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[ "Floyd Lawson was Mayberry’s barber on the TV sitcom The Andy Griffith Show from 1961 to 1967. In his first appearance, the character was portrayed by Walter Baldwin. In every subsequent episode, he was played by Howard McNear (1905-1969), who brought a trademark vocal style to the part. The character was based on a man named Russell who cut Andy Griffith’s hair at the barber shop in his hometown of Mt. Airy, North Carolina, on which Mayberry was based.", "The Andy Griffith Show was one of the top rated shows of all times. It appeared on CBS from October 1960 to September 1968 for a total of 249 episodes. Andy Taylor was the sheriff in the small town of Mayberry where he raised his small son Opie played by Ronnie Howard with the help of his Aunt Bea. Most of his time was spent raising his son Opie and with his deputy Barney Fife played by Don Knotts keeping the peace in an uneventful and crime free town. The town had its share of characters like Floyd the Barber who was taken in by the world around him and Gomer Pyle, the gas station attendant, at Wally's Service Station.", "The Andy Griffith Show is a sitcom that aired on CBS from 1960 until 1968 about a widowed sheriff in the fictional small community of Mayberry, North Carolina. His life is complicated by an inept but well-meaning deputy, Barney Fife (Don Knotts), a spinster aunt and housekeeper, Aunt Bee (Frances Bavier), and a young son, Opie. Local ne'er-do-wells, bumbling pals, and temperamental girlfriends further complicate his life.", "Floyd Lawson (Floyd the Barber) is a fictional character on the American sitcom The Andy Griffith Show, who was likely inspired by barbers in Andy Griffith's real-life hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina. One barber named Russell Hiatt was known as \"the real-life Floyd\". Hiatt may have cut Andy Griffith's hair while Griffith was young and living in Mount Airy, and was still cutting hair daily at \"Floyd's City Barber Shop\" in Downtown Mount Airy until several years before his death on May 3, 2016.", "I first saw Allan Newsome at the Don Knotts concert in Birmingham on June 29th of this year where he was doing a fine impersonation of Floyd Lawson, the barber on The Andy Griffith Show (TAGS). Sporting a mustache and glasses, he bore a strong resemblance to the bumbling barber from Mayberry. Dressed in a barbers coat, complete with cutting utensils in the front pocket, he offered his opinion to people about their hair in the same metaphorical voice and mannerisms with which Floyd so aptly entertained us over the years.", "In 1967, Griffith was under contract with CBS to do one more season of the show. However, he decided to quit the show to pursue a movie career and other projects. The series continued as Mayberry R.F.D., with Ken Berry starring as a widower farmer and many of the regular characters recurring, some regularly and some as guest appearances. Griffith served as executive producer (according to Griffith, he came in once a week to review the week's scripts and give input) and guest starred in five episodes (the pilot episode involved his marriage to Helen Crump).[8] He made one final appearance as Taylor in the 1986 reunion television film, Return to Mayberry, and appeared in two reunion specials, in 1993 and 2003, respectively.", "America was first introduced to Mayberry (pop. 5,360) and its sheriff, Andy Taylor, on an episode of \"The Danny Thomas Show\" in which the small-town sheriff arrests the big-city nightclub performer for running a stop sign. Seven months later Sheriff Taylor, his deputy Barney Fife, Aunt Bee and son Opie had their own sitcom called \"The Andy Griffith Show,\" which aired from 1960 to 1968.", "The series never placed lower than seventh in the Nielsen ratings and ended its final season at number one. On separate occasions, it has been ranked by TV Guide as the 9th-best and 13th-best show in American television history. Though neither Griffith nor the show won awards during its eight-season run, co-stars Knotts and Bavier accumulated a combined total of six Emmy Awards. The series spawned its own spin-off, Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. (1964), a sequel series, Mayberry R.F.D. (1968), and a reunion telemovie, Return to Mayberry (1986). Reruns of the show are often aired on TV Land, Me TV, and WFMY-TV (Greensboro, NC), while the complete series is available on DVD. The show has also been made available on streaming video services such as Netflix. An annual festival celebrating the show, Mayberry Days, is held each year in Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina. ", "Floyd the Barber (as he was commonly known) was the slow-paced, somewhat absent-minded barber in Mayberry. He was first seen in \" Stranger in Town \", where he was played by actor Walter Baldwin . Baldwin established the running gag of Floyd's inability to trim sideburns evenly, which continued throughout the run of the show. Baldwin portrayed Floyd for just one episode; from 1961 on, the part was played by Howard McNear , the actor most commonly associated with the role. (In McNear's first appearance as Floyd, the character's last name was \"Colby;\" thereafter, the character was always \"Floyd Lawson.\"", "Floyd the Barber was the slow-paced, somewhat absent-minded barber in the series' fictional town of Mayberry. He was first seen in episode #12, \"Stranger in Town,\" played by actor Walter Baldwin. Baldwin established the running gag of Floyd's inability to trim sideburns evenly, which continued throughout the run of the series. Baldwin portrayed Floyd for just one episode; from 1961 on, the role was played by Howard McNear, the actor most commonly associated with the role. In McNear's first appearance as Floyd, the character's last name was \"Colby\"; thereafter the character was always \"Floyd Lawson\".", "After The Music Man, he appeared in the role of Opie Taylor in the television series The Andy Griffith Show. There he portrayed the son of the local sheriff in the fictional town of Mayberry, North Carolina. The credits referred to him as Ronny Howard.", "Griffith started his own production company (Andy Griffith Enterprises) in 1972. He starred in some short-lived television shows such as Headmaster, The New Andy Griffith Show (1971 sitcom), Adams of Eagle Lake, Salvage 1, and The Yeagers. Some of his guest appearances included Mod Squad, Hawaii Five-O, The Doris Day Show, Here's Lucy, The Bionic Woman, Fantasy Island, Hotel, and The Love Boat. During the 1970s and early 1980s, he appeared in many television movies such as The Strangers in 7A, Go Ask Alice, Pray for the Wildcats, Winter Kill, Savages, Street Killing, Murder in Texas, Murder in Coweta County, Fatal Witness, and Crime of Innocence. Griffith received his only Emmy nomination for his role as the father of a murder victim in Murder in Texas. In 1986, he landed the role of criminal defense attorney Benjamin Leighton \"Ben\" Matlock in the legal drama Matlock. The show ran for 9 successful seasons and 195 episodes from 1986-1992 on NBC and 1992-1995 on ABC. Don Knotts was among the Mayberry alumni to appear on the show. In 1995, he played the dangerous and mysterious grandfather in the memorable TV movie Gramps, which co-starred John Ritter. Some of his later roles included guest appearances on Diagnosis Murder, Family Law, and Dawson's Creek. His final role was in the 2009 film Play the Game.", "Griffith plays a widowed sheriff in the fictional community of Mayberry, North Carolina. In the sitcom, he deals with everyday complications from his goofy deputy Barney Fife, spinster aunt, and housekeeper Aunt Bee, and son Opie, as well as troublemakers and volatile girlfriends.", "Paul Hartman was a song and dance man before he \"moved\" to Mayberry as handyman Emmett Clark. According to TV Land, \"Born in 1904, he and his wife, Grace had a comic dance routine in the 1930s and were in several Broadway hits. They won the equivalent of the Tony in 1948. The Hartmans had their own TV series by the same name (1953-55). Paul made guest appearances on a variety of series throughout his career. He joined the cast of The Andy Griffith Show as fix-it man Emmett Clark, in 1967. Hartman died in October, 1973 at the age of 69 .\"", "Some impersonators chose other Mayberry characters to mimic such. as: Otis Campbell, Barney Fife, and Ernest T. Bass. Why did he pick Floyd to impersonate?", "Mayberry is the name of a real community in Patrick County, Virginia; located 22 miles northeast of Andy Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina. The Mayberry Trading Post, home of the Mayberry, Virginia post office until it closed in 1922, told local TV station WGHP-TV that Griffith and his father made many trips to the Mayberry Trading Post.", "Reprised signature childhood role of Opie Taylor in NBC reunion movie \"Return to Mayberry,\" executive produced by Andy Griffith", "Todd denounces faux-Italian barber Adolfo Pirelli's hair tonic as a fraudulent mix and humiliates him in a public shaving contest. A few days later, Pirelli arrives at Todd's shop, with his boy assistant Tobias Ragg. Mrs. Lovett keeps Toby occupied while Pirelli identifies himself as Todd's former assistant, Davy Collins, and threatens to reveal Todd's secret unless Todd gives him half his earnings. Todd kills Collins to protect his secret, and hides his body in a trunk.", "Cletus Spuckler or Cletus Delroy (voiced by Hank Azaria) is a \"slack-jawed yokel,\" a stereotypical hillbilly character. He is thin (in fact, one of the thinnest characters on the show), has brown hair in an indeterminate style but shaved in the back, a meager attempt at a mustache, and several fewer teeth than the average Springfield resident. He is nearly always depicted wearing a tank top, exposing a tattoo of a snake and skull on his left arm. As he was once introduced in song, complete with a follow-the-bouncing-ball:", "Since there was no final-episode special to provide an epilogue, it is unknown what would happen to Al in the end. However, his guardian angel (Sam Kinison in the 1989 episode \"It's a Bundyful Life, Part 2\") mentions that at age 60 his stomach gets very ulcer-ridden, possibly resulting in his death. According to his family funeral plans in the episode \"Death of a Shoe Salesmen\", he would be buried next to his favorite television actor Fuzzy McGee. When his wife Peggy dies, due to a loophole in his original burial plans, she will be stacked face-down on top of him, much to his dismay. In the episode \"I Who Have Nothing,\" according to his will, he'd be buried with all his prized football possessions, leaving just his worthless Joe Nuxhall baseball card to his only-begotten son Bud. To the rest of his family he'd leave a picture of him, posing in his jersey with his football, that would read \"To My Beloved family, have a nice life!\". The final episode he appeared in was \"How to Marry a Moron part 2\". Al Bundy is the only character to appear in every episode.", "Chester, who spoke with a pronounced twang -- \"Meester Deellon!\" -- left the series in 1964 and was replaced by scruffy deputy Festus Haggen. Miss Hannah took over the Long Branch Saloon after Kitty's exit.", "He also worked on commercials, replacing Jane Henson as key assistant. While Henson provided all of the voices, he and Oz would alternate when performing such buddy duos as Scoop and Skip , and the new puppeteer assisted on such characters as the Southern Colonel and Nutty Bird . His most notable commercial role was as Delbert the La Choy Dragon . This was Oz's first, and one of his very few, experiences as a full-bodied puppet performer, and one which he did not relish:", "In 1939, New Orleans, Charlie B. Barkin (voiced by Burt Reynolds), a rough-and-tumble mutt with a con man's charm, is working at a casino with his gangster business partner Carface Carruthers (voiced by Vic Tayback). Carface, unwilling to share the earnings, has Charlie locked away at the pound and runs the casino with an iron fist, but with the help of his best friend Itchy (voiced by Dom DeLuise), a nervous Dachshund, he breaks out. Unaware of Carface's malicious intent, Charlie returns to him expecting open arms, but Carface wants to sever ties with him. To get Charlie out of the picture for good, Carface arranges his death. He takes Charlie out to Mardi Gras, gets him drunk and runs him down with a car, knocking him into the river.", "People from every state and 42 countries have visited City Barber Shop, many shown in the 20,000 photos on the walls and 40,000 more in storage. On one occasion, Oprah Winfrey visited. George \"Goober\" Lindsey and John Schneider (of The Dukes of Hazzard and Smallville) both had their hair trimmed by Hiatt himself while visiting Mount Airy.", "* Albert Brooks (Many recurring and one time characters on The Simpsons including Radioactive Man, Marlin in Finding Nemo and Russ Cargill in The Simpsons Movie)", "After Capp quit his ghosting job on Ham Fisher 's Joe Palooka in 1934 to launch his own strip, Fisher badmouthed him to colleagues and editors, claiming that Capp had \"stolen\" his idea. For years, Fisher would bring the characters back to his strip, billing them as \"The ORIGINAL Hillbilly Characters\" and advising readers not to be \"fooled by imitations.\" (In fact, Fisher's brutish hillbilly character—Big Leviticus, created by Capp in Fisher's absence—bore little resemblance to Li'l Abner.) According to a November 1950 Time article, \"Capp parted from Fisher with a definite impression, (to put it mildly) that he had been underpaid and unappreciated. Fisher, a man of Roman self esteem, considered Capp an ingrate and a whippersnapper, and watched his rise to fame with unfeigned horror.\" [24]", "Luanne's biological father (even though earlier episodes revealed that Hoyt was a wussier, male version of Peggy). Was once thought to have escaped to an oil rig to get away from his abusive wife (and wouldn't come back until he got her death certificate in a fax), but a later episode revealed that Hoyt was in jail and, if he screws up again, he'll be there for life. Voiced by Johnny Knoxville.", "On an episode of The Simpsons, \"The Lastest Gun in the West\", Weaver guest-stars as an old-time cowboy star named Buck McCoy, who in the 1970s had starred on a detective show called \"McTrigger\", about which McCoy admits, \"Seems all I did was shoot hippies.\" A clip showed McTrigger driving through New York in a convertible shooting at random members of the hippie crowd that covered the sidewalks. McCoy mentions the show was retooled after his character was written out to become Room 222.", "The owner of a local Quahog convenience store. He is currently Chris' boss and was previously Meg's boss. He speaks in a calm, somewhat monotone voice and shows almost no emotion regarding anything happening around him. He previously made small, occasional appearances, often discussing an interest in certain actresses, the first of these appearances being in Deep Throats. He employs Meg and later Chris in Movin' Out (Brian's Song). He develops a friendship with Chris over their mutual interests in movies. He later fires Meg for arguing with him over a promotion, followed by briefly re-hiring her before she turned down the chance to work there again. Chris is still assumed to be employed there. He is voiced by H. Jon Benjamin.", "On an episode of The Simpsons , \" The Lastest Gun in the West \", Weaver guest-stars as an old-time cowboy star named Buck McCoy, who in the '70s had starred on a detective show called \"McTrigger\", about which McCoy admits, \"Seems all I did was shoot hippies.\" A clip showed McTrigger driving through New York in a convertible shooting at random members of the hippie crowd that covered the sidewalks. McCoy mentions the show was retooled after his character was written out to become Room 222 .", "This is a slightly more \"dressy\" version of the original gray T-shirt design that Mayberry fans have been enjoying for a long time. It's the biggest thing to happen in Mayberry since the firetruck jackknifed on Main Street. Add this to your t-shirt collection saluting the world's most beloved barber.", "Actor. Fondly remembered for playing 'Spanky' in the Our Gang/Little Rascals serial comedies. He was featured in many of the one-reelers from the 1930s and 40s. He appeared on the television show \"Cheers\" shortly before his death. (Bio by: A.J. Marik )" ]

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[ "The second is the giant figureheads that adorned the top of the studio. There was a whole set of them, featuring famous people from the past. They were all made out of polystyrene that had been modelled using a hot metal wire. The chief Greek god Zeus took pride of place.", "Apokolips, Artemis, Azrael, Cain and Abel, Cerberus, Chronos (already confounded with Kronos by the Greeks), Diana (Prince),Doomsday, Female Furies, Hippolyte, Jericho, Lady Shiva, Lord Chaos, Lord Satanus, Maxie Zeus, Morpheus (Sandman), Naiad, New Genesis, Oracle, Orion, Project Cadmus, Rhea Jones, Son of Vulcan, Troia (Donna Troy), Wotan, Zatanna.", "For example, the story takes place in ancient Greece and has many of the famous Greek gods and goddesses involved.  The character Kratos is a mortal who has a tenuous relationship with the gods, to put it best.  But several of the characteristics of the character Kratos come from Greek myth.  