossed a massive $654 million internationally.", "Pirates of the Caribbean (Originally entitled Sea Dogs II) was released in 2003 by Bethesda Softworks to coincide with the release of Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl . Although it had no relation to the characters, it features the movie's storyline about cursed Aztec gold and undead pirates, and it was the first of several games to be inspired by the attraction, prior to this exploring the stories that made Captain Jack Sparrow a legend.", "After a four-year hiatus to regroup and determine the future of the franchise, Disney and what was once its surprise mega-hit \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" series have returned in \"On Stranger Tides.\" Hard to believe that this franchise evolved from the once-lambasted concept of a theme park ride being turned into a successful motion-picture blockbuster. After exhausting the \"Pirates\" world with two back-to-back sequels of titanic and rather disappointing proportion in 2006 and 2007, a break in the action to recalibrate Captain Jack Sparrow's compass was much-needed. The \"new\" course set by \"On Stranger Tides\" uses worn sails, but with a fresh wind of characters and more importantly, a more direct purpose.", "Pirates of the Caribbean is a sweeping action-adventure story set in an era when villainous pirates scavenged the Caribbean seas. This roller coaster tale teams a young man, Will Turner, with an unlikely ally in rogue pirate Jack Sparrow. Together, they must battle a band of the world’s most treacherous pirates, led by the cursed Captain Barbossa, in order to save Elizabeth, the love of Will’s life, as well as recover the lost treasure that Jack seeks. Against improbable odds, they race towards a climactic confrontation on the mysterious Isla de Muerta. Clashing their swords in fierce mortal combat, Will and Jack attempt to recapture The Black Pearl ship, save the British navy, and relinquish a fortune in forbidden treasure thereby lifting the curse of the Pirates of the Caribbean", "Some inventions of pirate culture such as \"walking the plank\"–in which a bound captive is forced to walk off a board extending over the sea–were popularized by J. M. Barrie's novel, Peter Pan, where the fictional pirate Captain Hook and his crew helped define the fictional pirate archetype. English actor Robert Newton's portrayal of Long John Silver in Disney's 1950 film adaptation also helped define the modern rendition of a pirate, including the stereotypical West Country \"pirate accent\". Other influences include Sinbad the Sailor, and the recent Pirates of the Caribbean films have helped rekindle modern interest in piracy and have performed well at the box office. The video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag also revolves around pirates during the Golden Age of Piracy.", "Ever since before the release of the third film, At World's End, there had been talk of a possible fourth Pirates film. Johnny Depp stated that he felt there was \"a lot more territory to explore with Captain Jack.\" [9] It wasn't until September 2008, during a Disney event at the Kodak Theater , was it announced that a fourth Pirates movie was in development. Walt Disney Studios chairman Dick Cook and Johnny Depp, in full Captain Jack Sparrow costume while wearing The Lone Ranger 's mask, made this announcement while revealing Depp's future Disney projects. [10] [11]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl is a 2003 American adventure fantasy film, based on the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at the  Disney theme parks . It was directed by Gore Verbinski and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer . The story follows blacksmith Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ) and pirate Captain Jack Sparrow  ( Johnny Depp ) as they rescue the kidnapped Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ) from the cursed crew of the Black Pearl , captained by Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ).", "This film is loosely based on the 1988 pirate novel 'On Stranger Tides', by Tim Powers . The novel's protagonist is a pirate named Jack, but his character is significantly different from Jack Sparrow. See more »", "If you bought the line (from the DVD’s extras) that the writers of Shrek just made up Pirates of the Caribbean as they went along, then it’s time to watch it again. Because when you look closer, what you discover is a plot so complex, dialogue so precise, characters so cleverly named, and a narrative so perfectly structured that you can no longer view it as just a random series of swashbuckling action-adventure moments strung together by tight bodice close-ups and powderkeg explosions. So where does the plot come from, who are these characters, and why the need for “undead” pirates? How can this story be so intricate, detailed, and complex if it is little more than a desperate bid to spice up a tired and worn-out genre?", "For the first two thirds of the run of the series, Peter Hammond appears, as Lieutenant Edward Beamish, of The Royal Navy. Left in charge of New Providence, by original Colonial Governor Woodes Rogers, the young, efficient, but inexperienced Beamish works together with Tempest in the fight against not only the various pirate raiders who still plague the Caribbean, but against the Spaniards, with whom, the British are at war. Some episodes found Tempest, Beamish, and the Crew of the Sultana facing the infamous pirate known as Blackbeard, and at other times, outwitting the devious Van Brugh – A rich, greedy New Providence plantation owner who often consorted with the various shady characters who came to the island, from time to time. For the concluding third of it's run, the series assumed a slightly different format, with Tempest and Crew sailing off the Eastern seaboard of the continental Colonies, dealing with various sinister elements, sometimes returning to their old buccaneering ways, as they helped the Colonial Farmers and Merchants in a kind of Robin Hood-like fashion.", "Traditionally considered a coming-of-age story, it is an adventure tale known for its atmosphere, character and action, and also a wry commentary on the ambiguity of morality—as seen in Long John Silver—unusual for children's literature then and now. It is one of the most frequently dramatised of all novels. The influence of Treasure Island on popular perception of pirates is vast, including treasure maps with an \"X\", schooners, the Black Spot, tropical islands, and one-legged seamen with parrots on their shoulders.", "Traditionally considered a coming-of-age story , it is an adventure tale known for its atmosphere, character and action, and also a wry commentary on the ambiguity of morality—as seen in Long John Silver —unusual for children's literature then and now. It is one of the most frequently dramatised of all novels. The influence of Treasure Island on popular perception of pirates is vast, including treasure maps with an \"X\", schooners , the Black Spot , tropical islands , and one-legged seamen with parrots on their shoulders .", "Puppeteer John Chandagnac, who was sailing to Jamaica to get revenge on the uncle who had stolen his father's inheritance, has no choice but to join the buccaneers who have taken him prisoner—and soon, known now as the pirate \"Jack Shandy\", he finds himself learning to survive in a treacherous new world of cutlass-fights, sea-battles, and voodoo magic on sun-blinded tropical islands. The legendary Blackbeard , a child of voodoo whose spirit is infested with ghosts , is assembling an empire of ruthless navy of pirates, living and undead , to voyage to the fabled Fountain of Youth , and Jack Shandy must use magic, swordsmanship, and even his puppeteer skills to free himself and the girl he has fallen in love with from Blackbeard's deadly supernatural domination.", "Cary Elwes as Westley, the protagonist, a farmboy who is constantly teased by Buttercup, faithfully replying “As you wish”, meaning that he loves her, as she comes to realize. Westley leaves soon after they discover their love to make the money necessary for them to marry, but is reported dead after his ship is attacked by the Dread Pirate Roberts. Eventually the title of Dread Pirate Roberts is bestowed upon Westley. As the Dread Pirate Roberts, Westley returns to Florin and successfully defeats Vizzini’s men Inigo and Fezzik. He rescues Buttercup and defeats Prince Humperdink. Westley then passes on the title of Dread Pirate Roberts on to Inigo.", "Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover, Angelica. She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge , a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard , Angelica's father. Both are also in search of the Fountain; Angelica to save her father's soul, Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one-legged man. Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa , now a privateer in King George II's Navy, who is in a race against the Spanish to the fountain.", "Last Saturday, Portrush in Northern Ireland held a highly enjoyable pirate festival in honour of Tavish Dhu, a Scottish pirate who once haunted the coast. The theme of this year’s festival was “700 years dead” as 2015 marks the seventh century since the outbreak of the war that resulted in Tavish coming to a sticky end. Those who have read my book “The Waste Land” will recognise Tavish as the Pirate who captures Alys and who MacHuylin just manages to escape from.", "Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover, Angelica. She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge , a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard , Angelica's father. Both are also in search of the Fountain; Angelica to save her father's soul, Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one-legged man. Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa, now a privateer in King George II 's Navy, who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth .", "Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover, Angelica. She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge, a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard, Angelica's father. Both are also in search of the Fountain; Angelica to save her father's soul, Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one-legged man. Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa, now a privateer in King George II's Navy, who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth.", "Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Gore Verbinski , Captain Jack sets sail on this all-new adventure. In this swashbuckling and spectacular follow-up to the blockbuster 2003 film, the decidedly eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) is caught up in another tangled web of supernatural intrigue. Although the curse of the Black Pearl has been lifted, an even more terrifying threat looms over its captain and scurvy crew: it turns out that Jack owes a blood debt to the legendary Davy Jones ( Bill Nighy ), Ruler of the Ocean Depths, who captains the ghostly Flying Dutchman , which no other ship can match in speed and stealth. Unless the ever-crafty Jack figures a cunning way out of this Faustian pact, he will be cursed to an afterlife of eternal servitude and damnation in the service of Jones. This startling development interrupts the wedding plans of Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ) and Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ), who once again find themselves thrust into Jack's misadventures, leading to escalating confrontations with sea monsters, very unfriendly islanders, flamboyant soothsayer Tia Dalma ( Naomie Harris ) and even the mysterious appearance of Will’s long-lost father, Bootstrap Bill ( Stellan Skarsgård )." ]

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[ "The Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, a 2.5 mile oval circuit. Drivers race 200 laps, counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles. Since its inception in 1911, the race has always been scheduled on or around Memorial Day. Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. Practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race.", "The Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , a 2.5 mile oval circuit . Drivers race 200 laps, counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles. Since its inception in 1911 , the race has always been scheduled on or around Memorial Day . Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. Practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race.", "The Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , a 2.5 mile oval circuit . The race consists of 200 laps, run counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles.", "Billed as “The Greatest Spectacle in Racing,” the Indy 500 has been held every Memorial Day weekend since 1911, except for 1917-18 and 1942-45, when the country’s attention and resources were focused on the world wars. Loud and long, and subject to wrecks and wash-outs, “The 500” pits cars and drivers against each other in a grueling 200-lap marathon around the 2.5-mile oval racetrack at Indianapolis Motor Speedway.", "Indianapolis 500-Mile Race: Johnny Rutherford wins the (rain-shortened) shortest race in event history to date, at 102 laps or 255 miles (408 km).", "May 30 � Indianapolis 500-Mile Race: Johnny Rutherford wins the (rain-shortened) shortest race in event history to date, at 102 laps or 255 miles (408 km).", "The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, also known as the Indianapolis 500, the 500 Miles at Indianapolis, the Indy 500 or The 500, is held annually over the Memorial Day weekend, the last full weekend in May, at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana . The event lends its name to the IndyCar class , or formula , of open-wheel race cars that have competed in it.", "The first Indianapolis 500 was held on Memorial Day 1911, at the Indianapolis, Indiana Motor Speedway. Built in 1909 as a testing ground for Indiana's then rapidly expanding automobile industry, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway was originally used to promote automobile sales. Affectionately known as \"The Brickyard,\" the track was originally surfaced with paving bricks. Although the modern track is covered by asphalt, most of the original paving bricks are still in place under the asphalt surface. Running 2.5 miles in length, the track has four turns linked by two long straight sections and two short straight sections. Today, billed as the Greatest Spectacle in Racing, the 500-mile competition is America's premier automobile race, pitting drivers against each other as they travel at average speeds well in excess of 150 miles per hour (mph).", "The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, often shortened to Indianapolis 500 or Indy 500, is an American automobile race , held annually over the Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. \"The Greatest Spectacle in Racing\" is one of the oldest and richest motorsport events in existence, having the largest attendance and one of the largest TV/radio audiences of any single-day sporting events worldwide. While the official attendance is not disclosed by Speedway management, news media estimate attendance in excess of 270,000 [1] . The event lends its name to the \" IndyCar \" class of formula , or open-wheel , race cars that have competed in it. It has been broadcast live over radio on the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network since 1952, televised live in 1949 and 1950 on then-independent, local station WFBM-TV (now WRTV), and not again until ABC Sports was permitted to broadcast the race via tape delay from 1965 to 1985, and then with live flag-to-flag coverage beginning in 1986. In May 2006, the race celebrated its 90th running and 61st consecutive year of uninterrupted occurrence.", "As previously announced, the race distance will be increased from 70 laps to 75 (187.5 miles) on the 2.5-mile tri-oval. The race will have two segments of 25 and 50 laps. Both green- and yellow-flag laps will count. Between segments, there will be a 10-minute pit stop at which time teams will pit and may elect to change tires, add fuel and make normal chassis adjustments. Crews will be permitted to work on cars and will be allowed to perform functions they would do on a normal pit stop in a regular NASCAR Sprint Cup event. All work must be performed on pit road or in the garage. Changing of springs, shock absorbers or rear-ends will not be permitted.", "The state's biggest annual sports event is the Indianapolis 500, which has been held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Memorial Day or the Sunday before every year since 1911 (except for the war years 1917 and 1942–45). The race is now part of a three-day festival held over Memorial Day weekend that attracts crowds of over 300,000 spectators, the largest crowd for any sporting event anywhere in the world.", "Stewart also attempted to race 1,100 miles (1,800 km) on Memorial Day weekend , as he competed in both the Indy 500 during the day and the Coca-Cola 600 in Charlotte, N.C., at night. He finished in the top 10 at both races; ninth in the 1999 Indy 500 and fourth at Lowe's Motor Speedway. However, he only completed 1,090 miles (1,750 km) of the scheduled 1,100.", "At the conclusion of the Indy 500, drivers would catch a helicopter directly from the Speedway to the Indianapolis International Airport . From there they would fly to Concord Regional Airport , and ride a helicopter to the NASCAR race. John Andretti , Tony Stewart , and Robby Gordon , attempted the feat. In 2001, Tony Stewart became the only driver to complete the full race distance (1100 miles) in both races on the same day. [59]", "INDIANAPOLIS—When it comes to American sporting traditions, there are few events as storied as the Indianapolis 500. It's a 500-mile test of speed, endurance, and bravery that takes place at the end of May. It takes place at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, a 2.5-mile (4km) race track that's not only the oldest of its kind but also the largest sporting venue anywhere on Earth. And this year's Indy 500 is a special one—it's the race's 100th running. With speeds well in excess of 200mph (321km/h), it's the fastest race on the motorsports calendar, and this year Ars was in attendance along with more than 350,000 other race fans to take in what's often called the greatest spectacle in racing.", "The Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909, and hosted a smattering of small events before the promoters decided to focus on one major event and it was paved with over 3 million bricks urged by principal Carl G. Fisher . The creation of a 500 mile (800 km) race allowed the track to rapidly acquire a privileged status for automobile races. The first \"500\" was held at the Speedway on Memorial Day , May 30 , 1911 , with Ray Harroun piloting a Marmon Wasp -- outfitted with his invention, the rear-view mirror -- to victory. 80,200 spectators paid $1 admission, and an annual tradition had been established.", "*The Little 500 - Anderson Speedway: A 500-lap sprint car race held the night before the Indianapolis 500 at Anderson Speedway in Anderson, Indiana since 1949.", "The Indianapolis 500 is the most prestigious race on the open-wheel, or IndyCar, circuit and is contested annually on Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. First held in 1911, the Indy 500 is now known as the \"Greatest Spectacle In Racing,\" with the winner receiving the Borg-Warner Trophy. A.J. Foyt, Al Unser and Rick Mears have each won the Indianapolis 500 four times (the most among drivers in the event's history).", "Wednesday, May 21, 2008 The field is set for the 92nd running of the Indianapolis 500, and once again Skip Barber is well represented. When the field of 33 takes the green flag Memorial Day Sunday, 13 of those drivers will be Skip Barber alumni (that’s 39.3% of the field).", "The Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 as a gravel-and-tar track and hosted a smattering of small events, including ones for motorcycles. The first long distance event, in \"fearful conditions\", was the 100-lap Prest-O-Lite Trophy in 1909, won by Bob Burman in a Buick. Breakup of the asphalt led to two fatal accidents in the first two long-distance events (a 250 mi and 300 mi, which was shortened to 235 mi after two severe wrecks). ", "THE INDY 500 WASN’T ALWAYS RUN ON SUNDAY (RAIN DELAYS NOT INCLUDED).  From 1911-1970 the race was always scheduled for May 30, UNLESS it fell on a Sunday. In those cases, it was scheduled for May 31. In 1968, the Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, which moved four holidays, including Memorial Day, from their traditional dates to a specified Monday in order to create a three-day weekend. After some initial confusion and unwillingness to comply, all 50 states adopted Congress’ change of date within a few years and the law took effect at the federal level in 1971.  The change moved Memorial Day from its traditional May 30 date to the last Monday in May.  In 1971 and 1972 the race was scheduled for the Saturday of Memorial Day weekend. In 1973 it was scheduled for Monday, Memorial Day itself. Since then it has been scheduled for the day before Memorial Day. — Nora Spitznogle", "The Indianapolis 500 is part of the Verizon IndyCar Series, and the Coca-Cola 600 is part of the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. Both races are held, weather permitting, on the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. The Indy 500 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway is traditionally scheduled in the afternoon, while the Coca-Cola 600 at Charlotte Motor Speedway is held as a night race. Since the events are not scheduled to overlap, this allows a driver a small window to travel between venues.", "  The Indianapolis 500 is the oldest organized automotive race, and is included as one of the three most significant, motorsports events in the world (along with the 24 Hours of Le Mans and the Monaco Grand Prix).", "Since 1911, the Indianapolis 500 has been held every year, with the exception of 1917-18 and 1942-45, when the United States was involved in the two world wars. With an average crowd of 400,000, the Indy 500 is the best-attended event in U.S. sports. In 1936, asphalt was used for the first time to cover the rougher parts of the track, and by 1941 most of the track was paved. The last of the speedway’s original bricks were covered in 1961, except for a three-foot line of bricks left exposed at the start-finish line as a nostalgic reminder of the track’s history.", "Since 1911, the Indianapolis 500 has been held every year, with the exception of 1917-18 and 1942-45, when the United States was involved in the two world wars. With an average crowd of 400,000, the Indy 500 is the best-attended event in U.S. sports. In 1936, asphalt was used for the first time to cover the rougher parts of the track, and by 1941 most of the track was paved. The last of the speedway's original bricks were covered in 1961, except for a three-foot line of bricks left exposed at the start-finish line as a nostalgic reminder of the track's history.", "The Indianapolis 500 debuted in 1911, and from its onset, was scheduled in conjunction with Memorial Day. In 1960, Charlotte Motor Speedway was completed, and the inaugural World 600 was scheduled for Memorial Day weekend as well. However, for 1960, it was postponed until June 19 in order to ready the facility.", "The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is a racetrack and home to three large racing events each year - the Indianapolis 500, the Brickyard 400 and the Red Bull Indianapolis GP. The speedway can hold over 250,000 spectators. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum is located on the grounds of the speedway and is dedicated to auto racing and automobiles.", "The 24 Hours of Le Mans () is the world's oldest active sports car race in endurance racing, held annually since near the town of Le Mans, France. It is one of the most prestigious automobile races in the world and is often called the \"Grand Prix of Endurance and Efficiency\". The event represents one leg of the Triple Crown of Motorsport; other events being the Indianapolis 500, and the Monaco Grand Prix.", "The [http://www.500festival.com/ 500 Festival] is a non-profit organization founded in 1957 to organize various civic events in the city of Indianapolis leading up to the race. The two largest events are the OneAmerica 500 Festival Mini-Marathon in early May, and the 500 Festival Parade the day before the race. Other events include \"Community Day\" at the track and the annual Snake Pit Ball, a black tie socialite gathering downtown.", "In the United States, Indy Car is a class of single seat paved track racing, organized by INDYCAR. Its premier race is the Indianapolis 500.", "For 2014, Pocono returned to the 500-mile format, and Fontana was moved to the season ending race in August. Since the California 500's return under IndyCar sanction, it has been a night race.", "Taking a lap on the track at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway – photos by Richard Bauman", "Attended the month long festivities at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in support of the Indianapolis 500. [May 2008]" ]

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[ "Underdog's alter ego is the humble, lovable Shoeshine Boy. The change from mild-mannered boot-black to superhero always transpires in a token phone booth, and the cry for help invariably comes from the sweet Polly Purebred -- a reporter at a local TV station. Underdog gets his strength from popping pills (notice the decade -- try getting that on TV today), in this case a \"Super Vitamin Pill\" that he keeps in a compartment on his ring.", "Underdog, Shoeshine Boy’s heroic alter-ego, appeared whenever love interest Sweet Polly Purebred was being victimized by such villains as Simon Bar Sinister or Riff Raff . Underdog always speaks in rhymes, such as, “There’s no need to fear, Underdog is here!” His voice was supplied by the frequent guest on Hollywood Squares , Wally Cox (probably best remembered as Mr. Peepers ). [1]", "Underdog, the superhero alter ego of Shoeshine Boy, rushes about to rescue Sweet Polly Purebred from the evil Simon Bar Sinister or Riff Raff. And he did it all in rhyme!", "Underdog, Shoeshine Boy's heroic alter ego, appears whenever love interest Sweet Polly Purebred is being victimized by such villains as Simon Bar Sinister or Riff Raff . Underdog nearly always speaks in rhyme, as in \"There's no need to fear, Underdog is here!\" His voice was supplied by Wally Cox .", "Underdog was an anthropomorphic superhero. The premise was that \"humble and lovable\" Shoeshine Boy, a cartoon dog, was in truth the superhero Underdog. George S. Irving narrated, and comedy actor Wally Cox provided the voices of both Underdog and Shoeshine Boy. When villains threatened, Shoeshine Boy ducked into a telephone booth, where he transformed into the caped and costumed hero, destroying the booth in the process when his super powers were activated. Underdog almost always spoke in rhyme:", "Underdog always spoke in rhymes. Normally, he spent his time as “Shoe Shine Boy”, and was just that. But when he took one of his super power pills, he transformed into Underdog and saved his love interest, news reporter Sweet Polly Purebred. His nemesis was usually Simon Bar Sinister (voiced by Allen Swift, who is a true living legend of animation voice-overs).", "The canine superhero, voiced by comic actor Wally Cox, also battled villains including mad scientist Simon Bar Sinister, and a gangster wolf Riff Raff. Upon hearing the cries of Sweet Polly Purebred, Underdog would rush into a telephone booth and transform into the hero. He spoke in simple rhymes, his most famous probably \"There's no need to fear, Underdog is here.\"", "BOSTON – William Watts Biggers, the co-creator of the cartoon “Underdog,” the mild-mannered canine shoeshine boy who turned into a caped superhero to rescue his girlfriend, Sweet Polly Purebred, has died. He was 85.", "BOSTON (AP) -- William Watts Biggers, the co-creator of the cartoon \"Underdog,\" the mild-mannered canine shoeshine boy who turned into a caped superhero to rescue his girlfriend, Sweet Polly Purebred, has died. He was 85.", "BOSTON (AP) — William Watts Biggers, the co-creator of the cartoon \"Underdog,\" the mild-mannered canine shoeshine boy who turned into a caped superhero to rescue his girlfriend, Sweet Polly Purebred, has died. He was 85.", "Dr. Simon Bar Sinister was the main antagonist in the Underdog cartoon show. Simon is the wickedest man in the world, and it was his ambition to rule the world, but each time, Underdog defeated him.", "Dr. Simon Bar Sinister was the main antagonist in the Underdog cartoon show. Simon was the wickedest man in the world, and it was his ambition to rule the world, but each time, Underdog defeated him.", "The Hulk (Bruce Banner) is a fictional superhero that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, and first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962). Throughout his comic book appearances, the Hulk is portrayed as a large green humanoid that possesses near limitless superhuman strength and great invulnerability, attributes that grow more potent the angrier he becomes. Hulk is the alter ego of Bruce Banner, a socially withdrawn and emotionally reserved physicist who physically transforms into the Hulk under emotional stress and other specific circumstances at will or against it; these involuntary transformations lead to many complications in Banner's life.", "Other villains include The Electric (Slippery) Eel, Battyman, Tap-Tap the Chisler, and Overcat. Underdog also regularly faced enemies from alien worlds, such as the Marbleheads from Planet Granite, the Magnet Men of the Magnet Planet, the aliens from the Planet of Zot, and the Flying Sorcerers of the Saucer Planet.", "Underdog�s a thug more than anything else � he�s not that intelligent, and his solution to almost everything is beating something up, and if it�s not the solution, he�s gonna at least try it before finding the real one. Still, he�s a lovable thug, and he�s oblivious to the physical damage he does to buildings/people/planets/the balance of nature, so we�ll give him a mulligan on this one.", "Robert Bruce Banner, usually known simply as Dr. Bruce Banner, is the alter-ego of the Hulk, a popular Marvel Comics character. (In the live action TV series, the character's name was \"David Bruce Banner\", and he went by his first name, \"David.\")", "Shreck arranges for the Penguin to \"rescue\" the mayor's infant child from his own gang members. The plan works, and Penguin becomes a hero to all, with the exception of a suspicious Bruce Wayne (Batman's alter ego). After finding out his original birth name of Oswald Cobblepot (as well as the names of Gotham's first born sons), Penguin eventually wins the approval of citizens of Gotham and, after being persuaded by Shreck to do so, intends to run for Mayor.", "Hulk alter ego is Robert Bruce Banner. An alter ego is said to be distinct from an individual's personality and the person having this second self is said to lead a double life. Mostly, it is to protect the family or loved ones, and in some cases the super-name is given by an enemy, public or a friendly figure. Most of the super heroes and super villains have nicknames or aliases that are acquired by these characters during battles or given by their fans.", "Underdog (TV series) | Open Access articles | Open Access journals | Conference Proceedings | Editors | Authors | Reviewers | scientific events", "Batman is the secret identity of Bruce Wayne, an American billionaire, industrialist, and philanthropist. Having witnessed the murder of his parents as a child, he swore revenge on criminals, an oath tempered with the greater ideal of justice. Wayne trains himself both physically and intellectually and dons a bat-themed costume in order to fight crime while hiding his identity. Batman operates in the fictional Gotham City, assisted by various supporting characters including his crime-fighting partner, Robin, his butler Alfred Pennyworth, the police commissioner Jim Gordon, and occasionally the heroine Batgirl. He fights an assortment of villains, often referred to as the \"rogues gallery\", which includes the Joker, the Penguin, the Riddler, Two-Face, Ra's al Ghul, Scarecrow, Poison Ivy, and Catwoman, among many others. Unlike most superheroes, he does not possess any superpowers; he makes use of intellect, detective skills, science and technology, wealth, physical prowess, martial arts skills, an indomitable will, fear, and intimidation in his continuous war on crime.", "*Beauregard Bugleboy: A hound dog of undetermined breed; scion of the Cat Bait fortune and occasional Keystone Cops-attired constable and Fire Brigade chief. He sees himself as a noble, romantic figure, often given to flights of oratory while narrating his own heroic deeds (in the third person). He periodically appears with \"blunked out\" eyes playing \"Sandy\" —alongside Pogo or Albert when they don a curly wig, impersonating \"Li'l Arf an' Nonny,\" (a.k.a. \"Lulu Arfin' Nanny,\" Kelly's recurring parody of Little Orphan Annie). Beauregard also occasionally dons a trench coat and fedora, and squints his eyes and juts out his jaw when impersonating a detective in the style of Dick Tracy. However, his more familiar attire is a simple dog collar — or in later strips, a striped turtleneck sweater and fez. His canine revision of Kelly's annual Christmas burlesque, Deck Us All with Boston Charlie, emerges as \"Bark Us All Bow-wows of Folly,\" although he can't get anyone else to sing it that way. Usually just called \"Beauregard\" or \"ol' Houn' Dog,\" his full name is Beauregard Chaulmoogra Frontenac de Montmingle Bugleboy.", "Batman faces a variety of foes ranging from common criminals to outlandish supervillains. Many of them mirror aspects of the Batman's character and development, often having tragic origin stories that lead them to a life of crime. These foes are commonly referred to as Batman's \"rogues gallery\". Batman's \"most implacable foe\" is the Joker, a homicidal maniac with a clown-like appearance. The Joker is considered by critics to be his perfect adversary, since he is the antithesis of Batman in personality and appearance; the Joker has a maniacal demeanor with a colorful appearance, while Batman has a serious and resolute demeanor with a dark appearance. As a \"personification of the irrational\", the Joker represents \"everything Batman [opposes]\". Other long time recurring foes that are part of Batman's rogues gallery include Catwoman (a cat burglar antiheroine who is an occasional ally), the Penguin, Ra's al Ghul, Two-Face, the Riddler, the Scarecrow, Mr. Freeze, Poison Ivy, Harley Quinn, Bane, Clayface, and Killer Croc among others.", "One of the stranger Pucks has been Eugene Milton Judd aka Puck, a member of the Canadian superhero team Alpha Flight. This gruff yet good-natured former mercenary is named for both the Shakespearean imp and the hockey puck. His acrobat stunts fit both types of Pucks. But whoever could ever see the Puck of legend with the boxer's cauliflower ear that the Marvel Comics' Puck has? In 2004, a new Puck has joined a revamped Alpha Flight - this one is teenage Asian girl. Hobgoblin is the name of another Marvel Comics character, one of Spider-Man's foes.", "Who We Know Him As: The Penguin, aka Oswald Cobblepot, sees himself as a “gentleman of crime.” Both Burgess Meredith and Danny DeVito have portrayed him as a rotund crime lord, though DeVito also imbued the character with a penchant for the grotesque. In the comics, the Penguin is one of the few Batman villains who is not criminally insane. He has an umbrella.", "*Giving the hero an advantage in crime fighting (e.g. Batman or The Shadow striking fear into criminals).", "A parallel earth, heroic version of the Joker called the Jester appears in Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths voiced byJames Patrick Stuart. He is a longtime ally of that Earth's Lex Luthor and a former member of their world's Justice League/Justice Underground. He sacrifices his life taking out two supervillains in the process at the beginning of the film so that Luthor can escape and get help for their Earth which has been besieged by the villainous Crime Syndicate of America. Back at his lair, he is shown to have a monkey called Harley whom Lex sadly informs that \"the Jester is never coming back\".", "A story arc in the online game City of Heroes has villains named after Wacky Races characters (Rufus of Perez, Slag of Skywyay, etc.). [8]", "In modern popular fiction, a superhero (sometimes rendered super-hero or super hero) is a type of costumed heroic character who possesses supernatural or superhuman powers and who is dedicated to fighting crime, protecting the public, and usually battling supervillains. A female superhero is sometimes called a superheroine (also rendered super-heroine or super heroine). Fiction centered on such characters, especially in American comic books since the 1930s, is known as superhero fiction.", "1. Big bad-arsed buff good guy who basically is a reluctant hero, who gets forced into being a hero because of his big fluffy do-gooder heart, although he was actually looking to score on abig pay day, played a by a relative unknown in the big epic action hero genre", "* A story arc in the online game City of Heroes has villains named after Wacky Races characters (Rufus of Perez, Slag of Skywyay, etc.).", "What about the Joker? I know he has a real name because he wasn't always the Joker, but is it ever revealed in any comics?", "A story arc in the online game City of Heroes has villains named after Wacky Races characters (Rufus of Perez, Slag of Skywyay, etc.)." ]

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[ "In the United States, the proof of an alcoholic beverage is twice its alcohol content expressed as percentage by volume at 60°F. So an 80-proof whiskey is 40% alcohol. Recently the United States has begun to label bottles containing wine and spirits with the percentage of alcohol by volume, instead of proof.", "Proof: An American system for measuring alcohol content by volume. 80 proof equals 40% alcohol by volume (ABV).", "The concentration of alcohol in a beverage is usually stated as the percentage of alcohol by volume  (ABV, the number of milliliters (ml) of pure ethanol in 100 ml of beverage) or as proof. In the United States, proof is twice the percentage of alcohol by volume at 60 degrees Fahrenheit (e.g. 80 proof = 40% ABV). Degrees proof were formerly used in the United Kingdom, where 100 degrees proof was equivalent to 57.1% ABV. Historically, this was the most dilute spirit that would sustain the combustion of gunpowder.", "Alcohol Proof Example: An alcoholic beverage that is 40%  ethyl alcohol  by volume is referred to as being '80 proof'. 100-proof whiskey is 50% alcohol by volume. 86-proof whiskey is 43% alcohol by volume.", "Another way of specifying the amount of alcohol is alcohol proof, which in the United States is twice the alcohol-by-volume number, while in the United Kingdom it is 1.75 times the number (expressed as a percentage). For example, 40% abv is 80 proof in the US and 70 proof in the UK. However, since 1980, alcoholic proof in the UK has been replaced by abv as a measure of alcohol content.", "a traditional unit of proportion used for measuring the strength of distilled liquors, including medicinal solutions of alcohol as well as alcoholic beverages such as whiskey. The proof rating of a liquor is the alcohol content of the liquid expressed as a percentage of the alcohol content of a standard mixture, called the proof liquor. In the United States, the proof liquor is legally defined so to contain exactly 50% alcohol measured by volume. As a result, the U. S. proof rating is equal to exactly twice the percentage of alcohol present, measured by volume. Thus \"86 proof\" means 43% alcohol. In Britain proof ratings are no longer used, but the former proof liquor contained 57.27% alcohol by volume. This means that 86 proof Scotch, in the U.S., was formerly 75 proof in Britain.", "proof (prf) : a traditional unit of proportion used for measuring the strength of distilled liquors, including medicinal solutions of alcohol as well as alcoholic beverages such as whiskey. The proof rating of a liquor is the alcohol content of the liquid expressed as a percentage of the alcohol content of a standard mixture, called the proof liquor. In the United States, the proof liquor is legally defined so to contain exactly 50% alcohol measured by volume. As a result, the U. S. proof rating is equal to exactly twice the percentage of alcohol present, measured by volume. Thus \"86 proof\" means 43% alcohol. In Britain proof ratings are no longer used, but the former proof liquor contained 57.27% alcohol by volume. This means that 86 proof Scotch, in the U.S., was formerly 75 proof in Britain.", "The strength of alcohol as also the volume of the bottle is rated uniquely in the USA vis a vis the rest of the world. A Johnnie Walker Red Label blended Scotch whisky sold in the U.S. will normally be in a 750-millilitre bottle at an ABV of 40%, 80 proof. In the USA, the proof value of any alcoholic drink is twice the percentage ABV. Elsewhere, the proof value is %ABV x 7/4. Thus a 40% ABV whisky, 80 proof in the USA, will be only 70 proof across the rest of the world. When Scotch whisky is produced for consumption within the EU, it has to conform to EU laws thereon; the bottle will contain only 700 ml of whisky, the strength of which will be 40% ABV, i.e. 70 proof. Whisky meant for Duty Free shops may exceed 700 ml. These are mostly 1.0-litre bottles at 75 proof, and the corresponding ABV is 42.8%, often rounded off to 43%. The latter criteria generally apply to Traveller Editions of that brand of whisky.", "Liquor that contains 40% ABV (80 US proof) will catch fire if heated to about 26 °C and if an ignition source is applied to it. This temperature is called its flash point. The flash point of pure alcohol is , less than average room temperature. ", "1.5-ounces or a “shot” of 80-proof (40% alcohol content) distilled spirits or liquor (e.g., gin, rum, vodka, whiskey).", "Liqueur, flavoured and sweetened distilled liquor , with alcohol content ranging from 24 percent to 60 percent by volume (48–120 U.S. proof). Liqueurs are produced by combining a base spirit, usually brandy , with fruits or herbs and are sweetened by the addition of a sugar syrup composing more than 2 1/2 percent of the total beverage by volume.", "Distilled to no more than 160 proof, or 80% alcohol by volume (ABV). In practice, most bourbon is distilled out at a lower proof than this.", "“Proof “ is more than what’s in the pudding. Proof is about the amount of alcohol by volume. If you order 100 proof, you typically get 50% alcohol. Ordering a 151 proof alcohol is a lot more alcohol per shot, so beware. Also, if you are across the pond, know that the measuring system is different in the United Kingdom. Their 100-proof liquor is actually more than 114 proof in the U.S.", "ō′vėr-proof, adj. containing more than a certain amount of alcohol, stronger than proof-spirit, the standard by which all mixtures of alcohol and water are judged—containing 57.27 per cent. by volume, and 49.50 per cent. by weight, of alcohol.", "Brandy (from brandywine, derived from Dutch brandewijn, \"gebrande wijn\" \"burned wine\") is a spirit produced by distilling wine. Brandy generally contains 35–60% alcohol by volume (70–120 US proof) and is typically taken as an after-dinner drink. Some brandies are aged in wooden casks, some are coloured with caramel colouring to imitate the effect of aging, and some brandies are produced using a combination of both aging and colouring.", "Officially, Canada follows U.S. usage in labeling by percentage of alcohol by volume. However, the old UK proof standard is still used casually; \"over-proof rum\" refers to alcohol greater than 100° UK proof, i.e. greater than 57% ABV. As an example, most common spirits, at 40% ABV, are 70° proof in Canadian usage, and 100° proof spirits are 57% ABV.", "In the United States and Canada, where spirits are often called \"liquor\" (pronounced, with stress on the first rather than the second syllable), there is often confusion over liqueurs and liquors, especially as many spirits today are available in flavored form (e.g. flavored vodka). The most reliable rule of thumb is that liqueurs are quite sweet and often syrupy in consistency, while liquors are not. Most liqueurs have a lower alcohol content (15–30% ABV) than spirits, but some contain as much as 55% ABV.", "Camo 5X Malt Liquor (it comes in a camouflage bottle, so don't put it down on the ground -- it's hard enough to find your beer after you've had a few) contains 8% alcohol by weight. St. Ides Malt Liquor (as promoted by Ice Cube, the rap star: this is from his rap tune on a St. Ides commercial -- I am not making this up -- \"It'll make your jimmy thicker and get your woman in the mood quicker\") is 7.3% alcohol. Some of the others, like Colt 45 and Mickeys (my house brand) have less than 5.6% alcohol.", "Distilled alcoholic beverages are usually distilled to a high purity and then diluted. However, in some countries such as Poland , rectified spirit (95-96%) is sold directly to the consumer, for human consumption. [26] Also, vodka is rectified spirit diluted to 37.5-60% alcohol by volume .", "ABV (Alcohol by Volume): The alcoholic content of a drink expressed as a percentage of the total volume of liquid.", "The term spirit refers to a distilled beverage that contains no added sugar and has at least 20% alcohol by volume (ABV).", "Pure alcohol, like the kind used in laboratories, is 200 proof, being 100 percent alcohol. A combination of half alcohol and half water is scored as 100 proof or 50 percent alcohol. Proof is a measure of alcoholic strength, not necessarily of quality.", "Everclear: In the United States, Everclear is a brand of grain alcohol (ethanol), available at concentrations of 95% alcohol (190 proof) and 75.5% (151 proof).", "In English, this is called brandy. All such spirits contain between 35 and 65 percent ABV.", "To determine the percentage of alcohol in a bottle of liquor divide the proof by two.", "Alcohol proof is twice the  volume  percentage of  ethyl alcohol  (ethanol) in an alcoholic beverage. It is a measure of the ethanol (a specific type of alcohol) content of an alcoholic beverage.", "Normally refers to grain alcohol - a double distilled spirit derived from the fermentation of grain. It is, at 190 proof or 95% alcohol content, extremely potent. Available in liquor stores.", "190 vs. 200 Proof Alcohol: All Ethanol products have a proof associated with the product description. The proof is the measure of water content of the Ethanol portion of the product and any level of proof can be manufactured based upon the amount of water added. The majority of all Ethanol products are either 190 or 200 proof, the third most common being 192 proof.", "*100 Proof - The highest alcoholic content of the Captain Morgan line of drinks. Closest relation is Captain Morgan's Original Spiced Rum. 100 proof", "100 Proof - The highest alcoholic content of the Captain Morgan line of drinks. Closest relation is Captain Morgan's Original Spiced Rum. 100 proof", "I as well thought this would be a reference to alcoholic proof. Why is alcohol referred to in proof and not a simple percentage?", "malt liquor , malt - a lager of high alcohol content; by law it is considered too alcoholic to be sold as lager or beer" ]

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[ "R2-D2 or Artoo-Detoo is a fictional robot character in the Star Wars universe created by George Lucas, who appears in the original trilogy, the prequel trilogy, and the sequel trilogy. As a charismatic and mischievous astromech droid (referred to in the novel as a 'thermocapsulary dehousing assister'), R2-D2 is a major character appearing with his protocol droid companion, C-3PO, as the only two characters to appear in all seven Star Wars films. Throughout the course of the films, he joins or supports Padmé Amidala, Anakin Skywalker, Leia Organa, Luke Skywalker, and Obi-Wan Kenobi in various points in the saga.", "R2-D2 (called \"R2\" for short) is a robot character in the Star Wars universe. An astromech droid (referred to in the novel as a 'thermocapsulary dehousing assister'), R2-D2 is a major character in all six Star Wars films. Along with his protocol droid companion C-3PO , he joins or supports Anakin Skywalker , Luke Skywalker , Princess Leia , and Obi-Wan Kenobi in various points in the saga. R2-D2 was played by Kenny Baker . Along with Anakin Skywalker (Darth Vader), Obi-Wan Kenobi, and C-3PO, he is one of only four characters to appear in all six Star Wars films.", "R2-D2 (phonetically spelled Artoo-Deetoo, and called \"R2\" or \"Artoo\" for short) is a character in the Star Wars universe. An astromech droid, R2-D2 is a major character throughout all seven Star Wars films. Along with his droid companion C-3PO . he joins or supports Anakin Skywalker , Luke Skywalker , Princess Leia , and Obi-Wan Kenobi in various points in the saga. R2-D2 was played by Kenny Baker. Along with Anakin Skywalker (Darth Vader), Obi-Wan Kenobi and C-3PO, he is one of only four characters to appear in the first six Star Wars films and with C-3P0 the only two characters to appear in all seven films.", "Anakin Skywalker , a Tatooine slave boy, was gifted in engineering -- and was strong with the Force. To help his mother, Shmi , he secretly built a droid: C-3PO. In his earliest form, Threepio had no outside covering, and so appeared “naked,” with his internal parts and motors showing. When Anakin befriended a group of stranded travelers, C-3PO was introduced to R2-D2 , their heroic astromech. The two quickly became a duo, though when Anakin departed Tatooine to become a Jedi, he left his droid behind.", "In Star Wars: Episode I:The Phantom Menace, set 32 years before Star Wars, R2-D2 is portrayed as belonging to the Naboo defense forces and is one of four astromech droids deployed for repair duty on Queen  Padmé Amidala 's starship as it attempts to get past the Trade Federation blockade. The sole survivor of the four, R2-D2 becomes part of  Qui-Gon Jinn 's party on Tatooine and meets C-3PO and Anakin Skywalker. Later still, he serves as the astromech droid for Anakin's starfighter during the Battle of Naboo.", ";R4-P17: Astromech droid that accompanies Obi-Wan Kenobi on his mission to Kamino in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones. Decapitated by Buzz Droids in Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith.", "After the Trade Federation 's occupation of her planet, Queen Amidala attempted a daring escape through an orbiting blockade of warships. Her Naboo Royal Starship suffered heavy damage, however, and several astromech droids were dispatched to make emergency repairs. Attached to the ship’s exterior, they were picked off one by one by relentless enemy fire. Yet a certain plucky droid remained: R2-D2, a white and blue model. He successfully restored the ship’s shields, giving it the chance needed to make the jump to hyperspace. R2-D2 was recognized by the Queen for his service, and he would accompany her handmaiden, Padmé, Jar Jar Binks , and Jedi Qui-Gon Jinn when they reached Tatooine . On the desert planet, he was introduced to a still-under-construction protocol droid called C-3PO . They were fast friends, and Artoo immediately chided Threepio for being “naked,” as his parts were showing. Later, R2-D2 would assist nine-year-old Anakin Skywalker in a Naboo N-1 starfighter during the Battle of Naboo .", "C-3PO, left, and R2-D2 are the loyal droids who serve as companions to various \"Star Wars\" characters. They're somewhat based on two characters from Kurosawa's film \"The Hidden Fortress,\" a key \"Star Wars\" influence.", "* Kenny Baker as R2-D2: an astromech droid who is carrying the Death Star plans and a secret message for Obi-Wan from Princess Leia.", "The original trilogy begins nearly 20 years later as Vader nears completion of the massive Death Star space station which will allow him to crush the rebellion which has formed against his evil empire. He captures Princess Leia Organa who has stolen the plans to the Death Star and hidden them in droid R2-D2 who, along with his counterpart C-3PO, escape to the planet Tatooine. There, the droids are purchased by Luke Skywalker, son of Anakin, and his adoptive step-uncle and aunt. R2-D2 escapes and leads Skywalker to Ben Kenobi — formerly Obi-Wan. Kenobi tells Luke of his father's greatness, but tells him that he was killed by Vader. Kenobi and Skywalker hire pilot Han Solo and his co-pilot Chewbacca to take them and the plans to the rebels. Kenobi begins to teach Skywalker about the Force, but is killed in a showdown with Vader during the rescue of Princess Leia. His sacrifice allows the group to escape with the plans that allow them to destroy the Death Star.", "The galaxy is in the midst of a civil war. Spies for the Rebel Alliance have stolen plans to the Galactic Empire's Death Star, a heavily armed space station capable of destroying planets. Rebel leader Princess Leia has the plans, but her ship is captured by Imperial forces under the command of the evil Sith lord Darth Vader. Before she is captured, Leia hides the plans in the memory of an astromech droid, R2-D2, along with a holographic recording. The droid flees to the surface of the desert planet Tatooine with fellow droid C-3PO.", "Anakin Skywalker appears as a nine-year-old slave in Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999). He is raised on the planet Tatooine by his mother, Shmi Skywalker (Pernilla August), who says Anakin had no father, implying miraculous birth. He is a gifted pilot and engineer, and has the ability to \"see things before they happen\". He even creates his own protocol droid, C-3PO. Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson) meets him after an emergency landing on Tatooine and becomes convinced the boy is the \"Chosen One\", foretold by a Jedi prophecy as the one who will bring balance to the Force. Anakin wins his freedom in a podrace, but is forced to part with his mother. Qui-Gon takes Anakin to the Jedi Council, who forbid training on the grounds that the boy's future is clouded by the fear he exhibits. During the invasion of Naboo, Anakin helps defeat the Trade Federation by destroying their command ship. After Qui-Gon is killed in a duel with Sith Lord Darth Maul (Ray Park), his apprentice, the young Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor), promises to train Anakin, a proposal the Jedi Council reluctantly accepts. During the film, Anakin forms a close bond with Padmé Amidala (Natalie Portman), Naboo's queen. Palpatine, newly elected as the Republic's Supreme Chancellor, befriends the boy, telling him that \"we will watch your career with great interest.\"", "In the 1999 prequel The Phantom Menace, which takes place 32 years before Star Wars begins, Anakin is depicted as a nine-year-old slave from the planet Tatooine. He lives with his mother, Shmi. Anakin has no father and he can foresee the future. In addition, Anakin is a gifted pilot and mechanic, and he has built a protocol droid called C-3PO. Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn meets Anakin after making an emergency landing on Tatooine. After discovering that Anakin's blood has an unusually high number of midi-chlorians, which is a measure of Force potential, Qui-Gon becomes convinced the boy is the \"Chosen One\" of Jedi prophecy who will bring balance to the Force. Anakin wins his freedom in a podrace, but is forced to leave his mother behind. During the voyage to Coruscant, Anakin forms a bond with Padmé Amidala, the young queen of Naboo. Qui-Gon asks the Jedi Council to train Anakin as a Jedi, but the Council are concerned that the boy is vulnerable to the dark side and they decline. Later, Anakin unintentionally helps thwart the Trade Federation's invasion of Naboo by destroying their command ship. After Qui-Gon is killed by the Sith Lord Darth Maul, his apprentice, Obi-Wan Kenobi, promises to train Anakin, a proposal the Council reluctantly accepts. Palpatine, the Galactic Republic's newly elected Chancellor, befriends Anakin, telling him that he will \"watch [his] career with great interest\".", "The Ewoks worship the protocol droid C-3PO , thinking he is a god due to his shininess and gold coverings and a later display of power arranged by Luke Skywalker through The Force . C-3PO tells the Council of Elders the adventures of the Rebel heroes Skywalker, Princess Leia, and Han Solo . The Ewoks accept the Rebels into their tribe and ally themselves to their cause. They then help in the ground battle to destroy the Imperial shield generator on the forest floor, and their primitive weapons fell the Imperial Stormtroopers and the AT-ST walkers of the Empire. This assistance paves the way to victory at the Battle of Endor. Later that night, the Ewoks are shown holding a huge celebration.", "Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson) and his apprentice, Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor, keeping his clothes on throughout), are on a diplomatic mission to the planet Naboo, where they hope to negotiate the end to a blockade of the planet organized by the Trade Federation. When they arrive, however, they find themselves caught in a trap sprung by the mysterious Darth Sidious (Ian McDiarmid), who is making a play to take control of the Galactic Republic. After surviving an attempt on their lives in a planet-orbiting space station, Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan end up on the ground in the midst of an invasion by an army of droids. After meeting the amphibious Jar Jar Binks (Ahmed Best), they move to save Naboo's teenage ruler, Queen Amidala, from possible execution. That involves taking her and her retinue (including her favorite squat droid, R2-D2) into space. From Naboo, the action moves to the desert planet of Tatooine, where the two Jedi encounter young Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd), a slave child with amazing potential in the Force, then to the capital world of the Republic, and finally back to Naboo. Meanwhile, Darth Maul (Ray Park), Sidious' minion, is tracking the Jedi with dire intentions.", "R2-D2 remained in the service of Padmé -- in reality, the former Queen of Naboo -- who was now a Senator. He watched over her after assassination attempts masterminded by Jango Fett , and accompanied her and Anakin on a visit to Naboo. Later, however, the curious astromech found himself reunited with C-3PO on Tatooine. Together, they left with Anakin and Padmé for the Separatist world of Geonosis .", "The droids are captured by Jawa traders, who sell them to moisture farmers Owen and Beru Lars and their nephew, Luke Skywalker. While cleaning R2-D2, Luke accidentally triggers part of Leia's message, in which she requests help from Obi-Wan Kenobi. The next morning, Luke finds R2-D2 searching for Obi-Wan, and meets Ben Kenobi, an old hermit who lives in the hills and reveals himself to be Obi-Wan. Obi-Wan tells Luke of his days as a Jedi Knight, former Galactic Republic peacekeepers with supernatural powers derived from an energy called The Force who were all but wiped out by the Empire. Contrary to his uncle's statements, Luke learns that his father fought alongside Obi-Wan as a Jedi Knight. Obi-Wan tells Luke that Vader was his former pupil who turned to the dark side of the Force and killed Luke's father, Anakin. Obi-Wan offers Luke his father's lightsaber, a Jedi weapon.", "MARK HAIVELL HARRISON FORD In a distant time and • galaxy, where a benevo ent republic has been replaced by an oppressive empire, Princess Leia Organa — a member of a rebel movement — attempts to escape with the plans of the Empire's deadly weapon, the Death Star. She is captured by Grand Moff Tarldn and his evil henchman Darth Vader, but her two robots, C-3PO and R2D2, escape to a barren planet where they are sold to a fanner Owen Lars and his nephew Luke Skywalker. R2-D2 projects, for Luke, Leia's plea for help to Ben Kenobi, a former Jedi Icnight of the Republic. In the desert Luke finds Ben, who speaks of a mystical 'Force' which was an article of faith with the Jedi knights. See film guide, beginning page 10", "Ewan McGregor , who portrayed Obi-Wan Kenobi in the prequel trilogy , said in an interview, \"As soon as R2-D2 comes on the set, everyone goes a bit silly.\" He recalled how his then four-year-old daughter announced she was in love with R2-D2, and then confessed his own affections for the droid: \"...there is something about him that makes you feel great affection for him. I think it is a combination of his shape, his high-pitched voice. He's just incredibly appealing. In fact, I believe he is George [Lucas]'s favorite actor.\" Lucas confirms this in the audio commentary of the Episode III DVD. In this discussion on the audio commentary, George Lucas also notes that it is intentional that R2-D2 saves the day at least once in every film.", "Luke Skywalker is a fictional character appearing as the central protagonist of the original film trilogy, and as a supporting character in the sequel trilogy of the Star Wars universe created by George Lucas. The character, portrayed by Mark Hamill, is an important figure in the Rebel Alliance's struggle against the Galactic Empire. He is the twin brother of Rebellion leader Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan, friend and brother-in-law of smuggler Han Solo, an apprentice to Jedi Master Obi-Wan \"Ben\" Kenobi, and the son of fallen Jedi Anakin Skywalker (Darth Vader) and Queen of Naboo/Republic Senator Padmé Amidala. In The Force Awakens, he is the uncle and former master of Kylo Ren. The now non-canon expanded Star Wars Legends universe depicts him as a powerful Jedi Master and eventually the Grand Master of the New Jedi Order, the father of Ben Skywalker, the maternal uncle of Jacen Solo, and the ancestor of Cade Skywalker.", "In Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back , R2-D2 accompanies Luke to Dagobah , and later to Cloud City , where he helps to rescue and repair a heavily damaged C-3PO and to override city security computers. He also manages to fix the Millennium Falcon 's hyperdrive , resulting in a last-minute escape from Imperial forces.", "In The Empire Strikes Back, Luke Skywalker is directed by the ghost of Obi-Wan Kenobi, to seek Yoda on Dagobah. After training with Yoda, Skywalker leaves Dagobah early to rescue his friends Han Solo, Princess Leia, and Chewbacca, whom he senses are in danger on the planet Bespin. Skywalker also briefly returns to Dagobah in Return of the Jedi, in which he has a final conversation with Yoda before Yoda's death. Luke then speaks to Obi-Wan Kenobi's ghost about the conflicting stories of Luke's parentage.", "The film begins with an opening crawl explaining that the Galactic Republic has suffered major setbacks against the Separatists during the Clone Wars. Jedi Knights Anakin Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi infiltrate the flagship of Separatist commander General Grievous to rescue the abducted Supreme Chancellor Palpatine. However, they are confronted by Count Dooku, who engages the Jedi in a lightsaber duel. After Dooku knocks Obi-Wan unconscious, Anakin fights and kills Dooku at Palpatine's urging. Following a skirmish with Grievous, who then flees, the Jedi crash-land the ship on the planet Coruscant. There, Anakin reunites with his wife, Padm� Amidala, who reveals she is pregnant. Initially excited, Anakin begins to have premonitions of Padm� dying in childbirth.", "In Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Obi-Wan Kenobi appears as the Jedi Padawan (or student) of Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn. He accompanies his master in negotiations with the Trade Federation, which is blockading the planet Naboo with a fleet of spaceships. After they are attacked by battle droids and forced to retreat to Naboo, Obi-Wan and Qui-Gon rescue Queen Padmé Amidala through the help of native Gungan Jar Jar Binks and escape in a spaceship toward Coruscant, the Republic capital. Their ship is damaged in the escape, however, and they are forced to land on Tatooine, where they discover a young Anakin Skywalker. Qui-Gon senses Anakin's extraordinarily strong link to the Force and brings the boy to Coruscant to begin Jedi training, although Obi-Wan expresses concerns.", "Medical droid that fixes Anakin Skywalker in Revenge of the Sith and repairs Luke Skywalker ‘s hand in The Empire Strikes Back .", "A droid is a fictional robot possessing some degree of artificial intelligence in the Star Wars science fiction franchise. Coined by special effects artist John Stears, the term is a clipped form of \"android\", a word originally reserved for robots designed to look and act like a human. The word \"droid\" has been a registered trademark of Lucasfilm Ltd since 1977. ", "Also present are a freshly polished C-3PO and a freshly overhauled and looking better-than-new R2-D2. Upon reaching the front of the great hall, Luke and Han are awarded medals for bravery by a smiling Princess Leia. The hall erupts into thunderous applause.", "On Tatooine, Obi-Wan brings Luke Skywalker to his new family: his uncle, Owen , and his aunt, Beru . Obi-Wan leaves on an eopie , heading to his exile in the Jundland Wastes . Owen and Beru, holding the infant Luke, look out to the horizon and watch the setting of Tatooine's twin suns.", "The leader battle droid in the movie Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace is called OMM 9, an obvious reference Template:Or to OMM 0910.", "Vote up your favorite humans, aliens, and robots from all of Star Wars below. Are you one of the three people on earth who actually liked Jar Jar? (Just kidding, zero people liked Jar Jar.) Do you think C3PO was really just annoying? Cast your votes now. And if you really want to impact the order of this list, rerank your own version!", "Where are you calling from? cash buy cheap motilium playing Luke Skywalker used to cruise around the sand dunes of his home planet Tatooine in the landspeeder. The Star Wars fanatic explained how he created the ride on Instructables, a website for DIY creations, for his son”s sixth birthday.", "A nod to STAR WARS, paraphrasing an exchange between Han Solo and Princess Leia (when they meet up again after being separately chased through the Death Star by Stormtroopers):" ]

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[ "Superman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, high school students living in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1933. They sold Superman to Detective Comics, the future DC Comics, in 1938. Superman debuted in Action Comics #1 (cover-dated June 1938) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, newspaper strips, television programs, films, and video games. With this success, Superman helped to create the superhero archetype and establish its primacy within the American comic book.", "Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster saw their creation, Superman (also known as Kal-El, originally Kal-L), launched in Action Comics #1 on April 18, 1938 ( cover dated June), [3] an event which began the Golden Age of Comic Books . [4] [5] Siegel and Shuster had tried for years to find a publisher for their Superman character originally conceived as a newspaper strip without success. Superman was originally a bald madman created by Siegel and Shuster who used his telepathic abilities to wreak havoc on mankind. He appeared in Siegel and Shuster's book Science Fiction. [6] Siegel then commented, \"What if this Superman was a force for good instead of evil?\" The writer and artist had worked on several features for National Allied Publications' other titles such as Slam Bradley in Detective Comics [7] and were asked to contribute a feature for National's newest publication. They submitted Superman for consideration and, after re-pasting the sample newspaper strips they had prepared into comic book page format, National decided to make Superman the cover feature of their new magazine. [8] After seeing the published first issue, publisher Harry Donenfeld dismissed the featured strip as ridiculous and ordered it never to be on the cover of the series again. However, subsequent reports of the first issue's strong sales and follow up investigations revealed that Superman was the reason, thus the character returned to the covers, becoming a permanent presence in issue 19 onward. [9]", "Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster saw their creation, Superman (also known as Kal-El, originally Kal-L), launched in Action Comics #1 on April 18, 1938 ( cover dated June), [3] an event which began the Golden Age of Comic Books . [4] [5] Siegel and Shuster had tried for years to find a publisher for their Superman character originally conceived as a newspaper strip without success. Superman was originally a bald madman created by Siegel and Shuster who used his telepathic abilities to wreak havoc on mankind. He appeared in Siegel and Shuster's book Science Fiction. [6] Siegel then commented, \"What if this Superman was a force for good instead of evil?\" The writer and artist had worked on several features for National Allied Publications' other titles such as Slam Bradley in Detective Comics [7] and were asked to contribute a feature for National's newest publication. They submitted Superman for consideration and, after re-pasting the sample newspaper strips they had prepared into comic book page format, National decided to make Superman the cover feature of their new magazine. [8] After seeing the published first issue, publisher Harry Donenfeld dismissed the featured strip as ridiculous and ordered it never to be on the cover of the series again. Subsequent reports of the first issue's strong sales and follow up investigations revealed that Superman was the reason, thus the character returned to the covers, becoming a permanent presence in issue 19 onward. [9]", "Superman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character is widely considered an American cultural icon. The Superman character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster in 1933; the character was sold to Detective Comics, Inc. (later DC Comics) in 1938. Superman first appeared in Action Comics #1 (June 1938) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, newspaper strips, television programs, films, and video games. With the character's success, Superman helped to create the superhero genre and establish its primacy within the American comic book. Superman's appearance is distinctive and iconic. He usually wears a blue costume, red cape, and stylized red-and-yellow \"S\" shield on his chest. This shield is used in a myriad of media to symbolize the character. ", "Superman is a character of DC Comics , a comic book superhero widely considered to be one of the most famous and popular such characters and an American cultural icon. Created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian-born artist Joe Shuster in 1932 while both were living in Cleveland, Ohio, and sold to Detective Comics , Inc. in 1938, the character first appeared in Action Comics #1 (June 1938) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, television programs, films, newspaper strips, and video games.", "In 1938, writer Jerry Siegel and illustrator Joe Shuster , who had previously worked in pulp science fiction magazines, introduced Superman . The character possessed many of the traits that have come to define the superhero: a secret identity , superhuman powers and a colorful costume including a symbol and cape. His name is also the source of the term \"superhero,\" although early comic book heroes were sometimes also called \"mystery men\" or \"masked heroes\".", "The revised Superman first appeared in Action Comics #1 , June 1938. Siegel and Shuster sold the rights to the company for $130 and a contract to supply the publisher with material. The Saturday Evening Post reported in 1941 that the pair was being paid still a fraction of DC's Superman profits. In 1946, when Siegel and Shuster sued for more money, DC fired them, prompting a legal battle that ended in 1948, when they signed away any further claim to Superman or any character created from him. DC soon took their names off the byline. Following the huge financial success of Superman: The Movie in 1978 and news reports of their pauper-like existences, Warner Communications gave Siegel and Shuster lifetime pensions of $35,000 per year and health care benefits. In addition, any media production which includes the Superman character must include the credit, \"Superman created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster\".", "In 1938, after Wheeler-Nicholson's partner Harry Donenfeld had ousted him, National Allied editor Vin Sullivan pulled a Siegel/Shuster creation from the slush pile and used it as the cover feature (but only as a backup story) in Action Comics #1 (June 1938). The duo's alien hero, Superman, dressed in a cape and colorful tights. The costume, influenced by Flash Gordon's attire from 1934, evoked circus aerial performers and circus strongmen, and Superman became the archetype of the \"superheroes\" that would follow. Action would become the American comic book with the second-largest number of issues, next to Dell Comics' Four Color, with over 860 issues published .", "Superman was the very first superhero, created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster and debuting in Action Comics #1 in 1938.", "The creators of Superman, writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, were both born into Jewish families that emigrated to North America from Europe (Lithuania for the former and the Netherlands and Ukraine for the latter) in the early 20th century. Their Jewish backgrounds played a large role in the development of the superhero. Originally written as a villain, Siegel and Shuster reimagined the Man of Steel after the unabashedly anti-Semetic Adolf Hitler was elected as chancellor of Germany in 1933. Hitler, as part of his eugenics program, distorted Nietzsche’s “superman” concept to fit the Aryan image he was ardently pushing on the German people and Siegel and Shuster decided that their Superman should be a Jewish-inspired force for good instead. This re imagination served as the template for the character we now know as Superman.", "1938 - Superman makes first appearance in Action Comics #1 by Joe Schuster and Jerry Siegel", "Although they were by now selling material to comic book publishers, notably Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson's National Allied Publishing, the pair decided to feature this character in a comic strip format, rather than in the longer comic book story format that was establishing itself at this time. They offered it to both Max Gaines , who passed, and to United Feature Syndicate , who expressed interest initially but finally rejected the strip in a letter dated February 18, 1937. However, in what historian Les Daniels describes as \"an incredibly convoluted turn of events\", Max Gaines ended up positioning the strip as the lead feature in Wheeler-Nicholson's new publication, Action Comics . Vin Sullivan , editor of the new book, wrote to the pair requesting that the comic strips be refashioned to suit the comic book format, requesting \"eight panels a page\". However Siegel and Shuster ignored this, utilizing their own experience and ideas to create page layouts, with Siegel also identifying the image used for the cover of Action Comics #1 (June 1938), Superman's first appearance.", "Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, the writer and artist who co-created Superman, sold the rights to their creation to DC Comics for a relatively small amount of money, in contrast to the amount of money the character has generated over the decades. Despite the repeated efforts over the course of the rest of their lives to recover legal ownership of Superman, and a share in the immense profits that the character for DC Comics, DC's copyright on the character was renewed. By the 1950s, Shuster's worsening eyesight prevented him from drawing, and he worked as a deliveryman in order to earn a living. Jerry Robinson claimed Shuster had delivered a package to the DC building, embarrassing the employees. He was summoned to the CEO, given one hundred dollars, and told to buy a new coat and find another job. By 1976, Shuster was almost blind and living in a California nursing home. In 1975, Siegel launched a publicity campaign, in which Shuster participated, protesting DC Comics' treatment of him and Shuster. In the face of a great deal of negative publicity over their handling of the affair (and due to the upcoming Superman movie), DC's parent company Warner Communications reinstated the byline dropped more than thirty years earlier and granted the pair a lifetime pension of $20,000 a year plus health benefits. The first issue with the restored credit was Superman #302 (August 1976). Siegel died in 1996 and Shuster in 1992.", "Source: Action Comics (vol. 1) #1 (June 1938): untitled 1-page Superman origin story , pg. 1. Written by Jerry Siegel. Art by Joe Shuster.", "Superman's quest to protect mankind from evil and corruption began on this day in 1938 when a rejected illustration featuring the Man of Steel found its way onto the cover of the first edition of Action Comics.", "Certainly two of the more famous comic book characters not only made a ton ofmoney for their publishers but also rated very high with radio audiences: Superman and Archie Andrews. The first was the product of two inventive Jewish teenagers from Cleveland,Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, and their hero’’s first appearance in a comic book was in June 1938. (Incidentally if", "Created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian-born American artist Joe Shuster in 1932 while both were living in Cleveland, Ohio, and sold to Detective Comics, Inc. (later DC Comics) in 1938, the character first appeared in Action Comics #1 (June 1938) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, television programs, films, newspaper strips, and video games.", "Named after the chemical element krypton, the planet was created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, and was first referred to in Action Comics #1 (June 1938); the planet was given its first full-fledged appearance in Superman (volume 1) #1 (1939).", "An issue of \"Action Comics No. 1\" -- featuring the first appearance of Siegel and Shuster’s Superman — sold for $2,161,000 at an online auction ending Wednesday night. (AP / Metropolis Collectibles, Inc./ComicConnect Corp.)", "Lee (born Stanley Leiber) and Kirby were not the only Jewish creators behind famous comic characters. Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, two Jewish teen-agers from Cleveland, dreamed up Superman almost 25 years before the birth of the FF.", "1938 Action Comics #1 is published. It contained a collection of original short stories, one of which was the first Superman comic.", "* Superman creators Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster fashioned a short-lived superhero title, Funnyman, taking inspiration from Kaye's persona.", "SUPERMAN. Jerry Siegel, nineteen, dreamed up the superhero one hot Cleveland evening in 1934. The next day Shuster, also nineteen, designed Superman’s outfit.", "Religion and Characters in Action Comics (vol. 1) #1 (June 1938): untitled 1-page Superman origin story", "Originally an anthology comic, in the manner of the times, Detective Comics #1 (March 1937) featured stories in the \"hard-boiled detective\" genre, with such stars as Ching Lung (a Fu Manchu-style \"yellow peril\" villain); Slam Bradley (created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster before their character Superman saw print two years later); and Speed Saunders, among others. Its first editor, Vin Sullivan, also drew the debut issue's cover. The Crimson Avenger debuted in issue #20 (October 1938). ", "When Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster debuted Superman in the summer of ‘38, the cover cost was 10 cents.", "Lex debuted in 1940 in Action Comics #23 and was created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster.", "A group of cartoons, also called \"funnies\", they are arranged in narrative sequence and have been published in American newspapers since the late 19th-Century. Comic Strips appear in serial form and are dependent for drawing interest upon an exaggerated figure rather than a story line. Their value is purely entertainment, and they have become one of the most popular forms of visual media. Early comic strips were influenced by Englishman William Hogarth (1697-1764) and Frenchman Honore Daumier (1808-1879). In America, Lyonel Feininger began doing comics as early as 1906. In the mid 1950s, many American artists took up comic-strip art to comment on daily life trivia, and some artists such as Roy Lichtenstein incorporated them into their fine-art painting in a style known as Pop Art. Well-known comic strip artists are Ernie Bushmiller (\"Nancy\"), Al Capp (\"Lil Abner\"), George Herriman (\"Krazy Kat\"), Hank Ketcham (\"Dennis the Menace\"), Charles Schulz (\"Peanuts\") and Chic Young (\"Dagwood\"). Sources: \"Phaidon Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Art\"; Ron Goulart, \"The Encyclopedia of American Comics\"", "Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941) — on sale in December 1940, a year before the bombing of Pearl Harbor, and already showing Cap punching Nazi leader Adolf Hitler in the jaw — sold nearly one million copies.Per researcher Keif Fromm, Alter Ego #49, p. 4 (caption) While most readers responded favorably to the comic, some isolationists and Nazi sympathizers took objection. Simon noted, \"When the first issue came out we got a lot of . . . threatening letters and hate mail. Some people really opposed what Cap stood for.\" Though preceded as a \"patriotically themed superhero\" by MLJ 's The Shield , Captain America immediately became the most prominent and enduring of that wave of superheroes introduced in American comic books prior to and during World War II . With his sidekick Bucky , Captain America faced Nazis , Japanese and other threats to wartime America and the Allies. Captain America soon became Timely's most popular character and even had a fan-club called the \"Sentinels of Liberty.\" Circulation figures remained close to a million copies per month after the debut issue, which outstripped even the circulation of news magazines like Time during the period. Daniels, p. 37", "Green Arrow and Speedy first appeared in More Fun Comics #73 (cover-dated November 1941), which was illustrated by artist George Papp. When Mort Weisinger was creating the character, aside from the obvious allusions to Robin Hood, he took inspiration from a movie serial, The Green Archer, based on the novel by Edgar Wallace. He retooled the concept into a superhero archer with obvious Batman influences. These include Green Arrow's sidekick Speedy, his use of an Arrow-Car and Arrow-Plane for transportation, his use of an Arrow-Cave as his headquarters, his alter ego as a billionaire playboy, the use of an Arrow-Signal to summon him, as well as a clown-like arch foe named Bull's Eye, similar to Batman's arch-foe, the Joker.", "Uncle Sam and his predecessor Brother Jonathan were used interchangeably to represent the United States by American cartoonists from the early 1830s to 1861. Cartoonists such as Sir John Tenniel and John Leech of the British humour magazine Punch helped evolve the modern figure by drawing both Brother Jonathan and Uncle Sam as lean, whiskered gentlemen wearing top hats and striped pants. Probably the first U.S. political cartoonist to crystallize the figure of Uncle Sam was Thomas Nast , beginning in the early 1870s. By 1900, through the efforts of Nast, Joseph Keppler , and others, Uncle Sam was firmly entrenched as the symbol for the U.S. One of the most familiar treatments in the 20th century was shown in James Montgomery Flagg ’s World War I recruiting poster, also used in World War II , for which the caption read, “I Want You.”", "Green Arrow and Speedy first appeared in More Fun Comics #73 (cover-dated November 1941), which was illustrated by artist George Papp. When Mort Weisinger was creating the character, aside from the obvious allusions to Robin Hood, he took inspiration from a movie serial, The Green Archer, based on the novel by Edgar Wallace. He retooled the concept into a superhero archer with obvious Batman influences. These include Green Arrow's sidekick Speedy, his use of an Arrow-Car and Arrow-Plane for transportation, his use of an Arrow-Cave as his headquarters, his alter ego as a billionaire playboy, the use of an Arrow-Signal to summon him, and a clown-like arch foe named Bull's Eye, similar to Batman's arch-foe, the Joker." ]

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[ "The Oprah Winfrey Show, often referred to simply as Oprah, is an American syndicated tabloid talk show that aired nationally for 25 seasons from September 8, 1986 to May 25, 2011 in Chicago, Illinois. Produced and hosted by its namesake, Oprah Winfrey, it remains the highest-rated talk show in American television history. ", "(CNN) -- Talk show queen Oprah Winfrey took her final bow in a taped episode that aired Wednesday, marking the end of her 25-year daytime talk show with a tearful goodbye.", "The Oprah Winfrey Show has featured many celebrities over the years, but that´s only one side of it. There´s also Oprah´s eternal quest to better herself, and to make the viewers change themselves. Oprah has started several organizations: Oprah´s angel network, Oprah´s book club, and O Magazine. For a couple of years now, the show frequently ends with a \"Remember your spirit\" segment. The show is produced by Oprah´s own company, Harpo (which spells Oprah backwards). The Oprah Winfrey show ended after its 25th year of production.", "For the final episode of \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" taped Tuesday, the talk show queen appeared alone on her Chicago stage, talking to viewers about what they've meant to her during the show's 25-year run. The finale will air on Wednesday.", "Winfrey announced in November 2009 that she would end her popular talk show after 25 years. Tuesday's taping comes a week after Hollywood's A-list and 13,000 fans bid Winfrey farewell during a double-episode extravaganza at Chicago's United Center. The shows that aired Monday and Tuesday included Aretha Franklin, Tom Cruise, Stevie Wonder, Michael Jordan and Madonna, among other stars of television, music and movies.", "In the premiere show of the final season of The Oprah Winfrey Show on September 10, 2010, Simon surprised Oprah and the audience with a song dedicated to Oprah and her show lasting 25 years (an update of a song he did for her show's 10th anniversary). ", "The entire 25th and final season of The Oprah Winfrey Show is a milestone celebration, with her bringing back her favorite or most shocking guests.", "The highest-rated and longest running talk show in American television history will be ending in 2011 when host Oprah Winfrey will start her own cable network. Oprah will still be in production until 2011. Although Oprah gets huge ratings, they have been sliding from the shows heyday. Ending in 2011. Discuss \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" In Our Forum - Click Here!", "Winfrey interviewed a plethora of public figures and everyday people during the show's 25-year history. When celebrities and newsmakers were ready to share their most intimate secrets their first stop was Winfrey's couch and when a serious story hit, the Oprah show focused on putting a human face on the headlines.", "On February 9, 2006, it was announced that Winfrey had signed a three-year, $55 million contract with XM Satellite Radio to establish a new radio channel. The channel, Oprah Radio, features popular contributors to The Oprah Winfrey Show and O, The Oprah Magazine including Nate Berkus, Dr. Mehmet Oz, Bob Greene, Dr. Robin Smith and Marianne Williamson. Oprah & Friends began broadcasting at 11:00 am ET, September 25, 2006, from a new studio at Winfrey's Chicago headquarters. The channel broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week on XM Radio Channel 156. Winfrey's contract requires her to be on the air 30 minutes a week, 39 weeks a year. The 30-minute weekly show features Winfrey with friend Gayle King.", "In 1993, Winfrey hosted a rare prime-time interview with Michael Jackson, which became the fourth most-watched event in American television history as well as the most watched interview ever, with an audience of 36.5 million. On December 1, 2005, Winfrey appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman to promote the new Broadway musical The Color Purple, of which she was a producer, joining the host for the first time in 16 years. The episode was hailed by some as the \"television event of the decade\" and helped Letterman attract his largest audience in more than 11 years: 13.45 million viewers. Although a much-rumored feud was said to have been the cause of the rift, both Winfrey and Letterman balked at such talk. \"I want you to know, it's really over, whatever you thought was happening\", said Winfrey. On September 10, 2007, Letterman made his first appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show, as its season premiere was filmed in New York City. ", "2005 40 Years Old When Oprah Winfrey was looking for a song to sum up the work she'd been striving to achieve over her twenty-year career, she got in touch with Small and the song \"Proud\" became the theme song to The Oprah Winfrey Show, and in 2005 Small made her American television debut on the show. … Read More", "Oprah is one of the longest-running daytime television tabloid talk shows in history. The show received 47 Daytime Emmy Awards before Winfrey chose to stop submitting it for consideration in 2000. ", "The viewership for The Oprah Winfrey Show was highest during the 1991–92 season, when about 13.1 million U.S. viewers were watching each day. By 2003, ratings declined to 7.4 million daily viewers. Ratings briefly rebounded to approximately 9 million in 2005 and then declined again to around 7.3 million viewers in 2008, though it remained the highest rated talk show. ", "Ellen reached its height of popularity in February 1997, when DeGeneres came out as a lesbian on The Oprah Winfrey Show. That April her character on the sitcom came out of the closet to her therapist, played by Oprah Winfrey. The coming-out episode, titled \"The Puppy Episode\", was one of the highest-rated episodes of the show. The series returned for a fifth season, but experienced falling ratings due to ABC's cutting back on promoting the show. It was believed that The Walt Disney Company, ABC's parent owner, had become uncomfortable with the subject matter depicted on the show now that DeGeneres' character was openly gay. In May 1998, Ellen was canceled. DeGeneres returned to stand-up comedy, and later re-established herself as a successful talk show host.", "In 1999, CBS paid $2.5 billion to acquire King World Productions, a television syndication company whose programs included The Oprah Winfrey Show, Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune. By the end of 1999, all pre-CBS elements of Westinghouse's industrial past (beyond retaining rights to the name for brand licensing purposes) were gone.", "The Dollarama era of TV talk shows comes to an end. Oprah is already irrelevant, she lost her female following when she supported a man over a women for President.", "Current late night talk shows such as The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon and Late Show with David Letterman have aired featuring celebrity guests and comedy sketches. Syndicated daily talk shows range from tabloid talk shows, such as The Jerry Springer Show to celebrity interview shows like Live! with Kelly and Michael, The Better Show, The Wendy Williams Show, and Ellen to industry leader The Oprah Winfrey Show which popularized the former genre and has been evolving towards the latter. On November 10, 2010, Oprah Winfrey invited several of the most prominent American talk show hosts - Phil Donahue, Sally Jessy Raphael, Geraldo Rivera, Ricki Lake and Montel Williams - to join her as guests on her show. The 1990s in particular saw a spike in the number of \"tabloid\" talk shows, most of which were short-lived and are now replaced by a more universally appealing \"interview\" or \"lifestyle TV\" format. ", "In the early years of The Oprah Winfrey Show, the program was classified as a tabloid talk show. In the mid-1990s, Winfrey adopted a less tabloid-oriented format, hosting shows on broader topics such as heart disease, geopolitics, spirituality and meditation, interviewing celebrities on social issues they were directly involved with, such as cancer, charity work, or substance abuse, and hosting televised giveaways including shows where every audience member received a new car (donated by General Motors) or a trip to Australia (donated by Australian tourism bodies). ", "While Winfrey was in the midst of ending her celebrated talk show, she managed to launch her cable network, OWN: The Oprah Winfrey Network, in conjunction with Discovery Communications ", "THE END OF 'OPRAH' AS WE KNOW HER: Daytime Diva Giving Up Syndie Talk Show & Moving It To Her Cable Network In 2011", "America's first lady of talk shows, Oprah Winfrey is well known for surpassing her competition to become the most watched daytime show host on television. Her natural style with guests and audiences on the Oprah Winfrey Show earned her widespread popularity, as well as her own production company, Harpo, Inc.", "Talk show hosted by Super-Model Tyra Banks focused on womens issues. Tyra announced that she will be ending the show in 2010 after five seasons. Ending in late 2010. Discuss \"The Tyra Show\" In Our Forum - Click Here!", "On Oct. 16, 2011 the daytime TV talk show Super Soul Sunday , hosted by Oprah Winfrey debuts on the Oprah Winfrey Network (until ?).", "Again, Carson's Tonight show kept her in the public eye. Starting in 1983, she was Carson's replacement host of choice, a position she called \"career Viagra\". So much so that, in 1986, the new Fox Network offered Rivers her own late-night chat show. Carson was furious that she would take a competing show, and broke off contact with her; they never spoke again, and even his successors refused to book her. The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers lasted less than a year. Rosenberg, who produced her show, fell ill and in 1987 killed himself in a Philadelphia hotel room.", "In 1989 Am. psychic Joyce Elaine Keller (1969-) begins broadcasting a live show on WGBB in New York City, going on to pub. the Angel Series of books and make appearances on the Oprah Winfrey and Regis Philbin TV shows.", "(voice-over): \"The television landscape is changing every day. To keep you, the viewer, informed, we've compiled a list of the most recent developments. George Stephanopoulos, who had been hosting This Week, is now hosting Good Morning America. Ted Koppel, who used to host Nightline, will now host This Week. Jay Leno, who used to host the Tonight Show at 11:35, but has since moved to 10 P.M., will reclaim his slot at 11:35. Conan O'Brien, who used to host Late Night at 12:35, but has since moved to the Tonight Show, will move to 12:05, or to Fox. And Larry King will be replaced by a boot.\"", "1986 – Oprah Winfrey becomes the first African American woman to host a nationally syndicated talk show.", "Carson reportedly loathed what he perceived as disloyalty, and he was furious when former Tonight Show guest hosts John Davidson and Joan Rivers got their own talk shows. Rivers' show on Fox Network directly competed with Carson during the 1986–1987 season before being canceled. On June 24, 2009, following Ed McMahon's death, Rivers lauded McMahon on Larry King Live, but said that after she got her own show, Carson never spoke to her again. ", "Her career almost came to an end when she feuded with Johnny Carson , off- the set of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962), the loss of her second husband Edgar Rosenberg and her short-lived talk show The Late Show (1986), however, she attempted to make a comeback when she was hosting a Daytime Talk Show, The Joan Rivers Show (1989), in 1989.", "She earned several honors over her career. She was nominated for a Grammy and a Tony, and won a Daytime Emmy for her early-'90s talk show. She had a successful jewelry line that she sold on QVC.", "About 1982, she was appointed the first permanent guest hostess on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962). She infuriated Johnny Carson when she left to host her own show, The Late Show (1986) on rival Fox network. Johnny Carson never spoke to her again." ]

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[ ". Chemical X is a mysterious black substance that grants freakish powers. Aku was able to make sentient killer robot warriors using ooze from his body. So part of his reign of terror was established by controlling the Powerpuff Girls, or simply blowing them up from the inside by manipulating the Chemical X.", "The Powerpuff Girls : \"Sugar, spice, and everything nice. These were the ingredients chosen to create the perfect little girls...\"", "*Sugar and Spice are the naughty and nice henchwenches of Two-Face in the 1995 movie Batman Forever.", "As we can plainly see, Sugar, Spice and Everything Nice plus Chemical X results in small humanoids with some distorted and missing features. Obviously, Chemical X is a catalyst, as adding it to the mixture always results in an explosion. But if one other ingredient is added before the Chemical X, then the result will be normal looking superpowered little girls. Now the only thing left is to figure out what that one other ingredient is...", "Red Hood was a petty criminal until he fell into a vat of chemicals. The toxic brew turned his skin white, his hair green, and his lips bright-red, giving him the appearance of a crazed clown. Adopting the alias of \"the Joker,\" he henceforth started committing crimes that involve jokes and puns. Later a much younger crook stole the costume and impersonated the original, but was soon caught by Batman. [1] [2]", "American animated TV series which follows the crime busting exploits of three girls with superpowers Blossom, Bubbles and Buttercup who were created by their “father” Professor Utonium. The action is cenered on the fictional US city of Townsville where they help the Mayor fight crime using their superpowers.", "Batman's presence in Gotham City generated a new breed of criminals, no longer the simple thugs and gangsters involved in Gotham Organized Crime, but more dynamic personalities. The first person inspired by him was Catwoman, a dangerous seductress using his style and methods towards her own ends. His next challenge was Dr. Hugo Strange, a mad scientist who had created Monster Men to do his bidding. He met his greatest nemesis when the Joker first appeared, a brilliant serial killer dressing like a clown and murdering people uncontrollably. He had been exposed to chemicals in an accident that drove him completely insane, and he swore revenge on Gotham for creating him. This confrontation led to the creation of the Bat-Signal, a giant spotlight displayed in the sky whenever there is danger and Batman is needed. There would be many more villains starting to appear within this time. The Scarecrow was an outcast who developed techniques to strike terror into the hearts of his victims for his own pleasure. The Riddler was another deranged genius who felt a psychological compulsion to demonstrate his intellectual superiority, and constructed elaborate crimes while delivering clues daring law enforcement to catch him. Poison Ivy attempted to destroy the city when an advanced connection to plant-life led her to wage a personal war against humanity. The psychotic Mister Freeze used dangerous", "Dick Tracy is an American comic strip featuring Dick Tracy (originally Plainclothes Tracy), a tough and intelligent police detective created by Chester Gould. The strip made its debut on October 4, 1931 in the Detroit Mirror. It was distributed by the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. Gould wrote and drew the strip until 1977. Since that time, various artists and writers have continued the strip, which still runs in newspapers today. Dick Tracy has also been the hero in a number of films, notably one in which Warren Beatty played the crime fighter in 1990.", "The Phantom is an American adventure comic strip created by Lee Falk, also creator of Mandrake the Magician. A popular feature adapted into many media, including television, film and video games, it stars a costumed crimefighter operating from the fictional African country Bangalla.", "Discussions involving a series based upon Trey Parker and Matt Stone's video Christmas card, The Spirit of Christmas, led HBO to contact Ralph Bakshi in order to produce an animated series targeted specifically toward adults. Bakshi enlisted a team of writers, including his son, Preston, to develop Spicy Detective, later renamed Spicy City, an anthology series set in a noir-ish, technology-driven future. Each episode featuring a different story narrated by a female host named Raven, voiced by Michelle Phillips. The series premiered in July 1997, beating South Park to television by over a month and becoming the first \"adults only\" cartoon series. Although critical reaction was mixed and largely unfavorable, Spicy City received acceptable ratings. A second season was approved, but the network wanted to fire Bakshi's writing team and hire professional Los Angeles screenwriters. When Bakshi refused to cooperate with the network, the series was canceled.", "We're not sure if this 1974-1975 Hanna-Barbera cartoon was the earliest meditation on the fame of superheroes, but it is the earliest one starring a dog. Hong-Kong Phooey is the alter-ego of Penrod Pooch, a mild-mannered police station janitor. Whenever he hears of a crime he ducks into a filing cabinet, changes into his Hong Kong Phooey costume, hops in his \"Phooeymobile\" and races to stop the bad guys with his \"Hong Kong Book of Kung Fu.\"", "* The animated version of ALF also made an appearance in the \"all-star\" animated drug-prevention television special Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue in 1990.", "In The Simpsons Season 5 episode \" Homer the Vigilante \" the Springfield Cat Burglar character is based on the Phantom. When he burgles the Simpsons house the background music is very similar to the Pink Panther music, and he leaves a calling card at the scene of the crime. He steals the world's largest cubic zirconia from a museum, much like the Phantom stealing the Pink Panther diamond. When he is captured he turns out to be a suave, David Niven-like character.", "a character in an American comic strip and several films who secretly assumes a batlike costume in order to fight crime", "Ripped from the Headlines : Dirty Harry fought obvious stand-ins for the Zodiac Killer (in Dirty Harry) and the Symbionese Liberation Army (in The Enforcer). This is lampshaded in the 2007 movie Zodiac , where David Toschi, the detective who served as the inspiration for Dirty Harry (as well as Bullitt ), sees the movie and has to face the fact that Real Life crimes can't be solved by just shooting someone.", "* The television show \"Knights\", shown in the third act of the film, is a reference to the crime-centered reality show Cops, with Puss' catnip substituting for marijuana and pepper mills substituting for pepper spray.", "The characters originated in comic books published by Mirage Studios before expanding into cartoon series, films, video games, toys, and other general merchandise. During the peak of the franchise's popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it gained worldwide success and fame.", "Dick Dastardly (Full Name Richard Milhous Dastardly) is one of Hanna-Barbera 's most recognized villains, known for his evil laugh and famous catchphrase: \"Drat, Drat and Double Drat!\" and occasionally \"Triple Drat!\" he is voiced by original Paul Winchell and later Jim Cummings impersonating Jack Lemmon on the movies Disney's Winnie the Pooh.", "Riff Raff is an anthropomorphic wolf gangster. He leads an unnamed gang that often carry out various crime waves until they are stopped by Underdog. In \"The Vacuum Gun,\" Riff Raff and his gang were among the criminals that were recruited by Simon Bar Sinister.", "The villain, Dr. Phinneas Phibes is based on Dr. Evil from the Austin Powers movies; and with his crazy looking fliptop hairpiece looks like a cross between him and old Josie villains such as Greenthumb. He is supposed to be the perennial evil scientst \"driven mad by all my failures in science\". For his henchmen, Field Agents 1-13 (addressed by their numbers), think of grownup knockoffs of Cartoon Network's Codename: Kids Next Door. (Some of the score is even like what you would hear on CKND).", "The plot lines in the animated cartoons tended to be simpler than those presented in the comic strips, and the characters slightly different. A villain, usually Bluto, made a move on Popeye's \"sweetie,\" Olive Oyl. The bad guy then clobbered Popeye until Popeye ate spinach, giving him superhuman strength. Thus empowered, the sailor made short work of the villain.", "A large-format illustrated book, covering 'The lives and times of the world's 25 best-known fictional crime fighters'. Each section offers an overview of a character or characters, as well as a brief in-universe biography:", "A frequent plotline revolved around the local policeman, Officer Dibble , and his ineffective attempts to evict the gang from the alley, especially from his telephone near Top Cat's trash can/residence. The only reason that he wanted to be rid of them was that Top Cat and his gang were constantly attempting to earn a quick dollar—usually through an illegal scam. Dibble's appearance was modeled on Allen Jenkins who did his voice. The name Dibble has passed into the vernacular as slang for police officers. One time he fall in love with Nurse LaRue.", "A frequent plot-line revolved around the local policeman , Officer Charles \"Charlie\" Dibble, and his ineffective attempts to evict the gang from the alley. The only reason that he wanted to be rid of them was that Top Cat and his gang were constantly attempting to earn a quick dollar—usually through an illegal scam. Dibble's appearance was modeled on Allen Jenkins , who did his voice. Dibble, previously only an implement for making holes for planting seeds, has acquired a second meaning in the vernacular as slang for police officers.", "Parodied in Barkley, Shut Up and Jam: Gaiden with the furries of Cesspool X. They're not actually mutants, simply people who have undergone Magic Plastic Surgery to look like the creatures of their fantasy. Unlike most examples, they're not Always Chaotic Evil despite being the subject of derision for the \"norms\" (including Barkley) and are portrayed as people who simply want to live out their relatively harmless fantasies.", "Years before Aaron Eckhart became Gotham City's most famous two-faced district attorney, Harvey Dent, Billy Dee Williams was the man trying to clean up his city's streets. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo by Warner Bros)", "But Agent Cooper was more than a well-drawn character. He was also more than the archetypal “good cop”, of which the 90′s television landscape was littered. He was a return to the truly good human being, one whose morality served as a strong, and never-breaking basis for his decision making. Coop held the best interests of others at heart, and due to past incidences in his life, he would never put others in harm’s way. He would take risks, but they were risks that he had to take. He would never willingly put someone else in danger. ", "The characters in the cartoon were colorful and very well fleshed out, both the good guys and the bad guys. You had strong heroes, wise heroes, those who ended up in bad situations because of bad luck, you had devious villains, plotting henchmen, and so on and so on. Every character brought something unique to the series, and it worked out very well.", "The show is based around him and his partner Ingrid Third (voiced by Tara Strong) at X Middle School, which is located in the suburbs of Minneapolis and Saint Paul. The show's format parodies that of hard-boiled police dramas. X's safety patrol is much more actively involved in student behavior than a typical school's safety patrol, and officers often seem to spend more time patrolling than actually attending class, although they can be seen attending at times.", "The R-rated biopic-documentary Crumb (1994) sympathetically portrayed counter-cultural, sex-obsessed cartoonist R. Crumb, known for 1960s-era underground comic books, the character of Mr. Natural, the phrase: \"Keep on Truckin'\", Fritz the Cat (the character was the inspiration for the first X-rated animated feature in Hollywood history by writer/director Ralph Bakshi in 1972), and the cover art for Janis Joplin's best-selling record Cheap Thrills.", "There was this cartoon that i always tried to remember the name of. Since i used to watch it regularly when it was on television every day after school, i forgot the name of the character but had a very vivid idea of what the cartoon was about. A teddy bear who had super powers, had a cape, could fly and always a hero. He also had a side kick, but i couldn't remember his name either.", "Created by Sam Kieth, the Maxx is a cult comic book character, who once featured on its own animated show on MTV. In the series, the Maxx is the hero and protector of a fantastical world called “the Outback,” but this is an alternate reality. In the comic book, the real-world version of the Maxx is actually a homeless, mentally ill vagrant and his super heroic exploits only exist in his mind." ]

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[ "Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time is a 2010 American action fantasy film directed by Mike Newell. The film was written by Jordan Mechner, Boaz Yakin, Doug Miro, and Carlo Bernard, produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, and released by Walt Disney Pictures on May 28, 2010. The film stars Jake Gyllenhaal as Prince Dastan, Gemma Arterton as Princess Tamina, Ben Kingsley as Nizam, and Alfred Molina as Sheik Amar. The film has the same title as the video game Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, and is primarily based on it. Elements from Warrior Within and The Two Thrones, the two other titles from the Sands of Time trilogy of the Prince of Persia video game franchise, are also incorporated. The film was premiered in London on May 5, 2010 and was officially released on May 28, 2010 in USA. It received mixed reviews from critics, and grossed over $336 million against a production budget of $150–200 million.", "Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time is a 2010 American fantasy adventure film written by Jordan Mechner, Boaz Yakin, Doug Miro, and Carlo Bernard; directed by Mike Newell; produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The film is a retelling of the 2003 video game of the same name, developed and released by Ubisoft Montreal.", "It's increasingly rare that films in Hollywood come from truly original sources. Witness the never-ending surge of sequel, remakes, spin-offs, re-imaginings, adaptations, etc. �But just because something is an adaptation of a successful property, it doesn't necessarily mean that it will capture the audience that it tries to caters to.� (See Phantom of the Opera, for instance.)� In the case of Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, the source material was not only the video game of the same name, but the entire saga created by visionary video game designer Jordan Mechner.� That Mechner himself was involved in crafting the storyline, as well as super-blockbuster producer Jerry Bruckheimer and director Mike Newell, the film had all the right elements - but was the film worth the sum of its parts?", "Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time is a third-person action adventure video game published by Ubisoft. It was released on November 6, 2003 and is a continuation of the landmark MS-DOS and Macintosh game series Prince of Persia, created by Jordan Mechner in 1989. The Sands of Time, developed internally at Ubisoft Montreal, successfully captures the mechanics of the original platformer and extends it to the 3D generation. An earlier attempt by The Learning Company to transfer the game to 3D (Prince of Persia 3D) was released in 1999, but failed to meet the standards set by the franchise. The Sands of Time was praised for its visual design, finely tuned game mechanics, and intriguing storyline, winning the game several awards.", "Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time is a live-action movie based on the video game of the same name. It is set for release on May 28th, 2010, being produced by Jerry Bruckheimer for Walt Disney Pictures. The script was written by Jordan Mechner, with Mike Newell directing.", "In March 2004, the production company Jerry Bruckheimer Films sought to acquire feature film rights to the 2003 video game Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time with the film to be distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. Under John August as executive producer, the series' creator Jordan Mechner was hired to write the script. Producer Jerry Bruckheimer's Pirates of the Caribbean film trilogy served as a touchstone in how a theme park ride was converted into a film franchise. According to Mechner, \"Rather than do a straight beat-for-beat adaptation of the new videogame, we're taking some cool elements from the game and using them to craft a new story.\" Mechner previously considered producing an animated film based on the games, but could not resist Disney and Bruckheimer's offer. In February 2006, Disney hired screenwriter Jeffrey Nachmanoff to write a new script for Prince of Persia. ", "Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, which, according to Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer , was supposed to be \"the new Pirates of the Caribbean \", debuted #3 at the U.S. box office behind Shrek Forever After and Sex and the City 2 with $30.1 million in its first 3-day weekend of release. It is the third highest opening for a video game adaptation, behind Lara Croft: Tomb Raider and Pokémon: The First Movie . During Memorial Day, it surpassed Sex and the City 2 to gross $37,813,075 for the 4-day weekend and finish in second place.", "Prince of Persia was originally released for the Apple II in 1989. One year later it was ported to other personal computers such as the Amiga, the Atari ST, and the PC (DOS). In 1992, when the home console market was growing steadily, versions for the Master System, Sega Mega-CD, NES, and Game Boy were released, as well as a version with enhanced artwork for the Apple Macintosh. A version for the SNES was released in 1992. A Mega Drive/Genesis version followed in 1993. A port for the Turbo Duo also appeared in 1993, using the Super CD-ROM format. Another port was for the Game Boy Color six years later, in 1999. Java versions for mobile devices appeared in the early 2000s. For the revival title, Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, the Macintosh version was put in to be unlocked by finding a secret area (The GameCube version of the game also has a second method of unlocking the original game by finding three switches in the Game Boy Advance game, with the GBA being connected to the GameCube). The first level of the game also turned into a secret 3D minigame in The Sands of Time.", "The game-based Prince of Persia movie that’s due for summer 2009 will be directed by Mike Newell (of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire fame). The director recently said: “[Prince of Persia: Sands of Time is] a great story. If you had read the script, you would know that it wasn’t a video game. ...", "El director brit�nico Mike Newell filmar� la pel�cula de aventura y acci�n Prince of Persia: Sands of Time en Marruecos para el productor Jerry Bruckheimer y Disney. Este proyecto �pico es una aventura en vivo basada en el videojuego. El gui�n de Pr ... Ver nota completa en Cine en Espectadores.net Innet Tags: director, brit�nico, Mike, Newell, filmar�, ...", "To be honest, I never expected to see another major Prince of Persia game released, much less a good one. But here we are in the tail end of 2003 and that's exactly what we're faced with. While the combat's a bit bland and the challenge could stand to be higher, the fact remains that Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time is a wonderful rebirth of a classic franchise. To answer the obvious headline, this prince is no pauper.", "The year after the game's release, the game was featured in an episode of How It's Made, in a segment dedicated to video game production. The game has been cited as the reason why the Prince of Persia series, formerly ignored after Prince of Persia 3D, returned to prominence in the gaming world. In 2004, Mechner began work on a film adaptation, produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. The film was eventually released in 2010. The success of the game prompted immediate development on a sequel. Titled Prince of Persia: Warrior Within, the game was made aesthetically darker by the team. It released in November 2004. Several further sequels set in the continuity of The Sands of Time followed. Aspects of its design, such as the relationship between the Prince and Farah, later provided inspiration for the 2008 series reboot.", "* Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time — 2010 film by Mike Newell which begins with the poisoning of the Persian king", "Prince of Persia: Sands of time is the adventure game that doesn’t get bogged down by too many genre clichés and the platformer that plays more like an adventure game. The wide appeal and brilliant execution of the title makes this game a must own.", "Prince of Persia Trilogy HD Collection [38] also included all three console games as a part of PlayStation 3's Classics HD collection. [38] The remastered collection was released on November 19, 2010 on Blu-ray in PAL regions. The Sands of Time was later released in North America as downloadable titles only for the PlayStation Network's store November 16, 2010. Prince of Persia: Warrior Within followed December 16, 2010. [39] [40] The Blu-ray version was originally planned for a March 22, 2011 release [41] , but the collection then ended up being delayed until April 19, 2011. [41]", "Ubisoft has announced that a new Prince of Persia is scheduled to release towards the end of 2008 for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and PC. Also known as Prince of Persia 4 or possibly Prince of Persia Prodigy, the game marks the debut of the critically acclaimed franchise on next-generation consoles. Developed by Ubisoft?s award-winning ...", "Alfred Molina y Ben Kingsley acaban de convertirse en nuevas miembros del reparto de Prince of Persia: The Sand of Time, la adaptaci�n cinematogr�fica de los famosos juegos de Jordan Mechner que rodar� Mike Newell a partir de Julio en Inglatera y Marruecos. Del primero Variety indica que va a dar vida a Sheik Amar, ...", "Prince of Persia: Warrior Within was developed as a multi-platform game, made available to all four sixth generation consoles during its initial release in November of 2004 and the PC December 2004. As with The Sands of Time, each version of Warrior Within varied depending on the console. Graphically speaking, the Xbox (the only version of the game to support a widescreen) and Nintendo GameCube featured higher resolution textures opposed to the PlayStation 2 release, which featured low resolution textures. [24]", "During the spring of 2004, rumors began to circulate that a sequel to Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time was in development following the reports of Ubisoft's third quarter financial results. [5] March 4, 2004, during the D.I.C.E. Summit in Las Vegas, Ubisoft Vice President of Marketing Tony Kee confirmed to GameSpot.com that a second Prince of Persia game was in development. [6] [5] Tony Kee stated a tentative release date for the sequel was Christmas of 2004. [6] IGN.com attempted to secure story details from the developer, Ubisoft reframed from comment. That same day, Jerry Bruckheimer bought the film rights to the Prince of Persia licence and Jordan Mechner signed on to produce both the story and the script. [6]", "In March 2008, director Mike Newell selected Morocco as a shooting location for Prince of Persia and also planned to film in Pinewood Studios. Production was scheduled to begin in mid-June 2008.[16] By May 2008, actors Jake Gyllenhaal and Gemma Arterton were cast into the lead roles. With a new script by Jordan Mechner, Doug Miro, Carlo Bernard, and Boaz Yakin, filming began in July 2008 in Morocco as well as London.[10] Eight weeks were spent in Morocco before the first unit moved to Pinewood.[11] The film is intended to be the first in a seven film series.Read more: Prince of Persia, Non-Sands of Time Canon", "Disney released merchandise such as action figures, sets, costumes and a replica Dagger of Time. It also released a graphic novel called Prince of Persia: Before the Sandstorm, which will act as a prequel to the film. Also, a video game was developed by Ubisoft Montreal titled Prince of Persia: The Forgotten Sands and was released alongside the film; however, the game's story is unrelated to the film, and instead serves as an interquel to the first two games in the Sands of Time trilogy.", "Concept work began in spring of 2001, after Ubisoft acquired the Prince of Persia catalog. After Mechner was brought on board, production began in June of that year. After the initial story draft was scrapped as it was too complex, the team began with four guiding concepts, including the ability to rewind time: this idea grew into the Dagger, the Sands, and the various powers related to them. Mechner's script drew inspiration from the Shahnameh, with the main focus on creating a simple narrative that worked with the pace of gameplay. The game used Ubisoft's Jade engine, originally designed for Beyond Good & Evil, another game published by the company. Production was troubled, with the team facing problems with the engine structure and delays with environment assets, while also managing to create an effective tester network to seek out the game's bugs. In 2004, a version for mobile phones was developed and published in North America by Gameloft. ", "With hint of upcoming version of Prince of Persia(still unnamed), fans are already ablaze with excitement because most of us thought that the trilogy series has ended with “The Two Thrones”, the new version isn’t a sequel but is expected to have a completely different story with a totally new gameplay, fighting sequences and mind ...", "The developers of The Two Thrones stated that they were aiming to make the game an equal blend of Ubisoft's two previous Prince of Persia titles. The first game, The Sands of Time, was relatively light in mood, while the second, Warrior Within, was significantly more dark and grim.", "You still reading this? Rush out and purchase this game now! Not only does Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time feature the original game as an unlockable, it truly is one of the most amazing games this side of Christmas. It is so good that I have already listed it as one of my games of the year but for those with Xbox and Gamecube consoles, you will be dreadfully disappointed to hear that Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time is exclusive to PlayStation 2 and only available next year on other console platforms.", "Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time is a great game. There are very few faults with the game. Ubisoft have made an excellent game here, all adventure fans will love this game. The Sands of Time could possibly be the best adventure game of 2003.", "The epic journey continues in an all-new adventure: Immerse yourself in the captivating Prince of Persia universe with an original and independent story that closely coincides with the action of the console & PC editions of the game.", "Prince of Persia: Sands of Time is an excellent game. It’s a noteworthy contender for Game of the Year, to say the least. The visuals are excellent, sound is fantastic, gameplay is solid. Overall, it’s a must have this holiday season.", "screenplay by Boaz Yakin and Doug Miro & Carlo Bernard from a screen story by Jordan Mechner, �Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time�", "* The producer of the Prince of Persia (2008) video game, Ben Mattes, explained that its \"inspiration was anything Harrison Ford has ever done: Indiana Jones, Han Solo.\" ", "The game follows an unnamed Prince whose father sacks a Maharaja's city at the instigation of its treacherous Vizier. During the attack, the Prince obtains an artifact called the Dagger of Time, while his army captures an hourglass containing the Sands of Time. Visiting Azad to present the Sands as a gift to the city's ruler, the Vizier tricks the Prince into releasing the Sands, transforming the city's population into savage monsters. Together with the Maharaja's daughter Farah, the Prince works to correct his mistake and return the Sands to the hourglass. The gameplay revolves around the Prince's platforming abilities, broken up by fights with the creatures created by the Sands. A key mechanic in the game is using the Dagger to rewind time if the Prince makes a mistake platforming, and using it to kill and freeze enemies.", "Prince of Persia: Sands of Time is my favourite game of the year. It is such a joy to play. The controls combined with the super Dagger of Time rewind features makes it a game that rarely frustrates – it's just a real pleasure to go swinging, leaping and climbing around those beautifully created levels. The relationship between the Prince and the Maharaja's daughter Farah, is a wonderfully engaging tale that kept me glued to the controller until I'd finished the game." ]