The designers themselves claimed that they wanted him to look as \"Greek and brutal\" as possible, which fits well with the imagery of Kratos of Greek mythology.", "On Dollhouse , the Washington, D.C. Dollhouse apparently uses Greek gods to code name their Actives.", "In fact, Morpheus is the Greek god of dreams in Greek mythology, which is consistent with the character involvement with the \"dreaming\" of the Matrix.", "In the 1990s, one bizarre theory held that each character represented an Ancient Greek God and all were related.", "Completely unlike the gospel singing, Ambiguously Brown character of the Disney Hercules film, the Muses were the Greek goddesses of the inspiration of literature, science and the arts. One of the largest groups in Olympus, their members were: Calliope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia, and Urania. Each goddess represented a different domain (for example, Calliope represented Epic Poetry) and the goddesses were said to be the source of knowledge passed through the oral legends and myths.", "There are a lot of Greek Gods and Goddesses. Here are a few of the names.", "< These themes - Greek gods and mythological figures - were all part of Western culture, and didn't have any real meaning at all. These characters are used metaphorically. >", "Hades also has several loyal attendants, including his lieutenant Thanatos , his beautiful wife Persephone , the god of sleep Hypnos , his beloved pet dog Cerberus , the three Furies , his daughter Melinoe , and sometimes the goddess Hecate .", "Many consumer products get their names from Greek mythology. Nike sneakers are the namesake of the goddess of victory, for example, and the website Amazon.com is named after the race of mythical female warriors. Many high school, college and professional sports teams (Titans, Spartans and Trojans, for instance) also get their names from mythological sources.", "Haute couture technically is a term that refers to the fashion houses or designers that create exclusive and illustrious fashions. Internationally, it is a protected name that can only be used by certain fashion houses that meet well-defined standards. In France, for example, the term haute couture, is well protected and is defined by the Chambre de commerce et d’industrie de Paris. It is stated that only those fashion houses mentioned on the list drawn up by a commission are entitled to the label haute couture. However, the term has been misused by ready-to-wear brands so that its true meaning was indistinguishable with that of prêt-a-porter, the French term for ready-to-wear fashion. Most of the haute couture displayed in fashion shows today is created solely to enhance the prestige of the houses. Some of the official fashion houses who are members of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture include Adeline André, Chanel, Christian Dior, Christian Lacroix, Givenchy, and Jean Paul Gaultier.", "The era that Cronus ruled was called as the Golden Age, but that was not because the gods were peaceful and just. The Titans (\"Strainers\") were so named because Uranus believed that they wrongfully inflected terror and would one day pay for it. (Outside of Theogony, it has also been said that Ti-ta-an can be read \"Those who live in Heaven\" in Sumerian.) Nyx then gives birth to hateful Doom, black Fate, Death, and she bore Sleep and the tribe of Dreams. And though she lay with no one, Nyx give birth to Blame, Woe, the Hesperide nymphs, the Destinies, and the three ruthless Fates: Clotho the Spinner, who spins the thread of man's life; Lachesis, Disposer of Lots, who assigns each man his destiny; and Atropos, who cuts the threads of life. The three Fates gave men at their birth both good and evil to choose from. Nyx also gave birth to Nemesis (Indignation), Deceit and Friendship, hateful Age, and hard-hearted Strife. Strife bore Toil, Forgetfulness, Famine, Sorrow, Fighting, Battles, Murders, Manslaughters, Quarrels, Lying Words, Disputes, Lawlessness, Ruin and the worst of all Oath, who troubles those who swear falsely. Theogony then goes into a long list of gods, heroes, and monsters with paternities and short biographies.", "Probably the inspiration for all these cutting and sewing characters is the Fates, Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos, who in Greek mythology both weave and snip off the thread of each person’s life. When I first encountered them, I was sort of awestruck by how the metaphor had become transcribed directly into myth — a window into a higher reality.", "Athena represented moderation, justice and democracy. Unlike emotional and irrational divinities such as Aphrodite, Hera and Ares, Athena has been sense as a figure of reason and enlightenment, and the city she watched over as the seat of civilization. The city was what it was because its goddess was what she was and this was a relationship the Athenians actively fostered in their art.", "This goddess is a unique one within the pantheon. While every god was usually heavily worshiped only in specific places, like Athena was the patron god of Athens, Tyche had a unique role, in that was the deity that governed the prosperity and fortune of a city state (aka, its destiny or fate). As such, she was a tutelary goddess: a protector of a specific locations, but every city had their own iconic version of her and considered her their protector. She is believed to have controlled the fortunes of humanity.", "Persephone held an ancient role as the dread queen of the Underworld, within which tradition it was forbidden to speak her name. This tradition comes from her conflation with the very old chthonic divinity Despoina (the mistress), whose real name could not be revealed to anyone except those initiated to her mysteries. As goddess of death she was also called a daughter of Zeus and Styx, the river that formed the boundary between Earth and the underworld. Homer describes her as the formidable, venerable majestic queen of the shades, who carries into effect the curses of men upon the souls of the dead, along with her husband Hades. In the reformulation of Greek mythology expressed in the Orphic Hymns, Dionysus and Melinoe are separately called children of Zeus and Persephone. Groves sacred to her stood at the western extremity of the earth on the frontiers of the lower world, which itself was called \"house of Persephone\". ", "Chronos (also known as Chronus) is the personification of time itself. Indeed, the word means \"time\" and is the root of \"chronology\" and other modern words. It was, however, originally employed in a purely poetic sense. There is no God or Goddess directly associated with time per se in the annals of Greek mythology, but there may have been a Titan of Time.", "\"[Paris of Troy lay dying, wounded by a poison arrow :] Hera beheld him, with rejoicing soul throned in the Olympian palace-court of Zeus. And seated at her side were handmaids four whom radiant-faced Selene (the Moon) bare to Helios (the Sun) to be unwearying ministers in Heaven, in form and office diverse each from each; for of these Horai (Horae, Seasons) one was summer's queen, and one of winter and his stormy star, of spring the third, of autumn-tide the fourth. So in four portions parted is man's year ruled by these Queens in turn--but of all this be Zeus himself the Overseer in heaven. And of those issues now these spake with her which baleful Aisa (Fate) in her all-ruining heart was shaping [i.e. the final chapter of the Trojan War] . . . Of these things with her handmaids did the Queen of Heaven hold converse, and of many such, but Paris, while they talked, gave up the ghost on Ida: never Helen saw him more.\"", "Mythology is full of magical additions to heroes’ and villains’ wardrobes. A deal with gods or devils is usually enough to produce an item of clothing with amazing powers. From the belts of strength to mantles for exposing cheating spouses, there’s an item for every occasion.", "Hades and Persephone weren't the only one to live in the Underworld. There were Thanatos (Death), the winged-brother Hypnos (Sleep), and Morpheus (Dream), who was the son of Hypnos. Styx was the river goddess of one of the Underworld rivers, and the goddess Hecate , had also dwelled in this domain.", "─► Elucidated as a figuration: Mystical avatars agonize each other. Metamorphosed into hellenic myth: Persephone struggles to elude from the ineluctable gate of Hades.", "Costumes bought from Chaos worshipper Ethan Rayne's shop turn the wearer into a much more realistic version of that costume. Willow becomes a ghost, Xander a soldier and Buffy an 18th century noble woman.", "One of Greece's leading designers with followings in Paris and London, each of Eleftheriadis' collections is characterised by an experimentation in texture, shape and form.", "The gods' complex characteristics were expressed in myths and in intricate relationships between deities: family ties, loose groups and hierarchies, and combinations of separate gods into one. Deities' diverse appearances in art—as animals, humans, objects, and combinations of different forms—also alluded, through symbolism, to their essential features.", "Eirene (; , Eirēnē,,  \"Peace\"), more commonly known in English as Peace, was one of the Horae, the personification of peace. She was depicted in art as a beautiful young woman carrying a cornucopia, sceptre, and a torch or rhyton. She is said sometimes to be the daughter of Zeus and Themis. Her Roman equivalent was Pax.", "Bench is a brand synonymous with not only fashion, but music, art and urban culture to this day.", "Corporate employees are encouraged to dress casually in artfully distressed Abercrombie jeans and oxford shirts bearing the familiar moose logo. “There’s this fetishistic attitude—you want to demonstrate as much allegiance to the brand as possible because that’s what makes Mike happy,” a former designer told me. The designer recalled once showing up to a meeting wearing black jeans and leather-soled shoes. “Mike stared at me like, The nerve of this guy! He couldn’t stop looking at my shoes. I figured out that if you didn’t toe that line, you’d end up being alienated.”", "As for the social status of sculptors, it must have varied from one individual to another: the men who made the separate figures for the Erechtheion were not on a par with Phidias, who was a personal friend of Pericles. We need to know more about the social circles frequented by sculptors, but it is noteworthy that Plato, not a lover of the imitative arts, allows both sculptors and painters, whose position in society was certainly a comfortable one, to occupy the sixth rank of the social hierarchy, instead of relegating them to the seventh rank with other manual workers. And yet they still seem to have been regarded as manual workers.", "according to a certain collection is chosen and shown off as the good example, than catwalks.", "Pick three of the Allegorical characters in Everyman. Based on their symbolic name, come up with a physical description for each. Describe the costume for each character. What one prop would this symbolic character hold?", "As he and Françoise appeared in society pages and luxury magazines, his business took off, reinforcing that a designer could project an entire lifestyle that he inhabited. Because of the public persona that he and a few peers were developing, retail executives made an unusual business decision for that age: to leave the designer’s label in the garment instead of the store’s alone. American shopping was never the same." ]

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[ "14. The Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior is bombed and sunk in Auckland harbor by French DGSE agents. The sinking was designed to sink the flagship of the Greenpeace fleet to prevent her from interfering in a nuclear test in Moruroa authorized by top French officials. Read a book set in New Zealand or France, a book with a ship on the cover (any kind) OR a book with a green cover.", "In 1978 Greenpeace paid £40,000 for a 33 year old, 40-metre fishing trawler named the Sir William Hardy. This ship was refitted and renamed the Rainbow Warrior. The ship was used to interfere with the Icelandic whaling fleet, the dumping at sea of toxic and radioactive waste, and various fishing practices. In 1985, the Rainbow Warrior traveled to the vicinity of Moruroa atoll, the site of French nuclear testing. Just before midnight on July 10, 1985, two explosions rocked the Auckland, New Zealand harbor, sinking the Rainbow Warrior. Underwater charges had been placed by frogmen on the Rainbow Warrior's hull, blowing two holes in the ship. The Rainbow Warrior sank almost immediately. All the crew managed to escape, except for a Dutch photographer, Fernando Pereira, who drowned.", "Rainbow Warrior was a former UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) trawler called the Sir William Hardy. She was purchased by the environmental organization Greenpeace UK - an office established in May 1977 with Susi Newborn, Denise Bell, David McTaggart, Charlie Hutchison and Allan Thornton as directors. The ship was active in supporting a number of Greenpeace whaling, seal hunting, nuclear testing and nuclear waste dumping campaigns during the late 1970s and early 1980s. She was sunk whilst in Auckland harbour in New Zealand by operatives of the French intelligence service (DGSE) on 10 July 1985, killing photographer Fernando Pereira.", "The Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior was sunk in Auckland Harbour on 10 July 1985 by French saboteurs. The French government feared that the ship would draw attention to French nuclear testing at Moruroa Atoll. French secret-service agents attached and exploded two limpet mines on the hull of the ship, creating a massive hole and rendering the vessel useless. Photographer Fernando Pereira was killed in the explosion.", "Greenpeace continued an unrelenting protest offensive in French Polynesia until 1996. The Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior was sunk by the French foreign intelligence agency (DGSE) while docked in Auckland harbour, New Zealand, on 10 July 1985.", "The mission of the Rainbow Warrior, a Greenpeace ship, was to oppose French nuclear testing in the Pacific. In 1985 the Rainbow Warrior was sunk in Auckland Harbour by French agents, with the death of crew member Fernando Pereira. France’s action epitomised what many New Zealanders saw as the arrogance of larger powerful nations.", "On July 10, 1985, the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior, which was due to sail to Moruroa Atoll to protest French atmospheric nuclear-weapons tests there, was sunk by two bomb explosions while berthed in Auckland Harbour, N.Z. Subsequent revelations that French intelligence agents had planted the bombs caused a major international scandal and led to the resignation of France’s minister of...", "* Operation Satanic, a mission aimed at preventing protests by Greenpeace against French nuclear testing in the Pacific through the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior in Auckland, New Zealand on July 10, 1985. The ship was successfully sunk, after a small explosion was set off to scare people away, but journalist Fernando Pereira returned just as the sinking began, and subsequently drowned. New Zealand Police uncovered the plot after they captured two DGSE agents, who pleaded guilty to manslaughter and arson. French relations with New Zealand were sorely strained, as they threatened New Zealand with EEC sanctions in an attempt to secure the agents' release. Australia also attempted to arrest DGSE agents to extradite them. The incident is widely remembered in the region and has taken on almost mythical proportions.", "AMY GOODMAN: Thirty years ago, French secret service blew up Greenpeace’s flagship Rainbow Warrior ship in Auckland, New Zealand, killing a Portuguese photographer, as the ship was preparing to head to sea to protest French nuclear bomb tests in the South Pacific. Now the French intelligence agent who led the deadly attack has come forward for the first time to apologize for his actions, breaking his silence after 30 years. On July 10th, 1985, Jean-Luc Kister led the dive team that planted the bombs on the Rainbow Warrior that sunk the ship and killed Greenpeace photographer Fernando Pereira.", "In Auckland harbor in New Zealand, Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior sinks after French agents in diving gear plant a bomb on the hull of the vessel. One person, Dutch photographer Fernando Pereira, was killed. The Rainbow Warrior, the flagship of international conservation group Greenpeace, had been preparing for a protest voyage to a French nuclear test site in the South Pacific.", "In Auckland, the two agents pleaded guilty to the lesser charges of manslaughter and willful damage and were each sentenced to 10 years in prison. Following negotiations with the French government, New Zealand released them a year later. In 1992, President Mitterrand ordered a halt to French nuclear testing, but in 1995 it was resumed, and Greenpeace sent The Rainbow Warrior II to French Polynesia to protest and disrupt the tests.", "French agents posing as interested supporters or tourists toured the ship while it was open to public viewing. DGSE agent Christine Cabon, posing as environmentalist Frederique Bonlieu, volunteered to work in the Greenpeace office in Auckland. Cabon \"was no ordinary lieutenant...a veteran of many dangerous intelligence missions in the Middle East, particularly in Lebanon.\" Cabon secretly monitored communications from the Rainbow Warrior, collected maps, and investigated underwater equipment, in order to provide information crucial to the sinking.", "Later in 1985 the Rainbow Warrior was to lead a flotilla of protest vessels into the waters surrounding Moruroa atoll, site of French nuclear testing. The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior occurred when the French government secretly bombed the ship in Auckland harbour on orders from François Mitterrand himself. This killed Dutch freelance photographer Fernando Pereira , who thought it was safe to enter the boat to get his photographic material after a first small explosion, but drowned as a result of a second, larger explosion. [158] The attack was a public relations disaster for France after it was quickly exposed by the New Zealand police. The French Government in 1987 agreed to pay New Zealand compensation of NZ$ 13 million and formally apologised for the bombing. The French Government also paid ₣ 2.3 million compensation to the family of the photographer. Later, in 2001, when the Institute of Cetacean Research of Japan called Greenpeace “ eco-terrorists “, Gert Leipold, then Executive Director of Greenpeace, detested the claim, saying “calling non violent protest terrorism insults those who were injured or killed in the attacks of real terrorists, including Fernando Pereira, killed by State terrorism in the 1985 attack on the Rainbow Warrior“. [159]", "After the office in the Stowe home, (and after the first concert fund-raiser) Greenpeace functions moved to other private homes and held public meetings weekly on Wednesday nights at the Kitsilano Neighborhood House before settling, in the fall of 1974, in a small office shared with the SPEC environmental group on West 4th at Maple.[citation needed] When the nuclear tests at Amchitka were over, Greenpeace moved its focus to the French atmospheric nuclear weapons testing at the Moruroa Atoll in French Polynesia. The young organization needed help for their protests and were contacted by David McTaggart, a former businessman living in New Zealand. In 1972 the yacht Vega, a 12.5-metre (41 ft) ketch owned by David McTaggart, was renamed Greenpeace III and sailed in an anti-nuclear protest into the exclusion zone at Moruroa to attempt to disrupt French nuclear testing. This voyage was sponsored and organized by the New Zealand branch of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.[49] The French Navy tried to stop the protest in several ways, including assaulting David McTaggart. McTaggart was supposedly beaten to the point that he lost sight in one of his eyes. However, one of McTaggart's crew members photographed the incident and went public. After the assault was publicized, France announced it would stop the atmospheric nuclear tests. —  StreetLine", "After the office in the Stowe home, (and after the first concert fund-raiser) Greenpeace functions moved to other private homes and held public meetings weekly on Wednesday nights at the Kitsilano Neighborhood House before settling, in the autumn of 1974, in a small office shared with the SPEC environmental group at 2007 West 4th at Maple in Kitsilano . When the nuclear tests at Amchitka were over, Greenpeace moved its focus to the French atmospheric nuclear weapons testing at the Moruroa Atoll in French Polynesia . The young organization needed help for their protests and were contacted by David McTaggart , a former businessman living in New Zealand. In 1972 the yacht Vega, a 12.5-metre (41 ft) ketch owned by David McTaggart , was renamed Greenpeace III and sailed in an anti-nuclear protest into the exclusion zone at Moruroa to attempt to disrupt French nuclear testing. This voyage was sponsored and organized by the New Zealand branch of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . [52] The French Navy tried to stop the protest in several ways, including assaulting David McTaggart. McTaggart was supposedly beaten to the point that he lost sight in one of his eyes. However, one of McTaggart's crew members photographed the incident and went public. After the assault was publicized, France announced it would stop the atmospheric nuclear tests. [29]", "Rainbow Warrior in Auckland Harbour after bombing by French secret service agents. © Greenpeace / Unrestricted", "David McTaggart , a former businessman living in New Zealand. In 1972 the yacht Vega , a 12.5-metre (41 ft) ketch owned by David McTaggart , was renamed Greenpeace III and sailed in an anti-nuclear protest into the exclusion zone at Moruroa to attempt to disrupt French nuclear testing. This voyage was sponsored and organized by the New Zealand branch of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . The French Navy tried to stop the protest in several ways, including assaulting David McTaggart. McTaggart was supposedly beaten to the point that he lost sight in one of his eyes. However, one of McTaggart's crew members photographed the incident and went public. After the assault was publicized, France announced it would stop the atmospheric nuclear tests.", "1985 French Polynesia Greenpeace 6th October, 1985: Greenpeace are to take their new flagship which replaces the Rainbow Warrior blown up by French agents on July 10th in New Zealand to lead a number of other protesters to Mururoa Atoll, protesting against the French Nuclear testing in the South Pacific, A number of French warships are also patrolling the area.", "Even after 1985, when French secret service agents attached underwater mines to this Greenpeace flagship as it lay in the harbor of Auckland, New Zealand, blowing it up and murdering a Greenpeace photographer in the process, the peace ships kept coming.", "JOHN HUDSON: July 1985, the Rainbow Warrior sails into Auckland’s Waitemata Harbour, accompanied by a flotilla ready to join the Greenpeace ship at Moruroa Atoll to protest against French nuclear testing.", "In 1973 the yacht Fri spearheaded an international protest of a flotilla of yachts in a voyage against atmospheric nuclear tests at Moruroa in French Polynesia. Fri was an important part of a series of anti-nuclear protest campaigns out of New Zealand and Australia which lasted thirty years, from which New Zealand declared itself a Nuclear free zone which became enshrined in legislation in what became the New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987. This voyage was organised by CNDNZ and the New Zealand Peace Media. In 1974, coordinated by Greenpeace New Zealand, the Fri embarked on a 3 year 40,233 kilometers “Pacific Peace Odyssey” voyage, carrying the peace message to all nuclear states around the world.", "main image Sailing in the Mediterranean sea at sunset, 2010 © Paul Hilton / Greenpeace inset image 1 Madeleine Habib at the wheel in 1995, as the ship sails towards the French nuclear test site at Moruroa Atoll © Greenpeace / Steve Morgan image 2 En route to Ebeye in the Marshall Islands, 1990 © Greenpeace / Lorette Dorreboom image 3 Captain Joel Stewart, on the bridge during the 1991 Alaska tour © Greenpeace / Robert Visser image 4 Eurythmics concert on the Rainbow Warrior, raising funds for Greenpeace and Amnesty International in London, UK, in 1999 © Greenpeace / Steve Morgan", "A legal technicality allowed the three agents questioned on Norfolk Island to walk away; they subsequently scuttled their yacht and returned to France on a submarine of the French navy. Christine Cabon, the Greenpeace spy, evaded arrest in Israel in the aftermath of the attack and has not surfaced since that time. Louis-Pierre Dillais, said to be the commander of the operation, was never captured and never faced charges - but he acknowledged his involvement in 2005.", "French Secret Service Agent Who Led Fatal 1985 Bombing of Greenpeace Ship Breaks His Silence | Democracy Now!", "1941 to Present Day T he RNZN has been involved in nuclear testing in the Pacific in two ways; the first being participation and the second as a protest. In the mid 1950s Britain planned a series of tests of hydrogen bombs. In 1956 at the request of the Royal Navy the survey vessel Lachlan carried out surveys of the proposed testing sites at Christmas and Malden Islands. In 1957–1958 Britain carried out Operation GRAPPLE to conduct a series of tests. The Royal Navy requested that the frigates Rotoiti and Pukaki take part as weather vessels during the tests. Pukaki was present for all nine tests. In 1973, with France continuing to conduct atmospheric tests at Mururoa Atoll the New Zealand government", "A month after the bombing, it was revealed that the \"Turenges\" were Dominique Prieur and Alain Mafart, agents of the French Secret Service, the Direction Generale de la Securité Exterieure (DSGE). New Zealand Police later discovered that up to 11 French agents had entered New Zealand as part of the Rainbow Warrior operation. A French report came out admitting that French agents had been in New Zealand, but denied they had carried out the bombing.", "In 1985, she had travelled to New Zealand to lead a flotilla of yachts protesting against French nuclear testing at Mururoa Atoll in the Tuamotu Archipelago of French Polynesia. During previous nuclear tests at Mururoa, protest ships had been boarded by French commandos after sailing inside the shipping exclusion zone around the atoll. With the 1985 tests, Greenpeace had intended to monitor the impact of nuclear tests and place protesters on the island to do this.", "In the wake of the bombing, a flotilla of private New Zealand yachts sailed to Moruroa to protest against the French nuclear tests. Under mounting international pressure, France finally ratified the International Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1998 - but by then it had carried out 193 nuclear tests in Polynesia.", "The spy who infiltrated the Greenpeace New Zealand office ahead of the bombing, Christine Cabon, evaded arrest in Israel. She hasn’t been seen since. The whereabouts of the combat frogman with the alias Jean-Michel Berthelot – one of the two divers believed to have planted the bombs – are unknown.", "The spy who infiltrated the Greenpeace New Zealand office ahead of the bombing, Christine Cabon, evaded arrest in Israel. She hasn’t been seen since. The whereabouts of the combat frogman with the alias Jean-Michel Berthelot – one of the two divers believed to have planted the bombs – are unknown.", "After six years of effort, on 13 February 1960 France became the world's fourth nuclear power when a high-powered nuclear device was exploded in the Sahara some 700 miles south-south-west of Algiers. In August 1963 France decided against signing the Partial Test Ban Treaty designed to slow the arms race because it would have prohibited it from testing nuclear weapons above ground. France continued to carry out tests at the Algerian site until 1966, under an agreement with the newly independent Algeria. France's testing program then moved to the Mururoa and Fangataufa Atolls in the South Pacific.", "Community inspired anti-nuclear sentiments largely contributed to the New Zealand Labour Party election victory under Norman Kirk in 1972. In June 1973, the International Court of Justice (pursuant to a case launched by Australia and New Zealand) ordered that the French cease atmospheric nuclear testing at Mururoa atoll while the case was being heard by the Court. However, the French ignored this ruling." ]

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[ "On July 12, 1862, the Medal of Honor was created, thus instituting a system of awards in the U.S. Armed Forces. In the years leading up to World War I, citations for bravery, very similar to the Commonwealth practice of MiD, evolved into Citation Stars, and eventually the Bronze Star Medal and Silver Star Medals.", "The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States, granted to a member of the armed forces who risks life while engaged in conflict with an opposing force. Since it was established in 1862, the medal has been awarded more than 3,500 times by the president in the name of Congress. The action the recipient performed must set him apart from his companions in terms of valor.", "AT THE PINNACLE OF HEROISM: THE MEDAL OF WWW.HISTORICALARTPRINTS.COM On the 150th anniversary of the creation of the Army’s Medal of Honor, July 12, 1862, , it is worthwhile to look back at its controversial rsi l beginnings during the Civil War. B Y R OBERT W IDENER “I WOULD MUCH RATHER HAVE THAT MEDAL AROUND MY NECK THAN TO BE President of the United States,” said President Harry S. Truman when he presented the Medal of Honor to 15 servicemen on Oct. 12, 1945. Indeed, the country’s highest military award for bravery is so revered that it commands the ultimate prestige above any other honor bestowed on an American. Of the more than 40 million veterans who have served since the beginning of the Civil War, only 3,456 have been awarded the Medal of Honor. According to Evans E. Kerrigan, author of American Medals and Decorations, the award 18 • VFW ABOVE: THE MEDAL OF HONOR WINNER by Don Troiani . Capt. Charles G. Gould of the 5th Vermont Veteran Volunteers leads his men against the 37th North Carolina Infantry Regiment at Petersburg, Va., on April 2, 1865. In earning his Medal of Honor, Gould received a serious bayonet wound to the face. COURTESY DON TROIANI, WWW.HISTORICALARTPRINTS.COM LEFT: A Civil War era Medal of Honor. COURTESY OF THE CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR SOCIETY • JUNE/JULY 2012", "President Abraham Lincoln signs into law a measure calling for the awarding of a U.S. Army Medal of Honor, in the name of Congress, \"to such noncommissioned officers and privates as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action, and other soldier-like qualities during the present insurrection.\" The previous December, Lincoln had approved a provision creating a U.S. Navy Medal of Valor, which was the basis of the Army Medal of Honor created by Congress in July 1862. The first U.S. Army soldiers to receive what would become the nation's highest military honor were six members of a Union raiding party who in 1862 penetrated deep into Confederate territory to destroy bridges and railroad tracks between Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Atlanta, Georgia.", "Shortly after this, a resolution similar in wording was introduced on behalf of the Army. Signed into law July 12, 1862, the measure provided for awarding a medal of honor \"to such noncommissioned officers and privates as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action, and other soldierlike qualities, during the present insurrection.\" Although it was created for the Civil War, Congress made the Medal of Honor a permanent decoration in 1863. Almost 3,400 men and one woman have received the award for heroic actions in the nation's battles since that time.", "A second congressional act followed on July 12, 1862, allowing Lincoln to authorize an Army Medal of Honor. Its intention was to recognize heroism in combat only. The wording was similar to the Navy’s award, but for “soldier-like qualities.”", "The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest military decoration awarded for valour \"in the face of the enemy\" to members of the armed forces of some Commonwealth countries, and previous British Empire territories. It takes precedence over all other orders, decorations and medals. It may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and civilians under military command, and is presented to the recipient by the British monarch during an investiture held at Buckingham Palace. It is the joint highest award for bravery in the United Kingdom with the George Cross, which is the equivalent honour for valour not in the face of the enemy.[2] However, the VC is higher in order of precedence and would be worn first by an individual who had been awarded both decorations", "The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. It is bestowed by the President in the name of Congress on members of the United States Armed Forces who distinguish themselves through \"conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his or her life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States.\" Due to the nature of its criteria, it is often awarded posthumously (more than half have been since 1941).", "Shortly after this, a resolution similar in wording was introduced on behalf of the Army. Signed into law July 12, 1862, the measure provided for awarding a medal of honor \"to such noncommissioned officers and privates as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action, and other soldierlike qualities, during the present insurrection.\"", "The Medal of Honor was born in 1862, but it was the act of 9 July 1918 that defined the future of the award, while further eliminated the Certificate of Merit while establishing the new \"Pyramid of Honor\" providing for lesser awards (The Distinguished Service Cross, The Distinguished Service Medal, and the Silver Star). A key difference between the levels of awards was spelled out, \"That the President is authorized to present, in the name of the Congress, a medal of honor only to each person who, while an officer or enlisted man of the Army, shall hereafter, in action involving actual conflict with an enemy, distinguish himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty.\" The lesser awards were authorized for presentation by the President, \"BUT NOT IN THE NAME OF CONGRESS.\"", "September 30, 1864 — Black soldiers are given US Medal of Honor today, which was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces.", "The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest award of the United Kingdom honours system. It is awarded for gallantry \"in the face of the enemy\" to members of the British armed forces. It may be awarded posthumously. It was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries, most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command although no civilian has received the award since 1879. Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857, two thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the British monarch. These investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace.", "The Roman Republic adopted an elaborate system of military awards that included medals called phalerae to be issued to soldiers and units for a variety of achievements. The practice was revived in the Early Modern period, and medals began to be worn on the chest as part of standard military uniform. The United States Continental Congress awarded the Fidelity Medallion as early as 1780, to three specified men for a particular incident, as a one-off award, which was characteristic of early military decorations. In 1782, the Badge of Military Merit was established, and mostly awarded to non-officers. The Légion d'honneur instituted by Napoleon I in 1802 had some of the characteristics of the old military orders, but was intended to be far more inclusive, and was awarded to rank and file soldiers for bravery or exceptional service. Other nations followed with decorations such as the British Army Gold Medal from 1810, though this only went to senior officers, and the Prussian Iron Cross from 1813. Medals were not awarded to all combatants in a war or battle until the 19th century, when the Waterloo Medal was the first British medal given to all present, at the Battle of Waterloo and all associated actions in 1815. By the middle of the 19th century, the number of awards used had greatly expanded in most countries to something near modern levels.", "In 1863, the Medal of Honor was made a permanent military decoration available to all members, including commissioned officers, of the U.S. military. It is conferred upon those who have distinguished themselves in actual combat at risk of life beyond the call of duty. Since its creation, during the Civil War, almost 3,400 men and one woman have received the Medal of Honor for heroic actions in U.S. military conflict.", "The first formal system for rewarding acts of individual gallantry by American Soldiers was established by George Washington on August 7, 1782, when he created the Badge of Military Merit, designed to recognize \"any singularly meritorious action.\" This decoration is America's first combat award and the second oldest American military decoration of any type, after the Fidelity Medallion. Although the Badge of Military Merit fell into disuse after the American Revolutionary War, the concept of a military award for individual gallantry by members of the U.S. armed forces had been established. In 1847, after the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, a Certificate of Merit was established for Soldiers who distinguished themselves in action. The certificate was later granted medal status as the Certificate of Merit Medal.", "The Distinguished Service Cross is the second highest military decoration that can be awarded to a member of the United States Army (and previously, the United States Army Air Forces), for extreme gallantry and risk of life in actual combat with an armed enemy force. The act or acts of heroism must have been so notable and have involved risk of life so extraordinary as to set the individual apart from his or her comrades.", "The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those wounded or killed while serving, on or after April 5, 1917, with the U.S. military. With its forerunner, the Badge of Military Merit, which took the form of a heart made of purple cloth, the Purple Heart is the oldest military award still given to U.S. military members – the only earlier award being the obsolete Fidelity Medallion. The National Purple Heart Hall of Honor is located in New Windsor, New York.", "The Victoria Cross was extended to colonial troops in 1867. The extension was made following a recommendation for gallantry regarding colonial soldier Major Charles Heaphy for action in the New Zealand land wars in 1864. [38] He was operating under British command and the VC was gazetted in 1867. Later that year, the Government of New Zealand assumed full responsibility for operations but no further recommendations for the Victoria Cross were raised for local troops who distinguished themselves in action. [39] Following gallant actions by three New Zealand soldiers in November 1868 and January 1869 during the New Zealand land wars , an Order in Council on 10 March 1869 created a \"Distinctive Decoration\" for members of the local forces without seeking permission from the Secretary of State for the Colonies. [40] Although the Governor was chided for exceeding his authority, the Order in Council was ratified by the Queen. The title \"Distinctive Decoration\" was later replaced by the title New Zealand Cross . [39]", "The Victoria Cross is the highest award for acts of bravery in wartime. It was instituted in 1856 by Queen Victoria and made retrospective to 1854 to cover the period of the Crimean War. It is possible for any serving member of the armed forces to obtain this award.", "The Badge of Military Merit is considered the first military award of the United States Armed Forces. Although the Fidelity Medallion is older, after being issued to three soldiers for a specific event in 1780 it was never awarded again, so the Badge of Military Merit is often considered the oldest. The Purple Heart is the official successor decoration of the Badge of Military Merit.", "1782: Badge of Military Merit: The first formal system for rewarding acts of individual gallantry by American soldiers was established by George Washington when he issued a field order on August 7, 1782, for a Badge of Military Merit to recognize those members of the Continental Army who performed \"any singular meritorious action\". This decoration is America's first combat decoration and was preceded only by the Fidelity Medallion, the Congressional medal for Henry Lee awarded in September 1779 in recognition of his attack on the British at Paulus Hook, the Congressional medal for General Horatio Gates awarded in November 1777 in recognition of his victory over the British at Saratoga, and the Congressional medal for George Washington awarded in March 1776. Although the Badge of Military Merit fell into disuse after the American Revolutionary War, the concept of a military award for individual gallantry by members of the U.S. Armed Forces had been established.", "1861 - Congress authorizes the Medal of Honor , the Nation's highest award, for Naval personnel.", "Two years later, on August 7th, 1782, General George Washington issued orders establishing two decorations. He had long recognized the need to award those soldiers who distinguished themselves in honorable service and in combat. To that end he created these awards. As far as is known, these were the first decorations awarded to the common soldier on a regular basis. The first was the \"BADGE OF DISTINCTION\" and consisted of a strip of white cloth sewn above the left cuff of the soldier's regimental coat. The soldier received one strip for each three years of service. Today, 212 years later, this tradition is still practiced in the United States Armed Forces. We know them as hash marks.", "The award known as the Purple Heart has a history that reaches back to the waning days of the American Revolution. The Continental Congress had forbidden General George Washington from granting commissions and promotions in rank to recognize merit. Yet Washington wanted to honor merit, particularly among the enlisted soldiers. On August 7, 1782, his general orders established the Badge of Military Merit:", "In a decree issued on the tenth Pluviose XIII (30 January 1805), a grand decoration was instituted. This decoration, a cross on a large sash and a silver star with an eagle, became known as the Grand Aigle (French for \"Grand Eagle\"), and later in 1814 as the grand cordon (\"large sash\"). After Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French and established the Napoleonic nobility in 1808, award of the Légion gave right to the title of \"Knight of the Empire\" (chevalier de l'empire). The title was made hereditary after three generations of grantees.", "Even as the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps of the young United States became more professional, the reluctance to recognize military men with medals ran deep.  