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[ "Today, FedEx is not just the company’s name but a verb Americans use every day to describe what you do when something “absolutely, positively has to be there overnight,” as the company’s slogan advertised starting in 1978.  But dropping off a package in your office’s mailroom with an overnight Airbill is just the first step of a well-choreographed ballet.", "*FedEx: \"When it absolutely, positively has to be there overnight.\"1978–1983\". FedEx was the first company to specialize in overnight air freight and first to implement package tracking. This pioneering advantage was made possible by a new system outlined in the founder's 1965 Yale paper.", "The “when it absolutely, positively has to be there overnight” campaign helped FedEx separate its brand from its competition. By the 1990s, the company had become the largest express transportation in the world. FedEx undoubtedly set the standard within their industry forcing the competition to play catch up.", "8. FedEx: “When it absolutely, positively has to be there overnight”(1978-1983)…”The world on time”(2009 – to present)", "This, rather stiffly but humorously, goes right to the pain and the problem. Not its problem, but mine. And how this product solves it. There is no talk of price, only of value to me, and how this service specifically solves a real problem that I have. It’s not talking to “America.” It’s talking to me—the business executive (or in this case my secretary)—and the call to action is set as the secretary’s solution: “I’ll just call Federal Express.” Then the tagline: “When it absolutely positively has to be there overnight.”  After that I’ll bet you cannot even remember what the Emery tagline was, even though you read it only a few sentences ago and just watched their commercial.", "Insurance company, Zurich, has cleverly used their tagline to tell audiences why they should be insured by them. The company is telling its audience that, when they need them, they will be there – just as long as they have insurance. It is simple, powerful, and perfectly reflective of the product.", "This line was devised by agency Coleman, Prentice & Varley, and is really Sainsbury’s first ‘proper’ corporate slogan. It was emblazoned on everything from paper bags to delivery lorries, and has been described by BBC News as ‘probably the best-known advertising slogan in retailing’.", "Coined by ad man Rosser Reeves and introduced by M&Ms in 1954, this enduring slogan has real appeal to consumers of all ages. It addresses a problem that every kid faces when she's playing in the sandbox and every parent laments when it's time to do laundry- candy mess. This slogan's simple truth reminds parents and children worldwide what's so appealing about these tiny treats. Even though M&Ms has since changed product taglines, and it's now creepy to think of the humanized M&M characters melting in people's mouths, audiences still easily recognize and identify this one.", "A 1911 advertising campaign for Morton's Salt was the origin of the Umbrella Girl and their slogan, \"When it Rains it Pours.\" The girl's look has been modernized over the years, but her salt still pours even in inclement weather.", "In 1959, the advertising firm of Norman, Craig & Kummel (NCK) was selected as the new advertising agency for Hertz. NCK developed the slogan “Hertz puts you in the driver’s seat,” which was first used commercially in September 1959. NCK quickly changed the wording to “Let Hertz put you in the driver’s seat” by October 1959. Popular a cappella quartet The Hi-Lo's sang the Hertz song for the commercials. Hertz used the line in the early 1960s in print, signs and television. The series is listed as number 65 in the top 100 advertising campaigns of the 20th century by Advertising Age magazine. ", "In June 2001, Microsoft indicated that it was planning to, in conjunction with Intel and other PC makers, spend at least US$1 billion on marketing and promoting Windows XP. The theme of the campaign, \"Yes You Can\", was designed to emphasize the platform's overall capabilities; an initial slogan, \"Prepare to Fly\", was dropped due to sensitivity issues after the September 11 attacks. A prominent aspect of Microsoft's campaign was a U.S. television commercial featuring Madonna's song \"Ray of Light\"; a Microsoft spokesperson stated that the song was chosen due to its optimistic tone and how it complimented the overall theme of the campaign.", "It has to be Marks and Spencer- the delicious, mouth-watering descriptions and visuals of their food combined with the glamourous presentation of their clothing range is explosive. The timing of their most recent ad was spot on- i honestly thought i was watching a trailer for Casino Royale!", "Firms often spend millions of dollars in slogan development and promotion … Yet, while some, such as DeBeers’ 1938 slogan, “A Diamond is Forever,” or Allstate Insurance Company’s 1956 slogan, “You’re in Good Hands with Allstate,” endure the test of time, others, such as Dodge’s 1954 slogan, “Elegance in Action,” or Pepsi’s, “Any Weather is Pepsi Weather,” do not. Such wide variation in their effectiveness or longevity raises questions about what makes customers like some slogans and not others.", "US: One of the world’s best-known advertising slogans is “Don’t leave home without it”. The slogan was used to advertise American Express credit cards, which were aimed at affluent travellers. Celebrities like actor Peter Ustinov or rock star Roger Daltrey appeared in TV commercials for the card.", "Earlier marketing efforts touted efficiency combined with savings – (\"enormous buying power,\" 1914; \"Quality at low cost,\" 1923, \"\"A Six for the Price of a Four,\" 1929), interspersed with what could be described as \"loftier\" messages (positioning the automobile –and Chevy by extension—as \"Man's conquest of time,\" 1923). Of the marketing campaigns from more recent decades, \"See the U.S.A. in Your Chevrolet\" (used in the 50s and 60s) was one of the longest lasting. In 1949 Chevy sponsored \"Inside USA\" on CBS; while this was a short-lived show, the tune created for it got new life in 1951, when Chevy began sponsoring the Dinah Shore show and Shore sang it at the close of every show.", "I can still hear the television commercial’s promise echoing in my memory: “You’re in good hands with Allstate.” In fact, this slogan was created by David Ellis, the general sales manager for Allstate Insurance Company in 1950, along with the familiar logo of two hands holding a car. Since 2004, Allstate’s advertising campaign asks the question: “Are you in good hands?”", "This is funny, but it also directly addresses something that’s real—the hectic, sped-up work life of American managers and executives (then as now). It’s hyperbole, but it also rings true. So that when you arrive at the tagline nearly a minute in, you are ready to feel the relief of it. The emotion is almost, “Yes. Thank goodness for Federal Express.” What did you feel at the end of the Emery ad? Like you might save $3? Probably not even that.", "The 2001 campaign \"The Joy of Pepsi\" was the latest in a long line of advertising efforts from PepsiCo, beginning with \"Be Sociable. Have a Pepsi\" in 1958, that targeted young people. The previous campaign, \"The Joy of Cola,\" which dated to 1999, had strayed somewhat from this focus by attempting to reach both younger and older consumers. In this campaign spokespeople like Marlon Brando and Aretha Franklin, as well as the 1970s heavy metal band KISS, had turned the focus toward an older customer base. Even so, PepsiCo did not neglect younger consumers with \"The Joy of Cola.\" The company, for example, undertook a promotional tie-in with the film Star Wars: Episode 1, which was extremely popular with teens.", "This article traces the J. Walter Thompson Company's rise to prominence in the advertising industry against the backdrop of the growth of the American advertising industry, American big business, and the emergence of a mass consumer society. Furthermore, the article looks into the internal records of the J. Walter Thompson Company to highlight how the advertising agency itself defined \"advertising\" and explained some of its practices. It begins by providing a historical overview of the emergence of the modern advertising agency. In addition to examining the business history of the early advertising industry and how the J. Walter Thompson Company became the world's largest agency by the middle of the 20th century, the article also explores the economic and social roles of the advertising agency.", "Some advertisements themselves rise to the level of memorable slogans. The 1971 \"Hilltop\" ad featured a song with the words \"I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke.\" Although that wasn't an actual slogan (the ad in fact was part of the \"It's the Real Thing\" campaign), the ad and song lyrics are still so well known today that the lyrics are considered a slogan to many.", "Slogans: 1. A & W. All American Food 2. Where the food's as good as the root beer.", "A television advertising campaign launched in 2001 features a comedic Jamaican (portrayed by Dorrel Salmon) with variations on the catch phrase, \"Hooray, beer!\"[http://www.brandweek.com/bw/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1026741 Simply Red] In the UK, the advertising campaign plays on the 'easy vibe' of Jamaican Beer, with catch phrases such as \"easy now.\"", "“It’s a Sealy Posturepedic morning! Yeah!” is a line from an old Sealy mattress commercial from the 1970s.", "An unforgettable phrase that perfectly encapsulates a brand promise is the basis of many a successful campaign. Once found, a slogan can define a brand for decades. Here are the top 10 slogans for the 20th Century, as well as another five that Ad Age just couldn't leave out.", "The company's current tagline, \"Together we'll go far\" also references the stagecoach motif, its customers, and represents the company name itself in a transposed way (Wells Far-go = we'll[s] go-Far). The company's previous slogan, \"The Next Stage,\" is likely a nod to the company's trademarked logo.", "Successful advertising, especially since the 1960s, has sought to harness and channel the themes and feelings of a time to sell products. This ad did that perfectly. In 1971 the world sorely needed a message of unity and peace. That it was conceived as a ploy to sell products is somewhat cynical, but no less so than any other advertisement, I suppose. I grew up in the 1970s and 1980s, and I remember this commercial more vividly than any other, with the possible exception of the famous “crying Indian” commercial, which was also from 1971.", "Before anyone of you starts judging me, let me clarify that this is not a paid post. This is just my true admiration for the brand and its positioning since its inception. I’ll start with a quick recap about the brand along with a basic history of where the slogan, “Impossible is Nothing” came from.", "Also known as airtime, it's the media time slotted for a commercial, hence on the air.", "The 'Just do it' slogan first appeared at the end of a TV advert in 1988 ", "A brief (10 seconds or less) commercial message which depicts or mentions a sponsor's name, product or service during broadcast over television or radio", "Sponsor was a magazine for radio and TV advertising buyers and commercial broadcast stations. It published from November of 1946 to December of 1964 It began as a monthly, and then went bimonthly in 1950. It went weekly from, October of 1956.", "The first official, paid advertising to appear on American commercial television occurred on the afternoon of July 1, 1941 over New York " ]

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[ "The Baker Street Regular is a pun on the Trope Namer , the Baker Street Irregulars, a mob of orphaned street urchins often employed by Sherlock Holmes to gather rumors, spy, and do various odd jobs. In return for their discretion and loyalty he paid what was, to them, an outrageous sum of money .", "The Baker Street Irregulars are fictional characters who appear in various Sherlock Holmes stories, as street children who are employed by Holmes as intelligence agents. The name has subsequently been adopted by other organizations, most notably a prestigious and exclusive literary society founded in the United States by Christopher Morley in 1934.", "The original Baker Street Irregulars are fictional characters featured in the Sherlock Holmes stories of Arthur Conan Doyle. The group of street urchins is led by an older boy called Wiggins, whom Holmes paid a shilling per day (plus expenses), with a guinea prize (worth one pound and one shilling) for a vital clue, to collect data for his investigations.", "A 21 year-old Sherlock Holmes is inspired to use street urchins to form the Baker Street irregulars during an incident found in Enter the Lion: a Posthumous Memoir of Mycroft Holmes, a manuscript \"edited\" by Michael P. Hodel and Sean M. Wright (1979).", "The Baker Street Irregulars is an organization of Sherlock Holmes enthusiasts founded in 1934 by Christopher Morley. The nonprofit organization numbers some 300 individuals worldwide. The group has published The Baker Street Journal — an \"irregular quarterly of Sherlockiana\" — since 1946.", "The Baker Street Irregulars is a society of Sherlock Holmes enthusiasts that was founded in 1934.", "The Irregulars appear as the main characters in Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars: The Fall of the Amazing Zalindas, a 2006 novel by Tracy Mack and Michael Citrin. Wiggins is again the leader of a gang of street urchins. Other major characters include Ozzie, a scrivener's apprentice; Rohan, an Indian boy; Elliot, from an Irish tailor's family; Pilar, a Gypsy girl; and little Alfie. The Irregulars help solve the mysterious deaths of three tightrope walkers at a circus.", "A group of literary types, writers and thinkers and gustatory enthusiasts, the Baker Street Irregulars were conceived as a gentleman’s club devoted to the “Sacred Writings” (anything penned by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle regarding that skinny, pale fellow with the pipe and the hawklike nose). Its doings were rather irregular until Edgar W. Smith codified the shenanigans in 1940, but the society — co-ed since 1991, to my deep satisfaction and personal benefit — has been going strong ever since.", "The Baker Street Irregulars are any of several different groups, all named after the original, from various Sherlock Holmes stories.", "From 1881, Holmes was described as having lodgings at 221B, Baker Street, London, from where he runs his consulting detective service. 221B is an apartment up 17 steps, stated in an early manuscript to be at the \"upper end\" of the road. Until the arrival of Dr. Watson, Holmes worked alone, only occasionally employing agents from the city's underclass, including a host of informants and a group of street children he calls \"the Baker Street Irregulars\". The Irregulars appear in three stories: \"A Study in Scarlet,\" \"The Sign of the Four,\" and \"The Adventure of the Crooked Man\".", "From 1881, Holmes is described as having lodgings at 221B Baker Street , London , from where he runs his private detective agency. 221B is a flat up seventeen steps, stated in an early manuscript to be at the \"upper end\" of the road. Until the arrival of Dr. Watson, Holmes works alone, only occasionally employing agents from the city's underclass, including a host of informants and a group of street children he calls the Baker Street Irregulars . The Irregulars appear in three stories, \" The Sign of the Four \", \" A Study in Scarlet \" and \" The Adventure of the Crooked Man \".", "In three stories, including The Sign of Four , he is assisted by a group of street children he calls the Baker Street Irregulars .", "After working from temporary offices in Central London, the headquarters of SOE was moved on 31 October 1940 into 64 Baker Street (hence the nickname \"the Baker Street Irregulars\"). Ultimately, SOE occupied much of the western side of Baker Street.", "On 6th january 1934, a group of enthusiasts met at Duane hotel on Madison Avenue in New York. Most of the participants came from the Three Hours for Lunch Club and the Grillparzer Morals-Police Association (Grillparzer Sittenpolizei Verein). This new group did not yet choose a name. The Baker Street Irregulars (BSI) appeared a few days later in an article by Christopher Morley published on 27th january 1934 in his column \"Bowling Green\" of The Saturday Review of Literature. The name is related, of course, to the band of street urchins who frequently helped Holmes in his investigations. By this time, it was decided that each meeting will begin with a toast dedicated to the Woman (Irene Adler, a character of A Scandal in Bohemia who defeated Sherlock Holmes). On 3rd and 17th february 1934, Christopher Morley published several texts, including the Constitution of the BSI and the Buy-Laws (not By-Laws as usual when speaking of the statutes), written by Elmer Davis.", "The Baker Street Irregulars (\"my Baker Street boys\") later appear in \"The Adventure of the Crooked Man\" (1893). ", "Comics involving the Irregulars include The Irregulars from Dark Horse Comics, [1] and Les Quatre de Baker Street [2]", "\"No, it's not quite so bad as that. It is the unofficial force - the Baker Street irregulars.\"", "RUNNER A smuggler. Messenger and ironically one who worked for the magistrate best remembered as Bow Street Runners", "Brothers Henry (Ian McDiarmid) and John Fielding (Iain Glen) investigated the lives and crimes of prostitutes, pimps, gamblers and villains in Covent Garden, the centre of London's vice trade. They and their infamous 'Bow Street Runners' would change the face of the law for good.", "At the turn of the 20th century the leading gang in the East End was the Whitechapel-based Bessabarabian Tigers, a 40-strong group of Russian-Jewish immigrants who levied protection tolls on shopkeepers and engaged in blackmail. The Italian Sabini Brothers dominated the London crime scene in the Twenties. Bottle parties, clubs, public houses, even ordinary shops had to pay protection money to the Sabini extortionists.", "In the UK the term is also used to describe dishonest tradesmen such as double-glazing salesmen, second-hand car dealers, gas fitters, mechanics, roofers, plumbers and domestic rubbish collectors. A BBC Television programme exposing such practices was called Watchdog, which was later followed by Rogue Traders.", "The Tithebarn Street Outrage, as it became known, brought starkly to public attention the mobs of thugs who plagued Liverpool at a time when the city was one of the world's greatest and most prosperous seaports. Long hidden in the shadows of the fetid slums and alleyways, the gangs of Liverpool now emerged to take centre stage. Over the following years, the exploits of the Hibernians, the Dead Rabbits and the Finnon Haddie would make them household names. But most feared of all were the High Rip Gang, who announced themselves with the infamous Blackstone Street Murder and went on to terrorise the city center streets as they fought a bitter war with their sworn enemies, the Logwood Gang. Emulating them were juvenile mobs with names, such as the Lemon Street Gang and the Housebreakers Gang.", "Hi, you're gonna call off your rigorous investigation. You're gonna publicly state that there is no underground group, or, these guys are gonna take your balls. They're gonna send one to the New York Times, one to the LA Times, press release style. Look, the people you are after are the people you depend on: we cook your meals, we haul your trash, we connect your calls, we drive your ambulances, we guard you while you sleep. Do not fuck with us.", "In the United Kingdom, usually when large demonstrations take place that are deemed unstable, the territorial police force responsible for the demonstration in that area will usually deploy Police Support Unit personnel who are trained in riot tactics, along with normal divisional officers. If the demonstration turns violent, \"snatch squad\" tactics would be used.", "Australian street gangs, or \"Larrikins,\" become notorious for their violence toward policemen, Chinese, and churches. The Larrikins were working class youths from the Sydney slums, and were identifiable by their high-heeled boots, bell-bottom trousers, and neck scarves.", "Eddie and Richie are two crude, perverted lunatics with no jobs, very little money, and only a filthy flat at 11 Mafeking Parade in Hammersmith, London to call their own. Mayall described them as \"unemployed survivors\". They spend their time concocting desperate schemes to acquire sex, fighting each other violently, and getting into outlandish, legally and morally questionable situations. Bottom is considered the most violent example of Britcoms; examples of violence include teeth being knocked out, heads being crushed in refrigerator doors, fingers being cut off, crotches being set on fire, legs being chainsawed off, forks shoved in eyes, pencils forced up noses, bleach being drunk, legs being broken, and faces being shoved in campfires (although both would quickly recover from what would normally be grievous injuries).", "In December 2011, a group of recreational trespassers calling themselves the Place Hackers evaded security and made their way to the top of The Shard building site, climbing one of the tallest cranes in the process. They later posted photographs of the London skyline taken from the top of The Shard on the Internet and received wide media attention. One member of the group, Oxford University researcher Bradley Garrett, later revealed to various news outlets that over 20 urban explorers had made their way to the top of the building during its construction. In a 2012 article for Domus magazine, Garrett wrote that \"the conceptual barrier to places in our cities is brought about by a process of engineered exclusion\" and that the explorers were \"cultivating the creative city that money can't buy\". ", "*Cockney Wanker – a swaggering, bigoted Londoner who speaks in rhyming slang. The character is based on actor Mike Reid. He wears lots of cheap gold jewellery or Argos bling and East End gangster dark glasses, and is often seen smoking a cigar. Wanker's speciality is the buying and selling of cars, often buying one, selling it back to the same person at the same price and then waving his wad of cash declaring the transaction to have been \"a nice little earner\". His name, as it contains an obscenity, is \"spoonerised\" whenever featured on the front page of an issue of Viz, as it would be easily read by children who are otherwise not entitled to buy the magazine. Hence he becomes \"Wockney Canker\".", "[?] 1945 - The Vigilantes (Secret Committee of Ex-Servicemen) squat a house in Roundhill Crescent, Brighton and begin a mass squatting movement.", "The Peaky Blinders were a criminal gang based in Birmingham, England during the late 19th century and, to a lesser extent, in the early 20th. They were one of many urban youth gangs in the era.", "Editor says: So, they’re at it again are they? We put warnings in The News every so often about these people but still they try it on. They get away with it time and again because people are generally frightened of anything to do with gas and, because Spanish isn’t their first language in most cases, householders just let them in and then end up with a bill for a new boiler. Their credentials always look like the real thing too and, let’s face it, how many of us would know what a Repsol ID card looks like anyway. These people are parasites praying on the vulnerable ex-pats but the joint is a new twist in the tail ...unbelievable!", "It seemed at one stage that they were almost taking over the area. That there was corruption in Soho" ]

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[ "Anaemias – and this is plural because there are several different types and causes – are those conditions in which the number of oxygen-transporting red blood cells in the body, or the amount of haemoglobin (the iron pigment that binds with oxygen) in them is below normal. This means the blood cannot transport enough oxygen to the body’s tissues resulting in a range of symptoms including low energy, poor concentration and, frequently, dizzy spells. That said, often the early symptoms, including loss of appetite, constipation and headaches go unrecognised. The most common cause of anaemia is iron deficiency because this is the mineral used to make haemoglobin. Iron-deficiency anaemia can be caused by insufficient iron intake and/or absorption and by significant blood loss. If you suspect you have this condition, which is not a disease, but rather a symptom itself of various diseases, you must see your doctor.", "Anemia occurs when you have a level of red blood cells (RBCs) in your blood that is lower than normal. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, and it occurs when your body doesn’t have enough of the mineral iron. Your body needs iron to make a protein called hemoglobin. This protein is responsible for carrying oxygen to your body’s tissues, which is essential for your tissues and muscles to function effectively. When there isn’t enough iron in your blood stream, the rest of your body can’t get the amount of oxygen it needs.", "Iron deficiency anaemia occurs because of a lack of the mineral iron in the body. Bone marrow, found in the centre of the long bones in the body, needs iron to make haemoglobin, the part of the red blood cell that transports oxygen to the body's organs. Without adequate iron, the body cannot produce enough haemoglobin for red blood cells. The result is iron deficiency anaemia. Iron deficiency anaemia can be caused by the following:", "According to the American Society of Hematology , iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia. There are many reasons why a person might become deficient in iron. These include:", "Anemia is one of the most common conditions that arise from malnutrition, and is usually characterized by a lack and deficiency of iron and vitamin B12 in the body.", "Decrease of hemoglobin, with or without an absolute decrease of red blood cells, leads to symptoms of anemia. Anemia has many different causes, although iron deficiency and its resultant iron deficiency anemia are the most common causes in the Western world. As absence of iron decreases heme synthesis, red blood cells in iron deficiency anemia are hypochromic (lacking the red hemoglobin pigment) and microcytic (smaller than normal). Other anemias are rarer. In hemolysis (accelerated breakdown of red blood cells), associated jaundice is caused by the hemoglobin metabolite bilirubin, and the circulating hemoglobin can cause renal failure.", "There are several types of anemia. The most common type is iron-deficiency anemia, which is caused by a lack of iron in your body.", "Not having enough iron in your body causes iron-deficiency anemia. Lack of iron usually is due to blood loss, poor diet, or an inability to absorb enough iron from food.", "Iron deficiency causes microcytic and hypochromic anaemia. Red blood cell’s appear pale and smaller in size. Iron deficiency may also be seen if excessive blood loss occurs or because of faulty absorption, intestinal disease, or parasites especially hookworm and roundworm infestations.", "*Megaloblastic anemia, the most common cause of macrocytic anemia, is due to a deficiency of either vitamin B12, folic acid, or both. Deficiency in folate and/or vitamin B12 can be due either to inadequate intake or insufficient absorption. Folate deficiency normally does not produce neurological symptoms, while B12 deficiency does.", "Also, vitamin A deficiency affects iron mobilization, impairs hemoglobin synthesis , and precipitates iron deficiency anemia that is only alleviated with supplementation of both vitamin A and iron (see Nutrient interactions ) (27) .", "Iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia and can affect people who have a diet low in iron or who've lost a lot of RBCs (and the iron they contain) through bleeding. Premature babies, infants with poor nutrition, menstruating teenage girls, and those with ongoing blood loss due to illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease are especially likely to have iron deficiency anemia.", "Pediatricians from Johns Hopkins Children's Center and elsewhere have discovered a link between low levels of vitamin D and anemia in children. The findings, presented on May 1 at the annual meeting of the Pediatric Academic Societies in Denver, Colo., show that vitamin D deficiency may play an important role in anemia. Anemia, which occurs when the body has too few oxygen-carrying red blood cells, is diagnosed and tracked by measuring hemoglobin levels. Symptoms of mild anemia include fatigue, lightheadedness and low energy. Severe and prolonged anemia can damage vital organs by depriving them of oxygen.", "Vitamin B9 is among the key nutrients necessary for the production of oxygen-carrying red blood cells. A deficiency can lead to anemia.", "Megatoblastic anemia is the number one adversity caused by folic acid deficiency. Inadequate supply of folate impedes the production of normal red blood cells (RBC), causing structural and functions defects. Folate deficiency causes your RBC to become abnormally large and weak. Their lifespan is also much shorter than normal RBC. If you exhibit symptoms like chronic fatigue, ashen facial color, dizziness and fainting, you may be suffering from megatoblastic anemia due to insufficient folate.", "The causes of anemia may be classified as impaired red blood cell (RBC) production, increased RBC destruction (hemolytic anemias), blood loss and fluid overload (hypervolemia). Several of these may interplay to cause anemia eventually. Indeed, the most common cause of anemia is blood loss, but this usually does not cause any lasting symptoms unless a relatively impaired RBC production develops, in turn most commonly by iron deficiency. (See Iron deficiency anemia)", "In a young child, iron-deficiency anemia caused by consistent consumption of milk in amounts greater than 1 qt daily. This excessive milk intake displaces iron-rich foods in the diet.", "Iron-deficiency anemia - Anemia produced by lack of iron in the diet. Often seen in pregnancy. Also see anemia.", "Anemia, Addison:  Also known as pernicious anemia, is a blood disorder caused by a lack of vitamin B12. Patients who have this disorder do not produce the substance in the stomach that allows the body to absorb vitamin B12. This substance is called intrinsic factor. Pernicious anemia, is characterized by the presence in the blood of large, immature, nucleated cells (megaloblasts) that are forerunners of red blood cells. (Red blood cells, when mature, have no nucleus). It is thus a type of megaloblastic anemia.", "In adults, 60% of patients with iron deficiency anemia may have underlying gastrointestinal disorders leading to chronic blood loss. In addition to dietary insufficiency, malabsorption, chronic blood loss, diversion of iron to fetal erythropoiesis during pregnancy, intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria or other forms of chronic blood loss should all be considered.", "Folic acid deficiency anemia can also occur in individuals with medical problems like sickle cell disease, or people who have conditions where the body does not absorb enough folate, for instance in alcohol abuse or kidney disease.", "With the exception of iron, dietary deficiencies are rare in the United States and other developed nations. However, malnutrition in developing countries increases the risk for trace-mineral deficiencies among children and other vulnerable groups. In overzealous supplement users, interactions among nutrients can inhibit absorption of some minerals leading to deficiencies. Patients on intravenous feedings without mineral supplements are at risk of developing deficiencies as well.", "Vitamin deficiency anemia occurs when your body doesn't have enough of the vitamins needed to produce adequate numbers of healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs throughout your body. If your diet is lacking in certain vitamins, vitamin deficiency anemia can develop. Or vitamin deficiency anemia may develop because your body can't properly absorb the nutrients from the foods you eat.", "Iron deficiency anaemia and other types of anemia such as sickle cell anemia or trauma-related anemia", "PERNICIOUS ANEMIA: a type of anemia caused by the inability of the intestine to absorb vitamin B12, which is needed to produce red blood cells.", "Zinc deficiency is usually due to insufficient dietary intake, but can be associated with malabsorption, acrodermatitis enteropathica, chronic liver disease, chronic renal disease, sickle cell disease, diabetes, malignancy, and other chronic illnesses. Groups at risk for zinc deficiency include the elderly, children in developing countries, and those with renal dysfunction.", "nutritional anemia anemia due to a deficiency of an essential substance in the diet, which may be caused by poor dietary intake or by malabsorption; called also deficiency anemia .", "Anemia of chronic disease is caused when certain chronic diseases (such as cancer, kidney failure, or Crohn disease) interfere with the production of red blood cells.", "Bone marrow and stem cell problems may prevent the body from producing enough red blood cells. Some of the  stem cells  found in bone marrow develop into red blood cells. If  stem cells  are too few, defective, or replaced by other cells such as metastatic  cancer  cells, anemia may result. Anemia resulting from bone marrow or stem cell problems include: ", "Anemia associated with other conditions usually occurs when there are too few hormones necessary for red blood cell production. Conditions causing this type of anemia include the following:", "a normcytic-normochromric type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells", "Matsuda, M. and Kanamaru, A. [Clinical roles of vitamins in hematopoietic disorders]. Nippon Rinsho 1999;57(10):2349-2355. View abstract." ]

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[ "Hägar the Horrible is the title and the name of the protagonist of a comic strip syndicated by King Features Syndicate[1] Created by the late Dik Browne, it is now drawn by his son Chris Browne.[2] It first appeared in February 1973, was immediately a success,[3] and as of 2010 is distributed to 1,900 newspapers in 58 countries in 13 languages.[1] The strip is a caricature of and loose interpretation of Viking and medieval Scandinavian life.", "Hägar the Horrible broke all records when it was launched on Feb. 4, 1973, becoming the fastest growing comic strip ever. The strip was created by Hi and Lois artist Dik Browne in his basement art studio/laundry room in Connecticut. The strip’s title was the family nickname for Dik Browne, and the characters were loosely based on Dik’s family and friends. The little red-bearded Viking has appeared in advertisements for IBM, Mug Root Beer, Skol Ale and in the opening titles for the TV show “Caroline in the City,” which starred actress Lea Thompson as a successful female cartoonist. Hagar has appeared on his own CBS special and is featured in Universal’s Islands of Adventure: Toon Lagoon theme park. The strip now appears in about 1,900 newspapers around the world. It appears in 56 countries and is translated into 12 languages and is now drawn by Dik’s son, Chris Browne.", "Hägar the Horrible is a classic comic strip about a red-bearded Viking. He is married to Helga, who is a formidable woman with bigger horns on her helmet than he has on his. The rest of Hägar's family consists of his young son Hamlet, and a daughter called Honi who is just old enough to be The Ingenue . His best friend is a short guy called Lucky Eddie. This is a gag-a-day Strip set in Dark Age Europe covering both Viking invasions and sieges (he regularly harasses castles) and Hägar's home life.", "6. Q Which strip cartoon character had a wife called Helga, and children called Hamlet and Honi?", "With his father, Chris co-authored \"Hagar the Horrible's Very Nearly Complete Viking Handbook\" in 1985. When Dik Browne retired in 1988, Chris continued to write and draw the strip.", "In addition to Hagar the Horrible, Chris Browne has contributed cartoons to National Lampoon, Playboy, Esquire, Heavy Metal and The New Yorker.  He created the comic strip Raising Duncan, and he was a contributing editor to Sarasota Magazine.  ", "\"It's survival of the funniest -- it's like Darwinian evolution on the comics page,\" says \"Hagar the Horrible\" cartoonist Chris Browne. \"It's such a funny strip. Humor really comes out of honesty, and there's a lot of honesty and a lot of stuff we recognize in 'Blondie.' \"", "Chris’ brother Chance Browne draws Hi and Lois, and his son-in-law Dan Piraro writes and draws the King Features cartoon Bizarro.", "Since Dik Browne's retirement in 1988 (and subsequent death), his son Chris has continued the comic.", "Donald was most famously drawn by Al Taliaferro, Carl Barks, and Don Rosa. Barks in particular is credited for greatly expanding the duck universe, Europe, particularly in Scandinavian countries where his weekly magazine has remained the most popular comics publication for over 50 years. Disney comics fandom is sometimes referred to as Donaldism, a term which originated in Norway. (Norwegian: Donaldisme) He has also made video game appearances, such as QuackShot (1991), Goin Quackers (2000), and Kingdom Hearts (2002)[6][7]", "Blondie is an American comic strip created by cartoonist Chic Young. Distributed by King Features Syndicate, the strip has been published in newspapers since September 8, 1930. The success of the strip, which features the eponymous blonde and her sandwich-loving husband, led to the long-running Blondie film series and the popular Blondie radio program.", "The Katzenjammer Kids is an American comic strip created by the German immigrant Rudolph Dirks and drawn by Harold H. Knerr for 37 years (1912 to 1949). [1] It debuted December 12, 1897 in the American Humorist, the Sunday supplement of William Randolph Hearst ‘s New York Journal . Dirks was the first cartoonist to express dialogue in comic characters through the use of speech balloons . [2]", "The 2016 graphic novel The Fun Family by Benjamin Frisch tells the dark story of the family of the creator of a \"Family Circus\" - like strip. [26]", "Their \"father,\" Rudolph Dirks, was born in Germany in 1877. At age seven Dirks moved with his family to the United States and by age seventeen Rudy had begun selling cartoons to Judge and Life magazines. In 1897 he was hired by the Hearst paper, The New York Journal. At that time, the paper's editor, Rudolf Block, was looking for a strip that could rival R. F. Outcault's The Yellow Kid . It happened that Block was familiar with the humorous German picture-book story Max und Moritz and, in Dirk's words, \"asked me to draw a strip emulating the work of Wilhelm Busch, whose drawings of children had been popular for more than 40 years. I submitted a number of sketches from which emerged the two kids which editor Block christened the Katzenjammer Kids.\" The first true comic strip was born.", "The Moomins () are the central characters in a series of books and a comic strip by Swedish-speaking Finnish illustrator and writer Tove Jansson, originally published in Swedish by Schildts in Finland. They are a family of white, roundish fairy tale characters with large snouts that make them resemble hippopotamuses. The carefree and adventurous family live in their house in Moominvalley, though in the past, their temporary residences have included a lighthouse and a theatre. They have had many adventures along with their various friends.", "Doonesbury is a comic strip by American cartoonist Garry Trudeau that chronicles the adventures and lives of an array of characters of various ages, professions, and backgrounds, from the President of the United States to the title character, Michael Doonesbury , who has progressed from a college student to a youthful senior citizen over the decades.", "From 1998 to 2003, Nick produced a Rugrats comic strip, which was distributed through Creators Syndicate. Initially written by show-writer Scott Gray and drawn by comic book artist Steve Crespo, with Rob Armstrong as editor. Will Blyberg came on board shortly after as inker. By the end of '98, Lee Nordling, who had joined as a contributing gag writer, took over as editor. Nordling hired extra writers, including Gordon Kent, Scott Roberts, Chuck Kim, J. Torres, Marc Bilgrey, and John Zakour, as well new artists including Gary Fields, Tim Harkins, Vince Giaranno, and Scott Roberts. Stu Chaifetz colored the Sunday strips. The Rugrats strip started out in many papers, but as often happens with spin-off strips, soon slowed down. It is still seen in some papers in re-runs. Two paperback collections were published by Andrews McMeel It's a Jungle-Gym Out There and A Baby's Work Is Never Done.", "First started in November 2000, Futurama Comics is a comic book series published by Bongo Comics based in the Futurama universe. [82] While originally published only in the US, a UK, German and Australian version of the series is also available. [83] In addition, three issues were published in Norway. Other than a different running order and presentation, the stories are the same in all versions. While the comics focus on the same characters in the Futurama fictional universe , the comics may not be canonical as the events portrayed within them do not necessarily have any effect upon the continuity of the show.", "1943. Carl Barks’s 10-page Donald Duck comics are among the greatest achievements in the history of the medium. Barks didn’t invent the character, but he placed Donald in the city of Duckburg, which he populated with Uncle Scrooge McDuck, the sinister Beagle Boys, Gyro Gearloose, and many others. Plus, Barks sent Donald (and Donald’s nephews, armed with their Junior Woodchucks Guidebook) on great adventures — often treasure hunts.", "Humperdink appeared as \"Grandpa Duck\" in two comic stories previously mentioned. \"The Good Old Daze\" by Strobl and \"The Sign Of The Triple Distelfink\" by Rosa, but Strobl drew him with a quite long beard and some hair, while Rosa has drawn him with a short one and a full head of hair. In a comic story first published in 2013 Grandpa Duck (Strobl's version) appears in a flashback scene which is told by his wife Grandma Duck. This story is called \"The Good Neighbors\" by Lars Jensen and Flemming Andersen and makes part of the comic subseries Tamers of Nonhuman Threats. ", "Bringing Up Father was a comic strip created by George McManus that ran from January 12, 1913 to May 28, 2000. Most readers, however, called it Jiggs and Maggie, after its two main characters.", "My primary interest is in the version of these characters as drawn by Harold H. Knerr .  You can learn more about Knerr and maybe even help me to do the same by checking out his separate page.  You'll also find lots more Katzenjammer Kids info, including access to images of two complete Sunday color comic strips.", "Aunt Eider is a duck lady who was created to be aunt of Scrooge McDuck and John D. Rockerduck . The Italian story \"La Stella di Burbank\", where she is portrayed as a myopic old woman who doesn't realize she needs to wear glasses, is presumably her first comic book appearance. But Aunt Eider appears wearing glasses in her next three comic book appearances. Dick Kinney wrote the last three comic stories where this character was used, and three famous cartoonists respectively drew those ones. Al Hubbard, Marco Rota and Giorgio Cavazzano . Neither of these stories was published in America. The story \"Most Helpful Aunt Eider\" is the only one where Aunt Eider doesn't meet her wealthy nephews. It's a Junior Woodchucks ' story.", "Plot: When Peter gets annoyed by an unfunny comic strip, he decides to draw his own. His art is a hit at first, but when he offends women with his strip and the Internet turns against him, he tries to clear his name on Joyce's show which backfires. Faced with an angry mob at the door, the family decides to flee for their safety until things blow over.", "Many other characters appear with small cameo's throughout the comic as well. Fred Fredburger makes many cameo appearances on random moment throughout the comic. Sir Raven narrates a part of the plot in rhyme. Sperg and Pud'n appear as henchmen of Nazi leader Mandy and at other points in the flashback. Mindy was getting attacked by Mandy and represented the sin Pride. Harold and Gladyss appeared in the flashback. Hector Con Carne appears in the vault and along with Stomach in Yogi Bear who alluded to Boskov. Piff was pictured at Mandy's mirror. Eris, Nigel Planter, Saliva and Lil' Porkchop were seen in a flashback, with a tattoo of Eris' golden apple appearing on Hoss' arm as well.", "In 1994, Groening formed Bongo Comics (named after the character Bongo from Life in Hell ) with Steve Vance, Cindy Vance and Bill Morrison, which publishes comic books based on The Simpsons and Futurama (including Futurama Simpsons Infinitely Secret Crossover Crisis, a crossover between the two), as well as a few original titles. According to Groening, the goal with Bongo is to \"[try] to bring humor into the fairly grim comic book market.\" He also formed Zongo Comics in 1995, an imprint of Bongo that published comics for more mature readers, which included three issues of Mary Fleener's Fleener and seven issues of his close friend Gary Panter's Jimbo comics. ", "December 12, 1897: The Katzenjammer Kids, created by German immigrant Rudolph Dirks, appears for the first time in American Humorist, a Sunday supplement to the William Randolph Hearst paper, New York Journal. The Katzies are the oldest, still running comic. The Yellow Kid ran from 1895-98 before fading into history, but The Katzies are still in syndication by King Features Syndicate.", "In the earlier years, the strip appeared to be in constant change, with Schulz adding and subtracting characters. Good Ol' Charlotte Brown, a louder version of her male namesake, came and went in 1954. Sally Brown, Charlie's sister, arrived in 1959 and stayed for good.", "In the earlier years, the strip appeared to be in constant change, with Mr. Schulz adding and subtracting characters. Good Ol' Charlotte Brown, a louder version of her male namesake, came and went in 1954. Sally Brown, Charlie's sister, arrived in 1959 and stayed for good.", "This classic strip measures 20\" x 7\" inches, and the artwork is in excellent condition. The artwork is signed by Brant Parker in the lower right. A funny gag, at the expense of the hapless BUNG!", "On this day in 1917 cartoonist Rudolph Dirks, creator of both The Katzenjammer Kids and its clone, The Captain & the Kids, became a father. John Dirks, who grew up to succeed his dad on the latter comic, was born 92 years ago today.", "Classic single-panel Newspaper Comic by Gary Larson. Running from 1980 to 1995, it featured numerous talking animals, most notably cows, and frequent depictions of heaven and hell , along with various other stock settings." ]

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[ "The Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , a 2.5 mile oval circuit . The race consists of 200 laps, run counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles.", "The Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , a 2.5 mile oval circuit . Drivers race 200 laps, counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles. Since its inception in 1911 , the race has always been scheduled on or around Memorial Day . Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. Practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race.", "The Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, a 2.5 mile oval circuit. Drivers race 200 laps, counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles. Since its inception in 1911, the race has always been scheduled on or around Memorial Day. Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. Practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race.", "Brian Barnhart, director of competition for the Indy Racing League, says they're monitoring the situation and won't make any decisions until the rain stops. He says they can run until around 7:30 p.m. ET, so if it stops raining they'll decide if there's time to dry the track (which takes a little over 2 hours) and still get the race in. If not, Tony Kanaan is your winner, because the race only needs to complete 101 laps to be considered an official race. They've finished 113 laps.", "2:17 p.m. ET: Milka Duno hit the wall on lap 65, the third car out due to a crash. She lost control going into the first turn, spun around and smacked the wall pretty hard. Tony Kanaan is the leader, with Scott Dixon in second and Jeff Simmons third. Thunderstorms are brewing to the southwest of Indianapolis, so the race is on to reach 101 laps before the rain returns.", "' Watkins Glen International is a special place for <mark>Scott Dixon</mark>. He showed why again Sunday.  Fastest in every practice and fastest in qualifying, Dixon won the IndyCar Grand Prix at the Glen with a dominant drive, leading all but 10 of the 60 laps around the 11-turn, 3.37-mile natural terrain layout.  ...'", "On lap 113, the race underwent a lengthy rain delay, with Tony Kanaan tentatively sitting as the leader. After three hours, the rain ceased, the track was dried, and the race restarted shortly before 6:15 p.m. EDT. A crash on lap 162 between Dan Wheldon and Marco Andretti brought out the yellow flag with Dario Franchitti leading. Under the caution, rain began falling again and officials halted the race on lap 166. Dario Franchitti was declared the winner after leading 34 laps during the race.", "auto racer: 18 Indianapolis 500 races, completed all 200 laps in the Indy 500 five times", "Castroneves won in his first two Indy 500s , and came within .299 seconds of capturing a record third consecutively in 2003. But Team Penske teammate Gil de Ferran held off Castroneves in a six-lap dash to capture to his only win in the race before retiring at the end of the season. It remains the fifth-closest finish margin in race history. Castroneves was runner-up again last season in the second-smallest margin in race history as Ryan Hunter-Reay passed him twice in the final 15 laps – last on 197 of 200 – to win by .0600 seconds.", "1:56 p.m. ET: They're racing under green again, with Marco Andretti still in the lead. Scott Dixon is second, followed by Dan Wheldon, Sam Hornish Jr., Tony Kanaan, Dario Franchitti, Tomas Scheckter, Ed Carpenter, Danica Patrick and Ryan Briscoe. The other women in the field: Milka Duno is 22nd and Sarah Fisher is 24th. Helio Castroneves fell all the way to 25th after his disastrous pit stop. The field has completed 50 laps.", "12:44 p.m. ET: The rain that drenched the track this morning has moved out and prerace festivities are under way. Track officials say everything is on schedule, but I get the sense that things are moving along slower than usual. The sooner they start the race (scheduled for 1:11 p.m.), the faster they can get to 101 laps. After that point, if rain moves back in, they can declare a winner and go home. Clearly, everyone wants a full 200-lap race, but not too many want to come back on Monday.", "The late Dan Wheldon won arguably the most painful finish of any of the 97 Indy 500s. Rookie J.R. Hildebrand held the lead by a wide margin entering the final turn of the 500-mile race when he slid into the outside wall while passing a much slower car. The wreck allowed Wheldon to make the final lap pass and clinch his second Indy 500 win. It was the only lap Wheldon led all race long, giving him the fewest laps led by any winner. Only one other time has a winner led fewer than 10 total laps and that was American Joe Dawson in 1912 when he led just two laps. The final lap pass by Wheldon was also only the second last lap lead change in race history. This historic final lap by Sam Hornish Jr. in 2006 might have been the most dramatic finish in race history (and I was lucky enough to see both) and is the only other final lap pass by a champion:", "Scottish racing driver, Dario Franchitti has a net worth of $72 million (£46m). Franchitti could walk down most high streets in Britain without being troubled, but he would do well to get 10 yards in America before being surrounded by fans, which is remarkable when you consider that he was born in Bathgate, West Lothian. The Scot is a star in the world of IndyCar, winning the championship four times in five years from 2007. On top of that, he is a three-time winner of the iconic Indianapolis 500. He won his third Indianapolis 500 on May 27, 2012. The Indy 500 is worth winning — his success in 2007 earned him £1 million, and he picked up £1.7 million for his victory three years later. He races for the Target Chip Ganassi Racing team. A former junior karting champion, Franchitti graduated to Formula Three before heading for the US in 1997. From 1997 to 2002 he drove in the CART series before moving to IndyCar in 2003. In 2007 he survived two huge crashes and then spent a forgettable 2008 competing in Nascar, the stock car racing series that is the second most-watched TV sport in the US after American football.", "2:29 p.m. ET: Dario Franchitti is your race leader after 80 laps, with Sam Hornish Jr. second and Tomas Scheckter third. Scott Dixon is fourth, followed by Jaques Lazier. Helio Castroneves is 20th.", "2002: A bizarre and controversial finale is set in motion when Tomas Scheckter , aiming to be the youngest ever winner, crashes out of the lead on lap 173. 2nd place Gil de Ferran looks set to inherit a front position with the new fastest car but the Penske crew fail to attach his right rear wheel properly in the ensuing pit stop and he must crawl back round to the pits on three wheels. Team mate Hélio Castroneves makes his final fuel stop on lap 158 and cautions and good fuel management allow him to make it all the way to Lap 198. Just as he is running dry and Paul Tracy is passing him for the lead, a crash brings out the caution. Castroneves has the fuel to make the last lap under yellow and wins because Tracy is ruled to have passed after the caution flew. In an echo of the first Indy 500 back in 1911, the Penske team celebrate with an impromptu Victory Lane on the yard of bricks, while the driver who many think has actually won sits and waits. The result is confirmed in July amongst more controversy. The Speedway dismiss Tracy’s appeal on the grounds that judgment calls by the officials cannot be appealed, and these calls constitute the only possible official result. Castroneves leads 76 laps to win his first two 500’s and add 2 more wins to Roger Penske’s record.", "15. (11) Davey Hamilton, 48, Nampa, Idaho; Dreyer & Reinbold Racing; 225.250 mph. Finished second in points in 1996-1997 and 1998. Does not have a win in 53 starts. Started an Indy Lights team in 2009 that notched its first win in 2010. Ran as high as second in the 1997 Indy 500 before finishing sixth. Led three laps at Indy in 1998 and finished fourth. Foot and ankle injuries from crash at Texas in 2001 ended his season, and he has not been a regular since. ROW 6", "Sam Hornish Jr. became the first driver to ever overtake for the lead on the race's final lap, ultimately winning the 2006 Indianapolis 500 in the last 450 ft by a 0.0635-second margin over rookie Marco Andretti. Dario Franchitti became the first native of Scotland since Jim Clark's victory in 1965 to win, in the rain-shortened 2007 Indianapolis 500.", "After leading the entire 1912 Indianapolis 500 race since the third lap, Ralph DePalma's Mercedes cracked a piston and with only 2 laps remaining, he and his mechanic Rupert Jeffkins had to push the car across the finish line to take twelfth place. Only cars completing the full 200 laps received any prize money. ", "16. (3) w-Helio Castroneves, 36, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Team Penske; 225.216 mph. Won the Indy 500 in 2001, 2002 and 2009. Won the pole in 2003, 2007, 2009 and 2010. Has never won a points championship. Is struggling this season, with just one top-10 finish (7th at Barber). He has started in the top 10 in each race this season. Ranks 17th in points standings. Set record for poles in 2007. Former \"Dancing with the Stars\" winner. Has 25 wins and 146 top 10 finishes in 230 races. Has led 4,433 laps in his career.", "The 2013 Indy 500 took only two hours and 40 minutes and Tony Kanaan's victory came with an average speed of 187.433mph, which broke Arie Luyendyk previous 1990 record of 185.981mph - and that was just the first of several new records to be shattered by this year's event.", "Consider this, too - Ray Harroun , forever memorialized as the first man to win the Indianapolis 500 , was the winner of this amazing race. While the Wheeler-Schebler Trophy was not an Indianapolis 500 and so by no means can you say Harroun is effectively a two-time \"500\" winner I suggest he was something close to that. In terms of Indianapolis open wheel cars on the oval he is the winner of the race with the third-longest planned distance. Dario Resta is recorded as a winner of the 1916 Indianapolis 500 but that race was only planned to be 300 miles. Other Indianapolis 500 races have been shortened by rain but the rule requiring that the winner at least cover 250 miles or half the scheduled distance prevents anyone being awarded the prize at a shorter distance.", "The Indianapolis 500 is the most prestigious race on the open-wheel, or IndyCar, circuit and is contested annually on Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. First held in 1911, the Indy 500 is now known as the \"Greatest Spectacle In Racing,\" with the winner receiving the Borg-Warner Trophy. A.J. Foyt, Al Unser and Rick Mears have each won the Indianapolis 500 four times (the most among drivers in the event's history).", "Laps 120-126 of the race were led by 7 different drivers (Tony Kanaan, Ryan Hunter-Reay, Carlos Munoz, Alex Tagliani, Townsend Bell, James Hinchcliffe, Marco Andretti).  That's also a record for most different drivers leading consecutive laps.  The old record was 4 each in the 1954 and 1981 races.", "The Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race held annually at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana , an enclave suburb of Indianapolis , Indiana . The event is held over Memorial Day (originally Decoration Day ) weekend, which is typically the last weekend in May. It is contested as part of the Verizon IndyCar Series , the top level of American Championship Car racing, an open-wheel formula colloquially known as “Indy Car Racing”. The name of the race is often shortened to Indy 500.", "Only three drivers in history have ever won the Indy 500 four times. A.J. Foyt (1961, ’64, ’67, ’77), Al Unser (1970, ’71, ’78, ’87) and Rick Mears (1979, ’84, ’88, ’91) are the three most successful names in IMS history and Castroneves could join them with a win this weekend. Foyt also owns the record for most consecutive starts in the race at 35 while Roger Penske’s 15 wins are a record for an owner.", "Dario Franchitti, of Scotland, takes a swig of milk after his victory in the Indianapolis 500 auto race at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Indianapolis, Sunday, May 27, 2007. (AP Photo/Tom Strattman)", "In addition, he has only spent 13 laps all season outside of the top 10. That's still some way short of the all-time record, though, which belongs to Michael Schumacher - during his triumphant 2000 campaign, Schumacher didn't spend a single lap outside the top eight.", "As mentioned above, Brown took the speed up to 181 mph, a big hike, but he was in pursuit of Allen at the time. The Elfin lapped in 2:18.4 but was parked at the top of the mountain when Brown scored his lucky win, with Geoghegan second in the LM, which improved its personal best time from 2:34.2 to 2:30.8 this first time the big fella got into it. Brown lapped in 2:19.6, just shy of the 100mph mark.", "With a victory, Castroneves would have become the fourth driver to win the Indy 500 four times, joining A.J. Foyt, Al Unser Sr. and Rick Mears. But throughout the afternoon the second-place car had the distinct disadvantage in passing the leader due to the draft, and short of blocking Hunter-Reay, Castroneves' options were limited.", "The race was also the fastest in Indy 500 history, with Kanaan finishing in a time of 2:40:03.418 - an average speed of 187.433 miles per hour.  That speed includes time spent behind the safety car and time spent in pit stops.", "Ray Harroun won the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911 driving a Marmon Wasp. Harroun finished with an average speed of 74.602 miles per hour.", "Ray Harroun won the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911 driving a Marmon Wasp. Harroun finished with an average speed of 74.602 miles per hour. " ]

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[ "1974 - The Heimlich maneuver for rescuing choking victims is published in the journal Emergency Medicine. Abdominal thrusts, also known by the proprietary name the Heimlich Maneuver (after Henry Heimlich, who first described the procedure in a June 1974 informal article entitled \"Pop Goes the Cafe Coronary\", published in the journal Emergency Medicine). Edward A. Patrick, MD, PhD, an associate of Heimlich, has claimed to be the uncredited co-developer of the procedure. Heimlich has objected to the name \"abdominal thrusts\" on the grounds that the vagueness of the term \"abdomen\" could cause the rescuer to exert force at the wrong site.", "Performing abdominal thrusts, better known as the Heimlich Maneuver, involves a rescuer standing behind a patient and using their hands to exert pressure on the bottom of the diaphragm. This compresses the lungs and exerts pressure on any object lodged in the trachea, hopefully expelling it. This amounts to an artificial cough. Henry Heimlich, as the inventor of his abdominal thrust technique, first published his findings about the maneuver in a June 1974 informal article in Emergency Medicine entitled, “Pop Goes the Cafe Coronary”. On June 19, 1974, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer reported that retired restaurant-owner Isaac Piha used the procedure to rescue choking victim Irene Bogachus in Bellevue , Washington .", "Performing abdominal thrusts, better known as the Heimlich Maneuver, involves a rescuer standing behind a patient and using their hands to exert pressure on the bottom of the diaphragm. This compresses the lungs and exerts pressure on any object lodged in the trachea, hopefully expelling it. This amounts to an artificial cough. Henry Heimlich , as the inventor of his abdominal thrust technique, first published his findings about the maneuver in a June 1974 informal article in Emergency Medicine entitled, \"Pop Goes the Cafe Coronary\". On June 19, 1974, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer reported that retired restaurant-owner Isaac Piha used the procedure to rescue choking victim Irene Bogachus in Bellevue, Washington.", "Henry Judah Heimlich (born February 3, 1920) is an American thoracic surgeon widely credited as the inventor of the Heimlich maneuver, a technique of abdominal thrusts for stopping choking, described in Emergency Medicine in 1974. Other medical inventions include the Micro Trach portable oxygen system for ambulatory patients and the Heimlich Chest Drain Valve, or \"flutter valve,\" which drains blood and air out of the chest cavity. ", "published by the American Heart Association ceased referring to \"the Heimlich maneuver\" and instead called the procedure \"abdominal thrusts\". The new guidelines stated that chest thrusts and back blows may also deal with choking effectively.", "In Spring 2006, the American Red Cross \"downgraded\" the use of the Heimlich maneuver, essentially returning to the pre-1986 guidelines. For conscious victims, the new guidelines (nicknamed \"the five and five\"), recommend first applying five backblows; if this method fails to remove the airway obstruction, rescuers will then apply five abdominal thrusts. For unconscious victims, the new guidelines recommend chest thrusts, a method first recommended in a 1976 study by Charles Guildner, with results duplicated in a year 2000 study by Audun Langhelle. The 2006 guidelines also eliminated the phrase \"Heimlich maneuver\" and replaced it with \"abdominal thrust\". ", "96-year-old retired Cincinnati surgeon Dr. Henry Heimlich used his namesake maneuver to save a woman choking on food at his senior living center. Dr. Heimlich, who first described the life-saving abdominal thrust technique in the 1970s, told The ...", "From 1985 to 2005, abdominal thrusts were the only recommended treatment for choking in the published guidelines of the American Heart Association and the American Red Cross. In 2006, both organizations drastically changed course and \"downgraded\" the use of the technique. For conscious victims, the new guidelines recommend first applying back slaps; if this method failed to remove the airway obstruction, rescuers were to then apply abdominal thrusts. For unconscious victims, the new guidelines recommend chest thrusts.", "Almost all protocols give back slaps as a technique to be used prior to the consideration of potentially damaging interventions such as abdominal thrusts, [2] [3] but Henry Heimlich, noted for promulgating abdominal thrusts, wrote in a letter to the New York Times that back slaps were proven to cause death by lodging foreign objects in to the windpipe. [4]", "Performing abdominal thrusts involves a rescuer standing behind an upright patient and using his or her hands to exert pressure on the bottom of the diaphragm. This compresses the lungs and exerts pressure on any object lodged in the trachea, hopefully expelling it. This amounts to an artificially induced cough. For example, WebMD recommends the rescuer placing his or her fist just above the person's bellybutton and grasping it with the other hand. To assist a larger person, more force may be needed. The Mayo Clinic recommends the same placement of fist and hand and upward thrusts as if you are trying to lift the person.", "In its August 1974 issue, the Journal of the American Medical Association coined the phrase “Heimlich maneuver” (though the journal can neither confirm nor deny this report), but the American Red Cross—a well-respected authority on health and safety issues, and a primary education provider for life-saving procedures such as CPR—didn’t see enough evidence to replace their official anti-choking recommendation of back blows with Heimlich's new procedure. Angry that the Red Cross wouldn’t recommend his method, Heimlich tried to spread awareness of it to save as many lives as possible. He became a celebrity doctor, appearing on The Tonight Show in 1979 (with Johnny Carson demonstrating his maneuver on actress Angie Dickinson ), and selling posters and shirts.", "A person may also perform abdominal thrusts on themselves by using a fixed object such as a railing or the back of a chair to apply pressure where a rescuer's hands would normally do so. As with other forms of the procedure, it is possible that internal injuries may result.", ".  In 1974, Dr Henry Heimlich, a specialist in digestive disorders,  announced the maneuver which now carries his name. Prior to the Heimlich maneuver, when a person choked on food, it was generally thought that forcefully slapping the victim's back was helpful, but in reality slapping often causes the blockage to drop deeper into the throat, making the situation even worse. Also rejected were holding them upside down by the ankles and shaking, making them watch  a TV  reality show to cause retching, or forcing them listen to a Congressional Hearing in order to drive them to suicide.  In an 1974 article in the Journal of the American Medical Association, Heimlich wrote that applying upward pressure to the diaphragm, under the choke point, might force the blockage to pop out, like a cork from a champagne bottle. Among the celebrities saved by the maneuver are serial rhinoplasty practicer,", "In the early '80s, Heimlich, searching for an even grander lifesaving idea, became convinced there was another, wider-reaching use for his maneuver. In 1974, a surgeon named Victor Esch claimed he used Heimlich's anti-choking treatment to save the life of a man who had nearly drowned on a Delaware beach. \"[W]ater gushed out of his mouth and he began breathing,\" Esch reported. In subsequent years, Heimlich received a handful of similar reports, and, in 1985, he argued that the maneuver should replace CPR at a joint American Heart Association-Red Cross meeting in Dallas, Texas.", "In 1963, a Florida coroner named Robert Haugen published an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association that called attention to a frequently overlooked medical problem. Haugen detailed the cases of nine Florida diners who each collapsed and died while eating at a restaurant. Their deaths were initially attributed to natural causes, usually a heart attack. As Haugen wrote, it wasn't until his office performed an autopsy and discovered a large bolus of food lodged in each person's airway—\"steak in four cases, beef in two, ham fat in one, kippered herring in one, and broiled lobster in another\"—that the cause of death was correctly determined to be asphyxiation. Haugen dubbed this phenomenon \"the café coronary\" and implored the medical community to recognize choking as a serious problem.", "CINCINNATI, Ohio — Dr. Henry Heimlich, namesake for the maneuver that has saved the lives of countless choking victims over the years, recently got to use the emergency technique for the very first time. The retired 96-year-old surgeon was in the ...", "75 Heart Contusion Occurs when the heart is compressed between the sternum and the spine Often seen in baseball and weight lifting Injury produces shock and severe chest pain Care and treatment includes… Immediate activation of EMS Monitoring vital signs Treating for shock Possible CPR", "The Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is a mechanical device that increases myocardial oxygen perfusion while at the same time increasingcardiac output. Increasing cardiac output increases coronary blood flow and therefore myocardial oxygen delivery. It consists of a cylindrical polyethylene balloon that sits in the aorta, approximately 2 centimeters (0.79 in) from the left subclavian artery[1] and counterpulsates. That is, it actively deflates insystole, increasing forward blood flow by reducing afterload through a vacuum effect. It actively inflates in diastole, increasing blood flow to thecoronary arteries via retrograde flow. These actions combine to decrease myocardial oxygen demand and increase myocardial oxygen supply.[2] [3] [4]", "Becker L, Larsen MP, Eisenberg MS. Incidence of cardiac arrest during self-transport for chest pain. Ann Emerg Med. 1996 Dec. 28 (6):612-6. [Medline] .", "* patent foramen ovale – a hole between the atrial chambers of the heart in the fetus is normally closed by a flap with the first breaths at birth. In about 20% of adults the flap does not completely seal, however, allowing blood through the hole when coughing or during activities that raise chest pressure. In diving, this can allow venous blood with microbubbles of inert gas to bypass the lungs, where the bubbles would otherwise be filtered out by the lung capillary system, and return directly to the arterial system (including arteries to the brain, spinal cord and heart). In the arterial system, bubbles (arterial gas embolism) are far more dangerous because they block circulation and cause infarction (tissue death, due to local loss of blood flow). In the brain, infarction results in stroke, and in the spinal cord it may result in paralysis.", "There's a fraction-of-a-second interval of the human heart's contraction cycle during which a sudden impact to the sternum can disrupt the electrical signals of the natural pacemaker. Ventricular fibrillation sets in, and is usually fatal without immediate medical intervention. Called \"commotio cordis\", it's most commonly seen in athletic accidents with boys or youths whose sternal tissue hasn't entirely finished hardening from cartilage to bone.", "The goal when treating a heart attack is to restore blood flow to the affected area of the heart immediately, to preserve as much heart muscle and heart function as possible. If your doctor has prescribed nitroglycerin, take it while you are waiting for emergency medical personnel to arrive. Once at the hospital, your doctor may use drug therapy, angioplasty (using one of several methods to clear the blocked blood vessel, such as inflating a balloon inside it or holding it open with a device called a stent), and surgery.", "(Editor's Note: It seems to me that a severe blow the the stomach could result in an obstruction and that could lead to appendicitis.)", "Another process that has been suggested is carotid sinus reflex death. By this theory, the mechanical stimulation of the carotid sinus in the neck brings on terminal cardiac arrest.", "Ono K, Hirayama C, Ishii K, Okamoto Y, Hidaka H. Emergency airway management of patients with peritonsillar abscess. J Anesth. 2004. 18(1):55-8. [Medline] .", "Wiggers CJ, Wegria R. Ventricular fibrillation due to single localized induction in condenser shock supplied during the vulnerable phase of ventricular systole. Am J Physiol 1939;128:500 ", "Wiggers CJ, Wegria R. Ventricular fibrillation due to single localized induction in condenser shock supplied during the vulnerable phase of ventricular systole. Am J Physiol 1939;128:500", "A term that refers to situations where the blood-supply to the heart muscle is suddenly blocked, resulting in heart attacks and unstable angina.", "Peristaltic Waves - Automatic muscular contractions of the smooth muscle tissue in the walls of organs of the digestive system to move food.", "Leave 'Em Dead - Levofed (aka norepinephrine) , the drug given to cardiac patients to prop up their blood pressure until they die in the ambulance", "An excess of fluid in the cavity (such as in a pericardial effusion) can result in cardiac tamponade (compression of the heart within the pericardial sac). A pericardiectomy is sometimes needed to remedy this. The surgical removing of the epicardium is referred to as epicardiectomy.", "through an open chest, a graft (piece of vein or other heart artery) is implanted on the heart to bypass a blockage" ]

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[ "Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith is a 2005 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas . It is the third installment of the Star Wars prequel trilogy. Ewan McGregor , Natalie Portman , Hayden Christensen , Ian McDiarmid , Samuel L. Jackson , Christopher Lee , Anthony Daniels , Kenny Baker and Frank Oz all reprise their character roles from Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) and Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002).", "Maybe you’ve watched all six Star Wars movies — but have you watched them all at once? If not, you may want to clear a couple hours from your calendar and press “play” on the video above. Created by YouTube user Maurcs, Star Wars Wars layers the entirety of A New Hope, The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi, The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones, and Revenge of the Sith on top of one another, with mesmerizing results. Watch the full movie above, or scroll down for highlights.", "This re-packaged releases features the same versions of the movies as previously released two-disc editions of Star Wars: Episode I The Phantom Menace]] (2001), Star Wars: Episode II Attack of the Clones (2002), Star Wars: Episode III Revenge of the Sith (2005) and original unaltered trilogy (2006). No new material is included in these sets.", "Please note that this table includes Special Edition changes such as Boba Fett in A New Hope, Ian McDiarmid replacing Clive Revill and Elaine Baker as Emperor Sheev Palpatine in The Empire Strikes Back, Temuera Morrison replacing Jason Wingreen as the voice of Boba Fett in The Empire Strikes Back, and Hayden Christensen replacing Sebastian Shaw as the Force Ghost of Anakin Skywalker in Return of the Jedi.", "Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith is a 2005 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. It is the third and final installment of the Star Wars prequel trilogy and stars Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Hayden Christensen, Ian McDiarmid, Samuel L. Jackson, Christopher Lee, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker and Frank Oz.", "A New Hope was released on DVD on September 21 , 2004 in a box set with The Empire Strikes Back , Return of the Jedi , and a bonus disc of supplemental material. The movies were digitally restored and remastered, and more changes were made by George Lucas.", "[1] Individual films from the original trilogy and prequel may be referred to using acronyms: TPM (The Phantom Menace, 1999); AOTC (Attack of the Clones, 2002); ROTS (Revenge of the Sith, 2005); ANH (A New Hope, 1977); ESB (The Empire Strikes Back, 1980); ROTJ (Return of the Jedi, 1983).", "The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars, (subtitled Episode IV: A New Hope in 1981) by 20th Century Fox, which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon. It was followed by the similarly successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983); these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was later released between 1999 and 2005, which received a more mixed reaction from critics and fans in comparison to the original trilogy. A sequel trilogy is also currently being produced with the first installment as The Force Awakens (2015). All seven films were nominated for or won Academy Awards, as well as being commercial successes, with a combined box office revenue of $6.46 billion, making Star Wars the fourth highest-grossing film series. ", "Star Wars was soon a bona-fide pop culture phenomenon. Over the years it has spawned five more feature films, five TV series and an entire industry’s worth of comic books, toys, video games and other products. Two big-screen sequels, The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and The Return of the Jedi (1983), featured much of the original cast and enjoyed the same success–both critical and commercial–as the first film. In 1999, Lucas stretched back in time for the fourth installment, Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace, chronologically a prequel to the original movie. Two other prequels, Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005) followed.", "On May 19, 1999 , Lucas released the first of the long-awaited prequel trilogy, Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace. This was followed Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones on May 16, 2002 , and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith on May 19, 2005.", "In 1999, George Lucas launched the first of a series of prequels to the original Star Wars trilogy. Williams was asked to score all three films, starting with The Phantom Menace. Along with themes from the previous movies, Williams created new themes to be used as leitmotifs in Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005). Most notable of these was \"Duel of the Fates,\" an aggressive choral movement utilizing harsh Sanskrit lyrics that broadened the style of music used in the Star Wars films. Also of note was \"Anakin's Theme,\" which begins as an innocent childlike melody and morphs insidiously into a quote of the sinister \"Imperial March\" of the prior trilogy. For Episode II, Williams composed \"Across the Stars,\" a love theme for Padmé Amidala and Anakin Skywalker (mirroring the love theme composed for the second film of the previous trilogy, The Empire Strikes Back). The final installment combined many of the themes created for the entire series, including \"The Emperor's Theme,\" \"The Imperial March,\" \"Across the Stars,\" \"Duel of the Fates,\" \"A Hero Falls,\" \"The Force Theme,\" \"Rebel Fanfare,\" and \"Luke's Theme\" and \"Princess Leia's Theme.\" Few composers have scored an entire series of this magnitude: The combined scores of all six Star Wars films add up to music that takes a full orchestra more than 14 hours to perform in its entirety.", "Most critics have considered the film to be the best of the prequels. A. O. Scott of The New York Times concluded that it was \"the best of the four episodes Mr. Lucas has directed\", and equal to The Empire Strikes Back as \"the richest and most challenging movie in the cycle\". In a 2007 summary of the on Rotten Tomatoes, Revenge of the Sith was placed 51 out of 100, making it the only prequel film in the Star Wars series to earn a ranking. Jonathan Rosenbaum, a critic who disliked A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back, gave the film a positive review saying that it had a \"relatively thoughtful story\". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, writing \"If [Lucas] got bogged down in solemnity and theory in Episode II: Attack of the Clones, the Force is in a jollier mood this time, and Revenge of the Sith is a great entertainment.\" ", "The film series began with Star Wars, released on May 25, 1977. This was followed by two sequels: The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21, 1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25, 1983.", "McGregor, Ewan, Portman, Natalie4B000ANNM4SThe Star Wars saga is now complete on DVD with Episode III REVENGE OF THE SITH. Torn between loyalty to his mentor Obi-Wan Kenobi and the seductive powers of the Sith Anakin Skywalker ultimately turns his back on the Jedi thus completing his journey to the dark side and his transformation into Darth Vader. Experience the breathtaking scope of the final chapter in spectacular clarity and relive all the epic battles including the final climactic lightsaber duel between Anakin and Obi-Wan.System Requirements:Starring: Ewan McGregor Natalie Portman Hayden Christensen Ian McDiarmid Samuel L. Jackson Christopher Lee Directed By: George Lucas Running Time: 140Format: DVD MOVIE Genre: SCI-FI/FANTASY Rating: PG-13 UPC: 024543212768 Manufacturer No: 2231276", "Star Wars: The Prequel Trilogy (Episode I: The Phantom Menace / Episode II: Attack of the Clones / Episode III: Revenge of the Sith) [Blu-ray]", "In 1980, Williams returned to score The Empire Strikes Back, where he introduced \"The Imperial March\" as the theme for Darth Vader and the Galactic Empire, \"Yoda's Theme\", and \"Han Solo and the Princess\". The original Star Wars trilogy concluded with the 1983 film Return of the Jedi, for which Williams' score provided most notably the \"Emperor's Theme\", \"Parade of the Ewoks\", and \"Luke and Leia\". Both scores earned him Academy Award nominations.", "On September 28, 2010, it was announced that all six films in the series were to be stereo-converted to 3D . The films would be re-released in chronological order beginning with The Phantom Menace on February 10, 2012. Revenge of the Sith was originally scheduled to be re-released in 3D on October 11, 2013 [59] (later pushed up to October 4, 2013). [60] However, on January 28, 2013, Lucasfilm announced that it was postponing the 3D release of episodes II and III in order to \"focus 100 percent of our efforts on Star Wars: The Force Awakens \" and that further information about 3D release plans would be issued at a later date. [61] [62] [63] The premiere of the 3D version was shown on April 17, 2015, at Star Wars Celebration Anaheim . [64]", "2005 Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith is released, effectively completing the Star Wars movie saga begun by George Lucas in 1977 and shattering the opening day box-office record with $50,013,859", "The second film in the Star Wars sci-fi trilogy, The Empire Strikes Back by director Irvin Kershner, was overlooked as a Best Picture nominee. Out of its three minor nominations, the film only achieved one win - Best Sound!", "On April 7 , 2015 , the Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox, and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films. As Lucasfilm had retained digital distribution rights to Episodes I thru III and V thru VI, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Revenge of the Sith for digital download on April 10 , 2015. [11]", "Star Wars was voted the second most popular film by Americans in a 2008 nationwide poll conducted by the market research firm, Harris Interactive. Star Wars has also been featured in several high-profile audience polls: in 1997, it ranked as the 10th Greatest American Film on the Los Angeles Daily News Readers' Poll; in 2002, the film and its sequel The Empire Strikes Back were voted as the greatest films ever made in Channel 4's 100 Greatest Films poll; in 2011, it ranked as Best Sci-Fi Film on Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time, a primetime special aired by ABC that counted down the best films as chosen by fans, based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People magazine; in 2014 the film placed 11th in a poll undertaken by The Hollywood Reporter, which balloted every studio, agency, publicity firm, and production house in the Hollywood region. ", "On April 7, 2015, Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox, and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Revenge of the Sith through the iTunes Store, Amazon Video, Vudu, Google Play, and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 10, 2015. ", "Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back, marketed as simply The Empire Strikes Back, is the second Star Wars film and the second chapter of the original trilogy. Originally released in 1980 , the film has proved to be one of the most popular films of the series among many fans and critics. It was re-released with changes in 1997 and (on DVD) in 2004 . The film was re-released on Blu-ray format in September of 2011 . A radio adaptation was broadcast on National Public Radio in the U.S. in 1983. The film was selected in 2010 to be preserved by the Library of Congress as part of its National Film Registry .", "On October 30th, 2012, The Walt Disney Company announced in a press release [21] that it had acquired the Lucasfilms production company for $4.05 billion and planned to release a new Star Wars trilogy with the first installment, Episode 7, set for release sometime in 2015. According to the Associated Press, [15] the new trilogy would continue where Return of the Jedi left off, following the stories of Luke Skywalker, Han Solo and Princess Leia. Shortly after the announcement was made, The Daily What [22] published a post titled “In Light of Recent Events of the Day,” which featured an image macro of Princess Leia with caption “Disney Princess” (shown below).", "Full specs are below, and you'll notice that not only is the original, unscrewed with version of the initial Star Wars trilogy conspicuously absent, but the two Ewok movies – The Ewok Adventure and Battle for Endor – aren't available either. Nor is the Star Wars Christmas Special. Do we actually want these movies? Not particularly (although the Christmas special would be a novelty), but if you're calling a box set 'complete' and leaving out a whole bunch of stuff, it's definitely worth criticizing.", "The original Star Wars trilogy and its three Prequels (1999-2005), a total of six films (not including re-releases) currently hold the # 1 place as the top-grossing (domestic) film franchise. However, the Harry Potter film franchise (6 films from 2001 to 2009) may eventually end up being the most commercially-successful Movie-Series Franchise of All Time, once new installments are released in the coming decade. Following close behind was the franchise of 22 James Bond-related films (from 1962 to 2008), and the 7 Batman-related films (from 1989 to 2008).", "1999: \"Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace\" is released. ( Watch \"Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace\" on TNT)", "* 1983 - Return of the Jedi - Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren, Ken Ralston, Kit West", "It was reported in August 2014 that beginning in 2015, Disney planned to expand the presence of Star Wars throughout their theme parks (although unclear which ones) and could also include an entire theme park area dedicated to the film franchise. Disney Chairman and CEO Bob Iger indicated that plans were to match what Universal Studios Florida did when they expanded and added a Harry Potter themed section to their park. In 2012, Disney acquired Lucasfilm, which includes the rights to the Star Wars franchise and Indiana Jones franchise (which is also expected to see an increase in presence at the theme parks), and in December 2015, Disney released Star Wars: The Force Awakens, the first of a new trilogy of films. ", "Star Wars: Episode VIIThe Force Awakens (2015) is the seventh installment in the nine-episode Star Wars saga. Although it's the sequel to Episode VI (Star Wars: Return of the Jedi, 1983), it basically recycles the plot of the original 1977 movie (Star Wars, Episode IV). A young person scratching out a hard living on a backwater planet becomes embroiled in galactic warfare against a brutal dictatorship that has created a planet-destroying superweapon. Rebel forces must eliminate the weapon, and they get both assistance and opposition from a mysterious \"Force\" that confers supernatural powers on the few people who can control it. Despite the obvious similarities with Episode VI, the sequel succeeds in rejuvenating the series. All of the original actors from the first three movies reprise their roles. That they're nearly 40 years older isn't a handicap. Indeed, it adds gravity while stirring nostalgia in longtime fans. And the new actors hold their own. A surprise ending sets the stage for Episode VIII.", "The first three Star Wars films take place after the events in the final three Star Wars films, known as the “prequel trilogy.”", "The movie universe has broken wide open since the announcement that Disney purchased LucasFilm and plans to release new  Star Wars  movies – beginning with  Star Wars Episode VII in 2015. Just yesterday came the news from top executives that standalone spinoff films were in the works as well, to fill the years in between each numbered chapter of the unfolding new saga." ]

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[ "Type O– blood is considered the “universal donor” because it can be donated to people of any blood type. Type AB+ blood is considered the “universal recipient” because people with this type can receive any blood type.", "Type O-negative blood is called the universal donor type because it is compatible with any blood type. Type AB-positive blood is called the universal recipient type because a person who has it can receive blood of any type .", "A universal recipient is a medical term for a person with the AB blood type. They are called universal recipients because they can receive a blood transfusion  from a person with any blood type , not just their own blood type. To put it another way, the immune system of a person with AB blood will accept blood from all possible donors, whether they have O, A, B or AB blood.", "Your blood type determines who you can donate to, or receive blood from. People with type O negative (O-) are considered universal donors, as they can donate red blood cells to all other blood type recipients. That’s why it’s always in high demand — it’s used in emergency situations when there is no time to test a patient’s blood type.", "A universal donor is someone who can donate blood to anyone else, with a few rare exceptions. People with the O- blood type have traditionally been considered universal blood cell donors. Conversely, a universal recipient can safely take blood from anyone, again with a few exceptions. People with AB+ blood have been considered universal recipients.", "From the above mentioned table it is evident that group ‘O’ blood can be donated to persons with any other blood group and hence ‘O’ group individuals are called ‘universal donors’. Persons with ‘AB’ group can accept blood from persons with AB as well as the other groups of blood. Therefore, such persons are called ‘universal recipients’.", "In emergencies, there are exceptions to the rule that the donor's blood type must match the recipient's exactly. Blood type O negative is the only type of blood that people of all other blood types can receive. Medical teams use it in situations when patients need a transfusion but their blood type is unknown. Because of this, O negative donors are called \"universal donors.\" People who have type AB blood are called \"universal recipients\" because they can safely receive any type of blood.", "With regard to transfusions of packed red blood cells, individuals with type O Rh D negative blood are often called universal donors, and those with type AB Rh D positive blood are called universal recipients; however, these terms are only generally true with respect to possible reactions of the recipient's anti-A and anti-B antibodies to transfused red blood cells, and also possible sensitization to Rh D antigens. One exception is individuals with hh antigen system (also known as the Bombay phenotype) who can only receive blood safely from other hh donors, because they form antibodies against the H antigen present on all red blood cells. ", "ABO blood group:  The major human blood type system which describes the oligosaccharide glycoprotein antigens found on the surface of human blood cells. According to the type of antigen present, a person may be assigned a blood type of A, B, AB or O. A second type of antigen, the Rh factor, renders a positive or negative blood type. The ABO blood group system is important because it determines who can donate blood to or accept blood from whom. Type A or AB blood will cause an immune reaction in people with type B blood and type B and AB blood will cause a reaction in people with type A blood. Conversely, type O blood has no A or B antigens, so people with type O blood are universal donors. And since AB blood already produces both antigens, people who are type AB can accept any of the other blood types without suffering an immune reaction. They are termed universal recipients.", "Donating or receiving blood is complicated by the fact that there are four types of blood. Type O blood, since it doesn't have antibodies or antigens for either type, can be donated to recipients with all four types of blood. Type AB, on the other hand, since it has both A and B antigens and also does not create antibodies for either antigen, can receive blood from all four types, but can only donate to other AB recipients.", "Previously, we discussed how a patient with Type O blood can receive A, B or AB types through transfusion. Taking into account Rh factor means that O negative blood can theoretically be transfused to any type of patient. Type O- blood is known as the universal donor.", "universal recipient A person with blood type AB who can receive blood of any type in emergency transfusions.", "Only 7 percent of people in the U.S. have type O negative blood. Type O negative donors are universal red cell donors as their blood can be given to people of all blood types.", "Type O-negative blood can be given to people with any blood type. That's because it has none of the markers that can set off a reaction. People with this blood type are considered \"universal donors\" and are in great demand at blood banks.", "In fact blood type O has always demonstrated an aversion to the new mutations. Hence Human Blood Type O - unable to recieve donor blood from a source not of the Human O- Blood Type. However it is common knowledge that O- is the Universal donor, able to donate to any in the ABO Blood Groups whether Rhesus negative or positive. This is due to the Human Blood Type O- being the basic M.Human blood type, where the basic structure can be transferred but mutations are prevented.", "The donor's blood type must be determined if the blood will be used for transfusions. The collecting agency usually identifies whether the blood is type A, B, AB, or O and the donor's Rh (D) type and will screen for antibodies to less common antigens. More testing, including a crossmatch, is usually done before a transfusion. Group O is often cited as the \"universal donor\" but this only refers to red cell transfusions. For plasma transfusions the system is reversed and AB is the universal donor type. ", "If the patient is of the ‘O’ blood type, they require an ‘O’ donor.  ‘O’ donors are universal donors and can give to anyone. Therefore, the available ‘O’ donors in the KPD program are those that are unable to give to their patient because the patient is sensitized. Therefore, it will be more difficult to find a compatible donor for the sensitized patient and the blood-type incompatible ‘O’ patient.", "3. The true universal donor is the Rh null blood. With only 43 people able to procure this blood in the recent past, it is the most rare blood group. Furthermore, it is the only blood group capable of donating to even the rare blood groups. This is due to the absence of majority of antigens in the blood.", "In 1911, Ottenberg demonstrated that it was safe to use as a donor a person whose serum agglutinated the recipient's red cells but unsafe and dangerous to use one whose red cells were acted upon by the recipient's serum. This demonstration eventually led to the widespread employment of group O donors as universal donors, since the red blood cells of this blood group are not agglutinable by the serum of any other blood group.", "universal donor A person with blood type O who is able to donate blood to people with other blood types in emergency blood transfusions.", "When the two systems are combined, there are a plethora of blood types: A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+, O-, and O+. This complicates matters, because the presence of the Rh factor can cause a transfusion reaction in someone with a negative blood type. This makes it unsafe, for example, for B+ blood to be transfused into a B- recipient.", "Many blood banks like to stock as much blood from universal donors as they can. In an emergency situation where blood transfusions are urgently needed, O negative blood cells can be safely given to most patients. As a result, being identified as a universal donor can make someone very popular with a local blood bank .", "State which ABO groups could safely receive a plasma transfusion from donors of each of the following blood types: A, B, AB, O", "Platelets do not need to belong to the same A-B-O blood group as the recipient or be cross-matched to ensure immune compatibility between donor and recipient unless they contain a significant amount of red blood cells (RBCs). The presence of RBCs imparts a reddish-orange color to the product, and is usually associated with whole-blood platelets. An effort is sometimes made to issue type specific platelets, but this is not critical as it is with RBCs.", "State which ABO groups could safely receive a red cell transfusion from donors of each of the following blood types: A, B, AB, O", "One should also take a note of the fact that all blood groups are not compatible with each other, and any attempt to mix two incompatible blood groups can lead to severe effects on the individuals body. If an individual with A blood group is administered blood from a donor with B blood group, his body is bound to react with the antigens in the B type blood during transfusion. Blood type plays a crucial role in determining whether the said individual is a universal donor or receiver.", "Things are a little different for people with Type AB or Type O blood. If you have both A and B markers on the surface of your cells (Type AB blood), your body does not need to fight the presence of either. This means that someone with AB blood can get a transfusion from someone with A, B, AB, or O blood.", "Of course you can always give A blood to persons with blood group A, B blood to a person with blood group B and so on. But in some cases you can receive blood with another type of blood group, or donate blood to a person with another kind of blood group.", "Blood Group B individuals have the B antigen on their surface of their RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the A antigen. Therefore, a group B individual can only receive blood from individuals of groups B or O (with B being preferabe), and can donate blood to individuals of groups B or AB.", "Understand blood transfusions and who can receive blood from whom. Of course, you can always give A blood to persons with blood group A, B blood to a person with blood group B and so on. But in some cases you can receive blood with another type of blood group, or donate blood to a person with another kind of blood group.", "A person with blood group O, whose erythrocytes lack A and B antigens and thus do not elicit a haemolytic transfusion reaction when the blood is transfused to a person with blood group A, B, AB or O", "What is a universal recipient? I've heard of a universal donor , but I am not familiar with a universal recipient." ]

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[ "A. A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning in early childhood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four of the following.", "The DSM-IV-TR describes Borderline Personality Disorder as a “pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five or more symptoms.", "A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:", "* Schizoid personality disorder: lack of interest and detachment from social relationships, apathy, and restricted emotional expression.", "Schizoid Personality Disorder refers to a pattern of detachment from social norms and a restriction of emotions.  They often do not enjoy contact with others, not even close friends or family, and prefer solitary activities.  They are seen as uninterested in social interaction and indifferent to how others perceive them, whether positive or negative.  The individual with this personality disorder may also be seen as lacking emotion, including happiness, excitement, anger, distress, or any other than is considered a normal reaction to people and events.", "[†] American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), 1994 (text revision, DMS-IV-TR, 2000), codes 302.6 and 302.85.", "DSM-IV == Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; Published by the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 1994; page 659.", "Also see: DSM-IV == Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; Published by the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 1994; pages 658-661.", "Previously, the DSM-IV organized each psychiatric diagnosis into five dimensions (axes) relating to different aspects of disorder or disability:", "How DSM-IV works. Clients are assessed across 5 axes for a complete picture of their functioning. Axis I and II include the 16 types of mental disorders listed above. ", "Much of the PD diagnostic co-occurrence is readily explained if the DSM-IV-TR PDs are understood as maladaptive variants of general personality structure", "A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:", "* Antisocial personality disorder: a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, lack of empathy, bloated self-image, manipulative and impulsive behavior.", "The DSM-II used the term Hysterical Neurosis, Dissociative Type. It described the possible occurrence of alterations in the patient's state of consciousness or identity, and included the symptoms of \"amnesia, somnambulism, fugue, and multiple personality.\" The DSM-III grouped the diagnosis with the other four major dissociative disorders using the term \"multiple personality disorder\". The DSM-IV made more changes to DID than any other dissociative disorder, and renamed it DID. The name was changed for two reasons. First, the change emphasizes the main problem is not a multitude of personalities, but rather a lack of a single, unified identity and an emphasis on \"the identities as centers of information processing\". Second, the term \"personality\" is used to refer to \"characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, moods and behaviors of the whole individual\", while for a patient with DID, the switches between identities and behavior patterns is the personality. It is for this reason the DSM-IV-TR referred to \"distinct identities or personality states\" instead of personalities. The diagnostic criteria also changed to indicate that while the patient may name and personalize alters, they lack an independent, objective existence. The changes also included the addition of amnesia as a symptom, which was not included in the DSM-III-R because despite being a core symptom of the condition, patients may experience \"amnesia for the amnesia\" and fail to report it. Amnesia was replaced when it became clear that the risk of false negative diagnoses was low because amnesia was central to DID.", "* Avoidant personality disorder: pervasive feelings of social inhibition and inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.", "Most individuals who are diagnosed with schizophrenia tend to shy away from social situations because of their hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized and unusual thinking and speech.  Since the disease usually manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood, the person’s social and vocational development can be severely disrupted.  According to Dr. E. Fuller Torrey, a well known researcher, psychiatrist, and author in the field of schizophrenia:", "\"A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.\"", "This is another disorder that has received some attention in the entertainment arena.  It includes a pattern of instability in personal relationships, including frequent bouts of clinginess and affection and anger and resentment, often cycling between these two extremes at a rapid pace.  They fear abandonment and this fear will often result in anger and aggressive behavior or acts that are used to ‘make’ others love them or stay with them.  These acts include psuedo-suicidal behavior, self-mutilating behavior such as cutting, and instability of mood.", "Schizophrenia is characterised by delusions and hallucinations, including hearing voices and seeing things that do not really exist. It typically emerges during adolescence or early adulthood, either abruptly or gradually.", "Diagnosis by symptoms was codified in the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS; Endicott & Spitzer, 1978), geared to the RDC, and in analogous instruments geared to the DSM: the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID; Spitzer, Williams, Gibbon, & First, 1990) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 1997). The neo-Kraepelinian approach exemplified by DSM-IV and SCID-I has arguably made diagnosis more reliable, if not more valid. For example, clinicians can show a high rate of agreement in diagnosing Multiple Personality Disorder (in DSM-III; in DSM-IV, renamed Dissociative Identity Disorder) but it is difficult to believe that the \"epidemic\" of this diagnosis observed in the 1980s and 1990s represented a genuine increase in properly classified cases (Kihlstrom, 1999).", "history of intense but short-term relationships with others; inability to make or sustain genuinely intimate relationships", "disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior", "Schizoid personality disorder. Schizoid personalities are introverted, withdrawn, solitary, emotionally cold, and distant. Often absorbed with their own thoughts and feelings, they fear closeness and intimacy with others. People suffering from schizoid personality tend to be more daydreamers than practical action takers, often living \"in a world of their own.\"", "The term Schizophrenia (spil/mind- with delusions, persecution, hallucinations, jealousy and or catatonia \"stupor\") actually refers to a type of Psych/osis (loss of reality) that is characterized by:", "The various psychoses involve deficits in the autonomous ego functions (see above) of integration (organization) of thought, in abstraction ability, in relationship to reality and in reality testing. In depressions with psychotic features, the self-preservation function may also be damaged (sometimes by overwhelming depressive affect). Because of the integrative deficits (often causing what general psychiatrists call \"loose associations\", \"blocking\", \"flight of ideas\", \"verbigeration\", and \"thought withdrawal\"), the development of self and object representations is also impaired. Clinically, therefore, psychotic individuals manifest limitations in warmth, empathy, trust, identity, closeness and/or stability in relationships (due to problems with self-object fusion anxiety) as well.", "This cluster includes disorders where the individual is viewed as being overly emotional or erratic in his or her behavior. The individual's behavior tends to be impulsive, may be dramatic, and may have antisocial features. People who suffer from Narcissism for example tend to have excessive amounts of vanity, fascination with themselves, above and beyond egocentrism. Antisocial personality disorder sufferers have an unusual disregard for others, including others rights and feelings. They may show no remorse for their actions, such as, hurting others and stealing. Unfortunately it is difficult to diagnose due to substance abuse is some situations. Borderline Personality Disorder is called such because it is close to being considered a psychiatric disorder. This disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings, impulsiveness and aggression.", "Summarize the similarities and differences in diagnostic criteria, etiology, and treatment options among the Cluster B personality disorders", "Freud's notion that the child's relationship to the parent is responsible for everything from psychiatric diseases to criminal behavior has also been thoroughly discredited and the influence of such theories is today regarded as a relic of a permissive age in which \"blame-the-parent\" was the accepted dogma. For many decades genetic and biological causes of psychiatric disorders were dismissed without scientific investigation in favor of environmental (parental and social) influences. Today even the most extreme Freudian environmentalists would not deny the great influence of genetic and biological factors. The American Psychiatric Association's \"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual\" (the latest edition of which is the DSM-IV), the official standard for diagnosing psychological disorders in the USA, reflects the universal adoption of the neo-Kraepelinian scientific-biological approach to psychiatric disorders, with its emphasis on diagnostic precision and the search for biological and genetic etiologies - largely ignored during the earlier Freud-dominated decades of the twentieth century.", "Social anxiety disorder is characterized by a fear of scrutiny or disapproval from others. Individuals believe this negative reaction will bring about rejections. Individuals with social anxiety disorder have stronger anxious feeling over a long period of time and are more anxious more often.Kashdan, T. B., Farmer, A. S., Adams, L. M., Ferssizidis, P., McKnight, P. E., & Nezlek, J. B. (2013). Distinguishing healthy adults from people with social anxiety disorder: Evidence for the value of experiential avoidance and positive emotions in everyday social interactions. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 122(3), 645-655. doi:10.1037/a0032733 ", "People with Avoidant Personality Disorder often appraise every movement and expression of those whom they are around. They can be fearful and tense which can elicit the ridicule of others which confirm preconceived self-doubts. They tend to be very anxious thinking that they will react to criticism with crying or blushing. Others describe them as \"shy,\" \"lonely,\" \"timid,\" and \"isolated.\" Their major problems are in social and occupational functioning. Their low self-esteem and hypersensitivity to rejection can restrict interpersonal contacts. Individuals may become isolated and do not usually have a large social support network to help them. They want affection and acceptance and fantasize over idealized relationships. The avoidance behaviors also adversely affect occupational functioning because of the fear the individuals have of social situations. They may try to avoid situations that are important for jobs and advancements.", "According to Maslow, humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance among their social groups, regardless whether these groups are large or small. For example, some large social groups may include clubs, co-workers, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, and gangs. Some examples of small social connections include family members, intimate partners, mentors, colleagues, and confidants. Humans need to love and be loved – both sexually and non-sexually – by others. Many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression in the absence of this love or belonging element. This need for belonging may overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure.", "In the 1960s historians and social critics drew the attention of the general public to narcissism as a metaphorical description of Western culture in general. These writers saw several parallels between trends in the larger society and the personality traits of people diagnosed with narcissistic disorders. In short, they argued that the advanced industrial societies of Europe and the United States were contributing to the development of narcissistic disorders in individuals in a number of respects. Some of the trends they noted include the following:" ]

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[ "The only President to be married in the White House was President Grover Cleveland. On June 2, 1886 he married Frances Folsom.", "Frances Folsom, who was 21 years old, married President Grover Cleveland, age 49, on June 2, 1886, at the White House. This was the only time a president married in the Executive Mansion. Their age difference of 28 years is the second largest of any presidential marriage (behind that of President John Tyler, whose second wife, Julia Gardiner Tyler, was thirty years his junior when they wed in New York City in 1844). President Cleveland worked as usual on his wedding day.", "Three presidents married while in office. John Tyler, whose wife Letitia had died a year and nine months before, wed Julia Gardiner in New York City on June 26, 1844; bachelor Grover Cleveland (the only president to be married in a White House ceremony) wed Frances Folsom, the daughter of a former law partner, on June 2, 1886; Woodrow Wilson, whose wife Ellen had died a year and four months before, married Edith Bolling Galt at the bride's Washington, D.C. home on December 18, 1915.", "June 2, 1886: In an intimate ceremony held in the Blue Room of the White House, President Grover Cleveland married Frances Folsom, the daughter of Cleveland's late law partner and friend, Oscar... Folsom. Fewer than 40 people were present to witness the 49-year-old president exchange vows with Frances, who at 21 years of age became the youngest first lady in U.S. history. June 2, 1933: President Franklin D. Roosevelt inaugurated the first swimming pool to be built inside the White House. The indoor pool at the White House was converted in 1970 to what is now the press briefing room. Quote of the... More", "Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897) and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents.", "Frances Clara Folsom Cleveland Preston (July 21, 1864 – October 29, 1947) was married to the President of the United States Grover Cleveland and was the First Lady of the United States from 1886 to 1889 and again from 1893 to 1897. Becoming First Lady at age 21, she remains the youngest wife of a sitting president.", "Cleveland entered the White House as a bachelor. And, in June 1886 the 49-year-old Cleveland married 21-year-old Frances Folsom. He was only the second president married while in office, and the first who was married in the White House. Nice work, Grover - that mustache definitely helped. Also, he looks like Bill Murray's brother.", "Frances Folsom Cleveland was the wife of President Grover Cleveland. Married in the White House, she became the youngest First Lady at age 21. She proved a media sensation, winning over America with her charm and flair for fashion.", "White House Wedding: Frances Folsom (1864-1947) marries U.S. President Grover Cleveland (1837-1906) in the White House.", "22nd [1885-1889] & 24th [1893-1897] U.S. President; only one to serve 2 nonconsecutive terms; only president to be married in White House [to Frances Folsom (2 sons, 3 daughters)]; the 1st to have a child born there; died June 24, 1908", "He married Frances Folsom in the White House on June 2, 1886. It was the first wedding of a President to take place in the White House. She was the youngest First Lady ever. She was 21 when she married President Cleveland. See her web page of more details.", "But Cleveland is interesting for another reason: he's the only president to date who had a wedding while in the White House. And his marriage was... unusual, to say the least. Cleveland was 49 years old when he got married 21-year-old Frances Folsom. She was the daughter of a close friend of his - and more to the point, after his friend died, he had become her legal guardian. Then married her. Oh, and he liked to call her 'Frank'.", "From east to west, leading away from the Yellow Oval Room on the south side, are a small bedroom (with full bath), a large bedroom, and a dressing room (with full bath). The small bedroom west of the Yellow Oval Room was originally used as an \"extra bedroom\" beginning with President James Madison and concluding with the administration of President Franklin Pierce. Abraham Lincoln slept in this room, and not the Lincoln Bedroom as is commonly assumed (due to its name). Other occupants of the room included Mary Johnson Stover (daughter of Andrew Jackson) and her three children; May and Jessie McElroy (nieces of President Chester Arthur), Russell Harrison (President Benjamin Harrison's adult son); Mary Harrison McKee (adult daughter of President Benjamin Harrison) and her two children; Quentin and Archie Roosevelt (sons of President Theodore Roosevelt); President Woodrow Wilson and his second wife, Edith Wilson; President Warren G. Harding; President Franklin D. Roosevelt; and President Harry S. Truman.", "The White House has been called many names. Dolley Madison, wife of President James Madison, called it the \"President's Castle.\" The White House was also called the \"President's Palace,\" the \"President's House,\" and the \"Executive Mansion.\" The name \"White House\" didn't become official until 1901, when President Theodore Roosevelt officially adopted it.", "On June 26, 1844, President John Tyler married Julia Gardiner in a private ceremony at a New York City Episcopal church. It was the first time a President had wed while in office, and two days later the Tylers held a reception in the Blue Room of the White House to introduce the country to its new First Lady.", "White House Wedding: Alice Rosevelt (1884-1980), daughter of Edith (1861-1948) and Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) marries Nicholas Longworth (1869-1931).", "Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was the 23rd President of the United States (1889–93); he was the grandson of the ninth president, William Henry Harrison. Before ascending to the presidency, Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader and politician in Indianapolis, Indiana. During the American Civil War, he served the Union as a colonel and on February 14, 1865 was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as a brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from January 23, 1865. After the war, he unsuccessfully ran for the governorship of Indiana. He was later elected to the U.S. Senate by the Indiana legislature.", "Loewen is one of several historians who believe that James Buchanan, who served from 1857 to 1861, was in fact our first gay president. He is the only president to have remained a bachelor throughout his life. (His niece, Harriet Lane, handled the duties of First Lady during his term in office.) He shared a home with William Rufus King, an Alabama Senator and Vice President under Buchanan’s predecessor, Franklin Pierce. Their relationship was reportedly so close that Andrew Jackson and other contemporaries referred to them as “Miss Nancy” and “Aunt Fancy”.", "White House Weddings: Nellie Grant (1856-1922), daughter of Julia (1826-1902) and Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885) marries Algernon Sartoris, a British diplomat, in the White House.", "Eleanor married Franklin on March 17, 1905 (St. Patrick's Day), in a wedding officiated by Endicott Peabody, the groom's headmaster at Groton School. The wedding date itself was selected with Theodore Roosevelt, the sitting president, in mind, since he was already scheduled to be in New York for the St. Patrick's Day parade. Theodore Roosevelt, who signed the marriage certificate as a witness, gave his niece Eleanor away since her father had died years before. He garnered almost all the attention from the press, and his attendance at the ceremony was front-page news, including in the New York Times. When asked for his thoughts on the Roosevelt-Roosevelt union, Theodore Roosevelt said, \"It is a good thing to keep the name in the family.\" The couple spent a preliminary honeymoon of one week at Hyde Park, then set up housekeeping in an apartment in New York. That summer they went on their formal honeymoon, a three-month tour of Europe.", "In January 1938, Nixon was cast in the Whittier Community Players production of The Dark Tower. There he played opposite a high school teacher named Thelma \"Pat\" Ryan.[10][17] Nixon pursued her, but initially Ryan was not interested in a relationship. He began making unannounced visits to her home and would take her on Sunday drives to the Quaker Sunday School where he was a teacher.[18] After several proposals, Ryan eventually agreed to marry the future president and they wed at a small ceremony on June 21, 1940.[10]", "Benjamin Harrison was the 23rd President of the United States from 1889 to 1893, elected after conducting one of the first \"front-porch\" campaigns by delivering short speeches to delegations that visited him in Indianapolis.", "Eleanor Roosevelt began courting her father's fifth cousin, 20-year-old Harvard student Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in 1903. The couple got engaged in November, married on St. Patrick's Day 1905, and produced six children, five of whom survived infancy. In 1921, while vacationing in Campobello Island, New Brunswick, FDR contracted an illness that resulted in permanent paralysis of his legs. Another blow followed: FDR's affair with Eleanor's social secretary, Lucy Mercer. The marriage endured, however, and as President and First Lady, they used their influence to promote New Deal policies and advocate for civil rights.", "Yet the Wilson family adapted themselves very quickly to life in the White House. Mrs. Wilson made a simple and democratic home, as she had done wherever they went. Two weddings took place in the White House in the first two years. Jessie married Francis B. Sayre on Nov. 26, 1913, and Eleanor married William Gibbs McAdoo on May 7, 1914.", "Franklin D. Roosevelt marries, Franklin D. Roosevelt marries his distant cousin, Eleanor Roosevelt, in New York City. The wedding was attended by President Theodore Roosevelt, FDR's fifth cousin, who gave his niece away.", "1905 Franklin D. Roosevelt married his distant cousin, Eleanor Roosevelt, in New York City. The wedding was attended by President Theodore Roosevelt, FDR's fifth cousin, who gave his niece away.", "Samuel and Nathaniel's families lived in a large mansion located at 251 West Main Street. That's were Martin Van Buren, 8th President of the United States, was married to Hannah Hoes in 1807, before he became the president.", "1. Who was the only president to serve more than two terms? 2. Who was the oldest elected president? 3. Who was the first president to live in the White House?", "Palaces in the United States include the White House, the official residence of the President, and the official residences of many governors and Roman Catholic bishops. Some palaces of former heads of state, such English and Spanish Royal Governors and the Hawaiian Royal Family still exist.", "On August 22, 1848, after a four-year engagement, Grant and Julia were married. [27] They would have four children: Frederick Dent Grant ; Ulysses S. \"Buck\" Grant, Jr. ; Ellen Wrenshall \"Nellie\" Grant ; and Jesse Root Grant . [28] Grant was assigned to several different posts over the ensuing six years. His first post-war assignments took him and Julia to Detroit and Sackets Harbor, New York, the location that made them the happiest. [29] In the spring of 1852, he traveled in to Washington, D.C. in a failed attempt to prevail upon the Congress to rescind an order that he, in his capacity as quartermaster, reimburse the military $1000 in losses incurred on his watch, for which he bore no personal guilt. [30] He was sent west to Fort Vancouver in the Oregon Territory in 1852, initially landing in San Francisco during the height of the California Gold Rush. Julia could not accompany him as she was eight months pregnant with their second child. [31] The journey proved to be an ordeal due to transportation disruptions and an outbreak of cholera within the entourage while traveling overland through Panama. Grant made use of his organizational skills, arranging makeshift transportation and hospital facilities to take care of the sick. There were 150 fatalities including Grant's long-time friend John H. Gore. [32] After Grant arrived in San Francisco he traveled to Fort Vancouver, continuing his service as quartermaster.", "* First president to be a bachelor and have no official consort, being unmarried and having no children.", "After seeing action in the Mexican-American War , Grant returned to Missouri and married Julia in August 1848. The couple eventually had four children. In the early years of his marriage, Grant was assigned to a series of remote army posts, some of them on the West Coast, which kept him separated from his family. In 1854, he resigned from the military." ]

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[ "\"There's a sucker born every minute\" is a phrase often credited to P. T. Barnum (1810–1891), an American showman . Perhaps erroneously.", "There's a sucker born every minute\" is a phrase often credited to P.T. Barnum (1810 – 1891), an American showman. It is generally taken to mean that there are (and always will be) a lot of gullible people in the world.", "Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman , businessman , and entertainer , remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the circus that became the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus . His successes may have made him the first \" show business \" millionaire .[citation needed] Although Barnum was also an author, publisher, philanthropist, and sometime politician, he said of himself, \"I am a showman by profession...and all the gilding shall make nothing else of me,\" [1] and his personal aims were \"to put money in his own coffers.\"[citation needed] Barnum is widely but erroneously credited with coining the phrase \" There's a sucker born every minute .\" (See the Cardiff Giant article for correct attribution to the man who said this in response to Barnum's actions in the matter.)", "\"There's a sucker born every minute\" is a phrase closely associated with P. T. Barnum, an American showman of the mid-19th century, although there is no evidence that he said it. Early examples of its use are found instead among gamblers and confidence men.", "Although the statements borrowed from the astrology book were seemingly precise, they applied to almost all people. Following the eminent researcher Paul Meehl, psychologists now call such personality statements “Barnum statements,” after the great showman P.T. Barnum who said, “A circus should have a little something for everybody” (he’s also credited with, “There’s a sucker born every minute”).", "Ringling Brothers Barnum & Bailey�s circus, the Greatest Show on Earth, was the brainchild of a man who said, �There�s a sucker born every minute.� P.T. Barnum was born on this day in 1810 in Bethel, Connecticut.", "After several dark experiences as a shop-keeper and a publisher, Phineas Barnum (at the age of 25) almost faced another failure with an idea for a travelling sideshow, when he purchased Dr. Scudder's American Museum in New York City. Adding to this museum's bizarre collections, he presented live acts including General Tom Thumb, the Fiji Mermaid, the original Siamese twins, the traditional Native American dancer Do-Hum-Me. He also included special performance, once contracting the celebrated Jenny Lind to sing in America at $1,000 a night for one hundred and fifty nights, all expenses being paid by the entrepreneur. Barnum tried to retire once, but came back bigger and better than ever. \"P.T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan, and Circus\" began in 1871, a travelling amalgamation of circus, menagerie and museum of \"freaks\", which by 1872 was billing itself as \"The Greatest Show on Earth\". Partnering with James Bailey, it was renamed in 1888 to \"Barnum and Bailey Greatest Show On Earth\", then later \"Barnum and Bailey Circus\", which toured around the world.  The entire project was sold to Ringling Brothers on 8 July 1907. There is no proof that Barnum ever said, \"there's a sucker born every minute.\" He did, however, say that \"every crowd has a silver lining,\" and acknowledged that \"the public is wiser than many imagine.\" P. T. Barnum was born on this day in 1810.", "Although Barnum was also an author, publisher, philanthropist, and for some time a politician, he said of himself, \"I am a showman by profession...and all the gilding shall make nothing else of me,\" [2] and his personal aims were \"to put money in his own coffers.\" [3] Barnum is widely but erroneously? credited with coining the phrase \" There's a sucker born every minute .\" [4]", "P. T. Barnum (1810–1891) portrayed himself as the \"Prince of Humbugs\" to characterize many outrageous stunts and exhibits that were part of his exploits as a showman. His tours, lectures, museum, and autobiography made him famous and a millionaire long before he entered the circus business and formed the innovative Barnum and Bailey Circus in the 1880s. Although he probably never said, \"There's a sucker born every minute,\" as is widely believed, he did act as if his audiences hoped to be fooled or, as he said, \"humbugged.\"", "Barnum's career as a showman was marked by a variety of sensational publicity stunts, hoaxes, and plain-old false advertising which he used to attract visitors to his bizarre exhibits. His promotional techniques often tested the boundaries of what the emerging nineteenth-century middle class was willing to accept, but he was somehow able to convince audiences that he was selling them entertainment, not fraud. An indication that people viewed him as a kind of lovable con-artist is the fact that the phrase, \"There's a sucker born every minute,\" will forever be attributed to him, even though he was not the one who said it.", "When Barnum's biographer tried to track down when Barnum had uttered this phrase, all of Barnum's friends and acquaintances told him it was out of character. Barnum's credo was more along the lines of \"there's a customer born every minute\" — he wanted to find ways to draw new customers in all the time because competition was fierce and people could become bored easily.[ citation needed ]", "Thus, the poem stated that Barnum was attending to the needs of newly born suckers. Nevertheless, the earliest known evidence for the saying “sucker born every minute” was dated 1879, and the ascription to Barnum only occurred more than a decade later as detailed further below.", "He was an American showman, businessman, and entertainer, remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the circus that became the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus. Born in Bethel, Connecticut, Barnum became a small-business owner in his early twenties, and founded a weekly paper, The Herald of Freedom, in Danbury in 1829. He moved to New York City in 1834 and embarked on an entertainment career, first with a variety troupe called \"Barnum's Grand Scientific and Musical Theater\", and soon after by purchasing Scudder's American Museum, which he renamed after himself. Barnum used the museum as a platform to promote hoaxes and human curiosities such as the \"\"Feejee\" mermaid\" and \"General Tom Thumb.\" A much-cited experience of Barnum as a legitimate impresario was his engagement of Jenny Lind. The tour began with the concert at Castle Garden on September 11, 1850 and turned out a success, recouping Barnum four times his investment.", "The celebrated circus owner and entertainment impresario Phineas Taylor Barnum was born in Connecticut on July 5, 1810. During a more than 50-year career, the self-described “Prince of Humbugs” established himself as the world’s premier purveyor of spectacle and hucksterism. He wowed the masses with larger than life hoaxes and shamelessly promoted everything from freak shows and zoos to alcohol prohibition. Check out 10 surprising facts about the 19th century’s most legendary showman.", "Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman , businessman, prankster and entertainer, remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the circus that became the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus . [1]", "Phineas Taylor 'P.T.' BARNUM (1810-1891), showman, founder of \"The Greatest Show on Earth\" (later Barnum and Bailey Circus), concert tour promoter for Jenny Lind, operator of the American Museum of curios.", "Barnum is an American musical with a book by Mark Bramble, lyrics by Michael Stewart, and music by Cy Coleman. It is based on the life of showman P. T. Barnum, covering the period from 1835 through 1880 in America and major cities of the world where Barnum took his performing companies. The production combines elements of traditional musical theater with the spectacle of the circus. The characters include jugglers, trapeze artists and clowns, as well as such real-life personalities as Jenny Lind and General Tom Thumb.", "Barnum is an American musical with a book by Mark Bramble, lyrics by Michael Stewart, and music by Cy Coleman. It is based on the life of showman P. T. Barnum, covering the period from 1835 through 1880 in America and major cities of the world where Barnum took his performing companies. The production combines elements of traditional musical theater with the spectacle of the circus. The characters include jugglers, trapeze artists and clowns, as well as such real-life personalities as Jenny Lind and General Tom Thumb.", "Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus is a United States traveling circus company billed as The Greatest Show on Earth. The circus, known as Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows, was started in 1919 when the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth, a circus created by P. T. Barnum and James Anthony Bailey was merged with the Ringling Bros. World's Greatest Shows. The Ringling brothers had purchased Barnum & Bailey Ltd. following Bailey's death in 1906, but ran the circuses separately until they were merged in 1919.", "Barnum entered the circus business, the source of much of his enduring fame, at age 61, establishing \"P. T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome\", a traveling circus, menagerie and museum of \"freaks\", which by 1872 was billing itself as \"The Greatest Show on Earth\". Barnum was the first circus owner to move his circus by train, and the first to purchase his own train. Given the lack of paved highways in America, this turned out to be a shrewd business move that enlarged Barnum's market.", "Barnum, Phineas Taylor (1810–91), American showman. He billed his circus, opened in 1871, as ‘The Greatest Show on Earth ’; ten years later he founded the Barnum and Bailey circus with his former rival Anthony Bailey (1847–1906).", "(July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman, businessman, scam artist and entertainer, remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the circus that became the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.", "Phineas Taylor BARNUM was born 5 Jul 1810 in Bethel, Connecticut and died 7 Apr 1891 in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He became a celebrated American showman by employing sensational forms of presentation and publicity to popularize such amusements as the public museum, the musical concert, and the three-ring circus. In partnership with James A. BAILEY, he made the American circus a popular and gigantic spectacle, the so-called �Greatest Show on Earth�.", "In 1851 he was recruited by an agent for William Niblo, the famed theatrical promoter, to perform with the Ravel Troupe of family acrobats in the United States at Niblo's Garden. Gravelet then toured America with the troupe that, at one point, performed in New York City, working for P. T. Barnum as part of the world-famous circus impresario's \"Greatest Show on Earth.\" During this period, Gravelet assumed his stage name, Charles Blondin, which he selected, in part, because of his blond hair.", "A circus is a company of performers that may include clowns, acrobats, trained animals, trapeze acts, musicians, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers, unicyclists, as well as other object manipulation and stunt-oriented artists. The term 'circus' also describes the performance which has followed various formats through its 250-year modern history. Philip Astley is credited with being the 'father' of the modern circus when he opened the first circus in 1768 in England. Early circuses were almost exclusively demonstrations of equestrian skills with a few other types of acts to link the horsemanship performances. Performances developed significantly through the next fifty years, with large scale theatrical battle reenactments becoming a significant feature. The 'traditional' format, whereby a ringmaster introduces a varied selection of acts that mostly perform choreographed acts to traditional music, developed in the latter part of 19th century and continued almost universally to be the main style of circus up until the 1970s.", "... market. DEATH OF BARN UM, THE SHOWMAN Losunos, April 8. Mr. Phineas Taylor Barnum, the well known American showman, is ded. He was 81 ye...", "The Victorian era marked the golden age of the British circus. Astley's Amphitheatre in Lambeth, London, featuring equestrian acts in a 42-foot wide circus ring, was the epicentre of the 19th century circus. The permanent structure sustained three fires but as an institution lasted a full century, with Andrew Ducrow and William Batty managing the theatre in the middle part of the century. William Batty would also build his own 14,000-person arena, known commonly as Batty's Hippodrome, in Kensington Gardens and draw crowds from the Crystal Palace Exhibition. Travelling circuses, like Pablo Fanque's, dominated the British provinces, Scotland, and Ireland (Fanque would enjoy fame again in the 20th century when John Lennon would buy an 1843 poster advertising his circus and adapt the lyrics for The Beatles song, Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!). Fanque also stands out as a black man who achieved great success and enjoyed great admiration among the British public only a few decades after Britain had abolished slavery. ", "Near Westminster Bridge in London, a former cavalryman named Philip Astley establishes England�s first modern circus. The first shows were mostly equestrian acts, but within a few years they also included acrobatic acts, clowns, and humorous skits. In 1806, Astley moved his amphitheater into a building called the Olympic Theatre, and added boxing, wrestling, and horseracing to his venue.", "During more than a century of entertainment, the world's greatest circus stars have paraded across its ring. The clown Charlie Cairoli appeared at the tower for 39 years. Britain's best-known ringmaster Norman Barrett worked the ring for 25 years.", "Ringmaster of the wardrobe: Charlie Chaplin in 1928 in The Circus.  Photo: SNAP / Rex Features", "April 7, 1891: American showman Phineas T. Barnum died in Bridgeport, Connecticut at the age of 80.", "\"For a relatively short period of time, from the mid to late 1800s through the early 1930s, vaudeville was an American institution, as important in its day as radio, the motion picture, and television. This book is the first attempt to provide an encyclopedic guide to vaudeville. Included are entries not only on the performers, but also on individuals active behind the scenes in various administrative capacities, major theatres, genres, historical terms, vaudeville houses in individual cities, and much, much more. In addition to biographical data, entries on vaudevillians may include contemporary criticism, a sampling of an act's various routines, commentary by the performers, and an appraisal of the performer's place in vaudeville history. Bibliographies for entries are included where appropriate, and the volume concludes with a guide to vaudeville resources and a general bibliography.\"" ]

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[ "Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.; January 17, 1942) is an American former professional boxer. Considered a cultural icon, Ali was both idolized and vilified. Ali would go on to become the first and only three-time lineal World Heavyweight Champion. Nicknamed \"The Greatest,\" Ali was involved in several historic boxing matches. Notable among these were three with rival Joe Frazier, which are considered among the greatest in boxing history, and one with George Foreman, where he finally regained his stripped titles seven years later. Ali was well known for his unorthodox fighting style, which he described as \"floating like a butterfly, stinging like a bee\", and employing techniques such as the Ali Shuffle and the rope-a-dope. Ali had brought beauty and grace to the most uncompromising of sports and through the wonderful excesses of skill and character, he had become the most famous athlete in the world. He was also known for his pre-match hype, where he would \"trash talk\" opponents, often with rhymes.", "Muhammad Ali described his boxing style as – “Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee”. He was a rare gem of a boxer, who defeated all heavyweights during his time. In fact, the leading Ring Magazine named him as “Fighter of the Year” for the most times than any boxer and ranked him in 1988 as the greatest boxer of all times. His ability in the ring gave him the alias for which he is known most for – “The Greatest” (boxer).", "Nicknamed \"The Greatest\", Ali was involved in several historic boxing matches. Notable among these are three with rival  Joe Frazier  and one with  George Foreman , whom he beat by knockout to win the world heavyweight title for the second time. He suffered only five losses (four decisions and one  TKO  by retirement from the bout) with no draws in his career, while amassing 56 wins (37 knockouts and 19 decisions). [2] Ali was well known for his unorthodox fighting style, which he described as \"float like a butterfly, sting like a bee\", and employing techniques such as the  rope-a-dope . [3]  He was also known for his pre-match hype, where he would \" trash talk \" opponents on television and in person some time before the match, often with rhymes. These personality quips and idioms, along with an unorthodox fighting technique, made him a cultural icon. In later life, Ali developed  Parkinson's syndrome . In 1999, Ali was crowned \"Sportsman of the Century\" by  Sports Illustrated  and \"Sports Personality of the Century\" by the  BBC . [4]", "Ali was best known for his fighting style which he described as “Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee”. Throughout his career Ali made a name for himself with great handspeed, as well as swift feet and taunting tactics. While Ali was renowned for his fast, sharp out-fighting style, he also had a great chin, and displayed great courage and an ability to take a punch throughout his career. Ali also exclusively attacked the head of an opponent, usually ignoring a body attack.", "On this day in 1978, boxer Muhammad Ali defeats Leon Spinks at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans to win the world heavyweight boxing title for the third time in his career, the first fighter ever to do so. Following his victory, Ali retired from boxing, only to make a brief comeback two years later. Ali, who once claimed he could “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee,” left the sport permanently in 1981.", "He suffered only five losses (four decisions and one TKO by retirement from the bout) with no draws in his career, while amassing 56 wins (37 knockouts and 19 decisions). Ali was well known for his unorthodox fighting style, which he described as \"float like a butterfly, sting like a bee\", and employing techniques such as the rope-a-dope. He was also known for his pre-match hype, where he would \"trash talk\" opponents on television and in person some time before the match, often with rhymes. These personality quips and idioms, along with an unorthodox fighting technique, made him a cultural icon.", "One of his most famous sayings was: “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee” – it referred to his unorthodox style of fighting", "Ali was also famous for his trash talk. He would come up with rhymes and sayings designed to cut down his opponent and pump himself up. He would talk trash before and during the fight. He would talk about how \"ugly\" or \"dumb\" his opponent was and often referred to himself as \"the greatest.\" Perhaps his most famous saying was \"I float like a butterfly and sting like a bee.\"", "\"Santa's doing his Ali! 'Float like a butterfly...'\" - Santa's bobbing and weaving like a boxer in this scene and Muhammad Ali (1942- ; born Cassius Marcellus Clay) is one of the most famous boxers of all time. Winner of a gold medal in boxer at the 1960 Olympic Games, Ali first became world heavyweight boxing champ at the age of 22. This was the first of three periods as world champ (1964-67, 1974-8 and 1978-9). He was also a very visible personality in the media; he became known to one and all, even those who never followed boxing. Ali's claim that, in the ring, he would \"float like a butterfly, sting like a bee\" became a common expression. A number of biopics have been made of his life, including 2001's Ali starring Will Smith.", "Ali had a highly unorthodox boxing style for a heavyweight, epitomized by his catchphrase \"float like a butterfly, sting like a bee\". Never an overpowering puncher, Ali relied early in his career on his superior hand speed, superb reflexes and constant movement, dancing and circling opponents for most of the fight, holding his hands low and lashing out with a quick, cutting left jab that he threw from unpredictable angles. His footwork was so strong that it was extremely difficult for opponents to cut down the ring and corner Ali against the ropes. He was also able to quickly dodge punches with his head movement and footwork.", "Revered by millions worldwide and reviled by millions more, Ali cut quite a figure, 6-foot-3 and 210 pounds in his prime. \"Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee,\" his cornermen exhorted, and he did just that in a way no heavyweight had ever fought before.", "Muhammad Ali dead: 'Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee' and the iconic boxer's other famous poems | The Independent", "\"I'm gonna float like a butterfly and sting like a bee. His hands can't hit what his eyes can't see,\" Ali famously said.", "He Floated Like a Butterfly and Stung Like a Bee: Muhammad Ali Dies at 74 | TVWeek", "The 1969 documentary Float Like a Butterfly, Sting Like a Bee (originally called Muhammad Ali, the Greatest), is a full-blown portrait of the boxer in and out of the ring. Footage from this film appears in many later documentaries. left: Poster for A.K.A. Cassius Clay. This film was made during Aliâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exile from boxing after his refusal to be inducted into the U.S. Army on religious grounds.", "\"The hands can't hit what the eyes can't see. Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee! [shouts] Rumble, young man, rumble!\"", "Standing tall, at 6-ft, 3-in (1.91 m), Ali had a highly unorthodox style for a heavyweight boxer. Rather than the normal style of carrying the hands high to defend the face, he instead relied on foot speed and quickness to avoid punches and carried his hands low.", "One of Ali's greatest tricks was to make opponents overcommit by pulling straight backward from punches. Disciplined, world-class boxers chased Ali and threw themselves off balance attempting to hit him because he seemed to be an open target, only missing and leaving themselves exposed to Ali's counter punches, usually a chopping right. Slow motion replays show that this was precisely the way Sonny Liston was hit and apparently knocked out by Ali in their second fight. Ali often flaunted his movement by dancing the \"Ali Shuffle\", a sort of center-ring jig. Ali's early style was so unusual that he was initially discounted because he reminded boxing writers of a lightweight, and it was assumed he would be vulnerable to big hitters like Sonny Liston.", "Muhammad Ali (/ɑːˈliː/;[4] born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer, generally regarded as the most significant heavyweight in the history of the sport. Early in his career, Ali was known for being an inspiring, controversial and polarizing figure both inside and outside the boxing ring. He is one of the most recognized sports figures of the past 100 years, crowned \"Sportsman of the Century\" by Sports Illustrated and \"Sports Personality of the Century\" by the BBC. He also wrote several best-selling books about his career, including The Greatest: My Own Story and The Soul of a Butterfly.", "We followed Ali’s career closely as he worked his pugilistic magic on varied opponents, marveling at the stylistic variation he brought to the boxing ring and his ability to evade punches. Not only were we fans of Ali’s new-school boxing style—his flashy footwork and torso swerves were refreshing deviations from the ponderous, heavyweight norm. ", "He “fought with his hands low and sometimes, whilst he was fighting, he was talking, so his chin wasn’t down … but because of his superior athletic skills and how physically gifted he was, he could do these things. … He knew how to be in range to hit you without getting hit. And at its purest form that is what boxing is about, hitting and not getting hit. Ali was a master at it.”", "In the opinion of many, Ali became a different fighter after the 3½-year layoff. Ferdie Pacheco, Ali's corner physician, noted that he had lost his ability to move and dance as before. This forced Ali to become more stationary and exchange punches more frequently, exposing him to more punishment while indirectly revealing his tremendous ability to take a punch. This physical change led in part to the \"rope-a-dope\" strategy, where Ali would lie back on the ropes, cover up to protect himself and conserve energy, and tempt opponents to punch themselves out. Ali often taunted opponents in the process and lashed back with sudden, unexpected combinations. The strategy was dramatically successful in the George Foreman fight, but less so in the first Joe Frazier bout when it was introduced.", "The \" rope-a-dope \" strategy : Used by Muhammad Ali in his 1974 \" the Rumble in the Jungle \" bout against George Foreman, the rope-a-dope method involves lying back against the ropes, covering up defensively as much as possible and allowing the opponent to attempt numerous punches. The back-leaning posture, which does not cause the defending boxer to become as unbalanced as they would during normal backward movement, also maximizes the distance of the defender's head from his opponent, increasing the probability that punches will miss their intended target. Weathering the blows that do land, the defender lures the opponent into expending energy whilst conserving his/her own. If successful, the attacking opponent will eventually tire, creating defensive flaws which the boxer can exploit. In modern boxing, the rope-a-dope is generally discouraged since most opponents are not fooled by it and few boxers possess the physical toughness to withstand a prolonged, unanswered assault. Recently, however, eight-division world champion Manny Pacquiao skillfully used the strategy to gauge the power of welterweight titlist Miguel Cotto in November 2009. Pacquiao followed up the rope-a-dope gambit with a withering knockdown.", "Imagine yourself in the ring with Ali. You are fighting a person who is taller AND faster than you. When you approach, he gets on his tiptoes, takes two steps back, then lands three power shots to your face during his retreat. ", "In his later days, Ali was a study in ringcraft and savvy. He would box and dance for a round, and then hold in clinches for the entirety of the next. If he needed a knockout, he could summon the power to knock a man out. If he needed points, he'd clip off flurries at the end of rounds to win over the judges. If he got hit, he'd shake his head and have the fans almost believing that he let the blow land deliberately, just to show that he could wear it with no bother.", "TO SAY that Joe Frazier had a left hook was like saying the Tomcat jet fighter is an aeroplane. This one was devastating. You knew it was there, but he kept it hidden. For most of a fight he would press in, head down like a bull charging, fists close to the chest. He was short for a heavyweight, five feet eleven, and made himself look shorter, hunching his shoulders and punching close with his stumpy, jabbing arms. He didn’t dance around, but worked away at it, bobbing and weaving relentlessly, throwing away perhaps two punches for every one he landed. His style was to keep aggressively on, wear a man down, get him winded. Then—boom!—the dazzling left hook that sent his opponent sprawling.", "Spray flies from the head of challenger Joe Frazier as heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Clay) connects with a right in the ninth round of their title fight in Manila, Philippines on October 1, 1975. Ali won the fight on a decision to retain the title", "* Bob and weave – Bobbing moves the head laterally and beneath an incoming punch. As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer bends the legs quickly and simultaneously shifts the body either slightly right or left. Once the punch has been evaded, the boxer \"weaves\" back to an upright position, emerging on either the outside or inside of the opponent's still-extended arm. To move outside the opponent's extended arm is called \"bobbing to the outside\". To move inside the opponent's extended arm is called \"bobbing to the inside\". Joe Frazier, Jack Dempsey, Mike Tyson and Rocky Marciano were masters of bobbing and weaving.", "Bob and weave – Bobbing moves the head laterally and beneath an incoming punch. As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer bends the legs quickly and simultaneously shifts the body either slightly right or left. Once the punch has been evaded, the boxer \"weaves\" back to an upright position, emerging on either the outside or inside of the opponent's still-extended arm. To move outside the opponent's extended arm is called \"bobbing to the outside\". To move inside the opponent's extended arm is called \"bobbing to the inside\". Joe Frazier, Jack Dempsey, Mike Tyson and Rocky Marciano were masters of bobbing and weaving.", "Hamed employed a unique style that flummoxed lower-caliber opponents and contributed to his tremendous popularity. Hamed's most powerful punch was a straight left that was known to knock strong fighters out in a single shot. He rarely threw combinations in excess of three punches, which were usually composed of two right jabs followed by a straight left, hook, or uppercut. Because Hamed threw his left with such ferocity, he often lost his balance, a stylistic defect that opponents such as Kelley and Marco Antonio Barrera took advantage of. For defence, Hamed relied mainly on his sharp reflexes to avoid his adversaries' punches, rarely blocking shots and preferring to back away from strong attacks. His quick feet prevented him from getting stuck against the ropes or in corners. Hamed clinched infrequently, primarily because he was not usually sufficiently fatigued to warrant such tactics. When in clinches he would often throw lefts to opponents' heads.", "Gallery: A perspiring former heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali (Cassius Clay) tosses aside a sweat jacket while working out in a gym at Miami Beach on Sept. 16, 1970, where he started his training for the October 26 bout with Jerry Quarry in Atlanta. (AP Photo/Jim Kerlin) ORG XMIT: APHS282471", "Ali was stripped of his boxing title in 1967 for his opposition to the Vietnam War. He was drafted but refused to enter the armed services, saying, \"I ain't got no quarrel with the Vietcong. No Vietcong ever called me n*****.\"" ]

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[ "\"Iron Curtain\" is a term used to describe the boundary that separated the Warsaw Pact countries from the NATO countries from about 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The Iron Curtain was both a physical and an ideological division that represented the way Europe was viewed after World War II. To the east of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the former Soviet Union. This included part of Germany (East Germany), Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, and Albania (until 1960 when it aligned with China). While Yugoslavia was Communist politically it was not considered to be a part of the Eastern Bloc or behind the Iron Curtain. Josip Broz Tito, the president of Yugoslavia at the time, was able to maintain access with the west while leading a communist country. The other countries to the west of the Iron Curtain had democratic governments.", "WHAT: Iron curtain was a boundary that separated the Warsaw pact countries from NATO countries about 1945 until the end of the cold war in 1991", "1946 – The term \"Iron Curtain\", describing the symbolic, ideological, and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas during the Cold War, was popularised by former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill during a speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, US.", "On March 5, 1946, a train with two World War II statesmen left Washington D.C. and steamed across the United States to the gateway to the west, Missouri. In the town of Fulton, population 7,000, at Westminster University, former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, with President Harry Truman by his side, delivered a prophetic speech to an audience of 40,000 students. Titled “The Sinews of Peace” the oratory soon became known as “The Iron Curtain Speech”, referring to the figurative curtain that had fallen, separating democratic western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe.", "1. The Iron Curtain was a name, coined by Winston Churchill in 1946, for the Soviet occupation of eastern Europe.", "·         Winston Churchill popularized the phrase “iron curtain” in his “Sinews of Peace” speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri on March 5, 1946.", "Speaking as a private citizen, former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered his “Sinews of Peace” speech at Westminster College in Fulton Missouri. Best remembered for the memorable first use of the phrase “Iron Curtain” to describe the political and philosophical division between the USSR and the rest of Europe, his analysis of the Soviet threat was not received well favorably in the US, which still, in the aftermath of World War II, still looked upon the USSR as an important ally. Churchill also laid out his hopes for the New United Nations: “We must make sure that its work is fruitful, that it is a reality and not a sham, that it is a force for action, and not merely a frothing of words, that it is a true temple of peace in which the shields of many nations can some day be hung up, and not merely a cockpit in a Tower of Babel.” This subtle and important speech is well worth listening to in its entirety. video", "March 5, 1946, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill popularized the term “Iron Curtain”—describing the separation between Soviet and Western nations—in a speech at Fulton, Missouri.", "There were many countries involved with the iron curtain like the United States of America, and the USSR. It was Churchill's speech, which he titled The Sinews of Peace, that changed the way the democratic West viewed the Communist East. Many people consider Churchill's iron curtain speech the beginning of the cold war.  His speech was given to a crowd of forty thousand people. In addition to accepting an honorary degree from the college, Churchill made one of his most famous post-war speeches.", "Churchill used the speech, titled “The Sinews of Peace,” to warn America and the Western world of the looming threat posed by Josef Stalin and the Soviet Union. “A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory. ... From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”", "This speech is known for one of it's most famous phrases, \"Iron Curtain\" but it's also known as the \"Sinews of Peace\" speech. (Churchill never named his own speeches.) Churchill was introduced by President Harry Truman to deliver this address on 5 March 1946.", "The political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the soviet union after world war two to seal of itself and its dependent eastern European allies from open contact from the west and other non-communist areas. The term iron curtain has been used as a metaphor in the 19th century but it came to prominence only after the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in a speech Churchill gave the speech at Westminster College, in Fulton, Missouri, after receiving an honorary degree and was introduced by Missourian, President Harry Truman. on march 5, 1946 , when he said of the communist states he said From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.", "One feature of the \"Cold War\" had all principal hot spots located far from the Soviet Union while several, such as Nicaragua, Cuba, and Dominica, washed blood close to U.S. shores. The Cuban Missile Crisis generated fear of nuclear annihilation and pushed Americans into seeking shelter from a possible catastrophe. The post \"cold War\" period reversed the trend -- beginning with East Germany, the buffer between the Soviet Union and the western states slowly eroded as the Balkan and Baltic states shed communism and alled with NATO. Destruction of the Soviet Union and the former Yugoslavia soon brought NATO forces almost to Russia's borders. Intervening states separated the principal antagonists, but post \"Cold War\" alliances have brought U.S. influence to Russia's bordering neighbors of Georgia, Poland and Ukraine. Winston Churchill's famous post-war speech with the descriptive phrase, \"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent,\" has been replaced by the phrase. \"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, a missile shield pointed to Russia has ascended across the Continent,\" A NATO proposal to install anti-ballistic missiles at Poland's eastern frontier, based upon a dubious staement that the missile defense was ncessary to protect the western nations gainst a missile attack by Iran. was countered by a Russian threat to deploy short-range missiles near Poland.", "Public statements defined the beginning of the Cold War. In 1946 Stalin declared that international peace was impossible \"under the present capitalist development of the world economy.\" Winston Churchill, wartime prime minister of Great Britain, delivered a dramatic speech in Fulton, Missouri, with Truman sitting on the platform during the address. \"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic,\" Churchill said, \"an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.\" Britain and the United States, he declared, had to work together to counter the Soviet threat.", "- It was Churchill's speech, which he titled \"The Sinews of Peace,\" that changed the way the democratic West viewed the Communist East. Many people consider Churchill's \"iron curtain speech\" the beginning of the cold war", "Best known during this time for his dislike of communism — he coined the term \"Iron Curtain\" in a speech delivered in America — Churchill also was among the first to urge nuclear negotiations between the West and the Soviets. He had coined \"summit\" to describe all high-level talks among leaders, including those aimed at arms reductions. Although no such nuclear summits took place during his lifetime, his words were remembered in later years.", "In 1944 the Soviet armed forces recaptured eastern Poland from the Germans. The Soviets unilaterally declared a new frontier between the Soviet Union and Poland (approximately the same as the Curzon Line). The Polish government-in-exile in London bitterly opposed this and at the Teheran and Yalta conferences between Stalin and the western Allies, the allied leaders Roosevelt and Churchill asked Stalin to reconsider, particularly over Lwów, but he refused. During the negotiations at Yalta, Stalin posed the question \"Do you want me to tell the Russian people that I am less Russian than Lord Curzon?\" [21] The altered Curzon Line thus became the permanent eastern border of Poland and was recognised by the western Allies in July 1945.", "During a speech at Fulton, Missouri, on March 5, 1946, visiting British Prime Minister Winston Churchill proclaimed that Europe was divided by an \"Iron Curtain\" as the nations of Eastern Europe fell increasingly under Soviet control. Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia all fell under Communist control by early 1948.", "At the beginning of the Cold War , he famously mentioned the \"Iron Curtain,\" a phrase originally created by Joseph Goebbels . The phrase entered the public consciousness after a 1946 speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri , when Churchill, a guest of Harry S. Truman , famously declared:", "Churchill repeated the words in a further telegram to President Truman on 4 June 1945, in which he protested against such a U.S. retreat to what was earlier designated as, and ultimately became, the U.S. occupation zone, saying the military withdrawal would bring \"Soviet power into the heart of Western Europe and the descent of an iron curtain between us and everything to the eastward\". At the Potsdam Conference, Churchill complained to Stalin about an \"iron fence\" coming down upon the British Mission in Bucharest.", "A term invented by Winston Churchill to describe the political and physical barriers between the Soviet bloc and the ‘free’ countries of Europe.", "In a March 5, 1946, speech in Fulton, Missouri, Winston Churchill used this term to describe the division that the Soviet Union had created between itself and its Eastern European allies and Western Europe and the United States. Churchill emphasized the need for the United States to stand up to potential Soviet aggression in the future.", "The first recorded occasion on which Churchill used the term \"iron curtain\" was in a 12 May 1945 telegram he sent to U.S. President Harry S. Truman regarding his concern about Soviet actions, stating \"[a]n iron curtain is drawn down upon their front. We do not know what is going on behind.\" [55] He was further concerned about \"another immense flight of the German population westward as this enormous Muscovite advance towards the center of Europe.\" [55] Churchill concluded \"then the curtain will descend again to a very large extent, if not entirely. Thus a broad land of many hundreds of miles of Russian-occupied territory will isolate us from Poland.\" [55] [56]", "Churchill's first recorded use of the term \"iron curtain\" came in a 12 May 1945 telegram he sent to U.S. President Harry S. Truman regarding his concern about Soviet actions, stating \"[a]n iron curtain is drawn down upon their front. We do not know what is going on behind\". He was further concerned about \"another immense flight of the German population westward as this enormous Muscovite advance towards the centre of Europe\". Churchill concluded \"then the curtain will descend again to a very large extent, if not entirely. Thus a broad land of many hundreds of miles of Russian-occupied territory will isolate us from Poland\". ", "Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact ; [291] the long period of political tensions and military competition between them, the Cold War , would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars . [292]", "Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact ; [256] the long period of political tensions and military competition between them, the Cold War , would be accompanied by unprecedented arms race and proxy wars. [257]", "Nonetheless, at the Potsdam Conference, the Allies assigned parts of Poland, Finland, Romania, Germany, and the Balkans to Soviet control or influence. In return, Stalin promised the Western Allies that he would allow those territories the right to national self-determination. Despite Soviet cooperation during the war, these concessions left many in the West uneasy. In particular, Churchill feared that the United States might return to its pre-war isolationism, leaving the exhausted European states unable to resist Soviet demands. (President Franklin D. Roosevelt had announced at Yalta that after the defeat of Germany, U.S. forces would withdraw from Europe within two years.) ", "When World War II was grinding to an end in 1945, the Allied leaders -- U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin -- met to divide up Europe. That meeting, which laid the groundwork for the Cold War, took place in the Crimean resort of Yalta.", "Churchill was party to treaties that would redraw post-WWII European and Asian boundaries. These were discussed as early as 1943. Proposals for European boundaries and settlements were officially agreed to by Harry S. Truman , Churchill, and Joseph Stalin at Potsdam Conference.", "The barrier, political and military, that was considered to separate the Soviet bloc from western Europe after World War II.", "Which phrase did Winston Churchill use to describe the partitioning of Europe after the Second World War?", "  The Soviet regime had expended considerable diplomatic efforts to bolster its claims to legitimacy. As early as 1954, it sought Western confirmation of existing borders. Efforts towards d�tente slowly gathered steam as leaders on both sides sought to reduce Cold War risks, tensions and costs in Europe. It all came to a head at the Helsinki Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in the summer of 1975." ]

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[ "On June 5, 1968, U.S. presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was shot by Sirhan Sirhan at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Kennedy died the next day.", "1968 - U.S. presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California by Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan. Kennedy dies the next day.", "At about 12:15 am on June 5, 1968, Sirhan Sirhan shot presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy in the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Kennedy, who was leaving a campaign rally, was mortally wounded and died the next day. (Kennedy’s death came just two months after the assassination of Martin Luther King by James Earl Ray.) Sirhan was an Arab who had emigrated to the United States in the 1950s and was reportedly disturbed by Kennedy’s pro-Israel positions. After a 1969 trial lasting nearly four months, Sirhan was convicted and sentenced to death. That sentence was commuted to life in prison and Sirhan has been in prison in California ever since; his repeated applications for parole have been denied.", "News report from June 5, 1968: Senator Robert F. Kennedy was shot by Sirhan Sirhan at the Ambassador Hotel in California following the state's Presidential Primary.", "This Day in History - June 5, 1968, Senator Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated in the Ambassador Hotel by 24-year old Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan. He was shot in the head and died early the next morning.", "* June 5, 1968: Senator Robert F. Kennedy while campaigning for U.S. presidency during the 1968 United States Presidential election was shot to death by Palestinian-Jordanian Sirhan Sirhan in the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California. (See Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy)", "Sirhan – now 69 years old – shot Robert F Kennedy on Jun. 5, 1968 in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles after Kennedy won the California presidential primary. Kennedy had just finished addressing supporters in the hotel’s ballroom when he was fatally shot multiple times by Sirhan.", "Sirhan Sirhan and the Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, U.S. Senator and presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los… read more", "Clutching his rosary beads, Senator Robert F. Kennedy lies mortally wounded on the floor of the Ambassador Hotel, after being shot by assailant Sirhan Bashira Sirhan on June 5, 1968, following his victory speech in the California primary election. Kennedy's wife Ethel is at lower left. (UPI Photo/Files)", "File - This file photo from June 1968 shows Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, right, accused assassin of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy with his attorney Russell E. Parsons in Los Angeles. Sirhan Sirhan shot Robert F. Kennedy, June 5, 1968, at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles after Kennedy's victory in the state's Democratic presidential primary. Kennedy died the next day. (AP Photo/File)", "At first, it seems an open-and-shut case. On June 5 1968, Robert Kennedy wins the California Democratic primary and is set to challenge Richard Nixon for the White House. After midnight, he finishes his victory speech at the Ambassador hotel in Los Angeles and is shaking hands with kitchen staff in a crowded pantry when 24-year-old Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan steps down from a tray-stacker with a \"sick, villainous smile\" on his face and starts firing at Kennedy with an eight-shot revolver.", "1968 24 Years Old PDT on June 5, 1968, Sirhan fired a .22 caliber Iver-Johnson Cadet revolver at Senator Robert Kennedy and the crowd surrounding him in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles shortly after Kennedy had finished addressing supporters in the hotel's main ballroom. … Read More", "On June 4, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy scored a major victory when he won the California primary. He addressed his supporters in the early morning hours of June 5, 1968 in a ballroom at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Leaving the ballroom, he went through the hotel kitchen after being told it was a shortcut, despite being advised to avoid the kitchen by his bodyguard, FBI agent Bill Barry. In a crowded kitchen passageway, Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, opened fire with a .22 caliber revolver and shot Kennedy from the front and no closer than 2 1/2 feet according to many witnesses on Sirhan's location, although the fatal shot was only an inch or two from the back of his head just behind his right ear. Following the shooting, Kennedy was rushed to The Good Samaritan Hospital where he died early the next morning.", "Senator Robert Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles after winning the California presidential primary. Immediately after he announced to his cheering supporters that the country was ready to end its fractious divisions, Kennedy was shot several times by the 22-year-old Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan. He died a day later.", "Sirhan Bishara Sirhan is a Palestinian with Jordanian citizenship who was convicted for the assassination of United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy. He is currently serving a life sentence at Pleasant Valley State Prison in Coalinga, California. Sirhan is an Arab Christian who was born in Jerusalem and who strongly opposed Israel.…  Read More", "4. Assassinations - Senator Robert Kennedy is assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. On April 4th, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. Following the assassination, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1968. Read a book with an African American main character, a book with a hotel setting OR a book with two identical words in the title ( Mary, Mary ).", "An Arab Christian born in Jerusalem, Sirhan has said he shot Kennedy at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on June 5, 1968, because of Kennedy's support for Israel. Kennedy had been in California campaigning for the Democratic nomination for president.", "1997 - Sirhan Sirhan was denied parole for the 10th time. He had assissinated presidential candidate Robert Kennedy in 1968.", "Robert Kennedy and five other people were shot at the Ambassador in Los Angeles at 12:16 AM on June 5, 1968 only moments after the New York Senator had claimed victory in the June 4th California Democratic Presidential Primary. It was the third major American assassination of the 1960s, occurring 4 1/2 years after the assassination of RFK's brother, U.S. President John F. Kennedy.", "Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, a Palestinian immigrant born in Jerusalem in 1944, moved to the United States with his family as a boy and attended high school in California. He later stated he killed Robert Kennedy because the senator had supported Israel in the Arab-Israeli war of 1967. Following a three-month trial, during which Sirhan’s lawyers argued he was mentally unstable at the time of the murder, he was convicted on April 17, 1969. On April 23, he was given the death penalty. However, in 1972, the California Supreme Court abolished the death penalty and Sirhan’s sentence was commuted to life in prison. His requests for parole have been denied over a dozen times, and he continues to serve his time in a California prison.", "Sirhan, now 70, was wrestled to the ground with a gun in his hand after Kennedy was shot on June 5, 1968, at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, shortly after Kennedy won the California Democratic presidential primary. Kennedy died the next day.", "1969 – Sirhan Sirhan, a Jordanian is convicted of assassinating United States Senator, Robert F. Kennedy. Sirhan is currently serving a life sentence at Pleasant Valley State Prison in California. Robert Kennedy's support of Israel and his attempt to send 50 bombers to harm the Palestinians is believed to be the reason for the assassination. Some scholars believe that the assassination was one of the first major incidents of political violence in the US stemming from the Arab Israeli…", "Sirhan was convicted of killing Kennedy and wounding five other people in the shooting in the kitchen pantry of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles in 1968. The hotel was later razed and a public school now occupies the site.", "Kennedy scored a major victory in winning the California primary. He addressed his supporters shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, in a ballroom at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California. Leaving the ballroom, he went through the hotel kitchen after being told it was a shortcut, [54] despite being advised to avoid the kitchen by his bodyguard, FBI agent Bill Barry . In a crowded kitchen passageway, Sirhan Sirhan , a 24-year-old Palestinian -born Jordanian , opened fire with a .22-caliber revolver . Kennedy was hit three times and five other people also were wounded. [55] George Plimpton , former decathlete Rafer Johnson , and former professional football player Rosey Grier are credited with wrestling Sirhan Sirhan to the ground after Sirhan shot the Senator. [56] Following the shooting, Kennedy was first rushed to Los Angeles's Central Receiving Hospital and then to the city's Good Samaritan Hospital where he died early the next morning. [57] Sirhan said that he felt betrayed by Kennedy's support for Israel in the June 1967 Six-Day War , which had begun exactly one year before the assassination. [58]", "Sirhan was convicted of killing Kennedy and wounding five other people during the June 5, 1968, shooting inside the kitchen service pantry of the former Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles.", "The shooter was later identified as Sirhan Sirhan, a Palestinian born in Jerusalem who had emigrated to the United States when he was twelve. When motive for the shooting was sought, Kennedy's support for Israel in the June 1967 Six-Day War was suggested based upon an article found on Sirhan's person.", "He ran for President in 1968; stirred a response from workers, African Americans, Hispanics, and younger Americans; would have captured Democratic nomination but was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan after victory speech during the California primary in June 1968.", "The first political campaign he is known to have supported was Adlai Stevenson's doomed run for the White House in 1956. President Eisenhower was the nearest real-life equivalent to a Charlton Heston part, but the actor went out campaigning to remove the general from the White House. Part of his motivation was his opposition at the anti-Communist witch-hunt launched by the Republican senator Joe McCarthy. Four years later, Heston at least had the satisfaction of being on the winning side when he backed John F Kennedy for the presidency. In 1963, he joined a civil rights march on Washington, and stood with Martin Luther King on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in the US capital. He called King a \"20th century Moses\".", "That was when I was provoked,\" Sirhan says, recorded in a transcript of one of his interviews with Mehdi, later president of the New York-based American-Arab Relations Committee. \"That is when I initially went to observe the Jewish Zionist parade in celebration of the June 5, 1967, victory over the Arabs. … Read More", "On November 5, 1968, the Democratic nominee, Senator and former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy won the election over the Republican nominee, former Vice President Richard M. Nixon on a campaign of racial and economic justice, non-aggression in foreign policy, decentralization of power and social improvement. It was the closest election since 1876.", "Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, known for his leadership in the non-violent movement, came to lend his support to the workers' cause. He stayed at the Lorraine Motel in the city, where he was assassinated by a sniper on April 4, 1968, the day after giving his prophetic I've Been to the Mountaintop speech at the Mason Temple.", "* 3 June 1982: The Israeli Ambassador to the Court of St. James's, Shlomo Argov, was shot outside the Dorchester Hotel by three gunmen from the Abu Nidal group. The ambassador survived a three-month coma, but was paralysed and required constant medical attention until his death in 2003 as a result of the wounds. " ]

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[ "Memorial Day is a United States Federal holiday observed on the last Monday of May each year. Formerly known as Decoration Day, it commemorates US men and women who gave their lives while in military service for their country. While Memorial Day was first enacted to honor Union soldiers of the American Civil War, it was expanded after World War I to include American casualties of any war or military action.", "Memorial Day is a United States Federal holiday observed on the last Monday of May (in 2008 on May 26). Formerly known as Decoration Day, it commemorates U.S. men and women who died while in military service to their country. First enacted to honor Union soldiers of the American Civil War, it was expanded after World War I to include American casualties of any war or military action.", "Memorial Day is a United States federal holiday observed on the last Monday of May (May 31 in 2010). Formerly known as Decoration Day, it commemorates U.S. soldiers who died while in the military service. First enacted to honor Union soldiers of the American Civil War (it is celebrated near the day of reunification after the Civil War), it was expanded after World War I.", "Memorial Day is a United States federal holiday observed annually on the last Monday of May (May 28 in 2012). Formerly known as Decoration Day, it originated after the American Civil War to commemorate the fallen Union soldiers of the Civil War. (Southern ladies organizations and southern schoolchildren had decorated Confederate graves in Richmond and other cities during the Civil War, but each region had its own date. Most dates were in May.) By the 20th century Memorial Day had been extended to honor all Americans who have died in all wars. Memorial Day is a day of remembering the men and women who died while serving in the United States Armed Forces. As a marker it typically marks the start of the summer vacation season, while Labor Day marks its end.", "Celebrated on the last Monday of May, Memorial Day commemorates men and women who have died serving the United States. It was first instituted to remember soldiers who died in the Civil War, and was originally called \"Decoration Day\" because of the tradition of decorating soldiers' graves.", "Memorial Day, formerly known as Decoration Day, honors the nation's war dead and is the unofficial beginning of summer. It was created to commemorate those who died during the War Between The States but has been expanded to include other wars. The official birth of the holiday took place in 1886 in Waterloo, New York. ", "Origin:The custom of holding observances (including the laying of flowers on burial sites) to remember and honor those who gave their lives in military service goes back many hundreds, if not thousands, of years. In the United States, that custom has long since been formalized in the creation of Memorial Day (formerly known as Decoration Day), a federal holiday observed on the last Monday in May to remember the men and women who died while serving in the United States Armed Forces. Traditionally, every year the President of the United States (or, in his absence, another high-ranking government official) visits Arlington National Cemetery on Memorial Day to honor all those Americans who have died in military service to their country by participating in a symbolic wreath-laying ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknowns.", "1868 - Memorial Day was observed for the first time in the United States -- at the request of General John A. Logan, the national commander of the Grand Army of the Republic. It was first called Decoration Day because the General had seen women decorating graves of Civil War heroes.", "Today is Memorial Day. According to HistoryChannel.com, Memorial Day was originally known as Decoration Day because it was a time set aside to honor the nation's Civil War dead by decorating their graves. It was first widely observed on May 30th of 1868 to commemorate the sacrifices of Civil War soldiers. During the first celebration of Decoration Day, General James Garfield made a speech at Arlington National Cemetery, after which five-thousand participants helped to decorate the graves of the more than 20-thousand Union and Confederate soldiers buried in the cemetery. By the late 1800s, many communities across the country had begun to celebrate Memorial Day and, after World War I, observances also began to honor those who had died in all of America's wars. In 1971, Congress declared Memorial Day a national holiday to be celebrated on the last Monday in May. Today, Memorial Day is celebrated at Arlington National Cemetery with a ceremony in which a small American flag is placed on each grave.", "George Washington's Birthday became a Federal holiday in 1880. In 1888 and 1894, respectively, Decoration Day (now Memorial Day) and Labor Day were created. In 1938, Armistice Day (now Veterans Day) was created to mark the end of World War I. The scope and the name of the holiday was expanded in 1954 to honor Americans who fought in World War II and the Korean conflict.", "Once called Decoration Day, Memorial Day is a day of remembrance for those who have sacrificed all in our nation’s service. There are many stories as to its actual beginnings, with over two dozen cities and towns laying claim to being the birthplace of Memorial Day. Click more for more.There is also evidence that organized women’s groups in the South were decorating graves before the end of the Civil War: a hymn published in 1867, “Kneel Where Our Loves are Sleeping” by Nella L. Sweet carried the dedication “To The Ladies of the South who are Decorating the Graves of the Confederate Dead” (Source: Duke University’s Historic American Sheet Music, 1850-1920). While Waterloo N.Y. was officially declared the birthplace of Memorial Day by President Lyndon Johnson in May 1966, it’s difficult to prove conclusively the origins of the day. It is more likely that it had many separate beginnings; each of those towns and every planned or spontaneous gathering of people to honor the war dead in the 1860’s tapped into the general human need to honor our dead, each contributed honorably to the growing movement that culminated in General Logan giving his official proclamation in 1868. It is not important who was the very first, what is important is that Memorial Day was established. Memorial Day is not about division. It is about reconciliation; it is about coming together to honor those who gave their all.", "1. Formerly, Decoration Day. the last Monday in May, a U.S. holiday in remembrance of members of the armed forces killed in war.", "In 1882, the name of the holiday was changed from Decoration Day to Memorial Day. After World War I, the holiday was expanded to remember soldiers from all American Wars. In 1971, Richard Nixon made Memorial Day a national holiday that was to be celebrated on the last Monday in May.", "In New York City the following year, military regiments and officials massed at Union Square and proceeded to Cypress Hills Cemetery to mark the first local observance of Decoration Day. In 1873, New York became the first state to officially observe the holiday, and by 1890 it was recognized by all of the northern states, though the southern states refused to acknowledge the day, honoring their war dead on separate days until after World War I—when the intent of the holiday was modified to honor not only those who perished in the Civil War, but to honor all Americans who had died in combat. Beginning in the 1880s, the terms “Memorial Day” and “Decoration Day” were often used interchangeably to designate the day on which war dead were honored, with Memorial Day gaining currency especially following the World Wars, and in 1967 the name Memorial Day was made official by Federal law.", "The last Southern troops surrendered on May 26, 1865. Afterward, survivors began decorating the graves of those who had died. They repeated the ritual each year on “The Decoration Day”—which is now known as Memorial Day.[10]", "In 1866, in a town in New York called Waterloo, a drugstore owner named Henry Welles suggested that the town shops close on May 5 to commemorate the soldiers buried at Waterloo Cemetery who had died during the Civil War. Two years later in Waterloo, on May 5, 1868, General John Logan issued a declaration that Decoration Day should be observed nationwide. The declaration said that May 30th would be designated as a day to decorate the graves of \"comrades who died in defense of their country.\" According to History.com, President James Garfield gave a speech at Arlington National Cemetery on that day. In 1966, President Lyndon Johnson and the Congress of the United States stated that Waterloo was the official birthplace of Memorial Day, and the official date of origin was May 30, 1868.", "Copying a practice that began in the Southern states, on May 5, 1868, in his capacity as commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, the veterans' organization for Union Civil War veterans, General John A. Logan issued a proclamation calling for \"Decoration Day\" to be observed annually and nationwide. It was observed for the first time that year on Saturday May 30; the date was chosen because it was not the anniversary of any particular battle. According to the White House, the May 30 date was chosen as the optimal date for flowers to be in bloom. ", "Even before the Civil War had ended in 1865, civilians in the north and south were decorating the graves of soldiers and sailors who had died in combat. Three years following the end of the war, on May 5, 1868, the Union veterans organization Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), proclaimed a national \"Decoration Day.\" The GAR commander, General John Logan, advised the GAR membership, that May 30, two and on-half weeks hence, \"is designated for the purpose of strewing with flowers, or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country during the late rebellion. …\"", "By 1865 the practice of decorating soldiers' graves had become widespread in many cities and towns throughout the North. Waterloo, New York declared a single day in May to be observed every year as the official day for observing those who died during the War. The first day observed was there was May 5, 1866. General John A. Logan had been impressed with how the South had honored the fallen Confederate soldiers for years. On May 5, 1868, in his capacity as commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, an organization for Northern Civil War veterans, issued a proclamation that \"Decoration Day\" should be observed nationwide. It was observed for the first time on May 30, 1868 when flowers were placed on the graves of Union and Confederate soldiers at Arlington National Cemetery.", "On the first Decoration Day, General James Garfield made a speech at Arlington National Cemetery, and 5,000 participants decorated the graves of the 20,000 Union and Confederate soldiers buried there. Many Northern states held similar commemorative events and reprised the tradition in subsequent years; by 1890 each one had made Decoration Day an official state holiday. Many Southern states, on the other hand, continued to honor their dead on separate days until after World War I .", "In Charleston, South Carolina in 1865, freedmen (freed enslaved Africans) celebrated at the Washington Race Course, today the location of Hampton Park. The site had been used as a temporary Confederate prison camp for captured Union soldiers in 1865, as well as a mass grave for Union soldiers who died there. Immediately after the cessation of hostilities, freedmen exhumed the bodies from the mass grave and reinterred them in individual graves. They built a fence around the graveyard with an entry arch and declared it a Union graveyard. On May 1, 1865, a crowd of up to ten thousand, mainly black residents, including 2800 children, proceeded to the location for events that included sermons, singing, and a picnic on the grounds, thereby creating the first Decoration Day-type celebration. Columbus, Mississippi at its first Decoration Day on April 25, 1866, commemorated both the Union and Confederate soldiers buried in its cemetery. Other Southern states also began their own Decoration Days remembering those who died during the War, ranging from April 26 to mid June of each year.", "Independence Day is a Federal holiday in the United States, also recognized on state government levels, and by many businesses nationwide closed on that day. First observed as an annual celebration in 1777, the day became a Federal holiday in 1870, and remained on the same date in the Uniform Monday Holiday Act effective in 1971. With focus on the history, government, and traditions of the United States, surrounded by the patriotic colors of red, white, and blue, festivities generally include outdoor events with parades, fairs, concerts, games, and picnics during the day, ending with public fireworks in the evening. Commonly known as the 4th of July, this holiday commemorates the signing of the Declaration of Independence, which officially began the ultimate separation of the British colonies from England to form a new nation.", "The first official national Decoration Day took place exactly 143 years ago today in Washington D.C., on May 30, 1868. Here at Arlington Cemetery, as reported in the Evening Star of the same date:", "Christmas was not an official federal holiday until an Act of Congress signed into law by Ulysses S. Grant in June of 1870. Prior to then, a few state governments celebrated the day. The bill also declared that New Year’s Day and the 4th of July would be national holidays.", "The first state to officially recognize the holiday was Michigan in 1871. By 1890 it was recognized by all of the northern states. The South refused to acknowledge the day, honoring their dead on separate days, until after World War I when the holiday changed from honoring just those who died fighting in the Civil War to honoring Americans who died fighting in any war.", "Congress established Independence Day as a holiday in 1870, and in 1938 Congress reaffirmed it as a paid holiday for federal employees. Today, communities across the nation mark this major midsummer holiday with parades, firework displays, picnics and performances of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" and marches by John Philip Sousa.", "An annual Memorial Day custom has been in practice in the South since 1866. The U.S. National Park Service, as well as numerous scholars, attribute its beginning to the ladies of Columbus, Georgia. Originally called \"Memorial Day,\" the Southern commemoration appended the label \"Confederate\" to the title when northerners co-opted the holiday in 1868. The tradition of Memorial Day observance which had emerged earlier in the South was linked to the Lost Cause and served as the prototype for the national day of memory embraced by the nation in 1868. Historians acknowledge the Ladies Memorial Association played a key role in its development. Various dates ranging from April 25 to mid-June were adopted in different Southern states. Across the South, associations were founded, many by women, to establish and care for permanent cemeteries for the Confederate dead, organize commemorative ceremonies, and sponsor appropriate monuments as a permanent way of remembering the Confederate cause and sacrifice. The most important was the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which grew from 17,000 members in 1900 to nearly 100,000 women by World War I. They were \"strikingly successful at raising money to build Confederate monuments, lobbying legislatures and Congress for the reburial of Confederate dead, and working to shape the content of history textbooks.\" ", "Martin Luther King Day, celebrating the birth of the civil rights leader, is the most recent of the federal holidays. The movement for Martin Luther King Day began shortly after his death in 1968. In 1983, Congress passed the King Day Bill. The law creating the federal holiday in King's name went into effect in 1986. The day was first celebrated in all 50 states in 2000.", "                 Holidays listed as national or federal holidays relating to the Confederate States of America (CSA) will have a border color of o.", "King was the chief spokesman for nonviolent activism in the Civil Rights Movement, which successfully protested racial discrimination in federal and state law. The campaign for a federal holiday in King's honor began soon after his assassination in 1968. President Ronald Reagan signed the holiday into law in 1983, and it was first observed three years later. At first, some states resisted observing the holiday as such, giving it alternative names or combining it with other holidays. It was officially observed in all 50 states for the first time in 2000. ", "King was the chief spokesman for nonviolent activism in the civil rights movement, which successfully protested racial discrimination in federal and state law. The campaign for a federal holiday in King's honor began soon after his assassination in 1968. President Ronald Reagan signed the holiday into law in 1983, and it was first observed three years later. At first, some states resisted observing the holiday as such, giving it alternative names or combining it with other holidays. It was officially observed in all 50 states for the first time in 2000.", "Beginning in 1866 the Southern states had their own Memorial Day, ranging from April 26 to mid June. The birthday of Confederate President Jefferson Davis , June 3, became a state holiday in 10 states by 1916." ]

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[ "June 1 – New Mexico Wildfire Largest In Its History – 190,000 acres so far… Egypt's ex-President Hosni Mubarak was sentenced to life in prison Saturday for his role in the killing of protesters during last year's revolution that forced him from power…", "CAIRO (AP) — Former President Hosni Mubarak has received a life sentence for failing to stop the killing of protesters during Egypt's uprising. But he and his sons have been cleared of corruption charges, setting off protests for greater accountability for 30 years of abuses under the old regime.", "Egypt's ex-President Hosni Mubarak lays on a gurney inside a barred cage in the police academy courthouse in Cairo, Egypt, Saturday, June 2, 2012. Mubarak was sentenced to life in prison Saturday for his role in the killing of protesters during last year's revolution that forced him from power, a verdict that caps a stunning fall from grace for a man who ruled the country as his personal fiefdom for nearly three decades.(AP Photo)", "One year ago, Egypt was at the forefront of the Arab Spring as a popular protest movement ended 30 years of autocratic rule by former President Hosni Mubarak. Today, Mubarak has been sentenced to life in prison for his role in the deaths of protesters during the movement, and Egypt recently completed the first free elections in the country’s history. But these rosy developments are far from the whole story. The elections led to what many revolutionaries have called a “nightmare scenario”: a runoff between Ahmed Shafiq, Mubarak’s last prime minister, and Mohammed Morsi, a member of the Islamist group Muslim Brotherhood — hardly a choice the liberal protest organizers welcome.", "On February 11, 2011, Hosni Mubarak resigned his presidency and handed power to the army. The New York Times described Hosni Mubarak as “Egypt’s modern pharaoh,” spending almost 30 years in office. [9] He would be sentenced to life in prison on June 2nd, 2012 by an Egyptain court for his role in the killing of unarmed protestors. [10] Human Rights Watch reported \"302 people have been killed since the start of Egypt's pro-democracy uprising. Based on visits to a number of hospitals in Egypt, the organization says that records show the death toll has reached 232 in Cairo, 52 in Alexandria and 18 in Suez.” [11]", "Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (,, '; born 4 May 1928) is a former Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.", "Hosni Mubarak is an Egyptian politician and former military officer who served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.", "From 1981 to 2011 Hosni Mubarak was President of Egypt. He was ousted from power in a revolution that built from massive popular protests against restrictions to civil liberties caused by Egypt's permanent emergency laws in February 2011.", "*November 29, 2014 – Former Egypt President Hosni Mubarak was found not guilty of charges of killing protesters in the 2011 Egyptian protests and was also cleared of corruption charges. ", "Egyptian pro-Mubarak supporters flash his posters and a giant poster showing field Marshal Mohammed Hussein Tantawi, at center, outside police academy court in Cairo, Egypt, Sunday, Sept.11, 2011 where Mubarak, his two sons Alaa and Gamal, his security chief Habib el-Adly and six top police officers face a session of trial, on charges they ordered the use of lethal force against protesters during Egypt's 18-day uprising killing 850 protesters were killed. Tantawi, Egypt's military ruler Tantawi and one-time confidant of Hosni Mubarak, has failed to attend a court session in which he was expected to offer highly anticipated testimony about the former president's alleged role in the death of protesters.  (AP2011)", "CAIRO — Former Egyptian leader Hosni Mubarak said Wednesday that he did not order the killing of protesters during the recent uprising that ousted him, speaking at the start of an epic trial that could further rock Egypt’s turbulent transition to democracy.", "Cairo, as well as other large Egyptian cities, have recently been in the news due to protests and civil unrest that began in late January 2011. On January 25, over 20,000 protesters entered the streets of Cairo. They were likely inspired by the recent revolts in Tunisia and were protesting Egypt's government. The protests continued for several weeks and hundreds were killed and/or wounded as both anti and pro-government demonstrators clashed. Eventually in mid-February 2011 Egypt's president, Hosni Mubarak , stepped down from office as a result of the protests.", "The 2010–2011 Middle East and North Africa protests, commonly referred to as the Arab Spring, are a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests that have been taking place in the Middle East and North Africa since 18 December 2010. They are a protest against autocracy, authoritarian rule and corruption and they began in Tunisia in December 2010 with the self-immolation of a university-educated but unemployed street vendor, Mohamed Bouazzi. The resulting protests ousted President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali on 14 January 2011, ending 23 years in power. Soon after, Egypt, the central Arab country with 80 million people, rose up against the dictatorial regime of Hosni Mubarak, forcing his resignation on 11 February and winning the promise of free and fair elections to be held in September 2011. In both cases, the military sided with the people. Popular resistance also broke out in Libya, Yemen, Jordan, Algeria, Syria, Bahrain and Oman. The Libyan dictator, Muammar Gaddhafi, opted for massacre as a response and the Libyan people relied heavily on international military support, in the form of a No-Fly Zone, to try and prevent the regime from further attacking democratic forces. The toppling of autocracies is the first step in establishing democracies in which the people can vote their preferred government in or out of office.", "On December 20th, 2011 hundreds of women took to the streets of Cairo to protest the military governments brutal treatment of female protesters. The demonstration took place in front of a government office complex in Tahrir Square, the scene of violent clashes that led to the death of at least four demonstrators that day. [20] This was the fifth day of violent clashes between security forces and demonstrators, that resulted in the death of 13 people and left hundreds wounded. med Morsi has won Egypt's presidential runoff. Morsi won by a narrow margin over Ahmed Shafiq, the last prime minister under deposed leader Hosni Mubarak. The commission said Morsi took 51.7 percent of the vote versus 48.3 for Shafiq.", "The Arab Spring began in Tunisia, but the decisive moment that changed the region forever was the downfall of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak , the West’s key Arab ally, in power since 1980. Mass protests started on January 25 2011 and Mubarak was forced to resign on February 11, after the military, similar to Tunisia, refused to intervene against the masses occupying the central Tahrir Square in Cairo.", "Egypt has been a republic since 18 June 1953. President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak has been the President of the Republic since October 14, 1981, following the assassination of former-President Mohammed Anwar El-Sadat. Mubarak is currently serving his fifth term in office. He is the leader of the ruling National Democratic Party. Prime Minister Dr. Ahmed Nazif was sworn in as Prime Minister on 9 July 2004, following the resignation of Dr. Atef Ebeid from his office.", "Earlier on Saturday, Mubarak was convicted by an Egyptian court on charges of complicity in the killing of protesters during last year’s uprising that forced him from power. As the 84-year-old was being transferred by helicopter to Cairo’s Tora Prison, he suffered what was said to be a heart attack. Meanwhile, crowds began to gather in the streets of Cairo, protesting the “light” verdict which was criticized by the country’s Muslim Brotherhood leaders — leading contenders for the Egyptian presidency.", "Several local and international human rights organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, have reported on Egypt's poor human rights record for many years. In 2005, the government of Egypt faced unprecedented public criticism as Egyptian democracy activists challenged President Hosni Mubarak's quarter century of authoritarian rule. Some of the numerous and most serious violations include routine torture; arbitrary detentions and trials before military and state security courts; discriminatory personal status laws governing marriage, divorce, custody and inheritance with respect to women; and discriminatory laws against religious minorities–particularly Christians and Bahá'ís–which place severe restriction on church building and renovation among other violations.", "Several local and international human rights organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch , have for many years criticized Egypt's human rights record as poor. In 2005, President Hosni Mubarak faced unprecedented public criticism when he clamped down on democracy activists challenging his rule. Some of the most serious human rights violations, according to HRW's 2006 report on Egypt, are routine torture, arbitrary detentions and trials before military and state security courts. [59]", "An Egyptian court ordered the retrial of ousted President Hosni Mubarak for complicity in the deaths of hundreds of demonstrators during a 2011 uprising against his regime, overturning a previous ruling acquitting him.", "*2011 – The first wave of the Egyptian revolution culminates in the resignation of Hosni Mubarak and the transfer of power to the Supreme Military Council after 18 days of protests.", "Mubarak through the years – The ousted leader lies in a medical bed inside a cage in a courtroom during his verdict hearing in Cairo on June 2, 2012. A judge sentenced Mubarak to life in prison for his role in ordering the killing of protesters in the 2011 uprisings.", "Mubarak, 84, and his ex-security chief Habib el-Adly were both convicted of complicity in the killings of some 900 protesters and received life sentences. Six top police commanders were acquitted of the same charge with chief Judge Ahmed Rifaat saying there was a lack of concrete evidence.", "Mubarak remains on trial for murder over the deaths of more than 800 protesters during the uprising against him. But after a separate corruption charge was settled this week, the time limit for him to remain in custody had expired.", "Widespread Middle East unrest in 2011 loosed grievances against the 30-year autocratic rule of President Hosni Mubarak , who was ousted following a dramatic period of protest that became a watershed moment in the Arab Spring. This upheaval paved the way for the country’s first free parliamentary elections, in which the Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohamed Morsi was elected president. Subsequent protests against Morsi’s authoritarianism led to a 2013 military coup d’etat and the election of former general Abdel Fattah el-Sisi as president in 2014.", "Hosni Mubarak was the president from 14 October 1981 to 11 February 2011, when he resigned under pressure of popular protest. Although power was ostensibly organized under a multi-party semi-presidential system, in practice it rested almost solely with the president. In late February 2005, for the first time since the 1952 coup d'état, the Egyptian people had an apparent chance to elect a leader from a list of various candidates, most prominently Ayman Nour. Most Egyptians today were skeptical about the process of democratization and feared that power might ultimately be transferred to the president's first son, Gamal Mubarak.", "Millions of Egyptian citizens involved in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 opposed Suleiman or Mubarak remaining in power without elections taking place. Human rights groups tied Suleiman’s career to a regime marked by widespread human rights abuses, and asserted that many Egyptians \"see Suleiman as Mubarak II.\" Tortured victims and human rights groups charged that Suleiman oversaw the systematic use of torture on detainees and that in at least one instance he personally tortured a detainee during his career in intelligence. In response to the 2011 protests, Suleiman blamed foreign influence and appealed to protestors to go home. ", "The latest death came on Monday in Cairo, where a protester died of gunshot wounds as youths hurling stones battled all day and into the night with police firing tear gas near Qasr el-Nil Bridge, a landmark over the Nile next to major hotels. In nearby Tahrir Square, protesters set fire to a police armoured personnel carrier, celebrating as it burned in scenes reminiscent of the 2011 revolution that ousted Hosni Mubarak.", "In January 2013, an appeals court overturned Mubarak's life sentence and ordered a retrial. He remained in custody and returned to court on 11 May 2013 for a retrial on charges of complicity in the murder of protesters. On 21 August 2013, a Cairo court ordered his release. Judicial sources confirmed that the court had upheld a petition from Mubarak's longtime lawyer that called for his release. A day later, interim prime minister Hazem el-Beblawi ordered that Mubarak be put under house arrest. ", "Mubarak's elected successor, President Mohammed Morsi, lasted only a year in power before being ousted by the military in July 2013 during mass anti-government protests.", "2016 - Ex-ruler Hissene Habre is convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to life in prison at a landmark trial in Senegal.", "session counted the convictions as a victory. They broke down in tears and chanted “God is great!” in a show of relief. Until now, out of the nearly 200 policemen and security officials who face charges related to the killing of protesters in 2011, one was convicted in absentia. When he had a retrial, he received a one-year suspended sentence. Others are still standing trial, including Mubarak himself. A verdict in his case is ex-" ]

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[ "As their wild teenage years passed on into 20-something-hood, in the mid 1980's, this eclectic group of friends began to disperse. Epp guitarists Mark Arm and Steve Turner would form another seminal Seattle band, Green River, with Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament, both of whom were later in Mother Love Bone, and then Pearl Jam. Arm and Turner would eventually form Mudhoney.", "Early grunge concerts were sparsely attended (many by fewer than a dozen people) but Sub Pop photographer Charles Peterson's pictures helped create the impression that such concerts were major events. Mudhoney, which was formed by former members of Green River, served as the flagship band of Sub Pop during their entire time with the label and spearheaded the Seattle grunge movement. Other record labels in the Pacific Northwest that helped promote grunge included C/Z Records, Estrus Records, EMpTy Records and PopLlama Records.", "Seattle is considered the home of grunge music, having produced artists such as Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, and Mudhoney, all of whom reached international audiences in the early 1990s. The city is also home to such varied artists as avant-garde jazz musicians Bill Frisell and Wayne Horvitz, hot jazz musician Glenn Crytzer, hip hop artists Sir Mix-a-Lot, Macklemore, Blue Scholars, and Shabazz Palaces, smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G, classic rock staples Heart and Queensrÿche, and alternative rock bands such as Foo Fighters, Harvey Danger, The Presidents of the United States of America, The Posies, Modest Mouse, Band of Horses, Death Cab for Cutie, and Fleet Foxes. Rock musicians such as Jimi Hendrix, Duff McKagan, and Nikki Sixx spent their formative years in Seattle.", "The Melvins were a Seattle band that slowed down hardcore music to make the heavy sound that would characterize grunge, and they served as mentors to many of the grunge groups that would later make it big. Along with the Melvins, Mudhoney, Soundgarden, and Tad are considered to be the earliest “grunge” bands, all signed to Sub Pop. Sub Pop and Mudhoney’s Mark Arm are both credited with coining the term.", "Green River was formed in 1984 when Arm and Turner recruited Alex Vincent as drummer, who had previously played with Turner in the short-lived Spluii Numa. Bassist Jeff Ament joined the band after arriving in Seattle with his band Deranged Diction. Stone Gossard, another of Turner's former bandmates, was recruited as second guitarist. Green River recorded their debut EP, Come on Down, in 1985, and it is often regarded as the first true \"grunge\" record. Turner left the band after its release due to his distaste of the band's hard rock leanings. He was replaced by another Deranged Diction member, Bruce Fairweather. After recording another EP (Dry As a Bone) and a full-length album (Rehab Doll), the band disbanded in late 1987. Gossard, Ament, and Fairweather went on to join Mother Love Bone. Following lead singer Andrew Wood's death, Gossard and Ament went on to form Pearl Jam, and Fairweather joined Love Battery. In January 1988, Arm reunited with Turner to form Mudhoney.", "The raw, distorted and feedback-intensive sound of some noise rock bands had an influence on grunge. Among them are Wisconsin's Killdozer, and most notably San Francisco's Flipper, a band known for its slowed-down and murky \"noise punk\". The Butthole Surfers' mix of punk, heavy metal and noise rock was a major influence, particularly on the early work of Soundgarden. Several Australian bands, including The Scientists, Cosmic Psychos and feedtime, are cited as precursors to grunge, their music influencing the Seattle scene through the college radio broadcasts of Sub Pop founder Jonathan Poneman and members of Mudhoney. ", "Although writer Paul Rambali used \"grunge\" in a 1978 NME article to describe mainstream guitar rock, Mark Arm, the vocalist for the Seattle band Green River—and later Mudhoney—is generally credited as being the first to use the term grunge to describe this genre of music. Arm first used the term in 1981, when he wrote a letter under his given name Mark McLaughlin to the Seattle zine Desperate Times, criticizing his own band Mr. Epp and the Calculations as \"Pure grunge! Pure noise! Pure shit!\". Clark Humphrey, contributor to Desperate Times, cites this as the earliest use of the term to refer to a Seattle band, and mentions that Bruce Pavitt of Sub Pop popularized the term as a musical label in 1987–88, using it on several occasions to describe Green River. ", "Like the other locals mentioned in the intro, this is another early Seattle area band considered to be one of the forbearers of grunge. Though admittedly not a true grunge band, I’m bending my own rule here to give Malfunkshun the opening spot on this list (instead of the Melvins) as a tribute to its founding member, vocalist Andrew Wood, who is an important figure in the history of the genre. Formed by Andrew and his brother Kevin, Malfunkshun was known for their dynamic and psychedelic stage shows. Sporting makeup and a kind of glam style, the band members took on alter-ego stage personas when performing. Though plenty of recorded material and demos do exist, they never did release an album while together; in fact Sub Pop reportedly didn’t want to sign them because they “weren’t grunge enough”. However they did contribute a couple of songs to the 1986 Deep Six compilation album. By 1987, Andrew began jamming and collaborating with several members of the next band on this list, which would lead to much greater things down the road.", "Grunge (sometimes referred to as the Seattle sound) is a subgenre of alternative rock that emerged during the in the American state of Washington, particularly in Seattle. The early grunge movement revolved around Seattle's independent record label Sub Pop, but by the early 1990s its popularity had spread, with grunge acts in California and other parts of the U.S. building strong followings and signing major record deals.", "Grunge would never have reached the heights it did without Pearl Jam. The Seattle rock band pushed the alt-rock sound to the top of mainstream charts with their 1991 debut album “Ten.” The critically lauded album has been certified 13 times platinum and was ranked #205 on Rolling Stone’s list of the Greatest Albums of All Time. Comprised of singer Eddie Vedder, guitarists Mike McCready and Stone Gossard, bass player Jeff Ament, and drummer Matt Cameron, the band released several landmark albums and became one of the most dominant musical forces of the ‘90s and aughts. Throughout their career Pearl Jam has been a major contributor to progressive causes. The band regularly performs benefits for charities, including Habitat for Humanity, the American Red Cross, and campaigns to combat world hunger.", "In 2011, Pearl Jam had Mudhoney open for them on their 20th Anniversary tour. They were chosen by Mogwai to perform in May 2012 at the All Tomorrow's Parties 'I'll Be Your Mirror' festival at Alexandra Palace, London. In April 2013 the band put out their ninth studio album Vanishing Point on the independent label Sub Pop.", "After the disbanding of Green River in 1988, Mark Arm and Steve Turner bounced around for a bit until getting serious about forming another band. Ex- Bundle of Hiss drummer Dan Peters was recruited, as was Matt Lukin, former bassist for the Melvins, and the group went about recording their debut EP Superfuzz Bigmuff on the Sub Pop label. The record featured the single Touch Me I’m Sick, which is regarded as one of grunge’s all-time classic songs. The tune received lots of college radio airplay, prompting Sub Pop to promote Mudhoney as their flagship band. Ironically, this home-spun media hype earned them greater attention overseas and in 1989 they embarked on a European tour, playing mostly dates in Germany and later in the U.K., as their EP climbed the British charts. Later in the year they released their eponymous LP Mudhoney to moderate success, and Every Good Boy deserves Fudge in 1991. By that time, grunge was a industry phenomenon, but unfortunately for Mudhoney, they weren’t the catalysts, and barely were the beneficiaries of this steadily growing popular musical movement.", "Mudhoney's early releases on the Sub Pop label, particularly their debut single \"Touch Me I'm Sick\" and the Superfuzz Bigmuff EP, were massively influential on the Seattle music scene. More than almost any other release of the era they inspired the dirty, high-distortion sound that would become grunge. Later on, Mudhoney also mixed heavy blues rock and punk rock into their sound at various stages. Although the band has found little commercial success during its long career, which has yielded 10 studio albums, it has inspired countless grunge and alternative rock musicians. ", "While Nirvana had brought grunge to the mainstream in the early 1990s, Pearl Jam quickly outsold them, and became “the most popular American rock & roll band of the ’90s” according to Allmusic. Pearl Jam has been described as “modern rock radio’s most influential stylists – the workmanlike midtempo chug of songs like “Alive” and “Even Flow” just melodic enough to get moshers singing along.” The band inspired and influenced a number of bands, ranging from Silverchair to Puddle of Mudd and The Strokes. The band has also been credited for inspiring the indie rock scene of 90s-era urban Pakistan, that has since evolved into a rich rock music culture in the country.", "Seattle’s second biggest grunge band, Mudhoney named themselves after Russ Meyer’s 1965 exploitation flick. In fact, they’re not the only band to take their name from a Russ Meyer film - it turns out Meyer could churn out the catchy, kitschy film titles like anything; the guy gave birth to a whole oeuvre's worth of band names. READ ON, MY FRIENDS!", "Formed in 1984 by vocalist Mark Arm, guitarist Steve Turner, bassist Jeff Ament, and drummer Alex Shumway, Green River is credited as being one of the originators of the sound and in fact is now widely regarded as being the first true grunge band. Guitarists Stone Gossard and Bruce Fairweather joined later (Fairweather replacing the departed Turner). The band contributed two cuts to the Deep Six compilation album, but even before that, in 1985 they released an EP Come on Down on little-known Homestead Records, which many claim as being the first grunge record. It didn’t sell all that well, but their steady gigging in and around Seattle was gaining them in local popularity. Their second EP Dry as a Bone in 1987 gave them the distinction of being the first band to release a record on the Sub Pop label. Later that year, as work commenced on their 1988 debut LP Rehab Doll, the band was beginning to unravel due to differences of opinion on the band’s musical direction. Though never achieving commercial success outside of Seattle, upon disbanding, several of its members went on to form the backbones of later, more successful bands on this list, and achieved worldwide acclaim.", "Compared with the other grunge bands of the early 1990s, Pearl Jam’s style is noticeably less heavy and harkens back to the classic rock music of the 1970s. Pearl Jam has cited many punk rock and classic rock bands as influences, including The Who, Led Zeppelin, Neil Young, Kiss and the Ramones. Pearl Jam’s success has been attributed to its sound, which fuses \"the riff-heavy stadium rock of the '70s with the grit and anger of '80s post-punk, without ever neglecting hooks and choruses.\" Gossard's rhythm guitar style is known for its sense of beat and groove, while McCready's lead guitar style, influenced by artists such as Jimi Hendrix, has been described as \"feel-oriented\" and \"rootsy.\" ", "The Angels were cited by bands like 'Guns N' Roses', and a number of Seattle grunge bands, including 'Pearl Jam' and 'Nirvana', as having influenced their music. For the purposes of international release, their records were released under the names 'Angel City' and later 'The Angels from Angel City'.", "Pearl Jam changed my life the first time I heard them. No offense to Nirvana (R.I.P. Kurt) but this grunge band has more to offer.", "Sometimes, the true originators of a movement are forgotten in the wake of the bands that followed in their trailblazing ways. Such is the case with Green River, best remembered now as the group whose members included future contributors to Pearl Jam. Their mid-‘80s output remains a mystery to most rock fans but seek out Dry as a Bone/Rehab Doll, which plays like a blueprint of what was to come in the ‘90s. More »", "In 1998, Pearl Jam recorded “Last Kiss”, a cover of a 1960s ballad made famous by J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers. It was recorded during a soundcheck and released on the band’s 1998 fan club Christmas single. The following year, the cover was put into heavy rotation across the country. By popular demand, the cover was released to the public as a single in 1999, with all of the proceeds going to the aid of refugees of the Kosovo War.[12] The band also decided to include the song on the 1999 charity compilation album, No Boundaries: A Benefit for the Kosovar Refugees. “Last Kiss” peaked at number two on the Billboard charts and became the band’s highest-charting single.", "One of several Seattle grunge bands to reunite in recent years (you can expect a new Soundgarden album later this year), Alice in Chains faced the added challenge of replacing their lead singer, the late Layne Staley. That job fell to William DuVall, and the resulting album was a modest success.", "With their 1995 album My Brother the Cow they mixed their earlier and more recent sound, but Turner explained in an article in Mojo, \"There was a backlash after Kurt [Cobain] killed himself. The English press were so angry that we were still around. Those were some of the worst reviews we'd ever gotten. We were mocked for still existing.\" The press was not all negative, as the album received praise in certain U.S. publications, including People magazine: \"Leave the brooding anthems to Pearl Jam. Mudhoney delivers pure grunge—messy music that casts a powerful spell.\" ", "Black Sabbath and Led Zeppelin are often cited as influences of grunge. Less frequently cited are the grungy guitar workouts of Neil Young when playing with his backing band, Crazy Horse. Also hardcore punk bands like Black Flag or Minor Threat were greatly influential. [2]", "Grunge — it was the sound that defined the early ’90s, and with this list of the 10 Best Grunge Bands, we’re looking back on the acts that started a musical revolution and turned the music world on its ear. As the ’80s gave way to the ’90s, there was a need to shake things up from the status quo, and the sound called grunge was there to not only fill a void but to engulf the music scene as a whole. It paved the way for a wealth of frequently overlooked acts and all of a sudden, harder-edged, gritty music typically only heard on college radio was finally making its way into the public lexicon. Seattle became the center of the music universe; sweaty concert halls were once again the place to be; and flannel became a fashion statement. So let’s crank up some distortion and count down the 10 Best Grunge Bands:", "In 1974, Mudcrutch signed with Shelter Records and re-located to Los Angeles, California. The band released one single, \"Depot Street,\" in 1975, which failed to chart. After Danny Roberts left the group, Tom invited Charlie Souza to take over on bass guitar and the band continued recording in Leon Russell's Tulsa Studio, and later at Leon's Encino California home. The band's record company broke them up in late 1975. Petty, Campbell and Tench went on to form The Heartbreakers in 1976 with fellow Gainesville natives Stan Lynch and Ron Blair.[1]", "1966 ● <strong>Mike McCready</strong> → Lead guitarist for post-grunge/alt rock kings <strong>Pearl Jam</strong>, “Last Kiss” (#2, 1999) <br />", "is an American rock band, formed in Seattle, Washington in 1990. Since its inception, the band’s line-up has included Stone Gossard (guitar), Jeff Ament (bass), Mike McCready (guitar), and Eddie Vedder (vocals). The band’s fifth and current drummer is Matt Cameron of Soundgarden, who has been with the band since 1998.", "Many believe that grunge more or less died out after Cobain’s suicide; it’s not often considered to be a current genre. Can you think of any contemporary bands that could be characterized as grunge, either due to their ethos or their music?", "Alice in Chains is an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1987 by guitarist and songwriter Jerry Cantrell and original lead vocalist Layne Staley. The initial lineup was rounded ou...", "Alice in Chains is an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1987 by guitarist and songwriter Jerry Cantrell and original lead vocalist Layne Staley.", "Tacoma was featured prominently in the garage rock sound of the mid-1960s with bands including The Wailers and The Sonics. The surf rock band The Ventures were also from Tacoma." ]

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[ "The later version consisting of ice cream on sponge cake covered with meringue and browned quickly in a hot oven, is claimed as being created by many people, and popularized by many others. American physicist Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) claimed to have created it in 1804, after investigating the heat resistance of beaten egg whites. This was called omelette surprise or omelette á la norvégienne.", "The later version consisting of ice cream on sponge cake covered with meringue and browned quickly in a hot oven, is claimed as being created by many people, and popularized by many others. American physicist Benjamin Thompson  (Count Rumford) claimed to have created it in 1804, after investigating the heat resistance of beaten egg whites. This was called omelette surprise or omelette a la norvegienne.", "(ii) Baked Alaska is America’s famous dessert. It is frozen vanilla ice cream placed on a sponge cake base covered quickly with meringue and baked in a hot oven to brown the meringue immediately.", "Baked Alaska – A dessert that consists of a sponge cake that is covered with ice cream, then with a layer of stiffly beaten egg whites, and lastly put in a hot oven to be browned.  Also known as omelette la norvienne, Norwegian omelette, omelette surprise, and glace au four.", "A dessert made of a layer of sponge topped with ice-cream, all of which is then coated in a layer of meringue. Bake the Alaska quickly (about 5 minutes) in a very hot oven until the outside is golden-brown. The meringue insulates the ice-cream and stops it melting.", "Baked Alaska (also known as glace au four, omelette à la norvégienne, Norwegian omelette and omelette surprise) is a dessert food consisting of ice cream and cake topped with browned meringue. A similar dessert in Hong Kong is known as flame on the iceberg.", "Meringue is a type of dessert, often associated with Swiss and French cuisine, made from whipped egg whites and sugar, and occasionally an acid such as cream of tartar or a small amount of vinegar. A binding agent such as cornstarch or gelatin may also be added. Like lemon pie, \"Baked Alaska\" is covered with this, then put in an oven to brown", "Ice cream encased in some sort of hot casing (pastry crust or meringue).  Also known as: ‘omelette a la norvegienne’, Norwegian omelette, omelette surprise, ‘glace au four’. ", "Bombe Néro - A gourmet dessert made from sponge, caramel, ice cream and chocolate truffles that are coated in meringue, baked in the oven and served with a little meringue cup of flaming rum on the top", "Meringue (, ;) is a type of dessert, often associated with French, Swiss, and Italian cuisine, made from whipped egg whites (or aquafaba) and sugar, and occasionally an acid such as lemon, vinegar or cream of tartar. A binding agent such as salt, cornstarch or gelatin may also be added to the eggs. The addition of powdered sugar, which usually contains corn starch, to the uncooked meringue produces a pavlova. The key to the formation of a good meringue is the formation of stiff peaks by denaturing the protein ovalbumin (a protein in the egg whites) via mechanical shear. Meringues are often flavoured with vanilla, a small amount of almond, or coconut, although if extracts of these are used and are based on an oil infusion, an excess of fat from the oil may inhibit the egg whites from forming a foam. ", "Make meringue of eggs and sugar as in Meringue I., cover a board with white paper, lay on sponge cake, turn ice cream on cake (which should extend one-half inch beyond cream), cover with meringue, and spread smoothly.  Place on oven grate and brown quickly in hot oven.  The board, paper, cake, and meringue are poor conductors of heat, and prevent the cream from melting.  Slip from paper on ice cream platter.", "Buttercream (also known as butter cream, butter icing, and mock cream) is a type of icing or filling used inside cakes, as a coating, and as decoration. In its simplest form, it is made by creaming butter with powdered sugar, although other fats can be used, such as margarine or lard. Colorings and flavorings are often added, such as chocolate, fruit purees, and various extracts. Buttercream is a common topping for cupcakes, sponge cakes, butter cakes, and other desserts.", "vacherin: a cake formed of rings of baked meringue or almond paste, filled with créme chantilly, ice cream and/or fruit", "ambassador cake – A French dessert consisting of a sponge cake flavored with Grand Marnier. The cake is filled with pastry cream and candied fruit, and then covered with a thin layer of marzipan.", "A true Baked Alaska starts with the meringue.  A meringue is a “patisserie” made from egg whites and sugar.  Patisserie is the French word for various preparations made of pastry and generally baked in the oven.", "genoise – A classic European sponge-type cake that is less-sweet than other sponge cakes, and may also contain butter to provide tenderness plus a richer and more flavorful taste. Genoise is a dry sponge cake, and is normally soaked with flavored syrup to provide extra moistness. To make Genoise cakes, whole eggs are beaten with sugar while heating over a pan of simmering water to dissolve the sugar and allow the mixture to whip higher, holding more air bubbles. After warming, the egg and sugar mixture is whipped until it is thick, light in color, and billowy like whipped cream. Lastly flour is folded in and butter may be added. Sponge cakes must be unmolded as soon as baked; otherwise the steam will soften and collapse the cake. See recipe for Black Forest Cherry Torte .", "Baked Alaska Apple Pie – Do everything as directed in Meringue aux Pommes, but instead of filling the apple centers with marmalade, fill them with vanilla ice cream, and spoon ice cream in the spaces around the apples. Top with the meringue, bake and serve.", "A cold dessert, made of a ring of meringue or almond paste filled with ice cream or whipped cream. The names comes from the shape and colour which resembles the cheese of the name", "büche de noël FranceA sponge roll cake shaped in the form of a yule log and frosted with buttercream traditional to France for Christmas.  The dessert comes out of a seasonal French ritual in which a large log is set into the fireplace for the holiday.  The cake seems to have been invented in the later part of the nineteenth century.  The recipe appears in print for the first time in the 1890s. Initially it used to be made with a moka buttercream however contemporary cakes are often iced with a chocolate frosting among many other variations.", "roulade – Also called a jelly roll is a sponge cake that is rolled up in the shape of a log after baking and while still warm. When the cake is cooled it is unrolled and spread with jam or other fillings such as whipped cream or buttercream. The cake is then re-rolled into the log shape. The top may be frosted or dusted with confectioners’ sugar, then sliced to serve. See recipe for Strawberry Roulade .", "A dessert made of layers of fruit, syrup, ice cream and whipped cream or beaten egg whites.", "Our recipe is an adaptation of one which has been making the rounds on the Net since the first days of online recipe exchange, though its source is uncertain due to its attribution having been stripped off long ago. This recipe uses both buttercream and whipped cream, and also follows the bake-the-layers-separately routine. This is a little more work than baking just one layer and slicing it — but it seems a good way to keep the kirsch evenly distributed, rather than making it easier for it to leak out of the upper layers and pool in the cake’s bottom.", "Pour and spread into the prepared pan. Bake for 45 minutes. Cover lightly with a sheet of aluminum foil during the last 10 or 15 minutes if the cake looks to be browning a bit too quickly. The finished cake should be a deep blond/golden color and set in the center.", "In Sweden, chocolate mud cake is called kladdkaka. This word can be literally translated from Swedish as “gooey cake”. It is a brownie-like cake with dense and sticky texture and a soft and gooey center. Chocolate mud cake is usually served with whipped cream, a scoop of vanilla ice cream, or fresh strawberries.", "Bake for 2 1/2 hours. Remove from the oven and let sit for 5 minutes. Carefully invert onto a serving platter and serve while still very hot. It is excellent with vanilla ice cream.", "Add ground hazelnuts to meringue and gently fold-in until you have a homogeneous batter. Divide the batter equally between the two pans and bake for 1 hour. Allow cakes to cool in pans.", "A dessert composed of a plain but rich cake smothered with a sweet sauce, such as lemon or chocolate.", "Ingredients.--14 ozs. of flour. 5 ozs. of sugar, 3 ozs. of butter, 1 eg, the finely-grated rind and juice of 1 lemon, 3 teaspoonfuls of milk, 1 teaspoonful of cream of tartar, 1/2 a teaspoonful of carbonate of soda. Method.--Beat the butter and sugar to a cream, add the egg, milk, lemon-juice, and rind. Sieve the flour, cream of tartar, and soda, and miz with the other ingredients. Roll out rather thinly and cut into rounds, or cut into long, narrow strips, which, after being lightly pressed into a round shape with the palm of the hand, should be wound round and round to form small cakes. Bake in a quick oven. Time.--To bake, about 10 minutes...Sufficient for about 1 1/2 lbs. of jumbles. Seasonable at any time.\"", "A dessert of fruit, originally cherries, covered with a thick batter and baked until puffy. The dessert can be served hot or cold.", "4. Scrape the batter into the prepared pan and bake for 30 minutes, or until the cake begins to pull away from the sides of the pan. Remove from oven and let cool completely.", "Cream butter and sugar well. Sift dry ingredients together and add to creamed mixture alternately with the milk and cherry juice. Add vanilla and chopped cherries and mix well. Fold in stiffly beaten egg whites. Pour into three medium-sized greased layer-cake pans and bake in a 350 degree F. oven for about forty minutes or until center of the cake is springy to the touch.\"", "Made from sugar and water, and then cooked. Can be flavored which should complement or match the flavors of the cake." ]

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[ "Stinger is a type of shotgun shell which contains 16-00 buck balls made of zytel, and is designed as a non-lethal ammunition ideally used in small spaces.", "The Tomahawk ( or) is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile named after the Native American axe. Introduced by McDonnell Douglas in the 1970s, it was initially designed as a medium to long-range, low-altitude missile that could be launched from a surface platform. It has been improved several times, and due to corporate divestitures and acquisitions, is now made by Raytheon. Some Tomahawks were also manufactured by General Dynamics (now Boeing Defense, Space & Security). ", "The Tomahawk is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile. The missile was named after the Native American axe. Introduced by General Dynamics in the 1970s, it was initially designed as a medium to long-range, low-altitude missile that could be launched from a surface platform. It has been improved several times and, due to corporate divestitures and acquisitions, is now made by Raytheon. Some Tomahawks were also manufactured by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing Defense, Space & Security).", "The AGM-114 Hellfire is a fire-and-forget anti-armour missile mainly for use by helicopters. It is widely used by the U.S. Army, Navy, and Marine Corps.", "The Tomahawk cruise missile, mainstay of the U.S. arsenal, was designed to fly at extremely low altitudes at 550 mph (880 km/h), launched by a solid rocket booster, then flown by a turbofan engine. The first operational use was in Operation Desert Storm, 1991, with immense success. The Tomahawk long range, subsonic cruise missile can attack targets on land (Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM)) and at sea (Tomahawk Anti-Ship Missile (TASM)). The TLAM can be fitted with either conventional unitary warhead (TLAM\\C), nuclear warhead (TLAM\\N) or submunition dispenser (TLAM\\D). U.S. Navy destroyers are the typical launch point for the Tomahawks. The photo to the right shows a Tomahawk cruise missile launched to attack targets in Iraq from the stern vertical launch system of the cruiser USS Shiloh (CG 67), 3 September 1996.", "Among other applications, Hellfire missiles are used on AH-1W Super Cobra/AH–1Z Viper attack helicopters, on the AH-64 Apache/Apache Longbow , the MH-60R and MH-60S Seahawk helicopters, the OH-58D/F Kiowa Warrior , Harvest HAWK equipped KC-130Js , as well as the MQ-1 Predator , MQ-1C Gray Eagle and MQ-9 Reaper UAVs.", "In 1995 the US agreed to sell 65 Tomahawks to the UK for torpedo-launch from her nuclear attack submarines. The first missiles were acquired and test-fired in November 1998; all Royal Navy fleet submarines are now Tomahawk capable, including the new Astute-class. The Kosovo War in 1999 saw the Swiftsure-class HMS Splendid become the first British submarine to fire the Tomahawk in combat. It has been reported that seventeen of the twenty Tomahawks fired by the British during that conflict hit their targets accurately; the UK subsequently bought 20 more Block III to replenish stocks. The Royal Navy has since fired Tomahawks during the 2000s Afghanistan War, in Operation Telic as the British contribution to the 2003 Iraq War, and during Operation Ellamy in Libya in 2011.", "The Tomahawk was first used operationally in the 1991 Gulf War, when 288 cruise missiles were fired at Kuwait and Iraq to destroy Iraqi forces. The Navy claimed the missiles, which were used to target everything from air defense sites to Saddam's presidential palace, had an 85 percent accuracy rate.", "The AH-64 is adaptable to numerous different roles within its context as Close Combat Attack (CCA). In addition to the 30 mm M230E1 Chain Gun, the Apache carries a range of external stores and weapons on its stub-wing pylons, typically a mixture of AGM-114 Hellfire anti-tank missiles, and Hydra 70 general-purpose unguided 70 mm rockets.Donald 2004, pp. 124–127. One 18-aircraft Apache battalion equipped with Hellfire missiles is capable of destroying 288 tanks. Since 2005, the Hellfire missile is sometimes outfitted with a thermobaric warhead; designated AGM-114N, it is intended for use against ground forces and urban warfare operations. The use of thermobaric \"enhanced blast\" weapons, such as the AGM-114N, has been a point of controversy. In October 2015, the U.S. Army ordered its first batch of Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System (APKWS) guided 70 mm rockets for the Apache. ", "Tomahawk cruise missile is launched from the USS Philippine Sea (CG 58) in a strike against al Qaeda training camps and military installations of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, October 7, 2001. Reuters Photographer/REUTERS", "A war development was the conversion of trade tomahawks into weapons. Some were attached to long handles with a carved head and a proximal spear point after the pattern of the pouwhenua (Fig. 76e). Others were attached to short handles of wood or preferably bone with a knob at the butt end carved into a human head. A hole was made near the butt knob for a hand loop after the style of the native short clubs. The long-handled hatchet was termed a toki-kakau-roa and it became a favourite weapon for close fighting. The short-handled tomahawk was a toki-kakau-poto and like the mere class of club it was used for close infighting. Another conversion on a limited scale was the lashing of the old triangular-section bayonets to wooden shafts for use as spears.", "In MK 2011, the enhanced version is called Flame Spear. Scorpion launches two spears at the same time, both covered in hellfire, and is armoured while launching them. It also executes slightly faster.", "A supersonic version of the Tomahawk is under consideration for development with a ramjet to increase its speed to Mach 3. A limiting factor to this is the dimensions of shipboard launch tubes. Instead of modifying every ship able to carry cruise missiles, the ramjet-powered Tomahawk would still have to fit within a 21-inch diameter and 20-foot long tube.", "In modern usage, a missile is a self-propelled precision-guided munition system, as opposed to an unguided self-propelled munition, referred to as a rocket (although these too can also be guided). Missiles have four system components: targeting and/or missile guidance, flight system, engine, and warhead. Missiles come in types adapted for different purposes: surface-to-surface and air-to-surface missiles (ballistic, cruise, anti-ship, anti-tank, etc.), surface-to-air missiles (and anti-ballistic), air-to-air missiles, and anti-satellite weapons. All known existing missiles are designed to be propelled during powered flight by chemical reactions inside a rocket engine, jet engine, or other type of engine. Non-self-propelled airborne explosive devices are generally referred to as shells and usually have a shorter range than missiles.", "* BGM-109C Tomahawk Land Attack Missile – Conventional (TLAM-C) with a unitary warhead. This was initially used a modified Bullpup warhead.", "made and assembled by/for the Columbia River Knife and Tool Company out of Oregon.  This tool was designed by Ryan Johnson with a history of making such tomahawks for nearly 25 years.  He brought this particular design to CRKT in 2013.", "A rocket-propelled grenade (often abbreviated RPG) is a shoulder-fired, anti-tank weapon system that fires rockets equipped with an explosive warhead. These warheads are affixed to a rocket motor and stabilized in flight with fins. Some types of RPG are reloadable, while others are single-use. RPGs, with some exceptions, are generally loaded from the muzzle.", "The USAF is a former operator of the nuclear-armed version of the Tomahawk, the BGM-109G Gryphon.", "Napalm was first employed in incendiary bombs and went on to be used as fuel for flamethrowers. [10]", "During the Vietnam War , the U.S. Army developed the CBU-55 , a cluster bomb incendiary fueled by propane , a weapon that was used only once in warfare. [5] Napalm proper is no longer used by the United States , although the kerosene-fueled Mark 77 MOD 5 Firebomb is currently in use. The United States has confirmed the use of Mark 77s in Operation Iraqi Freedom .", "an aerial team consisting of one searchlight or arc lamp equipped helicopter operating with two GUNSHIPS, typically flying PERIMETER guard around fire bases (FSB) or BASE CAMPs in Vietnam; also called \"Lightning Bug\"; see MOONBEAM, MOONSHINE, SMOKY BEAR; compare SNOOPY. Also, a small fixed-wing airplane (BIRD DOG) that could release aerial flares while performing ground observation in the KOREAN WAR; see BASKETBALL, FLARESHIP. Also, operational cover name (CODEWORD) for fighting forest fires throughout the Pacific Northwest that had been caused by incendiary balloons sent from Imperial Japan, a project that was assigned to the TRIPLE NICKEL. Also, slang for a nuisance that attracts attention, so has the potential to get worse if not resolved; as derived from a \"lightning bug\" or \"glowworm\" being an irritant or attractant with its own broadcast beacon; see HACK, GADFLY, BAD BOY.", "Bazooka is the common nickname for a man-portable rocket launcher widely fielded by the US Army during World War II . Also referred to as the \"Stovepipe\", the innovative Bazooka was amongst the first-generation of rocket propelled anti-tank weapons used in infantry combat. Featuring a solid rocket motor for propulsion, it allowed for high explosive (HE) and high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warheads to be delivered against armored vehicles , machine gun nests, and fortified bunkers at ranges beyond that of a standard thrown grenade or mine . The universally-applied nickname arose from the M9 variant's vague resemblance to the tubular musical instrument of the same name invented and popularized in the 1930s by US comedian Bob Burns .", "Some backronyms name the subject to make obvious its purpose or characteristics; the GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb (abbreviated MOAB) and others in the series were heavily promoted by the United States as the 'Mother of All Bombs', a backronym during the Iraq War. US news coverage in the days leading up to the United States 2003 invasion of Iraq claims 'Mother of All Bombs' to be the US response to Saddam Hussein's phrase \"mother of all battles\" from the first Gulf War. ", "The Resident Evil series commonly includes bonus weapons that can only be accessed upon beating the games under specific conditions. One such weapon is a rocket launcher with infinite ammunition. The weapon first appeared in the series in the original Resident Evil .", "\"\"Blue Thunder\" Helicopter is from the 80s famous US movie which called Blue Thunder. It was the most lethal flying weapon invented. The whole fuselage is heavily protected with 1\" thick armoured plates. It equipped with a forward-mounted 20mm electric cannon which can fire 4000 round of ammunition per minute. It has jet turbine engine with boost capability, enabling 360 degree loops; heat sensing infra-red filter for night vision; \"Whisper Mode\" for silent flights; three TV monitors: twin long range, high-sensitivity shotgun microphones; a Harrison helmet-mounted fire control/targeting system etc. Blue Thunder is the true \"star\" in the movie.\"", "The P-38L of 1944 was the final and best Lightning, a world beating fighter. It incorporated many of the improvements of the \"J\" and \"K\" models. For more information about the P-38, read my article \"The Lockheed P-38 Lightning.\" Specifications of the P-38L-5-LO follow.", "M4A3R2 “Zippo”, late version HVSS, flamethrower variant developed by the USMC, here deployed at Okinawa, in support to the 1st Marine Division, May 1945.", "Michael McNulty, of the Citizens' Organization for Public Safety, released footage showing the \"flame\" to have been a reflection on aluminized insulation that was torn from the wall and snagged on the M728 CEV, which is a vehicle that does not come equipped with a flamethrower. In fact, the Defense Department stopped using flamethrowers in 1978. [85]", "Spear Dismemberment/Neckbrecker: Scorpion throws his spear into both his opponents arms, and his opponents legs, ripping them off violently. Then he follows it up by snapping his flailing opponents neck.", "Fire Breath: Removing his mask to show his flaming skull, Scorpion spews fire on his opponent. (MK4,MK:SM, MKG)", "Fire Breath: Removing his mask to show his flaming skull, Scorpion spews fire on his opponent. (MK4, MKG, MK:SM)", "In the 2002 film Reign of Fire an A109 is operated by former U.S. soldiers, to trap and bring down fire breathing dragons. " ]

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[ "Johann Strauss, the Younger, (born Oct. 25, 1825, Vienna , Austria —died June 3, 1899, Vienna), “the Waltz King,” a composer famous for his Viennese waltzes and operettas.", "Johann Strauss, the Younger, (born Oct. 25, 1825, Vienna, Austria—died June 3, 1899, Vienna), “the Waltz King,” a composer famous for his Viennese waltzes and operettas.", "Johann Strauss II (October 25, 1825 – June 3, 1899), also known as Johann Strauss Jr., the Younger, the Son (), Johann Baptist Strauss, was an Austrian composer of light music, particularly dance music and operettas. He composed over 500 waltzes, polkas, quadrilles, and other types of dance music, as well as several operettas and a ballet. In his lifetime, he was known as \"The Waltz King\", and was largely then responsible for the popularity of the waltz in Vienna during the 19th century.", "During the middle and later years of the nineteenth-century, a style of \"light\" music became popular with the European middle classes. By appealing to a less-refined, less-discriminating taste for melody, harmony and rhythm, many composers found their audiences in the music halls or on the dance floors: the racy can-can and galop enlivened the parodistic opera-bouffes of Jacques Offenbach (1819-1880); the Victorian sentiment, melody, and satirical humor of the operas of Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan (1842-1900); and in Vienna, the dance music of the Strauss family. Known as \"the Waltz King\" for his hundreds of waltzes, Johann Strauss, Jr. was a violinist and orchestra leader who also wrote a great number of dances other than waltzes, such as polkas, galops, and quadrilles. Many of Strauss' melodies are instantaneously familiar the world over, such as Tales from the Vienna Woods. Strauss also composed a number of frothy Viennese operettas, the best of which is Die Fledermaus.", "Johann Strauss II (the Younger), was an Austrian composer known especially for his waltzes, such as The Blue Danube. Son of the composer Johann Strauss I, and brother to the composers Josef Strauss and Eduard Strauss, Johann II is the most famous of the family. He was known in his lifetime as \"the waltz king,\" and the popularity of the waltz in Vienna through the 19th century is due in large part to him. He became the \"waltz king\" by his revolutionary elevation of the waltz from lowly peasant dance to sparkling entertainment for the royal Habsburg court. Not only did he revolutionize the waltz, but his work enjoyed greater fame than his predecessors such as his father and Josef Lanner. Some of his polkas and marches are also well known, as is his operetta Die Fledermaus.", "Johann Strauss the Younger (1825-1899).  A violinist and conductor who became known as \"the Waltz King\": \"The Blue Danube\", \"Tales from the Vienna Woods\", polkas and other dances, operettas, Die Fledermaus and Der Zigeunerbaron", "Johann Strauss II (or Johann Strauss the Younger, or Johann Strauss Jr.) (October 25, 1825 - June 3, 1899) was an Austrian and German composer known especially for his waltzes, such as The Blue Danube.", "Johann Strauss II (or Johann Strauss the Younger, or Johann Strauss Jr.) (October 25, 1825 – June 3, 1899) was an Austrian and German composer known especially for his waltzes , such as The Blue Danube .", "They also had the opportunity to meet Strauss, Jr., when he played the violin and conducted the premiere of his waltz Wiener Blut, op. 354, for the Vienna Opera Ball in the Musikverein’s main hall, April 22, 1873. He worked with the orchestra again on Nov. 4 of that same year when he performed his Blue Danube waltz as well as works written by his father, Johann Strauss, Sr., and Josef Lanner. Over the years, the orchestra and Strauss, Jr., crossed paths and worked together. The composer died following a bout of pneumonia, June 3, 1899.", "in 1899 - Johann Strauss II /Jr dies at age 73. Vienna's greatest composer of light music, a self-taught musician who established a musical dynasty in Vienna. The son of the famous “Waltz King,” he became the leading composer of late 19th-century Viennese operetta. He wrote only one ballet score, Cinderella, which was discovered after his death. (died from pneumonia in Vienna)", "(1825-1899 Austrian) He was nicknamed “The Waltz King” due to his immense popularity as a composer of waltzes and other dances like Polkas. His waltzes include “The Beautiful Blue Danube,” “Tales of the Vienna Woods,” and “Wine Women and Song,” among many others.", "He was admired by prominent composers of the day, including Richard Wagner who once admitted that he loved the waltz Wein, Weib und Gesang op. 333 and Johannes Brahms, who was also a personal friend, and to whom he dedicated his waltz Seid umschlungen Millionen or 'Be Embraced Millions' op. 443 inspired from a poem by Friedrich Schiller. Other admirers include Richard Strauss (unrelated to the Strauss family) who, when writing his Rosenkavalier waltzes, said 'How could I forget the laughing genius of Vienna?' which made a reference to Johann Strauss the younger.", "The Viennese Waltz developed during the 19th Century in Austria. The composers Franz Lanner and the Strauss family are well noted for their beautiful Viennese Waltz orchestral pieces. This version of the waltz is much faster than the English Waltz, but there are consequently fewer steps to learn. Couples glide and rotate around the dancefloor to the characteristic three beat rhythm.", "The decorative first piano edition of Johann Strauss's evocative waltz Geschichten aus dem Wienerwald carries the composer's respectful dedication to his Highness Prince Constantin Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1828-1896), and the work was almost certainly given its world première at a private soirée in the prince's 16th-century palace in the Augarten, Vienna, during summer 1868. An undated letter from that year, written to the composer by Princess Marie Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, reads: \"Dear Sir, The performance of your beautiful waltz gave me such pleasure recently -- that I cannot help asking you kindly to accept a small memento of the unforgettable evening. It is to remind you of another of your finely-chiselled masterpieces, by the blue Danube -- whose sound reminds us all of happy hours. With repeated thanks and greatest respect. Fürstin zu Hohenlohe\". (The nature of the Princess's \"memento\" is unfortunately not known). Since May 1867 Prince Constantin had held the position of First Master of the Royal Household and had lived in the Augarten residence with his wife Marie (née Princess Sayn-Wittgenstein), the daughter of Franz Liszt's long-term mistress Princess Carolyne Wittgenstein. Through Marie's connections the Augarten Palace, situated on the opposite side of the Danube Canal from the inner city of Vienna, became a focal point of cultural life in the Austrian capital. (After the Second World War it became, and has remained, the home of the Vienna Boys' Choir).", "2.30pm The Great Waltz LUISE RAINER FERNAND GRAVET Vienna, in the late 19th century. As a young composer on the brink of fame, Johann Strauss, married to a child-like, adoring creature railed Poldi, meets and falls in love with Carla Donner, a bewitching soprano..", "In his last years, Strauss remained quite productive and active. He was working on a ballet, Cinderella, when he developed a respiratory ailment which grew into pneumonia. He died on June 3, 1899.", "Johann Strauss, Sr., on a visit to Prague, was asked by law students to compose a waltz for a ball they were planning. Upon his return to Vienna, he did just that, as reported by the Viennese newspaper Illustrierte Theaterzeitung on December 31, 1845. Another newspaper, Der Wanderer, stated that a waltz titled “Sounds of Moldavia” had premiered in Vienna on January 11, 1846.", "Its standard structure comprised an introduction, a half-dozen or so melodies, and a coda that recapped them. Of the two primary national styles that emerged, the French consisted of three complementary dances of increasing vigor, performed with much leaping and springing, while the Viennese held to a single underlying tempo and a constant rotating glide. The distinctive accompaniment invariably finds one chord per three-beat measure, with the bass note on the downbeat and the remainder of the chord on the second and third. It was Carl Maria von Weber who brought the waltz to the concert hall through his 1819 Invitation to the Dance, a compelling ten-minute portrait of a diffident girl swept up in the exhilaration of the waltz amid episodes of more relaxed introspection, and finally left alone to ponder her memories.", "His burial spot is next to the Karlskirche in Vienna, at the site of the Technical Institute. The house he lived in while in Vienna was torn down. In its place there is now the Hotel Sacher. Memorial plaques have been placed at both locations, as well as a Vivaldi star in the Viennese Musikmeile and a monument at the Rooseveltsplatz.", "He was buried next to Karlskirche, in an area which is now part of the site of the Technical Institute. The house where he lived in Vienna has since been destroyed; the Hotel Sacher is built on part of the site. Memorial plaques have been placed at both locations, as well as a Vivaldi \"star\" in the Viennese Musikmeile and a monument at the Rooseveltplatz.", "Strauss’s most famous single composition is An der schönen blauen Donau (1867; The Blue Danube), the main theme of which became one of the best-known tunes in 19th-century music. His many other melodious and successful waltzes include Morgenblätter (1864; Morning Papers), Künstlerleben (1867; Artist’s Life), Geschichten aus dem Wienerwald (1868; Tales from the Vienna Woods), Wein, Weib und Gesang (1869; Wine, Women and Song), Wiener Blut (1871; Vienna Blood), and Kaiserwaltzer (1888).", "Johann Strauss II (1825-1899) was an Austrian composer of the 19th century, celebrated for his waltzes and operettas.", "Born in Leopoldstadt, Vienna. As a child, he started playing the piano on his own and then was taught notation by a local violinist. He studied music at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt.am Main with Willy Rethberg for piano and Iwan Knorr for composition. By this time, he had already begun composing steadily and was appointed instructor of piano in Mannheim's Zuschneid's Hochschule für Musik. After service in World War I, he went to Berlin where he worked as a pianist, composer and teacher of composition. The rise of the Nazis forced his depature from Germany and he ended up in the United States where he gave lectures on Music in New York's New School for Social Research before moving on to Hollywood to score for the movies where he settled and became an esteemed private teacher of composition. He composed operas, incidental music, film scores, orchestral, chamber, instrumental, vocal and choral works. His large output for orchestra included a Sinfonietta for String Orchestra, Op. 97(1964) and among his early works is an unpublished Chamber Symphony in F Major for Winds and Strings (1906)", "* Austrian composer Johann Strauss I composed the waltz Lorelei Rhein Klänge (Echoes of the Rhine Lorelei), op. 154, in 1843. ", "Often, his works involved the spirit of Austrian peasant song and dance. The Ländler – the Austrian folk-dance, which developed first into the minuet and then into the waltz – figures in several symphonies, as indeed do the minuet and the waltz. (All three historical stages – Ländler, minuet, and waltz – are represented in the 'dance movement' of the Ninth Symphony).", "Composer, songwriter (\"Donkey Serenade\", \"Song of the Vagabonds\") and pianist, educated at the Prague Conservatory and a music student of Anton Dvorak and Jiranek. He toured Europe as a concert pianist with violinist Jan Kubelik, and then toured America in 1901 and 1906. In 1912 he replaced Victor Herbert as the composer of the score for the ... See full bio »", "The name of two Austrian composer, father and son, who both are remembered mainly for their waltzes.", "Another famous waltz about the Danube is The Waves of the Danube ( Romanian: Valurile Dunării) by the Romanian composer Ion Ivanovici (1845–1902), and the work took the audience by storm when performed at the 1889 Paris Exposition.", "Referred to as the \"master of song\" of which he wrote more than 200. Some of his well known works are: \"Serenade,\" \"Ave Maria,\" \"Who is Sylvia?\" and \"C Major symphony.\" He died on November 19, 1828 in Vienna at the age of 31. More »", "Pronounced \"sue-PAY.\" Austrian composer famous for \"Poet And Peasant Overture,\" \"Morning, Noon And Night In Vienna,\" and this:", "German composer who served as the voice of other Romantic composers. Among his well known works are \"Piano Concerto in A minor,\" \"Arabesque in C Major Op. 18,\" \"Child Falling Asleep\" and \"The Happy Peasant\". He died on July 29, 1856 before the age of 46. One of the factors believed to have caused his death was the mercury treatments he underwent when he was in an asylum. More »", "composer: Requiem, Symphony #1 in C Minor, Symphony #4 in E Minor; died Apr 3, 1897" ]