The practice of wearing medals was far too reminiscent of European aristocracy, and the people of the United States had taken great steps to build their nation far from the European model.  In 1847 the American military found itself committed to combat in the Mexican-American War.  During that brief action a \"certificate of merit\" was created to recognize those soldiers who distinguished themselves in action.  But the certificate of merit was just that, a certificate that existed more in terms of a voucher that often brought a small payment to the soldier but no lasting recognition or visible medal.  Not until the Civil War was any consideration given to awarding a medal itself.", "    The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers and fell into disuse following the War of Independence. Although never abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially until after World War I.", "Early in the Civil War, a medal for individual valor was proposed to General-in-Chief of the Army Winfield Scott. But Scott felt medals smacked of European affectation and killed the idea. The medal found support in the Navy, however, where it was felt recognition of courage in strife was needed. Public Resolution 82, containing a provision for a Navy medal of valor, was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on December 21, 1861. The medal was \"to be bestowed upon such petty officers, seamen, landsmen, and Marines as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry and other seamanlike qualities during the present war.\"", "The award fell into disuse following the American War for Independence. Although never abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially until after World War I .", "It should be noted, that this was the first campaign medal to be awarded whilst the country was still at war. Queen Victoria presented the first medals at a ceremony held at Horse Guards Parade on the 18 May 1855.", "During World War I, some 55,000 decorations were conferred, 20,000 of which went to foreigners. The large number of decorations results from the new posthumous awards authorised in 1918. Traditionally membership in the could not be awarded posthumously.", "Description: Colossal bas-relief sculpture carved on north face of mountain depicting three heroes of the Civil War, from left to right, Confederate President Jefferson Davis, General Robert E. Lee and General Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson. All are seen on horseback, in profile, in 3/4 view, holding hats over their hearts with their proper right hands. All are dressed in military uniform." ]

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[ "The Namib Desert is often referred to as the world's oldest desert and has been in existence for some 43 million years, remaining unchanged in its present form for the last 2 million years. The Namib is an immense expanse of relentlessly moving gravel plains and dunes of all shapes and sizes that stretch along the entire coastline. The most widespread and dominant type of desert sand dune are linear dunes, with crescent shaped dunes common along the coast and clusters of star dunes, such as the towering horseshoe of dunes at Sossusvlei , found in the eastern reaches of the sand sea.", "The Namib is a coastal desert in southern Africa. The name Namib is of Nama origin and means \"vast place\". According to the broadest definition, the Namib stretches for more than 2000 km along the Atlantic coasts of Angola, Namibia, and South Africa, extending southward from the Carunjamba River in Angola, through Namibia and to the Olifants River in Western Cape, South Africa. The Namib's northernmost portion, which extends 450 km from the Angola-Namibia border, is known as Moçâmedes Desert, while its southern portion approaches the neighboring Kalahari Desert. From the Atlantic coast eastward, the Namib gradually ascends in elevation, reaching up to 200 km inland to the foot of the Great Escarpment. Annual precipitation ranges from 2 mm in the most arid regions to 200 mm at the escarpment, making the Namib the only true desert in southern Africa. Having endured arid or semi-arid conditions for roughly 55–80 million years, the Namib may be the oldest desert in the world and contains some of the world's driest regions. ", ") strip of land on the Pacific coast of South America, west of the Andes mountains. The Atacama desert is, according to NASA, National Geographic and many other publications, the driest desert in the world,[1][2][3] due to the rain shadow on the leeward side of the Chilean Coast Range, as well as a coastal inversion layer created by the cold offshore Humboldt Current.[4] The Atacama occupies 40,600 square miles (105,000 km2)[5] in northern Chile, composed mostly of salt basins (salares), sand, and felsic lava flows towards the Andes.", "The Atacama Desert () is a plateau in South America, covering a 1000 km strip of land on the Pacific coast, west of the Andes mountains. It is the driest non-polar desert in the world. (Excerpt) According to estimates the Atacama Desert proper occupies 105000 km2, or 128000 km2 if the barren lower slopes of the Andes are included. Most of the desert is composed of stony terrain, salt lakes (salares), sand, and felsic lava that flows towards the Andes.", "The following deserts are found in Africa: Kalahari, Namib, Chalbi, Danakil, Sahara, Tanzerouft, White Desert, Eastern Desert, Sinai Desert, Blue Desert, Atlantic Coastal Desert and Libyan Desert, which is also called the Western Desert. The deserts in Africa vary widely in size and location. Some, such as the Kalahari and Sahara, are vast stretches of hot and barren lands that cover significant portions of the African continent, while others, such as the Atlantic Coastal Desert, are considerably smaller.", "The Namib Desert is believed to be the world’s oldest desert and it has been arid for at least 55 million years (Barnard 1998). The convergence of the Benguela upwelling and the hot interior have maintained, and perhaps increased this aridity in recent times, but they did not generate the aridity. The region, isolated between the ocean and the escarpment, is considered to be a constant island of aridity surrounded by a sea of climatic change (Armstrong 1990). The arid conditions probably started with the continental split of West Gondwana 130 million to 145 million years ago when this area shifted to its present position along the Tropic of Capricorn. This lengthy dry period has had a profound influence on the region’s biodiversity. The region has remained a relatively stable center for the evolution of desert species. This has resulted in a unique array of biodiversity with high levels of endemism and numerous advanced adaptations to arid conditions.", "The Atacama Desert is located in South America. It's a 600 mile strip of land that is on the Pacific coast of the continent, west of the Andes.", "The Kalahari Desert is a large semi-arid sandy savanna in :southern Africa extending 900000 km2, covering much of Botswana, parts of Namibia (known as South-West Africa from 1894 to 1990), and regions of South Africa. A semi-desert, with huge tracts of excellent grazing after good rains, the Kalahari supports more animals and plants than a true desert, such as the Namib Desert to the west. There are small amounts of rainfall and the summer temperature is very high. The driest areas usually receive 110 - of rain per year, and the wettest just a little over 500 mm. The surrounding Kalahari Basin covers over 2500000 km2 extending further into Botswana, Namibia and South Africa, and encroaching into parts of Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The Kalahari is home to many migratory birds and animals. Previously havens for wild animals from elephants to giraffes, and for predators such as lions and cheetahs, the riverbeds are now mostly grazing spots, though leopards and cheetahs can still be found. The area is now heavily grazed and cattle fences restrict the movement of wildlife. Among deserts of the Southern Hemisphere, the Kalahari most closely resembles some Australian deserts in its latitude and its mode of formation. The Kalahari Desert came into existence approximately sixty million years ago along with the formation of the African continent.", "Stretching 600 miles (966 kilometers) from Peru's southern border into northern Chile, the Atacama Desert rises from a thin coastal shelf to the pampas—virtually lifeless plains that dip down to river gorges layered with mineral sediments from the Andes. The pampas bevel up to the altiplano, the foothills of the Andes, where alluvial salt pans give way to lofty white-capped volcanoes that march along the continental divide, reaching 20,000 feet (6,096 meters).", "The Kalahari Desert in Afrikaans Kalahari-woestyn is a large semi-arid sandy savannah in southern Africa extending 900,000 square kilometres 350,000 sq mi, covering much of Botswana and parts of Namibia and South Africa. A semi-desert, with huge tracts of excellent grazing after good rains, the Kalahari supports more animals and plants than a true desert, such as the Namib Desert to the west. There are small amounts of rainfall and the summer temperature is very high. The driest areas usually receive 110–200 millimetres 4.3–7.9 in of rain per year and the wettest just a little over 500 millimetres (20 in). The surrounding Kalahari Basin covers over 2,500,000 square kilometres (970,000 sq mi) extending farther into Botswana, Namibia and South Africa, and encroaching into parts of Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The Kalahari is home to many migratory birds and animals. Previously havens for wild animals from elephants to giraffes, and for predators such as lions and cheetahs, the riverbeds are now mostly grazing spots, though leopards and cheetahs can still be found. The area is now heavily grazed and cattle fences restrict the movement of wildlife. Among deserts of the southern hemisphere the Kalahari most closely resembles some Australian deserts in its latitude and its mode of formation.", "Far from being a desolate, arid wilderness, the Atacama desert is overflowing with life. Its ancient cultures offer a warm welcome to modern travellers, and fertile oases sustain an astonishing diversity of life here in the world’s driest desert.", "In 2008, the Phoenix Mars Lander detected perchlorates on the surface of Mars at the same site where water was first discovered. Perchlorates are also found in the Atacama and associated nitrate deposits have contained organics, leading to speculation that signs of life on Mars are not incompatible with perchlorates. Alonso de Ercilla described the desert in La Araucana, published in 1569: \"Towards Atacama, near the deserted coast, you see a land without men, where there is not a bird, not a beast, nor a tree, nor any vegetation\" (quoted Braudel 1984 p 388). The Atacama is also a testing site for the NASA funded Earth-Mars Cave Detection Program.", "In the north of the country lies the Atacama Desert , an arid sandy desert region including salt flats, hot springs and geysers. It is rich in copper and other minerals. Another interesting aspect is that it has many archeological sites. The area also contains a number of astronomical observatories.", "The southern part of the desert, between 25 and 27°S, may have been glacier-free throughout the Quaternary (including during glaciations), though permafrost extends down to an altitude of 4400 m and is continuous above 5600 m. Studies by a group of British scientists have suggested that some river beds have been dry for 120,000 years. However, some locations in the Atacama receive a marine fog known locally as the camanchaca, providing sufficient moisture for hypolithic algae, lichens, and even some cacti—the genus Copiapoa is notable among these.", "In 2008, the Phoenix Mars Lander detected perchlorates on the surface of Mars at the same site where water was first discovered. Perchlorates are also found in the Atacama and associated nitrate deposits have contained organics, leading to speculation that signs of life on Mars are not incompatible with perchlorates. The Atacama is also a testing site for the NASA-funded Earth-Mars Cave Detection Program. ", "The Atacama Desert ecoregion, as defined by the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF), extends from a few kilometers south of the Chile- Peru border to about 30° south latitude . To the north lies the Sechura Desert ecoregion, in Peru, whilst to the south is the Chilean Matorral ecoregion. The National Geographic Society considers the coastal area of southern Peru to be part of the Atacama desert, including the deserts south of the Ica Region.", "The Negev Desert and the surrounding area, including the Arava Valley, are the sunniest parts of Israel and little of this land is arable, which is why it has become the center of the Israeli solar industry. David Faiman, an expert on solar energy, feels the energy needs of Israel's future could be met by building solar energy plants in the Negev. As director of Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center, he operates one of the largest solar dishes in the world. Technically, however, the Arava is a separate desert with its own unique climate and ecology.", "From the third century BCE the Nabateans traversed the Negev on caravans of camels laden with precious spices from Yemen and the Arabian Peninsula, a route of about 2,400 kilometers punctuated by some 65 camel stops one day apart. Over time the Nabateans settled in the area, building cities; Avdat, Shivta, Haluza and Mamshit have all been designated UNESCO World Heritage sites and are part of the Israel National Parks system.", "Unexpectedly, at points the arid Atacama Desert nestles alongside lagoons, springs and rich farmland busy with Atacama Desert animals such as grazing llamas and alpacas. This part of Chile also contains the world’s largest open copper mine at Chuquicamata. The rich copper and mineral deposits led to a huge natural supply of sodium nitrate (saltpeter). While the supply has long since been exhausted, the desert is littered with abandoned mining towns. The Atacama Desert Chile sits at one end of neighboring Bolivia’s vast salt plain of Salar de Uyuni, the world’s largest salt flat. Traveling across the sparkling salt crystals will take you into Bolivia via volcanoes and pristine lakes. 4x4 trips usually take 3 days.", "The far north of Chile is one of the driest places on earth, and as you climb up into the Atacama desert, the landscape becomes truly otherwordly, with white salt flats, huge red volcanoes and brightly coloured mineral lakes. It's so alien that they even test Mars rovers here...", "The Kalahari Desert is a large semi-arid sandy savannah in Southern Africa extending 900,000 km² (350,000 mi²), covering much of Botswana and parts of Namibia and South Africa.", "The World Wide Fund for Nature defines the Atacama Desert ecoregion as extending from a few kilometers south of the Peru–Chile border to about 30° south latitude. The National Geographic Society considers the coastal area of southern Peru to be part of the Atacama Desert and also includes the deserts south of the Ica Region in Peru.", "Dust flies as shepherds herd goats above an irrigated valley near the Atacama Desert, a 600-mile (1,000-kilometer) stretch of northern Chile squeezed between the Pacific and the Andes. Irrigation soaks up about 15 percent of available water in the Atacama, known as the driest place on Earth. In some spots, rainfall has never been recorded.", "The Kalahari Desert is an expansive sandy region that cuts across Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. The Kalahari sand dunes merge to form the largest continuous mass of sand in the world. Although the Sahara Desert is larger than the Kalahari, the former has only 15 percent of its total area occupied by sand dunes.", "There are numerous hiking trails throughout the Negev and parts of the 1000 km long Israel Trail run through also. Tighten the laces of your hiking boots and enjoy the peacefulness and beauty of the desert.", "Vicuñas are the smallest member of the camel family and originate from the mountainous regions of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. This species was once hunted to the brink of extinction for their wool and meat. However, in the 1960’s, the creation of national parks and trade restrictions helped to protect the species.  Zoos also played their part in their conservation and vicuña are now part of a European breeding program.", "Because of their geological origins the mountains are almost unique, with only South Africa's Drakensberg having been formed in the same manner and thus appearing similar. Notable animals in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal. There are a few Ethiopian wolves. ", "Commercial Activities. Because most of the country is desert, less than 4 percent of the land is cultivated. Natural resources are scarce, and no oil has been found. The country's archaeological sites draw more than two million visitors a year.", "Commercial Activities. Because most of the country is desert, less than 4 percent of the land is cultivated. Natural resources are scarce, and no oil has been found. The country's archaeological sites draw more than two million visitors a year.", "Goat husbandry is common through the Norte Chico of Chile, however it produces severe erosion and desertification. Image from upper Limarí River", "Thousands of years ago, the Kalahari Desert has been blooming with life because there were many lakes. Nowadays, in the place where the lakes were, large salt pans remain, such as Makgadikgadi Pan, the remains on the once huge Lake Makgadikgadi. Another big pan in this area is the Nxan pan.", "The desert has hosted various indigenous peoples in its past, as evidenced by cave paintings in the area. The earliest inhabitants of the desert known by name are those of the Tehuelche complex. Tehuelches lived as hunter-gatherers and did not practise agriculture in lush valleys found in the desert. In the 18th and 19th centuries the northern part of the desert came under Mapuche influence during a process of Araucanization. Mapuches came to practise horse husbandry in the northern part of the Patagonian steppe. Mapuche tribes came to control trade across the desert and traded with the cities of southern Chile as well as Buenos Aires and the Cuyo Region." ]