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[ "Royal jelly (A): food on which bee larvae are fed and which causes them to develop into queen bees", "When worker bees decide to make a new queen, because the old one is either weakening or dead, they choose several small larvae and feed them with copious amounts of royal jelly in specially constructed queen cells. This type of feeding triggers the development of queen morphology, including the fully developed ovaries needed to lay eggs. ", "Royal jelly is the sweet, sticky liquid food, milky yellow in color, produced by the salivary glands of the worker honeybees to feed the selected larvae that eventually become queen bees.", "#Eggs are laid singly in a cell in a wax honeycomb, produced and shaped by the worker bees. Using her spermatheca, the queen actually can choose to fertilize the egg she is laying, usually depending on into which cell she is laying. Drones develop from unfertilised eggs and are haploid, while females (queens and worker bees) develop from fertilised eggs and are diploid. Larvae are initially fed with royal jelly produced by worker bees, later switching to honey and pollen. The exception is a larva fed solely on royal jelly, which will develop into a queen bee. The larva undergoes several moultings before spinning a cocoon within the cell, and pupating.", "Royal Jelly is a highly nutritious (for bees) secretion of the pharyngeal glands of the honeybee, which is fed to the very young larvae in a colony, and to all queen larvae.", "The queen bee is bigger than the other female honeybees. There is only one queen per hive and her mission in life is to lay eggs. She can lay over 1,500 eggs per day. Unlike other honeybees the queen can use her stinger more than once (it is good to be queen). Queen bees are made by feeding bee larvae royal jelly through out her larval development. Royal jelly is high in protein. Other larvae only get royal jelly the first 2 days after hatching. Queens produce pheromones that unites the bee tribe socially under her rule.", "Later, when you open the hive to inspect the new peanut-shaped structures that contain the royal-jelly-fed pupae, destroy any cells that are uncapped, small, or appear to be defective (these will be dark and smooth-sided). Carefully extract the healthy cells, along with a bit of surrounding comb. Handle these pupal cocoons with great care, as excessive shaking or jarring can damage a developing queen.", "Although a tough outer coating protects the pollen from environmental stressors, honey bees have enzymes in their digestive tract that split the grains apart at a weak point. The interior is then digested and the empty husks are excreted. Most of the pollen is eaten by nurse bees. They use the nutrition absorbed from it to secrete royal jelly from their hypopharyngeal glands. The jelly is fed to young larvae, including workers, drones and queens. After about three days the jelly is mixed with bee bread—a mixture of whole pollen, honey, and enzymes—and fed to the workers and drones until they spin their cocoons. The queens receive a steady diet of royal jelly throughout their development.", "We’ve known for a while that bees’ diet is involved in building different kinds of bee bodies. Science is still figuring out just how that happens. Queen larvae are surrounded by royal jelly; they float on a sea of sugary bee gland snot in enlarged cells. Worker bees eat beebread (a type of fermented pollen) and honey. Nurse bees mash this into a “worker jelly” and add glandular secretions as a garnish. Workers don’t get the special stuff in queen jelly, and their ovaries shrivel.", "Lastly, when a honey bee queen suddenly dies, an urgent and unplanned supersedure occurs. Worker honey bees identify several larvae within the proper age range and begin to condition these larvae to become queens. The sole difference between a honey bee worker and a queen is in nourishment received during the maturation process: workers feed prospective queens with royal jelly for their entire lives, while worker bees are fed royal jelly only during the first two days of their larval stage.", "Royal jelly is synthesized by bees, which gather the raw materials from various plants, like flowers and tree buds. Here is how it is made: The bees go into the pastures, forests, and grasslands and select certain plants to pollinate. In the process they gather pollen. The pollen is brought back to the hive and is fed to nurse bees. The nurse bees digest the pollen, and from it they produce royal jelly.", "Queens develop from fertilized eggs or from young female (worker) larvae not over 3 days old. In a colony that wants to swarm or needs to replace a failing queen, the old queen lays several eggs destined to become new queens in special cells, or cell cups, that hang vertically on the comb (Fig. 8). Worker and drone cells lie on a horizontal plane. When an old queen is lost, killed or removed from a colony, the bees can produce a new queen from any worker larva not over 3 days old. To do this they modify the worker cell containing such a larva so that the queen develops in a vertical cell similar to those built from queen cell cups. Several queens usually are started at the same time. Regardless of the method by which she begins her development, the young queen larva develops much like a worker but does so more completely and more quickly, in only 15 to 17 days. She receives glandular secretions, called royal jelly, in excess quantity throughout her life. Queen larvae float in a bed of food. This greater quantity of food, together with other differences in quality and content, brings about the differences between worker and queen bees, and produces a queen that is a per feet female with a complete reproductive system.", "3½ days from being laid) the new larva is fed a rich diet of “royal jelly” by the “nurse” bees. This rich food allows the larvae to grow larger and more quickly than a normal worker. The new queen (known as the “virgin queen”) emerges 16 days after the eggs was laid. This compares to the 21 days taken by a worker bee or 24 by the drone.", "Honey bee colonies generally last over a number of years. Therefore, most activities in a bee colony is aimed at surviving the next winter. During winter, bees cluster in a tight ball. In January, the queen starts laying eggs in the center of the nest. Eggs are hatched into larvae. All the larvae are fed with royal jelly at first--for the first 3 days. But only the future queens are continued on the diet, the rest are fed with pollen and nectar thereafter.", "Emergency cells are frowned upon by many beekeepers as a means of producing queens, because they think bees use larvae that are too old, so the resulting queen doesn't receive as much royal jelly as she should and is undernourished. There are times when this is possible and I will explain later why I think this might be the case.", "The basic requirements are movable comb hives, preferably some queen excluders, queen cups (made from wax or plastic), a transfer needle, a spoon or suction device to remove royal jelly, dark glass vials and a refrigerator. Special hive modifications may facilitate the work according to personal preferences, and centrifugal extractors for royal jelly may be used for large scale production. Feeding with sugar syrup (1:1 in sugar/water) increases cell acceptance, even when flowers are available.", "Royal jelly is also sold in a jelly made of honey, sugar, jam and pectin. Though simple enough to produce, there are no data available on the durability or residual efficacy of royal jelly presented in this way.", "The egg hatches in three days to become a larva, a legless white grub. Sometimes called the feeding stage, the larval stage is one of rapid growth. While still inside its beeswax cell, the larva is fed by “nurse” worker bees. When the larva is a few days old, worker bees cap the cell with a beeswax cover. A healthy larva is plump and pearly white with a glistening appearance.", "Mature queen cells, i.e. those with larvae four days old (3 days after grafting), must be brought quickly into the extraction room. The open, narrow part of the cells is cut to facilitate and speed up collection. Then the larvae are removed with a pair of soft forceps, taking care not to harm them and contaminate the jelly. The royal jelly is extracted by emptying each cell with a small spatula, by sucking it up with a special mouth operated device, with a pump operated device or by centrifugal extraction (see Figure 6.6). Following extraction, the cells are immediately ready for another rearing cycle.", "Numerous minor compounds, belonging to diverse chemical categories, have been identified in royal jelly. Among these are two heterocyclic substances, biopterine and neopterine at 25 and 5 ijg/g of fresh weight respectively. These compounds are found in the food of worker bee larvae too, but at about one tenth of these concentration (Rembold, 1965). Other substances identified include several nucleotides as free bases (adenosine, uridine, guanosine, iridin and cytidine) the phosphates AMP, ADP, and ATP (Marko et al., 1964), acetylcholine (1 mglg dry weight, Henschler, 1954) and gluconic acid (0.6% of fresh weight, Nye et al., 1973).", "Growth rates of mice slightly increased with a dosage of 1 g of royal jelly per kg of feed, but decreased with higher dosages (Chauvin, 1968). Bonomi (1983) reported weight increases in chicken, partridges and pheasants with a supplement of S mg royal jelly per kg of feed and Salama et al. (1977) reported weight increases in rats when 10, 20 or 40 mg were injected directly into their stomachs. The administration of 0.02 g of royal jelly to calves less than 7 days old gave a weight gain of 11 - 13 % during the following 6 months in comparison with untreated controls (Radu-Todurache et al., 1978). They also mentioned that the treated calves showed lower mortality and higher resistance to infection.", "All members of a honey bee colony undergo complete metamorphosis, passing through the egg, larval and pupal stages before becoming adults. Honey bee larvae are legless grubs that eat honey, nectar or pollen. Larvae shed their skin and molt several times before they enter the pupal stage. After another molt, these pupae will emerge as adult honey bees and begin to perform specialized tasks for the colony.", "The larvae are generally whitish grubs, roughly oval and bluntly-pointed at both ends. They have fifteen segments and spiracles in each segment for breathing. They have no legs but are able to move within the confines of the cell, helped by tubercles on their sides. They have short horns on the head, jaws for chewing their food and an appendage on either side of the mouth tipped with a bristle. There is a gland under the mouth that secretes a viscous liquid which solidifies into the silk they use to produce their cocoons. The pupa can be seen through the semi-transparent cocoon and over the course of a few days, the insect undergoes metamorphosis into the form of the adult bee. When ready to emerge, it splits its skin dorsally and climbs out of the exuviae as a winged adult and breaks out of the cell.", "The Queen Bee and her Royal Jelly. How do honey bees choose their queen? What is royal jelly?", "Salazar-Olivo, L. A. and Paz-Gonzalez, V. Screening of biological activities present in honeybee (Apis mellifera) royal jelly. Toxicol.In Vitro 2005;19(5):645-651. View abstract.", "Galleria mellonella (greater wax moths) do not attack the bees directly, but feed on the wax used by the bees to build their honeycomb. Their full development to adults requires access to used brood comb or brood cell cleanings—these contain protein essential for the larval development, in the form of brood cocoons. The destruction of the comb will spill or contaminate stored honey and may kill bee larvae.", "Figure 6.6: a) The steps for removing royal jelly from a queen cell and a diagram of a simple suction device for the collection of royal jelly from queen cups. b) A small vacuum pump can be adapted for the collection of larger quantities of royal jelly. Note that all the queen cells have been cut down in size to facilitate removal of the larvae and the royal jelly.", "Update on the hives: We opened the hives, took out the feeders and added medium supers. these medium supers (shown in pic) are blank honey combs that the bees can fill with honey. More pics", "“We had the hardest time figuring out what larvae eat,” she says. “Among other things, worker jelly and royal jelly appear to have, and there is no consensus, a slightly different ratio of mandibular to hypopharyngeal gland secretion … It all happens in the dark surrounded by 50,000 stingers. So it isn’t the easiest insect in the world to work on.”", "The royal jelly must be filtered using a fine nylon net (nylon stockings are excellent) to eliminate fragments of wax and larvae. Metal filters should not be used. The jelly should be placed into dark glass vials or food-grade plastic containers, avoiding any excessive exposure to air. It should be refrigerated immediately. Any material or equipment contacting royal jelly - including hands - must be clean and disinfected using heat or pure alcohol. The laboratory must be kept impeccably clean and extraction should never be done outside or in sunlight.", "6. Schmitzová J, Klaudiny J, Albert S, et al. A family of major royal jelly proteins of the honeybee Apis mellifera L. Cell Mol Life Sci . 1998;54(9):1020-1030.", "The thickened and partly digested nectar of flowers produced by adults of various bees which is used as food for the larvae." ]

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[ "Neil Patrick Harris recently revealed that he knew he was gay at the tender age of six. With the announcement on Friday that DC Comics' long enduring character Green Lantern is gay, I wonder if he's known his true sexuality since the 1940s?", "\"Earth Two,\" a new series by writer James Robinson and artist Nicola Scott, reintroduces the concept by putting a new spin on the original versions of characters like the Green Lantern, the Flash and Superman that diverges notably from the past several decades of DC lore. In the second issue of the comic, in stores June 6, Robinson and Scott prove just how different this world is by revealing that their version of Alan Scott, the first Green Lantern introduced back in 1940, is an openly gay man.", "Gay characters are not new in comic book storylines – Northstar revealed he was gay in 1992 – but they are becoming increasingly common. In 2010 the long-running Archie Comics series debuted its first gay character. And DC Comics, which has a gay character in Batwoman, announced days ago that one of its other marquee super heroes would soon come out of the closet as part of the series reboot which launched last year.", "DC comics has other gay characters too, including Kate Kane, the current Batwoman. In the pages of Archie Comics, Kevin Keller is gay and proud.", "DC Comics' \"Earth Two\" issue two shows Alan Scott, the first Green Lantern, as an openly gay man", "Robin is the name of several fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was originally created by Bob Kane, Bill Finger, and Jerry Robinson, to serve as a junior counterpart to superhero Batman. The team of Batman and Robin is commonly referred to as the Dynamic Duo or the Caped Crusaders. The character's first incarnation, Dick Grayson, debuted in Detective Comics #38 (April 1940). Conceived as a vehicle to attract young readership, Robin garnered overwhelmingly positive critical reception, doubling the sales of the Batman related comic books. The early adventures of Robin included Star Spangled Comics #65–130 (1947–1952), which was the character's first solo feature. Robin made regular appearances in Batman related comic books and other DC Comics publications from 1940 through the early 1980s until the character set aside the Robin identity and became the independent superhero Nightwing.", "May 1939 - Bob Kane created superhero Batman; first appeared in Detective Comics #27, comic book division of National Publications (later DC Comics); 1940 - Robin introduced in Detective Comics #38.", "DC Comics is the largest and most diverse English language publisher of comic books in the world. Founded in 1934 as National Allied Publications, the company that would one day become DC Comics virtually created the comic book, publishing the first comic of all original material. Then, in the spring of 1938, the first super hero story appeared in ACTION COMICS #1, introducing SUPERMAN. Other soon-to-be icons would follow, including BATMAN, WONDER WOMAN, GREEN LANTERN, THE FLASH and many others. Today, DC Comics publishes more than 80 titles a month and close to 1000 issues a year. DC has several imprints spanning the gamut of graphic storytelling: The DC Universe is the home of DC's peerless roster of super heroes; Vertigo caters to a more mature, literary readership; WildStorm offers a bold alternative take on heroic and adventure comics; CMX brings some of Japan's best-loved manga to American audiences; and Zuda Comics is DC's innovative web imprint. DC is also the home of MAD Magazine, the best-known humor magazine in America. DC Comics is a division of Time Warner, the largest entertainment company in the world.", "Action Comics is an American comic book series that introduced Superman, one of the first major superhero characters as the term is popularly defined. The publisher was originally known as Detective Comics, Inc., and later as National Comics and as National Periodical Publications, before taking on its current name of DC Comics. Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the longest-running comic books with consecutively numbered issues; a second volume of Action Comics, beginning again with issue #1, was launched in 2011 and is currently in publication as of 2016.", "Batman is a fictional character created by the artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger. A comic book superhero, Batman first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939), and since then has appeared primarily in publications by DC Comics. Originally referred to as \"The Bat-Man\" and still referred to at times as \"The Batman\", he is additionally known as \"The Caped Crusader\",[2] \"The Dark Knight\",[2] and the \"World's Greatest Detective,\"[2] among other titles.", "In number of issues, Action Comics is the longest running DC Comics series, followed by Detective Comics. A departure from a strict monthly schedule was four giant-size Supergirl reprint issues published as a 13th issue annually: issues #334 (March 1966), #347 (March/April 1967), #360 (March/April 1968), and #373 (March/April 1969). Action Comics has not had an uninterrupted run, having been on a three-month hiatus on two separate occasions. The first of these occurred during the summer of 1986, with issue #583 bearing a cover date of September, and issue #584 listing January 1987. The regular Superman titles were suspended during this period to allow for the publication of John Byrne's six-issue The Man of Steel limited series. Publication was again suspended between issues #686 and #687 (February and June 1993) following the \"Death of Superman\" and \"Funeral for a Friend\" storylines, before Action Comics returned in June 1993 with the \"Reign of the Supermen\" arc.", "Hawkman is a fictional superhero who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Dennis Neville, the original Hawkman first appeared in Flash Comics #1, published by All-American Publications in 1940.", "Bob Kane was the original artist of the 'Batman' comic, which was an immediate hit and has been in continuous publication since 1940, with new stories almost every month. 'Batman' was unique on the superhero scene of the 1940s as an ordinary human without any super powers.", "** Franchise/WonderWoman, Comicbook/{{Aquaman}}, Franchise/GreenLantern and Franchise/TheFlash all appeared between 1940 and 1941 (though the last two became more famous with {{Legacy Character}}s).", "Batman is a fictional superhero who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics, as well as in a multitude of movies, television shows, and video games. He was created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger in 1939 to capitalize on the superhero craze that began with Superman. Batman is one of DC Comics' most recognizable and profitable characters.", "Comic book author Alvin Schwartz (b.1916) died on October 26. Schwartz began writing for comics in 1939 and became a writer for Captain Marvel before working on Batman in 1942 and, beginning in 1944, the Batman and Superman newspaper strips. He went on to write for many of DC's top titles in the 1940s and helped create the Superman villain Bizarro. Schwartz retired from the comics field in 1958 and received a Bill Finger Award in 2006.", "Alfred Thaddeus Crane Pennyworth is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, most commonly in association with Batman. The character first appears in Batman #16 (April 1943), and was created by writers Bob Kane and Bill Finger, and artist Jerry Robinson. Alfred serves as a loyal, tireless butler who assists his employer's secret life as Batman. In modern interpretations, he is depicted as Bruce Wayne's butler, legal guardian, best friend, aide-de-camp, and surrogate father following the murders of Thomas and Martha Wayne. He sometimes has been called \"Batman's batman\". He also provides comic relief, as his sometimes sarcastic and cynical attitude often adds humor to dialogue between himself and Batman. A vital part of the Batman mythos, Alfred was nominated for the Wizard Fan Award for Favorite Supporting Male Character in 1994. ", "Superman is perhaps the world's most well-known superhero and recognized as the first one to be published. Superman is a fictional comic book superhero appearing in publications by DC Comics, widely considered to be an American culture icon. Created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian-born American artist Joe Shulster in 1932 while both were living in Cleveland Ohio, and sold to Detective Comics, Inc. (later DC Comics) in 1938, the character first appeared in Action Comics #1 and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, television programs, films, newspaper strips, and video games. With the success of his adventures, Superman helped to create the superhero genre and establish its primacy within the American comic book. The character's appearance is distinctive and iconic: a blue, red and yellow costume, complete with cape, with a stylized S shield on his chest. This shield is now typically used across media to symbolize the character. Superman placed first on IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes in May 2011.", "Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939). Originally named \"the Bat-Man\", the character is also referred to by such epithets as \"the Caped Crusader\", \"the Dark Knight\", and \"the World's Greatest Detective\".", " Robin (also referred to as The Boy Wonder) is the name of several fictional characters appearing in comic books published by DC Comics, originally created by Bob Kane, Bill Finger and Jerry Robinson, as a junior counterpart to DC Comics superhero Batman. The team of Batman and Robin is commonly referred to as the Dynamic Duo or the Caped Crusaders.", "Batman – secret identity: wealthey industrialist & playboy Bruce Wayne – is the name of a fictional comic book hero co-created by Bob Kane (artist) and Bill Finger (writer). He does not hold any superpowers, as opposed to the likes of Superman or Green Lantern. The character first appeared in Detective Comics #27 in mid-1939. The origin of Batman liest in Bruce witnessing the murder of his parents by street criminals. This led him to train himself and dress up in a bat-themed costume to fight crime in Gotham City. Batman is assisted by his butler Alfred Pennyworth and his teenage sidekick Robin. Batman's trademark symbols are his batcave, the bat car known as the batmobile, the Batplane aka Batwing, as well as the bat symbol. Some of Batman's enemies include Penguin, Two-Face, Riddler, Poison Ivy, Mister Freeze, Scarecrow, Bane and Ra's Al Ghul.", "The Penguin (Oswald Chesterfield Cobblepot) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly as an adversary of the superhero Batman. Artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger introduced the character in Detective Comics #58 (December 1941). The Penguin is one of Batman's most enduring enemies and belongs to the collective of adversaries that make up Batman's rogues gallery.", "Richard John \"Dick\" Grayson is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with Batman.", "BUT HE DOESN'T LOOK JEWISH, Hadasseh Magazine [Women's Zionist organization], by Libby Goldberg, October 2002, [paper edition] p. 27 \"Turns out the Thing is a member of two tribes, the Fantatic Four and the Jews. The orange, craggy skinned comic-book creature first appeared in the original 1961 installment of the Fantastic Four, and though Stan Lee and Jack Kirby -- the Jewish creators of the series -- always intended that this superhero be Jewish, they never got around tp revealing his religious affiliation. But in June's \"Remembrance of Things Past,' Marvel Comics offers a full bio on the Thing, ne Benjamin Jacob Grimm. 'While such subject matter wasn't the province of comic books of the era in which Ben Grimm was created ... there is no such cultural taboo [today],' explains Marvel editor Tom Brevoort ... Posessing superhuman strength, endurance and durability, the Thing often returns to Yancy Street: This time, it is to confront issues from his past, and in the course of events he even dusts off his Judaism when he recites the Shema.\"", "In 1993, Milestone Comics , an African-American-owned imprint of DC, introduced a line of series that included characters of many ethnic minorities, including several black headliners. The imprint lasted four years, during which it introduced Static , a character adapted into the WB Network animated series Static Shock .", "The Thing (Benjamin \"Ben\" Grimm) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is a founding member of the Fantastic Four. The character is known for his trademark rocky orange appearance, sense of humor, blue eyes, and famous battle cry, \"It's clobberin' time!\". The Thing's speech patterns are loosely based on those of Jimmy Durante. ", "Once out of Bruce’s shadow, Dick dutifully dated women and started his own superteam. Eventually he cast off the Robin identity for good, adopting the totally butch-badass nom de spandex Nightwing.", "The most obscure character of this genre to come out of the late twentieth century was Captain Kentucky, who first appeared in Street Enterprises' The Comic Reader in 1980. His alter ego, Lancelot Pertwillaby, is a reporter for the Louisville Times. While covering a story on radioactive sewage, he accidentally swallows a rare form of chemical waste and instantly gains superstrength and the ability to fly. But his powers aren't permanent, and Pertwillaby must partake of the gooey compound whenever he needs his powers. He was aided by his pet beagle Cleo, who as Captain Cleo, Hound Hero, often joined Captain Kentucky in saving the day.", "Superman Is Jewish?: How Comic Book Superheroes Came to Serve Truth, Justice, and the Jewish-American Way", "From: Max Gross, \"It's a Jewish Thing: Comic Hero Comes Out of a Cultural Closet\", published 26 July 2002 in Forward (http://www.forward.com/issues/2002/02.07.26/fast1.html; viewed 30 November 2005):", "From: Michael Gelbwasser, \"Cool characters entice kids: Jewish superheroes work wonders in American comics\", published 7 January 1997 in The Boston Jewish Advocate (http://www.jewishsf.com/bk970107/1bcool.htm; viewed 21 December 2005):", "Gelbwasser, Michael. \"Cool Characters Entice Kids: Jewish Superheroes Work Wonders in American Comics\" Boston Jewish Advocate Jan. 7, 1997." ]

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[ "Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th amendment granted women the right to vote.", "The right to vote. The 19th Constitutional Amendment was passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified Aug. 18, 1920.", "The Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. It was ratified on August 18, 1920. Until the 1910s, most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the United States, which fought at both state and national levels to achieve the vote. It effectively overruled Minor v. Happersett, in which a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not give women the right to vote.", "1920 - Women throughout the United States rejoiced, as the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. It gave women the right to vote.", "The suffragists got plenty of media attention, but little public support. So in 1917, they started picketing the White House, an unprecedented act at the time. Many women were arrested and sent to jail, but public opinion shifted. The 19th Amendment went to Congress in 1918 and was ratified by the states on August 18, 1920. American women had finally earned the right to vote.", "- 1919 Missouri becomes the 11th state to ratify the 19th Amendment granting the vote to women.", "Although in the United States African Americans were granted the rights of citizens, including suffrage, by constitutional amendments following the American Civil War, later in the century white Democrats had regained control in all states of the former Confederacy in the American South. From 1890 to 1910 they passed new constitutions, laws or constitutional amendments establishing barriers to voter registration and, later, voting, that essentially disfranchised most African Americans. They mounted legal challenges, but did not fully regain the ability to exercise their rights until after passage in the mid-1960s of the Voting Rights Act, which provided federal protection and enforcement. This was a result of their activism in the Civil Rights Movement.", "August 18, 1920 – The 19th Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, and women are given the right to vote.", "This year marks the 90th anniversary of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which gave women in United States the right to vote. After seven decades of activism, American women cast their first ballots in the presidential elections of 1920.", "The Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote, allowing each state to determine who was eligible. In the early history of the U.S., most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote. Until the Reconstruction Amendments were adopted between 1865 and 1870, the five years immediately following the Civil War, the Constitution did not abolish slavery, nor give citizenship and voting rights to former slaves. These amendments did not include a specific prohibition on discrimination on the basis of sex; it took another amendment – the Nineteenth, ratified in 1920 – for the Constitution to prohibit any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex.", "Although in the United States African Americans were granted the rights of citizens, including suffrage, by constitutional amendments following the American Civil War , later in the century white Democrats had regained control in all states of the former Confederacy in the American South. From 1890 to 1910 they passed new constitutions, laws or constitutional amendments establishing barriers to voter registration and, later, voting, that essentially disfranchised most African Americans. They mounted legal challenges, but did not fully regain the ability to exercise their rights until after passage in the mid-1960s of the Voting Rights Act , which provided federal protection and enforcement. This was a result of their activism in the Civil Rights Movement .", "Blacks were solidly Republican in this period, having gained emancipation and suffrage with the President Lincoln and his party and later fellow Republican President Ulysses S. Grant defending African American's newly won freedom and civil rights in the South during Reconstruction. After Federal troops left, Southern states disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites from 1890–1908 through constitutional amendments and statutes that created barriers to voter registration and voting, such as poll taxes and literacy tests. By the late nineteenth century, Southern white Democrats defeated some biracial Populist-Republican coalitions and regained power in the state legislatures of the former Confederacy; they passed laws establishing racial segregation and Jim Crow. In the border states and North, blacks continued to exercise the vote; the well-established Maryland African-American community defeated attempts there to disfranchise them.", "The Nineteenth Amendment (1920) prohibits the government from denying women the right to vote on the same terms as men. Prior to the amendment's adoption, only a few states permitted women to vote and to hold office. ", "Amendment 19 to the United States Constitution gave women the right to vote. [ Filler ]", "After 1890, a coalition of White Democratic politicians passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise African American residents, a process completed in provisions of the 1901 constitution. Provisions which disenfranchised African Americans resulted in excluding many poor Whites. By 1941 more Whites than African Americans had been disenfranchised: 600,000 to 520,000. The total effects were greater on the African-American community, as almost all of its citizens were disfranchised and relegated to separate and unequal treatment under the law.", "World War I, and the major role played in it by women in various capacities, broke down most of the remaining opposition to woman suffrage in the United States. Amendments to the federal Constitution concerning woman suffrage had been introduced into Congress in 1878 and 1914, but the 1878 amendment had been overwhelmingly defeated, and the 1914 amendment had narrowly failed to gain even a simple majority of the votes in the House of Representatives and the Senate (a two-thirds majority vote in Congress was needed for the amendment to be sent to the state legislatures for ratification). By 1918, however, both major political parties were committed to woman suffrage, and the amendment was carried by the necessary two-thirds majorities in both the House and Senate in January 1918 and June 1919, respectively. Vigorous campaigns were then waged to secure ratification of the amendment by two-thirds of the state legislatures, and on August 18, 1920, Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the amendment. On August 26 the Nineteenth Amendment was proclaimed by the secretary of state as being part of the Constitution of the United States. Women in the United States were enfranchised on an equal basis with men. The text reads as follows:", "^ a b While constitutionally given the right to vote by the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, the reality of the country was such that most African Americans could not vote until the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Starting in 1888 Southern states legalized disenfranchisement by enacting Jim Crow laws ; they amended their constitutions and passed legislation to impose various voting restrictions, including literacy tests, poll taxes, property-ownership requirements, moral character tests, requirements that applicants interpret a particular document, and grandfather clauses that allowed otherwise-ineligible persons to vote if their grandfathers voted (which excluded many African Americans whose grandfathers had been ineligible). During this period, the Supreme Court generally upheld state efforts to discriminate against racial minorities. In Giles v. Harris (1903), the Court held that irrespective of the Fifteenth Amendment, the judiciary did not have the remedial power to force states to register racial minorities to vote.", "This was the first of new constitutions or amendments ratified in each Southern state through 1908 that effectively disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites, through provisions making voter registration more difficult: such as poll taxes, residency requirements, and literacy tests. These provisions survived a Supreme Court challenge in 1898. As 20th-century Supreme Court decisions later ruled such provisions were unconstitutional, Mississippi and other Southern states rapidly devised new methods to continue disfranchisement of most blacks, who comprised a majority in the state until the 1930s. Their exclusion from politics was maintained into the late 1960s.", "By 1877, Reconstruction ended in the former Confederate states due to a national political compromise. Federal troops were withdrawn from the South, where conservative white Southern Democrats had already regained political control of state governments, often through extreme violence and fraud to suppress black Republican voting. Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many rich areas; the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure, and exhausted resources. Continuing to be dependent on an agricultural economy and resisting investment in infrastructure, the region remained dominated by the planter elite into the 20th century. After a brief period in which a Republican-Populist coalition took power in several southern states in the late 19th century, the Democratic-dominated legislatures worked to secure their control by passing new constitutions and amendments at the turn of the 20th century that disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites. This exclusion of blacks from the political system, and great weakening of the Republican Party, was generally maintained until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The Solid South of the early 20th century was built on white Democratic control of politics. The region did not achieve national levels of prosperity until long after World War II. ", "Many blacks took an active part in voting and political life, and rapidly continued to build churches and community organizations. Following Reconstruction, white Democrats and insurgent groups used force to regain power in the state legislatures, and pass laws that effectively disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites in the South. Around the start of the 20th century, from 1890 to 1910, southern states passed new constitutions that completed disfranchisement of blacks. U.S. Supreme Court rulings on these provisions upheld many of these new southern constitutions and laws, and most blacks were prevented from voting in the South until the 1960s. Full federal enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not occur until after passage of legislation in the mid-1960s as a result of the African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) .", "Many blacks took an active part in voting and political life, and rapidly continued to build churches and community organizations. Following Reconstruction, white conservative Democrats and insurgent groups used force to regain power in the state legislatures, and pass laws that effectively disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites in the South. At the turn of the century, from 1890-1910, southern states passed new constitutions that completed disfranchisement of blacks. Early Supreme Court rulings on these provisions upheld many of these new southern constitutions and laws, and most blacks were prevented from voting in the South until the 1960s. Full federal enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not occur until after passage of legislation in the mid-1960s as a result of the African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) .", "On May 21, 1919, the House of Representatives passed the amendment, and 2 weeks later, the Senate followed. When Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the amendment on August 18, 1920, the amendment passed its final hurdle of obtaining the agreement of three-fourths of the states. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby certified the ratification on August 26, 1920, changing the face of the American electorate forever.", "African-Americans are disenfranchised. The Mississippi Plan, approved on November 1, used literacy and \"understanding\" tests to disenfranchise black American citizens. Similar statutes were adopted by", "By 1877, when federal forces were withdrawn, white Democrats in Louisiana and other states had regained control of state legislatures, often by paramilitary groups suppressing black voting through intimidation and violence. Following Mississippi's example in 1890, in 1898, the white Democratic, planter-dominated legislature passed a new constitution that effectively disfranchised blacks and people of color, by requirements for voter registration, such as poll taxes , residency requirements and literacy tests , whose implementation was directed at reducing black voter registration. The effect was immediate and long lasting. In 1896, there were 130,334 black voters on the rolls and about the same number of white voters, in proportion to the state population, which was evenly divided.", "By 1877, when federal forces were withdrawn, white Democrats in Louisiana and other states had regained control of state legislatures, often by paramilitary groups suppressing black voting through intimidation and violence. Following Mississippi's example in 1890, in 1898, the white Democratic, planter-dominated legislature passed a new constitution that effectively disfranchised blacks and people of color, by requirements for voter registration, such as poll taxes, residency requirements and literacy tests, whose implementation was directed at reducing black voter registration. The effect was immediate and long lasting. In 1896, there were 130,334 black voters on the rolls and about the same number of white voters, in proportion to the state population, which was evenly divided. ", "The Amendment passed by two-thirds of the House, with only one vote to spare. The vote was then carried into the Senate. Again President Wilson made an appeal, but on September 30, 1918, the amendment fell two votes short of the two-thirds necessary for passage, 53-31 (Republicans 27-10 for, Democrats 26-21 for). On February 10, 1919, it was again voted upon, and then it was lost by only one vote, 54-30 (Republicans 30-12 for, Democrats 24-18 for). ", "The Representation of People Act became law in February 1918. From that point on women over 30, who were occupiers of property or married to occupiers, were entitled to vote.", "In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were white, while 56% of Obama voters were white. While historically the party had been supporters of rights for African Americans since the 1860s, it lost its leadership position in the 1960s. Republicans have been winning under 15% of the black vote in recent national elections (1980 to 2012). The party has recently nominated African American candidates for senator or governor in Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Maryland, though none were successful. In the 2010 elections, two African American Republicans were elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. The Republican Party abolished slavery under Abraham Lincoln, defeated the Slave Power, and gave blacks the vote during Reconstruction in the late 1860s. Until the New Deal of the 1930s, blacks supported the Republican Party by large margins.In the South, they were often not allowed to vote, but still received some Federal patronage appointments from the Republicans Most black voters switched to the Democratic Party in the 1930s when the New Deal offered them employment opportunities, and major figures, such as Eleanor Roosevelt, began to support civil rights. They became one of the core components of the New Deal Coalition. In the South, blacks were able to vote again in large numbers after 1965, when a bipartisan coalition passed the Voting Rights Act, and ever since have formed a significant portion (20–50%) of the Democratic vote in that region.Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks (1978).", "During Reconstruction, Mississippi had its first Republican governor. After the Democrats returned to power in 1875, they systematically deprived blacks of the right to vote, specifically by inserting into the constitution of 1890 a literacy clause that could be selectively interpreted to include illiterate whites but exclude blacks. A poll tax and convoluted residency requirements also restricted the electorate. Voter registration among blacks fell from 130,607 in 1880 to 16,234 by 1896.", "With the emergence of the Republicans as the nation's first major sectional party by the mid-1850s, the old Second Party System collapsed and a realignment created the Third Party System . It became the stage on which sectional tensions were played out. Although little of the West–the focal point of sectional tensions– was fit for cotton cultivation, Southern secessionists read the political fallout as a sign that their power in national politics was rapidly weakening. The slave system had been buttressed by the Democratic Party, which was increasingly seen by anti-slavery elements as representing a more pro-Southern position that unfairly permitted the Slave Power to prevail in the nation's territories and to dominate national policy before the Civil War. Yet the Democrats suffered a significant reverse in the electoral realignment of the mid-1850s; they lost the dominance they had achieved over the Whig Party and, indeed, were the minority party in most of the northern states. The 1854 election was a Realigning election or \"critical election\" that saw a realignment of voting patterns. [99] Abraham Lincoln's election was a watershed in the balance of power of competing national and parochial interests and affiliations. [100]", "By Election Day, November 2, 1920, few had any doubts that the Republican ticket would win. Harding received 60.2 percent of the popular vote, the highest percentage since the evolution of the two-party system, and 404 electoral votes. Cox received 34 percent of the national vote and 127 electoral votes. Campaigning from a federal prison where he was serving a sentence for opposing the war, Socialist Eugene V. Debs received 3 percent of the national vote. The Republicans greatly increased their majority in each house of Congress.", "As you can see, the ratio of the number of people represented grew each decade. This ratio began to grow exponentially after Public Law 62-5, passed on August 8, 1911, which permanently set the House to its present 435. Except for the year when Alaska and Hawaii were admitted to the union and the number was temporarily raised to 437, the number of seats in the House has remained constant. With the number of House seats constant and the population growing, the ratio between the number of people to each representative has more than tripled since the law was passed. It is no coincidence that this law, the amendment changing the process of selecting Senators to represent their state, the alleged passing of the Federal Income Tax Amendment and the Federal Reserve Act were all passed in the same time frame. Since these laws were enacted, we have slowly lost individual freedoms, faced economic uncertainty, and lost our first Amendment right to petition our government through a redress of grievances through our elected representatives." ]

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[ "Family Feud hosts in order of greatness: 1. Richard Dawson 2. Steve Harvey 3. Louie Anderson 4. John O'Hurley 5. Richard Karn 6. Ray Combs (Looking back, his impending suicide was well-telegraphed) In other news, I will be at BareBones Grill in Ellicott City , MD w/ the Big Boy Little Band tonight.", "The ABC network version of the show and the first syndicated series were hosted by Richard Dawson. Ray Combs hosted the CBS series and the first six seasons of the accompanying syndicated version, then was replaced by Dawson for the final season. The 1999 syndicated series has been hosted by Louie Anderson (1999–2002), Richard Karn (2002–06), John O'Hurley (2006–10), and Steve Harvey (2010–present). Announcers for the series have included Gene Wood (1976–95), Burton Richardson (1999–2010), Joey Fatone (2010–15), and Rubin Ervin (2015–present).", "Family Feud . Since its premiere in 1976, Family Feud has aired during 31 non-consecutive seasons. The show premiered on ABC and was hosted by Richard Dawson from 1976 until it was canceled in 1985, by which point it had been popular on both the network and in syndication. The series was revived by CBS in 1988 with Ray Combs hosting and expanded to an hour-long format in 1992 until its cancellation in 1993. Combs also hosted the accompanying syndicated series until 1994, when he was replaced by Dawson for one season, which also expanded to an hour-long format before being canceled in 1995. Later versions were hosted by Louie Anderson (1999â2002), Richard Karn (2002â06), and John O'Hurley (2006â10). Since the 2010â11 television season, Family Feud has been hosted by comedian/actor Steve Harvey.", "On September 11, 2006, O'Hurley replaced Richard Karn as the fifth host of Family Feud. He left Family Feud in 2010 and was replaced by Steve Harvey.", "Family Fed hosts - Richard Dawson, Ray Combs , Louie Anderson , Al from Home Improvement , Peterman from Seinfeld and Steve Harvey", "After a four-year hiatus, Family Feud returned in syndication on September 20, 1999 with comedian Louie Anderson as host. After Richard Karn took over the show, the format was changed to reintroduce returning champions, allowing them to appear for up to five days. However, even after Karn's takeover, Anderson-hosted episodes continued in reruns that aired on PAX Network. In John O'Hurley's later days, the show's Nielsen ratings were at 1.5 (putting it in danger of cancellation), but when comedian Steve Harvey took over, ratings increased by as much as 40%, and within two short years, the show was rated at 4.0, and had become the fifth most popular syndicated program. Fox News' Paulette Cohn argued that Harvey's \"relatability,\" or \"understanding of what the people at home want to know,\" is what saved the show from cancelation; Harvey himself argued, \"If someone said an answer that was so ridiculous, I knew that the people at home behind the camera had to be going, 'What did they just say?' … They gave this answer that doesn't have a shot in hell of being up there. The fact that I recognize that, that's comedic genius to me. I think that's [made] the difference.\"", "Steve Harvey Richard Dawson Family Feud Louie Anderson Steve Dawson Richard Karn Ray Combs Richard Harvey Match Game Ellicott City Pancreatic Cancer Eric Dawson Jack Dawson Gene Rayburn Conrad Murray Bob Eubanks Alex Trebek Terry Crews Ryan Seacrest Chuck Woolery", "What do Richard Dawson, Ray Combs , Louie Anderson , Richard Karn , John O'Hurley, and Steve Harvey all have in common?", "all I need is Richard Dawson, Louie Anderson , Richard Karn , John O'Hurley or Steve Harvey.", "In 1988, Ray Combs took over Dawson's role as host on CBS and in syndication with Wood returning as announcer and Roddy, Art James, and Charlie O'Donnell serving in that role when Wood was not available. Combs hosted the program until the daytime version's cancellation in 1993 and the syndicated version until the end of the 1993–94 season. Dawson returned to the show at the request of Mark Goodson Productions for the 1994–95 season. ", "Many other actors appeared in guest roles throughout the eleven seasons of the show. Some of the more notable stars include:", "The crowd shot is mostly the same, although it also includes Edna Krabappel , the snakes from Whacking Day , Agnes Skinner , Seymour Skinner and Gary Chalmers talking with each other, Leon Kompowsky and Sideshow Bob , Pepi , McBain , Hank Scorpio , Lyle Lanley , Capital City Goofball , Troy McClure , Jacques , John , Joe Quimby , Prom-era Artie Ziff , Mindy Simmons , Kang and Kodos , Bobo , Charles Montgomery Burns , Waylon Smithers, Jr. , Sir Oinks-A-Lot , Horatio McCallister holding Blinky , Krusty the Clown smoking, Mr. Teeny , She's the Fastest , the lamb from \" Lisa the Vegetarian \", Lionel Hutz , Fat Tony with a shovel, Phillips , Lurleen Lumpkin , Roger Meyers, Jr. , Bart's \"modified\" weather balloon , Jebediah Springfield , and . In addition, during the segment showing Martin Prince being bullied by the bullies, Kearney Zzyzwicz 's son, Kearney Zzyzwicz, Jr. , is seen with him. The characters from the original opening who are absent are the Winfields, Jasper, Abraham Simpson, Nelson Muntz , and some kids near the street. Maude is also absent, with Ned instead showing his kids a sign saying \"left pwr.\"", "Jane Seymour is the only cast member who appeared in every episode of the series. Shawn Toovey missed only one episode as did Chad Allen, who also did not appear in episode titled \"Reunion\" (Season 4), as well as the two made-for-TV movies. Joe Lando came in third, missing only a few episodes in the sixth and final season.", "Barry Levine Robert Booth Robert Booth Paul Jefferson William Holmes Mark Windsheimer Spencer Kindt Bart Weghorst Kurtis Carter Joe Greblo John Heiney Mark Windsheimer Robert Stewart Ii James Tindle Andrew Whitehill Zac Majors Joel Froehlich Scott Amy Evan Mathers Marc Chirico Wallace Anderson Mitchell Neary Jesse Meyer Jesse Meyer Christopher Grantham Jesse Meyer Justin Boer Danielle Kinch Sam Pasha", "Dallas Ann-Margret Ringo Alex Cord Doc Boone Bing Crosby Curly Van Heflin Hatfield Michael Connors Mrs Lucy Mallory Stefanie Powers Mr Gatewood Bob Cummings Mr Peacock Red Buttons Luke Plummer Keenan Wynn B uck Slim Pickens Matt Plummer Brad Weston Lt Blanchard Joseph Hoover Capt Mallory John Gabriel Mr Haines Oliver McGowen Billy Pickett David Humphreys Miller Ike Plummer Ned Wynn", "Mystery guests have included Ed Begley, Jr. , Stephen Bishop , Mr. Blackwell , LeVar Burton , Brett Butler , José Canseco , Drew Carey , Andy Dick , Michael and Kitty Dukakis , Hector Elizondo , Nanette Fabray , Peter Falk , Bruce Jenner , Larry King , Kathy Kinney , Bruno Kirby , Tara Lipinski , Lisa Loeb , Shelley Long , Leonard Maltin , Rose Marie , Wink Martindale , Sally Struthers , Rip Taylor , Judy Tenuta , Alan Thicke , Dick Van Patten , Lindsay Wagner , Wil Wheaton , Noah Wyle , and Sean Young . [35]", "Anderson appeared on a 2001 episode of The Weakest Link, winning $31,000. He has made appearances on network television in Scrubs, Grace Under Fire,[http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/1572/Louie-Anderson The New York Times] Touched by an Angel (A Song for the Soul, Nov. 28, 1999) and Chicago Hope. He guest starred on the Adult Swim cameo-filled show Tom Goes to the Mayor.", "••• Top Ten Signs Your Monkey Needs a Bath ••• interruption: Lyle the Intern (Jimmi Simpson) drops by once again. / shot of Lyle's pal, Rudy, backstage (Joe Grossman as Rudy) ••• Ricky Gervais ••• Johnny Dark in \"B. J. Twain Tonight\" ••• Act 5 Audience Pan: \"Tomorrow on the Late Show\" ••• John Cougar Mellencamp interview / shot of John's sons in the green room ••• John Mellencamp sings.", "* John Kennedy - Occasionally performed Dr. Teeth of The Muppets from 1991 to 2003. Also briefly performed the Muppet Animal from 2002-2003, and Floyd from 2005-2006. Performed Kermit the Frog for most of the Disney Cruise Lines' Muppets Ahoy!, in the absence of Steve Whitmire.", "Among those now scheduled to salute the versatile performer are Dave Barry, Larry David, Tom Hanks, Diane Keaton, Lorne Michaels, Randy Newman, Carl Reiner, Martin Short, Paul Simon and Lily Tomlin. The evening will be taped for broadcast on PBS stations nationwide Nov. 9 at 9 PM ET.", "* Mel Brooks (Bigweld on Robots, President Skroob & Yogurt on Spaceballs: The Animated Series, Albert Einstein in Mr. Peabody & Sherman, and Santa Claus on The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius - (Episode \"Holly Jolly Jimmy\" - Season 2, 2008))", "On How I Met Your Mother , the lyrics to \"Hey Beautiful\" by The Solids are missing, with only the \"pa pa pa pa pa, da da da da, da da da da da, da da da da\" left in.", "People: Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Chris Stein, Chris Wright, Debbie Harry, Clem Burke, Frank Infante, Doug D'Arcy", "b: 13-Nov-91 pc: 308 w: Larry David and Bob Shaw & Don McEnery d: David Steinberg", "During the end credits, Tina Louise, Bob Denver, Russell Johnson, and Dawn Wells appeared as their Roseanne character counterparts. Sherwood Schwartz also appeared as himself, although his appearance is edited out in syndication.", "In an interview on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Tina Fey said that her biggest frustration as producer of NBC's 75th anniversary special was dealing with ALF's \"people\". Fey said Fusco would only allow ALF to appear on the show if the puppeteers were hidden from everyone else. After ALF's cameo alongside former Family Ties star Michael Gross, ALF disappeared through a hole in the riser, was stuffed into a case, and immediately removed from the building.", "* Stephen Root (Bill Dauterive and Buck Strickland on King of the Hill, Chode from Tripping the Rift, Zor-El in Superman Unbound, and Cat Man in Justice League (2-part episode \"Legends\", Season 1, 2002))", "Rick James, Elton John, Meat Loaf, Joe Strummer, Ozzy Osbourne, Primus, Rancid, and Ween all guest starred and briefly performed in the season two (1998) episode \"Chef Aid\". Korn debuted their single \"Falling Away from Me\" as guest stars on the season three (1999) episode \"Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery\".", "Johnny Bravo had Jungle Boy, a character who appeared in several episodes of the first season (and may have been intended to star in a backup feature like The Justice Friends or I Am Weasel ), but who vanished come the second season and the retool the show underwent. Not even the fourth season, which brought Van Partible back, had him featured at all.", "He, along with Steve Martin and Chevy Chase appeared on an episode of Saturday Night Live as part of the \"Five-Timers Club\", on March 9, 2013, which included those actors who had hosted the show five or more times. However, Short appeared as a waiter, as he had only hosted twice. ", "On September 25, 1978 Steve Martin filled in for Johnny Carson as host of the Tonight Show with Burt Reynolds as one of the guests. During the interview Burt got dared to shave of his mustache. “I don’t think you’re that wild and crazy” Steve told him. Burt got a razor from a prop man and began shaving the mustache he had since 1973. He also wore a fake arrow through his head.", "In 1992, Bob Hope made a guest appearance as himself on The Simpsons , in the episode “ Lisa the Beauty Queen ” (season 4, episode 4). The episode attracted 11.1 million viewers when it premiered on October 15. His final television special, Laughing with the Presidents, was broadcast in 1996, with Tony Danza helping Hope present a personal retrospective of presidents of the United States known to the comedian." ]

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[ "Nineteen Eighty-Four is a dystopian [1] novel by George Orwell published in 1949. The novel is set in Airstrip One (formerly known as Great Britain ), a province of the superstate Oceania in a world of perpetual war , omnipresent government surveillance, and public mind control , dictated by a political system euphemistically named English Socialism (or, in the government's invented language, Newspeak , called Ingsoc) under the control of a privileged Inner Party elite that persecutes all individualism and independent thinking as \" thoughtcrimes \". [2] The tyranny is epitomised by Big Brother , the quasi-divine Party leader who enjoys an intense cult of personality , but who may not even exist. Big Brother and the Party justify their oppressive rule in the name of a supposed greater good. [1] The protagonist of the novel, Winston Smith , is a member of the Outer Party who works for the Ministry of Truth (or Minitrue), which is responsible for propaganda and historical revisionism . His job is to re-write past newspaper articles so that the historical record always supports the current party line. [3] Smith is a diligent and skilful worker, but he secretly hates the Party and dreams of rebellion against Big Brother.", "Nineteen Eighty-Four (sometimes unofficially abbreviated to 1984), by George Orwell , published in 1949, is a dystopian novel about the totalitarian regime of the Party, an oligarchical collectivist society where life in the Oceanian province of Airstrip One is a world of perpetual war, pervasive government surveillance , public mind control , and the voiding of citizens' rights. In the Ministry of Truth (Minitrue), protagonist Winston Smith is a civil servant responsible for perpetuating the Party's propaganda by revising historical records to render the Party omniscient and always correct, yet his meagre existence disillusions him into rebellion against Big Brother , which leads to his arrest, torture, and conversion.", "Nineteen Eighty-Four (also titled 1984), by George Orwell (the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair), is a 1949 English novel about life under a futuristic totalitarian regime in the year 1984. It tells the story of Winston Smith, a functionary at the Ministry of Truth, whose work consists of editing historical accounts to fit the government's policies. The book has major significance for its vision of an all-knowing government which uses pervasive and constant surveillance of the populace, insidious and blatant propaganda, and brutal control over its citizens. The book had a substantial impact both in literature and on the perception of public surveillance, inspiring such terms as 'Big Brother' and 'Orwellian'.", "Powerful and eloquent describes the satirical novel, \"Nineteen Eighty- Four\"; written by George Orwell. The fact that it was written in 1949 is amazing as many of the things that Orwell prophesied have come to pass in the decades since. Nineteen Eighty-Four, is considered Orwell's greatest wo ... Powerful and eloquent describes the satirical novel, \"Nineteen Eighty- Four\"; written by George Orwell. ... Nineteen Eighty-Four, is considered Orwell's greatest work; it has become a Bible for many around the world because it makes a bold statement about humanity. ... Horror story, love story, suspense novel and historical satire-\"Ninety Eighty-Four\" is all of the above. ... There are four main characters; the protagonist, Winston Smith, his love interest, Julia, his friend and enemy, O'Brien and the main character, the fictitious \"Big Brother\" The author tells his tale ...", "As literary political fiction and dystopian science-fiction, Nineteen Eighty-Four is a classic novel in content, plot and style. Many of its terms and concepts, such as Big Brother, doublethink, thoughtcrime, Newspeak, Room 101, telescreen, 2 + 2 5, and memory hole, have entered into common use since its publication in 1949. Nineteen Eighty-Four popularised the adjective Orwellian, which describes official deception, secret surveillance and manipulation of recorded history by a totalitarian or authoritarian state. In 2005, the novel was chosen by Time magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.Grossman, Lev; Lacayo, Richard (6 October 2005). [http://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/slide/1984-1948-by-george-orwell/#1984-1948-by-george-orwell \"ALL-TIME 100 Novels. 1984 (1949), by George Orwell\"]. Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 19 October 2012 It was awarded a place on both lists of Modern Library 100 Best Novels, reaching number 13 on the editor's list, and 6 on the readers' list. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 8 on the BBC's survey The Big Read. ", "Nineteen Eighty-Four is a science fiction book about totalitarianism. Big Brother, as he calls it, is an all-powerful dictator. The book starts with the main character Winston Smith, an employee of the Records Department. He is in a totalitarian government that has posters all over that say Big Brother is Watching You. The government is divided into four departments, called ministries: the Ministry of Truth, the Ministry of Peace, the Ministry of Love, and the Ministry of Plenty. The Ministry of Truth is in charge of news, education, fine arts, etc. The Ministry of Peace is in charge of war. The Ministry of Love maintains law and order. The Ministry of Plenty handles economic matters.", "In 1949, on the heels of another literary classic, Animal Farm , George Orwell wrote 1984, his now legendary and terrifying glimpse into the future. His vision of an omni-present and ultra-repressive State is rooted in the ominous world events of Orwell's own time and is given shape and substance by his astute play on our own fears.", "George Orwell's last book, 1984 , has in a way been a victim of the success of Animal Farm, which most people were content to read as a straightforward allegory about the melancholy fate of the Russian revolution. From the minute Big Brother's moustache makes its appearance in the second paragraph of 1984 , many readers, thinking right away of Stalin, have tended to carry over the habit of point-for-point analogy from the earlier work. Although Big Brother's face certainly is Stalin's, just as the despised party heretic Emmanuel Goldstein's face is Trotsky's, the two do not quite line up with their models as neatly as Napoleon and Snowball did in Animal Farm . This did not keep the book from being marketed in the US as a sort of anticommunist tract. Published in 1949, it arrived in the McCarthy era, when \"Communism\" was damned officially as a monolithic, worldwide menace, and there was no point in even distinguishing between Stalin and Trotsky, any more than for shepherds to be instructing sheep in the nuances of wolf recognition.", "Born in India, the British author George Orwell (1903–1950) wrote literary and political commentary for British magazines and newspapers. In 1948, he published his cautionary novel 1984, a depiction of the horrors of living under an unnamed totalitarian regime. As you read this excerpt from 1984, consider the role that the government plays in the daily life of the main character, Winston Smith.", "1984 by George Orwell . This dystopian novel describes life in a totalitarian regime that has stripped the people of their rights. The themes in this novel have become a major part of modern culture, as have terms such as \"big brother\" and \"doublespeak\" (resulting from Orwell's term of \"doublethink\").", "George Orwell (1903–1950) was the pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair. Orwell was born in India, where his father served in the civil service. Orwell won a scholarship to Eton but was financially unable to continue his education at Oxford or Cambridge. From 1922 to 1927, he worked for the Imperial Police in Burma; the experience provided much of the material for his early work, including the novel Burmese Days (1934) and the title work in the essay collection Shooting an Elephant (1950). For years Orwell worked at ill-paid jobs. He described his experiences with poverty in Down and Out in Paris and London (1933). His experiences in the Spanish Civil War, in which he fought on the Republican side and was wounded, are recounted in Homage to Catalonia (1939). An early convert to Socialism, Orwell was angered by the ruthless, authoritarian policies of the Soviet Union under Lenin and Stalin. His two best-known novels, Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), are attacks on Soviet-style totalitarianism. Orwell's other works include Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936), Coming Up for Air (1939), and the posthumously published Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters (1968).", "In 1944 Orwell finished his anti-Stalinist allegory Animal Farm, which was published the following year with great critical and popular success. The royalties from Animal Farm provided Orwell with a comfortable income for the first time in his adult life. From 1945 Orwell was the Observer's war correspondent and later contributed regularly to the Manchester Evening News. He was a close friend of the Observer's editor/owner, David Astor and his ideas had a strong influence on Astor's editorial policies. In 1949 his best-known work, the dystopian Nineteen Eighty-Four, was published. He wrote the novel during his stay on the island of Jura, off the coast of Scotland.", "Bush Administration?/George Orwell? - I just read a book called 1984 written by George Orwell.I need to write an essay abouthow the policies of the Bush Administration parallel those of Big Brother and the effect it has upon civil liberties in the United States.Any ideas?THanks! User tags:1984 george orwell was winston a hero1984 hero anti hero quotes1984- winston showing heroismgeorge", "This edition is not the Penguin Modern Classics edition. This edition is the one we want to get into the hands of school kids, to grab their short attention spans. So yes, putting the key words – Big Brother, Thought Police, Room 101, Ministry of Truth – in there is important, but that is no reason to leave the story or the characters out. The great thing about Nineteen Eighty-Four is that it is so unsettling, it is so terrifying and bleak (and not much fun as satire, either). To get that across we need to know what’s at stake – what Big Brother is opposed to. We need Winston and Julia, their hopes and love, their humanity. Without Winston and Julia there is no tension, no story.", "During this period, as is well known, Orwell composed his towering if flawed masterpiece, Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), published just seven months before his death in January 1950. Set in the near-future—the year 1984—it represented Orwell’s last cautionary warning to the West about the dangers of totalitarianism in general and the USSR in particular. Widely lauded both in Britain and America except by orthodox Marxist reviewers, it became Orwell’s final testament. As in the cases of Animal Farm (1945) and his essay collection Critical Essays (1945; American title: Dickens, Dali, and Others, 1946), critics and intellectuals hailed Orwell variously as a dying voice in the wilderness or as a visionary prophet (or, in the view of hostile leftist detractors, a “doomsday” prophet and enemy of socialism who projected his tubercular suffering on the entire world). As we shall see, under completely different conditions, Malaquais too was at work on a dystopian novel located in the indefinite near-future.", "The millennium will mark the fiftieth anniversary of the death of George Orwell, critic, novelist, essayist and polemicist, and one of the best loved and most frequently quoted British authors of the century. The political consciousness pervading his writing makes him a touchstone for a wide range of readers and 'one of the major literary protagonists in the Cold War era'.1 His last two novels, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty Four, are acknowledged as modern classics, while his experience of working class life in Down and Out in London and Paris and The Road to Wigan Pier, and of revolutionary struggle betrayed in Homage To Catalonia, continue to inform and inspire generations of socialists.", "Big Brother The citizens of Oceania cannot be sure what they know is true. Winston Smith is not sure if the year he is living in actually is 1984. He also asks his torturer, O’Brien, if Big Brother actually does or ever did exist. The description of Big Brother that is given is brief, the novel says of his face on a poster: “the face of a man of about forty-five, with a heavy black moustache and ruggedly handsome features.”", "Orwell's 1949 look at a terrifying future world dominated by a totalitarian state, 1984, which added to the English language such catchwords as \"Big Brother,\" \"doublespeak,\" and \"Orwellian.\"", "Orwell, who had \"encapsulate[d] the thesis at the heart of his novel\" in 1944, wrote most of Nineteen Eighty-Four on the island of Jura, Scotland , during 1947–1948 while critically ill with tuberculosis . [1] He sent the final typescript to his friends Secker and Warburg on 4 December 1948 and the book was published on 8 June 1949. [2] [3]", "However, O'Brien is really an agent of the Thought Police, which has had Winston under surveillance for seven years. Winston and Julia are soon captured. Winston remains defiant when he is captured, and endures several months of extreme torture at O'Brien's hands. However, his spirit finally breaks when he is taken into Room 101 and confronted by his worst fear: the unspeakable horror of slowly being eaten alive by rats. Terrified by the realisation that this threat will come true if he continues to resist, he denounces Julia and pledges his loyalty to the Party. Any possibility of resistance or independent thought is destroyed when Smith is forced to accept the assertion 2 + 2 = 5, a phrase which has entered the lexicon to represent obedience to ideology over rational truth or fact. By the end of the novel, O'Brien's torture has reverted Winston to his previous status as an obedient, unquestioning party member who genuinely loves \"Big Brother\". Beyond his total capitulation and submission to the party, Winston's fate is left unresolved in the novel. As Winston realises that he loves Big Brother, he dreams of a public trial and an execution; however the novel itself ends with Winston, still in the Chestnut Tree Café, contemplating and adoring the face of Big Brother.", "Aldous told me with a gentle chuckle that Big Brother, the beloved dictator of Orwell’s nightmare society, was based on Winston Churchill. “Remember Big Brother’s spell-binding rhetoric about the blood, sweat and fears requisitioned from everyone to defeat Eurasia? The hate-sessions? Priceless satire.” As soon as he said this, I “got it.” Sure, and the hero’s name is Winston Smith.", "Winston Smith is an intellectual, a member of the Outer Party (middle class), who lives in the ruins of London, and who grew up in some long post-World War II England, during the revolution and the civil war after which the Party assumed power. At some point his parents and sister disappeared, and he was placed in an orphanage for training and subsequent employment as an Outer Party civil servant. He lives an austere existence in a one-room flat on a subsistence diet of black bread and synthetic meals washed down with Victory-brand gin. He keeps a journal of negative thoughts and opinions about the Party and Big Brother, which, if uncovered by the Thought Police, would warrant death. The flat has an alcove, beside the telescreen, where he apparently cannot be seen, and thus believes he has some privacy, while writing in his journal: \"Thoughtcrime does not entail death. Thoughtcrime IS death.\" The telescreens (in every public area, and the quarters of the Party's members), have hidden microphones and cameras. These devices, alongside informers, permit the Thought Police to spy upon everyone and so identify anyone who might endanger the Party's r�gime; children, most of all, are indoctrinated to spy and inform on suspected thought-criminals � especially their parents.", "In Party propaganda, Big Brother is presented as one of the founders of the Party, along with Goldstein. At one point, Winston Smith, the protagonist of Orwell's novel, tries \"to remember in what year he had first heard mention of Big Brother. He thought it must have been at some time in the sixties, but it was impossible to be certain. In the Party histories, of course, Big Brother figured as the leader and guardian of the Revolution since its very earliest days. His exploits had been gradually pushed backwards in time until already they extended into the fabulous world of the forties and the thirties, when the capitalists in their strange cylindrical hats still rode through the streets of London...\"", "Winston Smith is an intellectual , a member of the Outer Party , who lives in the ruins of London, and who grew up in the post– Second World War UK, during the revolution and the civil war with which the Party assumed power. During the civil war, the Ingsoc movement placed him in an orphanage for training and subsequent employment as a civil servant. Yet, his squalid existence is living in a one-room apartment, a subsistence diet of black bread and synthetic meals washed down with Victory-brand gin . His intellectual discontent leads to keeping a journal of negative thoughts and opinions about the Party and Big Brother, which, if discovered by the Thought Police, would warrant death. Moreover, he is fortunate, because the apartment has an alcove, beside the telescreen , where it cannot see him, where he believes his thoughts remain private, whilst writing in his journal: \" Thoughtcrime does not entail death. Thoughtcrime IS death\". The telescreens (in every public area, and the quarters of the Party's members), hidden microphones, and informers permit the Thought Police to spy upon everyone and so identify anyone who might endanger the Party's régime; children most of all, are indoctrinated to spy and inform on suspected thought-criminals — especially their parents.", "It's against this background that we are introduced to Winston Smith, a low-level Party member (not to be confused with the elite group which surrounds Big Brother) who works in the Ministry of Truth. His job here, paradoxically, is to destroy and rewrite news articles and State facts and figures so as to align them with the most current views of The Party. A resident of Airstrip One—formerly London, England—Smith lives in a world devoid of even the simplest liberties. In this repressive society, where thoughts themselves can be ascertained and monitored, Winston finds himself alone and in quiet \"revolution\" against Big Brother. Boldly, he even goes as far as to write his own thoughts down on paper— a crime worthy of abduction by the Thought Police.", "It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. Winston Smith, his chin nuzzled into his breast in an effort to escape the vile wind, slipped quickly through the glass doors of Victory Mansions, though not quickly enough to prevent a swirl of gritty dust from entering along with him. George Orwell, 1984", "George Orwell \"encapsulate[d] the thesis at the heart of his unforgiving novel\" in 1944, the implications of dividing the world up into Zones of influence that had been conjured by the Tehran Conference and three years later he wrote most of it on the Scottish island of Jura, from 1947 to 1948, despite being seriously ill with tuberculosis. On 4 December 1948, he sent the final manuscript to the publisher Secker and Warburg and Nineteen Eighty-Four was published on 8 June 1949. By 1989, it had been translated into sixty-five languages, more than any other novel in English at the time.John Rodden. The Politics of Literary Reputation: The Making and Claiming of \"St. George\" Orwell The title of the novel, its themes, the Newspeak language and the author's surname are often invoked against control and intrusion by the state, while the adjective Orwellian describes a totalitarian dystopia, characterised by government control and subjugation of the people. Orwell's invented language, Newspeak, satirises hypocrisy and evasion by the state: the Ministry of Love (Miniluv) oversees torture and brainwashing, the Ministry of Plenty (Miniplenty) oversees shortage and rationing, the Ministry of Peace (Minipax) oversees war and atrocity and the Ministry of Truth (Minitrue) oversees propaganda and historical revisionism.", "Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), [3] better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist and journalist . His work is marked by keen intelligence and wit, a profound awareness of social injustice, an intense, revolutionary opposition to totalitarianism , a passion for clarity in language and a belief in democratic socialism . [4]", "Towards the north end of Jura, some miles beyond the end of the metalled road, is Barnhill, a remote house where the novelist George Orwell spent much of the last three years of his life. Orwell was known to the residents of Jura by his real name, Eric Blair. It was at Barnhill that Orwell finished Nineteen Eighty-Four, during 1947–48 while critically ill with tuberculosis. He sent the final typescript to his publishers, Secker and Warburg, on 4 December 1948, who published the book on 8 June 1949. ", "Orwell depicts a gray, totalitarian world in which privacy does not exist, news is manufactured according to the authorities' will, and those with unorthodox ideas are brainwashed or put to death. Orwell's 1949 nightmare vision of the world we were becoming is still the great modern classic of negative Utopia.", "Found the P.M. absorbed in George Orwell's book, 1984. ‘Have you read it, Charles? Oh, you must. I'm reading it for a second time. It is a very remarkable book.’", "First published on August 17 1945 by Secker & Warburg, Orwell's allegory about Stalinism – in which a revolutionary uprising by the animals of Manor Farm brings about a self-inflicted totalitarian system – made him famous and has since become a modern classic. It was written in 1943 and 1944 after his experiences fighting for the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War. He later explained that his first-hand experience escaping the Communist purges in Spain – and their misrepresentation by the Left back home – taught him ''how easily totalitarian propaganda can control the opinion of enlightened people in democratic countries''. The book was ready for publication in April 1944, but Victor Gollancz, who had published his first five books, refused to publish it because it attacked the Soviet Union, then an ally. Jonathan Cape agreed to take it but withdrew support – a decision believed to have been influenced by Peter Smollett, who worked at the Ministry of Information and was later revealed as a Soviet agent. This year, further information has come to light about how T S Eliot rejected the piece on the grounds of its unconvincing Trotskyite politics. As director of Faber and Faber, his 1944 letter – made public by his widow Valerie – praised the book's ''good writing'' and ''fundamental integrity\", but said: ''We have no conviction that this is the right point of view from which to criticise the political situation at the current time.''" ]

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[ "Tonight, Tuesday, June 5, as the sun set on the East Coast, the planet Venus began its \"transit\" across the face of the sun. Pay close attention: Barring a miracle of future medicine, this is your only chance to witness such a crossing. The next one will take place in 2117.", "Clip :53 - The transit of Venus across the Sun has enthralled astronomers and amateur stargazers alike. They gathered across the world to view the rare phenomenon. The planet appeared as a small black pinhole moving slowly across the face of our Sun. People turned their gaze to the small silhouette of Venus in a spectacle that will not be seen again until 2117. NOTE: NO NARRATIONS", "Explanation: Today Venus moves in front of the Sun. One way to follow this rare event is to actively reload the above live image of the Sun during the right time interval and look for an unusual circular dark dot. The smaller sprawling dark areas are sunspots . The circular dot is the planet Venus . The dark dot will only appear during a few very specific hours, from about 22:10 on 2012 June 5 through 4:50 2012 June 6, Universal Time . This transit is the rarest type of solar eclipse known -- much more rare than an eclipse of the Sun by the Moon or even by the planet Mercury . In fact, the next transit of Venus across the Sun will be in 2117. Anyone with a clear view of the Sun can go outside and carefully view the transit for themselves by projecting sunlight through a hole in a card onto a wall. Because this Venus transit is so unusual and visible from so much of the Earth, it is expected to be one of the more photographed celestial events in history. The above live image on the Sun is being taken by the Earth-orbiting Solar Dynamics Observatory and can be updated about every 15 minutes. Editor's note: Since the transit has ended, the live image was replaced by one taken just before Venus crossed out of Sun.", "Venus’ transit day has passed – the last transit of Venus for the 21st century! The brightest planet, Venus, passed right in front of the sun for nearly seven hours on June 5-6, 2012, but, from many places, the transit was in progress at sunrise or sunset. During the transit, Venus appeared in silhouette as a small, dark dot moving in front of the solar disk. This exceedingly rare astronomical event – a transit of Venus – won’t happen again until December 11, 2117. However, a transit of Mercury will take place on May 9, 2016.", "On June 8 2004, Venus passed directly between the Earth and the Sun, appearing as a large black dot travelling across the Sun's disk. This event is known as a \"transit of Venus\" and is very rare: the last two were in 1882 and 2012, for the next you'll have to wait until 2117. While no longer of great scientific importance as it was in the past, this event was the impetus for a major journey for many amateur astronomers.", "Few people alive today will have another chance to witness the transit of Venus, as the laws of orbital mechanics do not bring the planets into position again until December 2117.", "\"The 2012 transit of Venus, when the planet Venus  appeared as a small, dark disk moving across the face of the Sun , began at 22:09 UTC  on 5 June 2012, and finished at 04:49 UTC on 6 June.  Depending on the position of the observer, the exact times varied by up to ±7 minutes. Transits of Venus are among the rarest of predictable celestial phenomena  and occur in pairs, eight years apart, which are themselves separated by more than a century: [2]  The previous transit  of Venus took place on 8 June 2004 (preceded by transits on 9 December 1874 and 6 December 1882); the next pair of transits will occur on 10–11 December 2117 and in December 2125\"", "On that day, more than half the world [image] will get to see a rare event - Mercury crossing the face of the Sun at inferior conjunction.   Observers throughout the Americas, as well as across eastern Asia, Australia and New Zealand will be able to observe all or at least part of this striking celestial phenomenon with small telescopes, as the innermost planet slowly crosses in front of the solar disk.   Such a phenomenon is known to astronomers as a transit.", "Watch with care. Tuesday afternoon, U.S. time, we earthlings will be treated to the rare spectacle of a transit of Venus -- the heavens aligning so that the small black disc of the planet Venus marches slowly across the face of the sun.", "The transit of Venus across the sun is one of the rarest celestial sights visible from Earth, one that wowed scientists and amateur observers around the world Tuesday (June 5). The event, arguably the most anticipated skywatching display of the year, marked the last time Venus will cross the sun (as seen from Earth) for 105 years.", "* June 5–6 – The century's second and last solar transit of Venus occurs. The next pair are predicted to occur in 2117 and 2125. ", "Venus Transit 2012: Planet to Cross Face of Sun Wednesday, Last Time in 21st Century - ABC News", "The act of one celestial body passing in front of another. For example, when astronomers observe Mercury to be moving in front of the Sun, they say that Mercury is transiting the Sun. Most often, though, transit is used to refer to a celestial body crossing the meridian. The time at which a celestial object crosses the meridian is called the transit time. At the transit time, the object is highest in the sky, and light from the object travels through the thinnest possible layer of Earth's atmosphere. Thus an object's transit time marks the best time to view the object.", "Venus appeared as a small dark dot crossing sun’s face for last time this century on June 5-6, 2012. Last transit of Venus in our lifetimes! Transit times and more here.", "This year’s transit is the second of an 8-year pair. Anticipation was high in June 2004 as Venus approached the sun.  No one alive at the time had seen a Transit of Venus with their own eyes, and the hand-drawn sketches and grainy photos of previous centuries scarcely prepared them for what was about to happen.  Modern solar telescopes captured unprecedented view of Venus’s atmosphere backlit by solar fire.  They saw Venus transiting the sun’s ghostly corona, and gliding past magnetic filaments big enough to swallow the planet whole.  One photographer even caught a spaceship, the International Space Station, transiting the sun alongside Venus. ", "6. Q Which astronomical event happened in 2004 and will happen again in 2012, but then won’t happen again until 2117?", "Unfortunately, for most of the United States, local sunset will intervene before Mercury can move off the Sun's disk. Prior to sundown, however, the speedy planet should be recognizable moving across the lower portion of the Sun as a tiny, black, sharp-edged dot, having only 1/194 the Sun's diameter. As you watch, the gradual travel of this dot will bring it toward the Sun's right edge. This will be an especially interesting time.   The moment when the two disks become internally tangent is known as Contact III.   For those western U.S. and Canadian locations where the end of the transit will be visible, Contact III should occur within several seconds of 4:08:16 p.m. Pacific Standard Time.", "Here is the poor man's way to \"see\" the transit of the Earth across the sun: look with the Hubble Space Telescope at Jupiter in 2014, to see the reflected light of the sun from Jupiter's surface. (The light falling on Jupiter, and being reflected from there, is what we would see if we lived on Jupiter. The sun is too bright for Hubble to observe directly.)", "* A transit is the astronomical event that occurs when at least one celestial body appears to move across the face of another celestial body, hiding a small part of it, as seen by an observer at some particular vantage point. If the first celestial body hides a major part, or all of, the second celestial body, then it is an occultation rather than a transit.", "On this day, the sun crosses/is furthest from the celestial equator. The date of the vernal equinox is 20 or 21 March/22 or 23 September.", "Transits can currently occur only in June or December (see table). These dates are slowly getting later; before 1631, they were in May and November. Transits usually occur in pairs, on nearly the same date eight years apart. This is because the length of eight Earth years is almost the same as 13 years on Venus, so every eight years the planets are in roughly the same relative positions. This approximate conjunction usually results in a pair of transits, but it is not precise enough to produce a triplet, since Venus arrives 22 hours earlier each time. The last transit not to be part of a pair was in 1396. The next will be in 3089; in 2854 (the second of the 2846/2854 pair), although Venus will just miss the Sun as seen from the Earth's equator, a partial transit will be visible from some parts of the southern hemisphere.", "A solstice is an astronomical event that happens twice each year as the Sun reaches its highest or lowest excursion relative to the celestial equator on the celestial sphere. As a result, on the day of the solstice the Sun appears to have reached its highest or lowest annual altitude in the sky above the horizon at local solar noon. The word solstice is derived from the Latin sol (sun) and sistere (to stand still), because at the solstices, the Sun stands still in declination; that is, the seasonal movement of the Sun's path (as seen from Earth) comes to a stop before reversing direction. The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons. In many cultures the solstices mark either the beginning or the midpoint of winter and summer.", "Right: On May 5, 2000, the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn will converge in an area of the sky about 25 degrees across. Unfortunately, this spectacle will not be visible to sky watchers because of the blinding light of the Sun, which will appear to be right in the middle of this planetary get-together.", "NASA maintains a catalog of Venus Transits covering the period 2000 BCE to 4000 CE. Currently, transits occur only in June or December (see table) and the occurrence of these events slowly drifts, becoming later in the year by about two days every 243-year cycle. Transits usually occur in pairs, on nearly the same date eight years apart. This is because the length of eight Earth years is almost the same as 13 years on Venus, so every eight years the planets are in roughly the same relative positions. This approximate conjunction usually results in a pair of transits, but it is not precise enough to produce a triplet, since Venus arrives 22 hours earlier each time. The last transit not to be part of a pair was in 1396. The next will be in 3089; in 2854 (the second of the 2846/2854 pair), although Venus will just miss the Sun as seen from the Earth's equator, a partial transit will be visible from some parts of the southern hemisphere. ", "Behold! A year has passed since the great Mayan apocalypse of 2012 — newsflash: we’re all still here — and the winter solstice is again upon us. The solstice marks the shortest day of the year for dwellers in the Northern Hemisphere, and the longest day of the year for those south of the equator. But that doesn’t just mean darkness will cast a great shadow over the Northern Hemisphere. Leading up to the solstice, the sun’s highest point appears closer to horizon each day, which means the days get shorter and the nights get longer. During the solstice, the sun’s position relative to Earth seems to pause  (solstice means “stationary sun”), and from that day forward appears to inch northward, meaning more sunlight for those of us in the north. Here’s a look at why you should care about today’s astronomical event.", "The dates when Earth reaches the extreme points on its orbit are not fixed because of the variations in its eccentricity. In 1246, the December Solstice was on the same day as the Earth reached its Perihelion. Since then, the Perihelion and Aphelion dates have drifted by a day every 58 years. In the short-term, the dates can vary up to 2 days from one year to another.", "Anyone in the New England or New York will be able to see this astronomical occurrence without any special equipment. Simply go outside (remember to dress warm!) and look for Regulus. The star will be found high in the western sky. Look for the constellation, resembling a body and head, with its head angled down, to the right. Regulus will be the bright star at the bottom right of the lion's body. The constellation resembles a question mark to many people. The occultation will take place at 2:06 a.m. For people in the northern reaches of the area where this can be seen, the occultation will happen a few minutes later than it will further south.", "Tuesday's transit began just after 6 p.m. EDT (2200 GMT) and lasted about six hours and 40 minutes. It was visible across North America, Europe, Asia and eastern Africa. Because of the International Date Line, some parts of the world saw the transit on June 6.", "Year in which an additional day is inserted into the calendar in order to keep the calendar year synchronized with Earth�s orbit around the Sun.", "occurs when the sun falls most directly on the equator & the total time of daylight & night are equal; 2 occur each year (march 21st & sep. 22nd)", "1999 Up to 350m people throughout Europe and Asia witnessed the last total solar eclipse of the century. 30 Mill", "Object ( 20011LC19 ) it to will be going by Earth around Oct 28, 2011 tru" ]

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[ "Dorothy and Toto travel to the Emerald City, on the way gaining three travelling companions, who also seek the help of the Wizard: a living Scarecrow who wants to ask the Wizard for a brain, a Tin Man who wants a heart, and a Cowardly Lion who needs courage.", "Dorothy (from the Wizard of Oz) had FOUR companions. Each one was in search of something just as Dorothy was searching of a way to get home. The Tin Man was in search of a heart, The Cowardly Lion was in search of courage, and The Scarecrow was in search of a brain. Of course, Dorothy's FOURTH companion was her beloved dog, Toto. more", "The two gladly oiled the Tin Woodmans' joints and freed him from his motionless existence and prison of regret and rust. The girl explained to the Tin Woodman they were following the Yellow Brick Road and traveling to see Oz's great Wizard who lived in Oz's capital aka the Emerald City . Dorothy told him that she was trying to find a way back to her relatives in her homeland called Kansas , after being unexpectedly swept away to Oz via cyclone . Then she told him about her companion, the straw man and how he wanted a set of brains. The Tin Woodmam decided to join them and ask the Wizard for a heart to not only fully regain his love for Nimmie Amee but all living things. The three journeyed off to see the Wizard and on the way they all met a Cowardly Lion in the jungle who longed for some courage to be brave and king of all beast. Dorothy, Scarecrow, and Tin Woodman encouraged him to also come along and they all quickly became good friends forever more. The four would go on to have many adventures throughout all of Oz that would change the land of Oz forever.", "The Yellow Brick Road leads them into a great forest where they discover a man made of tin, rusted solid. They oil his joints (\"Slide Some Oil To Me\") and he tells them how, to prevent him from marrying a servant girl, the Wicked Witch of the East put a spell on his axe so that it began to cut off parts of his body. Each time it happened, a tinsmith replaced the missing part with one made of tin until he was entirely made of it. The one thing the tinsmith forgot was a heart, and the Tin Man has longed for one ever since. Dorothy and the Scarecrow invite him on their journey to see the Wizard with the hope that he may give him one (\"Ease On Down the Road #2\").", "When a tornado rips through Kansas, Dorothy and her dog, Toto, are whisked away in their house to the magical land of Oz. They follow the Yellow Brick Road toward the Emerald City to meet the Wizard, and en route they meet a Scarecrow that needs a brain, a Tin Man missing a heart, and a Cowardly Lion who wants courage. The wizard asks the group to bring him the broom of the Wicked Witch of the West to earn his help.", "After tricking some rather mean trees and getting some of their delicious apples to eat for a hardy snack, they discover a Tin Man , (Jack Haley) on the side of the road hidden by trees and bushes. They see that the man is entirely made out of tin and is also completely rusted. He mumbles in agony for his oilcan and Dorothy and the Scarecrow oil up his joints so he can properly move again and talk without any restraint. After thanking them for freeing him from his prison of rust, the Tin Man tells them a sad story, that he is empty inside because the Tinsmith who made his tin body forget to add a heart to love. After thinkng it over, they invite him to also come with them so the wizard can give him a heart as he will give Dorothy a way home and the Scarecrow a set of brains.", "Toto (properly pronounced Toe-Toe) is a fictional dog created by L. Frank Baum , author and creator of the Oz legacy. He serves strictly as an animal sidekick who makes his debut appearance in Baum's first Oz book titled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , published in 1900, and is introduced in the first chapter of the novel titled The Cyclone. Toto is the beloved pet dog and loyal companion of Dorothy Gale , the book's main heroine and child protagonist. He lived with his owner Dorothy who was an adolescent orphan raised by her two guardians; Aunt Em and Uncle Henry , on a small and poverty stricken farm upon the sunbaked Kansas prairies in circa 1899-1900. Toto was Dorothy's only friend and sole source of happiness and he would play with Dorothy all day, everyday, and keep her company on the lonely, isolated farmland. Because of his friendly and energetic nature, Toto stopped his little mistress from sharing the same bleak fates as the adults in her life who are described as being joyless and gray.It is usually debated that Toto is a symbol of American engineering and a home of sexual mans love for some fire cock, like that one guy he met at Denny's and felt a connection with but was afraid to say anything cause he wasn't comfortable with himself and still hadn't have come out of the closet yet.", "Strap on your ruby slippers, and join the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, the Lion, Dorothy, and her little dog too for this adaptation of The Wizard of Oz. Lots of people love this classic story of the girl who wakes up in a strange land filled with witches, munchkins, and monkeys — and befriends a cowardly lion, a tin man without a heart, and a scarecrow with no brain in her quest to find her way back home. Journey down the yellow brick road through the land of Oz to meet the wizard while humming along to memorable songs from the Oscar-winning film, including \"Over the Rainbow,\" \"We're Off to See the Wizard,\" and \"If I Only Had a Brain.\"", "Believing him to be the only one capable of solving their problems, Dorothy Gale and her friends traveled to the Emerald City to ask for his help. The Wizard was very reluctant to meet them, but eventually they were each granted an audience, one at a time. The Wizard appeared to Dorothy as a giant head, to the Scarecrow as a beautiful fairy, to the Tin Woodman as a terrible beast, and to the Cowardly Lion as ball of fire. The Wizard promised to grant each of their requests if they killed the Wicked Witch of the West .", "To her great surprise, Dorothy was reunited with none other than Oscar, the wonderful Wizard himself, who had fallen through when his balloon crashed and the earthquake hit. It did not take long to learn that the Mangaboo were not nice people at all, driving the uninvited visitors from their country. Thus began a subterranean journey through the Valley of Voe , where the company encountered the Braided Man on Pyramid Mountain ; were briefly imprisoned by Gargoyles , and encountered a cavern full of Dragonettes . Eventually cavern came to an end at which time Dorothy finally remembered that she was able to signal Ozma for help when it was an absolute emergency. Upon receiving the distress call Ozma quickly used the power of the Magic Belt (a tool of the Nome King ) to bring them all to Oz. Where they spent a few days visiting and recupperating before deciding to return to San Francisco.", "After the Wicked Witch tried to steal Dorothy's charmed Silver Shoes that she'd been wearing since her arrival in Oz; the girl killed the witch with a bucket of water; causing the old wicked creature to melt away like brown sugar. Once the group returned to Emerald City to see the Wizard , it was discovered that the great Oz was an old humbug named Oscar Diggs. Desperate to find a way home, Dorothy, Toto and their friends were forced to set out on yet another adventure to seek Glinda , the beautiful Good Witch of the South. On their way they encountered the Fighting Trees , passed carefully through the dainty enclave called China Country and dodged the unfriendly clan called Hammer-Heads . Once they arrived at Glinda's palace, there she kindly told them about the secret charm of the Silver Shoes. The shoes would allow Dorothy to return to Kansas. Dorothy knocked the heels of the shoes together exactly three times in a row. And with Toto in her arms, Dorothy was instantly teleported away to a joyful reunion with her family and Toto chased after the chickens on the newly built farm. The Silver Shoes however, were lost in the desert forever.", "When Dorothy first came to the magical Land of Oz , she was eager to find a way back to her home, as she was concerned for her uncle and aunt were okay back in Kansas after the cyclone hit and carried her away. This made Dorothy a thoughtful person, thinking of others safety and well-being other than just her own. And showed her throughout the story as remaining unselfish because she was worried that Aunt Em would go into mourning over Dorothy's long disappearance, and Uncle Henry not being able to afford the damage that the cyclone caused on the farm and the crops. In the iconic 1939 movie, Judy Garland's Dorothy was also ultimately unselfish. Despite running away from her unhappiness and troubles at home; when Dorothy discovered that her Auntie Em had been grief-stricken and dying of a broken heart, Dorothy realized she had made a mistake and spent the entire movie trying to find a way back home to get to her sick Auntie Em, as she was guilt ridden.", "Toto the dog is a character in L. Frank Baum's 1900 fantasy story The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Toto is the pet of Dorothy Gale, a Kansas farm girl who is blown \"over the rainbow\" into the magical land of Oz. Toto appeared in various \"Oz\" books written by Baum and others, but the dog became really famous after the release of the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, starring Judy Garland as Dorothy. The film became a popular classic with baby boomers, thanks in part to annual showings on network television. Toto was immortalized in Dorothy's famous line, \"Toto... I have a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore\" and in the Wicked Witch of the West's dire threat to Dorothy: \"I'll get you, my pretty, and your little dog, too!\"", "Description : Dorothy wakes up in post-tornado Kansas, only to be whisked back to Oz to try to save her old friends the Scarecrow, the Lion, the Tin Man and Glinda from a devious new villain, the Jester. Wiser the owl, Marshal Mallow, China Princess and Tugg the tugboat join Dorothy on her latest magical journey through the colorful landscape of Oz to restore order and happiness to Emerald City.", "Dorothy meets Jamie's mother, Amanda, along with two Hyups, Darlene and Heavenlee. They travel to the Emerald City and reunite with the rest of Jamie's family and friends, all of whom have been transported to Oz by means of a magic box. Dorothy joins everyone as they travel south to the banks of the Munchkin River to watch the climatic battle against Cobbler the Dog, the mechanical pet of Tik-Tok, who was possessed by the evil remains of the Wicked Witch of the East. (Family of Oz)", "The Wizard of Oz without nominations for 17 year-old Judy Garland in her signature role as Dorothy (who sang \"Somewhere Over the Rainbow\"), all her Yellow Brick Road companions (Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, Jack Haley as the Tin Man, and Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion), the Wizard himself (Frank Morgan) and its director Victor Fleming, although the latter took the honors for", "Available to watch on YouTube, the long cancelled show MAD TV, made a spoof version of The Wizard of Oz. After the Wizard accidentally leaves Dorothy behind and floats away in his hot air balloon, Glinda the Good appears before a distraught Dorothy and her companions. And Dorothy tells Glinda how she really feels about her...", "In the 1939 film, the sequence is considerably altered. The poppy field is conjured up by the Wicked Witch of the West, and it appears directly in front of the Emerald City, preventing the four travelers from reaching it. As in the novel, Dorothy and the Cowardly Lion fall asleep, but in a direct reversal of the book, the Scarecrow and the Tin Man are unable to carry Dorothy. Glinda, who has been watching over them, conjures up a snowfall which kills the poppies' narcotic power and enables Dorothy and the Lion to awaken. Unfortunately, the Tin Man has been weeping in despair, and the combination of his tears and the wet snow has caused him to rust. After he is oiled by Dorothy, the four skip happily toward the Emerald City.", "L. Frank Baum (1856-1919) children's author, playwright and journalist wrote the American classic The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. (1900). He also wrote under numerous pseudonyms including Edith Van Dyne (Aunt Jane's Nieces and Mary Louise series), Floyd Akers, Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald, John Estes Cooke, Laura Bancroft, Schuyler Staunton, and Suzanne Metcalf.", "The Cowardly Lion. He came with Dorothy to the Emerald City looking for courage, and the Wizard helped him acquire it. He is loyal and brave, and often acts as a bodyguard for Ozma on state occasions. But he's the first to admit that he's still scared sometimes.", "22            Which of the Dorothy’s three companions does she meet first in The Wizard of Oz?", "When Dorothy and her friends meet the Wizard again, he tries to stall, but Toto accidentally tips over a screen in a corner of the throne room which hides him. He is found to an ordinary old man who, by a hot air balloon, came to Oz from Omaha long ago and has longed to return home and work in a circus again.", "The Wizard of Oz film received much acclaim upon its release. Frank Nugent considered the film a \"delightful piece of wonder-working which had the youngsters' eyes shining and brought a quietly amused gleam to the wiser ones of the oldsters. Not since Disney's Snow White has anything quite so fantastic succeeded half so well.\" Nugent had issues with some of the film's special effects, writing, \"with the best of will and ingenuity, they cannot make a Munchkin or a Flying Monkey that will not still suggest, however vaguely, a Singer's Midget in a Jack Dawn masquerade. Nor can they, without a few betraying jolts and split-screen overlappings, bring down from the sky the great soap bubble in which the Good Witch rides and roll it smoothly into place.\" According to Nugent, \"Judy Garland's Dorothy is a pert and fresh-faced miss with the wonder-lit eyes of a believer in fairy tales, but the Baum fantasy is at its best when the Scarecrow, the Woodman, and the Lion are on the move.\"", "Dorothy Gale is swept away to a magical land in a tornado and embarks on a quest to see the Wizard who can help her return home. Directed by Victor Fleming . Based on the novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum. Homework: Constructed Response , Article: The Man behind the Curtain", "When they return to the Emerald City, the Wizard is reluctant to grant their requests right away, but they see a curtain and a man at the controls. It turned out that the Wizard was just an ordinary man who came from Kansas himself when a tornado brought him in his air balloon to the Emerald City and he accepted the offer to be the Wizard of Oz. He grants their requests, but when he prepared to take Dorothy home in his air balloon, Toto sees a cat and goes after it. The Wizard didn't know how the air balloon worked and he flew away by himself.", "With this unassuming ‘Open Sesame’ begins L. Frank Baum ’s 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the story of a bored young girl in farmland America who’s whisked off to the magical land of Oz during a cyclone. Theatre and early cinema versions of Baum’s story began to appear soon after publication, with Sam Raimi the most recent director to tackle the story, in Oz the Great and Powerful (2013). ", "Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz is the fourth book set in the Land of Oz (though most of the action is outside of it) written by L. Frank Baum and illustrated by John R. Neill. It was published in 1908 and reunites Dorothy with the humbug Wizard from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. This is one of only two of the original forty Oz books (with The Emerald City of Oz) to be illustrated with watercolor paintings.", "The 1939 film starring a young Judy Garland was based on Lyman Frank Baum's book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, published in 1900. It told of an orphaned Kansas girl swept by a tornado into a fantastical world, but who wants to return home to her aunt and uncle.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is an American children's novel written by author L. Frank Baum and illustrated by W. W. Denslow, originally published by the George M. Hill Company in Chicago on May 17, 1900. It has since been reprinted on numerous occasions, most often under the title The Wizard of Oz, which is the title of the popular 1902 Broadway musical as well as the iconic 1939 musical film adaptation.", "Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. First published in 1900, Baum's tale of a little Kansas girl lifted to a faraway land by a", "In the film The Wizard of Oz, lead character Dorothy Gale sings the song \"Over the Rainbow\" where she fantasises about a place over the rainbow, where the world is in peace and harmony.", "Most of us remember The Wizard of Oz as the film starring Judy Garland and Bert Lahr. But the film was based on L. Frank Baum's immensely popular Oz series, which was published in the early twentieth century. In these novels, Oz is the utopian land beyond the rainbow where threats are turned back with valor and ingenuity. The books' success lies in the way they induce children to look for the element of wonder in the world around them." ]

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[ "A patty melt consists of a patty, sautéed onions and cheese between two slices of rye bread . The sandwich is then grilled.", "What is a patty melt?  A traditional patty melt consists of cheddar or Swiss cheese and original hamburger patty, stuffed in between two slices of rye bread. (However, you may substitute sourdough for rye nowadays.)  Since patty melt is a toasted or pressed sandwich, it is also considered as a form of Panini or another variety of grilled cheese.  You may also note that a patty melt use bread instead of buns, usually used on hamburgers; nevertheless Americans prefer their patty melts between buns to give it an American twist.", "A patty melt consists of a patty, sautéed onions and cheese between two slices of rye bread . The sandwich is then buttered and fried.", "Corned beef is often purchased ready to eat in delicatessens. It is the key ingredient in the grilled Reuben sandwich, consisting of corned beef, Swiss cheese, sauerkraut, and Thousand Island or Russian dressing on rye bread.", "Add too much of a single, non-cheese ingredient to your grilled cheese and it becomes a melt. Tuna, turkey, ham, or the famous Patty (a burger patty topped with with sautéed onions and swiss cheese, griddled between two slices of rye toast).", "A hamburger (or burger) is a sandwich consisting of a cooked patty of ground meat , usually beef , placed in an open bun or between two slices of bread . Hamburgers are often served with lettuce , tomato , onion , pickles, or cheese and condiments such as mustard, mayonnaise , and ketchup .", "A patty melt is the perfect marriage of a grilled cheese sandwich and a hamburger. This recipe uses both ground beef and ground turkey for a comforting favorite that's on the leaner side.", "A hamburger (or cheeseburger when served with a slice of cheese) is a sandwich consisting of one or more cooked patties of ground meat, usually beef, placed inside a sliced bread roll or bun. Hamburgers may be cooked in a variety of ways, including pan-frying, barbecuing, and flame-broiling. Hamburgers are often served with cheese, lettuce, tomato, bacon, onion, pickles, and condiments such as mustard, mayonnaise, ketchup, relish, and chiles. ", "Hamburger is a sandwich consisting of one or more cooked patties of ground meat that usually placed inside a sliced hamburger bun. Hamburgers are often served with lettuce, bacon, tomato, onion, pickles, cheese and condiments such as mustard, mayonnaise, ketchup and relish. i believe that each and everyone of you had tasted hamburger before this. It was listed number 6 on world's most delicious foods !", "1. A sandwich consisting of a bun, a cooked beef patty, and often other ingredients such as cheese, onion slices, lettuce, or condiments. Often used in combination: a cheeseburger. 2. A similar sandwich with a nonbeef filling. Often used in combination: a crab burger; a tofu burger.", "Very very good, if you want you can add a hamburger patty and some fries to the top of the bread and you would have what we in central Illinois call a horseshoe, messy but delicious. Bigtony05 2011-06-29T11:17:53Z item not reviewed by moderator and published", "* In Minnesota, a \"Juicy Lucy\" (also spelled \"Jucy Lucy\"), is a hamburger having cheese inside the meat patty rather than on top. A piece of cheese is surrounded by raw meat and cooked until it melts, resulting in a molten core of cheese within the patty. This scalding hot cheese tends to gush out at the first bite, so servers frequently instruct customers to let the sandwich cool for a few minutes before consumption.", "In Minnesota , a \" Juicy Lucy \" (also spelled \"Jucy Lucy\"), is a hamburger having cheese inside the meat patty rather than on top. A piece of cheese is surrounded by raw meat and cooked until it melts, resulting in a molten core of cheese within the patty. This scalding hot cheese tends to gush out at the first bite, so servers frequently instruct customers to let the sandwich cool for a few minutes before consumption.", "Reuben Sandwich Hot corned beef, sauerkraut, melted Swiss cheese, and either Russian or Thousand Island salad dressing is placed between two grilled slices of rye.", "Grilled Cheese (USA/British Commonwealth (as Cheese Toastie)) fried or broiled sandwich consisting of melted cheese between slices of buttered bread.", "If you know the Sloppy Joe, then you know the loose meat sandwich (a.k.a. the \"Tavern\" or \"Maid-Rite\" sandwich). It's more or less a sauceless Joe: ground beef unseasoned with chopped onions, piled on a hamburger bun, sometimes with cheese, pickles, ketchup or mustard. It's native to Iowa but popular across the central Midwest.", "Maybe you loved this sandwich, maybe you hated it, but there's a good chance that back in school you ate it. The ingredients: ground beef, onions, spices, and ketchup, or another tomato sauce, on a hamburger bun. The Sloppy Joe is a variation on the older \"loose-meat\" sandwich, which is a bun with ground beef but without sauce.", "These sandwiches are all iconic somewhere, though they range in national fame from the grilled cheese to the horseshoe (wait, what's a horseshoe?). Many of these we've eaten before; some were new to us. And though we divided them regionally, they can of course be found in any number of cities across the country. See them all in the slideshow!", "Thin-shaved, lean corned beef or turkey on grilled rye bread with sauerkraut, Thousand Island dressing and melted Swiss", "Sausage sandwich— German, Italian, Polish, or Andouille sausage with peppers, onions, sauerkraut or marinara. Popular at carnivals and fairs.", "In North America, burgers may be classified as two main types: fast food hamburgers and individually prepared burgers made in homes and restaurants. The latter are traditionally prepared \"with everything\" (or \"all the way\", \"deluxe\", \"the works\", \"dragged through the garden\", or in some regions \"all dressed\"), which includes lettuce, tomato, onion, and often sliced pickles (or pickle relish). Cheese (usually processed cheese slices but often cheddar , Swiss , pepper jack, or blue ), either melted on the meat patty or crumbled on top, is generally an option.", "Ah, the famed New York Reuben … what would it be without a generous helping of sauerkraut? Just another layered sourdough sandwich filled with thin slices of corned beef and Swiss cheese, nothing to write home about. It’s probably safe to say then, that with the ingenious addition of pickled cabbage to the sandwich, it is one dish which has single-handedly helped lift kraut to international stardom.", "In the United Kingdom and Australia, the term \"sandwich\" is more narrowly defined than in the US: it refers only to an item which uses sliced bread from a loaf. An item with similar fillings, but using an entire bread roll cut horizontally in half, is always referred to as a \"roll\". (In South Australia, there is a regional variant of the \"roll\", superficially similar to a club sandwich, where the bread roll is sliced three times (parallel cuts), and filling is put in the first and third openings, but not the second. This makes the resulting \"double cut roll\" easier to handle: the top half and the bottom half are eaten separately.) Any hot item based on a bread roll is referred to as a \"burger\", never as a \"sandwich\". However, hot sliced (not ground) beef between two slices of toasted bread is referred to as a \"steak sandwich\" - it is the sliced loaf bread that distinguishes the steak sandwich from a \"burger\".", "The bread on the sandwich is a housemade laminated pastry split in two to reveal flaky, slightly glutinous, croissant-like layers coiled in a spiral to create a more or less burger-shaped bun. The pork and beef versions both feature slow-cooked, barbecue-style meat in delicate shreds, each bathed in distinct sauces. Both hold just a touch of sweetness but are complex and spicy, with hints of cumin and other dry spices.", "Hamburgers are often served as a fast dinner, picnic or party food, and are usually cooked outdoors on barbecue grills.", "Throughout Belgium and in some eateries in the Netherlands , a Bicky Burger is sold that combines pork, chicken, and horse meat. [55] [56] The hamburger, usually fried, is served between a bun, sprinkled with sesame seeds. It often comes with a specific Bickysaus (Bicky dressing) made with mayonnaise, mustard, cabbage, and onion. [55]", "Thus, the term \"burger\" became the synonym for many types of round sandwiches, although this word actually just described that a type of food or rather their creator(s) originated in Hamburg.", "Hamburger: Another food popularly considered “American,\" even if does take its name directly from a German city.", "Hamburgers are also available from mobile kiosks, particularly at outdoor events such as football matches. Burgers from this type of outlet are usually served without any form of salad — only fried onions and a choice of tomato ketchup, mustard or brown sauce.", "Hamburgers are also available from mobile kiosks , particularly at outdoor events such as football matches. Burgers from this type of outlet are usually served without any form of salad — only fried onions and a choice of tomato ketchup, mustard or brown sauce.", "Blood sausage, white sausage, German salami and zwiebelwurst (onion sausage) are only some of the many, many varieties also available around the country. But no matter the sausage, the mustard is rarely out of reach.", "Oh dear god, when I lived in Freiburg, Germany, that was my favorite meal. I dearly miss real, thick, bash-a-skull-in-with-it (Schädeleinschlagsgeeignetbrot) black German bread with stinky putrid cheese. And mustard!" ]

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[ "Jacques Cousteau was a French undersea explorer, researcher, photographer and documentary host who invented diving and scuba devices, including the Aqua-Lung. He also conducted underwater expeditions and produced films and television series, including the Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau. ", "- The aqualung is a breathing apparatus that supplied oxygen to divers and allowed them to stay underwater for several hours. It was invented in 1943 by Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1910 -1997) and the French industrial gas control systems engineer Emile Gagnan. Among the innovations in their device was a mechanism that provided inhalation and exhaust valves at the same level. That summer, the new device was tested in the Mediterranean Sea down to 210 ft (68 m) by Cousteau, Philippe Tailliez, and Fr�d�rik Dumas. This safe, easy-to-use, and reliable device was the first modern scuba system.", "It is mentioned in the book that the French naval officer, explorer and prizewinning filmmaker Jacques-Yves Cousteau, an ambassador for the European spirit of curiosity, exploration and innovation at its very finest, invented the aqualung together with Émile Gagnan in 1943 and donned the first autonomous diving gear, yet Mr. Cousteau is not rated in the technology index. This proved a decisive turning point in the centuries-long evolution toward what we now call scuba diving, an acronym for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.", "Jacques Cousteau, in full Jacques-Yves Cousteau (born June 11, 1910, Saint-André-de-Cubzac, France —died June 25, 1997, Paris ), French naval officer, ocean explorer, and coinventor of the Aqua-Lung, known for his extensive underseas investigations.", "Jacques Cousteau was a Frenchman who in known for his underwater exploration, innovations and marine conservation. Cousteau did a lot of underwater excursions in the Mediterranean and other parts of the world. He is also famous for developing the Aqua-Lung.", "After graduating from France’s naval academy in 1933, he was commissioned a second lieutenant. However, his plans to become a navy pilot were undermined by an almost fatal automobile accident in which both his arms were broken. Cousteau, not formally trained as a scientist, was drawn to undersea exploration by his love both of the ocean and of underwater diving . In 1943 Cousteau and French engineer Émile Gagnan developed the first fully automatic compressed-air Aqua-Lung (scuba apparatus), which allowed divers to swim freely underwater for extended periods of time. Cousteau helped to invent many other tools useful to oceanographers , including the diving saucer (an easily maneuverable small submarine for seafloor exploration), in 1959, and a number of underwater cameras.", "Cousteau graduated from France’s naval academy, but his career as an officer ended with a nearly fatal car accident in 1936. He went to Toulon, where he returned to his interests in the sea and photography, a period that culminated in his invention of the aqualung with Emile Gagnan in 1944. During World War II he also won a Legion d’honneur for his photographic espionage. The French Navy established the Underwater Research Group for Cousteau in 1944, and after the war the venture evolved into the freewheeling, worldwide voyages that Cousteau became famous for. Aboard the Calypso, a converted U.S. minesweeper, he and his crew conducted research and pioneered underwater photography. His 1957 documentary The Silent World (based on a 1953 topic) won an Oscar and the Palm d’Or of the Cannes film festival. Subsequent movies and The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, a television series, established Cousteau as a leading environmentalist and science educator. His Cousteau Society, dedicated to exploring and protecting the oceans, attracted millions of members worldwide. Through it he launched another innovative technology, “Turbosails,” towering non-rotating cylinders that act as sails to reduce ships’ dependency on oil-fueled engines. Anew ship propelled by them, the Alcyone, eventually replaced the Calypso.", "*open-circuit (examples are those invented in 1864 by Rouquayrol and Denayrouze, in 1926 by Yves le Prieur or the Aqua-Lung invented to extend duration with a demand regulator in 1942/43 by Jacques Yves Cousteau and Émile Gagnan). Here the diver breathes in from the equipment and all the exhaled gas goes to waste in the surrounding water. This type of equipment is relatively simple, making it cheaper and more reliable. The two-hose design originally used was the one designed by Cousteau and Gagnan. The single-hose design generally used today was invented in Australia by Ted Eldred. ", "Before the bathyscaphe appeared, however, in 1943, two Frenchmen created a means for divers to descend without the need for any sort of external chamber. Certainly a diver with this new apparatus could not go to anywhere near the same depths as those approached by the bathy-sphere; nonetheless, the new aqualung made it possible to spend an extended time under the surface without need for air. It was now theoretically feasible for a diver to go below without any need for help or supplies from above, because he carried his entire oxygen supply on his back. The name of one of inventors, Emile Gagnan, is hardly a household word; but that of the other—Jacques Cousteau (1910-1997)—certainly is. So, too, is the name of their invention: the s elf-c ontained u nderwater b reathing a pparatus, better known as scuba.", "Jacques-Yves Cousteau, born in Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac, France, on June 11, 1910, explored the depths of the ocean and educated the world on what Jacques Cousteau developed, with Émile Gagnan, the first aqualung in 1943. [9] Jacques Cousteau made films of ocean life and sunken ships that were havens for fish and plant life. [9] The highlights of Jacques Cousteau’s life are hardly a mystery; every schoolkid knows about his World War II Resistance work, his invention of the aqualung, his pioneering underwater photography, his famous TV program The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau (1968-1976), his environmental activism and his many awards and prizes. [10] The documentary television series The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau made the man, his work, and his red cap famous throughout the world. [11] In “The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau”, the documentary series that ran from 1968 and was shown all over the world, and its successor, “The Jacques Cousteau Odyssey”, he hit on the thing of which every TV producer dreams: a near-perfect small-screen formula. [12] His filmmaking career included three Oscars, frequent television specials and the series, The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau (1966). [13]", "    “Their original design was only marginally successful, and Cousteau almost drowned during a test dive. But after significant retooling, the device was pronounced a success in the summer of 1943. With a simple, safe and reliable breathing apparatus, the stage was set for the creation of the new sport of scuba diving.” Cousteau called this system the aqualung and it was brought to America in 1948 (Alex Brylske, “How Did We Get Here? A Short History of Diver Training” http://www.dtmag.com ).", "The key problem lay in designing a valve capable of delivering air at the correct pressure to the diver on demand. This was the achievement in 1943 of Emile Gagnon, a Parisian engineer, and Jacques Cousteau, a French naval officer who then used the aqualung to show the wonders of the undersea world to TV audiences of millions.", "On leaving school, where he was not a good student, Cousteau enrolled in the French Naval Academy, located at Brest in western France. [3] After France surrendered, the southern part of France lived under the Vichy regime a French government that cooperated with the Nazis, causing more despair for Cousteau. [5] During the war, Cousteau joined the French Resistance movement, spying and documenting troop movements. [6] Cousteau stayed in France during the war and worked in Resistance operations against Italy’s intelligence services. [5] Cousteau was born on June 11, 1910 in Saint-Andrde-Cubzac, Gironde, France. [6] So, in 1943, the diving regulator or aqualung was born, co-invented and patented by Gagnan and Cousteau. [5] They already had a daughter, Diane, and a son, Pierre-Yves, born in the early nineteen-eighties, while Cousteau was still married to Simone. [5] Cousteau married Simone Melchior when he was 26 years old, on July, 12 1937. [5] Soon after Cousteau discovered his love of the undersea world, he also declared his love for Simone Melchior. [49] He had two children with his first wife, Simone, and two more with his long-time mistress, Francine, whom he married in 1991 after his wife’s death, and who is now chair of the Cousteau Foundation. [4]", "One way to describe the effects of the development of the Aqualung is to summarize Cousteau’s continued efforts to the present. In 1946, he and Philippe Tailliez established the Undersea Research Group of Toulon to study diving techniques and various aspects of life in the oceans. They studied marine life in the Red Sea from 1951 to 1952. From 1952 to 1956, they engaged in an expedition supported by the National Geographic Society. By that time, the Research Group had developed many techniques that enabled them to identify life-forms and conditions at great depths.", "Jacques Cousteau was a famous marine underwater explorer who was born in Saint-Andrde-Cubzac, France in 1910. [3] Jacques Cousteau (kst’) was a filmmaker and self-taught oceanographer, and by far the most famous undersea explorer of the 20th century. [4]", "In the late 1940s and early 1950s, La Spirotechnique started exporting the Aqua-Lung and leasing its patent to foreign companies (like the British Siebe Gorman). These operations found great success. The Rouquayrol-Denayrouze apparatus didn't achieve as much success because the compressed-air tanks made with the technology of the time could only hold 30 atmospheres, which allowed dives of only 30 minutes at no more than ten meters deep. Before 1945, French divers preferred their then traditional diving helmets and diving dresses. When the Aqua-Lung became available for commercial use, divers around the world found a scuba device smaller and easier to carry than its precursor, which in fact was almost completely unknown outside France. In addition, and most importantly, the Aqua-Lung could be mounted on stronger and reliable air tanks holding up to 200 atmospheres, allowing extension of diving duration to more than an hour at significant depths (including the needed time for decompression stops).", "The two people who are credited with the invention of self-contained diving equipment are Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan. However, before they invented their system much work and development had occurred in the area of diving equipment. Many inventors spent time trying to devise a safe and practical way that people could breathe under the water and withstand the enormous pressure of different water depths.", "Jean-Michel Cousteau lives in Santa Barbara in California, running the Ocean Futures Society, an organisation which promotes sea exploration and underwater adventure holidays. [25] Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau is probably the one man most responsible for today’s widespread interest in underwater exploration and development. [32] Shortly thereafter, in 1943, Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan invented a system that would revolutionize the world of deep-sea exploration and push diving into the mainstream, allowing people around the world to become exposed to a magical oceanic wilderness they had been unable to experience before. [29]", "Robert Duane Ballard (born June 30, 1942) is a former United States Navy officer and a professor of oceanography at the University of Rhode Island who is most noted for his work in underwater archaeology : maritime archaeology and archaeology of shipwrecks . He is most known for the discoveries of the wrecks of the RMS Titanic in 1985, the battleship Bismarck in 1989, and the aircraft carrier USS Yorktown in 1998. He discovered the wreck of John F. Kennedy 's PT-109 in 2002 and visited Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana , who saved its crew. Ballard leads ocean exploration on E/V Nautilus . [1]", "    We learn more about the development of this design in an article “How Did We Get Here? A Short History of Diver Training” “Being a naval officer, Cousteau was already familiar with a self-contained diving apparatus developed a decade earlier by another Frenchman named Le Prieur. So, Cousteau went to Paris in the fall of 1942 to meet with Emile Gagnan. A talented engineer whose specialty was valves, Gagnan agreed to help Cousteau. He proposed a valve based on a design he had invented that would convert automobiles from gasoline to natural gas” (Alex Brylske, http://www.dtmag.com ).", "The invention of scuba gear gave divers more freedom to move about and made them less dependent on heavy equipment. (“Scuba” stands for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.) Its development occurred in several stages. In 1880, Henry Fleuss of England developed an outfit that used a belt containing pure oxygen. Belt and diver were connected, and the diver breathed the oxygen over and over. A version of this system was used by the U.S. Navy in World War II spying efforts. Nevertheless, it had serious drawbacks: Pure oxygen was toxic to divers at depths greater than 9 meters, and divers could carry only enough oxygen for relatively short dives. It did have an advantage for spies, namely, that the oxygen—breathed over and over in a closed system—did not reach the surface in the form of telltale bubbles.", "The idea of using bottles of compressed air to breathe underwater dates back to at least 1825, when William James, an English engineer, sketched out the basic requirements of an aqualung.", "While Ballard had been interested in the sea since an early age, his work at Woods Hole and his scuba diving experiences off Massachusetts spurred his interest in shipwrecks and their exploration. His work in the Navy had involved assisting in the development of small, unmanned submersibles that could be tethered to and controlled from a surface ship, and were outfitted with lighting, cameras, and manipulator arms. As early as 1973, Ballard saw this as way of searching for the wreck of Titanic. In 1977, he led his first expedition, which was unsuccessful.", "In 1939, a young physician named Christian J. Lambertsen developed an oxygen rebreather set (the Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit ) and demonstrated it to the OSS–after already being rejected by the U.S. Navy– in a pool at a hotel in Washington D.C. in 1942 [24] [25] The OSS not only bought into the concept, they hired Lambertsen to lead the program and build up the dive element for the organization. [25] His responsibilities included training and developing methods of combining self-contained diving and swimmer delivery including the Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit for the OSS \"Operational Swimmer Group\". [24] [26] Growing involvement of the OSS with coastal infiltration and water-based sabotage eventually led to creation of the OSS Maritime Unit.", "Robert Ballard is one of the best known deep-sea explorers. He is known for discoveries of hydrothermal vents, the sunken R.M.S. Titanic, the German battleship Bismarck, and other shipwrecks around the world. He is a pioneer in the early use of deep-diving submarines. His new high-tech Inner Space Center at the University of Rhode Island links scientists all over the world and makes it possible to identify new discoveries in real-time.", "In 1939, in response to the upcoming world war, Dr. Christian Lambertsen, an American professor, developed a self-contained underwater oxygen breathing apparatus . It was the American military that named this the clandestine (or top secret) system SCUBA. It worked quite well for shallow depths, but at deeper depths, many of the divers died from oxygen toxicity, and the project was dropped.", "In 1939, in response to the upcoming world war, Dr. Christian Lambertsen, an American professor, developed a self-contained underwater oxygen breathing apparatus . It was the American military that named this the clandestine (or top secret) system SCUBA. It worked quite well for shallow depths, but at deeper depths, many of the divers died from oxygen toxicity, and the project was dropped.", "In 1948, Cousteau, along with Philippe Tailliez and expert divers and academic scientists, undertook an underwater expedition in the Mediterranean Sea to find the Roman shipwreck Mahdia. This was the first underwater archaeology operation using self-contained diving apparatus and marked the beginning of underwater archeology.", "Monturiol began construction of a much larger submarine, Ictineo II, on 10 February 1862. The boat was 17 meters long and displaced 65 tons. Launched on 02 October 1864, the propeller was initially operated by sixteen men. The Ict�neo II was outfitted with a single cannon that could be fired while completely submerged. Monturiol offered the Confederacy his advanced submarine Ictineo to smash the Federal blockade, but it was not purchased. Owing to its poor performance, Monturiol decided to replace the human power for a 6 Hp steam engine. The Ictineo II was re-launched on 22 October 1867, and while underwater it was propelled by a one-cylinder machine set in the boat's stern. The Ictineo II did thirteen submersions to a depth of as much as 30 meters, with the longest one lasting for seven and a half hours beneath the Barcelona harbor. Monturiol was ahead of his time, and among other things, he invented the double hull as well as the bulb-shaped bow, still used in modern vessels. Jules Verne may have drawn inspiration for Nautilus from this, the world's most advanced vessel of the day. In 1868 the Ictineo II was seized by creditors because of financial problems, broken up and sold as scrap metal. Narcis Monturiol died on 06 September 1885.", "There have been designs for a cryogenic open-circuit scuba which has liquid-air tanks instead of cylinders. Underwater cinematographer Jordan Klein, Sr. of Florida co-designed such a scuba in 1967, called \"Mako\", and made at least a prototype.", "Gordon Tracy revels in all water sports, from skin-diving to water-skiing. A highly-trained aquanaut with stints in the Submarine Service and the World Aquanaut Security Patrol under his belt, Gordon is an expert oceanographer and the designer of a unique underwater breathing apparatus, which he has modified and improved for International Rescue.", "The first air–independent and combustion–powered submarine was Ictineo II, designed by the Catalan intellectual, artist and engineer Narcís Monturiol. Launched in Barcelona in 1864, it was originally human-powered, but in 1867 Monturiol invented an air–independent engine to power it underwater. The 14 m long craft was designed for a crew of two, performed dives of 30 m and remained underwater for two hours. Both Ictineo I and Ictineo II were double-hulled vessels that solved pressure and buoyancy control problems that had troubled and limited the functionality of earlier submarines." ]

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[ "At about 12:15 am on June 5, 1968, Sirhan Sirhan shot presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy in the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Kennedy, who was leaving a campaign rally, was mortally wounded and died the next day. (Kennedy’s death came just two months after the assassination of Martin Luther King by James Earl Ray.) Sirhan was an Arab who had emigrated to the United States in the 1950s and was reportedly disturbed by Kennedy’s pro-Israel positions. After a 1969 trial lasting nearly four months, Sirhan was convicted and sentenced to death. That sentence was commuted to life in prison and Sirhan has been in prison in California ever since; his repeated applications for parole have been denied.", "At about 12:15 am on June 5, 1968, Sirhan Sirhan shot presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy in the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Kennedy, who was leaving a campaign rally, was mortally wounded and died the next day. (Kennedy’s death came just two months after the assassination of Martin Luther King by James Earl Ray .) Sirhan was an Arab who had emigrated to the United States in the 1950s and was reportedly disturbed by Kennedy’s pro-Israel positions. After a 1969 trial lasting nearly four months, Sirhan was convicted and sentenced to death. That sentence was commuted to life in prison and Sirhan has been in prison in California ever since; his repeated applications for parole have been denied.", "On June 5, 1968, U.S. presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was shot by Sirhan Sirhan at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Kennedy died the next day.", "* June 5, 1968: Senator Robert F. Kennedy while campaigning for U.S. presidency during the 1968 United States Presidential election was shot to death by Palestinian-Jordanian Sirhan Sirhan in the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California. (See Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy)", "This Day in History - June 5, 1968, Senator Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated in the Ambassador Hotel by 24-year old Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan. He was shot in the head and died early the next morning.", "File - This file photo from June 1968 shows Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, right, accused assassin of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy with his attorney Russell E. Parsons in Los Angeles. Sirhan Sirhan shot Robert F. Kennedy, June 5, 1968, at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles after Kennedy's victory in the state's Democratic presidential primary. Kennedy died the next day. (AP Photo/File)", "1968: U.S. presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California by Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan. Kennedy dies the next day", "In the early morning hours of June 5, 1968, Robert Kennedy, a U.S. senator from New York who had just won California's Democratic presidential primary, gave a victory speech in the ballroom of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. After the speech, Kennedy was making his way toward the hotel kitchen to greet supporters when he was shot three times at close range by Sirhan Sirhan with a .22 caliber revolver; a fourth bullet went through Kennedy's jacket. Five other people were shot as well, none fatally. Several of the senator's friends and aides subdued Sirhan on the scene. Kennedy died at the hospital the next day. Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, a Palestinian immigrant born in Jerusalem in 1944, moved to the United States with his family as a boy and attended high school in California. He later stated he killed Robert Kennedy because the senator had supported Israel in the Arab-Israeli war of 1967. Following a three-month trial, during which Sirhan's lawyers argued he was mentally unstable at the time of the murder. On April 23, 1969 he was given the death penalty. However, in 1972, the California Supreme Court abolished the death penalty and Sirhan's sentence was commuted to life in prison. His requests for parole have been denied over a dozen times, and he continues to serve his time in a California prison.", "Sirhan – now 69 years old – shot Robert F Kennedy on Jun. 5, 1968 in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles after Kennedy won the California presidential primary. Kennedy had just finished addressing supporters in the hotel’s ballroom when he was fatally shot multiple times by Sirhan.", "In the pantry area of the hotel's main kitchen, soon after midnight on June 5, 1968, and after a brief victory speech in the Embassy Room ballroom of the Ambassador Hotel, the winner of the California Democratic presidential primary election, Senator Robert F. Kennedy (RFK), was shot along with five other people. Palestinian immigrant Sirhan Sirhan was arrested at the scene and later convicted of the murder. Kennedy died one day later from his injuries, while the other victims survived their wounds. During the demolition of the Ambassador Hotel during late 2005 and early 2006, portions of the area where the 1968 shooting occurred were eliminated from the site. The portion of Wilshire Boulevard in front of the hotel has been signed the \"Robert F. Kennedy Parkway\".", "(Reuters) - Sirhan Sirhan, who is serving a life sentence in prison for the June 1968 assassination of U.S. presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy, failed to persuade a federal judge to set him free because he was innocent of the crime.", "* 5 June 1968 – Robert F. Kennedy, United States Senator. Assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan in Los Angeles, after taking California in the presidential national primaries.", "In the early morning hours of June 5, 1968, Robert Kennedy, a U.S. senator from New York who had just won California’s Democratic presidential primary, gave a victory speech in the ballroom of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. After the speech, Kennedy was making his way toward the hotel kitchen to greet supporters when he was shot three times at close range by Sirhan Sirhan with a .22 caliber revolver; a fourth bullet went through Kennedy’s jacket. Five other people were shot as well, none fatally. Several of the senator’s friends and aides subdued Sirhan on the scene.", "Sirhan Sirhan, speaks at a 2011 Board of Parole Suitability Hearing at the Pleasant Valley State Prison in Coalinga, Calif. Sirhan Sirhan, serving a life sentence for the 1968 assassination of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, was transferred Nov. 22, 2013, to the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in southern San Diego County, prison officials confirmed.", "On June 5, 1968 after giving a short speech to his political supporters at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, RFK walked through the kitchen on the way to his hotel room. While in a narrow kitchen hallway, Sirhan Sirhan, a young Palestinian-American who was angry with RFK’s support of Israel, shot Kennedy three times with a revolver. He died early the next morning.", "The Vietnam War, the civil rights movement, and protests tied to both combined in a tumultuous year to cause a tight, unusual election closely linked to these issues. Opposition to the war moved Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota to enter the Democratic race, followed by Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, both with strong support from liberal constituencies. On March 31, 1968, in the wake of the Tet offensive, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that he would not seek reelection. This prompted Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey to announce his candidacy. Kennedy won the California primary, but immediately thereafter, he was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan.", "On this day in 1969, Sirhan Sirhan is sentenced to the death penalty after being convicted in the assassination of politician Robert F. Kennedy. In 1972, Sirhan’s sentence was commuted to life in prison after California abolished the death penalty.", "Sirhan Sirhan : assassin of Robert F. Kennedy . Was sent to death row at San Quentin in May 1969. [83] After the California Supreme Court struck down the death penalty as cruel and unusual punishment, Sirhan was transferred to Correctional Training Facility . [84] He is currently at Donovan State Prison .", "Sirhan was convicted and sentenced to death in the June 5, 1968, fatal shooting of Kennedy at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles after a celebration of Kennedy's victory in the California Democratic presidential primary. Sirhan's sentence was reduced to life imprisonment after the California Supreme Court struck down the state death penalty law that existed at that time. Sirhan, 61, is incarcerated at a maximum security state prison in Corcoran, Calif.", "1969 – Sirhan Sirhan testified in a court in Los Angeles that he killed Robert Kennedy.", "Sirhan Sirhan, convicted assassin of Robert F. Kennedy, at a parole hearing in 1997 at Corcoran State Prison.", "Sirhan was convicted of killing Kennedy and wounding five other people in the shooting in the kitchen pantry of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles in 1968. The hotel was later razed and a public school now occupies the site.", "After winning the California and South Dakota primary elections for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States, Kennedy was fatally shot as he walked through the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel and died in the Good Samaritan Hospital twenty-six hours later. Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian/Jordanian immigrant, was convicted of Kennedy's murder and is serving a life sentence for the crime. The shooting was recorded on audio tape by a freelance newspaper reporter, and the aftermath was captured on film.", "On March 3, 1969, in a Los Angeles courtroom, Cooper asked Sirhan directly if he had indeed shot Senator Kennedy. Sirhan replied immediately: \"Yes, sir.\" but then stated that he did not bear any ill-will towards Kennedy. Sirhan also testified that he had killed Kennedy \"with 20 years of malice aforethought\". He explained in an interview with David Frost in 1989 that this referred to the time since the creation of the State of Israel. He has maintained since being arrested that he has no memory of the crime.", "Sirhan Sirhan, the Palestinian gunman who shot Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, is seen on June 7, 1968.", "In 1969, Sirhan Bishara Sirhan (1944-), a Palestinian immigrant, was convicted of Kennedy’s murder and sentenced to death. However, in 1972, after the California Supreme Court outlawed capital punishment, Sirhan’s sentence was commuted to life in prison, where he remains today.", "Sirhan B. Sirhan, a Christian-born Palestinian from Jordan who opposed Kennedy's support for Israel, was wrestled to the ground with a gun in his hand and later convicted of the killing. He was sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to life in prison after California banned the death penalty.", "A Free Methodist (Gus Finley, Austin American, May 20, 1972), Blocker was among Hollywood celebrities who supported Pat Brown's re-election in 1966 as governor of California against Ronald W. Reagan. In 1968, Blocker backed then U.S. Senator Eugene J. McCarthy of Minnesota for the Democratic U.S. Presidental nomination (Bonanza, Bear Family Records liner notes, Germany). Blocker later supported the eventual Democratic Party nominee, Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, also of Minnesota, for the presidency against the Republican candidate, Richard M. Nixon. He kept a house in Inglewood, California, and commuted to NBC. His 6,000-square-foot (560 m2) Tudor-style mansion in the Hancock Park area of Los Angeles is currently owned by Rob Zombie.", "Wednesday's hearing marked the first time that Weisel ever saw Sirhan face-to-face. Weisel said he never saw Sirhan during the 1968 shooting in the Los Angeles hotel where Kennedy was celebrating his California victory.", "On January 5, 2015, Sirhan Sirhan was denied freedom by U.S. District Judge Beverly Reid O'Connell in Los Angeles, who said that Sirhan \"failed to meet the showing required for actual innocence\" that might excuse his having failed to seek his freedom sooner in federal court. Sirhan's case was not strong enough. \"Though petitioner advances a number of theories regarding the events of June 5, 1968, petitioner does not dispute that he fired eight rounds of gunfire in the kitchen pantry of the Ambassador Hotel,\" O'Connell wrote. \"Petitioner does not show that it is more likely than not that no juror, acting reasonably, would have found him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.\"", "Sirhan might not remember what took place in the kitchen of L.A.'s Ambassador Hotel on June 14, 1968, but history has not forgotten.", "The first political campaign he is known to have supported was Adlai Stevenson's doomed run for the White House in 1956. President Eisenhower was the nearest real-life equivalent to a Charlton Heston part, but the actor went out campaigning to remove the general from the White House. Part of his motivation was his opposition at the anti-Communist witch-hunt launched by the Republican senator Joe McCarthy. Four years later, Heston at least had the satisfaction of being on the winning side when he backed John F Kennedy for the presidency. In 1963, he joined a civil rights march on Washington, and stood with Martin Luther King on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in the US capital. He called King a \"20th century Moses\"." ]

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[ "Rogers Centre, originally named SkyDome, is a multi-purpose stadium in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada situated just southwest of the CN Tower near the northern shore of Lake Ontario. Opened in 1989 on the former Railway Lands, it is home to the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB). Previously, the stadium served as home to the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL), played an annual game at the stadium as part of the Bills Toronto Series from 2008 to 2013. While it is primarily a sports venue, it also hosts other large-scale events such as conventions, trade fairs, concerts, travelling carnivals, and monster truck shows.", "Rogers Centre (formerly known as SkyDome) is a multi-purpose stadium, in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, situated next to the CN Tower, near the shores of Lake Ontario. Opened in 1989, it is home to the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball and the American League, and the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL). From 2008–2012, the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL) are scheduled to play at the stadium for eight games (five regular-season and two pre-season) as part of the Bills Toronto Series. While it is primarily a sports venue, it also hosts other large-scale events such as conventions, trade fairs, concerts, funfairs, and monster truck shows.", "Rogers Centre, formerly known as SkyDome, is a multi-purpose stadium in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , situated next to the CN Tower near the shores of Lake Ontario . Originally opened in 1989, it is home to the American League's Toronto Blue Jays, the Canadian Football League's Toronto Argonauts, the site of the annual International Bowl American college football bowl game, and as of 2008, the National Football League's Buffalo Bills' second playing venue. While it is primarily a sports venue, it also hosts other large-scale events such as conventions, trade fairs, and concerts. The stadium was renamed \"Rogers Centre\" following the purchase of the stadium by Rogers Communications in 2005.", "Toronto Blue Jays - Major League Baseball, play at the Rogers Centre (formerly known as SkyDome).", "One of the best ways to spend a summer afternoon or evening is at the ballpark, watching a game of baseball and having fun in the stands with your friends. Get in on the Major League Baseball action with the Toronto Blue Jays, and cheer for the home team. Part of the East Division of the American League of the MLB, the Blue Jays clinched a playoff berth and division championship in 2015 - and hopes are high for the team this year. You'll find them at home games in Rogers Centre, which was formerly known as the SkyDome. This downtown ballpark was the first with a fully retractable roof, and it features numerous club suites and luxury boxes.", "The Toronto Blue Jays are a Canadian professional baseball team based in Toronto, Ontario. The Blue Jays compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. The team plays its home games at the Rogers Centre (formerly known as the SkyDome).", "The Rogers Centre , 1 Blue Jays Way. Most often referred to by its original \"SkyDome\" name.", "The Rogers Centre is the only stadium outside the US to host the World Series in 1992 and 1993, eventually won by the Blue Jays. So Toronto Sports fans have some unforgettable memories associated with the Rogers Centre.", "In 1989 the Blue Jays began playing their home games in the Skydome—known as the Rogers Centre from 2005—which was the first stadium in the world to have a retractable roof. That season, with new manager Cito Gaston, Toronto again captured a divisional crown, but they were defeated by the eventual champion Oakland Athletics in the ALCS. The Jays again lost in the ALCS in 1991 (to the Minnesota Twins ). In 1992 the team reached its first World Series, behind the play of first baseman John Olerud, outfielder Joe Carter, and second baseman Roberto Alomar, and Toronto defeated its former manager Cox’s Atlanta Braves in six games. Toronto returned to the World Series the next year and beat the Philadelphia Phillies on Carter’s series-winning home run in the ninth inning of game six, which was only the second such homer (after Bill Mazeroski’s World Series winner in 1960) in major league history. In the following years, Jays pitcher Pat Hentgen became an AL Cy Young Award winner (as the best pitcher in the league), and the team acquired superstar pitcher Roger Clemens , but Toronto nevertheless began posting losing records for the first time in over a decade.", "Toronto Blue Jays, Canadian professional baseball team based in Toronto . The Blue Jays play in the American League (AL) and are the only franchise in Major League Baseball that plays in a city not in the United States . The team has won two AL pennants and two World Series titles (1992, 1993).", "On February 2, 2005, Ted Rogers, President and CEO of Rogers Communications, which also owns the Blue Jays, announced that his company would significantly increase the team payroll upwards of $210 million over the next three seasons, beginning in the 2005 season, and announced a three-year corporate contract to change the name of SkyDome to the Rogers Centre. After the purchase (for only $25 million), Rogers refurbished the stadium by, among other things, replacing the once state-of-the-art Jumbotron with a Daktronics ProStar screen, and erecting other new monitors, including several built into the outfield wall. They also installed a new artificial playing surface called FieldTurf. [8]", "The Rogers Centre has many other unique features other than its retractable roof. The Rogers Centre Renaissance Hotel is part of the stadium. It has 350 rooms, 70 that overlook the playing field. In centerfield is the 110 ft. wide by  33 ft. high HD video/scoreboard. After the 2004 season, the Astroturf was removed and replaced with Fieldturf. The Blue Jays have had success at the Rogers Centre, winning the 1992 and 1993 World Series. They also attracted four million fans a season during this time. With it’s roof open on a sunny afternoon and it’s location in downtown Toronto alongside the CN Tower, the Rogers Centre is a great place to spend an afternoon watching baseball. In the future Blue Jays fans may see baseball played on a grass field at the Rogers Centre.  In December 2015 the team announced that they would install a dirt infield at the Rogers Centre. This eliminates the dirt cut-outs around the bases. The team is currently researching and analyzing the possibility of installing a grass field in 2018. This is dependent on several factors, including the Argonauts moving out of the Rogers Centre.", "SkyDome was renamed Rogers Centre and was extensively renovated. The Blue Jays had a good start to the 2005 season. They led the AL East from early to mid-April and held their record around .500 until late August. The Jays were hit with the injury bug when third baseman Corey Koskie broke his finger, taking him out of the line-up, but the club was pleasantly surprised with the performance of rookie call-up Aaron Hill in his stead. On July 8, just prior to the All-Star break, Blue Jays ace Roy Halladay was struck on the shin by a line drive, resulting in a fractured leg. Though Halladay's injury was hoped to be minor, the recovery process was met with constant delays, and eventually, he was out for the rest of the season. Prior to his injury, the Blue Jays were in serious wild card contention, but soon fell out of the playoff race. The team received glimpses of the future from September call-ups Guillermo Quiróz, John-Ford Griffin, and Shaun Marcum. Marcum made himself noteworthy by posting an ERA of 0.00 over five relief appearances and eight innings in September. Josh Towers also stepped up, showing largely unseen potential by going 7–5 with a 2.91 ERA in the second half of the season.", "In the early 1990s the consortium of companies that had built the stadium had amassed a huge debt and a massive, and controversial, government bail-out was given them. However, by 2004, Rogers Communications, parent company of the Blue Jays, agreed to acquire SkyDome from Sportco International, LP for about $25 million CAD (about $21.24 million USD) which was 1/24 the cost of construction.", "Despite the competition’s all-inclusive name, only one team not based in the United States has won the World Series: the Toronto Blue Jays, victors in both 1992 and 1993. Only one other international team—the now-defunct Montreal Expos—has ever even played in the major leagues, though they never appeared in the Fall Classic. Though there are talks of expanding into Mexico or other nearby countries (travel time makes a truly international sport difficult), an American “world champion” is a virtual guarantee for now.", "The stadium was renamed \"Rogers Centre\" following the purchase of the stadium by Rogers Communications, which also bought the Toronto Blue Jays, in 2005. The venue was noted for being the first stadium to have a fully retractable motorized roof, as well as for the 348-room hotel attached to it, with 70 rooms overlooking the field. It is also the last North American major-league stadium built to accommodate both football and baseball. The stadium served as the site of both the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games. During the ceremonies, the site was referred to as the \"Pan Am Dome\" (officially as the \"Pan Am Ceremonies Venue\") instead of its official name.", "Alvin White started baseball in 1876.The history of baseball in Canada has remained closely linked with that of the sport in the United States. As early as 1877, a professional league, the International Association, featured teams from both countries. While baseball is widely played in Canada, and many minor league teams have been based in the country, the American major leagues did not include a Canadian club until 1969, when the Montreal Expos joined the National League as an expansion team. In 1977, the expansion Toronto Blue Jays joined the American League. The Blue Jays won the World Series in 1992 and 1993, the first and still the only club from outside the United States to do so. In 2004, Major League Baseball relocated the Expos to Washington, D.C., where the team is now known as the Nationals .", "#The Toronto Blue Jays are the only non-U.S. team ever to win a pennant or a World Series, doing both twice, in 1992 and 1993.", "Toronto is represented in six major league sports, with teams in the National Hockey League, Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, Canadian Football League, Major League Soccer and Canadian Women's Hockey League. It was formerly represented in a seventh, the W-League, until that announced on November 6, 2015 that it would cease operation ahead of 2016 season. The city's major sports venues include the Air Canada Centre, Rogers Centre (formerly SkyDome), Ricoh Coliseum, and BMO Field.", "Notes: The Toronto Blue Jays became the first team from outside the United States to capture the World Series. ... Blue Jays catcher Pat Borders was named World Series MVP. ... Four of the six games were decided by one run.", "In 1983 sites for a new domed stadium were proposed. A site west of the CN Tower in downtown Toronto was chosen and groundbreaking ceremonies for the domed stadium were held on October 3, 1986. The stadium would be more than just a dome, it would feature a retractable roof and would be home to baseball, football and many other events. Naming the stadium was a way the public was able to participate in part of the stadium process as over 12,879 fans submitted a large variety of suggestions to name the stadium including names such as Alfresco Stadium, Railway Place and the Zipper Dome. The name chosen for the stadium was announced on May 11, 1987, SkyDome. For more than 15 years the stadium was known as SkyDome before being renamed. In February 2005, Rogers Communications bought the stadium for $25 million and renamed SkyDome, the Rogers Centre.", "Games in the first round of the 2009 World Baseball Classic are being played at the Rogers Centre.", "Games in the first round of the 2009 World Baseball Classic will be played at the Rogers Centre. [14]", "*Because of the orientation of the baseball playing field at Rogers Centre, when a player is at bat, the direction he is facing looks farther to the west than at any other Major League Baseball park. This is due to the Rogers Centre being aligned to Toronto's grid that was laid out when the city was primarily rural; its grid north is approximately 18.5° west of true north.", "he Washington Nationals were established in 1969 as the Montreal Expos, the first Major League team based in Canada. They were relocated to Washington D.C. in 2005 and took on the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Nationalsâ&#x20AC;? name that was used by previous D.C. located teams. The franchise is one of three teams (along with the Rangers and Seattle Mariners) never to have played in a World Series. As the Montreal Expos, the team won a division championship, and advanced to the National League Championship Series in their only playoff appearance during the strike-shortened 1981 season.", "he Texas Rangers are the current incarnation of the 1961 Washington Senators, based out of Washington D.C. The team moved to Arlington, Texas in 1972 and adopted the “Rangers” name. The franchise is the oldest to have never played in a World Series, and is the only Major League team to have never won a playoff series. The franchise originated in 1961 as the Washington Senators, an expansion team awarded to Washington, D.C. after the that city’s first American League team, the original Washington Senators, relocated to Minnesota and became the Twins. After the 1971 season, the Senators were moved to Arlington, Texas and became the Rangers the following year.", "*All 30 teams wore caps with the flag of the United States on the left side on September 11, the thirteenth anniversary of the terrorist attacks. The Blue Jays' caps had both the U.S. and Canadian flags.", "The Expos (founded 1969) and the Jays (founded 1977) represented efforts to expand the MLB into Canada, and both teams had a reasonably successful first few decades. In 1992 and again in 1993, Toronto became the first (and to date, only) Canadian team to ever win the World Series tournament, but fortunes declined shortly after due to a combination of trades, injuries and strikes, as well as perennial financial and management problems.", "On October 24, 1992, the Toronto Blue Jays beat the Atlanta Braves in the sixth game of the World Series to win the championship. It was the first time a Canadian team had ever won the trophy, and it was a truly international victory—the Blue Jays’ 25-man roster included several players of Puerto Rican descent, a Jamaican, three Dominicans and no actual Canadians.", "The Commissioner’s Trophy made its way to Canada for the first time when this squad from the American League claimed consecutive World Series victories.  Though solid all year long and throughout the playoffs, the team is best remembered for the stunning three-run home run hit by Joe Carter to see the Philadelphia Phillies off in 1993.  The jubilant celebration is among the most famous in the history of the sport.", "The Toronto Maple Leafs are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto. They are members of the Northeast Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The organization, one of the \"Original Six\" members of the NHL, is officially known as the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and is the leading subsidiary of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Ltd. (MLSE). They have played at the Air Canada Centre (ACC) since 1999, after 68 years at Maple Leaf Gardens.", "Vancouver has a single A baseball team, the Vancouver Canadians [51] , who play out of Nat Bailey Stadium in South Vancouver ." ]

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[ "Patty and Selma Bouvier (/ˈbuːvi.eɪ/) are fictional characters in the American animated sitcom The Simpsons. They are identical twins (but with different hairstyles) and are both voiced by Julie Kavner. They are Marge Simpson's older twin sisters, who both work at the Springfield Department of Motor Vehicles, and possess a strong dislike for their brother-in-law, Homer. Selma is the elder by two minutes, and longs for male companionship while her sister, Patty, is a lesbian. Kavner voices them as characters who \"suck the life out of everything\".", "Patty and Selma Bouvier, both voiced by Julie Kavner, are Marge's older twin sisters. They work at the Springfield Department of Motor Vehicles, and possess a strong dislike for their brother-in-law, Homer. Selma is the elder by two minutes, possesses a strong desire for family, and has been married and sought to have a child on numerous occasions. Her sister, Patty, is one of the show's few openly gay recurring characters although for the most part she has avoided relationships. Kavner voices them as characters \"who suck the life out of everything\". Kavner makes Patty's voice more masculine and a lower register, while Selma's voice is a little sweeter. The origins of their names are unknown, Matt Groening has a sister named Patty, but unlike the other Simpson relatives, this has not been explicitly revealed.", "Patty and Selma Bouvier are fictional characters in the American animated sitcom The Simpsons. They are identical twins (but with different hairstyles) and are both voiced by Julie Kavner. They are Marge Simpson's older twin sisters, who both work at the Springfield Department of Motor Vehicles, and possess a strong dislike for their brother-in-law, Homer. Selma is the elder by two minutes, and longs for male companionship while her sister, Patty, is a lesbian. Kavner voices them as characters who \"suck the life out of everything\".[http://www.snpp.com/other/articles/flash.html Rhodes, Joe. \"Flash! 24 Simpsons Stars Reveal Themselves\"], TV Guide October 21, 2000, via The Simpsons Archive: \"[Matt] Groening says: 'My original idea about Marge's family was they were utterly joyless. The original note I gave to Julie was that they suck the life out of everything they see'\".", "Selma Bouvier Terwilliger Hutz McClure is Marge Simpson’s older sister and Patty’s identical twin. Like Patty, she clerks at the Springfield DMV and hates Homer Simpson with a passion. Although a desperate desire for companionship has led her into several ill-fated marriages over the years, even Selma has her limits. From now on, she has vowed to marry only for love. Or possibly for money. Or out of boredom. Or any combination of the three.", "Patty and Selma  – Marge’s chain-smoking twin sisters, both of which work at the Springfield DMV, and have a strong dislike for their brother-in-law, Homer.", "Julie Kavner is Marge Simpson and Marge's sisters, the scourges of the Springfield DMV, Patty and Selma Bouvier.", "Marge's twin sisters, addicted to smoking and notoriously crabby. Both dislike Homer intensely, especially Patty, who hates almost all men. Voiced by Julie Kavner.", "Jacqueline Ingrid Bouvier (née Gurney), voiced by Julie Kavner, is the mother of Marge, Patty and Selma and the widow of Clancy Bouvier. She was first referenced in a flashback in the episode, \"Moaning Lisa\" and made her first appearance in the episode \"Bart vs. Thanksgiving\". She had a sister named Gladys, who is now deceased. Like all Bouvier women, she is voiced by Julie Kavner, and has large, unique hair, resembling Marge's, only a light gray color due to her old age. In her younger days she smoked heavily but now has quit, although she still speaks more raspily than Patty and Selma. Mr. Burns and Abe Simpson once battled for her affections; she became engaged to Burns, but eventually decided not to marry either man. Although it seems that she disapproves of Marge's marriage to Homer, stating that he is never to address her as \"Mom\", she has shown that she does tolerate Homer a lot more than her elder daughters, evident in \"Moe Letter Blues\" when she explained to Homer that Patty and Selma were really at fault for ruining her birthday party and not him. Her name is identical to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis' maiden name, a reference made to Marge when Lisa wanted to follow the maiden name after uncovering Homer's betting scandal on \"Homer and Lisa Exchange Cross Words\".", "As children, Patty and Selma were apparently domineering towards Marge and ridiculed her ambition of becoming an astronaut, as well as assaulting her when she told them \"no\" which resulted in her having difficulty with telling anyone no. As children, Patty and Selma both where shown to have very melodic voices, and sang very well. When Marge wanted their allowances, they gave them to her, but made Marge do their chores for them. With so much free time, the twins started smoking, causing their trademark rough voices. [27] Their relationship seems to have improved over the years. As adults, the Bouvier twins have a friendly relationship with their sister and frequently visit the Simpsons. They seem relatively fond of their nieces and nephew, but seem to like them more when they were younger: \"The older they get, the cuter they ain't.\" They have, on occasion, watched the kids when their parents were out of town. However, Bart and Lisa would rather not be around when their aunts visit. Their idea of bonding with Lisa includes tutoring her in the belief that men are pigs, using Homer as the prime example.", "On this day in 1950, Julie Kavner, perhaps best known as the voice of Marge Simpson on The Simpsons, the longest-running animated show in TV history, is born in Los Angeles. Before taking on the role of the famously blue-haired housewife, Kavner played Brenda Morgenstern on Rhoda, a spin-off of The Mary Tyler Moore Show that originally aired from 1974 to 1978. In 1978, Kavner won an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her portrayal of Brenda, the younger sister of the show’s lead character, played by Valerie Harper. She won another Emmy in 1992, for Outstanding Voice-over Performance, for an episode of The Simpsons. On the big screen, Kavner has been a frequent performer in the films of the writer-director Woody Allen, including Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), Radio Days (1987) and Shadows and Fog (1992). Among her other film credits are Awakenings (1990) and Judy Berlin (1999).", "Margaret \"Maggie\" Simpson is the youngest child of Marge and Homer , and sister to Bart and Lisa . She is often seen sucking on her pacifier, and, when she walks, she trips over her clothing and falls on her face. Because she cannot talk, Maggie is the least seen and heard in the Simpson family .", "Homer, a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, is a generally well-meaning buffoon whose short attention span often draws him into outrageous schemes and adventures. Marge was once intelligent and sophisticated, but has come to conform with the stereotype of housewife/mother. Bart, the oldest sibling, is a troublemaker and classroom terror (\"the devil's cabana boy\" is how Lisa once described him) who thinks of himself as a rebel while Lisa is a brainy student, vegetarian, Buddhist and jazz music fan who dreams of a better future (she is referred to as \"the future of the family\"). Maggie is an eternal baby, and despite the fact that numerous years (and birthdays) clearly pass (for example, many Christmas episodes), the Simpsons do not appear to age. Some characters' ages have fluctuated throughout the years; this is most likely due to simple oversight on the part of the writers.", "The Simpson family are cartoon characters featured in the animated television series The Simpsons. The Simpsons are a nuclear family consisting of married couple Homer and Marge and their three children Bart, Lisa and Maggie. They live at 742 Evergreen Terrace in the fictional town of Springfield, U.S. and they were created by cartoonist Matt Groening who conceived the characters after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name. The family debuted April 19, 1987 in The Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\" and were later spun off into their own series which debuted on December 17, 1989.", "Due to the popularity already aquired by the show; they were also transported to the Video Games world with The Simpsons: The Arcade Game. It's an arcade game produced by Konami in 1991. It is a beat 'em up based on the cartoon series of the same name. The voice actors of the immediate family (Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, and Yeardley Smith) provide their talents for their respective characters. The game was ported to the Commodore 64, and PC.", "The voices behind the characters include Nancy Cartwright as Bart, Dan Castellaneta as Homer, Julie Kavner as Marge, Yeardley Smith as Lisa and series regulars Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer.", "All of them were written by Matt Groening and animated at Klasky-Csupo by a team of animators consisting of David Silverman, Wes Archer, and Bill Kopp. Tracey Ullman Show cast members Dan Castellaneta and Julie Kavner provide the voices of Homer Simpson and Marge Simpson respectively. In the beginning, the drawings appeared very crude because the animators were more or less just tracing over Groening's storyboards, but as the series developed, so did the designs and layouts of the characters and the \"Simpsons drawing style\" was ultimately conceived. This style evolved even more throughout the first few seasons of The Simpsons and was used more than a decade later on Futurama, another animated series created by Matt Groening.", "The Simpsons is an American animated television sitcom created by Matt Groening and produced by the Fox Broadcasting Company . The main characters are a satire of a working class family , consisting of lazy family father, Homer , hard working stay-at-home mother, Marge and their three children, troublemaker, Bart , charismatic Lisa , and pacifier-sucking Maggie . The series lampoons many aspects of American culture, history, politics, and society.", "Voice Actors: Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria, Harry Shearer, Phil Hartman, Doris Grau; Full Voice Cast", "Julie Kavner received a Primetime Emmy Award in 1992 for voicing Marge in the episode \" I Married Marge \". [36] In 2004, Kavner and Dan Castellaneta (the voice of Homer) won a Young Artist Award for \"Most Popular Mom & Dad in a TV Series\". [37] For her performance in The Simpsons Movie , Kavner received a nomination for \"Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature\" at the 2007 Annie Awards, but lost to Ian Holm in Ratatouille. [38] [39] Kavner's emotional performance in the movie got positive reviews and one critic said she \"gave what must be the most heartfelt performance ever\". [40]", "Known for her improvisation and distinctive \"honeyed gravel voice,\" Kavner was cast in her first professional acting role as Brenda Morgenstern in Rhoda in 1974. She received the Primetime Emmy Award in 1978 and three more nominations for playing the character. Following Rhoda, Kavner was cast in The Tracey Ullman Show, which debuted in 1987. The Tracey Ullman Show included a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family. Voices were needed for the shorts, and the producers decided to ask Kavner to voice Marge. The shorts would eventually be spun off into The Simpsons.", "Marge's distinctive blue beehive hairstyle was inspired by a combination of the Bride's in Bride of Frankenstein and the style that Margaret Groening wore in the 1960s. Julie Kavner, who was a member of the original cast of The Tracey Ullman Show, was asked to voice Marge so that more voice actors would not be needed. Kavner has won several awards for voicing Marge, including a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in 1992. She was also nominated for an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature for her performance in The Simpsons Movie. In 2000, Marge, along with the rest of her family, was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "Marge becomes the \"Listen Lady\" when the people of Springfield turn to her after Reverend Lovejoy loses interest in helping people. Meanwhile, Homer sets out to discover why his face is on a box of dish soap. With voices added by: Maggie Roswell as Helen Lovejoy and Maude Flanders, Sab Shimono as Mr. Sparkle, Gedde Watanabe as Factory Worker, Denice Kumagai as Underwater Girl #1, Karen Maruyama as Underwater Girl #2, Pamela Hayden as Dolph and Jimbo Jones, and Tress MacNeille as Agnes Skinner.", "Bartholomew JoJo \"Bart\" Simpson is a fictional character in the American animated television series The Simpsons and part of the Simpson family. He is voiced by Nancy Cartwright and first appeared on television in The Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\" on April 19, 1987. Cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed Bart while waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip, Life in Hell, but instead decided to create a new set of characters. While the rest of the characters were named after Groening's family members, Bart's name is an anagram of the word brat. After appearing on The Tracey Ullman Show for three years, the Simpson family received its own series on Fox, which debuted December 17, 1989.", "Homer Jay Simpson is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the American animated television series The Simpsons as the patriarch of the eponymous family. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared on television, along with the rest of his family, in The Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\" on April 19, 1987. Homer was created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening while he was waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip Life in Hell but instead decided to create a new set of characters. He named the character after his father, Homer Groening. After appearing for three seasons on The Tracey Ullman Show, the Simpson family got their own series on Fox that debuted December 17, 1989.", "Nancy Jean Cartwright (born October 25, 1957) is an American voice actress, film and television actress, and comedian. She is known for her long-running role as Bart Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons. Cartwright also voices other characters for the show, including Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, Kearney, and Database.", "Bart (Nancy Cartwright) was bratty from the first, to nobody’s surprise, and always jealous of his adoring younger sister, Lisa (Yeardley Smith). Bart’s efforts to get Lisa in trouble supply episode’s violence quota, along with snatch of televised Itchy and Scratchy parody of old Tom and Jerry cartoons. Both children refer to dad as “Homer” from the start, all his efforts to have them call him something more fatherly notwithstanding.", "The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show was produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions, and aired on ABC in 1980. The show features the voices of Don Messick (Boo Boo from Yogi Bear) as Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo, Casey Kasem (Robin from the Superfriends, and original host of the long-running radio show American Top 40) as Shaggy, Sparky Marcus as Richie Rich, Stanley Jones (Lex Luthor from Challenge of the Superfriends) as Cadbury, Joan Gerber (Mrs. Beakley from DuckTales) as Irona, Bill Callaway (Aquaman from the Superfriends, and Square Bear from Help! It's the Hair Bear Bunch) as Professor Keenbean, Frank Welker (Dr. Claw from Inspector Gadget) as Dollar, Dick Beals (Birdboy from Birdman & the Galaxy Trio) as Reggie Van Dough, and Nancy Cartwright (Bart Simpson from The Simpsons) as Gloria Glad.", "Nancy Cartwright (born on October 25, 1957) provides the voice of Bart Simpson on the long-running The Simpsons TV series, as well as all of the films. A voice actress, film and television actress, and comedian. Cartwright also voices other characters for the show, including Nelson Muntz , Ralph Wiggum , Todd Flanders , Kearney , and Database .", "Bart shares a sibling rivalry with Lisa , who is two years and thirty-eight days younger than he is. [19] While Bart has often hurt Lisa out of jealousy, and even fought her physically, they are very close—he cares for her as deeply as she does for him, and has always apologized for going too far. He also believes Lisa to be his superior when it comes to solving problems, and frequently goes to her for advice. He is often protective of her when she is threatened or insulted by others, though he frequently insults her himself. Both siblings formed a dynamic crime-solving duo during many of their encounters with Sideshow Bob , Bart's nemesis. At one time, he enters a series of robot battles with his robot: Chief Knock-a-Homer (which is Homer as the robot hoping to gain Bart's trust), and tries to cheer up Lisa when Snowball II dies. Also, in the Christmas special he tells Lisa that she's the person Bart has always wanted to be.", "Janey Powell, voiced by Pamela Hayden, is a classmate and friend of Lisa Simpson. Janey first appeared in \"Moaning Lisa\" and is Lisa's closest friend. She has been at Lisa's sleepovers, and Lisa is seen watching cartoons at her house on numerous occasions. Her description on The Simpsons POG set described her as \"Lisa's fair-weather friend\". Though she is sometimes seen spending time with Lisa, other times she teases her along with the other children. She is not portrayed as being nearly as intelligent or nerdy as Lisa. Janey may have had a crush on Milhouse Van Houten, who has a crush on Lisa. She enjoys reading babysitting books and hates ice cream.", "Yes, the infamous voice behind Bart Simpson belongs to a woman! Nancy Cartwright, 57, originally auditioned for the role of Lisa Simpson for the animated \"Simpsons\" segment on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" in the 1980s. However, Cartwright found the role of Bart Simpsons much more appealing and asked series creator Matt Groening if she could also audition for that part. Groening agreed and ended up offering Cartwright the role on the spot due to her voice versatility. She has remained with the series ever since.", "With the airing of the series' 167th episode (called \"The Itchy & Scratch & Poochie Show\") on February 9, 1997, the Emmy-winning series dethroned The Flintstones (which aired 166 episodes in prime time from 1960 to 1966) as the longest-running prime-time animation series. In 1993 Dan Casetellaneta (the voice of Homer Simpson) was awarded an Emmy for Oustanding Voice-Over Performance." ]

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[ "On this day in 1819, Alabama became the 22nd US state.   Alabama is known as the �Yellowhammer State�, the Yellowhammer also being the state bird, and also as the �Heart of Dixie�.", "Alabama became part of the United States on December 14, 1819. It was the 22nd state to join and was previously known as Alabama Territory.", "1819: The United States annexes Florida. The Panic of 1819 caused desperate people to live in Tent Cities. The Arkansas Territory is organized. Alabama is the 22nd state admitted to the Union. In January 1861, Alabama seceded from the Union, and on February 4, delegates from six states met at Montgomery and formed the Confederate States of America, with Montgomery as the capital. After the Civil War, Alabama re-entered the Union. Passenger lists are kept for Steamboat travel. [12]", "The federal government tried to maintain a balance between slave states and free states. The new states admitted were: Indiana (1816, free), Mississippi (1817, slave), Illinois (1818, free), Alabama (1819, slave), Maine (1820, free), Missouri (1821, slave), Arkansas (1836, slave), and Michigan (1837, free).", "December 20, 1860 – South Carolina secedes from the Union. Followed within two months by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas.", "In 1803 the USA bought land from France. This was known as the Mississippi purchase. In 1819 part of the territory asked to be admitted to the union as a state in which slavery was allowed. However at that time the USA was evenly divided between free states and slave states. Another slave state would upset the balance. Furthermore northerners feared that more slave states would be created in future. Representative James Tallmade of New York proposed an amendment, which would have ended slavery in Missouri. However it did not become law.", "December 20, 1860 - South Carolina secedes from the Union. Followed within two months by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas.", "1777— The thirteen original states comprising the Continental Congress approve the Articles of Confederation which serves as the first Constitution of the United States of America. The thirteen original states in order of ratification are: Virginia, South Carolina, New York, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Georgia, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, North Carolina, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland.", "Situated in the Midwestern location of the United States. Illinois is the 21st state to join the Union (on December 3, 1818 ) and with a population of nearly 13 million, Illinois is the 5th  most populous state. Known as the Land of Lincoln; The \"Prairie State\".", "            1889 –Thursday-  President Grover Cleveland signed a bill admitting North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington as U.S. states. This was the Enabling Act, an act to provide for the division of Dakota Territory into two states and to enable the people of", "When Florida became a state on March 3, 1845, it created an imbalance between free and slave states in the Union. Since about the beginning of the 19th century, free and slave states were admitted to the Union in pairs, the most notable pair being Maine and Missouri in the Missouri Compromise. Michigan and Arkansas followed about 15 years later, and eight years after that it was time for a new round. With Florida's admission, Iowa was the next candidate for statehood.", "In the presidential election of 1844 the Whig Party nominated Henry Clay of Kentucky. Clay refused to take a stand on the annexation of Texas. The Democrats rejected former president Martin Van Buren, who opposed annexation, and nominated James K. Polk of Tennessee. Polk ran on a pro-annexation platform: He would annex Texas, and he would assert American ownership of all of Oregon�s territory disputed with Britain. Polk�s position on Oregon was intended to reassure Northerners that expansion would benefit them as well as the South.", "1850 - President Taylor dies 9 July; Vice-President Millard Fillmore succeeds him, becomes 13th U.S. President. U.S. census population is 23,191,876, up about one-third since 1840; New York is most populous state (just over 3 million). For the first time the U.S. census lists all household members. California attains statehood. Steamships have generally replaced sailing vessels for trans-Atlantic travel, reducing the passage time for immigrants from six weeks to two (and the passage can cost as low as $10 per person).", "1817: On December 10, Mississippi is admitted to the Union as the twentieth state by an Act of Congress. Washington, Mississippi, near Natchez, is the first capitol. David Holmes is the first Governor.", "President Benjamin Harrison signed the proclamations admitting the two new states to the Union . There had been some rivalry between the two states for the honor of being the first to be admitted to the Union, but President Harrison declined to settle the issue by making a choice.   He had Secretary of State James Blaine shuffle the papers and cover them so he could not tell which proclamation he signed first.   The signing took place at 3:40 p.m. on November 2, 1889.   Thus, both North and South Dakota were born within the same moment.   To sign the proclamations, President Harrison used a pen fashioned from the quill of an eagle that had been shot in the northern part of Dakota Territory.", "Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky were slave states that were opposed to both secession and coercing the South. They were later joined by West Virginia, which separated from Virginia and became a new state.", " West Virginia is a state in the Appalachia / Upland South region of the United States. West Virginia broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War and was admitted to the Union as a separate state on June 20, 1863. It is the only state formed as a direct result of the American Civil War, and the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state. West Virginia is one of the Border States. The Census Bureau considers West Virginia part of the South because most of the state is below the Mason-Dixon Line, though its northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio with Weirton on a parallel with Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "1820 - Congress enacts the Missouri Compromise. According to the fourth census, U.S. population is 9,638,453, excluding Indians. New York is the largest city (124,000). There are five new states and the population has increased by about 30 percent since the 1810 census. Seventy-two percent of employed Americans work in agriculture. Liverpool's first church (Methodist Episcopal, 11 members) is organized.", "On March 15, 1820, Maine was separated from Massachusetts and entered the Union as the 23rd State as a result of the enactment of the Missouri Compromise .", "In February 1820, Illinois Senator Jesse B.Thomas suggested a proposal that would eventually be called the Missouri Compromise: Maine would enter as a free state, Missouri would come in with slaves, but no slavery would be permitted in other states developed out of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36 degrees 30 minutes latitude, Missouri’s southern boundary. The Thomas proposal was accepted in the Senate but defeated in the House, and ardent debate along sectional lines resumed in Congress.", "The 12th star indicates Missouri, which was admitted to the Confederacy by act of Congress on 28 November 1861. The provisional government of Kentucky was admitted as the 13th State on 10 December 1861.", "December 3, 1818, Illinois was admitted as the 21st state of the United States of America.", "Until 1796, there was a state in the United States called Franklin. Today it's known as Tennessee!", "On December 10, 1817, Mississippi was admitted as the 20th state. Territory by Act of April 7, 1798, effective May 7, 1798.", "The Confederate States of America (Confederacy, Confederate States, and CSA) was the secessionist government formed by eleven southern states of the United States between 1861 and 1865, following the secession of each state from the United States. These actions precipitated, and were the opening chapters of the American Civil War . The Confederacy was eventually defeated in the Civil War and the states went through a period of Reconstruction before returning to full standing again in the U.S. Seven states declared their independence from the United States before Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president; four more did so after the American Civil War began in April 1861 when the Confederacy attacked a Union fortress at Fort Sumter. The United States (\"Union\") held secession illegal and refused recognition of the Confederacy. Confederate hopes that King Cotton would force Britain and France to intervene to rescue their cotton supply remained unfulfilled, and no European powers officially recognized the CSA. However, British commercial interests sold it warships and operated blockade runners to help supply it. The Union Blockade effectively shut down 95% of ordinary exports and imports; only blockade runners got through.", "North Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "The Treaty of Ghent (), signed on December 24, 1814, in the city of Ghent, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom. The treaty restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum, restoring the borders of the two countries to the lines before the war started in June 1812. The Treaty was approved by the UK parliament and signed into law by the Prince Regent (the future King George IV) on December 30, 1814. It took a month for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, and in the meantime American forces under Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815. The Treaty of Ghent was not fully in effect until it was ratified by the U.S. Senate unanimously on February 18, 1815. It began two centuries of peaceful relations between the U.S. and Britain, although there were a few tense moments such as the Trent Affair.", "This is a map of South Carolina. It was the 8th state to enter the union on May 23rd, 1788. The capital is Columbia.", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "        Learn what year your state joined the Union and became part of the \"United States of", "9. In 1791, which became the 14th American state and the first admitted to the Union since the original 13 colonies declared independence from Britain?", "68 Which state became the first to ratify the United States constitution in 1787, hence its official nickname of The First State?" ]

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[ "Pepe Le Pew is a character in the  Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies  series. An anthropomorphic, French skunk, Pepe is continuously in search of romance, but his scent, self-delusion, and his overly persistent manner inhibit his efforts. Pepe is stereotypically French in the same way that Speedy Gonzales is stereotypically Mexican.", "Pepé Le Pew is a fictional character from the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons, first introduced in 1945. A French striped skunk that always strolls around in Paris in the springtime, when everyone's thoughts are of \"love\", Pepé is constantly seeking \"l'amour\" of his own. However, he has two huge turnoffs to any prospective mates: his malodorous scent and his penchant for sexual harassment, refusing to take \"no\" for an answer, even when she rejects his advances to the point of physically assaulting him, making him the antagonist of his shorts. In the same vein as Speedy Gonzales being stereotypically Mexican, Pepé le Pew is a French stereotype from speaking with an exaggerated accent, to his quest for love (French being culturally portrayed as synonymous with romance). His name Pepé is a common nickname in France while his surnane is a pun; Pew being a reference to P.U., a remark regarding foul odor, in this case Pepé's smell.", "It was voiced by cartoon character Pepe LePew in subsequent Looney Tunes cartoons, among others. In fact, animator Chuck Jones based the Warner Brothers cartoon character Pepe LePew, a French skunk, on Charles Boyer's Pepe Le Moko.", "Pepé Le Pew is a fictional character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons, first introduced in 1945. A French skunk that always strolls around in Paris in the springtime, when everyone's thoughts are of \"love\", Pepé is constantly seeking \"l'amour\" of his own. However, he has two huge turnoffs to any prospective mates: his malodorous scent, and his refusal to take 'no' for an answer, blissfully convinced that the girl is flirting with him, even when she rejects his advances to the point of physically assaulting him. Pepé is stereotypically French in the way Speedy Gonzales is stereotypically Mexican.", "Pepé Le Pew storylines typically involve Pepé in pursuit of what appears to be a female skunk (\"petite femme skunk\"). But, usually, the supposed female skunk is actually a black cat ( retroactively named Penelope Pussycat ) who has had a white stripe painted down her back, often by accident (as by squeezing under a fence with wet white paint). Usually Penelope runs away from him anyway because of his putrid odor or because of his overly aggressive manner, most the first reason than the last as Penelope can be just, or even more aggressive and promiscuous than Pépe himself.", "A baby version of Pepé Le Pew appeared in Baby Looney Tunes. In the episode \"New Cat in Town,\" everyone thought that he was a cat. Sylvester was the only one who knew the truth. When Daffy was playing with a laptop, Sylvester removed the battery. Because he was afraid that everybody would avoid him. We also see a grown up version of him on the laptop. In another episode, titled \"Stop and Smell Up the Flowers\", Pepé Le Pew is shown to be good friends with a baby Gossamer, and seemed slightly older than his previous appearance.", "Sometimes this formula is varied. In his initial cartoon, Odor-able Kitty, Pepé (going by the name Henry in this short) unwittingly pursues a male cat who has deliberately disguised himself as a skunk (complete with the scent of Limburger cheese) in order to scare off a bunch of characters who have mistreated him. Scent-imental Over You has Pepé pursuing a female dog who has donned a skunk pelt (mistaking it for a fur coat). In the end, she removes her pelt, revealing that she's a dog. Pepé then \"reveals\" himself as another dog and the two embrace. However, he then reveals to the audience that he's still a skunk. In Wild Over You, Pepé attempts to seduce a wild cat that has escaped a zoo (during what is called \"Le grande tour du Zoo\" at a 1900 exhibition), and painted herself to look like a skunk to escape her keepers. This cartoon is notable for not only diverging from the Pepé/female-black-cat dynamic, but also rather cheekily showing that Pepé likes to be beaten up, considering the wild cat thrashes him numerous times. Really Scent is also a subversion with Penelope (here called \"Fabrette\") attracted to him from the beginning, removing the need for Pepé to chase her as she goes to him. But Pepé's scent still causes a problem for her as they try to build a relationship.", "In Loonatics Unleashed , a human descendant of Pepé, called Pierre Le Pew has appeared as one of the villains of the second season of the show. Additionally, Pepé and Penelope Pussycat appear as cameos in a display of Otto the Odd , in the series. In the episode The World is My Circus, Lexi Bunny complains that \"this Pepé Le Pew look is definitely not me\" after being mutated into a skunk-like creature.", "Chuck Jones first introduced the character (originally named Stinky) in the 1945 short Odor-able Kitty. This differs from later entries in several areas: Pepé spends his time in (unknowing) pursuit of a male cat, who has deliberately disguised himself as a skunk (complete with a limburger scent) in order to scare off a bunch of characters mistreating him; and in the closing gag, Pepé is revealed to actually be a philandering American skunk named Henry (complete with wife and children). For the remaining cartoons Jones directed, Pepé retained his accent, nationality, and bachelor status throughout, and the object of his pursuit was always (or nearly always) female.", "Odor-able Kitty ( 1945 ). In his initial cartoon, Pepé (technically he is a different character because he is eventually revealed to be an American-accented family man named Henry) unwittingly pursues a male cat who disguises himself as a skunk.", "Chuck Jones , Pepé's creator, wrote that Pepé was based (loosely) on the personality of his Termite Terrace colleague, writer Tedd Pierce , a self-styled \"ladies' man\" who reportedly always assumed that his infatuations were requited. [1] Pepé's voice, provided by Mel Blanc , was based on Charles Boyer 's Pépé le Moko from Algiers (1938), a remake of the 1937 French film Pépé le Moko . Eddie Selzer , animation producer—and Jones' bitterest foe—at Warners then once profanely commented that no one would laugh at those cartoons. [2] However, this did not keep Selzer from accepting an award for one of Pepé's pictures several years later. There have been theories that Pepé was based on Maurice Chevalier . However, in the short film, Chuck Jones: Memories of Childhood , Jones says Pepé was actually based on himself, but that he was very shy with girls, and Pepé obviously was not. A prototype Pepé appears in 1947's Bugs Bunny Rides Again , but sounds similar to Porky Pig .", "Chuck Jones, Pepé's creator, wrote that Pepé was based (loosely) on the personality of his Termite Terrace colleague, writer Tedd Pierce, a self-styled \"ladies' man\" who reportedly always assumed that his infatuations were requited. Pepé's voice, provided by Mel Blanc, was based on Charles Boyer's Pépé le Moko from Algiers (1938), a remake of the 1937 French film Pépé le Moko. Eddie Selzer, animation producer—and Jones' bitterest foe—at Warners then once profanely commented that no one would laugh at those cartoons. However, this did not keep Selzer from accepting an award for one of Pepé's pictures several years later. There have been theories that Pepé was based on Maurice Chevalier. However, in the short film, Chuck Jones: Memories of Childhood, Jones says Pepé was actually based on himself, but that he was very shy with girls, and Pepé obviously was not. A prototype Pepé appears in 1947's Bugs Bunny Rides Again, but sounds similar to Porky Pig.", "In the The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries episode Platinum Wheel of Fortune, Sylvester gets a white stripe on his back and a skunk immediately falls in love with him. This is not Pepé, but his fourth cousin, \"Pitu Le Pew\". He says, \"What can I say, Pepé Le Pew is my fourth cousin. It runs in the family\". Pepé would later appear in the episode Paris is Stinking , where he pursues Sylvester who is unintentionally dressed in drag. Pepé would appear once more in Tweety's High-Flying Adventure , falling in love with both Sylvester and Penelope (Sylvester had gotten a white stripe on his back from Penelope as they fought over Tweety ), actually showing a preference for Sylvester.", "A skunk often identified as Pepé appears in the Art Davis-directed cartoon Odor of the Day (1948); in this entry, the theme of romantic pursuit is missing as the skunk (in a non-speaking role, save for a shared \"Gesundheit!\" at the finish) vies with a male dog for lodging accommodations on a cold winter day. This should be noted as one of the two cartoons where the character, if this is indeed Pepé, uses his scent-spray as a deliberate weapon: shot from his tail as if it were a machine gun. The other one is Touché and Go, where he frees himself from the jaws of a shark by releasing his odor into the shark's mouth.", "Guessing Porky Pig, Foghorn Leghorn, Pepe Le Pew, or a second helping of Bugs or Daffy", "Pepe is a Chihuahua, and as cute as a button.  The cats, however, had mixed reactions.", "At Confurence 9 (January 1998) - a furry convention held in Buena Park , California , attendees participated in an optional survey (conceived by artist Roz Gibson) in which they voted for their favourite characters in various categories. The Dog came equal-sixth out of a field of 150 in 'Media Characters', surpassing all Disney characters, and all Warner Brothers characters except Bugs Bunny and Pepe le Pew , despite the fact that Footrot Flats had already gone out-of-print .", "Pepé Le Pew made a cameo in a MetLife commercial in 2012 titled, \"Everyone\". In it, he was shown hopping along in the forest and when he sees his love interest Penelope Pussycat uptop the back of Battle Cat, he immediately hops after her.", "Early Installment Weirdness : In Pepe's first cartoon, \"Odorable Kitty,\" it's revealed in the end that Pepe is actually named Henry, has a wife and kids, and doesn't speak in a French accent. Pepe's wife and kids were never seen again after that. Also, the first cat he chased after was a male cat.", "Crusher is a boss character in the Super NES video game Bugs Bunny Rabbit Rampage . Seen in the background are various Looney Tunes characters, and Pepe Le Pew is waving a pennant that reads \"Le Crusher.\"", "Something Completely Different : \"Odor of the Day\" is the only Pepe cartoon that isn't a Romantic Comedy (it's your typical Looney Tunes screwball comedy) and one of two Pepe shorts that isn't directed by Chuck Jones (three if you count the random cameo at the end of the Sylvester and Tweety cartoon, \"Dog Pounded\"). \"Odor of the Day\" was directed by Art Davis . It's also the only Pepe cartoon in which Pepe is The Voiceless ( until the end , in which he says \"Gesundheit\" to the sneezing dog).", "It is not uncommon for cartoon animals to be anthropomorphized. Something of our human nature is projected onto the animal kingdom in order to make it more palatable to play with images of our human qualities: Bugs Bunny is a slick-talking rabbit, and Daffy Duck is a manic waterfowl. Disney’s other cartoon dog, Goofy, is a slightly slow-witted slapstick character.", "Pepé himself made a more obvious cameo in Dog Pounded (1954), where he was attracted to Sylvester after the latter tried to get around a pack of guard dogs, in his latest attempt to capture and eat Tweety Bird, by painting a white stripe down his back (in his only appearance in a Freleng short).", "Pepé makes a more obvious cameo in Dog Pounded (1954), where he is attracted to Sylvester after the latter tried to get around a pack of guard dogs, in his latest attempt to capture and eat Tweety, by painting a white stripe down his back (in Pepé's only appearance in a Freleng short).", "Chuck Jones first introduced the character (originally named Stinky) in the 1945 short Odor-able Kitty (see \"Variations\"). For the remaining cartoons Jones directed, Pepé retained his accent, nationality, and bachelor status throughout, and the object of his pursuit was nearly always female.", "Mel Blanc 's Looney Tunes renditions of such characters as African Witch Doctors and Aborigines are a classic case of pure gibberish that sounds correct, to an uncritical (and very un-PC) ear. In several wartime cartoons , \"humorously\" fractured German or Japanese is spouted by the villains and is the same thing. Also, most of the spoken and written \"French\" in the Pepe' Le Pew cartoons is undisguised English with \"Le\" tacked on front and an \"e\" on the end.", "Cartoon Characters: Lady, Tramp, Jock, Trusty, Si, Am, Tony, Joe, Jim Dear, Darling, Aunt Sarah, Peg, Boris, Toughy, Nutsy, Pedro, Bulldog, Dachsie, Beaver, Scamp, Dog Catcher, Policeman, The Professor, Pedro, Hyena, Old Sailor, Polar Bear.", "* ButtMonkey: In the cartoon. Ed III and Gin Rummy stole his pimped out bike he worked really hard on; he got his ass handed to him by the local bully, who stole his chain on top of it; and Huey absolutely dominated him in the \"Home Alone\" episode.", "The National Lampoon had a long-running comic strip \"Chicken Gutz\" by Randall Enos. The eponymous Butt Monkey character had a bird perched on top of his hat, who provided constant snarky commentary on the proceedings.", "He is the most prominent of the Looney Tunes characters as his calm, flippant insouciance endeared him to American audiences during and after World War II. He is a mascot of the Looney Tunes series, and Warner Bros. in general.", "Dick Dastardly (Full Name Richard Milhous Dastardly) is one of Hanna-Barbera 's most recognized villains, known for his evil laugh and famous catchphrase: \"Drat, Drat and Double Drat!\" and occasionally \"Triple Drat!\" he is voiced by original Paul Winchell and later Jim Cummings impersonating Jack Lemmon on the movies Disney's Winnie the Pooh.", "Alliterative Name : Dick Dastardly. In the comic adaptation of the episode \"Camouflage Hoparoo\" (Gold Key, Hanna-Barbera Fun-In #2 as \"It's Flop and Go-Go\"), The General is identified as General Gibberish." ]

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[ "Adam Smith (baptized on June 16, 1723-July 17, 1790) was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. It earned him an enormous reputation and would become one of the most influential works on economics ever published. Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.", "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith. First published in 1776, the book offers one of the world's first collected descriptions of what builds nations' wealth, and is today a fundamental work in classical economics. By reflecting upon the economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the book touches upon such broad topics as the division of labour, productivity, and free markets.", "Adam Smith was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy, as well as one of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.  He is mostly known as the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations and widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.", "Adam Smith (1723 - 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Adam Smith is best known for two classic works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Smith is cited as the father of modern economics and is still among the most influential thinkers in the field of economics today.", "Adam Smith ( baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790 [ OS : 5 June 1723 – 17 July 1790]) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics . One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment , Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations . The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics . Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics.", "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith", "Adam Smith, (baptized June 5, 1723, Kirkcaldy , Fife , Scotland—died July 17, 1790, Edinburgh ), Scottish social philosopher and political economist. After two centuries, Adam Smith remains a towering figure in the history of economic thought. Known primarily for a single work— An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), the first comprehensive system of political economy—Smith is more properly regarded as a social philosopher whose economic writings constitute only the capstone to an overarching view of political and social evolution. If his masterwork is viewed in relation to his earlier lectures on moral philosophy and government, as well as to allusions in The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) to a work he hoped to write on “the general principles of law and government, and of the different revolutions they have undergone in the different ages and periods of society,” then The Wealth of Nations may be seen not merely as a treatise on economics but also as a partial exposition of a much larger scheme of historical evolution.", "Scottish economist and moral philosopher, Adam Smith, published his five-part publication, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, later referred to as simply, The Wealth of Nations, during the Scottish Enlightenment in 1776. The work was a result of seventeen years of notes and observations taken from conversations among economists about economical and societal conditions during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. This is outlined in the book of bibliographical reference, Printing and the Mind of Man:", "Scottish social philosopher and political economist. After two centuries, Adam Smith remains a towering figure in the history of economic thought. Known primarily for a single work—An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), the first comprehensive system of political economy—Smith is more properly regarded as a social philosopher whose economic writings constitute only the capstone to an overarching view of political and social evolution. If his masterwork is viewed in relation to his earlier lectures on moral philosophy and government, as well as to allusions in The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) to a work he hoped to write on “the general principles of law and government, and of the different revolutions they have undergone in the different ages and periods of society,” then The Wealth of Nations may be seen not merely as a treatise on economics but also as a partial exposition of a much larger scheme of historical evolution.", "Adam Smith was born on 5 June, 1723 in Kirkaldy, county Fife, located on the Firth of Forth in Scotland, the son of Adam Smith and Margaret Douglas. His father had died before he was born and he was raised by his widowed mother. He attended Glasgow and Oxford universities before accepting the position as professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow in 1752. He discusses the foundation of society's ethical conduct in Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759);", "Smith studied social philosophy at the University of Glasgow and the University of Oxford. After graduating, he delivered a successful series of public lectures at Edinburgh, leading him to collaborate with David Hume during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith obtained a professorship at Glasgow, teaching moral philosophy, and during this time he wrote and published The Theory of Moral Sentiments. In his later life, he took a tutoring position that allowed him to travel throughout Europe, where he met other intellectual leaders of his day. Smith then returned home and spent the next 10 years writing The Wealth of Nations, publishing it in 1776.", "Adam Smith (1723-1790) is considered the founder of political economy and classical economics. His treatise The Wealth of Nations was the first modern work of economics, in which he states the concept of 'invisible hand' to describe the self-regulating nature of the marketplace. In 2009, Smith was named among the 'Greatest Scots' of all time, in a vote run by Scottish television channel STV.", "Smith studied social philosophy at the University of Glasgow and at Balliol College in the University of Oxford , where he was one of the first students to benefit from scholarships set up by his fellow Glaswegian John Snell. After graduating, he delivered a successful series of public lectures at Edinburgh , leading him to collaborate with David Hume during the Scottish Enlightenment . Smith obtained a professorship at Glasgow teaching moral philosophy, and during this time he wrote and published The Theory of Moral Sentiments. In his later life, he took a tutoring position that allowed him to travel throughout Europe, where he met other intellectual leaders of his day. Smith then returned home and spent the next ten years writing The Wealth of Nations, publishing it in 1776. He died in 1790 at the age of 67.", "The Theory quickly brought Smith wide esteem and in particular attracted the attention of Charles Townshend, himself something of an amateur economist, a considerable wit, and somewhat less of a statesman, whose fate it was to be the chancellor of the Exchequer responsible for the measures of taxation that ultimately provoked the American Revolution. Townshend had recently married and was searching for a tutor for his stepson and ward, the young duke of Buccleuch. Influenced by the strong recommendations of Hume and his own admiration for The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he approached Smith to take the charge.", "1776 – The Wealth of Nations by Scottish political economist Adam Smith was first published, becoming the first modern work in the field of economics.", "As the American Revolution began, a Scottish philosopher started his own economic revolution. In 1776, Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations, probably the most influential book on market economics ever written.", "Economist. His book \"Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations\" was the corner-stone of the concept of political economy. Born in Kirkaldy, he was a professor at the University of Glasgow.", "Unformatted text preview: Who wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776, describing division of labor? a) James Watt b) Adam Smith c) Eli Whitney d) Henry Ford e) Frederick Taylor...", "Following the publication of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith became so popular that many wealthy students left their schools in other countries to enroll at Glasgow to learn under Smith. After the publication of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith began to give more attention to jurisprudence and economics in his lectures and less to his theories of morals. For example, Smith lectured that the cause of increase in national wealth is labour, rather than the nation's quantity of gold or silver, which is the basis for mercantilism, the economic theory that dominated Western European economic policies at the time. ", "Following the publication of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith became so popular that many wealthy students left their schools in other countries to enroll at Glasgow to learn under Smith. [26] After the publication of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith began to give more attention to jurisprudence and economics in his lectures and less to his theories of morals. [27] For example, Smith lectured that the cause of increase in national wealth is labour, rather than the nation's quantity of gold or silver, which is the basis for mercantilism , the economic theory that dominated Western European economic policies at the time. [28]", "Following the publication of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith became so popular that many wealthy students left their schools in other countries to enroll at Glasgow to learn under Smith. [25] After the publication of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith began to give more attention to jurisprudence  and economics in his lectures and less to his theories of morals. [26]  For example, Smith lectured that the cause of increase in national wealth is labor, rather than the nation’s quantity of gold or silver, which is the basis for  mercantilism , the  economic theory  that dominated Western European  economic policies at the time. [25]", "The major representatives of these views, at least in the early stage of their development, were, of course, Hobbes, Rousseau, and (to a lesser extent) Locke. It was they who, by posing the question of the very possibility of social order, by not assuming that it was “naturally” ordained, opened up this question in modern terms, even if their specific answers were still very much tied to the older conceptions and perceptions. Even more crucial here was the later contribution of the Scottish moralists—Ferguson, Millar, and above all Adam Smith.", "Adam Smith (16 June 1723 NS (5 June 1723 OS) – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment. ", "Adam Smith FRSE (5 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneering political economist.", "1723–90, Scottish economist, educated at Glasgow and Oxford. He became professor of moral philosophy at the Univ. of Glasgow in 1752, and while teaching there wrote his Theory of Moral Sentiments", "Scottish philosopher whose work, The Wealth of Nations, created the theory of capitalism and attacked mercantilism.", "Philosopher, agnostic and leading figure of the Scottish Enlightenment. Hume wrote on human nature, politics and introduced the concept of social history.", "Philosopher, born in Edinburgh, EC Scotland, UK. He studied at Edinburgh, where his father was professor of mathematics, and at Glasgow under Thomas Reid. He succeeded to his father's chair in 1775, then was professor of moral philosophy at Edinburgh (17581810). Much influenced by Reid's common sense philosophy, he became the leader of the Scottish school. A prolific author, his major work w…", "Misappropriated as the philosophical father of our money, money, money culture, the absent-minded Scottish Enlightenment philosopher spent a decade writing The Wealth of Nations. He studied at the Universities of Glasgow and Oxford – and considered the teaching at the former superior.", "The son of a saddler, he claimed his father was a Scottish immigrant, though no evidence supporting this idea has been found. In 1744, he wrote his first book, a treatise on kinetic forces. Offered a chair as professor of poetry at the University of Berlin, he refused, preferring to wait for a opening at the University of Konisberg, where he wrote \"Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.\" FTP, identify this author of The Critique of Practical Reason who profoundly influenced theories of knowledge, ethics, and aesthetics.", "Born in Logierait, Perthshire, he became Professor of Moral Philosophy at Edinburgh. He introduced the method of studying humankind in groups and is father of the subject now called \"Sociology\".", ", 1711–76, Scottish philosopher and historian. Educated at Edinburgh, he lived (1734–37) in France, where he finished his first philosophical work, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–40)." ]

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[ "Bronze is an alloy that consists primarily of copper with the addition of other ingredients. In most cases the ingredient added is typically tin, but arsenic, phosphorus, aluminum, manganese, and silicon can also be used to produce different properties in the material. All of these ingredients produce an alloy much harder than copper alone.", "Bronze is a metal alloy produced by blending copper and tin in various amounts, depending on the application. Additional elements, such as manganese, lead, and phosphorous, are added to create alloys with specific properties. This metal is commonly found in bells, statuary , bearings, gears, valves, pipes, and other plumbing fittings, and it is a sturdy, durable metal when well cared for. Humans have been working with it for over 3,000 years in various parts of the world, using it for weapons, coins, tableware, and an assortment of other household purposes.", "Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon. These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as stiffness, ductility or machinability.", "Most bronze is made by smelting copper and tin together. When it's cast for use in statues, it often contains between about 10% tin and a little zinc and lead. When it's used in bells it usually has between 20 and 25% tin. Additives are included when the metal needs to be more workable, harder, or easier to cast. For example, phosphorous is added to harden it for use in tubing and various machine parts, while lead is included to make it take more readily to casting. It is often confused with brass , an alloy of copper and zinc, but the two metals have different properties and are used for different things. In addition, it is much harder than brass.", "BRONZE – A copper rich, copper tin, copper lead or copper beryllium alloy to which often alloying elements (phosphorous, aluminium, zinc, silicon) may be added. Usually bronze is a copper tin alloy containing 90% copper and 10% tin.", "Bronze is a metal alloy consisting primarily of copper , usually with tin as the main additive, but sometimes with other elements such as phosphorus , manganese , aluminum , or silicon .", "The smelting process for bronze made with arsenic would have produced poisonous fumes. People may have preferred tin-based bronze or found that it was easier to control the amounts of tin added to copper than it was to control the amount of arsenic, which often occurred naturally in copper ore. Whatever the reason, bronze made with tin soon became the bronze of choice throughout the Middle East.", "    Bronze is an alloy of copper and of about 4% tin. It is harder than pure copper, melts at a lower temperature and is easier to cast . But when the amount of tin is 5% or higher the alloy becomes brittle when hammered and has to be annealed frequently.[ 15 ]  ", "Silicon and aluminum bronze are more difficult to cast and fabricate than are the tin bronzes. But they are excellent copper-base alloys with special properties that make them useful. Silicon bronze is copper alloyed with 1 percent to 3 percent silicon. Then about 1 percent iron, nickel, or manganese is added. Silicon bronze has great resistance to corrosion from strong chemicals and is used for chemical containers. Aluminum bronze may contain 5 percent to 10 percent aluminum and as much as 5 percent of iron, nickel, or manganese. Some aluminum bronzes can be heat-treated and hardened until they are as strong as steel.", "Bronze is an alloy of 95% copper, 4% silicon and 1% manganese with traces of other elements such as iron. Silicon bronze has been the bronze of choice for fine art castings since its development in the 1920s. It is corrosion-resistant, strong, resilient, formable and weldable. Also known as \"hot-cast\" bronze, a fine art \"lost-wax\" casting of silicon bronze is created through many labor-intensive steps.", "Bronze is made from either copper+arsenic or copper+tin. The presence of arsenic and tin dramatically increased the hardness of copper, producing war-winning weapons and armor. A noble wearing bronze armor was basically impervious to the stone tools of the times, and his bronze sword kept its edge and shattered the older stone-based weapons. The knowledge of how to produce bronze allowed kings to overcome their enemies, and caused such a revolution that it marked the end of the Stone Age and the beginning of the Bronze Age. It would be millennia, though, before bronze could be plentiful enough to be used by common townsfolk and for a long time bronze utensils were luxury items used only by the nobility.", "The Egyptians may have been the first group to discover that mixing copper with arsenic or tin made a stronger, harder metal better suited for weapons and tools and more easily cast in molds than pure copper. (Since copper ore often contains arsenic, this may have been the unintentional result of smelting copper ore that included naturally occurring arsenic.) This alloy of copper with arsenic or tin is called bronze, and there is archeological evidence that the Egyptians first produced bronze in 4,000 B.C. Bronze may have also been developed independently in other parts of the Middle East and other parts of the world. Regardless of where it originated, bronze metallurgy soon overtook copper in many parts of the globe, thus ushering in the Bronze Age. (In parts of the world that lacked deposits of tin, copper was used alone or alloyed with other metals until iron was introduced.)", "Most bronze is made out of a mixture of copper and tin. However, some modern versions of bronze substitute the zinc for aluminum, manganeseor zinc.", "Bronze is typically 88% copper and 12% tin . [4] Alpha bronze consists of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. Alpha bronze alloys of 4–5% tin are used to make springs , turbines and blades .", "Bronze is an alloy typically composed of 90 percent copper and 10 percent tin and, because it has a lower melting point than pure copper, it will stay liquid longer when filling a mold. It also produces a better casting than pure copper and has superior tensile strength.", "Bronze, like cast iron, is a manufactured product. Copper is extracted from natural ores and alloyed with tin to create a metal which does not exist in nature. Many of the inherent problems relate to the normal physical process of the bronze \"returning to nature\", i.e. to the most stable states of its components.", "in metallurgy, alloy of copper, tin, zinc, phosphorus, and sometimes small amounts of other elements. Bronzes are harder than brasses. Most are produced by melting the copper and adding the desired amounts of tin, zinc, and other substances.", "The Bronze Age started when copper and tin were mixed, probably accidentally, to make the alloy we now know as bronze - a much harder metal than either copper or tin alone. Bronzes of differing hardnesses could be made by mixing together different proportions of copper and tin and, because of this, bronze became the most important metal of its time.", "Copper tin alloys or tin bronzes are known for their corrosion resistance. Tin bronzes are stronger and more ductile than red and semi red brasses. They have high wear resistance and low friction coefficient against steel. Tin bronzes, with up 15.8% tin, retain the structure of alpha copper. The tin is a solid solution strengthener in copper, even though tin has a low solubility in copper at room temperature. The room temperature phase transformations are slow and usually do not occur, therefore these alloys are single phase alloys. The tin bronzes are used in bearings, gears, piston rings, valves and fittings. The cast tin bronzes are designated by UNS C90200 through C91700. Lead is added to tin bronzes in order to improve machinability and pressure tightness. Lead decreases the tensile strength and ductility of the tin bronzes, but the composition can be adjusted to balance machinability and strength requirements. High leaded tin bronzes are primarily used for sleeve bearings. These alloys have a slow fail mechanism that temporarily prevents galling and seizing. The slow fail mechanism works by lead seeping out of the alloy and smearing over the surface of the journal. The cast leaded tin bronzes are designated as UNS C92200 through C94500.", "There are many different bronze alloys, but typically modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin. Alpha bronze consists of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. Alpha bronze alloys of 4–5% tin are used to make coins, springs, turbines and blades. Historical \"bronzes\" are highly variable in composition, as most metalworkers probably used whatever scrap was on hand; the metal of the 12th-century English Gloucester Candlestick is bronze containing a mixture of copper, zinc, tin, lead, nickel, iron, antimony, arsenic with an unusually large amount of silver – between 22.5% in the base and 5.76% in the pan below the candle. The proportions of this mixture suggests that the candlestick was made from a hoard of old coins. The Benin Bronzes are really brass, and the Romanesque Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège is described as both bronze and brass.", "Bronze is an alloy of copper which can vary widely in its composition. It is often used where a material harder than copper is required, where strength and corrosion resistance is required and for ornamental purposes. The variations in bronze (both in proportion and elemental composition) can significantly affect its weathering characteristics. \"True\" bronze is a combination of approximately 90% copper (Cu) and 10% tin (Sn), however there are three major classes or types of \"bronzes\" used in sculpture and construction. They are:", "The major alloying element in bronze is always copper. Normally the other major alloying element is tin but it can also be other metals like nickel.", "Unlike steel, bronze struck against a hard surface will not generate sparks, so it (along with beryllium copper) is used to make hammers, mallets, wrenches and other durable tools to be used in explosive atmospheres or in the presence of flammable vapors. Bronze is used to make bronze wool for woodworking applications where steel wool would discolour oak.", "Bronzes are mainly copper along with alloying elements such as tin, aluminum, silicon or beryllium. One of the ways of extracting metallic ions from ore is first to ...", "A type of bronze made from 12% tin and 88% copper. Not as common as B8 or B20.", "11 After refining, the copper cathodes are melted and cast into ingots, cakes, billets, or rods depending on the final application. Ingots are rectangular or trapezoidal bricks, which are remelted along with other metals to make brass and bronze products. Cakes are rectangular slabs about 8 in (20 cm) thick and up to 28 ft (8.5 m) long. They are rolled to make copper plate, strip, sheet, and foil products. Billets are cylindrical logs about 8 in (20 cm) in diameter and several feet (meters) long. They are extruded or drawn to make copper tubing and pipe. Rods have a round cross-section about 0.5 in (1.3 cm) in diameter. They are usually cast into very long lengths, which are coiled. This coiled material is then drawn down further to make copper wire.", "Used as coating in foot tins and casseroles. Bronze is an alloy made from copper and tin.Earlier used for household plates, mugs and canclestics, mainly due to the low melting point and following castability.Pure tin is unstable below room temperature were it disintegrates into white powder (called tin pest). Therefore normally alloyed with small amounts of bismut, antimon and lead.", "Gold bronze is merely a mixture of equal parts of oxide of tin and sulphur. To unite them they are heated for some time in an earthen retort.", "Bronze alloys that contain as much as 10 percent tin are widely used in wrought form, in which the metals are hammered or beaten into shape. Or, they are first cast and afterward shaped by rolling or drawing to produce rods, wires, sheets, or tubing. When they are hardened by cold working, these alloys make excellent springs. They are commonly used where corrosion or electrical resistance make the use of steel undesirable. The electrical industry makes wide use of such bronze. Sometimes the red brasses are substituted, but they are not as satisfactory.", "The impurities contained in coarse-copper are mainly iron, lead , zinc , cobalt , nickel , bismuth , arsenic, antimony, sulphur, selenium and tellurium . These can be eliminated by an oxidizing fusion , and slagging or volatilizing the products resulting from this operation, or by electrolysis (see below). In the process of oxidation, a certain amount of cuprous oxide is always formed, which melts in with the copper and diminishes its softness and tenacity. It is, therefore, necessary to reconvert the oxide into the metal. This is effected by stirring the molten metal with a pole of green wood (\" poling \"); the products which arise from the combustion and distillation of the wood reduce the oxide to metal, and if the operation be properly conducted \" tough- pitch \" copper, soft, malleable and exhibiting a lustrous silky fracture, is obtained. The surface of the molten metal is protected from oxidation by a layer of anthracite or charcoal . \" Bean -shot \" copper is obtained by throwing the molten metal into hot water; if cold water be used, \" feathered-shot \" copper is formed.", "Bronze is one of the world's oldest alloys produced by man. Articles were cast 5,000 years ago, and the cire", "A metal alloy consisting of copper mixed with tin though other metals may also be added." ]

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[ "Joe Chill is the mugger who murdered Thomas and Martha Wayne in front of a young Bruce Wayne, inspiring Bruce to become Batman. He first appears in Detective Comics #33, but is not named until Batman #47 (June/July 1948).", "Joe Chill is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by DC Comics, usually as a villain in stories featuring Batman. In many versions of Batman's origin story, he is a mugger who murders young Bruce Wayne's parents, thus making him indirectly responsible for Batman's existence. ", "On the alternate world of Earth-Two, Joe Chill is a hired assassin who shoots Thomas and Martha Wayne. Chill is later killed when Thomas Wayne (who had survived the shooting) crushes his skull in retaliation for Martha's death. ", "In this new world, young Bruce was killed by Joe Chill instead of his parents. Bruce's death left their parents heartbroken, causing his father Thomas to become Batman while Martha became the Joker.", "Batman's origin story is first established in a sequence of panels in Detective Comics #33 (November 1939) that is later reproduced in the comic book Batman #1 (Spring 1940), but the mugger is not given a name until Batman #47 (June–July 1948). In that issue, Batman discovers that Joe Chill, the small-time crime boss he is investigating, is none other than the man who killed his parents. Batman confronts him with the knowledge that Chill killed Thomas and Martha Wayne. Chill, believing there is no way Batman could know this, accuses him of bluffing, but Batman reveals his secret identity as Bruce Wayne. Terrified, Chill flees and seeks protection from his henchmen. Once his henchmen learn that Chill's actions led to the hated Batman's existence, however, they turn on their boss and gun him down before realizing how priceless his knowledge of Batman's true identity is. Before a dying Chill has a chance to reveal Batman's identity, the Dark Knight intervenes and knocks out the goons so they will never hear what Chill has to say. Chill dies in Batman's arms, acknowledging that Batman got his revenge after all.", "As a child, Bruce Wayne falls down a dry well and is attacked by a swarm of bats, subsequently developing a phobia of the creatures. While watching an opera with his parents, Thomas and Martha, Bruce becomes frightened by performers masquerading as bats and asks to leave. Outside, mugger Joe Chill murders Bruce's parents in front of him. Orphaned, Bruce is raised by the family butler, Alfred Pennyworth.", "The origin of Batman, which was not revealed to readers until the character’s seventh comic book appearance, is a now-familiar tale. As prosperous physician Thomas Wayne, his wife, Martha, and their young son, Bruce, exited a Gotham City movie house after a nighttime showing of The Mark of Zorro, they were robbed by a thief brandishing a pistol. Dr. Wayne attempted to protect his wife, but the panicky gunman murdered the adult Waynes as their horrified son watched. The grief-stricken boy dedicated his existence to avenging his parents’ murders by “spending the rest of my life warring on all criminals.” After years of training his mind and body to perfection—Bruce, having inherited his father’s millions—mulled over a crime-fighting disguise that would terrorize lawbreakers. A bat flapping through an open window was deemed an omen, and the original tale’s end caption heralded, “And thus is born this weird avenger of the dark...this avenger of evil. The Batman.”", "* In Batman Begins, Joe Chill is played by Richard Brake. This version of Chill claims to have been \"driven to mug\" the Waynes by poverty (as Gotham had suffered an economic depression because of an unspecified plot by the League of Shadows). Chill mugs the Waynes at gunpoint, demanding their wallets and jewelry. Thomas willingly gives him his wallet, but quickly moves to defend his wife when Chill grabs her necklace. In the ensuing scuffle, Chill shoots them both dead. He is caught very shortly thereafter, convicted, and sentenced to prison. After serving 14 years in prison, Chill makes a deal to be released and put on parole in return for testimony against his cellmate, Gotham mob boss Carmine Falcone. During the hearing, he claims to regret his crime as Bruce leaves the courtroom. After the hearing, as Chill is escorted out of the courthouse, he is shot and killed by a female assassin of Falcone's who is posing as a reporter, which deprives Bruce of his own chance for revenge. Bruce later confronts Falcone, who taunts him by saying that Chill bragged that Thomas Wayne \"begged like a dog\" before his death. Later on in the film, Batman relives his parent's murder under the influence of the Scarecrow's fear toxin. As in the Year Two storyline, it is left ambiguous whether or not Bruce would have actually killed Chill.", "The alternate universe Flashpoint version of Martha Wayne is the Joker and even resembles Heath Ledger's iteration as seen in The Dark Knight. After Bruce Wayne is shot and killed by Joe Chill, Martha is unable to cope with her loss so she cuts open her cheeks to create a faux smile. As Joker, she is the nemesis of Batman and uses Yo-Yo as a henchman. She kidnaps Harvey Dent's son and daughter. Joker kills James Gordon after she tricks him into shooting Harvey's daughter (disguised as the Joker). After Dent's son and daughter are saved, Batman confronts Joker about their son's death. He reveals to Martha that there is a way to rewrite history (as Batman has recently met Barry Allen) where their son will live although they will die. Realizing that her son will be Batman, Martha flees in horror, falling to her death in the caverns below Wayne Manor. ", "Plot Intro: A boy sees his parents killed by a serial killer known as the Joker. He grows up to become Batman. Later he finds out who killed his parents.", "Batman's origin story involving the murder of Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne has been retconned several times. It was originally established that the mugger had been named Joe Chill and Bruce was aware of this. [1] Zero Hour changed this so that his identity was never revealed, symbolically strengthening the potential link between any criminal and the man who killed his parents. [2] Infinite Crisis said that it had been Joe Chill and he had been arrested the very same night, making this the current version. [3] This is expanded upon in a later story which showed Batman slowly driving Chill insane with mental torture before causing him to snap and commit suicide with the bullet meant for Bruce as a child. [4]", "Thomas and Martha Wayne were gunned down Crime Alley outside the Monarch Theatre when Bruce Wayne was just eight years old. He was raised by the Wayne Family butler, Alfred Pennyworth . Upon his return to Gotham City two years ago, the sole surviving Wayne made an impression on their city with philanthropy as well as his aggressive reluctance to discuss exactly where he was or what he was doing during his time away. All reports indicated that Wayne Enterprises and Wayne himself were inscrutable, but someone with this much power and influence should be watched closely.", "When Bruce becomes a young man, he drops out of his first year at Princeton University and returns to Gotham. Joe Chill is murdered immediately after agreeing to testify against mob boss Carmine Falcone . Bruce had been planning to kill Chill, but was robbed of the opportunity when Chill was killed by a female mob operative passing as a reporter. He reveals his intentions to Rachel, who is interning with the Gotham District Attorney Carl Finch. She gives a lecture on the difference between justice and revenge. After realizing his own naivete to the differences between justice and vengeance, Bruce confronts Falcone in his restaurant, but he gets taunted for being unprepared and beaten. He then steals away on a cargo ship and travels the world for nearly seven years, seeking the means to fight injustice, but he is immediately mistaken for a criminal by Asian police. After Bruce's training in the League of Shadows, Ra's and Henri tell Bruce his purpose: that he must lead the League to destroy Gotham because it is so consumed with crime. Bruce refuses to become a murderer and battles Ra's before making his escape. Ra's is killed in the battle, but Bruce manages to save an unconscious Henri and return to Gotham City.", "Batman's origin story involving the murder of Thomas and Martha Wayne has been retconned several times. It was originally established that the mugger had been named Joe Chill and Bruce was aware of this. [298] Zero Hour changed this so that his identity was never revealed, symbolically strengthening the potential link between any criminal and the man who killed his parents. [299] However, it was later revealed that Batman did know that Joe Chill had killed his parents but Chill had supposedly been killed resisting arrest. [300] Infinite Crisis changed this slightly to where Joe Chill had been arrested the very same night but taken alive. [301] This is expanded upon in a later story which showed Batman slowly driving Chill insane with mental torture before causing him to snap and commit suicide with the bullet meant for Bruce as a child. [302]", "The central fixed event in the Batman stories is the character's origin story.[61] As a little boy, Bruce Wayne is horrified and traumatized to see his parents, the physician Dr. Thomas Wayne and his wife Martha, being murdered by a mugger in front of his very eyes. This drives him to fight crime in Gotham City as Batman. Pearson and Uricchio also noted beyond the origin story and such events as the introduction of Robin, \"Until recently, the fixed and accruing and hence, canonized, events have been few in number,\"[61] a situation altered by an increased effort by later Batman editors such as Dennis O'Neil to ensure consistency and continuity between stories.[62]", "The central fixed event in the Batman stories is the character's origin story . [61 ] As a little boy, Bruce Wayne is horrified and traumatized to see his parents, the physician Dr. Thomas Wayne and his wife Martha , being murdered by a mugger in front of his very eyes. This drives him to fight crime in Gotham City as Batman. Pearson and Uricchio also noted beyond the origin story and such events as the introduction of Robin, \"Until recently, the fixed and accruing and hence, canonized, events have been few in number,\" [61 ] a situation altered by an increased effort by later Batman editors such as Dennis O'Neil to ensure consistency and continuity between stories. [62 ]", "In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event, James Gordon is the chief of police, instead of being commissioner, and also works with Thomas Wayne, the Flashpoint version of Batman. Later, Gordon tries to convince Batman that he does not have to fight villains by himself, but Batman refuses. When Gordon locates Martha Wayne (this continuity's version of the Joker) in old Wayne Manor, he goes in without backup. Gordon is then tricked into shooting Harvey Dent's daughter, having been disguised as Joker, as she had been taped to a chair and had her mouth taped shut with a smile painted on the tape. Martha then appears and slashes Gordon's throat, and Gordon dies by Joker venom. ", "Batman's origin story involving the murder of Thomas and Martha Wayne has been retconned several times. It was originally established that the mugger had been named Joe Chill and Bruce was aware of this. Zero Hour changed this so that his identity was never revealed, symbolically strengthening the potential link between any criminal and the man who killed his parents. Infinite Crisis said that it had been Joe Chill and he had been arrested the very same night, making this the current version. This is expanded upon in a later story which showed Batman slowly driving Chill insane with mental torture before causing him to snap and commit suicide with the bullet meant for Bruce as a child.", "After the murder of Thomas and Martha Wayne , Alfred was named Bruce's legal guardian, however, social services combated the will thinking that Bruce should not be raised by a servant. However, Bruce managed to remain in Alfred's care by, despite his young age, bribing the social service agent into allowing Alfred to raise him.[ citation needed ]", "When Thomas interceded to protect his family, Jack stepped from the shadows and shot both him and Martha in cold-blood. Jack inquired to young Bruce Wayne: \"Tell me, kid, you ever danced with the Devil by the pale moonlight?\". Jack cocked the hammer of his revolver and was about to shoot him, but before he could fire, his panicked partner urged him to leave: \"Let's go, Jack!\". Jack uncocked his gun, decided to spare the boy and turned to leave while saying: \"See you around, kid\".", "In Batman Beyond Unlimited, set in the DC Animated Universe, Chill is revealed to have a brother. Chill's grandnephew eventually has a child of his own, Jake. In the continuity, Jake Chill is a former security guard at Wayne-Powers, working under Derek Powers' \"Quiet Squad.\" Having killed Warren McGinnis under Mr. Fixx's orders, Jake repeats his great-granduncle's history with the Waynes and indirectly creates another Batman. Though no one has discovered his involvement with McGinnis' murder, Jake Chill is wracked with guilt and decides to become a vigilante to redeem his family's sins. Jake takes the name Vigilante, modified the uniform he got from his former employer as his costume, and works with Batman to stop a riot led by the Jokerz. ", "Shortly after the tragedy, a distant Bruce Wayne rescued Dick from an uncaring juvenile services system. Frustrated by the lack of attention from his new guardian and the mystery still surrounding his parents’ death, Dick snuck out of Wayne Manor one evening to solve the crime on his own – only to stumble into Batman, who was also investigating the murder. Seeing a reflection of himself in Dick, Batman not only revealed his identity as Bruce Wayne to the boy, but also decided to train him to be his protege.", "Though mention of Martha's occupation is small, some stories have indicated that, like Bruce, she was unable to allow the crime of Gotham to continue unabated. This version fought against the abuse of Gotham's children and against the trafficking of children around the globe. She headed a covert detection agency with help from Commissioner Gordon and the family butler Alfred—their goals were to stop abuse against children, in the hopes that those children would not grow up to turn into abusers and criminals themselves. Learning of his mother's mission prior to death, Batman gained further inspiration and motive for helping the innocent of Gotham.", "Batman is the secret identity of Bruce Wayne, an American billionaire, industrialist, and philanthropist. Having witnessed the murder of his parents as a child, he swore revenge on criminals, an oath tempered with the greater ideal of justice. Wayne trains himself both physically and intellectually and dons a bat-themed costume in order to fight crime while hiding his identity. Batman operates in the fictional Gotham City, assisted by various supporting characters including his crime-fighting partner, Robin, his butler Alfred Pennyworth, the police commissioner Jim Gordon, and occasionally the heroine Batgirl. He fights an assortment of villains, often referred to as the \"rogues gallery\", which includes the Joker, the Penguin, the Riddler, Two-Face, Ra's al Ghul, Scarecrow, Poison Ivy, and Catwoman, among many others. Unlike most superheroes, he does not possess any superpowers; he makes use of intellect, detective skills, science and technology, wealth, physical prowess, martial arts skills, an indomitable will, fear, and intimidation in his continuous war on crime.", "Batman�s story began when he was eight years old. The young Bruce Wayne, son of wealthy socialites, witnessed the killing of his parents during a botched robbery on the way home from the theater. Standing over his parents� graves, he proclaimed \"I swear I�ll dedicate my life and inheritance to bringing your killer to justice�and to fighting all criminals! I swear it!\" (Batman #47, 1948 in Kane, 1988). Traumatized by the brutal death of his parents, Bruce Wayne devoted his youth to developing the strength and knowledge to fight crime and avenge his parents� senseless murder. Independently wealthy because of his sizable inheritance, Bruce Wayne was able to concentrate on becoming an expert in scientific criminal investigation and on training his body to \"physical and athletic perfection\" (Batman #47, 1948 in Kane, 1988).", "Selina Kyle first appears disguised as a maid at Wayne Manor. While no one is looking she attempts to steal from Bruce Wayne and succeeds in making off with a pearl necklace that had once belonged to Bruce's mother. Bruce would later manage to confront Selina for the theft and reclaim his mother's necklace, but this leads an angry Selina to steal Bruce's car as revenge. It is later learned though that Selina has grown tired of her life as a criminal and desires to start fresh, but due to so many past arrests and convictions has become bitter and cynical, feeling that the world would never give her a second chance, especially with the ease at which knowledge of her past can be shared. Knowing that Wayne possess a means by which she can give herself a clean slate, Selina attempts to steal it, also crossing paths with his alter-ego Batman for the first time.", "Batman's secret identity is Bruce Wayne, a wealthy industrialist, playboy, and philanthropist, who is compelled to fight crime because of the trauma of witnessing the murder of his parents when he was a child. Wayne trained himself both physically and intellectually to assume the role of crime-fighter, and donned a bat-themed costume in order to both conceal his identity and strike fear into those he fights. Unlike most superheroes, he does not possess any superpowers; he makes use of intellect, detective skills, science and technology, wealth, physical prowess, and intimidation in his war on crime.", "When they arrive at the crime scene, young Lambert insists he is innocent. The lad explains that he arrived home early and saw his father lying on the floor. When he entered the library, he saw a figure escaping out the window. He pulled a knife out of his father's back, and his father's last word was \"contract.\" Lambert's son recalls that his father had three associates, Alfred Stryker, Paul Rogers, and Steve Crane. Steve Crane calls Gordon on the phone. Lambert told Crane that he had received a death threat the previous day. Crane has received a similar death threat, and asks for police protection. Bruce Wayne decides to go home, and Gordon rushes over to the Crane residence.", "After another fight with Alan Scott that left him petrified into wood, Grundy came into conflict with Batman again, killing a descendant of one of the killers of Cyrus Gold. Not too long after this, Jade contacted Jack Knight to help Grundy, who was in the sewers of Opal City . Grundy had been resurrected once again, this time as a lanky, child-like creature. Jack and his father Ted took Grundy, now called Solly, in. Unfortunately, the Solly persona is short lived- when a mad bomber called Dr. Pip beings bombing Opal, Solly sacrifices himself to save Jack from being crushed by a falling building.", "Nicholson’s Joker holds an interesting place in the Joker canon, coming a year after the publication of the super grim “The Killing Joke” comic and exploring very similar ground — as it’s revealed that Joker killed Bruce Wayne’s parents when he was a kid. Plus (spoiler alert!), the Joker ends up dead at the end.", "On a snowy Christmas night, Tucker and Esther Cobblepot throw their deformed infant child Oswald into Gotham River, fearing he would become a menace to society after attacking their pet cat. His crib floats to an abandoned zoo and is found by a flock of penguins who raise him as one of their own.", "However, the Joker's unreliable memory has allowed writers to develop other origins for the character. \"Case Study\", a Paul Dini-Alex Ross story, describes the Joker as a sadistic gangster who creates the Red Hood identity to continue the thrill of small-time criminality. He has his fateful first meeting with Batman, which results in his disfigurement. It is suggested that the Joker is sane, and feigns insanity to avoid the death penalty. In Batman Confidential (#7-12), the character, Jack, is a talented criminal who is bored with his work. He encounters (and becomes obsessed with) Batman during a heist, embarking on a crime spree to attract his attention. After Jack injures Batman's girlfriend, Batman scars Jack's face with a permanent grin and betrays him to a group of mobsters, who torture him in a chemical plant. Jack escapes, but falls into an empty vat as gunfire punctures chemical tanks above him. The flood of chemicals (used in anti-psychotic medication) alters his appearance and completes his transformation. The superhero Atom sees the Joker's memory of burning his parents alive (after they find him killing animals) in The Brave and the Bold #31, and Snyder's \"Zero Year\" (2013) suggests that the pre-disfigured Joker was a criminal mastermind leading a gang of Red Hoods." ]