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[ "Florida, also known as the \"Sunshine \"State\", joined the American Union on March 3, 1845 becoming the 27th state of the nation. Its land size is 65,758 square miles; and as of 2009, its population is 18,537,969. The capital of Florida is Tallahassee and its largest city is Jacksonville.", "Florida was the 27th state to join the union. It became a state on March 3, 1845.", "Florida became a state on March 3, 1845. It was the 27th state to join the union.", "    On March 3, 1845, the 27th state known as Florida was committed to the union.  Florida was originally ruled over by the Spanish.  Then, after the Indian War,  the people living in Florida started to want to be able to elect their governor and President, and to do many other things that were not allowed in a territory of Spain.  Some people even wanted Florida to be divided in two: West Florida and East Florida.  Finally, the Congress decided for Florida to become part of the United States.", "1845 - Florida became the 27th state of the United States of America. The word �Florida� comes from the Spanish �feast of flowers�. But we call it the Sunshine State. The capital of the Sunshine State is ... no, not Walt Disney World ... Tallahassee. The state flower is the fragrant orange blossom and the mockingbird is the state bird. Do you think the mockingbird can mimic Donald Duck? Or maybe it sings the Florida state song, \"Suwannee River\". The Florida state motto is: �In God we trust.�", "And on this day in 1845, Florida became the 27th state of the USA.   America's appendage had been in the hands, as it were, of the Seminole and Miccosukee for a long time before being claimed by the Spanish, then the British, then the revolutionaries, then the Confederacy, then the Union.   It managed to avoid most Civil War fighting but has had less success in repelling Cuban refugees, Russian mafiosi, British vacation home owners and hurricanes.   I had better not say anything else because, like most people, I'll probably end up retiring there.", "At one time, back in the 1860s, Florida was known as The Peninsula State, for obvious reasons. Later in the 19th century, it also became known as The Everglades State. Florida is a large producer of oranges which led the state to be known as The Orange State (and in one reference, The Citrus State),the meaning of the state's name (\"flowery\") led to The Flower State and its location on the east of the Gulf of Mexico led to The Gulf State. For many years, Florida appears as The Sunshine State on its licence plates, but this name was only given official status in 1970 when it was officially adopted by the legislature. The nickname is also unofficially claimed by New Mexico and (until 1980) South Dakota.", "Capital city: Tallahassee Year of induction: 1845 Order of induction: 27th Nickname: The Sunshine State State bird: Mockingbird State flower: Orange Blossom Main industries: Tourism and agriculture Did you know? Florida is the only place in the world where alligators and crocodiles cohabitate naturally.", "Named after the Spanish Easter festival of Pascua Florida, Florida was one of the first regions in America to be explored by Europeans. St. Augustine was one of the earliest permanent European settlements in the country, and the Spanish held a strong foothold in Florida for over two centuries. Original claims to Florida lay with many tribes of Native Americans known collectively as the Seminoles, who were either exterminated or forced to move west during the three Seminole Wars. Between those wars, Florida achieved statehood in 1845, and Americans rushed south to its fertile lands to raise cotton and tobacco. Florida was thus a staunchly Southern state: it allowed slavery and was third to secede during the Civil War. Beginning in the late 19th century, Americans began a tradition of flocking to Florida during winter months, and today, tourism is Florida’s biggest industry. The state is home to sandy beaches, the Everglades, and attractions like Walt Disney World, the largest resort on the planet. The Sunshine State also boasts an enormous citrus industry, and as its license plate bears, beautiful, delicious oranges.", "Florida is a state in the southeastern United States that is bordered by Alabama and Georgia to the north and the Gulf of Mexico the the south and east. It is a peninsula that is surrounded by water on three sides ( map ) and it has a 2009 population of 18,537,969. The area of Florida is 53,927 square miles (139,671 sq km). Florida is known as the \"sunshine state\" because of its warm subtropical climate and many beaches, including those on the Gulf of Mexico. More »", "Between 1821 and 1859, the following States became part of the Union: Missouri (1821), Arkansas (1836), Michigan (1837), Texas (1845), Florida (1845), Iowa (1846), Wisconsin (1848), California (1850), Minnesota (1858) and Oregon (1859)", "FLORIDA, Tallahassee only Confederate capital east of the Mississippi not captured by the Union, the sunshine state", "President James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance. As a result, the U.S. military took over and governed both Floridas with Andrew Jackson serving as governor. The United States soon organized the Florida Territory on March 30, 1822, by combining East Florida and the rump West Florida east of the Perdido River and establishing a territorial government; it was admitted to the Union as a state on March 3, 1845. ", "Some thought Florida should be divided into two States, East Florida and West Florida, while others thought it should not be divided. Finally Congress agreed that Florida should come into the Union as one State, and the bill was signed by President Tyler, March 3, 1845.", "Imperial rivalries between Spain, France, and England dominated the region in the eighteenth century. The eventual winner, the United States, entered the scene in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase. The Americans continued earlier patterns of growing rice, sugar, and cotton using slave labor, and New Orleans became their major gulf port. A powerful desire for new lands led to American acquisition of Florida, completed between 1810 and 1819. Florida and Texas were granted statehood in 1845, and the admission of Texas led to war with Mexico. The American victory in the Mexican-American War in 1848 confirmed the Rio Grande as the western edge of America's Gulf Coast. Expansion along the gulf ended there, as antebellum efforts to purchase Cuba for its sugar plantations and strategic position failed.", "Upon hearing of Polk's election to office, Tyler urged Congress to pass a joint resolution admitting Texas to the Union; Congress complied on February 28, 1845. Texas promptly accepted the offer and officially became a state on December 29, 1845. The annexation angered Mexico, which had lost Texas in 1836. Mexican politicians had repeatedly warned that annexation would lead to war. Nonetheless, just days after the resolution passed Congress, Polk declared in his inaugural address that only Texas and the United States would decide whether to annex.", "Florida was purchased in 1813 from Spain after the American military had effectively subjugated the region. The next major territorial acquisition came after American settlers in Texas rebelled against the Mexican government, setting up a short-lived independent republic that was absorbed into the union. The Mexican-American War of 1848 resulted in acquisition of the northern territories of Mexico, including the future states of California, Nevada , Utah , Arizona and New Mexico. After 1850, the borders of the continental United States reached the rough outlines it still has today. Many Native Americans were relegated to reservations by treaty, military force, and by the inadvertent spread of European diseases transmitted by large numbers of settlers moving west along the Oregon Trail and other routes.", "Florida remained an organized territory of the United States until 1845, when it was admitted into the Union as the State of Florida. The Territorial Period (1821-1845) was marked by protracted wars with the Creek Indian groups who occupied the peninsula, collectively known as \"Seminoles\", during the Second Seminole War (1835-1842). The United States Army took command of the Castillo de San Marcos and renamed it Fort Marion after General Francis Marion, who fought in the American Revolutionary War.", "This is a list of US states by name of statehood, that is, the date when each US state joined the Union. Although the first 13 states can be considered to have been members of the United States from the date of the Declaration of Independence - Thursday, July 4, 1776 - they are presented here as being \"admitted\" on the date each ratified the present United States Constitution; most other such lists, including the 50 State Quarters program, do the same. The admission dates for later states were set by either the act of admission or a later resolution issued under that act, except for Ohio, whose date of admission was determined by act of Congress in 1953", "Florida's economy did not fully recover until the buildup for World War II . The climate, tempered by the growing availability of air conditioning, and low cost of living made the state a haven. Migration from the Rust Belt and the Northeast sharply increased the population after the war. In recent decades, more migrants have come for the jobs in a developing economy. Today, with an estimated population of more than 18 million, Florida is the most populous state in the Southeastern United States, the second most populous state in the South behind Texas, and the fourth most populous in the United States. The Census Bureau estimates that \"Florida, now the fourth most populous state, would edge past New York into third place in total population by 2011\". [12]", "The eastern boundary of the Louisiana purchase was the Mississippi River, from its source to the 31st parallel, though the source of the Mississippi was, at the time, unknown. The eastern boundary below the 31st parallel was unclear. The U.S. claimed the land as far as the Perdido River, and Spain claimed that the border of its Florida Colony remained the Mississippi River. In early 1804, Congress passed the Mobile Act, which recognized West Florida as part of the United States. The Adams–Onís Treaty with Spain (1819) resolved the issue upon ratification in 1821. Today, the 31st parallel is the northern boundary of the western half of the Florida Panhandle, and the Perdido is the western boundary of Florida.", "Before the American Civil War , when slavery was legal, and during the Reconstruction era that followed, African Americans made up nearly half of the state's population. [46] Their proportion declined over the next century, as many moved north in the Great Migration while large numbers of northern whites moved to the state. Recently, the state's proportion of black residents has begun to grow again. Today, large concentrations of black residents can be found in northern Florida (notably in Jacksonville, Gainesville and Pensacola), the Tampa Bay area, the Orlando area (especially in the city of Orlando and Sanford ), and South Florida (where their numbers have been bolstered by significant immigration from Haiti and Jamaica ).", "Some 80 years later, in 1803, shrewd American diplomats negotiating the Louisiana Purchase in Paris invoked this informal 1719 agreement as the precedent for setting the Perdido River as the eastern limit of the Louisiana Purchase. Because all of Florida east of the Perdido River remained in Spanish hands until 1819, Florida's panhandle region did not become part of Alabama. After Louisiana achieved statehood in 1812, Congress added the last eastern remnant of the Louisiana Purchase, between the Pearl River in present-day Mississippi and the Perdido rivers, to the Mississippi Territory. This \"Addition of 1812\" ultimately became the Gulf \"foot\" portions of Mississippi and Alabama.", "There are about 3,000 different types of wildflowers in Florida. This is the third most diverse state in the union, behind California and Texas, both larger states. ", "Florida becomes a U.S. Territory in 1821. General Andrew Jackson serves as military governor until Congress ratifies a territorial constitution.", "In his annual address to Congress on December 7, 1819, President Monroe requested the discretionary authority to occupy Florida. In light of numerous American attacks into Spanish Florida, this was no idle threat. In the face of American fortitude and because of domestic troubles in Spain, the Spanish King finally capitulated and signed the Transcontinental Treaty on October 24, 1820, allowing the annexation of Florida by the United States.", "On February 12, 1812, Congress secretly authorized President James Madison to take possession of the portion of West Florida located west of the Perdido River that was not already in the possession of the United States, with authorization to use military and naval force as deemed necessary. The portion of the territory west of the Pearl River was incorporated into the newly formed Territory of Orleans on April 14, 1812. The U.S. annexed the Mobile District of West Florida to the Mississippi Territory on May 14, 1812, although this decision was not effected with military force until nearly a year later. (See Major Gen. James Wilkinson's role). According to one historian, \"The incorporation of West Florida into the Orleans district represents the emergence of infant American imperialism by the newly constructed union. Using force, not negotiations, Claiborne and his army, with Madison's proclamation, forced Skipwith and his sympathizers to accept foreign rule.\" ", "Rhode Island becomes the last of the original US colonies to ratify the Constitution and is admitted as the 13th US state in 1790", "In 1513, Ponce DeLeon, was seeking the mythical Fountain of Youth, and discovered Florida , claiming it for Spain. Later, Florida was sold to the United States in 1819.", "Utah Becomes the 45th U.S. State , Utah becomes the 45th United State on January 4th , 1896. To become a state it became necessary to renounce the Mormon church's promotion of polygamy as well as their political party the \"People's Party\".", "9. In 1791, which became the 14th American state and the first admitted to the Union since the original 13 colonies declared independence from Britain?", "What occasion marked a great impetus in the growth of Florida? What proposition was agitated preliminary to seeking admission as a State? How and when was Florida admitted?" ]

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[ "Donkey Kong (Donkī Kongu) is an arcade game released by Nintendo in 1981. It is an early example of the platform game genre, as the gameplay focuses on maneuvering the main character across a series of platforms while dodging and jumping over obstacles. In the game, Jumpman must rescue a damsel in distress, Lady, from a giant ape named Donkey Kong. The hero and ape later became two of Nintendo's most popular characters.", "Donkey Kong (ドンキーコング Donkī Kongu) is an arcade video game released by Nintendo in 1981. It is an early example of the platformer game genre, as the gameplay focuses on maneuvering the main character across a series of platforms while dodging and jumping over obstacles. In the game, Jumpman (since renamed Mario ) must rescue a damsel in distress, Lady (now named Pauline ) from a giant ape named Donkey Kong . The hero and ape later became two of Nintendo's most popular characters.", "Donkey Kong is an arcade game that was released by Nintendo in 1981. The game is an early example of the platform genre as the gameplay focuses on maneuvering the main character across a series of platforms while dodging obstacles. The storyline is thin but well-developed for its time. In it, Mario (originally called Jumpman ) must rescue a damsel in distress, Pauline  (originally called Lady), from a giant ape named Donkey Kong . The hero and ape went on to become two of Nintendo's most popular characters.", "Donkey Kong's first appearance (where he is later confirmed to be a younger Cranky Kong ) is in the Arcade game of the same name, where he is the main enemy. In the game, Donkey Kong was the pet gorilla of \"Jumpman\" (later renamed Mario ) [4] , but he escapes and angrily carries Mario 's girlfriend Pauline to the top of a high construction site. He is pursued by Mario and attacks him by throwing Barrels and creating living Fire . He is eventually pursued to the top of the construction site, where Mario causes the bars supporting him to crash, sending him to the ground.", "Mario debuted as \"Jumpman\" in the arcade game Donkey Kong on July 9, 1981. He is shown to be a carpenter and has a pet ape. The carpenter mistreats the ape, so Donkey Kong escapes and kidnaps Jumpman's girlfriend, originally known as the Lady, but later named Pauline. The player must take the role of Jumpman and rescue the girl.", "The storyline involved Jumpman (soon known as Mario) saving a Lady (later known as Pauline) from Donkey Kong, in an obvious reference to King Kong . Donkey Kong's main weapon seemed to be an endless supply of barrels, which Jumpman could, well...jump over.", "Donkey Kong is considered to be the earliest major video game with a storyline that visually unfolded on screen. [3] The eponymous Donkey Kong is the game's de facto villain. He is the pet of a carpenter named \"Jumpman\" (a name chosen for its similarity to \"Walkman\" and \"Pac-Man\"; the character was later renamed Mario and made a plumber, rather than a carpenter, when Mario Bros. was released). The carpenter mistreats the ape, so Donkey Kong escapes and kidnaps Jumpman's girlfriend, originally known as the Lady, but later named Pauline. The player must take the role of Jumpman and rescue the girl. This was the first occurrence of the damsel in distress scenario that would provide the template for countless video games to come.", "Donkey Kong is considered to be the earliest video game with a storyline that visually unfolds on screen. The eponymous Donkey Kong character is the game's de facto villain. The hero is a carpenter originally named Jumpman, later renamed Mario. The ape kidnaps Mario's girlfriend, originally known as Lady, but later renamed Pauline. The player must take the role of Mario and rescue her. This is the first occurrence of the damsel in distress scenario that would provide the template for countless video games to come.", "Donkey Kong (Cranky Kong) was captured in the game Donkey Kong Jr. , which is the sequel to the original Donkey Kong. Jumpman captured him after the events of the original game to protect himself and Pauline. However, Donkey Kong Jr. (speculated to be the modern Donkey Kong's father) comes to rescue him. Donkey Kong Jr. climbs on vines and avoids Klap Traps deployed by Jumpman and eventually rescues his father.", "Throughout the novel, Donkey Kong uses a range of physical attacks which were originally seen in the Donkey Kong Country game, including Barrel Rolls , Cartwheels and Hand Slaps . He also carries a large supply of minature barrels and TNT Barrels in his backpack, which are utilized against the Kremlings and their weapons.", "Donkey Kong is an arcade game released by Nintendo in 1981. It is an early example of the platform game genre, as the gameplay focuses on maneuvering the main character across a series of platforms while dodging and jumping over obstacles.", "The eponymous Donkey Kong is the game's de-facto villain. He is the pet of a carpenter named Jumpman (a name chosen for its similarity to \"Walkman\" and \"Pac-Man\"; the character was later renamed Mario, and made a plumber, not a carpenter). The carpenter mistreats the ape, so Donkey Kong escapes and kidnaps Jumpman/Mario's girlfriend, originally known as the Lady, but later named Pauline. The player must take the role of Jumpman/Mario and rescue the girl. This was the first occurrence of the