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[ "On June 10, 1692, Bridget Bishop was hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem, Massachusetts, for “certaine Detestable Arts called Witchcraft & Sorceries”. Bridget Bishop was the first person executed for witchcraft during the Salem witch trials in 1692.", "1692 – Bridget Bishop was hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem, Massachusetts, for “certaine Detestable Arts called Witchcraft & Sorceries.”", "1692 –- Bridget Bishop is hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem, MA, for “certaine Detestable Arts called Witchcraft & Sorceries,” part of the infamous Salem Witch Trials.", "1692 - Salem witch trials: Bridget Bishop is hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem, Massachusetts, for \"certaine Detestable Arts called Witchcraft & Sorceries\".", "Bridget Bishop (ca. 1632, England – 10 June 1692, Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony) was the first person executed for witchcraft during the Salem witch trials in 1692. All together about 72 people were accused and tried. 20 were executed.", "Like Tituba, several accused “witches” confessed and named still others, and the trials soon began to overwhelm the local justice system. In May 1692, the newly appointed governor of Massachusetts, William Phips, ordered the establishment of a special Court of Oyer (to hear) and Terminer (to decide) on witchcraft cases for Suffolk, Essex and Middlesex counties. Presided over by judges including Hathorne, Samuel Sewall and William Stoughton, the court handed down its first conviction, against Bridget Bishop, on June 2; she was hanged eight days later on what would become known as Gallows Hill in Salem Town. Five more people were hanged that July; five in August and eight more in September. In addition, seven other accused witches died in jail, while the elderly Giles Corey (Martha’s husband) was pressed to death by stones after he refused to enter a plea at his arraignment", "    Amidst impending fears of violence, the New England colony of Massachusetts faced an additional crisis.  By the late 1600�s, Puritanism no longer resembled the devout faith of its founders.  Subsequent followers had grown either spiritually lax or unbendingly legalistic, and the clash of these extremes culminated in a 1692 scandal at the Massachusetts town of Salem.  After falling under the influence of a fortune-telling, voodoo-practicing slave from the West Indies, three young Salem girls began exhibiting strange behavior.  Panic spread through the town when slave proclaimed herself a witch.  With the revelation that other curious townspeople had dabbled in the pagan arts, local Puritan leaders reacted harshly.  After a series of court trials, nineteen convicted witches were hanged and one was smothered under a pile of stones.  Dismayed by the excessive punishments, Puritan leader Increase Mather persuaded Massachusetts governor William Phips to ban further executions.  With regret, Judge Samuel Sewall later issued a public apology on behalf of Salem.", "Image:GallowsHillPark Salem Massachusetts.jpg|Gallows Hill Park. Popular legend places the execution of the Salem Witches near this site.", "Early in the year 1692, in the small Massachusetts village of Salem, a collection of girls fell ill, falling victim to hallucinations and seizures. In extremely religious Puritan New England, frightening or surprising occurrences were often attributed to the devil or his cohorts. The unfathomable sickness spurred fears of witchcraft, and it was not long before the girls, and then many other residents of Salem, began to accuse other villagers of consorting with devils and casting spells. Old grudges and jealousies spilled out into the open, fueling the atmosphere of hysteria. The Massachusetts government and judicial system, heavily influenced by religion, rolled into action. Within a few weeks, dozens of people were in jail on charges of witchcraft. By the time the fever had run its course, in late August 1692, nineteen people (and two dogs) had been convicted and hanged for witchcraft.", "She was executed by hanging (likely from a tree, as there is no evidence of a gallows structure) in Danvers, Massachusetts (then Salem Village) at Gallows Hill, along with Elizabeth Howe, Susannah Martin, Sarah Good, and Rebecca Nurse, on July 19, 1692; she was 65 years of age. Rev. Nicholas Noyes was present, and Sarah Good famously predicted his demise if she should be executed. Before the executions Noyes asked them to confess. Good's famous last words were, “You are a liar! I am no more a witch than you are a wizard, and if you take away my life God will give you blood to drink.” Twenty-five years later, Noyes died of a hemorrhage and literally did choke on his own blood.", "The Salem witch trials followed in 1692–93. These witch trials were the most famous in British North America and took place in the coastal settlements near Salem, Massachusetts. Prior to the witch trials, nearly 300 men and women had been suspected of partaking in witchcraft and over 30 of these people were hanged. The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings before local magistrates followed by county court trials to prosecute people accused of witchcraft in Essex, Suffolk and Middlesex Counties of colonial Massachusetts, between February 1692 and May 1693. Over 150 people were arrested and imprisoned, with even more accused who were not formally pursued by the authorities. The two courts convicted 29 people of the capital felony of witchcraft. Nineteen of the accused, 14 women and 5 men, were hanged. One man who refused to enter a plea was crushed to death under heavy stones in an attempt to force him to do so. At least five more of the accused died in prison.", "Set in Modern day America (1960). Professor Alan Driscoll is a college professor giving a class on 17th century witchcraft in New England to his small group of students. He tells them about (and we see on-screen) a witch called Elizabeth Selwyn from the small town of Whitewood, Massachusetts. In 1692 she was burnt at the stake by the fearful townsfolk while her secret consort Jethrow Keane watches unable to do anything to help her except mouth a quiet plea to Lucifer to save her. For years afterwards young village women were found slain and witnesses swore they had seen the dead witch Elizabeth Selwyn in the vicinity.", "Executed. Probably the last person Hanged for witchcraft in Boston. (May be the Irish Catholic that Cotton Mather wrote about) (Source: Drake, Frederick C. \"Witchcraft in the American Colonies, 1647-62\" American Quarterly 20 (1968):694-725)", "1692 in Salem Massachusetts. More then 130 witches were jailed, most were women, and accused of witchcraft. ", "In 1645, Springfield, Massachusetts, experienced America's first accusations of witchcraft when husband and wife Hugh and Mary Parsons accused each other of witchcraft. At America's first witch trial, Hugh was found innocent, while Mary was acquitted of witchcraft but sentenced to be hanged for the death of her child. She died in prison. From 1645–1663, about eighty people throughout England's Massachusetts Bay Colony were accused of practicing witchcraft. Thirteen women and two men were executed in a witch-hunt that lasted throughout New England from 1645–1663.Fraden, Judith Bloom, Dennis Brindell Fraden. The Salem Witch Trials. Marshall Cavendish. 2008. p. 15.", "1692 – Five women and a clergyman were executed after being convicted of witchcraft in Salem, MA. Fourteen more people were executed that year and 150 others are imprisoned.", "1692 Five Massachusetts women were hanged for witchcraft. Fifteen young girls in the Salem community charged as many as 150 citizens in the area with witchcraft during the greater part of this year.", "A total of 19 convicted witches were hanged at Proctor’s Ledge, a small hill next to Gallows Hill, between June and September of 1692. Since convicted witches were not allowed a Christian burial in consecrated ground, the victims were buried somewhere on the execution site in unmarked graves.", "At the end of June and beginning of July, grand juries endorsed indictments against Sarah Good, Elizabeth Howe, Susannah Martin, Elizabeth Procter, John Procter, Martha Carrier, Sarah Wilds, and Dorcas Hoar. Only Sarah Good, Elizabeth Howe, Susannah Martin and Sarah Wildes, along with Rebecca Nurse, went on to trial at this time, where they were found guilty, and executed on July 19, 1692. In mid-July as well, the primary source of accusations moved from Salem Village to Andover, when the constable there asked to have some of the afflicted girls in Salem Village visit with his wife to try to determine who caused her afflictions. Ann Foster, her daughter Mary Lacey Sr., and granddaughter Mary Lacey Jr. all confessed to being witches. Anthony Checkley was appointed by Governor Phips to replace Thomas Newton as the Crown's Attorney when Newton took an appointment in New Hampshire.", "The Salem Witch Trials were a series of hearings before local magistrates followed by county court trials to prosecute people accused of witchcraft in the Massachusetts counties of Essex, Suffolk, and Middlesex, between February 1692 and May 1693. Despite being generally known as the Salem witch trials, the preliminary hearings in 1692 were conducted in a variety of towns across the province: Danvers, Salem Village, Ipswich, Andover, and Salem Town. The best-known trials were conducted by the Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692 in Salem Town.", "'Essex ss The Jurors for our Sovereigne Lord and Lady the King & Queen presents that Elizabeth Howe Wife of James How of Ipswich -- the 29th day of May in the forth Year of the Reigne of our Sovereigne Lord and Lady William and Mary by the Grace of God [of God] of England Scottland France and Ireland King and Queen defend'rs of the faith &c: and divers other dayes and times as well before as after certaine detestable Arts called witchcraft & Sorceries wickedly & felloniously hath Used Practised and Exercised at and within the Towne ship of Salem in the County of Essex aforesaid in upon and against one:Marcy Lewis of Salem Villiage Single woman -- by which said wicked Acts the said Marcy Lewis -- the 29th day of May in the forth Year aboves'd: and divers other dayes & times as well before as after was and is Tortured. Afflicted: Pined Consumed & Tormented and also for sundrey other Acts of witchcraft by the Said Elizabeth Howe Committed & done before and since that Time ag't. the Peace of our Sovereigne Lord and Lady the King & Queen, and ag't the forme of the Statute in that case made and Provided (7)", "June 8: Bridget Bishop is the first to be tried and convicted of witchcraft. She is sentenced to death.", "March 1, 1692: In Salem Village (now Danvers), magistrates John Hathorne and Jonathan Corwin examine Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborne for \"witches [sic] teats.\" Tituba saves her life by confessing to practicing voodoo magic and confirms Good and Osborne are co- conspirators.", "Surely the Devil had come to Salem in 1692. Young girls screaming and barking like a dog? Strange dances in the woods? This was behavior hardly becoming of virtuous teenage maidens. The town doctor was called onto the scene. After a thorough examination, he concluded quite simply — the girls were bewitched. Now the task was clear. Whomever was responsible for this outrage must be brought to justice.", "Prior to the Reformation, little official notice was given to the practice of witchcraft, \"the craft of the wise,\" but authorities were always on the lookout for anyone believed to be practicing sorcery (i.e., malevolent magic). It was regarded as a political offense to employ sorcery against the ruling powers and it was punished severely, as is witnessed by the execution of the duchess of Gloucester in Henry VI's reign and the duke of Buckingham in 1521. In Henry VI's time Lord Hungerford was beheaded for consulting certain soothsayers concerning the duration of the king's life.", "Sarah Wildes was condemned by the Court of Essex County for practicing witchcraft. William Stoughton signed the warrant for execution on 12 July 1692.", "1638 Ann Hutchinson denounced for antinomianism heresy and religious leadership, excommunicated and banished from MA Bay Colony. Her friend Mary Dyer was hanged, their mutual midwife, Jane Hawkins was banished. While not actually accused of witchcraft, it was the subtext in all three trials.", "♦ The Wonders of the Invisible World: Being an Account of the Tryals of Several Witches Lately Executed in New-England; Cotton Mather; 1692", "Elizabeth Howe (née Jackson; c. 1635–July 19, 1692) was one of the accused in the Salem witch trials. She was found guilty and executed on July 19, 1692.", "John Hathorne was a notorious judge in the Salem Witch Trials. Hathorne purchased this land, on the corner of what is now Essex and Washington streets (where the Bewitched statue now stands), from Deacon John Marston, Sr., on August 25, 1685.", "Alse Young is believed to have been the first person to be executed as a witch in the American colonies ?", "Accused by \"Salem Girls\". Examined. Anne Dolliver's sister in law (Sources: Heyrman, Christine. Commerce and Culture, The Maritime Communities of Colonial Massachusetts, 1650-1750)" ]

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[ "The Wise Little Hen is a Walt Disney's Silly Symphonies cartoon, based on the fairy tale The Little Red Hen. This cartoon marked the debut of Donald Duck, dancing to the Sailor's Hornpipe. Donald and his friend Peter Pig try to avoid work by faking stomach aches until Mrs. Hen teaches them the value of labor. This cartoon was released on June 9, 1934. It was animated by Art Babbitt, Dick Huemer, Clyde Geronimi, Louie Schmitt, and Frenchy de Tremaudan (with assistance from a group of junior animators headed by Ben Sharpsteen) and directed by Wilfred Jackson. It was also adapted as a Sunday comic strip by Ted Osborne and Al Taliaferro. ", "One of the most popular of the Disney cartoon characters, Donald Duck made his debut in the Silly Symphony cartoon \"The Wise Little Hen\" on June 9, 1934. His fiery temper endeared him to audiences, and in the 1940s he surpassed Mickey Mouse in the number of cartoons reaching the theaters. Eventually, there were 128 Donald Duck cartoons, but he also appeared in a number of others with Mickey Mouse, Goofy, and Pluto. His middle name, shown in a wartime cartoon, is Fauntleroy. The original voice of Donald was Clarence \"Ducky\" Nash, who was succeeded after 50 years by Disney artist Tony Anselmo. A daily Donald Duck newspaper comic strip began on February 7, 1938.", "Silly Symphony is a series of 75 animated short films produced by Walt Disney Productions from 1929 to 1939. As their name implies, the Silly Symphonies were originally intended as whimsical accompaniments to pieces of music. As such, the films usually had independent continuity and did not feature continuing characters, unlike the Mickey Mouse shorts produced by Disney at the same time. (Exceptions to this include Three Little Pigs, The Tortoise and the Hare, and Three Orphan Kittens, which all had sequels.) The series is notable for its innovation with Technicolor and the multiplane motion picture camera, as well as its introduction of the character Donald Duck making his first appearance in the Silly Symphony cartoon \"The Wise Little Hen\" in 1934.", "Donald Duck first appeared in the 1934 cartoon The Wise Little Hen which was part of the Silly Symphonies series of theatrical cartoon shorts. The film's release date of June 9 is officially recognized by the Walt Disney Company as Donald's birthday despite a couple in-universe contradictions. Donald's appearance in the cartoon, as created by animator Dick Lundy, is similar to his modern look— the feather and beak colors are the same, as is the blue sailor shirt and hat— but his features are more elongated, his body plumper, and his feet smaller. Donald's personality is not developed either; in the short, he only fills the role of the unhelpful friend from the original story.", "Walt Disney didn't wait long to make another series to go along with his Mickey Mouse series, and he created the Silly Symphonies. It featured different characters and each story focused on mood, musical themes, and emotion rather than gags and humor of the Mickey cartoons. Flowers and Trees, the first Silly Sympony and first full-color cartoon, won the Academy Award for Best Cartoon in 1932, the first year that the Academy offered such a category. For the rest of the decade, a Disney cartoon won the Oscar every year. In June of 1934, The Wise Little Hen released, debuting Donald Duck.", "Donald Duck is a cartoon character created in 1934 at Walt Disney Productions. Donald is an anthropomorphic white duck with a yellow-orange bill, legs, and feet. He typically wears a sailor shirt and cap with a bow tie. Donald is most famous for his semi-intelligible speech and his mischievous and temperamental personality. Along with his friend Mickey Mouse, Donald is one of the most popular Disney characters and was included in TV Guide's list of the 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time in 2002. He has appeared in more films than any other Disney character, and is the most published comic book character in the world outside of the superhero genre. ", "Donald Duck: Donald Duck is a cartoon character created in 1934 by Walt Disney Productions. Donald is an anthropomorphic white duck with a yellow-orange bill, legs, and feet. One of the best cartoon characters ever created, Donald Duck first time appeared on screen in the animated programme \"The Wise Little Hen\" in 1934.  Also, Donald Duck won the Oscar for the best animated short film in 1942 for \"Der Fuehrer's Face\".", "Peter Pig is a fictional pig in Disney short films and comics of the 1930s. He was introduced in The Wise Little Hen (1934), in which he was the lazy and greedy friend of his much more famous fellow first-appearance character, Donald Duck . Peter Pig's second and last Disney film appearance was in The Band Concert (1935), in which Peter played trumpet and a smaller, similar pig called Paddy Pig played the tuba. Peter later made a cameo in a Toontown scene of Who Framed Roger Rabbit? during \"Smile, Darn Ya, Smile\".", "On September 16, 1934 (as THE WISE LITTLE HEN was playing in theaters across the nation), Donald Duck made his official debut in the Sunday Comic strip titled SILLY SYMPHONY, dancing a jig in one panel. It was a teaser that introduced the characters and primed readers for the brand new cartoon WISE LITTLE HEN series that would continue each Sunday until December 16, 1934. This original series is quite scarce today and the first opening page is rare. If you can find one, keep it, as it will become quite valuable in the future.", "Donald first appeared in the Silly Symphonies cartoon The Wise Little Hen on June 9, 1934, though he is mentioned in a 1931 Disney storybook. Donald's appearance in the cartoon, as created by animator Dick Lundy, is similar to his modern look — the feather and beak colors are the same, as is the blue sailor shirt and hat — but his features are more elongated, his body plumper, and his feet bigger. Donald's personality is not develop", "In the film, the voice of Roger is performed by Charles Fleischer (who also voices Benny, Greasy and Psycho ), who was known for electing to wear an actual rabbit costume on the set to get into the role. One of his famous traits is his voice, \"P-p-p-p-p-please!\" He is a white, clownish rabbit with a gap between his front teeth, a voice that resonates of Huntz Hall in The Bowery Boys , a blue Porky Pig -like bow tie with yellow polka dots, a Droopy-like hair, a Bugs Bunny -like head with blue eyes, a pink nose, round-tipped ears, red Oswald -like pants with a green patch behind, and Mickey Mouse -like gloves (yellow ones).", "Daffy Duck is an animated cartoon character produced by Warner Bros. Styled as an anthropomorphic black duck, the character has appeared in cartoon series such as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, where he usually has been depicted as the best friend and occasional arch-rival of Bugs Bunny. Daffy was one of the first of the new \"screwball\" characters that emerged in the late 1930s to replace traditional everyman characters who were more popular earlier in the decade, such as Mickey Mouse and Popeye. Daffy starred in 133 shorts in the golden age, making him the third-most frequent character in the Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies cartoons, behind Bugs Bunny's 166 appearances and Porky Pig's 159 appearances.", "Bugs Bunny is a fictional animated character who starred in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated films produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions , which became Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1944. [1] Bugs starred in 167 shorts during the Golden Age of American animation , and made cameos in three others along with a few appearances in non-animated films. He is an anthropomorphic hare or rabbit .", "Bugs Bunny is a fictional main character who starred in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated films produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions , which became Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1944. [1] Bugs starred in 167 shorts during the Golden Age of American animation , and made cameos in three others along with a few appearances in non-animated films. He is an anthropomorphic hare or rabbit .", "Porky's Duck Hunt introduced the character of Daffy Duck, who possessed a new form of \"lunacy\" and zaniness that had not been seen before in animated cartoons. Daffy was an almost completely out-of-control \"darn fool duck\" who frequently bounced around the film frame in double-speed, screaming \"Hoo-hoo! hoo-hoo\" in a high-pitched, sped-up voice provided by the veteran Warner voice artist Mel Blanc, who, with this cartoon, also took over providing the voice of Porky Pig. Avery directed two more Daffy Duck cartoons: Daffy Duck & Egghead and Daffy Duck in Hollywood. Egghead was a character inspired by comedian Joe Penner which would evolve into Elmer Fudd and first appeared in Avery's Egghead Rides Again. ", "Chuck Jones also developed more minor animated characters such as Pepe Le Pew, Inki, Marvin Martian, Michigan J. Frog (see below), Gossamer, and Charlie Dog. As Disney did with Fantasia (1940) , Jones fused classical music (Rossini's Barber of Seville, Mendelssohn's Wedding March, and a visual gag about Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro) into the cartoon form in one of his best animations - Rabbit of Seville (1950), featuring Elmer Fudd and Bugs as opera singers.", "Roger is a slender, white rabbit with large blue eyes, pink nose, a tuft of red hair who wears red overalls, yellow gloves, and a blue yellow polka dot bow tie. He is an amalgamation of various classic cartoon characters; taking Bugs Bunny's cartoon rabbit form, Mickey 's gloves and Goofy 's baggy pants. Animator Richard Williams described as the process of creating him like an \"American flag\" with the red overalls, white fur and blue bow tie and American audiences would enjoy him subliminally.", "Bugs appeared mostly in the color Merrie Melodies and formally joined the Looney Tunes crew with the release of Buckaroo Bugs. Schlesinger began to phase in the production of color Looney Tunes with the 1942 cartoon The Hep Cat. The final black-and-white Looney Tune was Puss n' Booty in 1943 directed by Frank Tashlin. The inspiration for the changeover was Warner's decision to re-release only the color cartoons in the Blue Ribbon Classics series of Merrie Melodies. Bugs Bunny made a cameo appearance in 1942 in the Avery/Clampett cartoon Crazy Cruise and also at the end of the Frank Tashlin 1943 cartoon Porky Pig's Feat which marked Bugs' only appearance in a black-and-white Looney Tune. Schlesinger sold his interest in the cartoon studio in 1944 to Warner Bros. and went into retirement, he would die five years later.", "In his 1930's cartoon appearances, Goofy commonly wore a black vest, blue pants, a turtleneck shirt (colored either red or orange), white gloves, extra-long brown shoes, and a very distinctive hat (either blue or green). This has been the character's iconic look ever since, even though it was seldom featured in cartoons after the 1930's.", "Daffy Duck:  Daffy Duck, an animated cartoon character, was produced by Warner Bros. Styled as an anthropomorphic black duck; the character appeared in cartoon series such as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies in the late 1930s. Daffy was one of the first of the new \"screwball\" characters which was created to replace traditional characters like Mickey Mouse and Popeye.", "Tweety (short for Tweety Bird or Tweety Pie) is an animated fictional yellow canary in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated cartoons. The name \"Tweety\" is a play on words, as it originally meant \"sweetie\", along with \"tweet\" being a typical English onomatopoeia for the sounds of birds. His characteristics are based on Red Skelton's famous \"Mean Widdle Kid.\" Tweety appeared in 47 cartoons in the golden age.", "Who Killed Cock Robin is a Silly Symphonies short released on June 26, 1935 by United Artists, produced by Walt Disney and directed by David Hand. It is based on the nursery rhyme Who Killed Cock Robin?. An extract from the cartoon was featured the following year in Alfred Hitchcock's Sabotage.", "One of Warner Brothers' most famous cartoon characters - Daffy Duck was created by Tex Avery and his first appearance was in Porky's Duck Hunt, which was released on April 17, 1937.", "Porky's Duck Hunt was released in 1937, and Blanc officially became the permanent voice of Porky until his death in 1989. In later interviews, Blanc often made the claim that he intended Porky's stutter to be suggestive of the grunting of actual pigs (although other cartoon pigs do not have such a severe stuttering problem). Porky is currently voiced by Bob Bergen .", "Daffy Duck first appeared as a fairly regular looking duck in \"Porky's Duck Hunt\" (1937). Like many cartoon characters of the time (see Tweety for instance) he was developed and redesigned by successive animators, until he became more like the classic Daffy that is best known today.", "Daffy Duck is a Warner Brothers Looney Tunes character who first appeared in the 1937 short Porky’s Duck Hunt. Daffy was, initially, very screwball in his antics; he evolved over the next decade or so to become an angry foil for Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd, and other characters.", "A Connecticut Rabbit in King Arthur’s Court (US, animated, 1978), with the voice of Mel Blanc. Directed by Chuck Jones.  Bugs Bunny is transported to the court of King Arthur (Daffy Duck) and his varlet (Porky Pig).", "Porky is the star of the Super NES video game Porky Pig's Haunted Holiday . Porky also has a cameo at the end of the 1988 Disney / Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), where, paired with Disney's Tinkerbell , has the duty of closing the movie with his famous line \"Th-Th-Th- That's All Folks!\".", "Mel Blanc (voice) -- Th-th-th-that's all, folks! Heart disease. Died July 10, 1989. Born May 30, 1908. Bugs Bunny classics.   IMDb   FindAGrave", "Porky's Duck Hunt was released in 1937, and Blanc officially became the permanent voice of Porky until his death in 1989. In later interviews, Blanc often said that he intended Porky's stutter to be suggestive of the grunting of actual pigs.", "* In the classic 1933 film Duck Soup, Harpo Marx, playing Pinky, a spy infiltrating a house in the middle of the night, attempts to open what he believes to be a safe, but turns out to be a large radio, which loudly begins playing \"Stars & Stripes Forever\" when he turns the knob. Pinky spends the next several moments futilely (and loudly) trying to quell the noise before throwing the radio out a nearby window.", "In the classic 1933 film Duck Soup, Harpo Marx , playing Pinky, a spy infiltrating a house in the middle of the night, attempts to open what he believes to be a safe, but turns out to be a large radio, which loudly begins playing \"Stars & Stripes Forever\" when he turns the knob. Pinky spends the next several moments futilely (and loudly) trying to quell the noise before throwing the radio out a nearby window." ]

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[ "* In the landmark George Orwell novel Nineteen Eighty Four, Eurasia, Oceania and Eastasia are in a perpetual state of war. The attacks are in the form of rocket attacks (similar to the V2 Attacks on London in WW2) although it is implied in the book that the attacks could be launched by the home Government against their own people in order to perpetuate fear and hatred of the enemy. However the military attacks are limited to the non-aligned areas (North and Central Africa, India etc.), an example of this is The Malabar Front (India) where Oceania won a victory against Eurasia.", "Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia are the three fictional superstates in George Orwell's futuristic dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.", "In 1984, there is a perpetual war among Oceania, Eurasia, and Eastasia, the superstates which emerged from a global atomic war. The book, The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism by Emmanuel Goldstein, explains that each state is so strong it cannot be defeated, even with the combined forces of two superstates—despite changing alliances. To hide such contradictions, history is re-written to explain that the (new) alliance always was so; the populaces accustomed to doublethink accept it. The war is not fought in Oceanian, Eurasian or Eastasian territory but in the Arctic wastes and in a disputed zone comprising the sea and land from Tangiers (northern Africa) to Darwin (Australia). At the start, Oceania and Eastasia are allies fighting Eurasia in northern Africa and the Malabar Coast.", "In George Orwell's dystopian novel, 1984, the world was divided into three separate regions; Oceania, Eastasia, and Eurasia. The main character, Winston, noticed that his native Oceania was constantly at war, whether it was with Eastasia or Eurasia. In fact, one of the three slogans for Oceania was \"WAR IS PEACE.\" This contradictory statement is later explained in the novel as a demented way of saying that war spreads fear, resulting in total blind loyalty and obedience to the government.", "The premise of the book postulates an ongoing Forever War between three superpowers (Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia), the political ideologies of which are, respectively, Ingsoc, Neo-Bolshevism and Obliteration of the Self. To the extent that the citizens of each superpower are aware of the other superpowers' political ideologies, they deride them as monstrous outrages upon common sense. However, as Goldstein notes, the three ideologies are functionally indistinguishable, as are the societies they support.", "Eurasia. Superstate that comprises most of Europe and northern Asia, from Portugal to eastern Siberia. When the novel opens, Oceania is at war with Eurasia; when it ends, Eurasia is Oceania’s ally.", "The perpetual war is fought for control of the \"disputed area\" lying \"between the frontiers of the super-states\", it forms \"a rough quadrilateral with its corners at Tangier , Brazzaville , Darwin and Hong Kong \", [26] thus northern Africa, the Middle East, southern India and south-east Asia are where the super-states capture slaves. Emmanuel Goldstein's book, The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism explains that the super-states' ideologies are alike and that the public's ignorance of it is imperative so that they might continue believing in the detestability of the opposing ideologies. The only references to the exterior world for the Oceanian citizenry (the Outer Party and the Proles), are Minitrue maps and propaganda ensuring their belief in \"the war\".", "The perpetual war is fought for control of the \"disputed area\" lying \"between the frontiers of the super-states,\" it forms \"a rough parallelogram with its corners at Tangier, Brazzaville, Darwin and Hong Kong,\" thus Northern Africa, the Middle East, India and Indonesia are where the super-states capture and utilise slave-labour. Fighting also takes place between Eurasia and Eastasia in Manchuria, Mongolia and Central Asia, and all three powers battle one another over various Atlantic and Pacific islands.", "During the Second World War (1939–1945) George Orwell repeatedly said that British democracy , as it existed before 1939 would not survive the war, the question being 'Would it end via Fascist coup d'état (from above) or via Socialist revolution (from below)?' Later in the war he admitted that events proved him wrong: \"What really matters is that I fell into the trap of assuming that ‘the war and the revolution are inseparable' \". [35] Thematically Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) and Animal Farm (1945) share the betrayed revolution ; the person's subordination to the collective; rigorously enforced class distinctions (Inner Party, Outer Party, Proles); the cult of personality ; concentration camps ; Thought Police ; compulsory regimented daily exercise and youth leagues. Oceania resulted from the U.S.'s annexation of the British Empire to counter the Asian peril to Australia and New Zealand. It is a naval power whose militarism venerates the sailors of the floating fortresses , from which battle is given to recapturing India the \"Jewel in the Crown\" of the British Empire. Much of Oceanic society is based upon the U.S.S.R. under Josef Stalin — Big Brother ; the televised Two Minutes' Hate is ritual demonisation of the enemies of the State , especially Emmanuel Goldstein (viz Leon Trotsky ); altered photographs create unpersons deleted from the national historical record.", "The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia-Pacific War, was the theatre of World War II that was fought in the Pacific and East Asia. It was fought over a vast area that included the Pacific Ocean and islands, the South West Pacific, South-East Asia, and in China (including the 1945 Soviet–Japanese conflict).", "In George Orwell's 1984 Oceania was at war with Eastasia. Oceania had always been at war with Eastasia. The wars of Eurasia, Eastasia, and Oceania never existed.", "Others follow A. J. P. Taylor , who held that there was a simultaneous Sino-Japanese War in East Asia, and a Second European War in Europe and her colonies. The two wars merged in 1941, becoming a single global conflict, at which point the war continued until 1945. This article uses the conventional dating. [9]", "A six volume book set of Winston Churchill’s The Second World War. This set published by the Houghton Mifflin Company features The Gathering Storm , copyright 1948; Their Finest Hour, copyright 1949; The Grand Alliance, copyright 1950; The Hinge of Fate, copyright 1950; Closing the Ring, copyright 1951; and Triumph and Tragedy, copyright 1953. Also included is a nearly complete mid 1940s set of Pictorial History of the Second World War by Wm. H. Wise and Co. This set is missing volume six.", "The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate East Asia and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937, [2] but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and Britain . From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany formed the Axis alliance with Italy , conquering or subduing much of continental Europe. Following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories between themselves of their European neighbours, including Poland . The United Kingdom and the other members of the British Commonwealth were the only major Allied forces continuing the fight against the Axis, with battles taking place in North Africa as well as the long-running Battle of the Atlantic . In June 1941, the European Axis launched an invasion of the Soviet Union , giving a start to the largest land theatre of war in history , which tied down the major part of the Axis' military forces for the rest of the war. In December 1941, Japan joined the Axis, attacked the United States and European territories in the Pacific Ocean , and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific.", "Originally published in 1907, this little-known science fiction classic describes a planet beset by world war---a war involving super-weapons of almost inconceivable power---while under the threat of annihilation by a fast-approaching comet. The World Peril of 1910 is not only one of the first books to describe the potential of a comet impact with earth, it includes the world's first countdown...George Chetwyn Griffith-Jones (1857–1906) was a British science fiction writer and noted explorer who wrote during the turn of the century. His works appeared in magazines such as Pearson's Magazine. Griffith was never popular in the United States due to his political views, and though outsellling HG Wells was overshadowed by his fame. Griffith was an explorer as well as a writer, and broke a record for travelling around the world; and he helped discover the source of the Amazon river. Undeniably the most popular science fiction writer in England between 1893 and 1895. Downlaod now (", "The War of the Worlds is a science fiction novel by the British author H.G. Wells. It was originally serialized in Pearson's Magazine in the United Kingdom and Cosmopolitan magazine in the United States in 1897. It was first published in a single volume in 1898. Its plot concers the invasion and colonization of Earth by aliens from the planet Mars.", "“The Great Pacific War,” a futuristic novel about a war between the U.S. and Japan in 1931, is published by Hector Bywater, a British military journalist. In it, the Japanese launch surprise attacks against the Philippines, Guam and the U.S. fleet in Pearl Harbor.", "Reflections on the politics and propaganda of the era also arise in stories such as Chad Oliver 's \"Blood's a Rover\" (May 1952 Astounding ) and \"The Liberation of Earth\" by William Tenn (May 1953 Future ). Oliver describes an interstellar human effort to speed the technological development of compatible alien worlds (see Uplift ) in order to build an alliance against an attack by a hostile alien empire – a none-too-subtle recasting of Cold War bloc formation. Tenn recounts the reduction of Earth to a barely habitable wasteland after it becomes a minor strategic outpost in a war between two superpowerful alien civilizations, each of whom promises the Earthlings that they're being saved – \"liberated\" – from the domination of the other.", "World War II, or the Second World War (often abbreviated WWII or WW2), was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including all great powers , organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The war involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history. In a state of \"total war\", the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Over seventy million people, the majority civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history.", "↑ Frederick Engels, \"The War in the East\" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 13, p. 527.", "Thorne, Christopher G. The Issue of War: States, Societies, and the Coming of the Far Eastern Conflict of 1941–1945 (1985) sophisticated analysis of each major power facing Japan", "* (with Charles Roden Buxton) The world after the war, London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd. [1920]. Translated into German by Rudolf Berger as Die Welt nach dem Weltkriege, 1921.", "Many story papers around this time, especially The Boys’ Friend, were running tales of fictional near-future wars against foreign countries. These usually depicted Germany as the enemy, though Russia, France and even Japan all Britain’s real life allies came under suspicion. One of these serials was The Peril to Come! from 1909, featuring German Zeppelins invading Britain. There was also a series of linked serials, featuring endless back-and-forth battles against Germany (with Britain being helped by France) by John Tregellis. These formed one huge, epic saga broken up into ‘smaller’ serials, each running over many months, with titles like The Aerial Armada, Kaiser or King? and The Legions of The Kaiser. The latter featured a fanciful plot of the Germans sailing around Britain and invading Ireland. It began in June 1914, the real world was about to overtake fiction…", "Go to Phoney War (Sept. 1939–Apr. 1940) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)", "As the endnotes reveal, many of the issues addressed here will be familiar to close followers of The Asia-Pacific Journal. The essay was written for a general audience rather than for specialists, with particular concern for calling attention to (1) the interwoven nature of contentious current issues, and (2) their historical genesis in the early years of the cold war, and in some cases earlier. Apart from a few very minor stylistic changes, the contents of the several texts of the essay are identical. No attempt has been made to incorporate developments since early 2013. Only this present version introduces illustrations.", "Professor William Waterman Sherman intends to fly across the Pacific Ocean. But through a twist of fate, he lands on Krakatoa, and discovers a world of unimaginable wealth, eccentric inhabitants, and incredible balloon inventions. Winner of the 1948 Newbery Medal, this classic fantasy-adventure...   more", "Verne is often characterized as a futurist or science fiction author but there is not a glimmer of science fiction in this, his most popular work (at least in English). Rather than any futurism, it remains a memorable portrait of the British Empire \"on which the sun never sets\" shortly before its peak, drawn by an outsider. It is interesting to note that, until 2006, no critical editions were written. This was caused by the poor translations available and the stereotypical connection between science fiction and \"worthless\" boys' literature. However, Verne's works began receiving more serious reviews in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, with new translations appearing. It is also interesting to note that the book is a source of common notable English and extended British attitudes in quotes such as \"Phileas Fogg and Sir Francis Cromarty … endured the discomfort with true British phlegm, talking little, and scarcely able to catch a glimpse of each other\", as well as in Chapter 12 when the group is being jostled around on the elephant ride across the jungle. In Chapter 25, when Fogg is insulted in San Francisco, Fix acknowledges that clearly \"Mr. Fogg was one of those Englishmen who, while they do not tolerate duelling at home, fight abroad when their honour is attacked\".", "Australia is the only considerable portion of the world which has enjoyed the blessed record of unruffled peace. On every other continent, in nearly every other island large in area, \"war's red ruin writ in flame\" has wrought its havoc, leaving evidences in many a twinging cicatrice. Invasion, rebellion, and civil war constitute enormous elements in the chronicles of nations; and Shelley wrote that the study of history, though too important to be neglected, was \"hateful and disgusting to my very soul,\" because he found in it little more than a \"record of crimes and miseries.\" A map of the globe, coloured crimson as to those countries where blood has flowed in armed conflicts between men, would present a circling splash of red; but the vast island which is balanced on the Tropic of Capricorn, and spreads her bulk from the tenth parallel of south latitude to \"the roaring forties,\" would show up white in the spacious diagram of carnage. No foreign foe has menaced her thrifty progress since the British planted themselves at Port Jackson in 1788; nor have any internal broils of serious importance interrupted her prosperous career.", "Since its first publication the book has remained in print, and has been reproduced in many editions and foreign languages. It was first published as a paperback in 1951, by Penguin, who have reissued it regularly. In 1945 Bernard Grasset published a translation in French, after which the book was published in most European languages, and also in Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Arabic.", "World War II continued: German forces invaded the USSR; Japanese planes bombed Pearl Harbour, Hawaii;. Britain and USA declared war on Japan", "At the beginning of World War II, Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany; the treaty delayed confrontation between the two countries. In June 1941 the Germans invaded, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the cost of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945. The territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged in 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949.", "*1945 – William Joyce (\"Lord Haw-Haw\") is charged with treason for his pro-German propaganda broadcasting during World War II." ]

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[ "Chief Seattle (c. 1786 – June 7, 1866) was a Dkhw'Duw'Absh (Duwamish) chief. A prominent figure among his people, he pursued a path of accommodation to white settlers, forming a personal relationship with \"Doc\" Maynard. The city of Seattle, in the U.S. state of Washington, was named after him. A widely publicized speech arguing in favor of ecological responsibility and respect of Native Americans' land rights had been attributed to him. However, what he actually said has been lost through translation and rewriting.", "Seattle (pronounced /siːˈætəl/ ( [1] listen ) see-at-əl ) is the northernmost major city in the contiguous United States , and the largest city in the Pacific Northwest and the state of Washington . It is a major seaport situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 114 miles (183 km) south of the Canada – United States border , and it is named after Chief Sealth \"Seattle\" , of the Duwamish and Suquamish native tribes . Seattle is the center of the Seattle–Tacoma–Bellevue metropolitan statistical area --the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States , and the largest in the northwestern United States . [8 ] Seattle is the county seat of King County and is the major economic, cultural and educational center in the region. The 2010 census found that Seattle is home to 608,660 residents within a metropolitan area of some 3.4 million inhabitants. [9 ] The Port of Seattle , which also operates Seattle–Tacoma International Airport , is a major gateway for trade with Asia and cruises to Alaska, and is the 8th largest port in the United States in terms of container capacity. [10 ]", "Home to great coffee and Microsoft, Seattle is the largest city in the Pacific Northwest. It is nestled on the banks of Lake Washington, roughly 100 miles from the Canada border. It was first colonized in December 1851, by Arthur A. Denny and the \"Denny party\". Known first as Duwamps, later it took on its namesake from Chief Noah Sealth who was chief of the two nearby Indian tribes. Seattle has 600K residents and an approximate metropolitan area resident base of 3.5 million people. Popular neighborhoods in Seattle include: Pinehurst, Ballard, Beacon Hill, Holly Park, Mid Beacon Hill (Maplewood), Beacon Hill, Belltown, Bitter Lake, North Beach, Broadmoor, Broadview, Broadway, Bryant, capital Hill, Cascade, Central District, Cherry Hill, Crown Hill, Denny Regrade, Denny-Blaine, Eastlake, Fremont, Greenwood, Harbor Island, SoDo, Cedar Park, Matthews Beach, Meadowbrook, Olympic Hills, Victory Heights, Laurelhurst, Leschi, Madison Park, Madison Valley, Madrona, Magnolia, Montlake, Mount Baker, Northgate, Haller Lake, Licton Springs, Maple Leaf, Phinney Ridge, Pike Market, Pioneer Square, Portage Bay, Queen Anne, Rainier Valley, Brighton, Columbia City, Mount Baker, Rainier, Ravenna, South Seattle, University District, Washington Park, Gatewood, Genesee, and Windermere.", "The other was Seattle (178?-1866), a nephew of Kitsap who was chief of both the Suquamish and Duwamish tribes when the full Denny Party arrived at Alki Point in 1853. Chief Seattle also had proved himself in battle against Native enemies, but was considered a true friend of the white settlers. At the urging of early settler David \"Doc\" Maynard (1808-1873), the hardscrabble little village of Duwamps on Elliott Bay was renamed after Chief Seattle in 1853.", "David Swinson (\"Doc\") Maynard , one of Duwamps's founders, was the primary advocate to rename the village \"Seattle\" after Chief Sealth (\"Seattle\") of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. [37 ] The term, \"Seattle\", appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23, 1853, when the first plats for the village were filed. In 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14, 1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of trustees managing the city. Two years later, after a petition was filed by most of the leading citizens, the Legislature disincorporated the town. In 1867, a young French Canadian Catholic priest named Francis X. Prefontaine arrived in Seattle and decided to establish a parish there. During 1868–69 he built the church by raising the money at fairs in the Puget Sound area and doing much of the work himself, and in 1869 he opened Seattle’s first Catholic church at Third Avenue and Washington Street, on the site where the present-day Prefontaine Building stands. The town of Seattle remained a mere precinct of King County until late 1869 when a new petition was filed and the city was re-incorporated with a Mayor-council government . [34 ] [38 ]", "Seattle is a coastal seaport city of the State of Washington in the United States. The city is situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canada–United States border. Seattle is a major gateway for trade with Asia. The Seattle area had previously been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattle's first major industry, but by the late 19th century the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush.", "David Swinson (\"Doc\") Maynard, one of the village's founders, was the primary advocate for renaming the village to \"Seattle\" after Chief Sealth (si'áb Si'ahl) of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Doc Maynard's advocacy bore fruit, because when the first plats for village were filed on May 23, 1853, it was for the Town of Seattle. In 1855, nominal legal land settlement was established and the city was incorporated in 1865 and again in 1869, after having existed as an unincorporated town from 1867 to 1869.", "The Seattle area had previously been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and named \"Seattle\" in 1852, after Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.", "American Indians lived on Indian reservations or jurisdictory lands such as the Colville Indian Reservation, Makah, Muckleshoot Indian Reservation, Quinault (tribe), Salish people, Spokane Indian Reservation and Yakama Indian Reservation. The westernmost and Pacific coasts have primarily American Indian communities, such as the Chinook, Lummi and Salish. But Urban Indian communities formed by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs relocation programs in Seattle since the end of World War II brought a variety of Native American cultures to this diverse metropolis. The city was actually named for Chief Seattle when European Americans settled the isthmus in the very early 1850s.", "Blake Island State Park (located in Puget Sound in the waters between Seattle and the Kitsap Peninsula). a popular island state park accessible only by boat that was the birthplace of Chief Seattle and still offers guests Native American style dinners and dancing. ", "What is now Seattle has been inhabited since the end of the last ice age. Archaeological excavations at West Point in Discovery Park, Magnolia, confirm that the Seattle area has been inhabited by humans for at least 4,000 years. tohl-AHL-too (\"herring house\") and later hah-AH-poos (\"where there are horse clams\") at the mouth of the Duwamish River in what is now the Industrial District has been inhabited since the 6th century BC. By the time the first European settlers arrived in the area, the Dkhw'Duw'Absh and Xachua'Bsh people (now called the Duwamish Tribe) occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay.", "White settlers came to the Seattle area in 1851, establishing a townsite they first called New York, and then, adding a word from the Chinook jargon meaning \"by-and-by,\" New York-Alki. They soon moved a short distance across Elliott Bay to what is now the historic Pioneer Square district, where a protected deep-water harbor was available. This village was soon named Seattle, honoring a Duwamish Indian leader named Sealth who had befriended the settlers.", "CHIEF LESCHI: Nisqually Indian who befriended and then was deceived by his white neighbors. He was hanged for murder, but his name lives in a Seattle waterfront park.", "The name \"Seattle\" appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23, 1853, when the first plats for the village were filed. In 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14, 1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of trustees managing the city. The town of Seattle remained a mere precinct of King County until late 1869, when a new petition was filed and the city was re-incorporated with a Mayor-council government . [18] [24] The corporate seal of the City of Seattle carries the date \"1869\" and a likeness of Chief Sealth in left profile. [25]", "At the time of the Europeans` arrival, there were two major native groupings. One was located on the Columbia Plateau to the east of the Cascade Mountain Range and included such tribes as the Cayuse, Nez Perc�, Okanogan, Palouse, Wenatchee and Yakima. Those Indians were semi-nomadic and sometimes had difficulty feeding themselves during long periods of adverse weather. The other group lived close to bodies of water � major rivers, Puget Sound and the Pacific Ocean. They included the Chinook, Clallam, Clatsop, Makah, Nisqually, Puyallup, Quinault, Salish and Snohomish. The Hoh River Indian Tribe occupied much of the northernmost Pacific coastline.", "The relationship between white settlers and native inhabitants soured during the mid-19th century. The Whitman Massacre (1847) in present-day Washington State prompted efforts to address outstanding issues between the races. Several treaty efforts stalled in the U.S. Senate, but a plan was adopted to provide financial rewards to the tribes in return for their agreement to relocate in remote areas. Warfare was common in the Rogue Valley throughout the 1850s; gold had been discovered there and whites invaded Indian lands in contravention of the treaties. In the early 1870s, the Modoc refused to be confined to the Klamath Reservation and mounted resistance from barren lava beds until they subdued by the army. In 1877, the Nez Perc� under Chief Joseph were forcibly removed from the Wallowa Valley in the northeastern part of the state.", "Heritage & Culture Native American tribes such as the Yurok and Hoopa lived along the North Coast for centuries before the arrival of fur trap-", "White people started exploring the region in the mid-19th century, before which the native American communities like Sierra Miwok and Paiute inhabited the region. The Caucasians, led by Major James Savage under the flag of the United States attacked the Ahwahneechees who rebelled against the federal government. The word 'Ahwahneechee' means the people of 'Ahwahnee' i.e. the Yosemite valley. Chief Tenaya was the leader of this community. After the whites captured the region, the Ahwahneechees were relocated to the 'reservations'. In today's context, reservations are the areas controlled by 'United States Department of the Interior' and managed by native Americans. With the discovery of gold in Coloma, California, the migration of the Caucasians increased greatly. The mad rush for gold between 1848 and 1855 was also termed as the 'California Gold Rush'.", "1834 in the sense of a group of American Indians under a chief. Before that, they were called bands, races, etc.", "January 26, 1856: In the first Battle of Seattle, settlers drove Indians from their land so that a little town of white folks could prosper. The sloop Decatur fired its cannon, routing the \"Indians.\" Two settlers were killed.", "[This is part of Chief Seattle's original speech of 1854, as reported by Henry Smith in 1887].", "Vancouver 1798, I, 266. The dogs belonging to (certain Indians on the Puget Sound) were numerous and much resembled those of Pomerania, though in general somewhat larger. All were shorn as close to the skin as sheep in England. Their fleece was composed of a mixture of coarse wool with very fine long hair, capable of being spun into yarn. The abundance of these garments amongst the people indicates the animal from whence the raw material is procured to be very common in this neighborhood, as they have no one domesticated excepting the dog. 284. A survey vessel went ashore and found \"upwards of two hundred people, attended by about forty dogs in a drove, shorn close to the skin like sheep.\"", "The first American settlement on Puget Sound was Tumwater. It was founded in 1845 by Americans who had come via the Oregon Trail. The decision to settle north of the Columbia River was made in part because one of the settlers, George Washington Bush, was considered black and the Provisional Government of Oregon banned the residency of mulattoes but did not actively enforce the restriction north of the river. ", "Alki, Birthplace of Seattle. Produced, directed and written by B.J. Bullert; a presentation of the Southwest Seattle Historical Society and KCTS Television. Seattle, Washington: Distributed by Wehman Video, 1997. 1 video-cassette (28 min.): sd., col.; 1/2 in.", "It is estimated that the Willamette Valley area has been inhabited for over 10,000 years. The Kalapuya peoples would gather on the plateau east and south of the current downtown area in the winter and establish camps. They fished and harvested in the streams and fields of the area. One staple of life was the camas root, and periodically the Kalapuya would set fires that would clear and fertilize the meadows where it grew. In the early 1850s, the Kalapuya, along with the other native peoples west of the Cascade Mountains, were removed by the U.S. government through a combination of treaties and force. Most Kalapuya people were moved to the Grande Ronde Reservation somewhat to the west of Salem, with smaller numbers ending up at Siletz Reservation and other Oregon and Washington reservations. ", "Within a year after the November 13, 1851, landing of the founding pioneers from the schooner Exact the pioneer settlement of Seattle, Oregon Territory began to flourish at a small peninsula, beside a marshy lagoon, which the United States Exploring Expedition (U.S.Ex.Ex.) had previously named Piners Point on their 1841 chart of Elliott Bay. Piners Point was named in 1841 after Quartermaster Thomas Piner, of the United States Exploring Expedition, who was presumably the same Quartermaster Thomas Piner who was later on the U.S. Navy schooner USS Grampus, in March 1843, when it went missing at sea. The place name Seattle was established by the summer of 1852 and first appeared in newspapers in September 1852. In the second issue of the Olympia, Oregon Territory newspaper, The Columbian (vol. 1, no. 2), on September 18, 1852, on page 1, a list of agents authorized to receive newspaper subscriptions for The Columbian included Chas. C. Terry & Co., New York, [later named Alki] and A. A. Denny, Seattle. In the eighth issue of The Columbian (vol. 1, no. 8), on October 30, 1852, on page 3, D. S. Maynard began advertising his store as the “Seattle Exchange” and as “now receiving, direct from London and New York via San Francisco, a general assortment of Dry Goods, Groceries, Hardware, Crockery, &c., suitable for the wants of immigrants just arriving.”", "The city of Auburn, WA was originally incorporated in 1891 under the name Slaughter. The community had been known by that name since 1884, named after Lieutenant William Slaughter, who was killed in a skirmish in 1855 while leading a military unit in the area. The town name was changed by petition to the legislature in 1893, due to its negative connotations. Apparently train passengers did not like hearing that the next stop would be at Slaughter House (the largest local hotel at the time). The origins of the new name are disputed.", "The 1850 U.S. census showed that Oregon Territory north of the Columbia River had more than 1,000 persons; most were Americans from Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Ohio, and Tennessee. A few claims were platted on the site of the present-day city of Seattle in 1850. By 1855, Seattle reported a population of 500.", "Yakima ( or) is a U.S. city located about 60 mi southeast of Mount Rainier in Washington. Yakima is the county seat of Yakima County, Washington, and the state's eleventh largest city by population. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 91,067 and a metropolitan population of 243,231. The unincorporated suburban areas of West Valley and Terrace Heights are considered a part of greater Yakima. ", "After European explorers reached the West Coast in the 1770s, smallpox rapidly killed at least 30% of Northwest Coast Native Americans. For the next eighty to one hundred years, smallpox and other diseases devastated native populations in the region. Puget Sound area populations, once estimated as high as 37,000 people, were reduced to only 9,000 survivors by the time settlers arrived en masse in the mid-19th century. ", "In the 1850s the USA also fought wars with the natives of the Northwest. The natives were defeated in the Rogue River War of 1855-56 and the Yakima War of 1855-58. Afterwards they were forced onto reservations.", "In 1843 Captain J.C. Fremont called today's Klickitat River \"Tinanens creek\". The Indian village is near the location of today's Lyle, Washington ." ]

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[ "FR A N K L LOY D W R I G H T Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures, 532 of which were completed. Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater (1935), which has been called “the best all-time work of American architecture”.[1] Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States. His work includes original and innovative examples of many building types, including offices, churches, skyscrapers, hotels, and museums.", "Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures and completed 500 works. Wright believed in designing structures which were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was best exemplified by his design for Fallingwater (1935), which has been called \"the best all-time work of American architecture\". Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States.", "Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures and completed 500 works. Wright believed in designing structures which were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture . This philosophy was best exemplified by his design for Fallingwater (1935), which has been called \"the best all-time work of American architecture\". [1] Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States.", "Designed by famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1934, Fallingwater is quite possibly the most famous private residence in the world. But why? Well, the unique design makes it look like the house stretches out over a 30ft waterfall, with no solid ground beneath it.", "Architectural legend Frank Lloyd Wright designed the house known as Fallingwater for the Edgar Kaufmann family in 1936. The Kaufmanns owned a department store in Pittsburgh. The challenge they gave Wright: build them a house next to a waterfall on their remote property in the mountains far outside Pittsburgh. Wright upped the ante, saying the house should be meshed with the waterfall instead of just looking upon it. He produced an architectural marvel that doesn’t appear to be grounded in the earth at all; it hovers over the cascade, and the water’s sound is part of the home. The 5,300 square-foot structure was completed in 1939 for just over $150,000. It made the cover of Time magazine.", "Frank Lloyd Wright was born in Wisconsin on June 8, 1867. Sometimes he is associated with the International Style of architecture. Buildings of this style have little ornamentation or decorative flourishes and create an impression of space enclosed by thin walls. He is known for his organic architecture , designs that seem to grow from their site and feature natural materials.", "Dear Quote Investigator: When I was a child I saw a gallery of images showing a house built at the top of a waterfall. I fell in love with that house, called Fallingwater , and later learned that it was built by the extraordinary American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. The amusing quote I would like you to investigate was listed in a biographical sketch that I read many years ago and still remember:", "Award-winning architecture scholar and former president of the Society of Architectural Historians H. Allen Brooks presents The Prairie School: Frank Lloyd Wright and His Midwest Contemporaries, an in-depth discussion of the American architectural development and the \"Prairie School\", a regional manifestation of a forward-thinking reform movement in the visual arts. Inspired by Louis Sullivan and brought to fruition by famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright, the Prairie School sought to reinvent methods of architectural expression while retaining practicality, and often featured angular forms (much better than flat-topped forms in lands with heavy snowfall upon local roofs) and intricate interior designs. Illustrated with a copious amount of black-and-white photographs and diagrams, The Prairie School: Frank Lloyd Wright and His Midwest Contemporaries draws heavily upon previously unpublished material, original documentation, and interviews to recount the course of the movement, including how and why it came into existence, its achievements, its foibles, and its unfortunate end. Highly recommended for architectural scholars and enthusiasts.", "Two U.S.National Historic Landmarks are in Stewart Township. They are Fallingwater and Kentuck Knob. Both were designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and are available for touring.", "One of Wright's most famous private residences was built from 1934 to 1937— Fallingwater —for Mr. and Mrs. Edgar J. Kaufmann Sr. , at Mill Run , Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh . It was designed according to Wright's desire to place the occupants close to the natural surroundings, with a stream and waterfall running under part of the building. The construction is a series of cantilevered balconies and terraces, using limestone for all verticals and concrete for the horizontals. The house cost $155,000, including the architect's fee of $8,000. Kaufmann's own engineers argued that the design was not sound. They were overruled by Wright, but the contractor secretly added extra steel to the horizontal concrete elements. In 1994, Robert Silman and Associates examined the building and developed a plan to restore the structure. In the late 1990s, steel supports were added under the lowest cantilever until a detailed structural analysis could be done. In March 2002, post-tensioning of the lowest terrace was completed.", "Kaufmann House, Completed October 1937 Frank Lloyd Wright, Architect. Fallingwater is located on PA Route 381 between the villages of Mill Run and Ohiopyle, in Pennsylvania. Fallingwater Tour Information: 724-329-8501. Most pics and text from: Wright-house.com. Frank Lloyd Wright Architecture: http://www.wright-house.com/frank-lloyd-wright/", "1000+ images about Frank Lloyd Wright - Fallingwater on Pinterest | New program, Ink and Guest houses", "Fallingwater stands as one of Wright's greatest masterpieces both for its dynamism and for its integration with the striking natural surroundings. Fallingwater has been described as an architectural tour de force of Wright's organic philosophy. Wright's passion for Japanese architecture was strongly reflected in the design of Fallingwater, particularly in the importance of interpenetrating exterior and interior spaces and the strong emphasis placed on harmony between man and nature. Contemporary Japanese architect Tadao Ando has stated: \"I think Wright learned the most important aspect of architecture, the treatment of space, from Japanese architecture. When I visited Fallingwater in Pennsylvania, I found that same sensibility of space. But there was the additional sounds of nature that appealed to me.\" ", "The Prairie School houses (characterized by open plans, horizontal lines, and indigenous materials) were related to the American Arts and Crafts movement (hand craftsmanship, simplicity, function), an alternative to the then-dominant Classical Revival Style (Greek forms with occasional Roman influences). Some firms, like Purcell & Elmslie, however, consciously rejected the term \"Arts and Crafts\" for their work, which accepted the honest presence of machine worked surfaces. The Prairie School was also heavily influenced by the Idealistic Romantics (better homes would create better people) and the Transcendentalist philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson. In turn, the Prairie School architects influenced subsequent architectural idioms, particularly the Minimalists (less is more) and Bauhaus (form follows function), which was a mixture of De Stijl (grid-based design) and Constructivism (which emphasized the structure itself and the building materials).", "With Corwin gone, Wright moved out of the Schiller Building and into the nearby and newly completed Steinway Hall Building. The loft space was shared with Robert C. Spencer, Jr. , Myron Hunt , and Dwight H. Perkins . [28] These young architects, inspired by the Arts and Crafts Movement and the philosophies of Louis Sullivan, formed what would become known as the Prairie School . [29] They were joined by Perkins apprentice, Marion Mahony , who in 1895 transferred to Wright's team of drafters and took over production of his presentation drawings and watercolor renderings . Mahony, the first licensed female architect in the United States, also designed furniture, leaded glass windows, and light fixtures, among other features, for Wright's houses. [30] [31] Between 1894 and the early 1910s, several other leading Prairie School architects and many of Wright's future employees launched their careers in the offices of Steinway Hall.", "With Corwin gone, Wright moved out of the Schiller Building and into the nearby and newly completed Steinway Hall Building. The loft space was shared with Robert C. Spencer, Jr., Myron Hunt, and Dwight H. Perkins. These young architects, inspired by the Arts and Crafts Movement and the philosophies of Louis Sullivan, formed what would become known as the Prairie School.They were joined by Perkins apprentice, Marion Mahony, who in 1895 transferred to Wright's team of drafters and took over production of his presentation drawings and watercolor renderings. Mahony, the first licensed female architect in the United States, also designed furniture, leaded glass windows, and light fixtures, among other features, for Wright's houses. Between 1894 and the early 1910s, several other leading Prairie School architects and many of Wright's future employees launched their careers in the offices of Steinway Hall.", "A cantilevered structure was used to address this. The structural design for Fallingwater was undertaken by Wright in association with staff engineers Mendel Glickman and William Wesley Peters, who had been responsible for the columns featured in Wright’s revolutionary design for the Johnson Wax Headquarters.", "Fallingwater embodies Wright’s concept of architecture as an art capable of changing how we live. He believed people derive “sustenance from the atmosphere of the things they live with.” Wright designed homes to reflect America’s democratic values and human dignity rather than ones based on traditional European architectural styles. He destroyed boxy rooms by creating an open floor plan and extending views outwards through glass window walls.", "Between 1900 and 1901, Frank Lloyd Wright truly honed the Prairie School Style and heralded its appeal. During this time, he completed four houses which are now considered the first of the Prairie style. Simultaneously, he distributed his new ideas for the American house through two publications in the Ladies’ Home Journal. The articles were in response to an invitation from Curtis Publishing Company President Edward Bok as part of a project to improve modern house design. “A Home in a Prairie Town” was published in the February 1901 edition and “A Small House with Lots of Room in it” appeared in the July issue of the same year. Although neither of the house plans were ever constructed, more people requested similar designs in the years to come.", "The Frederick C. Robie House is a U.S. National Historic Landmark on the campus of the University of Chicago in the neighborhood of Hyde Park in Chicago, Illinois, at 5757 S. Woodlawn Avenue on the South Side. It was designed and built between 1908 and 1910 by architect Frank Lloyd Wright and is renowned as the greatest example of the Prairie School style, the first architectural style that was uniquely American. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on November 27, 1963 and was on the very first National Register of Historic Places list of October 15, 1966.", "In Which architect designed a famous house called Fallingwater in Pennsylvania as well as the Guggenheim Museum in New York?", "In the visual arts, the Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European naturalism. The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene. Georgia O'Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new, individualistic styles. Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank Gehry. ", "The bold work of American architects was greatly admired by European architects. Like other architects who viewed the exhibitions of Frank Lloyd Wright's Wasmuth Portfolio, Mies was enthralled with the free-flowing spaces of inter-connected rooms which encompass their outdoor surroundings as demonstrated by the open floor plans of the Wright's American Prairie Style. American engineering structures were also held up to be exemplary of the beauty possible in functional construction, and its skyscrapers were greatly admired.", "American architect. Influenced by the aesthetic principles of Asian archtecture, combined with steel and glass. Ideas of: interconnecting interior/exterior space, uninterrupted space through cantilever/structural steel frame use, \"Prairie School\" of architecture, interlocking planes, contrasting textures, interpenetrating solids/voids, landscape/house,", "The first period, reaching maturity in 1900 and continuing until World War I, was characterized by the so-called Prairie house. These long, low buildings, with broadly overhanging low-pitched roofs and often without an attic or basement, integrated comfortably into the flat prairie landscape on the outskirts of Chicago, their rows of casement windows and extended wall surfaces emphasizing the horizontal dimension and thus helping create a powerful and restful sense of repose. Materials were of the region, the woodwork being neither planed nor painted, only stained against the weather. The new Prairie design - for which Wright borrowed a number of ideas from Japanese art and architecture - created a connection between the house's inside and outside, that was unknown to western architecture.", "Other Wright houses considered to be masterpieces of the late Prairie Period (1907–1909) are the Frederick Robie House in Chicago and the Avery and Queene Coonley House in Riverside, Illinois. The Robie House, with its soaring, cantilevered roof lines, supported by a 110-foot-long (34 m) channel of steel, is the most dramatic. Its living and dining areas form virtually one uninterrupted space. This building had a profound influence on young European architects after World War I and is sometimes called the \"cornerstone of modernism\". However, Wright's work was not known to European architects until the publication of the Wasmuth Portfolio.", "Wright's Winslow House of 1893 was already a synthesis of the practical with the beautiful in home building. By 1908 he was able to bring about, in the Robie House on the campus of the University of Chicago, what is for many Americans the finest work of art turned out by any of our architects in our history as a nation. In this house Wright blends the sonorous long lines of the machinelike form with a rich decorative effect that is ages old. Both the old and the new come together in this adult prairie house. Here for the first time since the days of our great colonial builders--Bulfinch, Jefferson, and McIntire--a man creates a home for Americans that can stand the test of international comparison. When his work was published in a sumptuous monograph in Berlin, Germany, in 1910, it was the design of the Robie House that caught everyone's eye. European builders had been enmeshed in their dependence on historical forms. Wright and the Robie House of 1908 showed them the way to the fundamental patterns of modern architectural expression. So much so, in fact, that even the extremes of cubistic modern architecture, the \"cigar-box covered with cold-cream\" style may be traced back to the influence of Wright's Robie House.", "Frank Lloyd WRIGHT'S STOCKMAN House originally was located immediately across the street. The original home's deeply overhanging eaves have been removed. Francis \"Barry\" BRYNE'S FRANK House on State Street was built for Carl's brother Edward.", "architect from the American Midwest, designed buildings to harmonize with the surrounding landscape, developed a primarily horizontal style of architecture nicknamed the “prairie style”", "Wright’s designs were “Prairie Houses” because their horizontal lines were intended to complement the land around Chicago. These houses were typically low buildings with gently sloping roofs, clean outlines, and built using unfinished materials. Plans for these homes were custom made to integrate with the existing landscape on their lots, as opposed to trying to change the land to suit the dwelling.", "The best example is the American Hudson River School, which got underway in the 1850s. Founder Thomas Cole, Asher Durand, Frederic Edwin Church, et. al., were directly influenced by European Romantic landscapes. Luminism, an offshoot of the Hudson River School, also focused on Romantic landscapes.", "Wright authored 20 books and many articles, and was a popular lecturer in the United States and in Europe. His colorful personal life often made headlines, most notably for the 1914 fire and murders at his Taliesin studio. Already well-known during his lifetime, Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as “the greatest American architect of all time”." ]

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[ "Thereâs a wonderful 1959 Peter Sellers movie called The Mouse That Roared , all about the economic woes of the fictitious smallest country in the world, The Duchy of Grand Fenwick. Theyâre on the brink of bankruptcy, and come up with the wheeze of declaring war on America – the plan being to invade with a token force armed with bows and arrows, immediately surrender with no casualties on either side, after which the US, which it has historically done, will provide vast financial aid to rebuild the country.", "In “The Mouse That Roared,” the Duchy of Grand Fenwick, a tiny fictional country, decides that the best way for it to revive its flailing economy is to go to war against the United States. Grand Fenwick’s prime minister convinces the ruling duchess (both parts played by Peter Sellers) that when the duchy loses, it will be eligible for significant American aid.", "Peter Sellers (as both \"The Grand Duchess\" and \"Count Mountjoy) proposes that the Duchy of Fenwick declare war on the United States, seconded by the opposition leader (Leo McKern) in The Mouse That Roared, 1959.>", "\"\"The Mouse That Roared,\" directed by Jack Arnold, is an entertaining satire about the fictional Duchy of Grand Fenwick, a tiny European monarchy which may remind viewers of such real countries as Liechtenstein or Monaco. With his country facing bankruptcy, the prime minister of Grand Fenwick announces his clever plan to declare war on the United States of America; his intent is to lose the absurdly uneven contest and reap the benefits of post-war American aid. But things don't go quite as expected.", "Peter Sellers plays three roles in The Mouse That Roared (1959) about a tiny European country that declares war on the U.S.---and wins.>", "The Duchy of Grand Fenwick is a tiny fictional country created by Leonard Wibberley in a series of comedic novels beginning with The Mouse That Roared (1955), which was later made into a film.", "So, the story – the Kingdom of Grand Fenwick, five miles long and three miles wide, faces financial catastrophe. It had hummed along for centuries solely on the export of its local wine, Pinot Grand Fenwick, but the revenues are no longer enough to feed and clothe the growing population. The hereditary Duchess and her government decide that they will provoke a war with the United States, for the purpose of losing. The U.S. will then, in the manner of the Marshall Plan, fund the reconstruction of the conquered nation, restoring fiscal stability and independence.", "Some may remember the 1959 movie of the same name starring Peter Sellers. He not only played High Constable Tully Bascomb but also the parts of Grand Duchess Gloriana XII and the duchy's Prime Minister Count Rupert of Mountjoy. As I read the book, I recalled fairly clearly having seen the movie many years ago. To the best of my recollection, the movie was an excellent adaptation of the book.", "Grand Fenwick is a little known country near France, a small duchy that has flourished for centuries because of their popular wine company. Recently, however, the wine business has failed to bring in enough money to live on. There are those who wish to dilute the wine, and others who are against this notion. Both parties continue to argue over the outcome until a grand scheme is devised: small, itty bitty Grand Fenwick will declare war on the U.S. - attack, lose, and then receive all sorts of benefits for their trouble, as they had seen happen to every nation who lost a war to the U.S.", "It was Sellers who presented Thatcher and her future supporters with a figurehead for everything they deplored about British society, in the film comedy I’m All Right Jack. Sellers played Fred Kite, a complacent union steward, secure in his entitlements, opposed to all innovation. The movie came out in 1959, the same year Thatcher became an MP, and was a huge and enduring success. It seeded the public mind with the caricature of moribund unionism that Thatcher later used to crush the big British unions and remake the economy.", "One of the most complicated and talented actors of the 20th Century, Richard Henry Sellers was known from birth as 'Peter' after his older brother who died at birth. The only surviving child of vaudeville parents in Southsea, Portsmouth , during the Second World War he enlisted in the RAF, but with his comedy talent and poor eyesight joined the Entertainmaints National Service Association, entertaining troops to raise morale until 1948. After the war he broke into radio, in 1951 joining Harry Secombe and Spike Milligan in The Goon Show , playing several characters including Bluebottle, Major Bloodnok, Henry Crun, Hercules Grytpype-Thynne and Willium 'Mate' Cobblers.", "Much of the credit for President Merkin Muffley lies with Peter Sellers’ performance (which earned him a Best Actor Oscar nomination) as a pensive audience member to his numerous advisors, not the act-first leader some might hope for. But even with a surrounding cast of characters far more offbeat and outrageous, President Muffley and his ominous War Room never fail to entertain, even after half a century.", "William Wyler directed the award-winning remake of Ben-Hur (1959) with its celebrated, live-action chariot race, a much-celebrated film in 65 mm big-screen format that won 11 Oscars out of twelve nominations (more than any other movie in Academy Award history to that time). At $15 million, it was the most expensive film ever made up to its time, and the most expensive film of the 50s decade. It told the story of Prince Judah (Charlton Heston) who was cruelly sent into slavery after an accident, and returned to seek revenge on his oppressors. A similar Roman epic at the end of the decade, Kubrick's Spartacus (1960) starred Kirk Douglas in the title role as a gladiator and the leader of a slave revolt.", "Often credited as the greatest comedian of all time, Peter Sellers was born to a well-off English acting family in 1925. His mother and father worked in an acting company run by his grandmother. As a child, Sellers was spoiled, as his parents' first child had died at birth. He enlisted in the Royal Air Force and served during World War II. After the war he met Spike Milligan , Harry Secombe and Michael Bentine , who would become his future workmates.", "Path to War [PN1997 .P377447 2003] Begins immediately following his victorious election to the Presidency, LyndonJohnson's dreams for \"The Great Society\" and his vision for civil rights in America was devastated by the impact of theVietnam War. A war he didn't start, but which he seemed unable to end. Torn betweenthe recommendation of increased bombing to win and a nation torn apart by thedeaths of young Americans overseas and the protest of those who stayed behindFeaturing.Michael Gambon, Donald Sutherland, Bruce McGill, James Frain, FelicityHuffman,FredericForrest, John Aylward, Philip Baker Hall, Tom Skerritt, Alec Baldwin. Specialfeatures: featurette plus cast and director interviews; TIME magazine specialfeatures, including LBJ slideschow; DVD-ROM features including timeline and strategysimulator; extensive historical background articles; text interviews with director & cast. (164min). View trailer", "Directed by Piers Haggard; Richard Quine (uncredited); Peter Sellers (uncredited). Cast: Peter Sellers, Helen Mirren, Sid Caesar. Inspector Nayland Smith matches wits with the nefarious 168-year-old Fu Manchu, who plots to kidnap a member of the royal family in order to get the diamonds needed to manufacture his elixir of youth. 100 min. DVD X6036", "Who played three different roles (Duchess Gloriana XII; Prime Minister Count Rupert Mountjoy; and military leader Tully Bascomb) in the 1959 film, The Mouse That Roared ?", "1960. Comedy. Director: Anthony Asquith. Stars: Sophia Loren, Peter Sellers & Alastair Sim. Peter Sellers first big hit. She’s the world’s richest woman. But her inheritance comes with a catch", "A 1974 movie called The Great McGonagall starred Milligan as a fictionalised William McGonagall. Peter Sellers played Queen Victoria .", "The film is based on true events , these are the following : Though the British cruisers were no match for the battleship , Admiral Sir Henry Harwood (Anthony Quayle) launched an attack to Graf Spee (with 6 cannons,280 mm) . German fire seriously damaged HMS Exeter (commanded by John Cregson as captain Bell) with cannons 203mm , put half of HMS Ajax (captain Woodhouse played by Ian Hunter)'s guns out of action , and then damaged Achilles (cannons 152 mm) , but the cruisers did sufficient damage to the German ship to make its captain break off and run for shelter in Montevideo , Uruguay . The British followed and waited in international waters outside the neutral port . The Uruguay government ordered the Germans to leave after 72 hours . The British cruisers called Royal and Renown were near from Montevideo and Langsdorff (Peter Finch) didn't wait possibilities to vanquish . Hitler , reluctant to risk the Graf Spee being sunk by heavier British warship which were sailing for the River Plate , ordered the captain to scuttle the vessel . He did so 17 Dec 1939 and three days later shot himself .", "Kubrick suggested an adaptation of Humphrey Cobb's novel Paths of Glory. Set in World War I, the story involves three innocent French soldiers charged with cowardice by their superiors to set an example for the other men. Kirk Douglas was cast as Colonel Dax, a humanitarian officer trying to prevent the men's execution. Harris and Kubrick created little interest in the project until a major star of Douglas' caliber was on board, when United Artists agreed to finance the film. Paths of Glory (1957) became Kubrick's first significant commercial and critical success and established him as an up-and-coming talent. Critics praised the film's unvarnished combat scenes and Kubrick's manipulation of the camera. A scene in which Douglas marches through his soldiers' trench in a single, unbroken reverse tracking shot has become classic and is often cited in film classes. Steven Spielberg later stated that Paths of Glory is his favorite of Kubrick's films.", "Directed by John Huston. Cast: Humphrey Bogart, Edward G. Robinson and Lauren Bacall. A returning war veteran fights gangsters who take over a hotel in the Florida Keys in an effort to clandestinely re-enter the country. 100 min. DVD 294", "\"It's fate that today is the Fourth of July and once again you will be fighting for our freedom, not from tyranny, oppression or persecution but from annihilation.\" Bill Pullman's Whitmore is magnificently, ludicrously gung-ho. He delivers a rousing Henry V-style speech to the troops before clambering into a fighter jet himself to repel an alien invasion (though not in time to save the White House from a fiery fate).", "A film adaptation was in 1959 starring Burt Lancaster as Reverend Anthony Anderson, Kirk Douglas as Dick Dudgeon, Janette Scott as Judith Anderson and Laurence Olivier as General Burgoyne.", "* \"The Paths of Glory\" (the title of a 1957 anti-war movie about World War I, produced by and starring Kirk Douglas, and directed by Stanley Kubrick, based on a novel of the same name by Humphrey Cobb).", "Based on a well-known 1957 novel about World War II by Scottish thriller writer Alistair MacLean. It starred Gregory Peck, David Niven, and Anthony Quinn, along with Anthony Quayle (the same Anthony Quayle listed above as serving with SOE in Albania) and Stanley Baker. The book and the film share the same basic plot: the efforts of an Allied commando team to destroy a seemingly impregnable German fortress that threatens Allied naval ships in the Aegean Sea, and prevents 2,000 isolated British troops from being rescued, that were holed up on the island of Kheros in the Aegean, near Turkey.", "Paths of Glory is a 1957 American anti-war film by Stanley Kubrick based on the novel of the same name by Humphrey Cobb. Set during World War I, the film stars Kirk Douglas as Colonel Dax, the commanding officer of French soldiers who refuse to continue a suicidal attack. Dax attempts to defend them against a charge of cowardice in a court-martial.", "One of the most colourful and convincing slices of history that MGM ever made, its impact heightened by the superb performance of Peter Ustinov as the Prince of Wales. 1954", "World War II ended a decade earlier, but there is nothing particularly triumphant about this Britain, which seems too exhausted by the past to lead the future effectively. Class privilege is still intact but is under assault from all sides. In the United States, President Dwight D. Eisenhower favors decolonization, while immigrants flooding into Britain from newly independent former colonies expect to be welcomed. A new generation of angry young men is emboldened to challenge the system, and so are some of the women who learned self-reliance when their men were fighting overseas.", "On the night of 16/17 May 1943, a special unit of Lancaster bombers, 617 Squadron of the Royal Air Force, using a special type of bomb that could 'bounce' across water, made an audacious and successful attack on the Moehne and the Eder dams in Hitler's Germany. The legendary tale was published as a book by Paul Brickhill in 1951 and told in this film, directed by the then unknown Michael Anderson and written by distinguished author R C Sherriff, three years later. The movie celebrates the brilliance of the bomb's inventer, Barnes Wallis (played by Michael Redgrave), as much as the bravery of the crews who dropped it, led by Victoria Cross-winner Guy Gibson (Richard Todd). The whole thing was made in almost documentary style, enhanced by the use of monochrome instead of colour.", "His first commercial film role was in the 1949 film The Red Menace a.k.a. Project X, an anti-Communist production. He was associate producer in his 1950 film Cry Murder. In 1957, Lord starred in Williamsburg: the Story of a Patriot, which has run daily at Colonial Williamsburg since then. In 1958, Lord co-starred as Buck Walden in God's Little Acre, the film adaptation of Erskine Caldwell's 1933 novel.", "In a new Cold War context, a debt-ridden Britain, in need of repaying its creditors, namely the newly emerged super-power the U.S.A., focused upon the exploitation of its colonies. The ‘minds’ of its foreign subjects therefore, were hardly at the centre of its concerns. Meanwhile, in post-war Cyprus, the Church having partly regained its privileges in the early 1940s, transformed itself into a public body that vigorously argued the case for Cyprus’ independence from foreign rule and its union with Greece – renewing the case it had been making along these lines since 1878." ]

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[ "The brand is the basis of a practical joke, usually made in the form of a prank call. The prankster typically calls a store and asks if they have \"Prince Albert in a can.\" When the unsuspecting clerk responds \"yes\" (because the tobacco is typically packaged in a can, though other forms of packaging also existed), the caller follows up with, \"Well, you'd better let him out!\" or \"Then why don't you let him out before he suffocates!?\" Another, more crass form of this call went \"Do you have Prince Albert in the can?\" When the respondent said \"yes\", the caller rejoined, \"Well let him out before he drowns!\" (with \"can\" being slang for \"toilet\").", "Ah, the good Prince Albert. I knew the \"Do you have Prince Albert in a Can?\" joke long before I knew that it was a pipe tobacco. For some reason as a child I thought it was condensed soup. In any case, this venerable classic has run such a gamut of reviews here, I felt compelled to try it. I've recently developed an interest in Burley and Americana blends; the whopping $2.00 for a pouch at Walmart convinced me that today was the day to meet the good Prince. And when I checked out, the rather voluptuous nubian damsel behind the counter said with extreme elegance...\"Oh Prince Albert...has someone mentioned it to you?\" Odd, perhaps she is a latent oracle. Or a closet pipe smoker.", "You have to smoke this at least once if you are a pipe smoker, especially an American pipe smoker. It is historic and not all that bad either. It has chemicals to help it burn well, chemical to keep it from drying out and sweetened to help the low grade tobbacos. And even after all that, it still is not a bad smoke. It is a no brainer, a bundle cigar, store brand cola, a car made in India. A problem with this cheap and easy to find \"over the counter\" brand is that; with all the new state and federal taxes thrown on to the cost, this tobacco costs as much as higher quality tobaccos. At Walgreens in Florida it costs more than Samuel Gawith tobaccos available at most tobacco shops. Also, since the Prince isn't in tins anymore; the old joke doesn't work anymore. You know it. \"Do you have Prince Albert in a can\"? The new answer would be; \"no, but we do have it in Luxury pouches\" What...huh...click. Damn.", "When I think of Prince Albert in a can, I want to light a match--for other reasons.", "Prince Albert is an American brand of tobacco, introduced by the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company in 1907. It has been owned since 1987 by John Middleton Inc. ", "I have to agree that Prince Albert is indeed a fun and simple smoke that's also very inexpensive. It's an American pipe smoking classic and should be on everyone's \"must try\" list. At around $2 (give or take) for a pouch at Wal-Mart, it's within everyone's grasp - easy to find and very easy on the wallet. Prince Albert is a great summer smoke or change of pace smoke and when approached correctly, a perfect pipe tobacco for beginners to build confidence and practice the art of slow and carefully puffing. The burning characteristics of Prince Albert are superb - it practically smokes itself, even when barely puffing. Just gravity fill your pipe and after a brief charring light, sit back and enjoy a relaxing, mild and slightly woodsy smoke. The room note is tolerable for non-smokers. Mild, simple to pack and light, burns great and doesn't bite when smoked slowly. Prince Albert just may be King of the drugstore blends.", "The Prince Albert in the can joke is older than I am. OTC blends are held in such distain that I avoided them, until now. Curiosity finally got the better of me.", "ring,ring , Hello, Do you have Prince Albert in a can?, Yes we do. Then you better let him etc. etc. remnember when? This blend brings back Memories of my Father it was his only blend. I always have some on hand and smoke a coupla bowls a week. It is available any where you look. Clouds of smoke not hard on the nose of others easy on the tongue. smoke it slooow. If you haven't tried this blend, where have you been? try it if you like burley . I like it", "Prince Albert is a classic drug-store blend. When examining the package, I think about the days of yore when you could smoke a pipe anywhere you pleased. Oh well, at least I still have the Prince to keep me company.", "Prince Albert is a burley blend that every pipe smoker should try at least once. It has a straight ahead spicy, nutty, burley flavor with a pleasant room note that's not fruity or sickly sweet. It's doesn't taste as sweet at Carter Hall and doesn't have the chemical overtones of Half and Half. It burns great....won't go out.....and requires little attention when smoking making it a perfect smoke for working or driving. PA is an American classic and should be in everyone's rotation. PA also is a great smoke between aromatics to put your pipe back on an even keel.....", "Prince Albert has the nut-type flavor associated with straight burley tobaccos. As I mentioned earlier there is a sweet sugar-water type toping. This topping is not nearly strong enough to compare Prince Albert to an aromatic tobacco. It can get a little sour if puffed really hard; however, I often produce billowing clouds of tobacco smoke without negative effect.", "I was on an unexpected road trip when I first tried Prince Albert. Since nothing else was open at 2:00 A.M., out of desperation, I purchased a pouch from a convienance store. I was not expecting much due to my past experiences with other \"cheap\" tobacco's I found myself wondering why I would even bother. Boy was I surprised!", "Price-to-Value ratio is of ever increasing relevancy and should always be on a consumers mind. I'm sure there are more expensive choices that are similar in delivery if not inferior, and that earns Prince Albert its place as an All Day Smoke and a Hall of Famer. Get you some.", "Two years after above posting: I have now tried the original Prince Albert in the form of a tucked away tin from 1950. Having tried it I can honestly say that the modern interpretation, while accurate in some aspects, can't hold a candle to the original. The original has none of the artificial taste, more nuttiness, and a room note that will win over even the most finicky nose. I don't know what Middleton thinks they're making, but it's NOT the original Prince Albert. Carter Hall is DEFINITELY closer to the original.", "Nothing starts the day better than a pipe of Prince Albert and a steaming cup of hot black coffee. It'll transport you back 50 years ago...", "I then tried a pouch of the legendary 'Prince Albert'. And I must say, I was really impressed with this blend. It's a very mild, biteless, with a hint of a somewhat nutty/coffee flavour.", "I remember in the mid 1960s there was an aerosol product that you could squirt into a glass of water and would get a flavored drink. I can't remember the name of the product, but the can was about the size of a large shaving cream can and the nozzle looked the same. My favorite flavor was lime. I remember going on an airplane to visit relatives and packing the can in my suitcase; I worried that the can would explode due to the pressure while on the airplane! I came across this site while searching for an old candy bar favorite, the Cherry Mash. I have been looking for this candy for decades and wish I could find a place that sold them. --- Steve, Ann Arbor, Michigan 1959", "The Prince's Duchy Originals produce a variety of CAM products including a “Detox Tincture” that Professor Edzard Ernst has denounced as \"financially exploiting the vulnerable\" and \"outright quackery \". [77] In May 2009, the Advertising Standards Authority criticised an email that Duchy Originals had sent out to advertise its Echina-Relief, Hyperi-Lift and Detox Tinctures products saying it was misleading. [78] The Prince personally wrote at least seven letters [79] to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) shortly before they relaxed the rules governing labelling of such herbal products. A move that has been widely condemned by scientists and medical bodies.", "Predating the Prince’s mission to sell food was his interest in organic and locally sourced food .", "*Kickapoo Joy Juice: The lethal brew known as Kickapoo Joy Juice, featured in the strip and characterized as moonshine or bootleg liquor (it could also remove hair, paint and tattoos) has been a licensed brand in real-life since 1965. The National NuGrape Company first produced the beverage, which was acquired in 1968 by the Moxie Company, and eventually the Monarch Beverage Company of Atlanta, Ga. As with Mountain Dew, another euphemism for moonshine, the actual product is a soft-drink. To this day the label features Capp's characters Hairless Joe and Lonesome Polecat. Distribution currently includes the United States, Canada, Singapore, Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Brunei, Indonesia and Thailand. ", "owner.  My friend Maarten has curly hair reminding the guy of Michael Jackson, and he was laughing about that for minutes. We decided to take a break here and drink a bottle of coca cola. The shop owner was again very nice. Besides drinks and some clothing he also sold all kinds of crystals and other minerals. They looked fantastic, almost too good to be true. Since me and my friend Maarten both have a degree in Earth sciences we looked a little closer at the gemstones he was selling: They were all made of glass and therefore as fake as it gets, but they looked awesome nonetheless. After finishing our cola we left. The shop owner said ‘’Goodbye Michael Jackson’’ and again couldn’t stop laughing about it.", "Please call on 02087404641 or pop in store to taste and buy this bargain craft spirit.  ", "From creamy Stilton to fruity chutneys, sparkling apple cider to fragrant smoked salmon, the brand today comprises a small but carefully-selected range of products. Each one is approved by Prince Charles , who regularly tastes ingredients and recipes.", "The intrigued prince lifted the lids of a couple of bins to see the flavourings which include ingredients such as juniper berries, coriander seeds and angelica root.", "the Pacific Coast Condensed Milk Company, selling canned evaporated milk to prospectors heading north to the Yukon gold rush. Stuart's faith in the general marketability of evaporated milk was well-founded, and, as sales began to grow, legend has it that he stumbled across the now-famous name for his product while strolling through downtown Seattle. Spotting a display of \"Carnation\" cigars in a tobacconist's window, Stuart thought the brand name an odd one for a stogie but a good one for his own product, and thus began the association of canned evaporated milk with a red-and-white label bearing the name Carnation.", "Drink? At the Prince of Wales (pint from £2.95, 5 Gloucester Road, +44 (0)117 924 5552), which stocks various organic spirits and lagers, and always has one organic guest ale on.", "Vaseline is a brand name that has become the generic name for Petroleum Jelly. This is known as a Generic Trademark.  But I'm going to use the term Petroleum Jelly throughout this post, but I think you will know what I'm talking about.  Petroleum Jelly is so incredibly versatile. Mr Sith uses it when he cuts himself shaving to stop the bleeding until he can find his styptic pencil. I don't know why he is always misplacing it.  I sued this on Darthypie when he was a baby to prevent diaper rash.  I also have a ton of beauty uses for it as well.  I know there are some of you out there that don't like to use petroleum based products. That's fine. In fact, I try to avoid them too. But there are multiple uses for this \"wunder-jelly\" and so many people have asked me about using it, I decided to just go though a list of tips.  I have used Petroleum Jelly for every tip mentioned below except the \"non traditional\" ones. I hope you find these tips helpful too!", "Aroma cans Not yet available from retailers, but already to be seen and smelled as samples at Brau", "Its mascot is the character Mr. Clean, a muscular, American, bald man who cleans things very well. According to the company, his image is supposed to be that of a sailor, although most people think he is a genie based on his earring, folded arms, and tendency to magically appear at the appropriate time. Mr. Clean has always smiled on the packaging, except for a brief time in the mid 1960's when he was frowning on the package.", "Above are nitrous oxide canisters. These are available for purchase on amazon and many other websites. They can be used with whip cream dispensers as an easy and convenient route of administration.", "That particular chemist does stock some hard to source fragrances. This one is away's on special there for around 25 Aussie dollars for 100 mills EDP.", "The owner never heard of it. But days later Mark did some online research and found something close to it. He sent me the link. It didn’t take much time for me to order the bottle — even though it cost me $166. Here’s the copy that sold me:" ]

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[ "The eye is a region of mostly calm weather found at the center of strong tropical cyclones (hurricane). The eye of a storm is a roughly circular area and typically 30�65 km (20�40 miles) in diameter. It is surrounded by the eyewall, a ring of towering thunderstorms where the most severe weather of a cyclone occurs. The cyclone's lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye, and can be as much as 15% lower than the atmospheric pressure outside the storm.", "During hurricane development, certain characteristics become more prominent as the storm strengthens. At the center of the hurricane is the eye, a cloud-free area of sinking air and light winds that is usually from 10 to 65 kilometers in diameter. As air rises in the thunderstorms surrounding the eye, some of it is forced towards the center, where it converges and sinks. As this air sinks, it compresses and warms to create an environment (mostly) free of clouds and precipitation. The eye is the calmest part of the storm because the strong surface winds converging towards the center never actually reach the exact center of the storm, but instead form a cylinder of relatively calm air.", "A hurricane or typhoon (sometimes simply referred to as a tropical cyclone, as opposed to a depression or storm) is a system with sustained winds of at least 34 m/s or 74 mph. A cyclone of this intensity tends to develop an eye, an area of relative calm (and lowest atmospheric pressure) at the center of circulation. The eye is often visible in satellite images as a small, circular, cloud-free spot. Surrounding the eye is the eyewall, an area about 16 km to 80 km wide in which the strongest thunderstorms and winds circulate around the storm's center. Maximum sustained winds in the strongest tropical cyclones have been estimated at about 95 m/s or 215 mph.", "Most hurricanes start life as areas of rough weather and thunderstorms in the tropics. Many of these disturbances, or tropical waves, produce little more than heavy rain and gusty winds. But if a tropical wave succeeds in spinning into a complete circle of winds rotating around an area of low air pressure at its center, it's given the name tropical depression. When a depression's peak sustained winds reach 39 miles per hour (34 knots), it's called a tropical storm.", "In a weaker storm, the eye may be obscured by the central dense overcast, which is the upper-level cirrus shield that is associated with a concentrated area of strong thunderstorm activity near the center of a tropical cyclone. ", "The low pressure center of a tropical cyclone. Winds are normally calm and sometimes the sky clears.", "This 3-D illustration identifies four components of a hurricane: inflow, rainbands, eye and eyewall, and outflow. Warm, moist air enters the hurricane at low levels (large orange arrows), rises through intense updrafts in the eyewall (spiral at center), and departs the storm at high altitudes (large blue arrow). A weaker downdraft makes the eye itself relatively calm and clear. Rising air also helps create concentric rainbands (short orange arrows) outside the eyewall, with sinking air (short blue arrows) in between the rainbands. Click here or on the image for an interactive version with more detail. (Illustration © COMET , UCAR.) News media terms of use *", "At the center of the storm is a unique atmospheric entity, and a persistent metaphor for order in the midst of chaos—the eye of the hurricane. It is encountered suddenly. From the heated tower of maximum winds and thunderclouds, one bursts into the eye, where winds diminish to something less than 15 knots. Penetrating the opposite wall, one is abruptly in the worst of winds again.", "A typical tropical cyclone will have an eye approximately 30�65 km (20�40 mi) across, usually situated at the geometric center of the storm. The eye may be clear or have spotty low clouds (a clear eye), it may be filled with low- and mid-level clouds (a filled eye), or it may be obscured by the central dense overcast. There is, however, very little wind and rain, especially near the center. This is in stark contrast to conditions in the eyewall, which contains the storm's strongest winds. Due to the mechanics of a tropical cyclone, the eye and the air directly above it are warmer than their surroundings.", "NASA's Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument on NASA's Aqua spacecraft captured this infrared image of Hurricane Sandy, another weather front to the west and cold air coming down from Canada at 2:17 p.m. EDT Oct. 29. The hurricane center is the darkest purple area in the Atlantic just to the east of the New Jersey coast, reflecting Sandy's areas of heaviest rainfall. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech", "During the morning hours of Oct. 28, Sandy has been maintaining a small area of deep (strong) convection (rising air that forms the thunderstorms that make up the hurricane) near the center.", "This increase in storm center velocity usually results from the interaction of the storm with other air masses.  Off the eastern coast of the United States there is an area of semi-permanent high pressure, known as the Bermuda High. Other high pressure centers are continually moving eastward off of North America.  If the hurricane encounters a low pressure trough between two high pressure centers, it is steered into the trough and follows it along a northeastward trend, increasing its velocity as it does so.", "According to NOAA's National Hurricane Center , the average hurricane eye—the still center where pressure is lowest and air temperature is highest—stretches 30 miles (48 kilometers) across, with some growing as large as 120 miles (200 kilometers) wide.", "CDO is an acronym that stands for central dense overcast. This is the cirrus cloud shield that results from the thunderstorms in the eyewall of a tropical cyclone and its rain bands. Before the tropical cyclone reaches hurricane strength (33 m/s, 64 kts, 74mph), typically the CDO is uniformly showing the cold cloud tops of the cirrus with no eye apparent. Once the storm reaches the hurricane strength threshold, usually an eye can be seen in either the infrared or visible channels of the satellites. Tropical cyclones that have nearly circular CDO's are indicative of favorable, low vertical shear environments.", "Bordering the eye of a mature hurricane is the eye wall, a ring of tall thunderstorms that produce heavy rains and very strong winds. The most destructive section of the storm is in the eye wall on the side where the wind blows in the same direction as the storm’s forward motion. For example, in a hurricane that is moving due west, the most intense winds would be found on the northern side of the storm, since the hurricane’s winds are added to the storm’s forward motion.", "A combination of dry air flowing into the region and sinking air at upper levels created extremely dry conditions over the tropical Atlantic during the peak of the 2013 hurricane season, and is believed to be the primary reason for the quiet hurricane season. At the surface, abnormally strong high pressure off the coast of Spain drove dry continental European and Saharan air south into the tropical Atlantic. This also forced the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone to move farther south than normal, limiting the flow of moisture across the equator into nascent tropical waves that act as the initial stages for hurricane formation as they emerge off Africa. At higher levels in the atmosphere, a pattern of convergent winds persisted throughout much of the season, causing a strong sinking motion and atmospheric drying due to adiabatic heating. Typically, upper-level patterns of convergence would be transitory, and would occasionally be replaced by a diverging flow allowing for rising air that favours hurricane development. Preliminary indications from additional research show that warm ocean anomalies near Southeast Asia may have been a contributing factor.", "In the Northern Hemisphere, the most destructive section of the storm is usually in the eyewall area to the right of the eye, known as the right-front quadrant. Based on the direction of movement of a hurricane during landfall, this section of the storm tends to have higher winds, seas, and storm surge .", "At middle latitudes, the hurricane's end usually comes swiftly. Colder air penetrates the cyclonic vortex; the warm core cools, and acts as a thermal brake on further intensification. Water below 80°F does not contribute much energy to a hurricane. Even though some large hurricanes may travel for days over cold North Atlantic water, all storms are doomed once they leave the warm tropical waters that sustain them. The farther they venture into higher latitudes, the less fuel they receive from the sea; this lack of fuel finally kills the storms. Over land, hurricanes break up rapidly. Cut off from their oceanic source of energy, and with the added effects of frictional drag, their circulation rapidly weakens and becomes more disorganized. Torrential rains, however, may continue even after the winds are much diminished. In the southeastern United States, about one-fourth of the annual rainfall comes from dissipating hurricanes, and the Asian mainland and Japan suffer typhoons to get water from the sky.", "Since pressure is a measure of the weight of the air above an area, removal of air at the upper levels subsequently reduces pressure at the surface. A further reduction in surface pressure leads to increasing convergence (due to an higher pressure gradient), which further intensifies the rising motion, latent heat release, and so on. As long as favorable conditions exist, this process continues to build upon itself.  When cyclonic circulation begins around the central low pressure area, and wind speeds reach 62 km/hr (39 mi/hr) the disturbance is considered a tropical storm and is given a name.  When wind speeds reach 119 km/hr (74 mi/hr) it becomes a hurricane.   Note that all tropical waves, disturbances, or storms do not necessarily develop into hurricanes.", "a severe tropical storm with torrential rain and extremely strong winds. Hurricanes originate in areas of low pressure in equatorial regions of the Atlantic or Caribbean, and then strengthen, traveling northwest, north, or northeast.", "Hurricanes, the greatest storms on Earth, are tropical cyclones with wind speeds in excess of 119 kilometers (74 miles) per hour. These complex tropical disturbances develop over tropical ocean waters and are fueled by the latent heat liberated when huge quantities of water vapor condense. Hurricanes form most often in late summer when ocean-surface temperatures reach 27°C (80°F) or higher and thus are able to provide the necessary heat and moisture to the air. Hurricanes diminish in intensity whenever they 1) move over cool ocean water that cannot supply adequate heat and moisture, 2) move onto land, or 3) reach a location where large-scale flow aloft is unfavorable. Hurricane damage is of three types: 1) storm surge, 2) wind damage, and 3) inland flooding.", "In the tropics, cyclonic systems known as tropical depressions may develop with central pressures less than 2 mb lower than the environment. Associated with periods of intense rain, these systems usually move westward. Those which intensify significantly (pressures falling below 950 mb) are called tropical cyclones or hurricanes. Because their horizontal scale is far less than that of their middle-latitude counterparts, the pressure gradient is tighter, resulting in more intense winds.", "A tropical disturbance located off the east coast central Florida formed on July 15. The system slowly developed into a Tropical Depression on July 18 while located 65 mi (105 km) to the south-southeast of Charleston, South Carolina. The depression gradually became better organized and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Cristobal the next day while located 225 mi (362 km) to the southwest of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Cristobal paralleled the North Carolina coastline for the next two days with minimal to no impact as most of the convection and wind was located on the eastern half of the storm. However, there was some heavy rainfall amounting up to 5 in (130 mm) in localized areas of southern North Carolina. On July 20, Cristobal began to move away from the coastline and began to intensify as it passed over the Gulf Stream. Cristobal peaked the next day with winds of 65 mph (105 km/h). As Cristobal moved closer to Nova Scotia, it began to lose its tropical characteristics. By July 23, Cristobal had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone.", "The Gulf Coast climate is humid subtropical for the most part, although the southwestern tip of Florida, such as Naples, features a tropical climate. Much of the year is warm to hot along the Gulf Coast, while the 3 winters months bring periods of cool and wet weather mixed with mild temperatures. The area is vulnerable to hurricanes as well as floods and severe thunderstorms. Tornadoes are infrequent at the coast but do occur, however the frequency at which they occur in inland portions of Gulf Coast states is much greater. Earthquakes are extremely rare to the area, but a surprising 6.0 earthquake in the Gulf of Mexico on September 10, 2006, could be felt from the cities of New Orleans to Tampa.", "Strong winds and heavy surf cover Highway 64 at the Albemarle Sound on July 3, 2014 in Nags Head, North Carolina. Hurricane Arthur hit North Carolina's Outer Banks overnight causing widespread power outages. Mark Wilson / Getty Images", "Wind speed in the primary circulation of Hurricane Gilbert (1988) at the altitude of an aircraft's flight-level (700 mb). The aircraft flew from south to north five times through the eye of Gilbert, and the wind speed along each flight leg is shown from left to right in the five images. Bold I's denote the locations of the wind maxima associated with the inner eyewall. Bold O's denote the locations of the wind maxima associated with the outer eyewall. Note how the inner eyewall contracts from the first image to the second image as the outer eyewall develops. From the second image through the fifth image, the inner and outer eyewalls both contract, with the inner eyewall completely dissipating by the fifth image. This series of five images shows one eyewall replacement cycle. Image adapted from Black and Willoughby (1992).", "Andrew hit in a hurricane season that started out uncharacteristically quiet. Max Mayfield, a former forecaster at the National Hurricane Center, remembers receiving calls through July and August from reporters asking where the storms were.", "A disturbance that started in the Gulf of Mexico has moved into the Atlantic, and picked up strength off the Carolinas.   Cristobal will bring more high surf and heavy rains.  The National Hurricane Center projects the storm as moving along the East Coast, offshore from Nova Scotia by Tuesday.", "Circulation of water masses occurs, basically, in a counterclockwise movement (north-to-south along the western shore), with a complex pattern developing farther south, where there are several subsidiary movements. Currents can be speeded up where they coincide with strong winds, and the sea surface is often ruffled by wave action. The maximum storm waves, occurring near the Abşeron Peninsula, have been measured at more than 30 feet (9 metres).", "The west central region of the sub-tropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is bounded by the North Atlantic, Canary, North Equatorial, and Antilles Currents, and the Gulf Stream. It is characterized by the absence of any well-marked currents and by large quantities of drifting Sargassum, or gulfweed.", "In a city increasingly fashioned of glass, there are also winds to consider. Category 3 hurricanes generate sustained winds of 111 to 130 miles per hour, and Category 4 hurricanes blow at 131 to 155 m.p.h. But the city�s building code requires that windows in even the newest buildings withstand winds of just 110 miles an hour.", "Bailey: West backing south or southeast 5 or 6, decreasing 4 for a time. Moderate. Occasional rain. Good, occasionally poor. Fair Isle, Faeroes:West or northwest 4 or 5, occasionally 6 at first, becoming variable 3 or 4 at times later. Mainly moderate. Occasional rain, fog patches developing. Moderate or good, occasionally very poor. " ]