damsel-in-distress scenario that would provide the template for countless video games to come.", "Donkey Kong tries to kidnap Pauline yet again in the 1994 Game Boy remake Donkey Kong , and this time he's accompanied by his son, Donkey Kong Jr. Donkey Kong's tactics in this game remain virtually the same, attacking mainly by throwing a variety of objects at Mario, although there are unique stage hazards whenever he confronts Donkey Kong. In the end, Donkey Kong transformed into a giant using the Super Mushrooms , but he was defeated.", "In the fourth screen (100 m), Jumpman has to remove the eight rivets that support Donkey Kong. The primary obstacle are still the fireballs. When the final rivet is removed, Donkey Kong falls. Our hero, Jumpman, reunites with Pauline. This screen is called as “Rivets” and is the final screen.", "Donkey Kong's special ability is the Strong Kong. When he enters the special barrel with his face on it, he sparkles and is invincible, even able to walk on lava and quicksand freely. He is reverted to normal by pressing the Z button and the left C Button. Donkey Kong is the only one who can pull levers. He uses the Coconut Shooter as his shooter. His instrument is the Bongos, which as mentioned previously, would be reused in later games.", "An offshoot of the Arcade game of the same name with a similar premise. In Donkey Kong Jr. , the eponymous ape must obtain four keys from a tree to unlock his father's cage. This was re-released in Game & Watch Gallery 3 and Game & Watch Gallery 4, with three screens in the modern version and a variation of Mushroom Kingdom enemies working for Mario.", "Donkey Kong has kidnapped Mario's girlfriend Pauline (originally known as Lady), and taken her to the top of a construction site. Mario must climb to the top of this of this construction site and rescue Pauline from the giant ape.", "Following 1980's Space Panic, Donkey Kong is one of the earliest examples of the platform game genre even prior to the term being coined; the US gaming press used climbing game for titles with platforms and ladders. As the first platform game to feature jumping, Donkey Kong requires the player to jump between gaps and over obstacles or approaching enemies, setting the template for the future of the platform genre. With its four unique stages, Donkey Kong was the most complex arcade game at the time of its release, and one of the first arcade games to feature multiple stages, following 1980's Phoenix and 1981's Gorf and Scramble", "Remark: They state that Cranky Kong is the original Donkey Kong. This phenomena probably has something to do with the mythical properties surrounding the Mushroom Kingdom.", "5. Donkey Kong Jr, the 1982 sequel to Donkey Kong, is the only game in which Mario officially stars as the antagonist. He has trapped poor Donkey Kong in a cage and the ape's son must rescue him. In the game's promotional material, Mario even gets a specially twirled moustache, highlighting his evil nature.", "In 1982 Universal filed a lawsuit against Nintendo , which had created an impish ape character called Donkey Kong in 1981 and was reaping huge profits over the video game machines. Universal claimed that Nintendo was infringing on its copyright because Donkey Kong was a blatant rip-off of King Kong. [31] During the court battle and subsequent appeal, the courts ruled that Universal did not have exclusive trademark rights to the King Kong character. The courts ruled that trademark was not among the rights Cooper had sold to Universal, indicating that \"Cooper plainly did not obtain any trademark rights in his judgment against RKO, since the California district court specifically found that King Kong had no secondary meaning.\" [29] While they had a majority of the rights, they didn't outright own the King Kong name and character. [32] The courts ruling noted that the name, title, and character of Kong no longer signified a single source of origin. The courts also pointed out that Kong rights were held by three parties:", "While getting to the top, Donkey Kong will constantly be tossing barrels down at the player, which flow perfectly down the ramps and occasionally go down the ladders. Mario can either jump over the barrels or use one of the two hammers that are made available to completely destroy them. Once the character moves into a hammer, Mario will start to rapidly move the hammer up and down. Every barrel that is in his eyesight will be destroyed, though if one hits his back it'll result in a lost live. While this is good for getting points, it won't progress the game since you won't be able to climb ladders when the hammer is in the players' hand. After a short time, the hammer will disappear.", "Donkey Kong returns as a playable character in the Wii game, Donkey Kong Country Returns and the 3DS remake Donkey Kong Country Returns 3D , along with his little buddy Diddy Kong. In this game, the two Kongs set off on another quest to reclaim their banana hoard from a group of evil creatures known as the Tiki Tak Tribe . In this game, a volcano erupts, releasing Tiki Tong and his tikis, who hypnotize the animals living on Donkey Kong Island. The Kalimba tiki is the most seen, considering the fact that he is seen hypnotizing animals and stealing Donkey Kong's bananas with them. When Donkey Kong finds this out, he is furious, but before he can react, Kalimba tiki enters and tries to hypnotize him, but for some reason, the Kongs can't be hypnotized by the tikis. DK knocks the tiki out of his house, bursts his door down, and starts his adventure. Donkey Kong manages to defeat the Tiki Tak Tribe by sealing Tiki Tong back into the volcano by punching the moon hard enough to briefly destabilize its orbit to push Tiki Tong back in. Consequentially, the volcano ends up erupting bananas that presumably were from the banana hoard and the animals hypnotised by the Tikis were saved.", "Donkey Kong has also been known to use the Tarzan yell (although it sounds like \"Ooo-wa-ooo-aaooaaooaa-ooo!\"). His Tarzan yell is first heard in Donkey Kong: Jungle Beat and later was used in DK Jungle Climber, Donkey Kong Country Returns and later in Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze.", "The modern Donkey Kong is both an agile and strong ape, capable of defending DK Island.", "The concept of the game Donkey Kong is the player has to jump over the barrels and should reach the top of the ladder to save the girl. If he is hit by the barrel or the fire he loses his life. So he has to avoid the obstacles by jumping over them and should reach the top of the ladder in order to save the lady.", "Donkey Kong is a playable character in the game Donkey Kong Country Returns , where he must reclaim his banana hoard once more, from the evil Tiki Tak Tribe . The Tikis play their music to posses the animals and make them their slaves.", "Otacon: That's Donkey Kong. As you can tell, he's got strength to spare. He may be king of the jungle, but he lives in a house just like you or me. And he seems pretty smart—well, for an ape, anyway. The Donkey Kong who fought that epic battle with Mario was this guy's grandfather.", "When you gain control of Mario, move immediately to your right, as Donkey Kong will drop a barrel right away. This barrel will combine with the flaming drum at the bottom of the level to produce a fiery enemy. This enemy will pursue you throughout the level, so you must act fast. Continue to move right, past the broken ladder, and proceed to climb the ladder at the end of the platform.", "Remember in Donkey Kong how Mario fought Papa Donkey Kong? Well, Mario won. Now he has Papa locked up like an animal in a cage. Only you, Donkey Kong Junior, can save Papa. You have to reach a special key to unlock the cage. But Mario has other userideas. As you nimbly climb trees and gracefully swing across vines towards your goal, Mario sends jaw-snapping creatures after you. You earn extra points by plucking fruit to bonk them. When you have won your first challenge, another scene appears with even greater obstacles. And the third level is the most difficult of all. You can do it! After all, you're a chimp off the old block!", "Donkey Kong was a secret boss in Punch-Out!! for Wii, by beating at least one opponent in Little Mac's last stand mode. Donkey Kong has a tendency to taunt often and will counter if hit while doing so.", "Fat Bastard : King Hippo (NES); Bear Hugger and Mad Clown (SNES). The first two also appear in the Wii installment, while the second originally appeared in the arcade Super Punch-Out!!" ]

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[ "In music, a nonet is a composition which requires nine musicians for a performance, or a musical group that consists of nine people. The standard nonet scoring is for wind quintet, violin, viola, cello, and contrabass, though other combinations are also found. Composers of nonets often mix stringed instruments with winds, or woodwinds with brass, choosing the instruments so that each subgroup can form complete four-part harmony.", "An Ensemble is sung by 2 or more people. Two people singing is called a duet; Three people singing is called a trio, 4 people are a quartet, and so on.", "Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians). In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band. A small orchestra with fifteen to thirty members (violins, violas, four cellos, two or three double basses, and several woodwind or brass instruments) is called a chamber orchestra. A sinfonietta usually denotes a somewhat smaller orchestra (though still not a chamber orchestra). Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras. ", "Septet - Composed of seven musicians. May also be defined as a piece of music meant to be played by seven musicians or a piece of music for seven instruments. For example, Beethoven's Septet in E-Flat Major, Op. 20 is composed of a bassoon , cello, clarinet , double bass , horn, violin and viola.", "Sextet - Composed of six musicians performing together. May also be defined as a composition meant to be played by six musicians or a composition for six instruments. For example, a string sextet is composed of two cellos, two violins and two violas.", "quartet (1) A piece for four singers or instrumentalists; (2) a group of four singers or instrumentalists.", "instrumental composition that typically calls for 4 performers: two melodic instruments and two others playing the continuo (chord & bass)", "instrumental composition that typically calls for four performers: two playing melodic instruments and two others playing the continuo", "A musical ensemble is a group of two or more musicians who perform instrumental or vocal music. In each musical style or genre, different norms have developed for the sizes and composition of different ensembles, and for the repertoire of songs or musical works that these ensembles perform. Can be expanded on with brackets, for example \"Ensemble [Quartet]\"", "Ensembles made up entirely of double basses, though relatively rare, also exist, and several composers have written or arranged for such ensembles. Compositions for four double basses exist by Gunther Schuller, Jacob Druckman, James Tenney, Claus Kühnl, Robert Ceely, [http://www.janalm.se/ Jan Alm], Bernhard Alt, Norman Ludwin, Frank Proto, Joseph Lauber, Erich Hartmann, Colin Brumby, Miloslav Gajdos and Theodore Albin Findeisen. David A. Jaffe's \"Who's on First?,\" commissioned by the Russian National Orchestra is scored for five double basses. Bertold Hummel wrote a Sinfonia piccola for eight double basses. Larger ensemble works include Galina Ustvolskaya's Composition No. 2, \"Dies Irae\" (1973), for eight double basses, piano, and wooden cube, Jose Serebrier's George and Muriel (1986), for solo bass, double bass ensemble, and chorus, and Gerhard Samuel's What of my music! (1979), for soprano, percussion, and 30 double basses.", "The words trio and quartet are also applied to vocal works for three and four voices respectively, these having no relation whatsoever to the sonata as described above. The word trio is also applied to the middle section of minuets, scherzas, marches, etc., the term originating in the old usage of writing this part for three instruments only.", "The “motivically” organised minuet resembles that of the String Quartet, op. 33 no. 6, in the same key. It is based on a theme in 1+1+2 rhythm, with a characteristic offbeat, lower-neighbour motive in the first two bars that seems derived from a short-short-long motive in the slow introduction(!). The retransition to the reprise lengthens the phrasing to 5+5, while in the reprise proper the chromatic lower neighbours are transferred into the bass, providing an even clearer reminiscence of the introduction. The trio is a duet for oboe and bassoon (the flute eventually joining in); the apparently regular eight-bar phrases are subdivided in unpredictable ways.", "trio (1) A work for three performers; (2) the second section of a Baroque dance such as a minuet.", "The term string quintet may refer to a group of five players that performs such works. It can also be applied to the standard five-part orchestral string section: first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses.", "The origins of the string quartet can be further traced back to the Baroque trio sonata, in which two solo instruments performed with a continuo section consisting of a bass instrument (such as the cello) and keyboard. A very early example is a four-part sonata for string ensemble by Gregorio Allegri (1582–1652) that might be considered an important prototype string quartet. By the early 18th century, composers were often adding a third soloist; and moreover it became common to omit the keyboard part, letting the cello support the bass line alone. Thus when Alessandro Scarlatti wrote a set of six works entitled \"Sonata à Quattro per due Violini, Violetta [viola], e Violoncello senza Cembalo\" (Sonata for four instruments: two violins, viola, and cello without harpsichord), this was a natural evolution from the existing tradition. ", "The Trio offers a change of key, as well as a change of time. The key moves to B major, an enharmonic minor third away from A-flat. This key movement balances with the C and D sections in F minor, also a minor third away from the home key but in the opposite direction. The time signature changes from a stately 2/4 to a more pastoral and dance-like 6/8. The flute, oboe, and bassoon introduce a joyful melody in stepwise motion as in the A theme. The strings add a downward three-note arpeggio. These two motives make up the bulk of the trio material. Restatement and development of those themes ensue until the brass and winds join together for a final repeat of the melody. The second ending brings the orchestra back into 2/4 time and to A’’’.", "May also be defined as a composition meant to be played by four musicians or a composition for four instruments. For example, a string quartet is composed of one cello, one viola and two violins .", "baroque chamber sonata type written in three parts: two melody lines and the basso continuo; requires a total of four players to perform", "A musical ensemble, also known as a music group, is a group of people who perform instrumental and/or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instruments, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Some music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion. ", "piano quintet:  A chamber music ensemble consisting of a pianist and four other players (here restricted to string players), or a composition played thereby.", "piano quartet:  A chamber music ensemble consisting of a pianist and three other players (here restricted to string players), or a composition played thereby.", "Three solo instruments( usually two violins and a cello, or one violinist, one viola player, and a cello) performed together as a chamber ensemble. The term also refers to music written for this instrumentation", "An ensemble is defined as a group of people performing a musical number together and/or a group of musicians playing musical instruments together. There are various kinds of ensembles that are differentiated based on the type of music they play, the type of instruments they use in their performances and the number of musicians performing together. For this article we will learn about the different types of small ensembles.", "What is a string quartet? As the name suggests, it is a band that consists of four stringed instruments. A string quartet like String Musicians Australia usually has two violins, a viola and a cello. The people that play these instruments are well trained musicians who can play any form of music for you. The beauty of string quartets like http://www.stringmusicians.com.au/ is that they sound like a mini orchestra and classical, jazz, pop, instrumental and all form of modern music can be played. A lot of the musicians who are part of this string quartet have played at professional orchestras before.", "piano trio:  A chamber music ensemble consisting of a pianist and two other players (here restricted to string players), or a composition played thereby.", "Although, any combination of four stringed instruments can be called a string quartet, the term usually denotes a musical ensemble that consists of two violins, one viola, and one cello.", "The nonet consisted of a coalition that was interracial, intergenerational, and culturally diverse. Improvisations were woven into written arrangements. All the instruments, low or high, gravitated to the mid-range, medium dynamics, and economical phrasing.", "In larger groups (such as The Band), instrumentalists could play multiple instruments, which enabled the ensemble to create a wider variety of instrument combinations. More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros.", "A chamber music group consisting of stringed instrument players, a flautist, and a harpsichordist perform in Salzburg", "Yes. However, we recommend the full quartet because most of the music that we’ve arranged is in our quartet format, therefore your musical selections will be limited when reducing the number of musicians.", "This virtuosic ensemble performs a soul stirring program: Mozart, Piano Trio in C Major, K. 548; Shostakovich, Piano Trio in E Minor, Op. 67; Schubert, Piano Trio #2 in E Flat Major.", "Refers to a performance style in which an ensemble is divided into two or more groups, performing alternately as separate groups and in unison." ]