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[ "Listening to the radio, I heard the story behind rocker David Lee Roth’s notorious insistence that Van Halen’s contracts with concert promoters contain a clause specifying that a bowl of M&M’s has to be provided backstage, but with every single brown candy removed, upon pain of forfeiture of the show, with full compensation to the band. And at least once, Van Halen followed through, peremptorily cancelling a show in Colorado when Roth found some brown M&M’s in his dressing room. This turned out to be, however, not another example of the insane demands of power-mad celebrities but an ingenious ruse.", "Van Halen had a notable effect on the modern rock music tour with their use of the concert technical contract rider. They were one of the first bands to use contract riders to specify a \"wish list,\" a practice now used throughout the music industry. They pioneered extensive requirements including power availability and stage construction details. The band's demands were not limited to technical issues; their now-infamous rider specified that a bowl of M&M's, with all of the brown M&M's removed, was to be placed in their dressing room. According to David Lee Roth, this was listed in the technical portion of the contract not because the band wanted to make capricious demands of the venue, but rather as a test of whether or not the contract had actually been thoroughly read and honored, as it contained other requirements involving legitimate safety concerns. If the bowl was present, then the band members could safely assume the other, legitimate, items in the technical rider were being fulfilled to their satisfaction. Conversely, if the bowl was missing, or brown M&M's were present, then the band members would be within their rights to have the venue inspect the work, ask it be redone, etc. Their concern for safety was real: during their earlier tours, not only had equipment been damaged, but several members of their road crew were nearly electrocuted, both due to inadequate safety measures and preparation on the part of the local venue.", "Amanda: Great article about backstage food. Van Halen's famous \"no brown M&M's\" has a good rationale behind it. Their stage show requires a lot of precise electrical and mechanical configuration which is also spelled out in the contract. They put in the brown M&M's clause as an easy way to find out if the promoter had read all the details of the contract and would provide them with proper safety and power for their show. No one wants to see Eddie get electrocuted (I dare say there are some - viz. Eddie - who wouldn't mind Diamond Dave getting a few thousand volts passed through him :)", "The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The first settled line-up consisted of Brian Jones (guitar, harmonica), Ian Stewart (piano), Mick Jagger (lead vocals, harmonica), Keith Richards (guitar), Bill Wyman (bass) and Charlie Watts (drums). Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as occasional pianist until his death in 1985. Jones departed the band less than a month prior to his death in 1969, having already been replaced by Mick Taylor, who remained until 1975. Subsequently, Ronnie Wood has been on guitar in tandem with Richards. Following Wyman's departure in 1993, Darryl Jones has been the main bassist. Other notable keyboardists for the band have included Nicky Hopkins, active from 1967 to 1982; Billy Preston through the mid 1970s (most prominent on Black and Blue) and Chuck Leavell, active since 1982. The band was first led by Jones but after teaming as the band's songwriters, Jagger and Richards assumed de facto leadership.", "Talking Heads was an American rock band formed in 1975 in New York City and active until 1991. The band was comprised of David Byrne (lead vocals, guitar), Chris Frantz (drums), Tina Weymouth (bass), and Jerry Harrison (keyboards, guitar). Former art school students who became involved in the 1970s New York punk scene , Talking Heads integrated elements of punk , art rock , funk , and pop music with avant-garde sensibilities to become a pioneering post-punk and new wave group.", "The Animals were an English rock band of the 1960s, formed in Newcastle upon Tyne during the early part of the decade, though the band relocated to London on finding fame in 1964. The Animals were known for their gritty, bluesy sound and deep-voiced frontman Eric Burdon, as exemplified by their signature song and transatlantic No.1 hit single, \"The House of the Rising Sun\", as well as by hits such as \"We Gotta Get out of This Place\", \"It's My Life\", and \"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood\". The band balanced tough, rock-edged pop singles against rhythm and blues-oriented album material. They were known in the U.S. as part of the British Invasion.", "Former Beatles publicist, Andrew Loog Oldham, alerted to the large, fashionable crowds at the Crawdaddy, signed the band to a management deal in April, 1963. Oldham's age of nineteenâyounger than any of the bandâblocked him from obtaining an agent's license; making necessary a partnership with show biz veteran Eric Easton, after Mrs. Oldham had signed for her son.Oldham 2000. p. 223page 16, MojoClassic Vol 1 No. 12Wyman 2002. pp. 56-57 Gomelsky, who had no written agreement with the band, was not consulted.Wyman 1990. pp. 135-136", "In March, Matlock left to form the Rich Kids and was replaced by John Richie, a previously nonmusical friend of Rotten, who named him Sid Vicious. That same month A&M signed the Pistols for £150,000; just a week later the company fired them for a balance payment of £75,000. In May Virgin signed the Pistols and released their second single, \"God Save the Queen,\" timed to coincide with the Queen's Silver Jubilee that June. The song was immediately banned from airplay in England. Nonetheless it was a top-selling single (cited as a blank at the Number Two position on official charts, listed as Number One on independent charts).", "A&M Records became the Pistols’ new label, and their next single was to be ‘ God Save The Queen ‘, John Rotten’s alternative National Anthem. To announce the A&M deal, the band staged a mock signing outside Buckingham Palace. However, after a drunken celebration at the A&M offices – and probably another mixture of cold feet – the band soon found themselves without a record deal yet again. Only ten days after they signed to A&M, the Sex Pistols were sacked! Finding them £75,000 richer in the process.", "The Doors were notorious for their appearance on the show. CBS network censors demanded that lead singer Jim Morrison change the lyrics to their hit single \"Light My Fire\" by altering the line, \"Girl, we couldn't get much higher\", before the band performed the song live on September 17, 1967. However, Morrison sang the original line, and on live television with no delay, CBS was powerless to stop it. They were never invited back to the show. According to Ray Manzarek, the band was told, \"Mr. Sullivan liked you boys. He wanted you on six more times. ... You'll never do the Sullivan show again.\" Morrison replied with glee, \"Hey man, we just did the Sullivan show.\" —at the time, an appearance was a hallmark of success. Manzarek has given differing accounts of what happened. He has said that the band only pretended to agree to change the line but also that Morrison was nervous and simply forgot to change the line. The performance and incident was re-enacted in the 1991 biographical film, The Doors.", "By the turn of the year, punk had become a major media phenomenon in the UK. On 25 January 1977, the Clash signed to CBS Records for £100,000, a remarkable amount for a band that had played a total of about thirty gigs and almost none as a headliner. As Clash historian Marcus Gray describes, the \"band members found themselves having to justify [the deal] to both the music press and to fans who picked up on the critics' muttered asides about the Clash having 'sold out' to the establishment.\" Mark Perry, founder of the leading London punk periodical, Sniffin' Glue, let loose with what he would later call his \"big quote\": \"Punk died the day the Clash signed to CBS.\" As one band associate described it, the deal \"was later used as a classic example of the kind of contract that no group should ever sign—the group had to pay for their own tours, recordings, remixes, artwork, expenses ...\" ", "Around this time tensions between Matlock and Rotten came to boiling point. They were the proverbial “Chalk and Cheese”. Matlock was steeped in rock and roll tradition, while Rotten clearly wasn’t. Glen officially left by “mutual consent” in February 1977, with McLaren then claiming he was sacked because, “He liked the Beatles.” Matlock would later team-up with the band for the 1996 ‘Filthy Lucre’ World Tour.", "Following a mid-year tour of the United States, the American Federation of Musicians refused permits for the group to appear in concerts there for the next four years, effectively cutting off the Kinks from the main market for rock music at the height of the British Invasion. Although neither the Kinks nor the union gave a specific reason for the ban, at the time it was widely attributed to their rowdy on-stage behaviour.", "Started performing in the New York club, CBGBs. They released their first album, \"Talking Heads: 77\", in 1977. They recorded the film, Stop Making Sense , in 1984, with director Jonathan Demme . After releasing their 1988 album, Naked, the group broke up. In 1992, they released \"Popular Favorites: Sand in the Vaseline\", a 2-disc set of greatest hits with rarities and never-before-released hits. After 1992, the group never got together again until 1999, to record the commentary for the special edition \"Stop Making Sense\" DVD. They played for the first time in a decade in 2002, when they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. They played four early hits there: \"Psycho Killer\", \"Life During Wartime\", \"Burning Down the House\" and \"Take Me to the River\". Now, in 2005, they will be re-releasing all their albums remastered to perfection in a box-set complete with unreleased songs, included. So far, no reunion date has been set for them to play.", "he initial flurry of hits that the Kinks enjoyed during the British Invasion soon proved difficult to sustain. By most accounts, their live shows were often atrocious. The Kinks' stage dress of red hunting jackets and Ray Davies's limp-wristed singing style combined with brother Dave's unusually long hair to give the appearance of blatant effeminacy. Their campy appearance and name notwithstanding, they were as famous for their brawling as for their music, but it appeared that America intended to remain aloof from the Kinks' brand of showbiz. Their role in the British Invasion ended promptly when they were asked to leave the country by the American Federation of Musicians, who claimed they were not cleared to perform musical engagements in the United States. This rather abruptly ended their love affair with America. Directly or indirectly, it had a significant effect on their popularity, and their next few singes did not perform as well as expected.", "Bassist Paul McGuigan briefly left the band in September 1995, citing nervous exhaustion. He was replaced by Scott McLeod, formerly of The Ya Ya's, who was featured on some of the tour dates as well as in the \"Wonderwall\" video before leaving abruptly while on tour in the US. McLeod later contacted Noel Gallagher claiming he felt he had made the wrong decision. Gallagher curtly replied \"I think you have too. Good luck signing on.\" ", "EMI sack the Sex Pistols. Bassist Glen Matlock leaves to be replaced by Sid Vicious . Pistols sign to A&M Records. 10 days later they sack the Pistols.", "They concluded their last Hamburg stint in December 1962. By now it had become the pattern that all four members contributed vocals, although Starr's restricted range meant he sang lead only rarely. Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership; as the band's success grew, their celebrated collaboration limited Harrison's opportunities as lead vocalist. Epstein, sensing the commercial potential, encouraged the group to adopt a professional attitude to performing. Lennon recalled Epstein saying, \"Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to changeâstop eating on stage, stop swearing, stop smoking.\" Lennon: \"We used to dress how we liked, on and off stage. He'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear proper trousers, but he didn't want us suddenly looking square. He'd let us have our own sense of individuality ... it was a choice of making it or still eating chicken on stage.\"", "Despite their continued success, personal differences within the band \"\" including the increasingly strained relationship between Morrissey and Marr \"\" saw them on the verge of splitting. In August 1987, Marr left the group, and auditions to find a replacement for him proved fruitless. By the time the group's fourth album Strangeways, Here We Come was released in September, the band had split up. The breakdown in the relationship has been primarily attributed to Morrissey becoming annoyed by Marr's work with other artists and Marr growing frustrated by Morrissey's musical inflexibility. Marr particularly hated Morrissey's obsession with covering 1960s pop artists such as Twinkle and Cilla Black. Marr recalled in 1992, \"That was the last straw, really. I didn't form a group to perform Cilla Black songs.\"[11] In a 1989 interview, Morrissey said that the lack of a managerial figure and business problems were to blame for the band's eventual split.[12]", "The band saw their albums as indivisible, whole listening experiences, disliking the re-editing of existing tracks. Grant maintained an aggressive pro-album stance, particularly in the UK where there were few radio and TV outlets for playing rock music. Without the band's consent or under their protest, however, some songs were released as singles, particularly in the US. [38] In 1969 an edited version of \" Whole Lotta Love \" from their second album was released as a single in the US. It reached number four in the Billboard chart in January 1970, selling over one million copies and helping to cement the band's popularity. [39] The group also increasingly shunned television appearances, enforcing their preference that their fans hear and see them in live concerts. [40] [41]", "The musician, who died in 1985 aged 47, co-founded the “world’s greatest rock ‘n’ roll band” in 1962 but was forced to take a backseat in 1963 by their first manager, Andrew Loog Oldham, who felt his face and style didn’t fit with the group’s bad-boy image.", "The original configuration of The Band ended its touring career in 1976 with an elaborate live ballroom performance featuring numerous musical celebrities. This performance was immortalized in Martin Scorsese’s 1978 documentary The Last Waltz. The Band recommenced touring in 1983 without guitarist Robbie Robertson, who had found success with a solo career and as a Hollywood music producer. Following a 1986 show, Richard Manuel was found dead of suicide, but the remaining three members continued to tour and record albums with a revolving door of musicians filling Manuel’s and Robertson’s respective roles, before finally settling on Richard Bell, Randy Ciarlante, and Jim Weider. Danko died of heart failure in 1999, after which the group broke up for good. Levon Helm was diagnosed with throat cancer in 1998, and after a series of treatments was able to regain use of his voice. He continued to perform and released several successful albums until he succumbed to the disease in 2012.", "The original configuration of the Band ended its touring career in 1976 with an elaborate live ballroom performance featuring numerous musical celebrities. This performance was immortalized in Martin Scorsese ‘s 1978 documentary The Last Waltz . The Band recommenced touring in 1983 without guitarist Robbie Robertson, who had found success with a solo career and as a Hollywood music producer. Following a 1986 show, Richard Manuel was found dead of suicide, but the remaining three members continued to tour and record albums with a revolving door of musicians filling Manuel’s and Robertson’s respective roles, before finally settling on Richard Bell , Randy Ciarlante , and Jim Weider . Danko died of heart failure in 1999, after which the group broke up for good. Levon Helm was diagnosed with throat cancer in 1998, and after a series of treatments was able to regain use of his voice. He continued to perform and released several successful albums until he succumbed to the disease in 2012.", "In December 1982, drummer Clive Burr was fired from the band and replaced by Nicko McBrain, previously of French band Trust. Although Harris states that his dismissal took place because his live performances were affected by offstage activities, Burr objected to this and claimed that he was unfairly ousted from the band. Soon afterwards, the band journeyed for the first time to The Bahamas to record the first of three consecutive albums at Compass Point Studios. In 1983, they released Piece of Mind, which reached the No. 3 spot in the UK, and was the band's debut in the North American charts, reaching No. 70 on the Billboard 200. Piece of Mind includes the successful singles \"The Trooper\" and \"Flight of Icarus\", the latter of which being particularly notable as one of the band's few songs to gain substantial airplay in the US.", "The Kinks reverted to a four-piece band for the recording of their first Columbia album, Phobia, in 1993. Following Mark Haley's departure after the band's sellout performance at the Royal Albert Hall, London, Gibbons rejoined the Kinks for a US tour. Phobia managed only one week in the US Billboard chart at number 166; as had by then become usual for the band, it made no impression in the UK. One single, \"Only a Dream\", narrowly failed to reach the British chart. \"Scattered\", the album's final candidate for release as a single, was announced, followed by TV and radio promotion, but the record was unavailable in stores—several months later a small number appeared on the collector market. The group was dropped by Columbia in 1994. In the same year, the band released the first version of the album To the Bone on their own Konk label in the UK. This live acoustic album was partly recorded on the highly successful UK tours of 1993 and 1994 and partly in the Konk studio, before a small, invited audience. Two years later the band released a new, improved, live double CD set in the USA, which retained the same name and contained two new studio tracks, \"Animal\" and \"To The Bone\". The CD set also featured new treatments of many old Kinks hits. The record drew respectable press but failed to chart in either the US or the UK.", "Jones initially led the band, but after teaming as songwriters, Jagger and Richards assumed leadership. By 1969 Jones had lost interest in guitar, and despite becoming the band's utility player playing recorder, marimbas and sitar among other instruments, his contributions to the band were less and less frequent. Because he was legally barred from entering the United States, nor in good enough health to tour, by mutual agreement Jones left the band, and Mick Taylor replaced him. Within weeks of leaving the band, Jones drowned. Taylor quit in 1974 and was replaced by Ronnie Wood. Wyman retired from the band in 1990, and his replacement Darryl Jones became the primary bassist, but not a full member. Stewart was taken from the official lineup in 1963 to continue as the band's road manager and occasional keyboardist until his death in 1985. Since 1982Chuck Leavell has been the band's primary keyboardist.", "Despite their continued success, personal differences within the band — including the increasingly strained relationship between Morrissey and Marr — saw them on the verge of splitting. In August 1987, it was announced that Marr had left the group. Auditions to find a replacement for Marr — with Roddy Frame supposedly being lined up to join the band at one point — proved fruitless, and by the time Strangeways, Here We Come (named after Strangeways Prison, Manchester) was released in September, the band had ceased to exist. The breakdown in the relationship has been primarily attributed to Morrissey becoming annoyed with Marr's work with other artists, and Marr growing frustrated by Morrissey's musical inflexibility. Marr in particular hated Morrissey's obsession with covering 1960s pop artists such as Twinkle and Cilla Black. Referring to the songs recorded in the band's last session together (B-sides for the \"Girlfriend in a Coma\" single, which preceded the album's release), Marr said, \"I wrote \" I Keep Mine Hidden,\" but \"Work Is a Four Letter Word\" I hated. That was the last straw, really. I didn't form a group to perform Cilla Black songs.\"", "As preparations were made for the US tour, the band members knew that their music would hardly be heard. Having originally used Vox AC30 amplifiers, they later acquired more powerful 100-watt amplifiers, specially designed by Vox for the band as they moved into larger venues in 1964, but these were still inadequate. Struggling to compete with the volume of sound generated by screaming fans, the band had grown increasingly bored with the routine of performing live. Recognizing that their shows were no longer about the music, they decided to make the August tour their last.", "1969: Elektra Records dropped Detroit’s MC5 from their label after the band took out an advertisement in a local paper that included the company logo and said; “Fuck Hudsons.” The band were protesting at the Michigan department store’s refusal to stock their albums.", "Things really started to change in 1979, when, in addition to entertaining customers with a rock'n'roll soundtrack, the pair started collecting music memorabilia and exhibiting it on the walls of their restaurant. Apparently the first piece of memorabilia was a Fender Lead II guitar donated by Eric Clapton. Clapton was a regular at the restaurant and a friend of the owners. The story goes that one evening he asked them whether they intended to put a brass plaque on the wall in his honour. They responded, jokingly, that he ought to donate something to them instead. Shortly afterwards he handed over the unsigned instrument.", "At an early show at the Railway Tavern in Harrow, Townshend smashed his guitar after accidentally breaking it. When the audience demanded he do it again, Moon kicked over his drum kit. Subsequent live sets culminated in what the band later described as \"auto-destructive art,\" in which band members (particularly Moon and Townshend) elaborately destroyed their equipment. Moon developed a habit of kicking over his drums, claiming that he did so in exasperation at an audience's indifference. Townshend later said, \"A set of skins is about $300 [then £96] and after every show he'd just go bang, bang, bang and then kick the whole thing over.\"", "The surviving members of the band continued to make music, both together and separately. In 2002, the group's greatest hits were turned into a stage musical,'\"We Will Rock You' by Ben Elton. Critical reviews were, as ever, poor, but the production is a large commercial success." ]

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[ "Albert DeSalvo, the serial killer who became known as the Boston Strangler, is convicted of murder and other crimes and sentenced to life in prison. He serves initially in Bridgewater State Hospital, but he escapes and is recaptured. Afterward he is transferred to federal prison where six years later he is killed by an inmate or inmates unknown.", "1962 - Albert DeSalvo, better known as the Boston Strangler, murders Anna Slesers, his first victim.", "Despite these and other doubts, DeSalvo became known far and wide as the Boston Strangler. But recently, new physical evidence suggests the real killer or killers were never caught. Samples of DNA found on the Strangler’s last victim seems to prove that Albert DeSalvo was not the Boston Strangler.", "Junger explores the story of Albert DeSalvo, the man who claimed to be the Boston Strangler. Junger was a baby during the Boston Strangler rape-and-murder spree (1962-’64). One victim was a neighbor who was killed during the same time DeSalvo was working on a construction project at the Junger home.", "Have you read any good books lately? grifulvin v A water bottle recovered from a construction site where Tim DiSalvo ГўВЂВ“ whose uncle Albert DiSalvo had confessed to being the internationally notorious Boston Strangler ГўВЂВ“ gave police the DNA evidence they needed to bring closure to a case that has been a mystery for nearly 50 years, murders for which no one has ever been charged.", "the name given by newspapers, etc. to Albert DeSalvo, a US man who attacked and killed 13 women in Boston , Massachusetts , between 1962 and 1964. He killed the women by strangling them (= squeezing their throat tightly). He was sent to prison for his crimes and was killed by another prisoner.", "Albert DeSalvo Died at 42 (1931-1973) Albert Henry DeSalvo was a criminal in Boston, Massachusetts, who confessed to being the \"Boston Strangler\", the murderer of thirteen women in the Boston area. DeSalvo was not imprisoned for", "The Boston Strangler is a name given to the murderer (or murderers) of 13 women in the Boston area, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, in the early 1960s. The crimes were attributed to Albert DeSalvo based on his confession, details revealed in court during a separate case, and DNA evidence linking him to the last murder victim. Since then, parties investigating the crimes have suggested that the murders (sometimes referred to as \"the silk stocking murders\") were committed by more than one person.", "The name given by the media to one or more serial murderers who killed 13 single women between 1962 and 1964, most of whom were raped, then strangled, often with their own stockings (hence the alternative name, ‘the Silk Stocking Strangler’). While Albert DeSalvo confessed to the crimes, it is uncertain how many of the victims died at his hands. After breaking out of prison 2 years into his life sentence, he was caught and sent to a maximum security prison where he was stabbed to death six years later", "Known as the \"Boston Strangler,\" DeSalvo was accused of raping and strangulating thirteen women in Boston, Massachussetts. One of his first victims was Anna Slesers, a divorcee and active participant in Latvian endeavors in Boston. She was sexually assaulted and strangled with a cord from her robe. The key or trademark was the manner in which the bow shaped knot was tied with the cord that was used to strangulate the victim, and the way the victim's lower extremities were parted. DeSalvo's killings occurred from August, 1962 to January, 1964. His victims ranged from nineteen to eighty-five years of age. He was identified for police by one victim whom he sexually assualted, but left live. DeSalvo was found guilty on November 26, 1973. He was later stabbed to death with sixteen wounds by fellow inmates in Walpole State Prison.", "Ten months after the last murder, few people noticed when a man named Albert DeSalvo was arrested on unrelated sexual assault charges. DeSalvo was married and had two children. He also had an extensive history of sexual offenses.  One of his many nicknames was the “Measuring Man.” DeSalvo pretended to be recruiting fashion models.  He would smooth talk his way into women’s homes, measure them for clothing, and then fondle them. When DeSalvo’s scam eventually caught up with him, he was arrested and sent to prison for one year.", "NB. While Fleischer's film takes DeSalvo's guilt wholly for granted, the facts which condemned him have been challenged in robust terms by a number of sources throughout the years (most recently in Susan Kelly's 2002 book 'The Boston Stranglers: The Public Conviction of Albert DeSalvo and the True Story of Eleven Shocking Murders'), and much of the evidence which 'exonerates' DeSalvo is as compelling as anything in the movie. DeSalvo himself died in 1973, murdered by a fellow inmate whilst serving time in Walpole Prison.", "F. Lee Bailey struck a deal with the State. Albert DeSalvo went on trial, but not as the Boston Stranger. Instead, he was tried for sexual assault and other crimes in connection with the “green man” case. In return, the State agreed not to press for the death penalty.", "Albert De Salvo was convicted of the thirteen 'Boston Strangler' killings that occurred in that city between 1962 and 1964, but pretty much the only evidence that he had anything to do with it was his own confessions, now believed - certainly by the makers of this new film - to have been offered forward for pecuniary reasons, since by then De Salvo was serving a life sentence as a multiple rapist anyway.", "Albert DeSalvo was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, to Frank and Charlotte DeSalvo. Frank was a violent alcoholic, who in one episode knocked out all of his wife's teeth and bent her fingers back until they broke. As a child, DeSalvo tortured animals. In early adolescence his shoplifting and stealing soon brought him to the attention of law enforcement.", "In 1965 Albert DeSalvo , an inmate at a state mental hospital who had a history of burglary dating from the 1950s, confessed to the murders. Although never actually charged with the killings (investigators at the time were unable to physically link him to the murder scenes), DeSalvo was convicted on charges of sexual assault and sentenced to life imprisonment. The case and DeSalvo’s life were portrayed in the 1968 film The Boston Strangler. DeSalvo was murdered in Walpole State Prison in 1973.", "Albert DeSalvo was the state’s prime suspect, even though there was no physical evidence that linked him to any of the killings.  F. Lee Bailey suggested that DeSalvo undergo hypnosis. He recalled the session:", "Real-life serial killers , like Jeffrey Dahmer, Albert Fish, Sascha Spesiwtsew, Fritz Haarmann, Issei Sagawa, and Ed Gein , lured, abducted, and massacred countless people and then consumed their flesh and preserved the inedible parts as trophies. These lurid deeds inspired a slew of books and films, most notably The Silence of the Lambs with Hannibal (Lecter) the Cannibal as its protagonist.", "No conclusive evidence was ever discovered that would link DeSalvo to the stranglings, despite his confession that revealed telling details about the victims and their apartments. Instead he was sentenced to life imprisonment for burglaries and sexual assaults that occurred before the serial killings began. No one was ever officially charged with the thirteen murders and the truth about DeSalvo's actual involvement will never be known.", "* DeSalvo was the subject of the 1968 Hollywood film The Boston Strangler, starring Tony Curtis as DeSalvo, and Henry Fonda and George Kennedy as the homicide detectives who apprehend him. The movie was highly fictionalized: It assumed DeSalvo was guilty, and it portrayed him as suffering from multiple personality disorder and committing the murders while in a psychotic state. DeSalvo was never diagnosed with, or even suspected of having, that disorder.", "Theodore Robert Bundy, born Theodore Robert Cowell (November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989), known as Ted Bundy, was an American serial killer who murdered numerous young women between 1974 and 1978. He twice escaped from prison before his final apprehension in February 1978. After more than a decade of vigorous denials, he eventually confessed to 30 murders, although the actual total of victims remains unknown. Estimates range from 29 to over 100, the general estimate being 35. Typically, Bundy would bludgeon his victims, then strangle them to death. He also engaged in rape and necrophilia .", "John Wayne Gacy, Jr. (March 17, 1942 -- May 10, 1994) was an American serial killer and rapist, also known as the Killer Clown, who was convicted of the sexual assault and murder of a minimum of 33 teenage boys and young men in a series of killings committed between 1972 and 1978 in Chicago, Illinois", "John Wayne Gacy, Jr. (March 17, 1942 – May 10, 1994), also known as the Killer Clown, was a convicted American serial killer and rapist who sexually assaulted (likely raped, too) and murdered at least 33 teenage boys and young men between 1972 and 1978 in Chicago, Illinois.", "Theodore Robert \"Ted\" Bundy, born Theodore Robert Cowell (November 24, 1946 � January 24, 1989), was an American serial killer active between 1973 and 1978. He twice escaped from county jails before his final apprehension in February 1978. After more than a decade of vigorous denials, he eventually confessed to over 30 murders, although the actual total of victims remains unknown. Estimates range from 26 to over 100, the general estimate being 35. Typically, Bundy would bludgeon his victims, then strangle them to death. He also engaged in rape and necrophilia. Bundy was executed for his last murder by the state of Florida in 1989.", "Theodore Robert \"Ted\" Bundy, born Theodore Robert Cowell (November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989), was an American serial killer active between 1973 and 1978. He twice escaped from county jails before his final apprehension in February 1978. After more than a decade of vigorous denials, he eventually confessed to over 30 murders, although the actual total of victims remains unknown. Estimates range from 26 to over 100, the general estimate being 35. Typically, Bundy would bludgeon his victims, then strangle them to death. He also engaged in rape and necrophilia . Bundy was executed for his last murder by the state of Florida in 1989.", "• Dr. Michael Swango, a former U.S. Marine, ambulance worker, and physician, was a health care employee. He was convicted of only four murders in New York and Ohio, although he is suspected of having poisoned and killed 35 to 50 people throughout the United States and on the continent of Africa. Swango’s motivation for the killings was intrinsic and never fully identified. Interestingly, Swango kept a scrap book filled with newspaper and magazine clippings about natural disasters, in which many people were killed.", "US actor Albert Dekker, known for his appearances (in a career lasting over 30 years) in the horror film Dr. Cyclops (1940), the film noirs The Killers (1946) and Kiss Me Deadly (1955) , and in his final film - Sam Peckinpah's western The Wild Bunch (1969) , died at the age of 62. He was found naked in his own Hollywood bathroom - hanged by accidental autoerotic asphyxiation. He was bound, blindfolded, gagged and handcuffed, with sexual obscenities scrawled on his body in red lipstick.", "Robert Hansen, a serial killer who was active in the early 1980s, would kidnap women and release them in Alaska’s Knik River Valley. He would then hunt them, armed with a knife and a Ruger Mini-14 rifle. ", "Henri Désiré Landru (born April 12, 1869; died February 25, 1922) was a notorious French serial killer and real-life Bluebeard.", "Henri Désiré Landru (April 12, 1869 – February 25, 1922) was a French serial killer and real-life \"Bluebeard\".", "Theodore Robert \"Ted\" Bundy, born Theodore Robert Cowell (November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989), was an American serial killer active", "In 1949, Holland sentenced the Dutch-born former Nazi SS officer to death in absentia for killing resistance fighter Aldert Klaas Dijkema in September 1944. Bruins is accused of shooting his victim four times in the back after he was captured by an SS squad near the town of Appingdam." ]

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[ "The French Open is an annual tennis tournament held in Paris. The French Open is the second of the four tennis Grand Slam events, and the only one currently played on clay. The tournament is held each year in late May into June. The Open hosts championship tournaments for men's and women's singles and doubles as well as mixed doubles.", "The Championships, Wimbledon, The Wimbledon Championships or simply Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious.[2][3][4][5][6] It has been held at the All England Club in London since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments (Majors), the others being the Australian Open, the French Open (Roland Garros) and the US Open. Since the Australian Open shifted to hard court in 1988, Wimbledon is the only Major still played on grass, the game's original surface, which gave the game its original name of \"lawn tennis\".", "The French Open, often referred to as Roland Garros, is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. Named after the French aviator Roland Garros, it is the premier clay-court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual Grand Slam tournaments, the other three being the Australian Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. Roland Garros is the only Grand Slam event held on clay and ends the clay-court season.", "Played at the Roland-Garros Stadium, the French Open is the only Grand Slam played on a clay surface. Clay is the slowest tennis surface and thus makes for the most physically demanding matches.", "The second of the Grand Slam tournaments on the annual tennis calendar and the premier clay court tennis tournament in the world, Roland Garros is the only Grand Slam still held on clay and ends the spring clay court season. It is one of the most prestigious events in tennis, and it has the widest worldwide broadcasting and audience of all regular events in this sport.", "If you see Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer duking it out on a deep red-colored court, you can instantly identify it as the French Open, played every spring at Roland Garros in Paris. It's the only Grand Slam tournament played on clay, and the largest clay tournament in the world, per the ITF. Clay is considered the slowest surface, with high-bouncing balls; the balls tend to bounce up instead of skidding. It favors those with a baseline game, and not the huge servers with the serve-and-volley style of play. Legendary champion and big server Pete Sampras won 14 Grand Slam titles, but a French Open victory alluded him. A true clay court is crushed shale, stone or brick, and is either deep red or green. Clay requires a lot of upkeep, as it must be frequently watered, rolled and brushed, according to the USTA.", "Grand Slam tournament is a big sport event in Tennis. The event comprises of the four major tennis tournaments of the year in terms of world ranking points, prize-money awarded, tradition or public attention. The four big events are the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open, played in the same order. Among all, the Australian Open and the US Open are played on hard courts, the French Open is played on clay and Wimbledon is played on grass.", "Wimbledon is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the others being the Australian Open , the French Open and the US Open. Since the Australian Open shifted to hardcourt in 1988, Wimbledon is the only major still played on grass .", "Wimbledon is the only Grand Slam event played on grass courts. At one time, all the other Grand Slam events were played on grass. The French Open abandoned grass for its current red clay in 1928 , while the U.S. and Australian Opens stayed with grass for decades longer. The U.S. Open abandoned grass for a synthetic clay surface in 1975 and changed again to a hard surface ( DecoTurf) with its 1978 move to its current venue. The Australian Open abandoned grass for Rebound Ace, a different type of hard surface, in 1988 , and switched to yet another type of hard surface, Plexicushion, in 2008.", "Tennis is played by millions of recreational players and is also a popular worldwide spectator sport. The four Grand Slam tournaments (also referred to as the \"Majors\") are especially popular: the Australian Open played on hard courts , the French Open played on red clay courts , Wimbledon played on grass courts , and the US Open played also on hard courts.", "The Grand Slam tournaments, also called majors, are the four most important annual tennis events. They offer the most ranking points,prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and greater number of “best of” sets for men. The Grand Slam itinerary consists of the Australian Open in mid January, the French Open in May and June, Wimbledon in June and July, and the US Open in August and September. Each tournament is played over a period of two weeks. The Australian and United States tournaments are played on hard courts, the French on clay, and Wimbledon on grass. Wimbledon is the oldest, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891, and the Australian in 1905. However, of these four, only Wimbledon was a major before 1924/25, the time when all four became designated Grand Slam tournaments.", "Wimbledon is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the others being the Australian Open, the French Open and the US Open. Since the Australian Open shifted to hardcourt in 1988, Wimbledon is the only major still played on grass.", "It was only in 1988 that the championship came to be held on hard courts. Each of the four Grand Slam events is contested on a different surface, which challenges professional players to broaden their skill base. Today, rather than specialising in one surface, tennis players play on rebound ace at the Australian Open, clay at the French Open, grass at Wimbledon, and hard court at the US Open, an American green clay court.", "From the All England Club to your neighborhood high school, tennis courts come in a variety of surfaces. Professional Grand Slam tournaments -- Wimbledon, the US Open, the Australian Open and the French Open -- feature grass, hardcourt and clay surfaces. While the dimensions of each court remain consistent between surfaces, playing styles and ball speed do not.", "Grand Slam – tennis’ four most important tournaments: the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open.", "Tennis has many tournaments in each season or year, but there are only four tournaments that mean the most to players who desire praise. The four Grand Slam tournaments are the Australian Open, the French Open, the Championships Wimbledon, and the U.S. Open. Let me tell you a little bit about the history of each of these four glorious events of tennis. First up, the first Grand Slam of the year, the Australian Open. It has been played in seven different locations since 1905, when it was first played on grass. In 1988, the surface changed to hard courts, and the location of the Grand Slam stayed permanently in Melbourne, Australia. And here is a twist: the Australian Open was not even a Grand Slam until 1924! Since this tournament is played in the summertime of the southern hemisphere, there is an extreme-heat policy, since the temperatures can reach dangerous levels that could harm players.", "The U.S. Open has been held on hard courts since its move to Flushing Meadows in 1978, but it is the only grand slam to have been played on all three surfaces used in tennis. Initially, the tournament was played on grass, before the change to clay in 1975. Jimmy Connors has the unique distinction of being the only man to win the same grand slam on three different surfaces: grass at Forest Hills in 1974, clay at Forest Hills in 1976, and hard court in 1978 at Flushing Meadows. Chris Evert Lloyd is the only women’s player who has won US Open on all three surfaces.", "A clay court is one of many different types of tennis court. Clay courts are made of crushed shale, stone or brick. The French Open uses clay courts, making it unique among the Grand Slam tournaments. Clay courts are more common in Continental Europe and Latin America than in the United States, Canada or Britain. Two types exist: red clay, the more common variety, and green clay, also known as \"rubico\", which is a harder surface. Although less expensive to construct than other types of tennis courts, the maintenance costs of clay are high as the surface must be rolled to preserve flatness. The water content must also be balanced; green courts are often sloped in order to allow water run-off. ", "The final Grand Slam tournament of the annual tennis calendar is the most recent addition to the Majors. The US Open began as the U.S. National Championship in 1881, but it did not join the Grand Slam tournaments until 1987. The US Open is held during the weeks before and after Labor Day weekend, from late August to early September. The tournament has changed its courts several times over the years, beginning with grass, then moving to clay in 1975, and finally to hard courts in 1978. The current champions are Juan Martin del Potro (men's singles), Kim Clijsters (women's singles), Lukáš Dlouhý and Leander Paes (men's doubles), Serena and Venus Williams (women's doubles), and Carly Gullickson and Travis Parrott (mixed doubles).", "The United States Open Tennis Championships is a hardcourt tennis tournament. The tournament is the modern version of one of the oldest tennis championships in the world, the U.S. National Championship, for which men's singles was first contested in 1881. Since 1987, the US Open has been chronologically the fourth and final tennis major comprising the Grand Slam each year; the other three, in chronological order, are the Australian Open, the French Open and Wimbledon.", "U.S. Open, formally the United States Open Tennis Championships, international tennis tournament, the fourth and final of the major events that make up the annual Grand Slam of tennis (the other tournaments are the Australian Open , the French Open , and the Wimbledon Championships ).", "What is clear is that if Federer wins on Sunday, he will belong on every short list of Grand Slam tennis greatness. Only five men have won all four major singles titles during their careers: Fred Perry of Britain, Don Budge of the United States, Emerson, Laver and Agassi. Budge and Laver are the only men to have completed true Grand Slams, and Agassi is the only man to have won his titles on three different surfaces, because he played after the Australian Open and the United States Open switched from grass to hardcourts.", "8) Steffi Graf (Germany): The German is the only singles player to have achieved a Calendar Year Grand Slam while playing on all three major types of tennis courts (grass courts, clay courts and hard courts).", " the four most prestigious tournaments in a year: the Australian Open, the French Open (or Roland Garros), Wimbledon and the U.S. Open. Winning the Grand Slam is winning all four in a calendar year.", "Currently, the Grand Slam tournaments are the only tour events that have mixed doubles contests. Grand Slam tournaments are held in conjunction with wheelchair tennis tournaments and junior tennis competitions. These tournaments also contain their own idiosyncrasies. For example, players at Wimbledon are required to wear predominantly white. Andre Agassi chose to skip Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 citing the event's traditionalism, particularly its \"predominantly white\" dress code. Wimbledon has its own particular methods for disseminating tickets, often leading tennis fans to follow complex procedures to obtain tickets. ", "The third is the brief summer clay season that takes place after Wimbledon. It is entirely in Europe, and usually takes place in July. Near the end of the swing, it competes with the beginning of the US Open Series.", "As of 2015, Roger Federer holds the all-time record for the most Grand Slam tournament titles with 17. Federer's Grand Slam tournament titles include 9 on hard courts, 7 on grass, and 1 on clay. Nadal has 14 in total: 9 on clay, 3 on hard courts, and 2 on grass.", "Clay courts are considered a \"slow\" surface because the loose surface causes the ball to lose speed rapidly and bounce higher. This makes it more difficult for a player to hit an unreturnable shot (a \"winner\") because the opponent has more time to reach and return the ball. Line calls are easily reviewable on this type of court because the ball generally leaves a visible mark. Courts are swept between sets, and at the end of every match, to erase any marks from the previous set or match.", "- Only woman to win the US singles title on four surfaces (grass, clay, carpet, hardcourts).", "Another Grand Slam-related accomplishment is winning a \"boxed set\" of Grand Slam titles – which is at least one of every possible type of Major championship available to a player: the singles, doubles, and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam events of the year. This has never been accomplished within a year or consecutively across two calendar years.", "Who is the only tennis player to have won each of the four grand slam events at least four times?", "8. Who is the only tennis player to have won each of the four grand slam events at least four times?" ]

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[ "35. What product’s 1950s slogan was “It takes a licking and keeps on ticking.” (Timex watches)", "The new watch movement design faced resistance from traditional jewelers. Lehmkuhl made two more decisions that proved pivotal to the company's long-term success. The company would go on to, or continue to pursue innovative marketing programs and develop new channels of distribution. A marketing decision was made to use the most credible newsman in the United States at that time, John Cameron Swayze, as a spokesperson for live torture tests on television with the tag line created by Russ Alben, \"Timex – Takes a Licking and keeps on Ticking\" – a well-recognized campaign in advertising history. These commercials were developed by Hirshon Garfield as elaborations on tests originated by United States Time Corporation salesmen. The commercials included high-divers, water skiers, a dolphin, dishwashers, jackhammers, paint mixers and the propeller of an outboard motor, all torturing a Timex watch. ", "When Timex wanted its watches to be sold for the durability they possessed, Russ Alben created a tagline for their advertising campaign. The tagline read “It takes a licking and keeps on ticking.” It was a consistent marketing message focused entirely on durability. The tagline proved highly effective in winning Timex more customers than its competitors in the same segment.", "Timex watches spawned a mid-20th century Memetic Mutation : \"Takes a licking and keeps on ticking!\"", "There are of course significant risks in replacing ''licking/ticking,'' which ranked No. 40 on a list of the top 100 campaigns of the 20th century compiled by the trade publication Advertising Age. Timex, the United States watch market leader -- the Swatch Group is first worldwide -- would be poorly served if it were to give up the benefits of the previous theme, like the awareness and recall the longtime slogan has among consumers, without achieving improvements in measurements like modernity or relevance.", "'' 'It takes a licking and keeps on ticking' is brilliant, because the slogan says the benefit,'' Mr. Foster said. ''With 'Life is ticking,' I have a tendency to want to complete the slogan; it doesn't sound like it's finished.''", "'' 'It takes a licking and keeps on ticking' was very consistent with a durability message, and was very effective,'' Mr. Shuster said. ''But durability is now almost a given because as technologies have improved, people have caught on to it. Our thought was, is there a way to evolve beyond durability, to look for that something that captures more of the spirit and mindset of today.''", "The \"Licking/Ticking\" tagline ranks number 40 on Ad Age's list o the top 100 ad campaigns of the 20th century. With that kind of notoriety, it boggles the mind when companies make these changes and it is an underlying problem of the advertising industry. Advertising professionals want to put their personal mark on something so they have an agency review and launch a new ad campaign. Of course taglines and brand messaging need to change with the times or when the company's mission changes but they need change to something with meaning and not drivel such as \"Life is Ticking.\"", "Early official slogans included \"North America's Hospitality Dish\" (1956–1966) and \"We fix Sunday dinner seven nights a week\" from 1957 until 1968. The two slogans were phased out in order to concentrate on the \"finger lickin' good\" slogan.", "In both Ireland and the United Kingdom, the Crunchie has been advertised since the 1980s with the slogan \"Get that Friday feeling\". Prior to the 1980s Crunchie was advertised as \"Crunchie makes exciting biting\".", "With changing times came changing slogans. To broaden its appeal across the nation, Dr Pepper hailed itself as \"the most misunderstood soft drink,\" and then in the 1970s became \"the most original soft drink ever in the whole wide world.\" In 1977, Dr Pepper advertising was marked by the famous \"Be a Pepper\" campaign, followed by \"Be You.\"   The newest slogan out today is \"There's just more to it,\" which coordinates with the emphasis on the 23 fruit flavors that give Dr Pepper its unique taste.", "    * In 1925, Coca-Cola made a lucky watch fob in the shape of a swastika with the slogan, \"Drink Coca Cola five cents", "In this case, a strong brand name (or company name) is made the vehicle for a range of products (for example, Mercedes-Benz or Black & Decker) or a range of subsidiary brands (such as Cadbury Dairy Milk, Cadbury Flake, or Cadbury Fingers in the UK).", "Firms often spend millions of dollars in slogan development and promotion … Yet, while some, such as DeBeers’ 1938 slogan, “A Diamond is Forever,” or Allstate Insurance Company’s 1956 slogan, “You’re in Good Hands with Allstate,” endure the test of time, others, such as Dodge’s 1954 slogan, “Elegance in Action,” or Pepsi’s, “Any Weather is Pepsi Weather,” do not. Such wide variation in their effectiveness or longevity raises questions about what makes customers like some slogans and not others.", "The phrase “Meanwhile, back at _____,” originated with cards inserted in silent films in the early 20th century. In westerns, this was often “Meanwhile, back at the ranch ...” Once audio became a common component, the phrase was still used by narrators in films and radio and television shows. Most recently, it was used in the various Superfriends animated series of the late 1970s. Narrator Ted Knight would say, “Meanwhile, back at the Hall of Justice ...” or “Meanwhile, at the Legion of Doom ...” In Dairy Queen restaurants, the device used to cook their food was a brazier; the company turned the device’s name into a brand in 1957. The fast food chain Burger King was started as Insta-Burger King in 1953 in Jacksonville, Florida. Today, there are about 12,000 locations in 71 countries. In the 1980s, one of several ad slogans Burger King used was “We do it like you’d do it.”", "\"Don’t Leave Home Without It.\" In 1975, Ogilvy & Mather created this slogan for American Express. The commercials were among the first to include celebrity cameos, including Jim Henson, Stephen King, and Jerry Seinfeld. In 1985, BBDO responded with \"Visa, It’s Everywhere You Want to Be.\" And not to be outdone in the plastic slogan war, in 1997, MasterCard brought the heat with \"There are some things money can’t buy. For everything else, there’s MasterCard.\" Priceless.", "The Super Speed razor was again redesigned in 1966 and given a black resin coated metal handle. It remained in production until 1988. A companion model, \"The Knack\", with a longer plastic handle, was produced from 1966 to 1976. In Europe, the Knack was sold as \"Slim Twist\" and \"G2000\" from 1978 to 1988, a later version known as \"G1000\" was made in England and available until 1998. A modern version of the Tech, with a plastic thin handle, is still produced and sold in several countries under the names 7 O'clock, Gillette, Nacet, Minora, Rubie and Economica. ", "The United States also used the short lived slogan, \"Tastes So Good, You'll Roar\", in the early 1980s. The TV commercial most known from this slogan involves a young man biting into one of the Kit Kat fingers in a grocery store, and roaring like a lion so loudly the whole store shakes violently, knocking items from the shelves. Another short-lived U.S. slogan was \"That's What You Want\", whose television adverts showed people pulling unlikely foodstuffs from their pockets or purses, before rejecting them in favour of a Kit Kat.", "Simon was later re-released by Milton Bradley – now owned by Hasbro – in its original circular form, though with a translucent case rather than plain black. It was also sold as a two-sided Simon Squared version, with the reverse side having eight buttons for head-to-head play, and as a keychain (officially licensed by Fun4All) with simplified gameplay (only having Game 1, Difficulty 4 available). Other variations of the original game, no longer produced, include Pocket Simon and the eight-button Super Simon, both from 1980. Finally, Nelsonic released an official wristwatch version of Simon. ", "This is an icon because it became an international symbol of quality and excellence for the Victor talking machine company, nipper lives on through the brand names and has even appeared in ads on television with his son a puppy named chipper who was added to the RCA family in 1991.", "By 1973 the Watch With Mother title had been dropped, as it was considered to be dated, and by 1980 the strand had been named See-Saw. [2] A Watch With Mother video became a best-seller in 1987, and was followed by a second in 1989. A 45rpm Promotional single was available to Radio Disc Jockeys for promo only entitled \"Flob-A-Dob-A-Ben\". The single was not released for general release and was played often as a novelty record on Radio Trent, in 1987, on the Andy Marriott Television Show. Since the shows were a great success and fondly remembered by many, modern incarnations of the shows Andy Pandy and The Flower Pot Men have been produced.", "Many companies or products spawn multiple humorous backronyms, with positive connotations asserted by supporters or negative ones by detractors. For example, the car company Ford was said to stand for \"First On Race Day\", by aficionados, but disparaged as \"Fix Or Repair Daily\", by critics. Similar backronyms have been directed against many other automakers, such as \"Fix It Again Tony\" for Fiat. ", "The Cosmograph evolved in 1965 with the launch of a version that introduced screw-down chronograph pushers instead of the pump pushers found on the original model. The screw-down pushers brought the finishing touch to the Oyster concept, and prevented the pushers from being manipulated accidentally. In testimony to its reinforced waterproofness, the name �Oyster� was inscribed on all the dials in addition to �Cosmograph�. Another new feature came in the form of a black Plexiglas insert for the tachymetric bezel. The white graduation increased legibility yet again.", "After the 70s, AP continued to release a number of industry firsts, such as the ultra-thin perpetual calendar wristwatch with central rotor, self-winding ultra-thin tourbillon, self-winding grand complication, wristwatch equation of time with perpetual calendar, and high frequency chronometer with double-balance AP Escapement.", "A particular fad has been going on for several years. Some adhere to it, but some are left perplexed. The happy owners of cars, often customized, stick obscure words on their rear windshield: \"The GTI Touch\", \"The Touch\", or better: \"Touch The.\" It's all a campaign. After a while, these mysterious stickers have taken on a meaning synonymous of \"loved car\", polished, which despite not necessarily being fast, has the look and the flash. 'Brand New Day' confirms that we should stick such a sticker on the former leader of The Police's albums: \"The Sting Touch.\" Meaning: quality album, worked, researched and always well polished.", "Its mascot is the character Mr. Clean, a muscular, American, bald man who cleans things very well. According to the company, his image is supposed to be that of a sailor, although most people think he is a genie based on his earring, folded arms, and tendency to magically appear at the appropriate time. Mr. Clean has always smiled on the packaging, except for a brief time in the mid 1960's when he was frowning on the package.", "In the 90s, which company used this phrase for their slogan \"Let your fingers do the walking\"?", "Brushed stainless steel case Hardened mineral glass Laser engraved screw down crown Polished stainless steel screw in back plate • Water resistant 200m • One-direction rotatable stainless steel bezel • Quartz movement with central secondhand and calendar • 5 rubies • 40 month battery • traser lights on all three hands, hour markings and bezel • Guaranteed for 2 years (Light source 10 years) • Strap in polymer, rubber, stainless steel or velcro Model shown £199.99 + pip Other dial colours available are Black, Yellow, White", "& Sons Automotive, and it is the foundation of our enduring success here in Kuwait. This promotional campaign supports this long-term strategy, and ensures our customers’ ownership experience is a joyful and very special one. “Ensuring the safety of our customers is of utmost importance, through this offer we provide a comprehensive insurance program, for one year, which we hope will provide added value to our customers, and help us maintain their satisfaction,” he added.", "The brand's products are made from extremely tough and resilient materials to give the product a longer shelf life.", "The company used the 1952 World Series as a platform for the revised \"Look sharp, feel sharp, be sharp\" campaign (originally used during the 1946 series broadcast) and its \"How're ya fixed for blades?\" spots. The latter took off with a popular series of animated spots featuring Sharpie the talking parrot.", "Related to Stuck on Band-Aid Brand , where a company not only holds the trademark, but continually remind people of it. May overlap with Trade Snark , where words are labelled as trademarks for humorous purposes." ]

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[ "Famous teenage diarist Anne Frank was born Annelies Marie Frank, on June 12, 1929, in Frankfurt, Germany. She lived with her sister Margot, her mother Edith and her father, Otto. A German-Jewish family, the Franks lived quietly on the outskirts of Frankfurt, until Hitler became chancellor of Germany on January 20, 1933, bringing with him strong anti-Jew policies.", "Born Annelies Marie Frank on 12 June 1929, to Otto Frank and Edith Frank-Holländer, Anne Frank has become one of the most talked about Jewish victims of the Holocaust, largely in part due to her diary that she kept from 12 June 1942 to 1 August 1944, a diary that was published after her death.", "KATHY NELLIS, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): For her 13th birthday, Anne Frank received a diary, a place to record her private thoughts and feelings. Her first entry expresses her expectations.", "...diarist. Anne Frank was born Annelies Marie Frank on June 12, 1929, in Frankfurt, Germany. Her mother was Edith Frank, and her father,Otto Frank, was a lieutenant in the German Army during World War I who later became a businessman in Germany and the Netherlands. Frank also had a sister named Margot, three years her senior. The Franks were a typical upper middle-class German-Jewish family living...", "That year, Anne, who had an ambition to be a writer, was given a red and white check diary for her 13th birthday and immediately started writing about her experiences.", "Otto Frank, the only survivor of the family, returned to Amsterdam after the war to find that Anne’s diary had been saved and his efforts led to its publication in 1947. It was translated from its original Dutch and first published in English in 1952 as The Diary of a Young Girl. It has since been translated into many languages. The diary, which was given to Anne on her 13th birthday, chronicles her life from June 12, 1942 until August 1, 1944.", "On her 13th birthday – she had gone into hiding by then – Anne was given a diary as a birthday present. For the two years she was in hiding Anne wrote a detailed diary. She invented an imaginary friend, Kitty, who was the person she imagined telling her thoughts to. Anne wrote about life in hiding, her family relationships, the other people in hiding with her and her own physical and emotional development. It is a very moving personal record of what happened during the Holocaust.", "June 12, 1942: Anne receives an autograph book from her father for her birthday and Anne Frank decides to use it as a diary.", "Discovered in the attic in which she spent the last year of her life, Anne Frank's remarkable diary has since become a world classic -- a powerful reminder of the horrors of war and an eloquent testament to the human spirit. In 1942, with Nazis occupying Holland, a thirteen-year-old...   more", "In July 1942, thirteen-year-old Anne Frank and her family, fleeing the occupation, went into hiding in an Amsterdam warehouse. Over the next two years Anne vividly describes in her diary the frustrations of living in such close quarters, and her thoughts, feelings and longings as she grows up. Her diary ends abruptly when, in August 1944, they were all betrayed.", "The Diary of a Young Girl: In a remarkable account begun on her thirteenth birthday in 1942, a Jewish girl in German-occupied Amsterdam records her hopes, fears, and growing pains during two years of close confinement with her family hiding from the Nazis in a secret apartment. Original version edited by her father. For grades 6-9 and older readers. 1947. BR015076 , BR000927, BR010113 , DB057022", "*Anne Frank (1929–1945) – The Diary of a Young Girl (or The Diary of Anne Frank)", "The Diary of a Young Girl was actually a diary by Anne Frank. She chronicles her time in hiding during World War II before being taken to Nazi concentration camps. It is the only piece of literature she wrote, she died of typhus in 1945 at the age of 16.", "Shortly before going into hiding Anne receives a diary for her birthday. She starts writing straightaway and during her time in hiding she writes about events in the", "There are two versions of the diary written by Anne Frank. She wrote the first version in a designated diary and two cahiers (version A), but rewrote it (version B) in 1944 after hearing on the radio that war-time diaries were to be collected to document the war period. Version B was written on loose paper and is not identical to Version A, as parts were added and others omitted.", "Her diary inspired other books, music, plays, and films and has been translated into to more than 60 languages. Otto said, \"Anne’s diary was a great help for me in regaining a positive outlook on the world. With its publication, I hoped to help many people, and that proved to be the case.\"", "Anne Frank was one of the million Jewish children who died in the Holocaust. She was well-acclaimed for her style of writing in her diary, which she wrote during the Nazi invasion period. Her diary was later adapted into several plays and films. She was a German national by birth till 1941 but then she lost her nationality due to the anti-Semitic policies during the Nazi Germany period (as per the Nuremberg Laws). Anne frank's family initially stayed in Germany but they later moved to Amsterdam in 1933. She, along with her family, was trapped in Amsterdam and they hid in Otto Frank's, office building until Anne Frank along with her sister, Margot, was transferred to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Both Anne and her sister died of typhus in March 1945 in the concentration camp. The only remaining survivor of her family, Otto Frank found her diary and took the initiative of publishing it in 1947 in Netherlands. It was initially written in Dutch but later published in English in 1952 with the title The Diary of a Young Girl. In this book, she shared her experiences during her hideout owing to the German invasion of the Netherlands at the time of World War II and she is internationally acclaimed for this book.", ", is the only one of the eight people to survive. After her death Anne becomes world famous because of the diary she wrote while in hiding.", "Anne Frank would have celebrated her 80th birthday this month. The diary she wrote as a teenager in a cramped Amsterdam attic lives in the hearts of readers across the world. Her story has been a continuing inspiration to many and made her one of the most enduring voices of World War II.", "Anne Frank (1929-1945), the Dutch Jewish teenager who kept a diary of her wartime experiences, dies at 15 in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany.", "This caught the interest of Contact Publishing in Amsterdam, who approached Otto Frank to submit a Dutch draft of the manuscript for their consideration. They offered to publish but advised Otto Frank that Anne's candor about her emerging sexuality might offend certain conservative quarters and suggested cuts. Further entries were also deleted. The diary -which was a combination of version A and version B- was published under the name Het Achterhuis. Dagbrieven van 14 juni 1942 tot 1 augustus 1944 (The Secret Annex. Diary Letters from June 14, 1942 to August 1, 1944) on June 25, 1947. Otto Frank later discussed this moment, \"If she had been here, Anne would have been so proud.\" The book sold well; the 3000 copies of the first edition were soon sold out, and in 1950 a sixth edition was published.", "When I got this book, I wondered how Francine Prose would untangle the provenance and legacy of this famous book - “The Diary of a Young Girl’’ by Anne Frank. Its hold on us has inspired John Berryman, Philip Roth, Judith Thurman, Cynthia Ozick among others, and engendered adaptations for stage and screen. Everyone seems to want to have the ... (Globe Correspondent, 11/14/09)", "She lived in Amsterdam with her parents and sister. During the Holocaust, Anne and her family hid in the attic of her father's office to escape the Nazis. It was during that time period that she had recorded her life in her diary.", "\"Staebler . . . became a figure of folklore because her best-selling Schmecks cookbooks combine recipes with regional lore and anecdotes. . . . A prodigious diarist who began at 16 in 1922, and continued for over 80 years until a mild stroke in 2003, Staebler went on to a rewarding career, winning numerous awards and eventually establishing her own award for a new non-fiction writer. . . . Her diaries are fraught with fretting about her sexual dissatisfaction . . . literary laziness, the nature of her own talent and her character. Alas, few of her complaints, queries or prescriptions are deep, novel or articulated stylishly.\"", "Anne's diary was one of the first things I can remember reading that really stuck with me, at about 12 years old. Reading it changed my outlook on a lot of things; no small task for a 12 year old with an already limited world view. Visiting her home, the hiding place, and the concentration camps, are all on my bucket list.", "At school she showed an aptitude for music and art, gymnastics, dancing and tennis. The photos show a slender, rather serious young woman with good posture. And nice legs. She always took care over her appearance. In this, as in everything else, she was a perfectionist. She kept the neatest address-book I have ever seen and was very good at staying in touch with old friends all over the world. Some of them came to her 90th birthday celebration in May. Her meticulous record-keeping has made it easy for Jake and me to find all the documents weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve needed in the last couple of weeks.", "Not long after turning 12 she began a detailed and highly characteristic journal that she kept throughout her life.", "Very much the traveler, Evelyn lived sporadically all over the world, including France, England and Mexico, and spoke Spanish and French fluently. She was also a writer and published a Hollywood-themed novel in her later years. Her GWTW association and tell-all memoirs in 1977 and 1991 kept her a point of interest right up until the end. Not surprisingly, this firecracker of a lady passed away on the 4th of July -- at age 91 of uterine cancer at an assisted-living residence in Montecito, California.", "This particularly luscious Parisian was born Denise Billecard on September 8, 1925, one of five daughters born to a baker and his wife. The daughters were raised outside of Paris in a small town for a time, but Denise eventually moved back to Paris after WWII as a young adult and college student (University of Dijon). She was working as a dime store cashier when she entered and won a beauty contest that resulted in a lot of publicity for her as \"The Most Beautiful Girl in France\". She capitalized on this by developing her own nightclub act and touring around the Riviera with it -- blazing a name for herself.", "For four years she was the spokesperson for Best Western Hotels worldwide and also wrote and developed several travel books for Donning Publishing. Titles include \"Dining by Candlelight,\" \"Bed & Champagne,\" \"Travel Tips London,\" \"Travel Tips Paris,\" \"Travel Tips San Francisco,\" \"Travel Tips Los Angeles,\" \"Travel Tips New York,\" \"Travel Tips Orlando,\" \"Travel Tips Rome\" and \"Travel Tips Hawaii.\" She also developed a unique concept called \"Travel Notes\" that were portable and easy to carry while actually sightseeing.", "Jean Arthur, This pic is from 1966, and she didn't die until 1991 -- but it's impossible to find a pic of her after this date. She's was pretty reclusive. Anyone have a later pic? She's 66 here.", "Several volumes of her work are devoted to autobiography . These include Mémoires d’une jeune fille rangée (1958; Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter), La Force de l’âge (1960; The Prime of Life), La Force des choses (1963; Force of Circumstance), and Tout compte fait (1972; All Said and Done). This body of work, beyond its personal interest, constitutes a clear and telling portrait of French intellectual life from the 1930s to the 1970s." ]

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[ "An all-time classic. Whenever nerdy Prince Adam held aloft his magic sword, and said \"By the power of Grayskull!\", he became He-Man, the most powerful man in the universe! He fought the evil forces of Skeletor for control of the planet Eternia.", "The show takes place on the fictional planet of Eternia, a planet of magic, myth and fantasy. Its lead character is Prince Adam, the young son of Eternia's rulers, King Randor and Queen Marlena. Whenever Prince Adam holds the Sword of Power aloft and proclaims \"By the Power of Grayskull!\" he is endowed with \"fabulous secret powers\" and transformed into He-Man, the most powerful man in the universe. Together with his close allies, Battle Cat (who undergoes a similar transformation from being Adam's cowardly pet tiger Cringer), The Sorceress, Teela, Man-At-Arms and Orko, He-Man uses his powers to defend Eternia from the evil forces of Skeletor. Skeletor's main goal is to conquer the mysterious fortress of Castle Grayskull, from which He-Man draws his powers. If successful, Skeletor would have enough power to rule Eternia and possibly the entire universe. ", "The most powerful man in the universe, He-Man, goes against the evil forces of Skeletor to save the planet Eternia and to protect the secrets of Castle Grayskull with the help of his friends, Man-At-Arms, Teela, Orko, and Battlecat.", "On the planet Eternia, the dark lord Skeletor has taken over Castle Greyskull, and imprisoned the Sorceress, and Skeletor has begun draining the Sorceress' powers as he attempts to claim the powers of Greyskull and become master of the universe. Mighty warrior He-Man, the most powerful man in the universe and his companions: loyal soldier Man-at-Arms, his daughter Teela and a dwarf inventor named Gwildor finds themselves on Earth, by Gwildor's creation, the Cosmic Key, a device that can open portals that lead to anywhere in the galaxy, which Skeletor requires in his goal for universal conquest. But when the Cosmic Key is discovered by Julie Winston and her boyfriend Kevin Corrigan, both unaware that Earth is about to become a battleground, as Skeletor and his vile minions arrives on Earth, as they go in pursuit of He-Man and his companions who are searching for the Cosmic Key so they can return to Eternia and defeat Skeletor. Written by Daniel Williamson", "The most powerful man in the universe, He-Man, goes against the evil forces of Skeletor to save the planet Eternia and to protect the secrets of Castle Grayskull.", "It was not until the creation of the Cosmic Key, a device used to make portals to literally anywhere, that Skeletor was able to finally take control of Castle Grayskull. However, as the Defender of Grayskull, He-Man, was able to befriend Gwildor, the inventor of the Cosmic Key. With the prototype Cosmic Key, He-Man, Gwildor, Duncan, and Teela, were able to reclaim Castle Grayskull, as Skeletor retreated back to Snake Mountain once more. It is now that Zodak, the last of the great Zodakkian Council of Elders, can watch from a distance, as the Guardian of Castle Grayskull, the Sorceress, is able to protect the ancient knowledge of the once great Ancient Zodakkians. All with the help of the Defender of Castle Grayskull, the mighty warrior, He-Man.", "Skeletor's archenemy, the warrior He-Man, veteran soldier Man-At-Arms, and his daughter Teela rescue Gwildor from Skeletor's forces. Gwildor, a Thenorian locksmith, reveals that Skeletor has stolen his invention: a \"Cosmic Key\" that can open a portal to anywhere by utilizing sound keys. The device was copied by Skeletor's second-in-command, Evil-Lyn, allowing Skeletor to breach Castle Grayskull.", "Skeletor was the primary villain in the 1987 live-action film portrayed by Frank Langella. As this was a motion picture, Skeletor was allowed to be far more menacing and less comical. To prepare for the role, Langella had asked his kids questions about the character and watched the series. During the course of the movie, Skeletor captures Castle Grayskull and imprisons the Sorceress. Later, he absorbs the power of the Great Eye and transforms into a golden-armored warrior god, but is ultimately defeated by He-Man. Langella's version of Skeletor is clad in more regal attire than is traditionally seen. Rather than dark purple, he wears all black, and his costume is less scant, covering his entire body with a robe and a flowing cape. Langella's performance is highly regarded by fans and critics as being a high point in the film. Langella himself has also mentioned several times that Skeletor has been one of his favorite roles during his entire career.", "In the illustrated minicomics released with the first series of toys and drawn by Alfredo Alcala , He-Man is a barbarian from an Eternian tribe. The planet's inhabitants are dealing with the aftermath of the Great Wars, which devastated the civilizations that once ruled supreme over all lesser beings. The Wars left behind advanced machinery and weaponry known only to select people. An early incarnation of the Sorceress of Castle Grayskull gives He-Man some of these weapons, and he sets out to defend the secrets of Castle Grayskull from the evil villain Skeletor . He-Man possesses one half of the Power Sword; the second half is possessed by Skeletor, who uses it as his main weapon. When joined, the two halves of the Power Sword will provide the key to Castle Grayskull. This is why the two figures' swords could combine into one sword, when the action figures were initially released. In one early illustrated story, He-Man and Skeletor actually united their two Power Sword halves to form the true Power Sword in order to defeat a common enemy.", "Skeletor was originally a demon from another dimension, where his species fought in a great war, he ended up on Eternia as the great war created a gateway to Eternia. Eventually he learns of the magic fires of Castle Grayskull that would give him ultimate power and rule the planet of Eternia. He finds that legends tell that the true king of Castle Grayskull will find the two halves of the Sword of Power and will claim his place as king of the castle and ruler of Eternia. After failing to trick the Warrior Goddess of Castle Grayskull ( Teela ) and He-Man he retreats with both halves of the sword banished into another dimension.", "Skeletor — The main antagonist of the series, Skeletor is the most evil being and most dangerous threat to Eternia. His only goal is power, and to that end he will not rest until he possesses the secrets of Castle Grayskull, whereby he could become master of the universe. This places him in direct conflict with the only man powerful enough to stop him, He-Man.", "The proposed storyline was to focus on Ancient Eternia, which was populated by many creatures, including the aforementioned cybernetic dinosaurs and giants. When the Sorceress and He-Man arrive, followed by Skeletor, they find King Hiss leading an attack on a village in the hope of drawing out \"The Elders\", using some of the cybernetic dinosaurs to their advantage. Hiss serves an \"unnamed one\" and agrees to unite with Skeletor on the basis that he might be an emissary. Seeing Skeletor's interference, the Sorceress allows He-Man to enter the battle but, \"for reasons that will be made clear to you in the future,\" he had to be disguised. He finds himself overwhelmed, but then a shadowy figure appears who turns the odds with a powerful wand. The stranger then sends the Snake Men back to their base and all the time travellers home. The Sorceress describes the intervener as \"the Greatest Sorcerer of all\" and He-Man is left asking, \"But who is he?\". No further story information is given, and it remains unclear how the giants mentioned and released as toys would fit into the story. However, some marketing press releases and prototypes have shed further information.", "Skeletor is a fictional character and the primary antagonist of the Masters of the Universe franchise created by Mattel. He is the archenemy of He-Man. Depicted as a muscular blue humanoid with a purple hood over his yellowing bare-bone skull, Skeletor seeks to conquer Castle Grayskull so he can obtain its ancient secrets, which would make him unstoppable and enable him to conquer and rule Eternia but his incompetent henchmen's stupidity always gets in the way. ", "GRAYSKULL POSSE. He-man with Teela, Man-at-Arms, Battle Cat and Orko. Fan art from the He-man Facebook page", "In the 1987 live action movie, Castle Grayskull is finally captured by Skeletor's forces. The first image of it seen is of its interior as Skeletor, victorious at last, makes the long march across the castle's Throne Room. The throne resides in the posterior section of the room just beyond the section's seemingly incomplete marble foundation which rests atop pillars and framework that extend from a deep abyss. This foundation is formed in such a way that there are four large holes of sizes that altogether occupy most of the floor's area leaving a few wide catwalk walkways. The large posterior section of the room is lined with several tall statues of elders along each side whereas the much thinner, less tall, anterior section of the room is an open hallway lined with columns along each side. Near the throne, Skeletor has trapped the Sorceress within an energy field, which, little by little, transfers her power to him. The castle serves as Skeletor's main base of operations throughout the movie. According to the film, it houses a giant circular portal called \"the Great Eye of the Galaxy\", which only opens when Eternia's moon reaches its zenith, granting whoever stands before it god-like power. It is never explicitly stated, though visuals strongly indicate, that for this to happen the Sword of Grayskull must be inserted into a small column near the portal. The opening narration implies that Castle Grayskull itself is at the center of the universe.", "Mortally wounded in battle with his half-brother(from the later minicomics) Captain Randor, Keldor turned to his dark-arts master Hordak to save his life. Merging Keldor with the extra-dimensional being Demo-Man (originally, the planned name for the Skeletor character) from Despondos, Keldor was forever changed into Skeletor, Overlord of Evil! He gathered together the greatest outcasts and evil warriors of Eternia in his quest to gain entry into Castle Grayskull and obtain what he believes is the universe’s ultimate power source.", "Upon his death, King Grayskull transferred his power into his sword that now forms the basis of He-Man's power. His wife Veena became the first Sorceress, and his advisers became the Council of Elders. He also had an enormous green lion as a mount, bearing the same armor as Battle Cat, and is presumably where Battle Cat gains his powers.", "While marooned at sea, Teela and Adam have an argument where while Adam doesn't know that he was a prince, Teela doesn't even know her past. After Zoar brings them a coconut, Adam and Teela realize that there is an island nearby and fashion some oars to take them there. Upon arrival on the island, they are attacked by a group of warriors led by Man-At-Arms. After Adam and Teela are knocked out, Man-At-Arms finds Teela looking familiar to him and defends her from the other warriors' comments. Upon being brought to the queen of the warriors, some of Adam's memories surface as he somehow knows that the queen is named Evil-Lyn and that Teela swears that Man-At-Arms is her father. Evil-Lyn plans to sacrifice Adam and Teela to the Cauldron of Doom tomorrow morning. At Castle Grayskull, Skeletor is getting annoyed at the fact that none of his allies have successfully killed Adam. He can't leave Castle Grayskull to do the job himself or else he won't get back in. Even with all the torture he has caused the Sorceress of the castle, he worries that she is the key to unlocking the castle's power. Later that night, Man-At-Arms has some trouble sleeping and decides to visit the prisoners. He visits Teela's cell and wants to know why her appearance has been in his dreams.", "Ah, but there is a limit to even He-Man's power. Players must keep an eye out for two gauges at the top of the screen: the requisite health bar and the Grayskull Power bar. The health bar functions like any other game's--if He-Man takes too much damage and it reaches empty, the game ends and Skeletor's forces have prevailed. Fortunately the developers made sure to scatter frequent save points throughout every level, so you never have to fight too long without being able to check your progress. As for the Grayskull power bar, it represents the energy you have left to perform special attacks with your weapons, similar to the magic points in an RPG or a Zelda title.", "Evil-Lyn reports the misplacement of her prisoners Adam and Teela to Skeletor. When she points out that the bird Zoar caused Adam to fall and discover the means of escape, Skeletor realizes that the Sorceress of Grayskull has been undermining him. Angrily, he bursts into her cell and demands to know where in his mind she was hiding. She reveals that she hid in plain sight within a pleasant memory....moments he rarely revisits. Grabbing her by the neck, he explains that he does not need her to get at Grayskull's power and snaps it dropping her limp body to the floor. ", "Game developer Savage Entertainment has made good use of the supporting cast of characters. Instead of just being a person to rescue, the Sorceress of Grayskull actively helps you during the game by telepathically communicating gameplay tips to He-Man. If you get stuck, chances are that the Sorceress will have a hint or two to nudge you in the right direction. This keeps the game flowing smoothly and the focus on action with a bit of light exploration. Boss enemies in the game are plucked straight from the cartoon, so you can expect epic battles with Skeletor's lackeys like Tri-Clops, as well as brand-new original game characters such as the Sphinx. Some bosses even become He-Man's allies after being defeated and fight alongside him in combat.", "In the 1980s cartoon series, Skeletor is a former pupil of Hordak, leader of the Evil Horde. When Hordak and his Horde invaded Eternia and stormed the palace, Hordak broke in and kidnapped one of the King and Queen's twin babies. ", "In the 2002 cartoon series, the planet is seen to have two very distinctive regions—the Dark Hemisphere and the Light Hemisphere (something that was mentioned in some earlier incarnations but seldom played upon). In the episode Separation the Sorceress tells He-Man that long ago Hordak and his minions used the Triad of Discidium to create the Dark Hemisphere in an effort to give his army a place to grow and thrive. Unfortunately, the magic he unleashed was beyond his ability to control, and the spell nearly destroyed all of Eternia. In more recent times, the dark half of the planet has served as Skeletor's domain, and a place to be avoided at all costs.", "is the arch-enemy and main antagonist of He-Man. Tagged “The Evil Lord of Destruction” he is the greatest threat to present day Eternia. He seeks to conquer Castle Grayskull so he can learn all of Eternia’s ancient secrets, which would make him unstoppable, and enable him to conquer and rule all of Eternia.", "\"Who are you to give orders to me?\" Skeletor demanded indignantly. \"I am Skeletor, the Lord of all that is Evil in Eternia! You will bow down to me, barbarian!\" He raised his staff and fired a bolt straight at Adam. Eternia's Champion easily the magic.", "In this new version, it is shown that Skeletor was formerly a warlord named Keldor who had trained in the dark arts. Keldor was taught the ways of black magic by summoning Hordak, who was trapped in the dark dimension, Despondos. He gathered a small band of warriors to attack the Hall of Wisdom. They encountered resistance from Captain Randor and his officers; Keldor fought Randor personally, wielding two swords with astounding proficiency, but when Randor disarmed him, Keldor threw a vial of acid at him. Randor deflected it with his shield, and the acid splashed on Keldor's face.", "Castle Grayskull was released by Mattel for inclusion in their Masters of the Universe Classics action figure line (mid to late November 2013), and a new character, named Castle Grayskullman, described as the \"Heroic Embodiment of Castle Grayskull\" was created by Daniel Benedict, and was the winner of the 30th Anniversary \"Create-A-Character\" Contest. The figure of Castle Grayskullman was released in November 2012.", "Take Over the World : The goal of Skeletor and pretty much every villain is to take over Eternia.", "An Evil Warrior who tried to turn by Skeletor, who left him severely injured. Tri-Klops remade him as a Cyborg with a mechanical jaw and a robotic right arm with interchangeable weapons.", "In one episode of Filmation's series, titled \" The Greatest Show on Eternia \", Skeletor is seen unhooded in one scene in which he is shot into the air clinging to a giant firework, his hood being pushed back by air pressure exposing his skull. However, the hood is not pulled far back enough to reveal Skeletor's neck, or lack of one.", "Whiplash — One of Skeletor's minions, Whiplash is an anthropomorphic reptilian creature. His main asset for battle is his long, bulky tail, which can injure or knock over his opponent by delivering a heavy blow, as well as being able to smash through solid rock.", "Beauty Equals Goodness : Averted in the original show, but played straight in The New Adventures of He-Man. Nearly all of He-Man's Galactic Guardians are normal humans using technological equipment in lieu of actual powers. Meanwhile, Flogg and Skeletor's Mutants are all, well, mutants, each possessing a variety of deformities and superhuman abilities." ]

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[ "Blondie and Dagwood, wife and husband who appeared in Blondie, an American newspaper comic strip created by Chic Young in 1930. Originally, Blondie Boopadoop was a flighty flapper and Dagwood Bumstead was the bumbling playboy son of a millionaire industrialist. The two were married, and Dagwood was promptly disinherited from the family fortune. Blondie and Dagwood had a son in 1934 (Baby Dumpling, later called Alexander) and a daughter in 1941. Hundreds of thousands of readers participated in a mail-in contest to name the Bumstead baby, and she was eventually dubbed Cookie.", "Dean Wayne Young (born July 2, 1938) is the head writer of the popular comic strip Blondie, which he inherited from his father Chic Young, who died in 1973.", "Although technically a series of 28 films stretching over a period of twelve years (1938-1950), the series of Blondie films somewhat qualifies as a feature-film serial. Its main character was a blonde named Blondie Bumstead. The premise was derived from Chic Young's comic strip character (created in 1930). All of the light-hearted films, one sequel after another, told of the misadventures and mishaps of the small town family, led by bumbling dunce husband Dagwood (Arthur Lake), his sensible yet sassy wife Blondie (Penny Singleton), their son Baby Dumpling/Alexander (Larry Simms, appearing from age 3-15), their younger daughter Cookie (Marjorie Kent), and their family dog Daisy.", "In 1930, Chic Young created the comic strip Blondie, about the amusing misadventures of the title character, a carefree flapper girl familiar to readers of the time. The strip’s focus soon shifted to Blondie’s husband, Dagwood. Dagwood was distinguished by the wings on his unique hairstyle, a thankless office job and a penchant for making and eating titanic sandwiches despite his rail-like build. The strip began being published in the United States but achieved worldwide popularity, inspiring a 1940s movie series, and still was syndicated internationally as of 2010.", "The solidity of the Bumstead marriage resulted in Baby Dumpling’s birth on April 15, 1934, and with that, the strip established itself as the pace-setter for its genre, inspiring almost as much merchandising in its heyday as Peanuts did in its. As a measure of its popularity: when Blondie and Dagwood produced a daughter in 1941 and Young ran a contest to name the new arrival, 431,275 people submitted suggestions. “Cookie” was the result.", "When Chic Young died in 1973, his son Dean took over writing the strip although he has probably ever since been relying upon gag writers (as, probably, did his father); for at least twenty years, Paul Pumpian was reportedly chief among them. In this practice, the Youngs share common ground with most of their inky-fingered brethren. Dean had been working with his father since the early 1960s before assuming the whole task of managing the verbal and visual comedy of Blondie. In recent years, he has attempted to bring the strip into contemporary suburban America by giving Blondie a catering business to run, but the focus of the strip remains pretty much what it has always been: the basic aspects of ordinary living—eating, sleeping, earning a living, and managing a household.", "Dagwood. The bungling husband and father, Dagwood Bumstead was created by Chic Young for his comic strip “Blondie.”", "When Chic Young passed away in 1973, his son Dean and his colleague Jim Raymond---brother of Alex Raymond, creator of Flash Gordon and Jungle Jim--- decided to maintain the tradition of inventing new and fresh adventures for the Bumstead family. Since Raymond�s death in 1981, Dean Young collaborated with different artists to continue the development of this comic strip: Mike Gersher, Stan Drake, Denis Lebrun and currently John Marshall with his assistant Frank Cummings.", "Blondie is a popular comic strip created by Murat Bernard \"Chic\" Young and syndicated by King Features Syndicate. It has been published in newspapers since September 8, 1930. The success of the comic strip led to a long-run Blondie film series (1938-1950) and a popular Blondie radio program (1939-1950).", "What began as a hillbilly burlesque soon evolved into one of the most imaginative, popular and well-drawn strips of the 20th century. Featuring vividly outlandish characters, bizarre situations, and equal parts suspense , slapstick , irony , satire , black humor and biting social commentary , Li'l Abner is considered a classic of the genre. The comic strip stars Li'l Abner Yokum—the simple-minded, loutish but good-natured and eternally innocent hayseed who lives with his parents—scrawny but superhuman Mammy Yokum, and shiftless, childlike Pappy Yokum.", "What began as a hillbilly burlesque soon evolved into one of the most imaginative, popular and well-drawn strips of the 20th century. Featuring vividly outlandish characters, bizarre situations, and equal parts suspense, slapstick, irony, satire, black humor and biting social commentary, Li'l Abner is considered a classic of the genre. The comic strip stars Li'l Abner Yokum—the simple-minded, loutish but good-natured and eternally innocent hayseed who lives with his parents—scrawny but superhuman Mammy Yokum, and shiftless, childlike Pappy Yokum.", "Dennis the Menace is a daily syndicated newspaper comic strip originally created, written and illustrated by Hank Ketcham . It debuted on March 12, 1951, in 16 newspapers [1] and was originally distributed by Post-Hall Syndicate . [2] It is now written and drawn by Ketcham's former assistants, Marcus Hamilton and Ron Ferdinand, and distributed to at least 1,000 newspapers in 48 countries and in 19 languages by King Features Syndicate . [3] The comic strip usually runs for a single panel on weekdays and a full strip on Sundays .", "In this comic strip, self-absorbed J. Wellington Wimpy pulls a flower growing from the eye of a cow skull and begins to wax poetic. His utterances are reminiscent of Shakespeare's Hamlet, but they are purely the work of creator Elzie Segar (1894–1938). Segar trained as a cartoonist through a correspondence course while working in the Chester Opera House in Chester, Illinois. He introduced the world to Thimble Theatre in 1919. His days in vaudeville had given him a gift for storytelling, an ear for language, and a rich vocabulary. Bud Sagendorf continued the comic strip in 1938, and Max Fleischer popularized the characters with his animated short films.", "Their \"father,\" Rudolph Dirks, was born in Germany in 1877. At age seven Dirks moved with his family to the United States and by age seventeen Rudy had begun selling cartoons to Judge and Life magazines. In 1897 he was hired by the Hearst paper, The New York Journal. At that time, the paper's editor, Rudolf Block, was looking for a strip that could rival R. F. Outcault's The Yellow Kid . It happened that Block was familiar with the humorous German picture-book story Max und Moritz and, in Dirk's words, \"asked me to draw a strip emulating the work of Wilhelm Busch, whose drawings of children had been popular for more than 40 years. I submitted a number of sketches from which emerged the two kids which editor Block christened the Katzenjammer Kids.\" The first true comic strip was born.", "The Katzenjammer Kids is an American comic strip created by the German immigrant Rudolph Dirks and drawn by Harold H. Knerr for 37 years (1912 to 1949). [1] It debuted December 12, 1897 in the American Humorist, the Sunday supplement of William Randolph Hearst 's New York Journal .", "Between 1936 and October 17, 1959, the comic strip Belinda Blue-Eyes (later shortened to Belinda) ran in the United Kingdom in the Daily Mirror. Writers Bill Connor and Don Freeman and artists Stephen Dowling and Tony Royle all worked on the strip over the years. In The Penguin Book of Comics Belinda is described as \"a perpetual waif, a British counterpart to the transatlantic Little Orphan Annie.\" ", "This spectacular piece by Richard Outcault features the introduction of two great comic strip characters, Mickey Dugan, also known as \"The Yellow Kid,\" and his immensely popular successor, Buster Brown. Here we can see the adoption of what became the standard Sunday format - twelve regularly spaced panels crowded with detailed drawing and text. In this story, Buster Brown, the twelve-year-old scion of a Manhattan family in the wealthy Murray Hill neighborhood heads to the tenements of Hogan's Alley in a dream. In a nod to another great comic strip of the period, Winsor McCay's Little Nemo in Slumberland, Outcault has Buster Brown wake up from his nightmare and resolve not to slumber. Outcault guided the engravers by coloring only the new elements in the comic strip.", "* Dover Publications reprinted two of the Cupples & Leon books and an original collection Little Orphan Annie in the Great Depression which contains all the daily strips from January to September, 1931.", "The oldest continuous comic strip still in existence is The Katzenjammer Kids. It first appeared in newspapers in 1897.", "Knerr's version of the strip introduced several major new characters in the 1930s. Miss Twiddle, a pompous tutor, and her brainy niece Lena came to stay permanently with the Katzenjammers in early 1936. Later in the year Twiddle's ex-pupil, \"boy prodigy\" Rollo Rhubarb joined them. The ever-smug Rollo is always trying to outwit Hans and Fritz, but his cunning plans often backfire.", "The series began in the daily strip for September 4, 1939, and continued both daily and Sunday through July 7, 1940. McManus met the challenge of geographical inclusiveness mostly in the daily strips, which featured stops in fifty-odd cities and towns, from Akron and Amarillo to Tulsa and Lake Tahoe. The family visits Washington, D. C., twice in the dailies (in January and March 1940), and Jiggs meets FDR, Vice President Garner, and J. Edgar Hoover. But it was the Sunday strips that allowed full rein to McManus's gift for composing prodigiously complex and colorful panels. In addition to New Year's Eve in Times Square, highlights included panoramic views of Boulder Dam, the Grand Canyon, and Niagara Falls, and richly detailed renderings of Philadelphia's Independence Square, the Capitol Mall in Washington, Old Ironsides in Boston harbor, and downtown Pittsburgh as seen from the steel skeleton of a rising skyscraper. [48]", "Li'l Abner is a satirical American comic strip that appeared in many newspapers in the United States, Canada and Europe, featuring a fictional clan of hillbillies in the impoverished mountain village of Dogpatch, Kentucky. Written and drawn by Al Capp (1909–1979), the strip ran for 43 years, from August 13, 1934 through November 13, 1977.", "October 4, 1931 - First Dick Tracy comic strip (Chester Gould), appeared in Detroit Mirror (New York Daily News Syndicate).", "In 1933, Popeye received a foundling baby in the mail, whom he adopted and named \" Swee'Pea .\" Other regular characters in the strip were J. Wellington Wimpy , a hamburger -loving moocher who would \"gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today\" (he was also soft-spoken and cowardly; Vickers Wellington bombers were nicknamed \"Wimpys\" after the character); George W. Geezil , a local cobbler who spoke in a heavily affected accent and habitually attempted to murder or wish death upon Wimpy; and Eugene the Jeep , a yellow, vaguely dog-like animal from Africa with magical powers. In addition, the strip featured the Sea Hag , a terrible pirate , as well as the last witch on Earth (her even more terrible sister excepted); Alice the Goon , a monstrous creature who entered the strip as the Sea Hag's henchwoman and continued as Swee'Pea's babysitter; and Toar , a caveman.", "Beetle Bailey (begun on September 4, 1950) is an American comic strip created by cartoonist Mort Walker. Set in a fictional United States Army military post, it is among the oldest comic strips still being produced by the original creator. Over the years, Mort Walker has been assisted by (among others) Jerry Dumas, Bob Gustafson, Frank Johnson and Walker's sons Neal, Brian and Greg Walker. The latter is currently credited on the strip.", "In 1933, Popeye received a foundling baby in the mail, whom he adopted and named \"Swee'Pea.\" Other regular characters in the strip were J. Wellington Wimpy, a hamburger-loving moocher who would \"gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today\" (he was also soft-spoken and cowardly; Vickers Wellington bombers were nicknamed \"Wimpys\" after the character); George W. Geezil, a local cobbler who spoke in a heavily affected accent and habitually attempted to murder or wish death upon Wimpy; and Eugene the Jeep, a yellow, vaguely dog-like animal from Africa with magical powers. In addition, the strip featured the Sea Hag, a terrible pirate, as well as the last witch on earth (her even more terrible sister excepted); Alice the Goon, a monstrous creature who entered the strip as the Sea Hag's henchwoman and continued as Swee'Pea's babysitter; and Toar, a caveman.", "An uncredited script collaborator on the strip was McManus' brother, Charles W. McManus, who was 61 when he died August 31, 1941. He also had his own comic strips in the 1920s, Dorothy Darnit and Mr. Broad. ", "Hi and Lois is a comic strip about a suburban family created by Mort Walker and drawn by Dik Browne. It debuted on October 18, 1954 and is distributed by King Features Syndicate.", "The Walton family, consisting of John and Olivia, their seven children, and John's parents Zebulon \"Zeb\" Tyler and Esther Walton, struggle to make a decent life during the Great Depression and World War II . The family's story is seen primarily through the eyes of John Boy, the eldest son and an aspiring journalist and novelist, who serves as narrator. John Walton and his father operate a lumber mill, with the Walton sons helping out in the business as they grow older. Occasional strangers needing temporary shelter for various reasons periodically stay with the hospitable Walton family. The mountain also sustains the livelihoods of a handful of colorful townsfolk, including the Baldwin sisters (two elderly spinsters who distill moonshine that they naively and endearingly call \"Papa's recipe\" or \"the recipe\"); general store owners/postmen Ike and Cora Beth Godsey (a distant Walton cousin); Sheriff Ep Bridges; Verdie Foster (a hardworking black woman); and Yancy Tucker (a chicken thief and handyman with big plans but little motivation).", "The Walton family, consisting of John and Olivia, their seven children, and John's parents Zebulon \"Zeb\" Tyler and Esther Walton, struggles to make a decent life during the Great Depression and World War II . The family's story is seen primarily through the eyes of John Boy, the eldest son and an aspiring journalist and novelist, who serves as narrator. John Walton and his father operate a lumber mill, with the Walton sons helping out in the business as they grow older. Occasional strangers needing temporary shelter for various reasons periodically stay with the hospitable Walton family. The mountain also sustains the livelihoods of a handful of colorful townsfolk, including the Baldwin sisters (two idle spinsters who distill moonshine that they naively and endearingly call \"Papa's recipe\"); general store owners/postmen Ike and Cora Beth Godsey (a distant Walton cousin); Sheriff Ep Bridges; Verdie Foster (a hardworking black woman); and Yancy Tucker (a chicken thief and handyman with big plans but little motivation).", "Thel's parents are both alive but apparently live several hundred miles away in a rural area. Strips in the past have mentioned them living in Iowa, but one 2007 strip mentioned Florida. The family occasionally visits them for vacation.", "The TV series led to a syndicated newspaper strip that ran from 1978 to 1982. It used the same background and origin story as the TV series but narrated stories outside the TV series." ]

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[ "The current format of the tournament involves 32 teams competing for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over a period of about a month – this phase is often called the World Cup Finals. A qualification phase , which currently takes place over the preceding three years, is used to determine which teams qualify for the tournament together with the host nation(s). The World Cup is the most widely-viewed sporting event in the world, with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 final . [1]", "The number of competing teams increased to 16 in the 1934 World Cup in Italy, then to 24 in the 1982 edition in Spain. Now, it`s a 32-team format which was first incorporated in 1998, France. The 32 teams in 2014 World Cup will represent five confederations and except hosts Brazil, have qualified through the qualification involving an `unrivalled` 204 nations from six confederations.", "The major international competition in football is the World Cup, organised by FIFA. This competition takes place every four years. Approximately 190–200 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope of continental confederations for a place in the finals. The finals tournament, which is held every four years, involves 32 national teams competing over a four-week period. The most recent edition of the tournament was the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.", "The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase, to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase. In this moment 32 teams can participate in the tournament , including the automatically qualified host nation or nations. Until now there were 20 World Cup tournaments and this 20 tournaments have been won by eight different national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina and Uruguay, with two titles each; and England, France and Spain, with one title each.", "This summer's World Cup in Germany involves 16 teams, but the 2015 tournament will see the field expand to 24 competing nations.", "Argentina, Germany and the Netherlands are the only teams to have competed at each World Cup; 28 teams have competed in at least one World Cup.", "In total, 19 different teams have taken part in the world cup. While 18 of these teams represented nations, 1 did not; in 2000, the Aotearoa Māori team was granted entry to the competition. This team is made up of New Zealand Māori players and was knocked out of the world cup in the pool stage. Along with this team, 4 others have appeared in only 1 World Cup; United States, Italy, Russia and Lebanon although United States and Lebanon are set to take part in the 2017 World Cup. It is yet to be determined whether the other 2 teams will qualify as the relevant qualifying tournaments are yet to take place.", "The FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association) World Cup are a football tournament held every four years since 1932 (with the exception of 1940 and 1944 due to the World War 2) in different host countries to hand out the World Cup. The tournament occurs for one month July-June every four years - in 2008, the most recent World Cup, the tournament was hosted in South Africa, and will be hosted by China in 2012. 32 countries are accepted to the tournament, and after initial \"group play,\" 16 teams advance to the knockout rounds. The 2008 championship match between China and Germany was the most-watched program in television history.", "In all, 77 nations have played in at least one World Cup. Of these, eight national teams have won the World Cup, and they have added stars to their badges, with each star representing a World Cup victory. (Uruguay, however, choose to display four stars on their badge, representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950.)", "In 2005, FIFA paired up with BSWW to co-organise the World Cup, although FIFA seem to have the most control. They kept the tradition of holding the World Cup in Rio de Janeiro and continued to allow 12 teams to participate, following on from the 2004 competition. It was Eric Cantona's France that won the competition, after beating Portugal on penalties in the final.", "Much like the Olympics, the FIFA World Cup attempts to bring the world together in an athletic competition. Held in South Africa in 2010, Spain won its first World Cup title. The 2010 World Cup featured 204 world qualifiers and 32 final teams.", "The 19 FIFA World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other winners are Italy, with four titles; Germany, with three wins; Argentina and inaugural winners Uruguay, with two; and England, France, and Spain, with one title each.", "The 19 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Italy, with four titles; West Germany, with three titles; Argentina and inaugural winners Uruguay, with two titles each; and England, France, and Spain, with one title each.", "Almost all countries in the world take part in regional matches that start two years before the final tournament. In the end 32 teams from all continents qualify for the World Cup finals. The tournament takes place in a different country every four years. The 2010 World Cup was held in South Africa .", "198 teams attempted to qualify for the 2006 World Cup. Germany, the host nation, was granted automatic qualification, with the remaining 31 finals places divided among the continental confederations. Thirteen places were contested by UEFA teams (Europe), five by CAF teams (Africa), four by CONMEBOL teams (South America), four by AFC teams (Asia), and three by CONCACAF teams (North and Central America and Caribbean). The remaining two places were decided by playoffs between AFC and CONCACAF and between CONMEBOL and OFC (Oceania).", "In 1982, the finals were expanded to include 24 teams. In 1998, the Soccer World Cup Finals allowed 32 teams to play in the finals, and it has remained at that number since.", "Late in 2007, the four host nations agreed on a revised format for the 2011 World Cup, identical to that of the 1996 World Cup, except that there would be 14 teams instead of 12. The first round of the tournament would consist of two groups of seven teams. Each team in a group would play all the others once, and the top four from each group would qualify for the quarter-finals. This ensured that every team would play at least six matches.", "The World Cup has been held 19 times in 16 nations on five continents. And eight countries have won soccer's ultimate prize, five of them more than once. But those numbers can't answer one question: which teams were the best? Here's one man's list of the top 10 World Cup teams of all time:", "The finals tournament of the 2006 World Cup began on 9 June. The 32 teams were divided into eight groups of four teams each, within which the teams competed in a round-robin tournament to determine which two of those four teams would advance to the sixteen-team knock-out stage, which started on 24 June. In total, 64 games were played.", "The national teams of 31 countries advanced through qualification competitions that began in June 2011 to participate with the host nation Brazil in the final tournament. A total of 64 matches are to be played in twelve cities across Brazil in either new or redeveloped stadiums, with the tournament beginning with a group stage. For the first time at a World Cup Finals, the matches will use goal-line technology.", "Of the in total 16 participants, Italy qualified automatically since they were the champions of the previous World Cup. Brazil qualified automatically since they were the 1950 World Cup host. ", "A then record amount of 147 countries tried to qualify for the 1994 World Cup. The United States as the host country and Germany as the 1990 World Cup winner qualified automatically.", "14 places were contested by UEFA teams (Europe), five by CAF teams (Africa), four by CONMEBOL teams (South America), four by AFC teams (Asia), and three by CONCACAF teams (North and Central America and Caribbean). The remaining two places were decided by playoffs between AFC and UEFA and between CONMEBOL and OFC (Oceania). Four nations qualified for the finals for the first time: China, Ecuador, Senegal, and Slovenia. As of 2014, this was the last time Turkey, China, Republic of Ireland and Senegal qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals.", "The FIFA World Cup, occasionally called the Football World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international football competition contested by the men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not contested because of World War II .", "The South American contingent at the World Cup is determined by a single 10-team league, in which each side plays every one else twice. The top four qualify automatically and the fifth-placed nation faces a playoff against the fourth finisher from the North, Central America and Caribbean Zone.", "To date, the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA (Europe) and CONMEBOL (South America) confederations. European nations have won eleven titles, while South American have won nine. Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition: USA (North, Central America and Caribbean) in 1930 and South Korea (Asia) in 2002. The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter-finals: Cameroon in 1990, Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010. Only one Oceanian qualifier, Australia in 2006, has advanced to the second round. ", "The allocation for other confederations is: Asian Football Confederation (AFC) 4.5, Confederation of African Football (CAF) 5.0, Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF) 3.5, South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) 4.5, Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) 0.5, and one slot for the hosts Russia. The teams are drawn into eight groups of four with the top two going into the knockout phase.", "The tournament had several upsets and surprise results which included the defending champions France being eliminated in the group stage after earning a single point and second favourites Argentina also being eliminated in the group stage. Additionally, Turkey surprisingly took third place and South Korea managed to reach the semi-finals, beating Spain, Italy and Portugal en route. Another big shock came in the opening match of the tournament when underdog debutantes Senegal defeated defending champions France, going on to reach the quarter-finals only to be beaten by Turkey. However, the most potent team at the tournament, Brazil, prevailed and they became the first ever nation to win five World Cups.", "A world cup is a global sporting competition in which the participant entities – usually international teams or individuals representing their countries - compete for the title of world champion. A world cup is generally considered the premier competition in its sport, with the victor attaining the highest honour in that sport and able to lay claim to the title of their sport's best. However, in some sports the Olympic title carries at least as much prestige. There are a number of notable world cups in popular sports, but it is the FIFA World Cup that is widely known simply as \"the World Cup\". Some sport governing bodies prefer the title world championship or a related term; some even organize both a world cup and a world championship with different rules. Usually, such competitions take one of two forms, a short periodic competition or a year-long series of meetings. A periodic world cup or world championship usually takes the form of a knockout tournament. This is held over a number of days or weeks, with the entrants eventually being whittled down to two, and the tournament culminating in a world cup final. The winner take the title of World Champion and hold it until the next time the event is held. This format is most common in team sports, as with the FIFA World Cup or the ICC World Cup.", "The allocation of World Cup spots and hence how many teams qualify from their regional championship to the World Cup was decided by FIFA in 2006 as follows:", "FIFA World Cup 101: The Best 10 Teams In The History Of World Cup | Bleacher Report", "It was the highest amount of South American countries to have participated in a World Cup. This is also the only World Cup which contained more countries from South America than from Europe." ]

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[ "Mercury is the planet that is closest to the Sun . It is also the smallest planet in the Solar System , now that Pluto has been", "The smallest planet in the Solar System is Mercury (the biggest planet is Jupiter). For the longest time, the smallest planet was considered to be Pluto, but now Pluto isn’t a planet any more, so we’re back to Mercury.", "If we put our planets in ‘size order’ they would be listed as the following, from large to small: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars, and Mercury.  Since we lost Pluto as an official planet, it appears that Mercury is now considered the smallest planet in the solar system.  But if you look at Mercury, it is quite sizable.", "The smallest planet in the solar system, according to the International Astronomical Union's classification, is Mercury, with a radius of approximately 1,516 miles, which is 38 percent the size of Earth. The next smallest is Mars, with a radius of approximately 2,460 miles, or 53 percent the size of Earth.", "In this solar system, Mercury and Venus have no moons. Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system and only slightly larger than Earth's moon. It is the closest planet to the Sun. Venus is the second closest planet to the Sun and is slightly smaller than Earth.", "With a mean radius of about 2,440 km and a mass of 3.30 × 1023 kg, Mercury is approximately 0.383 times the size of Earth and only 0.055 as massive. This makes Mercury the smallest and least massive planet in the Solar System. However, thanks to its high density – a robust 5.427 g/cm3, which is just slightly lower than Earth’s 5.514 g/cm3 – Mercury has a surface gravity of 3.7 m/s², which is the equivalent of  0.38 g.", "The solar system took shape 4.57 billion years ago, when it condensed within a large cloud of gas and dust. Gravitational attraction holds the planets in their elliptical orbits around the Sun . In addition to Earth , five major planets ( Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn ) have been known from ancient times. Since then only two more have been discovered: Uranus by accident in 1781 and Neptune in 1846 after a deliberate search following a theoretical prediction based on observed irregularities in the orbit of Uranus. Pluto , discovered in 1930 after a search for a planet predicted to lie beyond Neptune, was considered a major planet until 2006, when it was redesignated a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union.", "The fourth planet from the Sun is Mars , which is also the second smallest planet in the Solar System. It has a radius of approximately 3,396 km at its equator, and 3,376 km at its polar regions – which is the equivalent of roughly 0.53 Earths. While it is roughly half the size of Earth, it’s mass – 6.4185 x 10²³ kg – is only 0.151 that of Earth’s. It’s density is also lower than Earths, which leads to it experiencing about 1/3rd Earth’s gravity (0.376 g).", "Pluto is the smallest and most distant planet in the Solar System . It is so small that many astronomers think that it is not a planet at all but part of a huge band of rocky objects at the edge of the Solar System called the Kuiper Belt .", "Pluto use to be smallest planet in our solar system at a diameter of 2700 km (smaller than 7 of the solar systems moons, including Earths) and the farthest away. Although every 248 years Pluto’s weird orbit brings it in closer to the sun than Neptune, making it the eight planet from the sun for about 20 years.", "From its discovery in 1930 until 2006, Pluto was considered the Solar System’s ninth planet. In the late 1970s, following the discovery of minor planet 2060 Chiron in the outer Solar System and the recognition of Pluto’s relatively low mass, its status as a major planet began to be questioned. In the late 20th and early 21st century, many objects similar to Pluto were discovered in the outer Solar System, notably the scattered disc object Eris in 2005, which is 27% more massive than Pluto. On August 24, 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined what it means to be a \"planet\" within the Solar System. This definition excluded Pluto as a planet and added it as a member of the new category \"dwarf planet\" along with Eris and Ceres. After the reclassification, Pluto was added to the list of minor planets and given the number 134340. A number of scientists continue to hold that Pluto should be classified as a planet.", "The little icy rock at the edge of our solar system was stripped of its planet-hood in 2006 when an international body of scientists decided to redefine what a full-fledged planet is. The new definition stipulates that a planet must orbit the sun, be large enough to \"become round due to the force of its own gravity,\" and \"dominate its neighborhood,\" says National Geographic . But Pluto is hardly the neighborhood bully — it's largest moon, Charon, is roughly half its size. That's why Pluto got demoted.", "Pluto is the ninth planet and it is the last frontier of our solar system, discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh, hence it was not known in ancient and medieval times. Pluto is the second smallest planet; smaller than many of satellites. Pluto has 3 satellites, Charon being the largest; it was named after the ferryman of the Underworld. Because of its distance from Earth, not much is known about the planet. Unlike the other planets, Pluto doesn't follow the path of celestial circle. Currently, scientists have demoted Pluto to the rank of dwarf planet, because Pluto is located in the Kuiper Belt.", "From its discovery in 1930 until 2006, Pluto was considered the Solar System's ninth planet. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, however, many objects similar to Pluto were discovered in the outer solar system, notably the scattered disc object Eris, which is 27% more massive than Pluto. [11] On August 24, 2006 the IAU defined the term \"planet\" for the first time. This definition excluded Pluto, which the IAU reclassified as a member of the new category of dwarf planets along with Eris and Ceres . [12] After the reclassification, Pluto was added to the list of minor planets and given the number [13] [14] 134340. A number of scientists continue to suggest that Pluto should be reclassified as a planet. [15]  ", "Poor Pluto is no longer considered a planet in our solar system. Pluto orbits beyond the orbit of Neptune. It is much smaller than any of the official planets and now classified as a \"dwarf planet\".", "Mercury is a small planet in relation to some of the others in our Solar System, it is the second smallest planet in the Solar System, only 4,800km (3000 miles) in diameter.", "Pluto is smaller than 7 of the moons in the Solar System. It is about two-thirds smaller than Earth's moon. Because it is so small, many scientists don't consider it a planet at all. In 1999, a group of scientists attempted to re-classify Pluto as a comet. On August 24, 2006, Pluto's status was officially changed from planet to dwarf planet. For decades, children have been taught in school that there are nine planets in our Solar System. However, with this change, there are now only eight planets. Also because of this change, there is a new category of small planets known as plutoids. ", "As technology grew, the estimated size of Pluto shrank. By the middle of the 20th century, Pluto was known to be no larger than Mars, and by the 1970s it was believed to be even smaller. Using modern telescopes, we now know that Pluto is only 1,430 miles in diameter—about 18 percent the diameter of Earth—and smaller than any of the other eight planets. It has less than 1 percent of the mass of Earth. Such a diminutive world is not nearly massive enough to affect the orbits of Neptune or Uranus in a measurable way. It now appears that there never was any discrepancy in the orbits of these planets. So, the discovery of Pluto was serendipitous.", "4. Mars - Only larger than Mercury.  So this is the second smallest.   But it is further from the sun than three other planets, so it is not the second smallest closest to the sun.", "The new estimate of its small size is one reason for Pluto’s demotion from planet-hood. But it’s not the only reason. In 1992, astronomers detected another object orbiting beyond Neptune. Designated “1992 QB1,” the object was a mere 100 miles in diameter—far too small for a planet. The following year, five similar objects were also discovered orbiting beyond Neptune. Over the next several years, dozens more of these distant masses were found, and we now know of hundreds. A few of them, such as Sedna and Makemake, are nearly as large as Pluto.", "One way to help visualize the relative sizes in the solar system is to imagine a model in which everything is reduced in size by a factor of a billion. Then the model Earth would be about 1.3 cm in diameter (the size of a grape). The Moon would be about 30 cm (about a foot) from the Earth. The Sun would be 1.5 meters in diameter (about the height of a man) and 150 meters (about a city block) from the Earth. Jupiter would be 15 cm in diameter (the size of a large grapefruit) and 5 blocks away from the Sun. Saturn (the size of an orange) would be 10 blocks away; Uranus and Neptune (lemons) 20 and 30 blocks away. A human on this scale would be the size of an atom but the nearest star would be over 40000 km away.", "Pluto is the second-largest dwarf planet in the Solar System. It is smaller than the largest known dwarf planet, Eris. Its formal name is 134340 Pluto. The dwarf planet is the tenth-largest body that moves around the Sun. At first, Pluto was called a planet. Now, it is considered the largest of the bodies in the Kuiper belt.", "Size. Pluto is less than half the size of any major planet. It's only about two-thirds the size of Earth's Moon. Pluto's diameter is 1,430 miles. That's a mere18 percent of planet Earth's diameter.", "Pluto is the largest and second-most-massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System and the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object directly orbiting the Sun. It is the largest known trans-Neptunian object by volume but is less massive than Eris, a dwarf planet in the scattered disc. Like other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto is primarily made of ice and rock and is relatively small—about one-sixth the mass of the Moon and one-third its volume. It has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49 astronomical units or AU (4.4–7.4 billion km) from the Sun. This means that Pluto periodically comes closer to the Sun than Neptune, but a stable orbital resonance with Neptune prevents them from colliding. Light from the Sun takes about 5.5 hours to reach Pluto at its average distance (39.5 AU).", "\"The IAU notes the very rapid pace of discovery of bodies within the Solar system over the last decade and so our understanding of the Trans-Neptunian Region is therefore still evolving very rapidly. This is in serious contrast to the situation when Pluto was discovered. As a consequence, The IAU has established a Working Group to consider the definition of a minimum size for a Planet. Until the report of this Working Group is received, all objects discovered at a distance from the Sun greater than 40 AU will continue to be regarded as part of the Trans-Neptunian population.\"", "A dwarf planet whose small size and composition of ice and rock resembles the comets in the Kuiper Belt, a region beyond Neptunes orbit where Pluto resides. Pluto was considered the ninth planet until August 2006, when the International Astronomical Union reclassified it as a dwarf planet. Plutos orbit is more elliptical than those of the eight solar system planets.", "Image: Artist's impression of the solar system (not to scale). Uranus is the second-furthest planet from the sun.", "2. The smallest of the planets and the one nearest the sun, having a sidereal period of revolution about the sun of 87.97 days at a mean distance of 57.91 million kilometers (35.98 million miles) and a mean radius of approximately 2,440 kilometers (1,516 miles).", "What are the names of the planets in this solar system in order from the biggest to the smallest?", "the second smallest planet and the nearest to the sun. Mean distance from sun: 57.9 million km; period of revolution around sun: 88 days; period of axial rotation: 59 days; diameter and mass: 38 and 5.4 per cent that of earth respectively", "What are the names of the planets in this solar system in order from the biggest to the smallest? | Reference.com", "mini-Solar System model where the closer moons are rocky, high density and the outer moons are icy, low density" ]