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[ "The WNBA is the premier women's basketball league in the United States. Several of the 12 teams are owned by NBA teams. The women's national team has won seven Olympic gold medals and nine FIBA World Cups.", "Current NBA team, defunct WNBA team: Houston Rockets/Comets, Miami Heat/Solnote Spanish for \"sun\", Portland Trail Blazers/Fire, Sacramento Kings/Monarchs.", "The Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) is a professional basketball league in the United States. It currently is composed of twelve teams. The league was founded on April 24, 1996, as the women's counterpart to the National Basketball Association (NBA). League play started in 1997; the regular season is currently played from June to September with the All Star game being played midway through the season in July and the WNBA Finals at the end of September until the beginning of October.", "When the WNBA was launched, it featured eight teams: The Charlotte Sting, Cleveland Rockers, Houston Comets, New York Liberty, Los Angeles Sparks, Phoenix Mercury, Sacramento Monarchs and the Utah Starzz.", "Just last month WNBA teams Indiana Fever, New York Liberty, Phoenix Mercury  were fined $5,000 and individual players were given a $500 penalty for wearing “black lives matter” warm-ups as a show of solidarity in the wake of police killings of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile in Minnesota and Louisiana.", "The race is so intense that one participant even developed pulmonary edema, in which fluid fills the lungs. Dr. Andrew Luks, an assistant professor of medicine at the University of Washington, found the rider's high salt intake during the race caused the problem. \"He took in so much salt, his kidney couldn't regulate it and he started accumulating extra salt,\" Luks says. That eventually led to a fluid buildup in his lungs. The rider was treated and recuperated fully.", "Though it barely stretches west of the Mississippi, the NBA is the first truly national league for the second-tier sport of basketball, which, since its invention by Dr. James Naismith in 1891, has led a Balkanized existence of regional leagues, semipro leagues and unaffiliated clubs that barnstorm from city to city. The Philadelphia Warriors, one of the current NBA teams, are holdovers from this murky past, having begun their life as an offshoot of a fierce barnstorming outfit known as the SPHA—short for the South Philadelphia Hebrew Association—who, in the ’20s, enjoyed a rousing rivalry with the mighty Cleveland Rosenblums. Joe Lapchick, perhaps the mightiest Rosenblum of them all, is now the coach of the New York Knickerbockers. The Fort Wayne (Indiana) Pistons, another current NBA team, were once the NBL’s Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons, so named for the owner, Fred Zollner, whose company manufactures pistons for automobile engines. Taking a nickname from one’s sponsor was until recently a common practice; hence, in the 1940s, the Toledo Jim White Chevrolets, the Fort Wayne General Electrics, the Akron Firestone Non-Skids and the Chicago Duffy Florals.", "Player safety has become a major issue within the past five years and concussions, which result from a hard hit to the head, have been the biggest cause. With recent studies showing how concussions can affect retired players and how it has decreased their quality of life after retirement, concussions have become a very important topic of debate when it comes to player safety issues. This had significant effects on the league as elite players were being taken out of the game, such as Sidney Crosby being sidelined for approximately 10 and a half months, which adversely affected the league's marketability. As a result, in December 2009, Brendan Shanahan was hired to replace Colin Campbell and given the role of Senior Vice-President of Player Safety. Shanahan began to hand out suspensions on high profile perpetrators responsible for dangerous hits, such as Raffi Torres receiving 25 games for his hit on Marian Hossa. ", "I've been involved with the USAB women's program since 1995, when the NBA and USA Basketball joined forces to support the team that represented the United States in Atlanta. That team's gold-medal win, which redeemed a bronze-medal finish in Barcelona, followed a 10-month, 52-game domestic and world tour. The excitement and momentum that ensued led directly to the launch of the WNBA the following year. Collaborative efforts between the WNBA and USA Basketball, which have continued ever since, have allowed this remarkable streak to continue.", "On Aug. 28th, there will be a benefit to raise funds for ex-Washington women's basketball player Melissa Erickson , who is going through a tough fight with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , more popularly known in the U.S. and Canada as Lou Gehrig's disease.", "In 2008, a highly prized 19-year-old forward, Alexei Cherepanov, who was a first-round draft choice by the Rangers, died on the bench of the Avangard Omsk team at the end of a game of a heart ailment that had gone undetected. The team’s president and doctor were suspended indefinitely by the league for their roles in the death, as well as for administering a banned performance-enhancing drug that was discovered at autopsy.", "SHRIVERHe had two severe accidents. He was beaten up by a baseball bat and then he was T-boned on his moped and both of those incidents nearly killed him. And that meant that he had restrictions on his mobility, he could hardly walk and on top of that he was a heavy smoker and he dragged this oxygen machine behind him all the time.", "Returning to the USA national team for 2014-16 are three-time Olympic medalists and two-time Olympic gold medalists Carmelo Anthony (New York Knicks) and James (Miami Heat), two-time Olympic gold medalists Chris Paul (Los Angeles Clippers), and Deron Williams (Brooklyn Nets), 2012 Olympic gold medalists Tyson Chandler (New York Knicks), Anthony Davis (New Orleans Pelicans), Kevin Durant (Oklahoma City Thunder), James Harden (Houston Rockets), Andre Iguodala (Golden State Warriors), Kevin Love (Minnesota Timberwolves), Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder), 2008 Olympic gold medalist Dwight Howard (Houston Rockets), as well as Blake Griffin (Los Angeles Clippers), who was originally named to the 2012 U.S. Olympic Team roster but was unable to participate because of an injury.", "We’ve all seen television of airplanes going into a tailspin. Diving from altitude carries the same risk, except magnified because a human body may spin much faster than a plane. The resulting force is enough to bring on unconsciousness and potentially a “redout” leading to brain injury. The Red Bull team equipped Baumgartner’s rig with a special drogue chute that could have deployed to stabilize him if a suit-mounted G meter registered over 3.5 Gs for more than six seconds. The closest Baumgartner got to this kind of problem was tumbling mid-way through his clear fall, which he quickly corrected.", "Some young female athletes who exercise very intensely, and are subject to intense pressure to remain thin, are at risk for a syndrome known as the female athlete triad. This combination of symptoms includes loss of menstruation, eating disorders, and osteoporosis. Eating disorders among young female athletes are estimated at 15 - 62%. Women at higher risk include ballet dancers, gymnasts, and divers. Continued intense exercise causes a stress response in which estrogen (the primary female hormone) levels are reduced. Estrogen loss can lead to infertility and osteoporosis. Iron loss and anemia may also be a problem in women who exercise frequently, even at moderate intensity. A doctor should be consulted for any of these concerns.", "On October 21, 2004, Val Ackerman, the first WNBA president, announced her resignation, effective February 1, 2005, citing the desire to spend more time with her family. Ackerman later became president of USA Basketball. Ackerman was later selected as the new commissioner of the new Big East Conference.", "The first stoppage for each team per quarter is up to two minutes. The player may be treated and may remain on court. In each subsequent stoppage for each team in a quarter (or extra time periods), the break lasts 30 seconds. The injured or ill player must leave the court. The injured or ill player may be substituted or the position left vacant.", "Bereavement list: A player is temporarily inactive to attend to a personal matter like a family medical emergency or a death in the family. This can last from three to seven days.", "“My dream was to be a star performer. Now my dream is to get up and walk.” — Those are the pained words of Julissa Segrera, one of the eight acrobats who were seriously hurt last May 4, 2014 when the umbrella-shaped rigging from which their hair was hanging suddenly gave way. Not only did they crash to the ground of the Dunkin’ Donuts Center in Providence, Rhode Island, but they also landed on another acrobat. Worse, the contraption from which they were hanging fell on them, too, requiring the injured women to undergo dozens of surgeries for spinal cord injuries and open fractures.", "At the 2009 All-Star Weekend in Phoenix, Arizona, Bango suffered an injury during a mascot-participative skit. While standing on one basket's rim, Bango's right leg slipped through the hoop, and he fell on the rim. He then slipped further and fell through the basket entirely. Bango tore his ACL due to the fall and was unable to perform for the remainder of the 2008–09 season, periodically making appearances at games in a wheelchair. A video of Bango's injury at the 2009 Mascot Challenge was uploaded onto YouTube shortly after the incident occurred. ", "In October 2012 USADA released a report on the U.S. Postal Service cycling team and doping. The report contained affidavits from the following riders, each of whom described widespread use by Tour racers of banned substances such as Erythropoietin (EPO), transfused blood, and testosterone. The affidavits implicated Lance Armstrong, who was consequently banned for life and stripped of all titles.", "* Delta served as the official airline of the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City, and is also the official airline for Major League Baseball teams such as the Atlanta Braves, Cincinnati Reds, Detroit Tigers, Minnesota Twins, New York Mets, New York Yankees, Pittsburgh Pirates, San Diego Padres, St. Louis Cardinals, Washington Nationals, National Hockey League teams Buffalo Sabres, Los Angeles Kings, Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Sparks, Chelsea F.C., Madison Square Garden, Seattle Seahawks, Seattle Sounders FC, Copa América Centenario and the Atlanta Dream.", "\"Orland Magic forward Rashard Lewis will sit [out] 10 games in 2009-10 season due to testing positive for a banned substance. It is believed the substance was 'testosterone' possibly due to DHEA in a nutritional supplement.", "1998 - The National Basketball Association (NBA) canceled regular season games, due to work stoppage, for first time in its 51-year history.", "The accident caused the Missouri Valley Conference to ban its member schools from allowing cheerleaders to be \"launched or tossed and from taking part in formations higher than two levels\" for one week during a women's basketball conference tournament, and also resulted in a recommendation by the NCAA that conferences and tournaments do not allow pyramids two and one half levels high or higher, and a stunt known as basket tosses, during the rest of the men's and women's basketball season. On July 11, 2006, the bans were made permanent by the AACCA rules committee:", "To begin with, the NBA basketball is produced by Spalding, and the official size for men's tournaments has to be 29.5 inches in circumference. With a weight of 22 oz., the ball can be inflated with a pressure range of 7.5 to 8.5 psi. These balls are made up of orange leather having black lettering, and are of size 7. For the women, the size is a little different. Again, mostly made by Spalding, the ball for women's NBA is smaller (size 6). The circumference ranges between 28.5 and 29 inches, and it weighs between 18 and 20 oz. It can be further inflated till a maximum pressure of 9 psi. The ball is made up of alternating orange and white leather patterns.", "1998 - The NBA canceled regular season games, due to work stoppage, for first time in its 51-year history.", "Several NBA stars and other members of the league's family gathered in New York for the taping of a special series of anti-drug public service announcements entitled \"Don't Foul Out.\"", "It's not like Reggie was in a car accident. The real tragedy is that right now we should be sitting around saying, 'Reggie has a pacemaker and can't play basketball, and that's really sad.' Instead, we have to sit and mourn him.(Swift, 93, p. 20)", "January 12, 2000: Professional basketball player Bobby Phills (30) of the Charlotte Hornets was killed in a three-car accident after leaving morning practice at the Charlotte Coliseum. Two others were injured in the accident. Witnesses reported that Phills was speeding in his Porsche and had been drag-racing with teammate David Wesley at the time of the accident.", "Sept. 30: Swiss cyclist Alex Zulle was banned for eight months by his federation for using the illegal hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates the production of red blood cells.", "October 27, 1999: Derrick Coleman, a power forward for the Charlotte Hornets, was arrested for driving under the influence after his Range Rover collided with a tractor-trailer. Coleman, Hornets backup guard Eldridge Recasner, and a third passenger were injured in the accident." ]

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[ "Family Feud . Since its premiere in 1976, Family Feud has aired during 31 non-consecutive seasons. The show premiered on ABC and was hosted by Richard Dawson from 1976 until it was canceled in 1985, by which point it had been popular on both the network and in syndication. The series was revived by CBS in 1988 with Ray Combs hosting and expanded to an hour-long format in 1992 until its cancellation in 1993. Combs also hosted the accompanying syndicated series until 1994, when he was replaced by Dawson for one season, which also expanded to an hour-long format before being canceled in 1995. Later versions were hosted by Louie Anderson (1999â2002), Richard Karn (2002â06), and John O'Hurley (2006â10). Since the 2010â11 television season, Family Feud has been hosted by comedian/actor Steve Harvey.", "\" Family Feud \" these days with incumbent host Steve Harvey are just as funny as the original shows back from 1976-1985 with the now late Richard Dawson! All the X-rated type responses & Steve's reactions to them are THE BEST! I crack up every time I watch the show! XD", "Since its premiere in 1976, Family Feud has aired during 31 non-consecutive seasons. The show premiered on ABC and was hosted by Richard Dawson from 1976 until it was cancelled in 1985, by which point it had been popular on both the network and in syndication. The series was revived by CBS in 1988 with Ray Combs hosting and expanded to an hour-long format in 1992 until its cancellation in 1993. Combs also hosted the accompanying syndicated series until 1994, when he was replaced by Dawson for one season, which also expanded to an hour-long format before being cancelled in 1995. Later versions were hosted by Louie Anderson (1999–2002), Richard Karn (2002–06), and John O'Hurley (2006–10). Since the 2010–11 television season, Family Feud has been hosted by comedian/actor Steve Harvey.", "It was some other guy, Richard Dawson, Richard Karn , John O'Hurley, and now Steve Harvey", "In September 2012, Steve Harvey premiered in first-run syndication. Harvey is the host of the American talk-variety show. It is produced by Endemol USA and is distributed by NBCUniversal Television Distribution in the United States and in Canada. The show is taped in Chicago, Illinois at the WMAQ studios. The show has been renewed through 2016. ", "I'd have to say either Richard Dawson or Steve Harvey. John O'Hurley was decent, Richard Karn was by far the worst", "Steve Harvey! Regardless of the beauty pageant mishap, he's still my fave FF host. And I come from the Richard Dawson era!", "Though CBS gave up on daytime game shows in 1968, the other networks did not follow suit. Color television was introduced to the game show genre in the late 1960s on all three networks. The 1970s saw a renaissance of the game show as new games and massive upgrades to existing games made debuts on the major networks. The New Price Is Right, an update of the 1950s-era game show The Price Is Right, debuted in 1972 and marked CBS's return to the game show format in its effort to draw wealthier, suburban viewers. The Match Game became \"Big Money\" Match Game 73, which proved popular enough to prompt a spin-off, Family Feud, on ABC in 1976. The $10,000 Pyramid and its numerous higher-stakes derivatives also debuted in 1973, while the 1970s also saw the return of formerly disgraced producer and host Jack Barry, who debuted The Joker's Wild and a clean version of the previously rigged Tic-Tac-Dough in the 1970s. Wheel of Fortune debuted on NBC in 1975. The Prime Time Access Rule, which took effect in 1971, barred networks from broadcasting in the 7-8 p.m. time slot immediately preceding prime time, opening up time slots for syndicated programming. Most of the syndicated programs were \"nighttime\" adaptations of network daytime game shows; these game shows originally aired once a week, but by the late 1970s and early 1980s most of the games had transitioned to five days a week.", "Harvey began hosting Family Feud in September 2010. The show has seen significantly improved ratings under Harvey. As of November 2012, it was the second most watched daytime syndicated show. ", "O'Hurley hosted the game show \"Family Feud\" from 2006-2010, and has had recurring arcs on multiple television shows including playing Kit Sterling on the final month of the ABC soap \"All My Children.\" He's also been the host of Purina's annual National Dog Show every Thanksgiving since 2002.", "Compare the questions and answers back from the Richard Dawson days to the current Steve Harvey days.", "Comedy moved more into the fairly bland with Are You Being Served? (BBC, 1973-83). There were, however, some notable exceptions such as the sitcoms Fawlty Towers (BBC, 1975; 1979), Porridge (BBC, 1974-77), Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em (BBC, 1973-75; 1978), Rising Damp (YTV, 1974-78) and The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin (BBC, 1976-79), The Liver Birds (BBC 1969-79), The Last of the Summer Wine (BBC, 1973-). There was also the zany The Goodies (BBC, 1970-77; 1980) and the perennially popular The Two Ronnies (BBC, 1971-86).", "\"Family Feud\" was one of the most popular game shows on TV, but after nine years with Richard Dawson as host, ratings were starting to slip. In 1986, producers decided that the \"Family Feud... See full summary  »", "A Question of Sport kicked off in 1968, making it the oldest Panel Game in existence and arguably the longest continually running Game Show (while The Price Is Right has run for five more years overall and started twelve years earlier, it also spent seven years off the air). It has only had four regular presenters (Stuart Hall (1968–69), David Vine (1970–78), David Coleman (1979–97), and Sue Barker (1997-present)).", "In 1980, at Carson's request, the show cut its 90-minute format to 60 minutes on September 16; Tom Snyder's Tomorrow added a half-hour to fill the vacant time. Joan Rivers became the \"permanent\" guest host from September 1983 until 1986. The Tonight Show returned to using rotating guest hosts, including comic George Carlin. Jay Leno then became the exclusive guest host in fall 1987. Leno joked that although other guest hosts had upped their fees, he had kept his low, assuring himself more bookings. Eventually, Monday night was for Leno, Tuesday for The Best of Carson—rebroadcasts usually dating from a year earlier, but occasionally from the 1970s.", "Saturday Night's first show aired on October 11, 1975, with popular comedian George Carlin hosting. In homes across America, people tuned into a program that took chances, spoke frankly, and was a fresh departure from the usual television crop of sitcoms, police dramas, and variety shows hosted by stuffed-shirt celebrities. As a Playboy writer described it, \"The humor was hip, the music contemporary, and young urban adults responded enthusiastically.