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[ "The Belmont Stakes is an American Grade I stakes Thoroughbred horse race held every June at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York. It is a horse race, open to three-year-old Thoroughbreds. Colts and geldings carry a weight of 126 lb; fillies carry 121 lb. The race, nicknamed The Test of the Champion and The Run for the Carnations, is the third and final leg of the Triple Crown and is held five weeks after the Kentucky Derby and three weeks after the Preakness Stakes, on a Saturday between June 5 and June 11. The 1973 Belmont Stakes and Triple Crown winner Secretariat holds the mile and a half stakes record (which is also a track and world record on dirt) of 2:24.", "The Belmont Stakes is an American Grade I stakes race held every June at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York. The race is the third and final leg of the Triple Crown, following five weeks after the Kentucky Derby, and three weeks after the Preakness Stakes. It is a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old colts and geldings carrying a weight of 126 pounds (57 kg) and for fillies with a weight of 121 pounds (55 kg). The attendance at the Belmont Stakes ranks fourth in North America and usually surpasses the attendance of all other stakes races including the the Breeders’ Cup. The attendance of the Belmont Stakes typically only trails the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes and the Kentucky Oaks, for more information see American Thoroughbred Racing top Attended Events.", "The horse-racing community waits for the first Saturday in June for the Belmont Stakes, the third and final leg of the Triple Crown, hoping that a single horse may pull off the great feat of taking all 3 victories in the year's Triple Crown series. The Belmont Stakes is the oldest of the Triple Crown Races dating back to 1867, and also the longest and most challenging at 1-1/2 miles around the track. Secretariat gained his reputation as one of the world's greatest racehorse during the 1973 Belmont Stakes when he ran to victory, breaking world records for speed 31 lengths ahead of his competition. The Belmont Stakes is the Triple Crown's most accessible race, not only because of its close proximity to New York City, but because while there are some reserved seats, the majority of tickets are general admission between $10 and $20.", "The third and final jewel of horse racing’s Triple Crown is next Saturday, June 11. Though we don’t have a Triple Crown on the line, the $1.5-million purse, historic venue and top-class 3-year-olds will surely make for a memorable Belmont Stakes . Read on for 12 fun facts about the race.", "In the United States, the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, commonly known as the Triple Crown, is a title awarded to a three-year-old Thoroughbred horse who wins the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes. The three races were inaugurated in different years, the last being the Kentucky Derby in 1875. These races are now run annually in May and early June of each year. The Triple Crown Trophy, commissioned in 1950 but awarded to all previous winners as well as those after 1950, is awarded to a Triple Crown winner.", "The most celebrated race at Belmont Park is the Belmont Stakes, the final jewel of racing’s Triple Crown . This follows five weeks after the Kentucky Derby, and three weeks after the Preakness Stakes. It is a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) horse race for three-year-old colts and geldings carrying a weight of 126 pounds (57 kg) and for fillies with a weight of 121 pounds (55 kg).", "Hosting the third leg of the United States Triple Crown \"Belmont Stakes\", Belmont Park is also known as \"The Champion Track\", owing to the fact that every champion in horse racing has competed at least once on the track. The legendary horse Secretariat set one of the two world records on this very racetrack - his Belmont Stakes victory of 2 minutes 24 seconds remains undefeated to date. He set his Kentucky Derby world record (1 minute 592⁄5 seconds) on the Churchill Downs racetrack. A statue of Secretariat was placed in the paddock of Belmont Park to honor him.", "The Kentucky Oaks, the Black-Eyed Susan Stakes, and the Acorn Stakes are the counterparts to the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, held at Churchill Downs, Pimlico Race Course and Belmont Park, respectively. The \"Filly Triple Crown\", known as the Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing, is a series of three races at the Belmont Park and Saratoga Race Course. The National Thoroughbred Racing Association (NTRA) has considered changing the Triple Tiara series to the three counterparts of the Triple Crown.", "Only one horse, Alydar, has placed (finished second) in all three races. He was defeated by Affirmed in all three races in 1978 by a combined margin of two lengths. His trainer John Vietch is the only trainer to have done this with one horse. In 1995, D. Wayne Lukas became the first and only major figure (owner, jockey, or trainer) to win all three Triple Crown races with different horses, Thunder Gulch in the Derby and Belmont, Timber Country in the Preakness. Lukas also is the only trainer to have won six straight Triple Crown races, adding his 1995 wins, having won the 1994 Preakness and Belmont with Tabasco Cat and the 1996 Derby with Grindstone.", "The St. Leger Stakes is the last of the Group One Classics run in England every year. The St. Leger Stakes is also the last race in the Triple Crowns for both fillies and colts, and traditionally draws a field of late maturing 3-year old runners.", "The drought was broken in 1973, when Secretariat set race records in the Kentucky Derby and the Belmont Stakes to become the first Triple Crown champion in 25 years. Nicknamed \"Big Red,\" Secretariat pulled away to win the Kentucky Derby in 1:59.4, a record time that still stands. Victory in the Preakness came by 2½ lengths, before Secretariat decimated a five-horse field to win by an amazing 31 lengths in the Belmont Stakes. The margin of victory broke Count Fleet's record in the 1943 race, and his 2:24 finishing time remains the fastest in 1½ miles on dirt in the history of horse racing.", "On June 9, 1973, Secretariat won the Belmont Stakes by thirty-one lengths in a record time of 2:24, becoming a Triple Crown champion, ending a 25-year gap between Citation, the Belmont and Triple Crown winner in 1948. Secretariat's record still stands as the fastest running of the Belmont Stakes and an American record for miles on the dirt. In 1977, Seattle Slew became the first horse to win the Triple Crown while undefeated. Affirmed was the last winner of the Triple Crown in the 20th century, taking the Belmont Stakes in 2:26 4/5 on June 10, 1978. Ridden by eighteen-year-old Steve Cauthen, Affirmed defeated rival Alydar with Jorge Velasquez in the saddle. At the time the race was the third slowest start and the third fastest finish with the quarter in 25, the half in 50, 3/4 in 1:14, the mile in 1:37 2/5. ", "American Pharoah won the 2015 race, becoming the 12th horse in history to win the Triple Crown and the first in 37 years. The crowd that year was limited for the first time, to 90,000. His time of 2:26.65 was the sixth fastest in Belmont Stakes history, and the second fastest time for a Triple Crown winner. ", "Jockey Kent Desormeaux rode Real Quiet to victory in both the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes, setting up weeks of anticipation as to whether or not the stallion could win the Triple Crown for trainer Bob Baffert. However, Real Quiet lost the Belmont Stakes – and the Triple Crown – when he was beaten by a nose by Victory Gallop. To date, Real Quiet is the horse that has come the closest to winning the Triple Crown since Affirmed did so in 1978.", "The world's most famous horse race takes place on Saturday as the Derby is chased at its traditional home of Epsom.", "Don your fanciest hat, and grab a mint julep to witness the first leg of the US Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing at the Kentucky Derby. Every year on the first Saturday in May, over 150,000 spectators flock to Churchill Downs for this historic event, a tradition since 1875. The race is just 1-1/4 miles and lasts no more than 2 minutes, earning it the reputation as the \"Greatest 2 Minutes in Sports.\" When the winner crosses the finish line, his horse is draped in an elaborate garland made up of hundreds of red roses. Unless you have connections to get a spot on the celebrity-filled Millionaires Row, you'll likely need to watch the race from the crowded infield where 80,000 partiers mix and mingle and maybe catch a glimpse of the horses passing by.", "The first post parade in the United States was at the 14th Belmont, in 1880. Before 1921, the race was run in the clockwise tradition of English racing. Since then, the race has been run in the American, or counter-clockwise, direction. Because of its length (one lap around the enormous Belmont main track), and because it is the final race of the Triple Crown, it is called the \"Test of the Champion\". Most three-year-olds are unaccustomed to the distance, and lack the experience, if not the stamina, to maintain a winning speed for so long. In a long race such as the Belmont, positioning of the horse and the timing of the move to chase for the lead can be critical.", "Secretariat is the most famous horse associated with the Triple Crown. He earned his reputation as one of the best racehorses in history when he finished the 1973 Belmont Stakes with a world record speed of 31 lengths ahead of his competition.", "The race is usually run in slightly over two minutes, but in 1964, Northern Dancer was the first to win the Derby in two minutes flat. In 1973, the great Secretariat, fondly known as Big Red, won in 1:59 2/5. That was the only time the Derby was raced in less than two minutes until Monarchos clocked in at 1:59.97 in 2001. Ridden by Ron Turcotte, Secretariat then went on to take the Triple Crown, exploding from the pack to win the Belmont by an unprecedented 31 lengths.", "The Kentucky Derby is also the first leg in the venerable Triple Crown, the other two legs being the Preakness Stakes and the Belmont Stakes. Considered one of the sternest tests in thoroughbred racing, only 11 horses have ever completed the treble, the most recent of which was Affirmed back in 1978.", "On June 9, 1973, almost 100,000 people came to Belmont Park near New York City to see if “Big Red” would become the first horse in 25 years to win the Triple Crown. Secretariat gave the finest performance of his career in the Belmont Stakes, completing the 1.5-mile race in a record 2 minutes and 24 seconds, knocking nearly three seconds off the track record set by Gallant Man in 1957. He also won by a record 31 lengths. Ron Turcotte, who jockeyed Secretariat in all but three of his races, claimed that at Belmont he lost control of Secretariat and that the horse sprinted into history on his own accord.", "The 148th Belmont Stakes takes place on Saturday at Belmont Park as Preakness winner Exaggerator looks to win two legs of this year's Triple Crown. ", "Rags to Riches, a granddaughter, won the 2007 Belmont Stakes – the third filly to win the race, after Ruthless in 1867 and Tanya in 1905. The victory earned jockey John Velazquez and trainer Todd Pletcher their first wins in any Triple Crown race. Rags To Riches was the 22nd filly to run in the Belmont. In 2002, ESPN telecast a \"SportsCentury\" on Seattle Slew.", "The Belmont Stakes is the oldest of the three Triple Crown races.  It was first run in 1867.", "Held every year on the first Saturday in May, the Kentucky Derby® is the longest continuously running event in the U.S., and is the first leg of racing's Triple Crown, followed by the Preakness Stakes and the Belmont Stakes.", "\"...Secretariat is blazing along! The first three-quarters of a mile in 1:09 and four fifths. Secretariat is widening now! He is moving like a TREMENDOUS machine! Secretariat by 12, Secretariat by 14 lengths on the turn! Sham is dropping back. It looks like they'll catch him today, as My Gallant and Twice a Prince are both coming up to him now. But Secretariat is all alone! He's out there almost a 16th of a mile away from the rest of the horses! Secretariat is in a position that seems impossible to catch. He's into the stretch. Secretariat leads this field by 18 lengths, and now Twice a Prince has taken second and My Gallant has moved back to third. They're in the stretch. Secretariat has opened a 22-length lead! He is going to be the Triple Crown winner! Here comes Secretariat to the wire. An unbelievable, an amazing performance! He hits the finish 25 lengths in front!\"", "There is also a national Triple Tiara (formerly known as the Filly Triple Crown), which is held as undercard events on the same weekends as the associated Triple Crown races:", "EQUESTRIAN Saturday 1:30 pm(KCRA) (KSBW) 140th Preakness StakesThe 140th running of the Preakness Stakes. From Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore.", "One week out from race day, let's take the pulse of Belmont, highlighting the perception surrounding a trio of the race's top favorites.", "Runner-up 3 weeks ago in Preakness, he is experienced closing late in traffic. Has never won Stakes; may need slop.", "Secretariat set records and made other horses look like Mo Vaughn out on the track. Just look at how far behind the other horses are in the picture to the left.", "In 1975 and 1976 Red Rum finished second in the race. On both occasions he was beaten by a horse carrying significantly less weight and it was the handicapper that prevented a third win in those years. McCain never lost faith and always believed his horse would become the first and only three times winner of the great race." ]

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[ "Sir Timothy John \"Tim\" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA (born 8 June 1955), is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student staff at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet.", "Sir Timothy John \"Tim\" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA (born 8 June 1955, also known as \"TimBL\"), is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet.", "Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee (born 8 June 1955), also known as TimBL, is an English computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989, and he implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet sometime around mid-November of that same year. ", "Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS FREng FRSA (born 8 June 1955) is an English computer scientist credited with inventing the World Wide Web. On 25 December 1990 he implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student staff at CERN. He was ranked Joint First alongside Albert Hofmann in The Telegraph's list of 100 greatest living geniuses. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development, the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation and he is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com Founders Chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL).", "Tim Berners-Lee (born 1955) is best known for being the person attributed with the creation of the World Wide Web. He originally came up with the idea of sharing and organizing information from any computer system in any geographical location by using a system of hyperlinks (simple textual connections that \"linked\" one piece of content to the next) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), a way that computers could receive and retrieve Web pages.", "Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS FREng FRSA (born 8 June 1955) is an English computer scientist who, with the help of Robert Cailliau, and a young student staff at CERN, implemented on 25 December 1990, the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet. He was ranked Joint First in The Telegraph's list of 100 greatest living geniuses. However, following Albert Hoffman's death he is now solely first. He is also the director of the World Wide Web Consortium or W3C (which oversees its continued development), and a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com Founders Chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL).", "Tim Berners-Lee (1955 – ) Computer scientist, born in London. Berners-Lee is credited with the creation of the world wide web (WWW) which enabled transfer of documents across the internet.", "Isn’t the Internet a fabulous monument to the genius of humanity! Here I am sitting at my desk at home following these leads in a way I couldn’t have imagined not so very long ago. One of my favourite relatively unknown heroes is the guy credited with inventing the ‘www’, an Englishman by the name of Tim Berners-Lee. Well, to be fair, Good Queen Bess II did honour him with a knighthood in 2004, and in 2012 the Sultan of Oman awarded him the Sultan Qaboos Order for Culture, Science and Arts (First Class) – but still, where would Bill Gates and Steve Jobs have been without him? And who made all the money? But thanks to Sir Timothy I have been able to roam through space and time from the Bull in Kadıköy to the estate of a wealthy Ottoman Armenian back in the mid-19th century, and to learn about a talented and unusual musician in 21st century Los Angeles.", "Tim Berners-Lee, 44, invented the World Wide Web and then refused to sell his invention to multinational companies because he was determined to ensure it remained free for everybody.", "In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. In April 2009, he was elected a foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences. Named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century, Berners-Lee has received a number of other accolades for his invention. He was honoured as the \"Inventor of the World Wide Web\" during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, in which he appeared in person, working with a vintage NeXT Computer at the London Olympic Stadium. He tweeted \"This is for everyone\", which instantly was spelled out in LCD lights attached to the chairs of the 80,000 people in the audience. ", "At the close the larger house was raised to reveal Tim Berners-Lee working at a NeXT Computer, like the one on which he invented the World Wide Web. He tweeted 'This is for everyone', instantly spelled out in LED lights around the stadium. The programme explained \"Music connects us with each other and with the most important moments in our lives. One of the things that makes those connections possible is the World Wide Web\". Boyle wanted to honour Berners-Lee for making the World Wide Web free and available to everyone (hence the tweet), rather than making a commercial profit from it. ", "*Trivia \"Tim Berners-Lee, who received a $1.2 million cash prize Tuesday [06/15/04] for creating the World Wide Web, says he would never have succeeded if he had charged money for his inventions. [....] Berners-Lee is originally from Britain and was knighted last December. He has mostly avoided both the fame and the fortune won by many of his Internet colleagues. Despite his prize he remained modest about his achievements. [....] Berners-Lee first proposed the Web in 1989 while developing ways to control computers remotely at CERN, the European nuclear research lab near Geneva. He never got the project finally approved but his boss suggested he quietly tinker with it anyway. He fleshed out the core communication protocols needed for transmitting Web pages: the HTTP, or hypertext transfer protocol, and the so-called markup language used to create them, HTML. By Christmas day 1990, he finished the first browser, called simply WorldWideWeB.' Although his inventions have undergone rapid changes since then, the underlying technology is precisely the same. His recent project - which experts say is potentially as revolutionary as the World Wide Web itself - is called the Semantic Web. The project is an attempt to  standardize how information is stord on the Internet and to organize automatically the junge of data found today on the Net into a 'web' of concepts. By attaching meaning to data behind the scenes, computers can do a better job of searching for information.\" [Based on: Mans Hulden, A.P., 06/16/2004]", "Cerf’s protocol transformed the Internet into a worldwide network. Throughout the 1980s, researchers and scientists used it to send files and data from one computer to another. However, in 1991 the Internet changed again. That year, a computer programmer in Switzerland named Tim Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web: an Internet that was not simply a way to send files from one place to another but was itself a “web” of information that anyone on the Internet could retrieve. Berners-Lee created the Internet that we know today.", "Tim Berners Lee, who gave us the World Wide Web. Much to many people's surprise it was a British man, not an American who developed the language that enabled non-techies to use the internet.", "Sir Tim Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web in 1989. Sir Tim Berners-Lee (he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth in 2004 for his pioneering work) originated the idea of sharing information freely via hyperlinks, created HTML (HyperText Markup Language), and came up with the idea of each Web page having a unique address, or URL (Uniform Resource Locator).", "Not to be confused with a separate application known as the World wide web which was invented much later in the early 1990s (see article on the English inventor Tim Berners-Lee), the Internet is the global system of overall interconnected computer networks that use the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies. The concept of packet switching of a network was first explored by Paul Baran in the early 1960s, and the mathematical formulations behind packet switching were later devised by Leonard Kleinrock. On October 29, 1969, the world's first electronic computer network, the ARPANET, was established between nodes at Leonard Kleinrock's lab at UCLA and Douglas Engelbart's lab at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International). Another milestone occurred in 1973 when Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf co-invented Internet Protocol and Transmission Control Protocol while working on ARPANET at the United States Department of Defense. The first TCP/IP-wide area network was operational on January 1, 1983, when the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) constructed the university network backbone that would later become the NSFNet. This date is held as the \"birth\" of the Internet. ", "Not to be confused with the internet, which is a system of linked computer networks, the worldwide web was invented by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee (left). He created the first server in late 1990 and, on 6 August 1991, the web went live, with the first page explaining how to search and how to set up a site. Berners-Lee gave his invention to the world for free.", "Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It then was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall. He used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which he designed and built the first Web browser. His software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).", "While at CERN , Tim Berners-Lee grew increasingly frustrated with how information was being shared and organized. Every computer at CERN stored different information which required unique log-ins, and not every computer could be easily accessed. This situation sparked Berners-Lee to come up with a simple proposal for information management , which was the World Wide Web.", "            1991 -Tuesday Tim Berners-Lee (not pompous gas bag Al Gore) introduced WorldWideWeb, the first web browser. He had invented it in 1989 as an internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing while at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory. He wrote the first web client and server in 1990. His specifications of URIs, HTTP and HTML were refined as Web technology spread", "Sir Tim Berners-Lee is a British computer scientist. He was born in London, and his parents were early computer scientists, working on one of the earliest computers.", "1991 Tim Berners-Lee, British physicist. Inventor of the Internet - development of the graphical browser Mosaic was the key development that turned the Internet into a mass medium.", "This NeXTcube was used by Berners-Lee inventor at CERN and became the first Web server.While an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980, Berners-Lee proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers. While there, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE. After leaving CERN, in 1980, he went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems Ltd.but returned to CERN in 1984 as a fellow. In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet: \"I just had to take the hypertext idea and connect it to the Transmission Control Protocol and domain name system ideas and — ta-da! — the World Wide Web.\" He wrote his initial proposal in March of 1989, and in 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau, produced a revision which was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall. He used similar ideas to those underlying the Enquire system to create the World Wide Web, for which he designed and built the first web browser and editor (called WorldWideWeb and developed on NeXTSTEP) and the first Web server called httpd (short for HyperText Transfer Protocol daemon).", "In March 1989, Berners-Lee gave managers at CERN a proposal for an information management system that used hypertext to link documents on different computers that were connected to the Internet. (Hypertext, a term coined in 1963, allows a person to get a document or piece of content by clicking on a coded word or phrase.) Labelled “vague but exciting” by his boss, the proposal at first wasn’t accepted. Berners-Lee teamed up with Robert Cailliau, a Belgian engineer at CERN, to refine the proposal, and in 1990 the Englishman’s boss gave him time to work on the project. After originally calling the project Information Management, Berners-Lee tried out names such as Mine of Information and Information Mesh before settling on WorldWideWeb.", "March 12: Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist working at CERN in Switzerland, submits a proposal for a \"distributed information system\" to allow researchers to deal with huge amounts of information generated by complex physics experiments. This is the genesis of the World Wide Web - spelt as three words.", "Computing came naturally to Berners-Lee, as both of his parents worked on the Ferranti Mark I, the first commercial computer. After graduating in 1976 from the University of Oxford, Berners-Lee designed computer software for two years at Plessey Telecommunications Ltd., located in Poole, Dorset, England. Following this, he had several positions in the computer industry, including a stint from June to December 1980 as a software engineering consultant at CERN, the European particle physics laboratory in Geneva.", "One of the most important new technologies of the 20th century was the computer. At first they were large and very expensive, so that only large corporations, governments, and universities could afford them. However, desktop computers began replacing typewriters by the mid-1980s, and by century's end, computers were smaller, more powerful, and more affordable than ever before. The internet rapidly developed and expanded during the 1990s, and its ability to connect computers to one another and access information transformed communications by the early 21st century.", "This was, of course, the computer and Internet revolution. This provides a good example of the kind of time lags Paul David described. The electronic programmable computer was one of the basic innovations of World War II. It emerged from the wartime code-breaking work at Bletchley Park in the United Kingdom and the brilliant conceptual leaps made by Alan Turing, and, across the Atlantic during and after the war, from the work of John Von Neumann and others involved in the development of nuclear weapons. Computers began as military and academic machines, then came into use in big businesses, and in the 1980s finally became small and cheap enough to spread to all offices and gradually individual homes. Separately, the communications protocols between computers were developed in the United States in the 1970s, by DARPA (the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) among other groups.", "He met his first wife Jane while at Oxford and they married soon after they started work in Poole. After graduation, Berners-Lee was employed at Plessey Controls Limited in Poole as a programmer. Jane also worked at Plessey Telecommunications Limited in Poole. In 1978, he worked at D.G. Nash Limited (also in Poole) where he wrote typesetting software and an operating system.", "All of this took some time, but by the beginning of 1983, when the TCP/IP was ready to go and finally adopted, the Internet—or a network of networks—was finally born. To this point, most of the business on the \"Net,\" as it came to be called, was science-oriented. About this same time, however, the microcomputer revolution was also starting to be felt. Called \"personal computers,\" these new, smaller, desktop-size computers began slowly to enter businesses and homes, eventually transforming the notion of what a computer was. Until this time, a computer was a very large, super-expensive, anonymous-looking machine (called a \"mainframe\") that only corporations could afford. Now however, a computer was a friendly, nearly-portable, personal machine that had a monitor or screen like a television set. As more and more individuals purchased a personal computer and eventually learned about a way of talking to another computer (via e-mail), the brand-new Internet soon began to experience the problems of its own success.", "Having an internet connection wasn't a given. Many people didn't have a computer to begin with. Many computers were too old to connect to the internet. Even new computers with the latest operating systems didn't always support Internet connectivity out of the box — Windows didn't until the second half of the decade. Many people who had modern computers simply didn't pay for service because it was too expensive for what was still a novelty then, and most people who did have it wouldn't go on for more than an hour at a time because doing so would tie up the phone line. Being able to afford a second phone line for the internet was a big luxury.", "In what was later to be called the Mother of All Demos, SRI researcher Douglas Engelbart in 1968 gave a preview of what would become the staples of daily working life in the 21st century: e-mail, hypertext, word processing, video conferencing and the mouse. The demonstration required technical support staff and a mainframe time-sharing computer that were far too costly for individual business use at the time." ]

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[ "Note: Brazil is the only national football team to have played in every World Cup. [6]", "In all, 76 nations have played in at least one World Cup . [42] Of these, seven national teams have won the World Cup, and they have added stars to their crests , with each star representing a World Cup victory. (However, Uruguay are an exception to this unwritten rule; They choose to display four stars on their crest, representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950). With five titles, Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup to date. [43] Italy (1934 and 1938) and Brazil (1958 and 1962) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles. Brazil and Germany have both made the most appearances in the final, with seven, while Germany have made the most appearances in the top four, with eleven.", "Because the World Cup is held only every four years, there have only been 18 tournaments since it began in 1930. It’s an exclusive club of countries that have competed in any World Cup, and an even more exclusive club of countries that have won it. Out of 18 tournaments, there have been only seven countries to claim four years’ worth of bragging rights. Only one country has won five times (Brazil), one has four titles (Italy), and one has three (Germany). Brazil has the added honor of being the only country to have participated in every single World Cup.", "With five titles, Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup (20) to date. [71] Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third (1970), forth (1994) and fifth (2002) time. Italy (1934 and 1938) and Brazil (1958 and 1962) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles. West Germany (1982–1990) and Brazil (1994–2002) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals. Germany has made the most top-four finishes (13), medals (12), as well as the most finals (8).", "The FIFA World Cup has been held 18 times and only 7 nations have won this prestigious tournament. Brazil is the only country to have played in all the tournaments to date and to have won a total of five FIFA World Cups. Current title holders Italy are close behind with four titles, Germany with three, Argentina and Uruguay with two each and England and France with one title each. The tournament did not always feature 32 teams in the run for the trophy. It was first expanded to 24 teams in 1982 and later to 32 in 1998 to enable more teams from Africa, Asia, and North America to participate. Nevertheless the tournament has always been dominated by the South American and European countries that have been playing in the World Cup since 1930.", "Brazil is the most successful World Cup team, having won the tournament five times and will be the only nation to compete in all 20 Finals. Italy, follows with four titles, while Germany holds three. The other former champions are Uruguay (who won the inaugural tournament) and Argentina with two titles each, and England, France and Spain with one title each.", "The World Cup, also known as the Mundial or Copa do Mundo, has been held 19 times since it inaugural tournament in 1930. It has been won by eight different teams, with Brazil having the most World Cup titles with five, followed by Italy with four, and West Germany with three. Argentina and Uruguay have two titles each while England, France, and Spain have one title.", "Among the soccer world cup winners , Brazil are top with five titles, Germany and Italy have four titles each, Uruguay and Argentina hold two titles each and France, England, and Spain have won one time each.", "Brazil is the most successful national football team in the history of the World Cup, with five championship wins under their belt. Brazil has also qualified for every World Cup match without the need for playoffs.", "Brazil are the only team to have appeared in every World Cup finals tournament. They won their first tournament in 1958, with a young Pele scoring two in the final. Using our scoring system, they also finished top in the slightly odd 1950 tournament which suffered from countries withdrawing. The actual winners were Uruguay.", "Germany just became the third country to win four World Cup titles, behind Italy, who also has four, and the most winningest, Brazil, which has 5.", "Brazil may have won 5 World Cup titles, but throughout the competition’s long history, Germany has been more consistent. They have never been eliminated in the group stage, and have consistently featured in the later stages. Since Germany began playing as a unified country in 1994, they have not gone out before the third round of the competition.", "The graph depicts the number of soccer World Cup titles won by country since the inaugural World Cup in 1930. The national teams of Brazil have won the most soccer World Cup titles with five, winning the tournament in 1958,1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002. The most recent World Cup, which was hosted by Brazil, was won by the squad from Germany. The team coached by Bundestrainer Joachim Löw won the final in 2014 with a score of 1-0 in extra time.", "Only eight countries have ever won the competition. Brazil, which host the 20th edition starting June 12, have won a record five times. They have also scored the most World Cup goals, with 210. Italy follow with four titles, then Germany (as West Germany) with three. Argentina and Uruguay have each won twice and England, France and Spain (holders) once each. Germany have played the most World Cup matches, with 99 which includes seven finals. The Netherlands lost all their three finals in 1974, 1978 and 2010.", "Only Brazil and Italy have won the World Cup on more occasions than three-time champions Germany. They have also been runners-up on four occasions and have more semi-final appearances than any other side with 11. They have not missed a World Cup finals since 1950 and that record was extended as they booked their place with a 1-0 victory away to their group rivals Russia. Miroslav Klose's 35th-minute strike clinched the win and saw Germany win the group with one round of matches remaining.", "Brazil has played in every tournament since 1930. Italy and Germany follow with 18 appearances and Argentina has made 16 appearances. However, Germany has played more matches than any other team, 106, and have scored the highest number of goals (224). Moreover, Germany has featured in most finals, a record eight times.", "Four nations qualified for the World Cup for the first time: Croatia, Jamaica, Japan and South Africa. The last team to qualify was Iran by virtue of beating Australia in a two-legged tie on 29 November 1997. It marked their first appearance in the finals since 1978, the last time Tunisia also qualified for the tournament. Chile qualified for the first time since 1982. Paraguay and Denmark qualified for the first time since 1986. Austria, England, Scotland and Yugoslavia return after missing only one final tournament. Among the teams who failed to qualify were two-time winners Uruguay for the second successive tournament and Sweden who finished third in 1994. Russia failed to qualify for the first time since 1978, where they contested as the USSR, after losing to Italy in the play-off round. As of 2014, this is the last time Scotland, Morocco, Norway, Austria, Bulgaria, Romania and Jamaica have qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals.", "Brazil, Argentina, Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation; Brazil came out victorious in Europe (1958), North America (1970 and 1994) and Asia (2002), Argentina won a North American World Cup in 1986, while Spain won an Africa in 2010. Germany was the first European team to win in South America in 2014. Only on four occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent, and currently it is the first time with three champions in a row from the same continental confederation. Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively, while Italy's triumph in 2006 has been followed by Spain's in 2010 and Germany's in 2014. Currently, it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents (Europe) is ahead of the other (South America) with two championships.", "The tournament was won by France, who beat Brazil 3–0 in the final. France won their first title, becoming the seventh nation to win a World Cup, and the sixth (after Uruguay, Italy, England, West Germany and Argentina) to win the tournament on home soil. Croatia, Jamaica, Japan and South Africa made their first appearances in the finals.", "> > Subject : Which nation has won the most World Cups in the top 5 team", "> Subject : Which nation has won the most World Cups in the top 5 team", "To date, the final of the World Cup has only been contested by European and South American teams. The two continents have won nine titles apiece. Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition: USA ( North, Central America and Caribbean ) in 1930 and Korea Republic ( Asia ) in 2002. The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter-finals: Cameroon in 1990 and Senegal in 2002. Only one Oceanian qualifier, Australia in 2006, advanced to the second round.", "The Dutch hold the record for playing the most World Cup finals without ever winning the tournament. They finished second in the 1974, 1978 and 2010 World Cups, losing to West Germany, Argentina and Spain respectively. They won the UEFA European Championship in 1988. ", ">> > Subject : Which nation has won the most World Cups in the top 5 team", "Twelve cities hosted matches: Belo Horizonte, Brasilia, Cuiaba, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Manuas, Natal, Porto Alegre, Recife, Salvador, Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where the final was played at the rebuilt Estádio Mário Filho, better known as the Maracanã, and won by Germany. It was at that stadium where the only previous World Cup held in Brazil concluded in 1950. All four previous World Cups in South America – Uruguay in 1930, Brazil in 1950, Chile in 1962 and Argentina in 1978 – had been won by teams from that continent.", "Further, Sweden got to its only final as hosts of the 1958 tournament, and only the Swedes and Brazilians finished as runner-up in home soil. The host country reached the semifinals thirteen times in twenty tournaments, and both Chile and South Korea had their only finishes on the top four at home. Only South Africa in 2010 managed to not go past the group stage. ", "So which countries have held the prestigious World Cup in the past? France, Germany, Italy and Mexico have all hosted twice and the European zone has notched up the most with twelve European countries winning the bids since 1930.", "98 — Bora Milutinovic is the only man to coach five different countries at the World Cup history, including Nigeria in 1998.", "The World Cup has been held 19 times in 16 nations on five continents. And eight countries have won soccer's ultimate prize, five of them more than once. But those numbers can't answer one question: which teams were the best? Here's one man's list of the top 10 World Cup teams of all time:", "\"This is the country that has given to the world the best football and the best footballers, and they are five times world champions.\"", "They won the first ever World Cup in 1987 , and again won in 2011 and 2015 . They were runner's up in 1995 .", "It was the highest amount of South American countries to have participated in a World Cup. This is also the only World Cup which contained more countries from South America than from Europe." ]

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[ "The invasion operation divided the Allied forces into five task forces—three British and two American. The invasion forces landed on 6 June 1944 at five beaches in Normandy: Omaha, Utah, Gold, Juno, and Sword. At Omaha and Utah, the two American beaches, only 6,614 of the planned 24,850 tons of cargo were discharged in the first 3 days, which is indicative of the difficulties the Americans experienced in beach resupply operations.", "Juno Beach was one of five designated beaches that were used during the D-Day landings in June 1944. Juno, Sword, Gold, Omaha and Utah beaches were all in Normandy and designated to either the British, American or Canadian military forces. The landings at Juno Beach were to prove militarily successful but costly in terms of men lost.", "The five points of invasion were split between the American and British forces; Utah beach and Omaha beach were stormed by a total of around 73,000 American soldiers, and their mission included the fight for the high ground at the infamous Pointe du Hoc, the center of Omaha beach. The three beaches codenamed Sword, Gold and Juno were taken on by British and Canadian Divisions – we’ll take a closer look at these three beaches today.", "By D-Day, 6 June 1944, the landings at Normandy were accomplished by two beachheads made by the American forces at Omaha and Utah, two by British forces, Sword and Gold, and a final one at Juno made by the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division.", "On the 6th June 1944 the seaborne invasion of the Normandy beaches began, codenamed Operation Neptune. The beaches were divided into five areas, Utah and Omaha commanded by American forces, Gold and Sword by British forces and Juno by Canadian forces.", "A full hour before the British and Canadian landings on GOLD, SWORD and JUNO beaches the men of the US 4th Infantry Division began landing on the Uncle Red/Tare Green sectors of Utah beach. Present with them, in addition to men of the US Navy, were the Royal Navy�s �O� and �G� LCT Squadrons, both divided across the two landing zones. Also present, delivering the initial wave of the 1st Battalion 8th Infantry of the US 4th Division, was the Royal Navy�s Empire Gauntlet lowering her LCA�s of 552 Flotilla.", "On 1 February 2009, the Associated Press reported that Odyssey Marine Exploration, based in Tampa, Florida, United States, claimed to have found the wreck in May 2008, and has recovered two of the one hundred bronze cannons.[5] Located in the Western Approaches between England and France, as a military wreck she legally remains the property of the British Government under the laws of marine salvage. The wreck was found \"more than 80 km (43 nm) from where anybody would have thought it went down\", according to Odyssey Marine Exploration CEO Gregg Stemm,[6] and 100 m (330 ft) deep, meaning that the vessel had not foundered on the Casquets as had been surmised, but lay approximately at latitude 49�42.5' N and longitude 3�33.3' W. The team announced their findings publicly on 2 February and stated that they were negotiating with the British government over the wreckage. On 26 March 2009, the TV show Treasure Quest, which had followed the company's ship Odyssey Explorer exploring several different shipwreck sites, aired two hours of footage of the Odyssey Explorer's initial findings of the ship. The show included footage of the Odyssey Explorer's crew finding a 42 pounder cannon that initially essentially identified the wreck as the Victory. The crew raised a 42 pounder cannon and a 12 pounder cannon.", "James Bond is back again and his new mission is to find out how a Royal Navy Polaris submarine holding sixteen nuclear warheads simply disappears whilst on patrol. Bond joins Major Anya Amasova and takes on a a web-handed mastermind, known as Karl Stromberg, as well as his henchman Jaws, who has a mouthful of metal teeth. Bond must track down the location of the missing submarine before the warheads are fired. Written by simon", "June 8 Operation Juno - German battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst sink the aircraft carrier HMS Glorious and two destroyers off Norway", "In the pre-title credits sequence, a British Royal Navy nuclear submarine (HMS Ranger) with 16 Polaris missiles aboard, captained by Commander Talbot (Bryan Marshall) in the North Norwegian Sea, and a Soviet nuclear missile submarine (Potemkin) mysteriously vanished without a trace (and with no distress signals) - both were swallowed up. Russian and British Secret Service agents were assigned to investigate the case.", "By our measure, Russia, Japan, France, Germany and a few others just missed out. OK — who did we miss?", "1940, July 5 – A convoy of gold bullion worth 1,800 million pounds sails from the River Clyde for safe keeping in the US. JULY 6 1747, July 6 – John Paul Jones, hero of the US Navy, born Kirkbean, Dumfries.", "A Qaranc.co.uk reader has recently purchased a set of medals (miniatures) and would like to research who they belonged to. These were an OBE, RRC, 39/45 Star, Africa Star, Italy Star, Defence Medal, Victory Medal and an UN Medal with a Korean Bar. If you can suggest a website or service where their history can be researched please contact qaranc.co.uk", "April 18, 2002: Naval vessels from five nations fall into position for a rare photographic opportunity, . From top row left to right: Italian frigate ITS Maestrale, French destroyer FS De Grasse, US aircraft carrier USS John C Stennis, US cruiser USS Port Royal, French aircraft carrier FS Charles de Gaulle, British Royal Navy amphibious warfare ship HMS Ocean, French frigate FS Surcouf, US aircraft carrier USS John F Kennedy, Dutch frigate HNLMS Van Amstel and Italian destroyer ITS Luigi Durand de la Penne. The coalition forces were being deployed in support of Operation Enduring FreedomUS Navy/Alta I Cutler/Reuters", "1957. Alistair MacLean’s WWII commando adventure The Guns of Navarone. New Zealand mountaineer-turned-commando Keith Mallory, American demolitions expert Dusty Miller, and Greek resistance fighter Andrea are sent on a mission impossible: to destroy a seemingly impregnable German fortress that threatens Allied naval ships in the Aegean Sea. Adapted as the 1961 movie starring Gregory Peck, David Niven, and Anthony Quinn.", "Gone With the Wind (1939) , The Great Dictator (1940), In Which We Serve (1942, UK), Destination Tokyo (1943), The Lost Patrol (1943), Back to Bataan (1944), The Fighting Sullivans (1944), Objective, Burma! (1945), Sands of Iwo Jima (1949), Halls of Montezuma (1950), Flying Leathernecks (1951), Battle Cry (1955), Mister Roberts (1955), The Young Lions (1958), Sink the Bismarck (1960), Hell is for Heroes (1962), Battle of the Bulge (1965), Chimes at Midnight/Falstaff (1965), In Harm's Way (1965), The Blue Max (1966), Closely Watched Trains (1966, Czech.), The Sand Pebbles (1966), Where Eagles Dare (1968), The Bridge at Remagen (1969), Catch-22 (1970), Kelly's Heroes (1970), Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970), The Boys in Company C (1977), MacArthur (1977), Coming Home (1978), Force 10 From Navarone (1978), Go Tell the Spartans (1978), Gallipoli (1981, Austr.), First Blood (1982), Heartbreak Ridge (1986), Born on the Fourth of July (1989), Casualties of War (1989), Henry V (1989), Heaven and Earth (1993), Richard III (1995), Courage Under Fire (1996), Starship Troopers (1997), Three Kings (1999), Enemy at the Gates (2001), Tigerland (2000), The Pianist (2002), We Were Soldiers (2002), and Jarhead (2005).", "After finding out the general location where the Ning-Po unloaded its cargo under the cover of night, Bond investigates the area in the air with a heavily armed autogyro called Little Nellie supplied by Q. The reconnaissance is unproductive until Bond is attacked by helicopters near a volcano, which are defeated by the spy while confirming his suspicions about SPECTRE’s base must obviously be nearby. Soon afterward, a manned Soviet spacecraft is hijacked by the same shuttle which attacked the Americans. With each country thinking that the other is the cause of its loss, the world is thrown to the brink of World War III. Preparing to conduct a closer investigation of the island, Bond trains with Tanaka and his ninja force, while escaping assassination attempts that end up killing Aki. Bond then receives training in Japanese culture, is disguised and stages a marriage to Tanaka’s student, Kissy Suzuki.", "July 2013: Panamanian authorities find weapons hidden beneath bags of sugar aboard the Chong Chon Gang, a North Korean cargo vessel, as it travels through the Panama Canal from Cuba. The shipment contains surface-to-air missile systems and launchers, MiG-21 jet fighter parts and engines, shell casings, rocket-propelled projectiles, and other ammunition.", "As explained in the book, Eurasia does not contain the British Empire because it was annexed (or was taken control of) by the United States giving the successor to both states, Oceania, control of a quarter of the world (southern Africa, Australasia, and Canada). The United States also annexed Latin America at around the same time, forming Oceania.", "One thing I was never quite sure of was who was fighting who. There are three great powers: Oceania, Eastasia and Eurasia. Great Britain seems to have been renamed Airstrip One and is described as the third most populous province of Oceania. So which are the other provinces, America, western Europe? Is Eurasia the old Soviet block, and Eastasia, China? Quite a lot of Russia is in east Asia.", "\"Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World\" (2003), condensed from plots and incidents in several of Patrick O'Brian's massively popular series of Captain Aubrey novels, was a thrillingly mounted sea epic set during the Napoleonic Wars. It was nominated for 10 Academy Awards , and won two.", "By the end of World War I, the U.S. Navy had grown in strength to being second only to Great Britain�s Navy. During the Washington Disarmament Conference of 1921, the U.S. agreed to dismantle part of the Navy, and seven out of nine battleships under construction were broken up. No new battleships were commissioned from 1923 to 1941.", "Major, John. Prize Possession: The United States and the Panama Canal, 1903–1979. Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.", "When two British and Soviet nuclear submarines mysteriously disappear, British secret service agent James Bond is assigned to investigate. Tracing the sale of a sophisticated submarine tracking system to Egypt he encounters Major Anya Amasova, a female agent of the KGB on the same mission for her government. The investigation leads to Karl Stromberg, a millionaire shipping tycoon, who from his underwater base in Sardinia has masterminded a plot to capture British, Soviet and American submarines with his super-tanker, the Liparus, to bring about World War III launching nuclear missiles towards New York and Moscow so he can establish a new civilisation living underwater. Together, Bond and Amasova put their countries differences aside to put a stop to Strombergs plans and prevent a nuclear war. The film is essentially a re-run of the plot from You Only Live Twice, with submarines being swallowed in much the same way as the rocket ships in Connerys fifth outing, no surprise as both films were directed by Lewis Gilbert, but on this occasion there is a much better balance between reality and the series excesses that had developed over the years.", "Macgregor, Tom; O'Brian, Patrick (October 2003). The Making of Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World. Harper Collins. ISBN  0-00-715771-1 . ", "The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet and Polish troops and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945. Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively. With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent, the possibility of additional atomic bombings, and the Soviet Union's declaration of war on Japan and invasion of Manchuria, Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945. Thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies.", "A veteran of 25 deployments to the Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean, and the Middle East, Enterprise has served in nearly every major conflict to take place during her history. From the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 to six deployments in support of the Vietnam conflict through the Cold War and the Gulf Wars, Enterprise was there. On September 11, 2001, Enterprise aborted her transit home from a long deployment after the terrorist attacks, and steamed overnight to the North Arabian Sea. Big 'E' once again took her place in history when she launched the first strikes in direct support of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "To-day in this present day and age 2009 as we approach the 60th anniversary of the 1949 Yangtze Incident, a ships-compliment that was involved in that now known as the 1949 Yangtze Campaign, has still never been recognised in the British Award system for the part they and the ship H.M.S. CONCORD, played when ordered to go to the assistance of H.M.S. Amethyst, in a �civil war zone� within Chinas, territorial waters, 30th and 31st July 1949.", "This tends to happen to Martian city-states in Rocket Age when they are conquered or the previous rulers are overthrown. We currently have Emancipation, New Jerusalem, Neu Berlin and Nuovo Roma to name a few.", "The Agrippa is one of the Earth ships that attack Babylon 5 after it has declared independence. She gets destroyed in the battle. (Severed Dreams)", "The Allies in the real WWII never obliterated all of Germany either. In Killzone, the ISA obliterates Helghan and everyone on it. Seems A Million is Not a Statistic after all .", "Britain had helped liberate Norway and, as 1945 was drawing to a close, was in the process of \"liberating\" Queen Maud Land (the new atlas of the post-war world no longer recognized Neuschwabenland). However, the mysterious wartime expeditions conducted by all the combatant countries, especially Germany, were not entered into the World War II history books." ]

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[ "The wreck of the Bonhomme Richard is considered one of the crown jewels of shipwrecks and has been the subject of several discovery expeditions . Unfortunately none have been able to locate the wreck and its final resting place off Flamborough Head remains a mystery. John Paul Jones is considered the father of the American Navy and his words “I wish to have no connection with any ship that does not sail fast for I intend to go  in harm’s way ” are just as famous in naval circles as “I have not yet begun to fight.” Sadly, Jones never held a significant sea command in the US Navy after the Battle of Flamborough Head and died an Admiral in the Russian Navy .", "As an officer of the Continental Navy of the American Revolution, John Paul Jones helped establish the traditions of courage and professionalism of the United States Navy. John Paul was born in a gardener's cottage in Kirkbean, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland, went to sea as a youth, and was a merchant shipmaster by the age of twenty-one. Having taken up residence in Virginia, he volunteered early in the War of Independence to serve in his adopted country's infant navy and raised with his own hands the Continental ensign on board the flagship of the Navy's first fleet. He took the war to the enemy's homeland with daring raids along the British coast and the famous victory of the Bonhomme Richard over HMS Serapis. As such he is sometimes referred to as the \"Father of the United States Navy\". After the Bonhomme Richard began taking on water and fires broke out on board, the British commander asked Jones if he had struck his flag. Jones replied, \"I have not yet begun to fight!\" In the end, it was the British commander who surrendered. He later served in the Imperial Russian Navy, died in Paris, and his body was eventually repatriated to the United States Naval Academy in the early 20th century. Jones is remembered for his indomitable will, his unwillingness to consider surrender when the slightest hope of victory still burned.", "\"I have not yet begun to fight!\" This was the immortal retort of Captain John Paul Jones to a request to surrender as he and his crew engaged in a desperate battle with a British frigate off the northern coast of England during the American Revolution.", "John Paul Jones (born John Paul; July 6, 1747 - July 18, 1792) was a Scottish-born American sailor and the United States' first well-known naval fighter in the American Revolutionary War. He made many friends and enemies among America's political elites, and his actions in British waters during the Revolution earned him an international reputation which persists to this day. As such, he is sometimes referred to as the \"Father of the American Navy,\" an epithet that he shares with John Barry). He later served in the Imperial Russian Navy, subsequently obtaining the rank of rear admiral.", "Birthday - Revolutionary War Naval Officer John Paul Jones (1747-1792) was born in Kirkbean, Scotland. He is best remembered for responding \"I have not yet begun to fight!\" to British opponents seeking his surrender during a naval battle.", "September 23, 1779 - Off the coast of England, John Paul Jones fights a desperate battle with a British frigate. When the British demand his surrender, Jones responds, \"I have not yet begun to fight!\" Jones then captures the frigate before his own ship sinks.", "1779: The Scottish-born American, John Paul Jones, commanded the Bonhomme Richard to a dramatic victory against the British Serapis and Countess of Scarborough in a battle in the North Sea off Flamborough Head. Jones declared I have not yet begun to fight!", "John Paul Jones ( 6 July 1747 – 18 July 1792 ) was a Scottish American sailor and the United States ' first well-known naval fighter in the American Revolutionary War . Although he made many friends and enemies among America's political elites, his actions in British waters during the Revolution earned him an international reputation which persists to this day. As such, he is sometimes referred to as the \"Father of the American Navy\" (an epithet he shares with John Barry ). He later served in the Imperial Russian Navy , subsequently obtaining the rank of rear admiral .", "The \"Father of the American Navy\", he was once charged with murder after flogging a sailor to death", "When the war began, the British had overwhelming naval superiority over the American colonists. The Royal Navy had over 100 ships of the line, although this fleet was old and in poor condition, a situation which would be blamed on Lord Sandwich, the First Lord of the Admiralty. During the first three years of the war, the Royal Navy was primarily used to transport troops for land operations and to protect commercial shipping. The American colonists had no ships of the line, and relied extensively on privateering to harass British shipping. The Continental Congress authorized the creation of a small Continental Navy on October 13, 1775, which was primarily used for commerce raiding. John Paul Jones became the first well-known American naval hero, capturing the HMS Drake on April 24, 1778, the first victory for any American military vessel in British waters.", "That same year, Thomas Paine, himself raised a Quaker, challenged religious pacifism in his widely read and extremely influential pamphlet “Common Sense.” He advised America’s religious pacifists to defend their liberty or risk losing it. [122] Many patriotic Quakers did precisely that. Nathaniel Greene who decided to be a “fighting Quaker” at the beginning of the Revolutionary War, for example, became a brilliant military strategist and one of Washington’s most trusted commanders. It was also the Quaker shipmaster, Joshua Humphreys, who designed and built the U.S. Navy’s first warships beginning in 1794.", "When the war began, the British had overwhelming naval superiority over the American colonists although their fleet was old and in poor condition, a situation that would be blamed on Lord Sandwich, the First Lord of the Admiralty. During the first three years of the war, the Royal Navy was primarily used to transport troops for land operations and to protect commercial shipping. The American colonists had no ships of the line, and relied extensively on privateering to harass British shipping. The privateers caused worry disproportionate to their material success, although those operating out of French channel ports before and after France joined the war caused significant embarrassment to the Royal Navy and inflamed Anglo-French relations. About 55,000 American sailors served aboard the privateers during the war. The American privateers had almost 1,700 ships, and they captured 2,283 enemy ships. The Continental Congress authorized the creation of a small Continental Navy in October 1775, which was primarily used for commerce raiding. John Paul Jones became the first great American naval hero, capturing HMS Drake on April 24, 1778, the first victory for any American military vessel in British waters. ", "Our reference is to a man called John Paul Jones who, it turns out, was not strictly the creator of the US navy, but he was certainly an important early figure in it.  The invention of the Navy is usually ascribed to an act of October 13, 1775 – which interestingly makes it older than the United States itself – this explains why Navy Day is celebrated on October 13 every year.  The US Navy, recognizes the Continental Congress as its founder and claims no one person \"invented\" it. ", "On June 15, 1775, the first naval engagement of the Revolution occurred between a Colonial Sloop commanded by Capt. Abraham Whipple and an armed tender of the British Frigate Rose. The tender was chased aground and captured. Later in June, the General Assembly created the first American Navy when it commissioned the Sloops Katy and Washington, armed with 24 guns and commanded by Abraham Whipple, who was promoted to Commodore.", "The resolution proved to be \"too little, too late\", and the American Revolutionary War began at Lexington, on April 19, 1775. The Continental Congress released a report, (written by Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Richard Henry Lee), dated July 31, 1775, rejecting it. ", "What is clearly known is that Jones left for Philadelphia shortly after settling in North America to volunteer his services around 1775 to the newly founded Continental Navy, precursor to the United States Navy. During this time, the Navy and Marines were being formally established, and suitable ship's officers and captains were in great demand. Jones's potential would likely have gone unrecognized were it not for the endorsement of Richard Henry Lee, who knew of his abilities. With help from influential members of the Continental Congress, however, Jones was appointed as a 1st Lieutenant of the newly converted 24-gun frigate in the Continental Navy on December 7, 1775. ", "The captain of the Abraham Lincoln. His name is taken from a Union Civil War admiral, David G. Farragut. David Farragut is famous for his statement: �Damn the torpedoes--full speed ahead!!!�", "As the Revolutionary War raged on in the Colonies, the newly founded Continental Congress began gathering a small navy. By cutting down the English war efforts in North America this became immediate success. Those successes prompted the Continental Congress to send Benjamin Franklin, as an Ambassador in 1777, to advise the French Court and garner more European support efforts for the American war. In 1779, the King of France donated to the American cause the DUC DE DURAS,", "The book’s focus is on the 17th century, but the author provides a brief overview of later developments, where the American influence makes itself felt. After the War of Independence, Britain no longer protected American merchant ships. John Adams’s policy had been one of paying tribute, but Thomas Jefferson thought this was a bad idea, so when he became president in 1801, he dispatched a naval squadron to Tripoli to blockade the city. The blockade worked fine until one of the ships, the Philadelphia, ran aground and its captain and crew became prisoners. The following year, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur pulled a magnificent stunt by managing to set fire to the Philadelphia, and in 1805, the Marines were sent in to install a new ruler, providing the Marine Hymn with its “shores of Tripoli” reference.", "George Washington was the first President of the United States, the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.", "The first vessels of the new U.S. Navy were launched in 1797; among them were the United States, the Constellation, and the Constitution. In 1825, President John Quincy Adams urged Congress to establish a Naval Academy \"for the formation of scientific and accomplished officers.\" His proposal, however, was not acted upon until 20 years later.", "He led an American naval force against the British on Lake Erie in the War of 1812.  His ship, the Lawrence, flew a banner declaring, \"Don't give up the ship.\"  Also, he is famous for saying, \"We have met the enemy and they are ours.\"", ": If By Sea: The Forging of the American Navy-From the Revolution to the War of 1812. From Publishers Weekly: Daughan brings a long academic career and solid command of his sources to this provocative history of the origins of the U.S. Navy. Conventional wisdom has the navy beginning in the 1790s. Daughan instead traces its roots to the Revolution. The fleet established by the Continental Congress had a relatively undistinguished career, but Daughan demonstrates that the Americans gained technical experience, produced talented officers, trained seamen and developed a basic understanding of how a navy should be employed. Continued below…", "The United States Navy was born during the American Revolution when the need for a naval force to match the Royal Navy became clear. But during the period immediately following the Revolution, the Continental Navy was demobilized in 1785 by an economy-minded Congress.", "On 19 April, the initial siege of Boston (1775–1776) by the Minutemen militia impeded the flow of reinforcements and supplies to the British army. By 14 June, the Second Continental Congress chose to adopt the militia and formed it into the new Continental Army, and unanimously elected George Washington the next day as its Commander-in-Chief. A set of naval constraints were established due to the successful siege complemented by the supporting capabilities that the British were giving their garrisons.", "* October 13 – American Revolution: The Continental Congress orders the establishment of the Continental Navy (later the United States Navy).", "After several explosive incidents between British and American ships in the spring of 1812 in which U.S. citizens were killed or captured aboard American ships in U.S. waters, Congress formally declared war. The words “Free Trade and Sailors’ Rights” emblazoned on banners fluttered above American ships, but the decision to declare war did not rectify America’s sorry state of unpreparedness. Years of inadequate defense spending had left the United States ill-prepared to fight a full-fledged war. By 1812, the U.S. Navy was composed of 16 vessels. The Royal Navy consisted of over 600 ships.", "From the beginning, Revere participated in public affairs. During the French and Indian War , Richard Gridley (who had commanded the artillery at the siege of Louisbourg and was later to direct the American digging-in at Bunker Hill) organized an artillery regiment. Commissioned a second lieutenant, Revere participated during 1756 in the failed expedition against Crown Point.", "Born in Scotland in 1747, Jones went to sea at age thirteen and became Captain of his own ship by the time he was twenty-one. By 1775, he had emigrated to America where he volunteered for service in the fledgling American Navy and was given his own command. In 1777 he was dispatched to the European waters with orders to create whatever havoc he could accomplish including attacking British ships and sea ports.", "During the war, British and American troops clashed up and down the East Coast, from Canada down to New Orleans. The war began after President Madison requested a declaration of war from Congress to protect American ships on the open seas and to try to stop the British practice of impressments, the seizure of U.S. sailors for service in Britain's Navy.", "In early September Washington authorized the appropriation and outfitting of local fishing vessels for intelligence-gathering and interdiction of supplies to the British. This activity was a precursor to the Continental Navy, which was established in the aftermath of the British Burning of Falmouth (present-day Portland, Maine). The provincial assemblies of Connecticut and Rhode Island had by then also begun arming ships and authorized privateering. ", "On this day in 1775, the Continental Congress appoints seven members to serve on an administrative naval committee tasked with the acquisition, outfitting and manning of a naval fleet to be used in defense against the British. Almost two weeks earlier, on October 13, 1775, Congress had authorized the construction and arming of vessels for the country's first navy." ]

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[ "Eight WNBA teams are associated with the NBA team from the same market and are known as sister teams. These teams include the Indiana Pacers and Fever, the Minnesota Timberwolves and Lynx, the New York Knicks and Liberty, the Phoenix Suns and Mercury, the Atlanta Hawks and the Dream, the San Antonio Spurs and the Stars, and the Washington Wizards and Mystics. Of these teams, only the Dream and the Sparks are owned separately. ", "If you’re a baseball fan, Phoenix is the place to be each spring, when no less than 15 Major League Baseball teams hold spring training in the metro area. The city is also home to the Phoenix Suns (NBA), Arizona Cardinals (NFL), Arizona Diamondbacks (MLB) and Phoenix Coyotes (NHL). It hosted the NBA All-Star Game in 2009 and the University of Phoenix stadium in suburban Glendale is the site of college football’s Fiesta Bowl each year. The Phoenix International Raceway hosts two major NASCAR events and the two-time champion Phoenix Mercury was one of the original eight WNBA teams.", "The Phoenix Mercury is a professional basketball team based in Phoenix, Arizona, playing in the Western Conference in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). The team was founded before the league's inaugural 1997 season began; it is one of the eight original franchises. The team is owned by Robert Sarver, who also owns the Mercury's NBA counterpart, the Phoenix Suns.", "As of the 2015 WNBA season, the Los Angeles Sparks, New York Liberty, Phoenix Mercury, and the San Antonio Stars (formerly Utah Starzz) are the only remaining franchises that were founded in 1997.", "The Minnesota Lynx (2011, 2013, 2015), Phoenix Mercury (2007, 2009, 2014) and now defunct Detroit Shock (2003, 2006, 2008) are tied for second with three WNBA championships.", "In 1997, the Phoenix Mercury were one of the original eight teams to launch the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They also play at Talking Stick Resorts Arena. They have won the WNBA championship three times: first in 2007 when they defeated the Detroit Shock, again in 2009 when they defeated the Indiana Fever, and in 2014 when they swept the Chicago Sky. ", "Individual women stars have been heavily recruited by colleges, but the players frequently found that there was no opportunity for them to play beyond the college level. Leagues were occasionally formed, such as the Women’s Professional Basketball League (WPBL); begun in 1978, the WPBL lasted only three years. Eventually filling the void was the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA). Aligned with the powerful NBA, the WNBA held its inaugural season in 1997 with eight teams. By 2006 the WNBA had grown to 14 teams, though following the season the Charlotte Sting disbanded, and in 2008 the WNBA’s inaugural champion, the Houston Comets , also folded. The Sacramento Monarchs disbanded in 2009. The Eastern Conference consists of the Atlanta Dream, Chicago Sky, Connecticut Sun (in Uncasville), Indiana Fever (in Indianapolis), New York Liberty (in New York City), and Washington (D.C.) Mystics. The Western Conference comprises the Los Angeles Sparks, Minnesota Lynx (in Minneapolis), Phoenix Mercury, San Antonio Silver Stars, Seattle Storm, and Tulsa (Oklahoma) Shock. Women’s professional basketball is played during the summer months.", "Current NBA team, defunct WNBA team: Houston Rockets/Comets, Miami Heat/Solnote Spanish for \"sun\", Portland Trail Blazers/Fire, Sacramento Kings/Monarchs.", "Current team pairs: Washington Wizards/Mystics, Minnesota Timberwolves/Lynx, Phoenix Suns/Mercury, San Antonio Spurs/Stars (Silver Stars before 2014). Plus a coincidental: Dallas Mavericks/Wings; the Wings relocated from Tulsa after the 2015 season, and are owned separately from the Mavericks.note The Wings also play in Arlington, unlike the Mavericks, who play just outside downtown Dallas.", "The WNBA announced the cities of the eight teams that would compete in the WNBA's inaugural season -- Charlotte, Cleveland, Houston and New York in the Eastern Conference and Los Angeles, Phoenix, Sacramento and Utah in the Western Conference.", "As well as being home to the Minnesota Timberwolves, the Target Center is also home to the WNBA’s Minnesota Lynx . While the Target Center primarily services basketball games, it also hosts a multitude of concerts, shows, graduations, and private events as well, with the ability to host as many as 20,000+ attendees at capacity.", "The Phoenix Suns were the first major sports team in Phoenix, being granted a National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise in 1968. They had originally played at the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum before moving to America West Arena (now Talking Stick Resort Arena) in 1992. The year following their move to the new arena, the Suns made it to the NBA finals for the second time in franchise history, losing to Michael Jordan's Chicago Bulls, 4 games to 2. The U.S. Airways Center hosted both the 1995 and the 2009 NBA All-Star Games. ", "Connecticut's only major league sports team is the WNBA's Connecticut Sunnote Named for the Mohegan Sun, a Native American casino, as the team is owned by the tribe. When they moved to Connecticut from Orlando in 2003, they became the first WNBA team to not share a market with a pre-existing men's team. Their financial success proved that women's sports can indeed be independently profitable. Hartford formerly had an NHL team, the Whalers, but they moved to North Carolina to become the Hurricanes. UConn is more known for basketball than football, as the latter are considered a B-team at best — even then, while the men's team are no slouch, it is the women's team they're better known for.", "The Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) is a professional basketball league in the United States. It currently is composed of twelve teams. The league was founded on April 24, 1996, as the women's counterpart to the National Basketball Association (NBA). League play started in 1997; the regular season is currently played from June to September with the All Star game being played midway through the season in July and the WNBA Finals at the end of September until the beginning of October.", "Home to the Phoenix Suns, the 20,000-seat Talking Stick Resort Arena is not only a great place to take in a basketball game but a comfortable event venue where musical performances by national touring acts are staged. A few blocks away is Chase Field, where the Arizona Diamondbacks play. This stadium, with a climate-controlled environment, retractable roof and signature swimming pool, can accommodate more than 49,000 cheering fans. Both are located just 36 miles away in downtown Phoenix.", "Minneapolis is home to four professional sports teams. In recent years, the Minnesota Lynx have been the most successful sports team in Minneapolis and a dominant force in the WNBA, reaching the WNBA Finals in 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2015 and winning in 2011, 2013, and 2015. The Minnesota Timberwolves brought NBA basketball back to Minneapolis in 1989, followed by the Lynx in 1999. Both basketball teams play in the Target Center.", "The Harlem Globetrotters are an exhibition basketball team that combines athleticism, theater, and comedy. Over the years they have played more than 26,000 exhibition games in 122 countries and territories. Brother Bones's whistled version of \"Sweet Georgia Brown\" is the team's signature song, and their mascot is named Globie. The team plays over 450 live events worldwide each year. Today, there are at least three different Harlem Globetrotters teams touring the United States. The executive offices for the team are located in downtown Phoenix, Arizona; in October 2013, Shamrock Holdings sold the team for an undisclosed amount of money to current owners Herschend Family Entertainment. The team's corporate offices are currently in the process of moving to suburban Atlanta.", "The Charlotte Hornets are a team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in Charlotte, North Carolina . They play their home games at the Time Warner Cable Arena . Most of the team is owned by Michael Jordan , who was a star player for the Chicago Bulls in the 1980s and 1990s. [1] The team started playing in 2004 as the Charlotte Bobcats, and was the second NBA team to play in Charlotte (the New Orleans Pelicans had played in Charlotte as the Hornets from 1988 to 2002). In 2010, the Bobcats made the playoffs for the first time.", "(*) As a result of the original franchise's relocation to New Orleans, the NBA team in Charlotte suspended operations for the 2002–03 and the 2003–04 seasons, before a new team formerly called the Bobcats was established for the 2004–05 season. On May 20, 2014, the Bobcats officially became the second incarnation of the Charlotte Hornets. At a press conference heralding the change, team officials also announced that as part of a deal with the NBA and the Pelicans, the renamed Hornets reclaimed the history and records of the 1988–2002 Hornets, while all of the Hornets' records during their time in New Orleans and Oklahoma City from 2002 to 2013 remained with the Pelicans.", "Washington is one of 12 cities in the United States with teams from all four major professional men's sports and is home to one major professional women's team. The Washington Wizards (National Basketball Association), the Washington Capitals (National Hockey League), and the Washington Mystics (Women's National Basketball Association), play at the Verizon Center in Chinatown. Nationals Park, which opened in Southeast D.C. in 2008, is home to the Washington Nationals (Major League Baseball). D.C. United (Major League Soccer) plays at RFK Stadium. The Washington Redskins (National Football League) play at nearby FedExField in Landover, Maryland.", "Minneapolis is home to the Minnesota Twins (Major League Baseball), Minnesota Vikings (National Football League), Minnesota Timberwolves (NBA basketball), and Minnesota Lynx (WNBA basketball). They play at Target Field, U.S. Bank Stadium, and Target Center, respectively, which are all located in Downtown Minneapolis .", "The Connecticut Sun of the WNBA currently play at the Mohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville. From 1996 to 1998, Connecticut was home to another professional woman's basketball team, American Basketball League franchise the New England Blizzard, who played at the XL Center.", "The Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball began play as an expansion team in 1998. The team has played all of its home games in the same downtown park, now known as Chase Field. It is the second highest stadium in the U.S. (after Coors Field in Denver), and is known for its swimming pool beyond the outfield fence. In 2001, the Diamondbacks defeated the New York Yankees 4 games to 3 in the World Series, becoming the city's first professional sports franchise to win a national championship while located in Arizona. The win was also the fastest an expansion team had ever won the World Series, surpassing the old mark of the Florida Marlins of 5 years, set in 1997. ", "The official website of the WNBA is WNBA.com. You can also download the WNBA mobile app for iOS and Android devices. On social media, you can follow the WNBA on Facebook , Twitter , Instagram , Snapchat (@WNBA) and Vine .", "The Chicago Sky is a professional basketball team based in Rosemont, Illinois, playing in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They play home games at the Allstate Arena. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began.", "Salt Lake City is home to the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA), who moved from New Orleans in 1979 and play their home games in Vivint Smart Home Arena (formerly known as the Delta Center and later known as EnergySolutions Arena). They are the only team from one of the four top-level professional sports leagues in the state. They have been to the playoffs in 22 of the last 25 seasons, making them among the most successful in the NBA in that time span, but have yet to win a championship. Salt Lake City was previously home to a professional basketball team, the Utah Stars of the American Basketball Association (ABA), between 1970-75. They won one championship in the city (in 1971) and enjoyed some of the strongest support of any ABA team, but they folded just months before the ABA–NBA merger, thus preventing them from being absorbed by the NBA. The success of the Stars may have had a hand in the decision by the struggling Jazz to relocate to Salt Lake City in 1979.", "Staples Center is a large multi-purpose sports arena in Downtown Los Angeles. Adjacent to the L.A. Live development, it is located next to the Los Angeles Convention Center complex along Figueroa Street. Opening on October 17, 1999, it is one of the major sporting facilities in the Greater Los Angeles Area. It is owned and operated by the L.A. Arena Company and Anschutz Entertainment Group. The arena is home to the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association, the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League, and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association. The Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League and the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA D-League were also tenants until both franchises were discontinued; the D-Fenders moved to the Lakers' practice facility at the Toyota Sports Center in El Segundo, California for the 2011–12 season. Staples Center is also host to over 250 events and nearly 4,000,000 guests a year. It is the only arena in the NBA shared by two teams.", "The NBA Charlotte Bobcats basketball team play in the Eastern Conference’s Southeast Division in the National Basketball Association. The team is based out of Charlotte, North Carolina and plays at Time Warner Cable Arena. The Bobcats were an expansion team that joined the NBA in 2004 two seasons after the Charlotte Hornets moved to New Orleans. The Bobcats have played in one postseason.", "This will be the third Super Bowl held in Phoenix area and the second held in University of Phoenix Stadium. The first one was played in Sun Devil Stadium at Arizona State University. ", "In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the NBA's New Orleans Hornets (now the New Orleans Pelicans) temporarily relocated to the Ford Center, playing the majority of its home games there during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons. The team became the first NBA franchise to play regular-season games in the state of Oklahoma. The team was known as the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets while playing in Oklahoma City.", "Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport is a civil-military public airport 3 mi southeast of downtown Phoenix, in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is Arizona's largest and busiest airport, and among the largest commercial airports in the United States.", "It's in Glendale, Arizona which is in the northwest part of the Valley of the Sun. Here is a map and directions to University of Phoenix Stadium. The stadium is NOT accessible by light rail." ]

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[ "Jeannette Pickering Rankin (June 11, 1880 – May 18, 1973) was the first woman to hold federal office in the United States when, in 1916, she was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives by the state of Montana. She won a second House term 24 years later, in 1940. ", "The first woman to serve in the Congress of the United States, Jeannette Rankin represented the state of Montana as a Republican for two nonconsecutive terms (1917–1919 and 1940–1942).", "Jeannette Rankin was born in Missoula, Montana 11 June, 1880.  She served as the first woman in the House of Representatives in the 65th session of Congress from 1917 – 1919. She said that she was the first woman to be elected, but she would not be last.  Women had had the right to vote in the state of Montana since 1914, but a constitutional amendment giving all women the right to vote was not ratified until 18 August, 1920.  She was welcomed by her fellow congressmen by cheers and had to bow in acceptance twice.", "Rankin was born near Missoula, Montana , on June 11, 1880 , the eldest of seven children.", "Jeannette Pickering Rankin, the first woman ever elected to Congress, is born on a ranch near Missoula, Montana Territory.", "UNITED STATES (by Margaret Wood ):  Jeanette Rankin of Montana was the first woman elected to Congress as a member of the House of Representatives on August 29, 1916 – four years before the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment that gave all women in the U.S. the right to vote. She took her seat in the House on April 2, 1917, when she was sworn in as a member of the 65th Congress (1917-1919). The first woman appointed to the Senate was Rebecca Felton who served for 24 hours during a special session of the 67th Congress. Hattie Caraway was the first woman elected to the Senate in 1932. Currently 20% of Congress are women. In 2007, Nancy Pelosi became the first woman to be the Speaker of the House of Representatives .", "1917 – Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first female member of the United States House of Representatives.", "As World War I broke out, Jeannette Rankin, the first woman in the United States to be a member of Congress, was a pacifist and voted against the United States' declaration of war. Her actions were widely criticized in Montana, where public support for the war was strong, and wartime sentiment reached levels of hyper-patriotism among many Montanans. In 1917–18, due to a miscalculation of Montana's population, approximately 40,000 Montanans, ten percent of the state's population, either volunteered or were drafted into the armed forces. This represented a manpower contribution to the war that was 25 percent higher than any other state on a per capita basis. Approximately 1500 Montanans died as a result of the war and 2437 were wounded, also higher than any other state on a per capita basis. Montana's Remount station in Miles City provided 10,000 cavalry horses for the war, more than any other Army post in the US. The war created a boom for Montana mining, lumber and farming interests as demand for war materials and food increased.", "Although she was the first freely elected female senator, Caraway was preceded in the Senate by Rebecca Latimer Felton, who was appointed in 1922 to fill a vacancy but never ran for election. Jeannette Rankin, elected to the House of Representatives as a pacifist from Montana in 1917, was the first woman to ever sit in Congress.", "Since Rankin's pioneering term, a total of 307 women have served in Congress; 261 in the House, 35 in the Senate, and 11 in both chambers. The current (114th) Congress contains 104 women; 84 in the House and 20 in the Senate, approximately 20% of the total. Rankin remains the only woman ever elected to Congress from Montana.", "As war in Europe loomed, Rankin turned her attention to work for peace, and in 1916, ran for one of the two seats in Congress from Montana as a Republican. Her brother served as campaign manager and helped finance the campaign. Jeannette Rankin won, though the papers first reported that she lost the election -- and Jeannette Rankin thus became the first woman elected to the U.S. Congress, and the first woman elected to a national legislature in any western democracy.", "The campaign for women's suffrage picked up speed in the 1910s as the established women's groups won in the western states and moved east, leaving the conservative South for last. Parades were favorite publicity devices. [155] In 1916 Jeannette Rankin , a Republican from Montana, became the first woman to serve in Congress. A lifelong pacifist, she was one of fifty members of Congress who voted against entry into World War I in 1917, and the only member of Congress who voted against declaring war on Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. [156]", "Jeannette Rankin of Montana was elected to the House of Representatives in 1916 and sworn into Congress in 1917.", "In 1940, Jeannette Rankin was again elected to Congress. In 1941, as she had in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Hers was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, Rankin required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended to be those from \"peace churches\" who generally opposed war. Many individuals claiming conscientious objector status from throughout the U.S. were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.", "Meanwhile in 1917 Jeannette Rankin became the first woman to serve in Congress (in the House of Representatives). Then in 1922 Rebecca Latimer Felton became the first woman US senator. In 1925 Nellie Tayloe Ross became the first woman governor of a US state (Wyoming). In 1981 Sandra Day O'Connor became the first woman judge on the US supreme court. Madeleine Albright became the first US secretary of state in 1997.", "Some of the many groups that protested against the war, as well as the traditional peace churches, were the Woman's Peace Party (which was organized in 1915 and led by noted reformer Jane Addams), the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace (ICWPP) (also organized in 1915), the American Union Against Militarism, the Fellowship of Reconciliation, and the American Friends Service Committee. Jeannette Rankin, the first woman elected to Congress, was another fierce advocate of pacifism, the only person to vote no to America's entrance into both World Wars.", "The 19th Amendment, granting suffrage to women, was approved by Congress in 1920. It was over fifty years previously, however, that Wyoming had entered the Union as the first state to grant women full voting rights. The next eight states to grant full suffrage to women were also Western states: Colorado (1893); Utah and Idaho (1896); Washington (1910); California (1911); and Oregon, Kansas, and Arizona (1912). Why was the West first? Can students explain with a unified theory why Western states anticipated the rest of the nation by so many years on this issue? Or did \"women's suffrage succeed… in the West for reasons as diverse as the people and places of the West itself?\"", "She attained prominence as a leader of the woman suffrage movement in Washington and Montana and in 1917 became the first woman member of the U.S. House of Representatives , where she served until 1919 as a representative of Montana .", "Jeannette was a social worker in Seattle Washington, but she got caught up in the rise of sentiment for women suffrage and campaigned effectively for the next five years in California, Washington, and Montana. 1914 she became legislative secretary of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, and in that same year she led a successful campaign for woman suffrage in her native Montana.", "In 1940 Rankin was voted back in to the House. She was the only member of the legislative party to vote against declaring war on Japan after the bombings of Pearl Harbor, which ultimately terminated her political career. She was active in the National Consumers League, the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, along with other reform groups. And lastly on January 15, 1968, at the age of 87, she led 5,000 women, calling themselves the \"Jeannette Rankin Brigade\" to the foot of Capitol Hill to demonstrate opposition to the hostilities in Indochina.", "Washington's most distinguished public figure was US Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas (b.Minnesota, 1898–1980), who grew up in Yakima and attended Whitman College in Walla Walla. In addition to his 37-year tenure on the Court, an all-time high, Douglas was the author of numerous legal casebooks as well as 27 other volumes on various subjects. Other federal officeholders from Washington include Lewis B. Schwellenbach (b.Wisconsin, 1894–1948), secretary of labor under Harry Truman, and Brockman Adams (b.Georgia, 1927–2004), secretary of transportation under Jimmy Carter . Serving in the US Senate from 1945 to 1981), Warren G. Magnuson (Minnesota, 1905–89) held the chairmanship of the powerful Appropriations Committee. A fellow Democrat, Henry M. \"Scoop\" Jackson (1912–83) was first elected to the House in 1940 and to the Senate in 1952. Influential on the Armed Services Committee, Jackson ran unsuccessfully for his party's presidential nomination in 1976. William E. Boeing (b.Michigan, 1881–1956) pioneered Washington's largest single industry, aerospace technology.", "When Wyoming entered the Union in 1890, it became the first state whose constitution accorded women the right to vote. Subsequently, vigorous campaigns were conducted to persuade state legislatures to submit to their voters amendments to state constitutions conferring full suffrage to women in state affairs. Efforts were also made to give women the right to vote in presidential elections and, in some states, the right to vote in municipal and local elections. In the next 25 years various individual states yielded to the movement's demands and enfranchised their women; each such state increased the members of Congress elected partly by women. These members were thus at least partly obliged by the nature of their constituency to vote for a woman suffrage amendment to the United States Constitution. By 1918 women had acquired equal suffrage with men in 15 states.", "In July 1890, the Territory of Wyoming, which allowed women to vote, was admitted as a state.  Wyoming became the first state with women suffrage.  By 1900, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho joined Wyoming in allowing women to vote.", "1955 - Statue of Esther Hobart Morris, State Capitol Building, Cheyenne, Wyoming (USA). \"The Western suffrage story began when Wyoming transformed a dream into reality in 1869. That year, the 20-member Territorial Legislature approved a revolutionary measure stating: 'That every woman of the age of twenty-one years, residing in this Territory, may at every election to be holden under the law thereof, cast her vote.'\" /// Esther Hobart Morris [1902] was \"the first female Justice of the Peace in the USA. A mother of three boys, she began her tenure as justice in South Pass City, Wyoming, on February 14, 1870, & served a term of less than nine months... Popular stories & historical accounts, buttressed by state & federal public monuments, point to Morris as a leader in the passage of Wyoming's suffrage amendment. However, Morris' leadership role in the legislation is disputed.\" /// \"State officials in 1960 presented a copy of this 1953 bronze statue for display at the US Capitol's National Statuary Hall Collection in Washington, DC.\"", "On this day in 1889, the Wyoming state convention approves a constitution that includes a provision granting women the right to vote. Formally admitted into the union the following year, Wyoming thus became the first state in the history of the nation to allow its female citizens to vote.", "Wyoming's constitution included women's suffrage and a pioneering article on water rights. Congress admitted Wyoming into the Union as the 44th state on July 10, 1890.", "On December 10, 1869, territorial Governor John Allen Campbell extended the right to vote to women, making Wyoming the first territory and then U.S. state to grant suffrage to women. In addition, Wyoming was also a pioneer in welcoming women into politics. Women first served on juries in Wyoming (Laramie in 1870); Wyoming had the first female court bailiff (Mary Atkinson, Laramie, in 1870); and the first female justice of the peace in the country (Esther Hobart Morris, South Pass City, in 1870). Also, in 1924, Wyoming became the first state to elect a female governor, Nellie Tayloe Ross, who took office in January 1925. Due to its civil-rights history, Wyoming's state nickname is \"The Equality State\", and the official state motto is \"Equal Rights\". ", "~1925 � Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming became the first female governor in the United States.", "On this date Anna Carrier McSpaden Blaine, wife of Governor John J. Blaine, died in Boscobel. She was born on August 18, 1875, in Boscobel.� She attended UW-Madison from 1895-1896, and Platteville Normal School, and�later she taught elementary school in La Crosse, West Bend, and Boscobel. She met her future husband while he was mayor of Boscobel. She married John J. Blaine on August 23, 1904 in Boscobel. Anna Blaine served as first lady of Wisconsin from 1921 to 1927. She was a devoted supporter of the Woman Suffrage movement, campaigning for the cause throughout Wisconsin with Belle Case La Follette. She also took an active role in her husband's political career, campaigning for his re-election and various political causes. She maintained an in-depth understanding of politics and issues, and sought election to the state senate after her husband's death in 1936. She won the Progressive party's nomination for the 16th district but was defeated in the general election. Anna Carrier McSpaden Blaine died of pneumonia in 1938. She is buried beside her husband in Boscobel. [Source: First Ladies of Wisconsin-The Governors' Wives by Nancy G. Williams, p.141]", "In 1925, Nellie Tayloe Ross was elected governor of Wyoming. She was the first woman to serve as governor in the United States.", "On August 26, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which grants women the right to vote, becomes law. Washington women had won the vote in 1910, after which Washington suffragists had helped with the national campaign to amend the constitution so that all American women could vote.", "Cora Reynolds Anderson (1882-1950) was the first woman elected to the Michigan House of Representatives, serving one term from 1925 to 1926. She is also believed to be the only Native American woman elected to the Michigan House or Senate." ]

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[ "Only one U.S. state, New Hampshire, borders Maine. New Hampshire borders the state on its western side; to the northwest, Maine is bordered by Quebec and on to the northeast, it is bordered by New Brunswick, both of which are Canadian provinces. The Atlantic Ocean borders Maine on the east and south.", "The US state of Maine is situated in the northeastern United States on the US– Canada border, it is one of the six New England states. Maine is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Québec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the north and northeast. The state borders the Atlantic Ocean to the south and the US state of New Hampshire to the southwest. The states nickname is \"The Pine Tree State\".", "Maine is the largest of the New England states of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by New Hampshire to the West, the Canadian provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick to the northwest and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, and the Bay of Fundy to the east. The last ice age had a profound effect on the geography of Maine. A glacier was responsible for carving out the many inlets and bays for which the state is famous.", "The State of Maine is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, New Hampshire to the southwest, and the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the northeast. Maine is the northernmost portion of New England and is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States. It is known for its scenery — its jagged, mostly rocky coastline, its low, rolling mountains, and its heavily forested interior — as well as for its seafood cuisine, especially lobsters and clams.", "area in the United States comprising the states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.", "New England is a region of the United States located in the northeastern corner of the country, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, Canada and the state of New York, consisting of the modern states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.", "States included: Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland", "One of the markers that stands exactly on the current Maine-New Brunswick border: \"Treaty of Washington, Boundary August 9th, 1842\". On the other two sides of the marker are the names of the US and British Commissioners. Click on photos for enlarged view.", "The State of Maine is the northeasternmost of the contiguous states. Formerly part of Massachusetts, it was split off in 1820 when the free states (where slavery was illegal) needed to balance out new slave state Missouri. It was the setting of one of the shortest \"wars\" in American history, the Aroostook War, stemming from a boundary dispute between Maine and the neighboring British territory of New Brunswick (now a Canadian province ); most of the fighting was between lumberjacks and frontiersmen rather than either side's armies, and both worked out a compromise before the militias could be sent in (in case you�re wondering, Maine received most of the disputed territory, barring a strategic corridor connecting New Brunswick to the British colonies in what is now central Canada).", "New Hampshire is located in northeastern United States. The total area of the state is 9,304 sq miles (24,097 sq km), comprising 9,027 sq miles (23,380 sq km) of land and 277 sq miles (717 sq km) of inland water. New Hampshire is bordered on the north by the Canadian province of Quebec; on the east by Maine and the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by Massachusetts; and the on the west by Vermont. Its geographic center lies in Belknap county, 3 miles (5 km) east of the town of Ashland. It is one of the six New England states, the others being Maine, Massachusetts, Vermont, Rhode Island and Connecticut. Geographies sometimes speak of the state as the \"Mother of Rivers.\" Five of the great streams of New England originate in its granite hills. The Connecticut River rises in the north; the Pemigewasset River starts in the Profile Lake in the Franconia mountains and joins the Winnipesaukee at Franklin to form the Merrimack River; the Cocheco and Salmon Falls rivers join at Dover to form the Piscataqua River; and two of the principal rivers of Maine, the Androscoggin and the Saco, have their beginnings in northern New Hampshire. New Hampshire has 1300 lakes or ponds and about 40 rivers with a total milage of about 41,800 miles.", "After settling a dispute with New York, Vermont was admitted to statehood in 1791, formally completing the defined area of New England. On March 15, 1820, as part of the Missouri Compromise, the territory of Maine, formerly a part of Massachusetts, was admitted to the Union as a free state. Today, New England is defined as made up of the six states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. ", "New Hampshire is a New England state bordered by Canada to the north, Vermont to the west, Massachusetts to the south, and Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. The state's landscape includes mountains, about 1,300 lakes and ponds, and beaches. Forests cover about 85 percent of New Hampshire's land.", "As part of Massachusetts, Maine developed early fishing, lumbering, and shipbuilding industries and in 1820 was granted statehood. In the 19th century, the promise of jobs in the timber industry lured many French Canadians to Maine from the Canadian province of Quebec, which borders the state to the west. With 90 percent of Maine still covered by forests, Maine is known as the “Pine Tree State” and is the most sparsely populated state east of the Mississippi River.", "During the War of 1812, the border question was almost settled in a very different way.  The war itself was very unpopular in New England; indeed, immediately following the declaration of war by the US against Great Britain, the residents of Eastport, Maine -- just across the border from New Brunswick -- \"unanimously voted to preserve a good understanding with the Inhabitants of New Brunswick and to discountenance all depredations upon the possessions of each other.\" [Source: Squires , p.107]   In September 1814, following US attacks on Upper Canada (including the burning and pillaging of the capital, York--now Toronto), British forces moved to take control of Eastern Maine, succeeding in gaining possession of that part of the state east of the Penobscot, including Belfast, Bangor and Machias. ", "The Haskell Free Library and Opera House straddles the border in Derby Line, Vermont , and Stanstead, Quebec . Private homes are divided by the International Boundary line between Estcourt Station, Maine , and Pohénégamook , Quebec. Private homes between Beebe Plain, Quebec and Beebe Plain, Vermont ; a seasonal home between Alburgh, Vermont , and Noyan, Quebec , at the intersection of Matthias Lane in Alburgh and Chemin au Bord du L'eau in Noyan; and one house between Richford, Vermont , and Abercorn, Quebec , [29] are also divided by the border. [30]", "Maine is the 39th largest state of US area wise and the capital of the state is Augusta.", "Maine is the most Northeastern state in New England and the country. It was admitted as the 23rd state to the union in March of 1820. The population sits at 1.3 million and has an area that expands 35,385 square miles. Maine's largest city is Portland, however, Augusta has been the capital since 1827.", "To balance the number of \"slave states\" and \"free states,\" the northern region of what was then Massachusetts ultimately gained admission into the United States as a free state to become Maine. This only occurred as a result of a compromise involving slavery in Missouri, and in the federal territories of the American west. ", "Ahh, the life in Maine! The Pine Tree State became the 23rd state in the Union on March 15, 1820. Campers enjoy the dense woodlands and beautiful scenery. Others prefer a lobster dinner on Maine's picturesque coastline. What do you think of when you think of Maine? How about \"Red Paint\" people, the Vikings, the French, or Massachusetts?", "Maine has several unique geographical features. Machias Seal Island and North Rock, off its easternmost point, are claimed by both the U.S. and Canada and are within one of four areas between the two countries whose sovereignty is still in dispute, but it is the only one of the disputed areas containing land. Also in this easternmost area in the Bay of Fundy is the Old Sow, the largest tidal whirlpool in the Western Hemisphere.", "1820 - Maine joined the 22 states of the United States of America. Travel way up to the far northeastern tip of the U.S., where many pine trees grow, and you�ll be in Maine, the Pine Tree State. Coincidentally, the white pine cone with its tassel is the state flower; and since the chickadee makes its nest in the pine tree, we figure that�s why it is the state bird. The landlocked salmon is the state fish, the tourmaline is the state mineral and the state song is ... we�re not kidding ... �State of Maine Song�. �I direct� is the state motto which is �dirigo� in Latin. How about all of us who know the origin of the name, Maine, getting together for a Maine lobster dinner! We learned that its first use was to distinguish the mainland from islands offshore. Maine was also thought to be named in honor of Henrietta Maria, Charles I of England�s queen. She owned a province in France titled, Mayne. And, last but not least, Augusta is the capital of Maine (not Georgia).", "The largest of the New England states in area, Maine, in 1820, was the 23rd state to join the Union. Its name comes from an ancient French province of the same name. The most sparsely populated state east of the Mississippi River, it's appropriately called the \"Pine Tree State,\" as 90 percent of its land is forest. Not surprisingly, most of Maine's economy is related to timber and the production of paper and paper products although the millions of tourists who flock each summer to \"Vacationland\" are a significant source of revenue. The capital is Augusta; the state flower is the white pine cone and tassel.", "The Atlantic Ocean is the lowest point of the state of Maine. Kennebec River, St. John River, Androscoggin River and Penobscot River are the major rivers of the State of Maine.", "This river runs from the Passamaquoddy Bay to the Chiputneticook Lakes and defines part of the New Brunswick-Maine border?", "Massachusetts, officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a state in the northeastern United States , it is one of the six New England states. Massachusetts is bordered in north by Vermont and New Hampshire ; in east by the Atlantic Ocean; in south by Rhode Island and Connecticut and to the west by the state of New York . The state's nickname is \"The Bay State\", or also \"The Spirit of America\" currently used on license plates.", "New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, Canada and the state of New York, consisting of the modern( U.S.), Massachusetts.", "After this event, the State of Maine continued an aggressive stance, declaring that it would appoint its own commission to determine the border and to enforce its claim:", "Explorer Samuel de Champlain reached the coast of Maine in 1604 and claimed it as part of the French province of Acadia. France and Britain disputed ownership until 1763, when the region was ceded to the British during negotiations ending the French and Indian War.", "you’ll come to two island communities. One is Arrowsic, with four lighthouses, hiking trails up 66 hilly peaks and acres of scenic woodland and river banks. The other island is Georgetown, bounded by the Kennebec and Sasanoa Rivers and Sheepscot Bay giving you 82 miles of shoreline to enjoy. Local Favorites: In Georgetown, Reid State Park is the place to visit salt marshes, dunes and woodlands plus sandy beaches and rocky ledges. In Phippsburg, you’ll find Popham State Park Beach, often considered one of the most beautiful beaches in Maine. If you go there during low tide, you can walk out to a little island for a wonderful panoramic view. Visitors will find sand dollars and other shells during low tide. Sunset brings the most spectacular scenery. Hidden Gems: Though a bit difficult to find, Doubling Point Lighthouse has a long wooden walkway leading to its doors. This is one of the 65 lighthouses still standing in Maine. Follow the signs in from Route 1 to find the Bath Visitors Center. Here, you’ll find great information about the area whether staying for a day or longer. While there, take a moment to stroll down the vibrant Commercial Street area. Most Unusual: A renovated church, painted the color of milk chocolate, soon became known as the Chocolate Church Arts Center, a venue that hosts year round concerts and events. Yum!", "Boothbay • Boothbay Harbor • Capitol Island • East Boothbay • Edgecomb Monhegan • Newcastle • Southport • Trevett • Westport • Woolwich", "A scenic seacoast, beaches, lakes, mountains, and resorts make Maine a popular vacationland. There are more than 2,500 lakes and 5,000 streams, plus more than 30 state parks to attract hunters, fishermen, skiers, and campers.", "In days gone by, people who lived in the area now defined as Maine may also have been referred to by a number of other nicknames:" ]

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[ "Betamax (also called Beta, and referred to as such in the logo) is a consumer-level analog videocassette magnetic tape recording format developed by Sony, released in Japan on May 10, 1975. The first Betamax introduced in America was the LV-1901 console, which included a 19 in color monitor, and appeared in stores in early November, 1975. The cassettes contain videotape in a design similar to the earlier, professional , U-matic format. The format is obsolete, having lost the videotape format war to VHS. Betamax recorders ceased production in 2002, but the format's cassette tapes were available until March 2016, when Sony discontinued them. ", "Betamax (sometimes called Beta) is a home videocassette tape recording format developed by Sony , released on May 10, 1975. The cassettes contain 1/2-inch (12.7mm)-wide videotape in a design similar to the earlier, professional 3/4-inch (19.05mm) U-matic format. The format is generally considered obsolete, though it is still used in specialist applications by a small minority of people.", "The competition between the companies led to the release of three different, mutually incompatible VCR formats: Sony’s Betamax in 1975, JVC’s VHS in 1976, and the Philips V2000 in 1978. Two of these would come head-to-head in the 1980s in what became known as the first Format War.", "Matsushita's backing of JVC persuaded Hitachi, Mitsubishi, and Sharp to back the VHS standard as well. Sony's release of its Betamax unit to the Japanese market in 1975 placed further pressure on the MITI to side with the company. However, the collaboration of JVC and its partners was much stronger, and eventually led the MITI to drop its push for an industry standard. JVC released the first VHS machines in Japan in late 1976, and in the United States in early 1977.", "Long before the battle between Blu-ray and HD-DVD, there was another home-video standards war that pitted Sony against another Japanese company, JVC. It was VHS vs. Betamax.", "In the late 1970s, JVC developed the VHS format, introducing the first VHS recorders to the consumer market in 1976 for the equivalent of US $1060. Sony, which had introduced the Betamax home videocassette tape a year earlier, became the main competitor for JVC's VHS format into the 1980s, creating the videotape format war. The Betamax cassette was smaller, with slightly superior picture quality to the VHS cassette, but this resulted in Betamax having less recording time. The two companies competed fiercely to encourage others to adopt their format, but by 1984 forty companies were using JVC's VHS format, while only 12 used Betamax. Sony began producing VHS recorders in 1988 and after 1993 stopped making Betamax recorders completely. ", "Media format wars are about as old as recorded sound. The latter half of the 19th century saw the invention of the microphone, and shortly after that came inventions to record the signals generated from sound; Thomas Edison with the wax cylinder and Emile Berliner with his discs. This all took place decades before Sony appeared. Still, to understand why Sony struggled to win the format wars to come, we must first see understand why an innovation giant like Thomas Edison failed.", "The Blu-ray/HD DVD conflict resembled the earlier videotape format war between VHS and Betamax, partly because of Sony's strong involvement in both episodes. These format wars have often proved destructive to both camps because consumers, afraid of committing to a losing standard, will refrain from purchasing either. Format wars have been avoided in notable cases such as the DVD Forum for the unified DVD standard (except for a minor war from 1998 to 1999 with the DIVX format), the Grand Alliance for the HDTV standard, and the Wi-Fi Alliance for wireless networking standards.", "Sony was unable to shrink its Betamax form any further, so instead developed Video8/Hi8 which was in direct competition with the VHS-C/S-VHS-C format throughout the 80s, 90s, and 2000s. Ultimately neither format \"won\" and both have been superseded by digital high definition equipment.", "Sony's Betamax competed with VHS throughout the late 1970s and into the 1980s (see Videotape format war). Betamax's major advantages were its smaller cassette size, higher video quality, and earlier availability.", ", , usually referred to as JVC, is a Japanese international consumer and professional electronics corporation based in Yokohama, Japan. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder.", "The first VCRs for homes were released in the 1960s, and they became widely available to consumers in the 1970s, when Sony’s Betamax and JVC’s VHS formats began to compete. VHS gained the upper hand the following decade; but Sony stopped producing Betamax cassette tapes only in 2016.", "in the early 1980s, Sony's superior video recording standard, termed Betamax, was overtaken by VHS (Video Home System) developed by JVC, with a longer record time of 2 hours; in 1987, when VHS commanded 95% market share, Sony finally began to abandon Betamax", "Throughout the 1960s, JVC actively participated in the videotape recorder industry. In 1970, the company invented a down-converted color signal recording system. This system was used in the U-format cassette VTRs, standardized and sold by the three Japanese companies of Sony, Matsushita, and JVC the next year. The three companies made an effort to collaborate with one another but the high stake involved in the new technology drove them apart. In the end, they failed to sell this ¾-inch tape recorder to the home-use market.", "During the spring of 1995, the conflict between the two developers had been fueled by Toshiba’s own development of a two-layer disc called SD (Super Density).  Sony and Philips were then tightly grid locked in competition.  Then, in December of that same year, after a playful yet appropriate allusion to Chinese literature, Ken Pohlmann coveys the news of an alliance between the two formats.  In The Art of War, Pohlmann begins by writing that “something” had motivated Sony, Philips, and the Toshiba posse to unite in their efforts to create the DVD.  More specifically, that “something” was a report by Apple, Compaq, Fujitsu, HP, IBM, and Microsoft in which the software and hardware giants collectively refused to support the dueling standards.  The agreement to work together toward the DVD standard was centered in the mutual exchange and pooling of technologies.  The developers (now ten corporations large) would use Toshiba’s SD disc, with its thinness and high data density, in combination with Sony’s “data coding methods,” called EFM Plus.", "In consumer products, JVC offers high definition displays and home theater projectors, digital video camcorders, home theater systems, audio components and systems, portable audio products, DVD players and recorders, digital storage devices, audio and video accessories, car audio/video products and recording media. An innovator throughout the analog age, exemplified by the JVC-developed VHS videocassette recorder, JVC has demonstrated the same innovative flair in the digital age. From our top-performing flat panel LCD televisions to our ground-breaking hard drive Everio digital camcorders, JVC continues to offer a succession of distinctive products that deliver sound and images with the power to move people. For 80 years the JVC brand name has been associated with the very best in audio and video entertainment, and has also been a strong supporter of the creative side of the entertainment world. Among the many events JVC supports are the annual JVC Tokyo Video Festival, a video competition open to amateurs and professionals, and the renowned JVC Jazz Festival, a worldwide series of jazz concerts now in its 25th year. www.jvc.com", "MODERN VIDEO DISC - 1978.  Philips and Sony collaborated to make digital imagery a reality.  Sound and images were digitally recorded and imprinted as micro-pits on a disc.  A laser then optically scanned the information and converted it into pictures and sound on a home TV.  Pioneer made use of the format as Karaoke Entertainment which made the format popular in commercial circles of Asia. Discs and players are readily available on eBay. Lewis M. Branscom, Confessions of a Technophile, 1995, page 130", "The pocket-sized radio was the first of a line of electronic consumer products that brought technology into personal contact with the user. Sony was convinced that miniaturization did more than make products more portable; it established a one-on-one relationship between people and machines. Sony produced the first all-transistor television in 1960. Two years later, it began to market a miniature television in the United States. The continual reduction in the size of Sony’s tape recorders reached a climax with the portable tape player introduced in the 1980′s. The Sony Walkman was a marketing triumph and a further reminder that Japanese companies led the way in the design and marketing of electronic products.", "Sony Pictures Entertainment, Inc. (SPE) is the television and film production/distribution unit of Sony. With 12.5% box office market share in 2011, the company was ranked third among movie studios. Its group sales in 2010 were $7.2 billion USD. The company has produced many notable movie franchises, including Spider-Man, The Karate Kid and Men in Black 3. It has also produced the popular television game shows Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune.", "Walkman is a Sony brand tradename originally used for portable audio cassette/tape players in the late 1970s. In the 2010s, it was used to market Sony's portable audio and video players as well as a line of former Sony Ericsson mobile phones. The original Walkman actually introduced a change in music listening habits by allowing people to carry recorded music with them and listen to music through lightweight headphones. Owners of the Walkman were able to take back their \"lost\" time, commuting for example, and turn it into a pleasurable experience, or add a soundtrack to their urban surroundings. It was the privatization and personalization offered by the Walkman that lead to its success. ", "The original PlayStation, released on December 3, , was the first of the ubiquitous PlayStation series of console and hand-held game devices. It has included successor consoles and upgrades including the Net Yaroze (a special black PlayStation with tools and instructions to program PlayStation games and applications), \"PSone\" (a smaller version of the original) and the PocketStation (a handheld which enhances PlayStation games and also acts as a memory card). It was part of the fifth generation of video game consoles competing against the Sega Saturn and the Nintendo 64. By December 2003, the PlayStation and PSone had shipped a combined total of 102.49 million units, eventually becoming the first video game console to sell 120 million units. ", "When it launched in 1975, Betamax owned 100% of the market, but the VHS effect reduced it to just 25% by 1981. Despite this, production limped on until 2002, with its prime market being Japan – somewhat incongruous, given that the Japanese are normally on the cutting edge of technology. There are still Betamax players in existence, but there are a rarity and even a collector’s item in some circles.", "Yet not every innovation was a success. Even more strangely, it would take decades and many new media formats before Sony could claim its win. By taking a look at the biggest media format wars, we can watch and figure out how Sony finally won the Format Wars.", "by the late 70s, Sony's market share in sales of Betamax VCRs was below that of sales of VHS machines; consumers chose the VHS' longer tape time and larger tape size, over Sony's smaller and shorter tape time (of 1 hour)", "The commercial rivalry between RCA Victor and Columbia Records led to RCA Victor's introduction of what it had intended to be a competing vinyl format, the 7\" (175 mm) /45 rpm disc. For a two-year period from 1948 to 1950, record companies and consumers faced uncertainty over which of these formats would ultimately prevail in what was known as the \"War of the Speeds\".", "...late 1980s, Sony executives, especially the company president and the chairman of Sony Corporation of America, Norio Ohga, wanted to add entertainment content to Sony’s operations. In 1988 it bought CBS Records Group from CBS Inc. (now CBS Corporation), thus acquiring the world’s largest record company, and the next year it purchased Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc. The Columbia...", "The Capacitance Electronic Disc (CED) is an analog video disc playback system developed by RCA, in which video and audio could be played back on a TV set using a special needle and high-density groove system similar to phonograph records. First conceived in 1964, the CED system was widely seen as a technological success which was able to increase the density of a long-playing record by two orders of magnitude. Despite this achievement, the CED system fell victim to poor planning, conflicts within RCA, and technical difficulties that stalled production of the system for 17 years until 1981, by which time it was outmoded by the DiscoVision (LaserDisc) and emerging Betamax and VHS videocassette formats. Sales for the system were nowhere near projected estimates, and by 1986, RCA had discontinued the project, losing an estimated $600 million in the process. RCA had initially intended to release the SKT425 CED player with their high end Dimensia system in 1984, but cancelled the CED player as part of the system just prior to the release of the Dimensia system.", "1978: Laser videodiscs were launched in Atlanta, Georgia, by Magnavision, part of Philips/MCA. In the early 80's one of my school friends dads went on top quiz show \"Sale of the Century\" and won a laserdisc player. I wonder if he still has it?", "In the mid and late 1970s Rank Audio Visual, made a 3 in 1 stereo music centre, as well as TV sets in conjunction with NEC of Japan. The production of the “classic” Rank TV ran in the mid to late 70s, some interim models appeared and the “modern” Rank TV appeared in the early 80s.", "On December 25, 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a television system with a 40-line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan. This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum in Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu Campus. His research in creating a production model was halted by the US after Japan lost World War II. ", "In 1925, Sam Warner of Warner Bros., then a small Hollywood studio with big ambitions, saw a demonstration of the Western Electric sound-on-disc system and was sufficiently impressed to persuade his brothers to agree to experiment with using this system at New York's Vitagraph Studios, which they had recently purchased. The tests were convincing to the Warner Brothers, if not to the executives of some other picture companies who witnessed them. Consequently, in April 1926 the Western Electric Company entered into a contract with Warner Brothers and W. J. Rich, a financier, giving them an exclusive license for recording and reproducing sound pictures under the Western Electric system. To exploit this license the Vitaphone Corporation was organized with Samuel L. Warner as its president. ", "In 1939 RCA and Zworykin decided to demonstrate their new electronic TV system at the World's Fair in New York City. Not much more development was done until after the WW II was over, but by 1946 people could buy a ten-inch table model for $375." ]

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