\" The second show featured a reunion of the legendary music duo Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel, who had disbanded in the early 1970s. Michaels' creation was up and running. As the first season progressed, several of the performers distinguished themselves with energetic and inspired performances, establishing several popular and recurring characters. A noteworthy performer on SNL's maiden voyage was Chase, who captured viewers' attention with his dry, off-the-cuff delivery and his slapstick pratfalls, which he often performed in the show's prologue segment. It was these prologues, a traditional sequence preceding the show's theme music and opening credits, that ended with the now legendary line \"Live, from New York, it's Saturday Night!,\" a signal to the audience that the show's festivities were under way.", "Through its long run it featured Eamonn Andrews, Max Bygraves, Leslie Crowther, Ed \"Stewpot\" Stewart, Joe Baker, Jack Douglas, The Balloon Man, Stu Francis, Peter Glaze, Don Maclean, Michael Aspel, Jacqueline Clarke, Stuart Sherwin, Little and Large, Jan Hunt, The Krankies, Basil Brush, Geoffrey Durham, Bernie Clifton, Rod McLennan and Ronnie Corbett amongst many others. Among the performers who appeared as singers/dancers, assisting the host with games, were Julie Dorne-Brown (later MTV VJ \"Downtown\" Julie Brown), Petula Clark, Sally Ann Triplett (who as a member of the duo Bardo represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982), Leigh Miles (also a popular \"Hills Angel\" in the Benny Hill show), Jillian Comber, Pip Hinton, Ling Tai, and Sara Hollamby (now a television news and travel reporter).", "The original series was hosted by veteran radio and television newsman John Charles Daly . Eamonn Andrews (host of the British version), [4] Clifton Fadiman , [5] [6] and Bennett Cerf [7] substituted on the four occasions Daly was unavailable.", "Charlie O'Donnell was the program's first and longest tenured announcer. In 1980, NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and O'Donnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show. The network decided against the cancellation but O'Donnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series. His replacement was Jack Clark, who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988. Los Angeles radio personality M. G. Kelly was Clark's replacement, starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later. Kelly held these positions until O'Donnell was able to return to the announcer position, doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988–89 television season. O'Donnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010. Don Pardo, Don Morrow, and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers. ", "Originally airing as a special in 1989, it debuted as a regular weekly series in 1990. It was hosted by Bob Saget for the 1989 special and the first eight seasons of the series incarnation, then by John Fugelsang and Daisy Fuentes for its ninth and tenth seasons. After two years of being shown as occasional specials, hosted by various actors and comedians such as D.L. Hughley and Richard Kind, ABC brought the series back on Friday nights in the summer of 2001 with new host Tom Bergeron, who has since become the series' longest-serving host, hosting 15 seasons. Bergeron announced in 2014 that he would be departing as host of the show, and Alfonso Ribeiro took over as host in 2015.", "The programme, renamed half a dozen times in the US to reflect increases in prize money – up to $100,000 – ran there from 1973 until 2004. Screened in Britain as The Pyramid Game, hosted by Steve Jones, it was featured first in Bruce Forsyth's Big Night (1978) and The Steve Jones Games Show (1979), before being broadcast in its own right between 1981 and 1990. It was later revived for the digital channel Challenge in 2007, presented by Donny Osmond.", "The show continued until 1968, when Ed ‘Stewpot’ Stewart took over. He was replaced in 1980 Stewart by Tony Blackburn.", "The show ran from 1996 until 2015. From its inception until December 2005, it was presented by Mark Lamarr (who also produced the show, from 2004 through to his departure). Simon Amstell started hosting in October 2006. Regular team captains include Phill Jupitus, Sean Hughes (until May 2002), Bill Bailey (September 2002 – February 2008), Noel Fielding (October 2009 – December 2014), and also the guest captains (October 2008 – January 2009). Bill Bailey had appeared as a guest in series 4 on Phill Jupitus's team and series 5 on Sean Hughes's team.", "Carol has been on Countdown since 1982, when it was the first programme to be broadcast on the newly launched Channel 4. From the beginning the show was co-presented by Richard Whiteley, until his sudden death, at the age of 61, in June 2005.", "George Cowling made that first five-minute broadcast. Armed with pencils, a rubber and a pair of dividers, he informed the viewers that the following day would be a good one to hang out washing. Subsequent presenters have included Bert Foord, Barbara Edwards, who became the first female presenter in 1974, Ian McCaskill and Michael Fish, whose dismissal in 1987 of the prospects of a hurricane has entered national folklore.", "Weakest Link is a television game show which first appeared in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on 14 August 2000 and ended on 31 March 2012 when its host Anne Robinson ended her contract. The original British version of the show is still aired around the world on BBC Entertainment.", "Through the Keyhole is a British comedy panel game show created (and originally presented) by Sir David Frost. It features the host going around celebrities' houses and then getting a panel of other celebrities to try to guess who the famous homeowner is.", "Wogan began his broadcasting career in his native Ireland, but secured his status as a British audience-magnet with his eponymous television chat show, which ran for up to three times a week for a decade from 1982. His many guests included Rock Hudson, Dolly Parton, Raquel Welch, Lee Marvin, Mel Brooks and Anne Bancroft .", "Weakest Link first aired on NBC in mid 2000, it's in it's second season. It stars Anne Robinson (voted the meanest host on television by BBC)", "*John Peel co-hosted a single edition in 1968, but returned more prominently in the 1980s (see below).", "Tim Lovejoy began hosting and producing football show Soccer AM on SKY Television in 1996 with co-host Helen …", "Between 1977 and 2002, Des presented his own celebrity chat show series entitled Des O’Connor Tonight. The show lasted for 7 series on BBC Two and later 17 on ITV." ]

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[ "“Nicholas II (Russian: Николай II, Николай Александрович Романов, tr. Nikolay II, Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov) (18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Prince of Finland, and titular King of Poland. His official title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias and he is known as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church. Nicholas II, his wife, his son, his four daughters, the family's medical doctor, the Tsar's valet, the Empress' lady-in-waiting and the family's cook were murdered in the same room by the Bolsheviks on the night of 16/17 July 1918”. – Wikipedia", "Nicholas II (Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov) (18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. His official short title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias. [77] King George V of England was his first cousin.", "* Nicholas II — Russian Emperor, King of Poland, and Grand Prince of Finland. (Until 15 March 1917)", "Alexander III, or Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Prince of Finland from 13 March [O.S. 1 March] 1881 until his death on 20 October [O.S. 8 October] 1894.", "Alexander II Nikolaevich, also known as Alexander the Liberator, was the Emperor of the Russian Empire from 1855 until his assassination in 1881. He was also the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Finland. Born in 1818, he was the eldest son of Nicholas I of Russia and Charlotte of Prussia, daughter of Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. His early life gave little indication of his ultimate potential; until the time of his accession in 1855, aged 37, few imagined that he would be known to posterity as a leader able to implement the most challenging reforms undertaken in Russia since the reign of Peter the Great... Some 26 years into his implementing changes he would, however, be assassinated in public by the Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) terrorist organization....", "The Bolshevik government had claimed, that in the middle of the night, July 16, 1918, they had captured the seven members of the Russian Imperial family, which included the Czar Nicholas, his wife (Alexandra), son (Aleksei), and four daughters ( Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia ); as well as Dr. Eugene Botkin, the imperial physician, and three servants; and murdered them in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Ekaterinburg (now Sverdlovsk). They took their bodies fourteen miles away to the abandoned Four Brothers Mine, soaked the bodies with gasoline, attempted to burn them, and buried them in the swamp. They were only successful in burning the two youngest ones, Aleksei and Anastasia.", "Alexander II (; in Moscow – in Saint Petersburg) was the Emperor of Russia from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881. He was also the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Finland.", "Nicholas II (1868-1918) succeeded his father Tsar Alexander III, in 1894, to become the last Tsar of Russia. In the same year he married Princess Alexandra of Hesse-Darmstadt, with whom he had four daughters- Olga, Maria, Tatiana, and Anastasia, and a son, Alexis. Nicholas was deposed during the Russian Revolution and he and his family were murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918. He was related to Queen Victoria by marriage; as the Prince of Wales, her son Edward had married Alexandra, daughter of the King of Denmark; Alexandra's sister Maria married Tsar Alexander III, and Nicholas was their child.", "The four daughers of Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia. From left, Grand Duchess Marie (1899–1914), Grand Duchess Tatiana (1897–1918), Grand Duchess Anastasia (1901–1918), and Grand Duchess Olga (1895–1918). All lost their lives at Ekaterinburg. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images). 1914", "In March 1917, the army garrison at Petrograd joined striking workers in demanding socialist reforms, and Czar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate. Nicholas and his family were first held at the Czarskoye Selo palace, then in the Yekaterinburg palace near Tobolsk. In July 1918, the advance of counterrevolutionary forces caused the Yekaterinburg Soviet forces to fear that Nicholas might be rescued. After a secret meeting, a death sentence was passed on the imperial family, and Nicholas, his wife, his children, and several of their servants were gunned down on the night of July 16.", "He married Charlotte of Prussia. Their sons were Alexander II, Constantine, Nicholas and Michael. Their daughters were Maria, Olga, and Alexandra. Their sons were Alexander II, Vladimir, Alexis and Sergius. He was brother of Alexander I. He came to the throne on the death of his brother, the middle brother, Constantine having renounced the throne. Nicholas was a martinet who had visions of taking Constantinople from the Ottomans, whom he dubed \"the sick man of Europe.\" However, this so disturbed the French and British that they interveened in the Great Eastern War (Crimean War) with Turkey and Sardinia to defeat Russia.", "Months later, the Romanov dynasty collapsed with the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. A letter reportedly written by Rasputin that his secretary Simanovich recovered after the czarina's death prophesied his demise along with the royal family's. He wrote, \"if it was one of your relations who have wrought my death, then no one in the family…none of your relations will remain alive for more than two years\" [source: Wilson ]. On July 16, 1918, Nicholas II, Alexandra and their five children were murdered by revolutionaries.", "12 August 1904: Tsarevitch Alexei of Russia was the youngest child and only son and heir of Tsar Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra (born Princess Alix of Hesse). He had inherited hemophilia from his mother Alexandra. The condition was kept a secret from the Russian people. Tsarevitch Alexei and his immediate family were assassinated in the cellar room of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg, Russia in 1918 by forces of the Bolshevik secret police.", "World War I led to perhaps the greatest spate of abolition of monarchies in history. The conditions inside Russia and the poor performance in the war gave rise to a revolution which toppled the entire institution of the monarchy, followed by a second revolution against that government in October of the same year that executed Emperor Nicholas II and implemented a Marxist-Leninist government. The defeated German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires saw the abolition of their monarchies in the close aftermath of the war, ending the reigns of Wilhelm II, Charles I and Mehmed VI respectively. The monarchs of the constituent states within the German Empire, most importantly Ludwig III of Bavaria, Frederick Augustus III of Saxony and Wilhelm II of Württemberg, soon abdicated. During the war, monarchies were planned for the Grand Principality of Finland (to have a Finnish King), and for Lithuania (Mindaugas II of Lithuania), with a protectorate-like dependency of Germany. Both intended kings renounced their thrones after Germany's defeat in November 1918. King Nicholas I of Montenegro lost his throne when the country became a part of Yugoslavia in 1918.", "Nicholas II of Russia (born Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov) was the last Tsar of Russia. He ruled (badly) from 1894 until he was forced to abdicate in the Russian Revolution of 1917 by the Bolsheviks. His reign was marked with antisemitic pogroms, a crushing defeat by Japan in the Russo-Japanese War, revolutions, internal unrests their bloody suppressions, undue influence by the mystic Rasputin and World War I. A year after he was deposed, Nicholas and his entire family were executed by Lenin's order.", "Nicholas was born in Alexander Palace, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia (formerly Princess Dagmar of Denmark). He had five younger siblings: Alexander (1869–1870), George (1871–1899), Xenia (1875–1960), Michael (1878–1918) and Olga (1882–1960). Nicholas often referred to his father nostalgically in letters after Alexander's death in 1894. He was also very close to his mother, as revealed in their published letters to each other. ", "Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (Olga Nikolaevna Romanova) ( (Velikaya Knyazhna Ol'ga Nikolaevna); – July 17, 1918) was the eldest daughter of the last Tsar of the Russian Empire, Emperor Nicholas II, and of Empress Alexandra of Russia. Because Russia continued to use the Julian calendar in 1900 and later, her birthday ended up being celebrated on November 16 new style starting in 1900.", "The son of Csar Nicholas, Constantine Nicholaievitch Romanov, Grand Duke of Russia, fathered Olga Constantinovna Romanov, who married George I King of Greece. George was a member of the Order of the Garter, as was his father, Christian IX of Denmark. Queen Victoria is more is recognized as the greatest monarch of the age, and her children and grandchildren married into nearly all the royal families of Europe. Less well known, however, is that this was achieved to almost a greater extent by Christian IX, the grandson of Karl Landgrave of Hessen-Kassel.", "After the murder of Nicholas II and his children, the Imperial Family's morganatic marriages restricted the number of possible claimants. Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich, Nicholas's cousin, proclaimed himself as Emperor in exile. Controversy accompanied the marriage of his son Grand Duke Vladimir Cyrillovich to Princess Leonida Georgievna Bagration-Mukhransky, a descendant of the deposed Royal House of Georgia. After the annexation of Georgia in 1801, Leonida's family were deemed ordinary nobility in Imperial Russia rather than royalty, leading to claims that her 1948 marriage to Vladimir (who, however, also belonged to a deposed dynasty by then) was unequal and should be considered morganatic. As a result, some factions within Russia's monarchist movement did not support the couple's daughter, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna, as the rightful heir to the Romanov dynasty (see Line of succession to the Russian throne for further details of the controversy).", "The Duma was still calling for political reforms and political unrest continued throughout the war. Cut off from public opinion, Nicholas could not see that the dynasty was tottering. With Nicholas at the front, domestic issues and control of the capital were left with his wife Alexandra. However, Alexandra's relationship with Grigori Rasputin, and her German background, further discredited the dynasty's authority. Nicholas had been repeatedly warned about the destructive influence of Rasputin but had failed to remove him. Rumors and accusations about Alexandra and Rasputin appeared one after another; Alexandra was even accused of harboring treasonous sympathies towards Germany. Anger at Nicholas's failure to act and the extreme damage that Rasputin's influence was doing to Russia's war effort and to the monarchy led to Rasputin's eventual murder by a group of nobles, led by Prince Felix Yusupov and Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, a cousin of the Tsar, in the early morning of Saturday 17 December 1916 (O.S.) / 30 December 1916 (N.S.).", "Wilhelm II or William II (Frederick William Victor Albert of Prussia; 27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. He was the eldest grandson of the British Queen Victoria and related to many monarchs and princes of Europe, two notable contemporary relations being his first cousin King George V of the United Kingdom, founder of the House of Windsor, and his second cousin Tsar Nicholas II of the House of Romanov, the last ruler of the Russian Empire before the Russian Revolution of 1917 which deposed the monarchy. [86]", "*Nicholas II, the last actual emperor, forced to abdicate after the February Revolution, killed with his family during the Russian Civil War", "1917 - Russian Czar Nicholas II abdicated himself and his son. His brother Grand Duke succeeded as czar.", "In 1881, Nicholas’ father, Alexander III, became czar (emperor) of Russia after his father, Alexander II, was killed by an assassin's bomb. Nicholas, at twelve, witnessed his grandfather's death when the czar, horribly maimed, was carried back to the palace.", "802 Grand Duke Nicholas Alexandrovich of Russia Nicholas II of Russia painted by Earnest Lipgart.jpg 1868–1918 1893 Later Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias", "and Grand Duke of Finland. He ruled from 1894 until his forced abdication in 1917. Nicholas completely misread the mood of his", "Emperor Alexander III died in 1894. His place was taken by his son Nicholas, the last of the Romanovs.", "Czarina Maria Feodorovna was the mother of Nicholas II, who was executed by the Bolsheviks in 1918. She fled to Denmark in 1919 and died in 1928.", "Prince Joachim (1890–1920). On 11 March 1916, he married Princess Marie-Auguste of Anhalt (10 June 1898 – 22 May 1983). They had one son. Joachim committed suicide, unable to accept his lot after the abdication of his father, the failure of his own marriage, and the severe depression he felt after service in the Great War . His great grandson Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia , Prince of Prussia (born 1981) is a pretender to the Russian throne.", "Was the last czar of russia, married to alexandra, had many children. He was not a very strong ruler, and was executed in 1918 along with his family", "king of Sweden from 1907 to 1950. The eldest son of King Oscar II and Sophie of Nassau, he was created duke of Värmland and from 1872 acted as crown prince. In 1881 he married Victoria, daughter of the grand duke Frederick I of Baden. Succeeding on his father’s death (Dec. 8, 1907), he took as his motto “With the people for the Fatherland” and proved...", "245. PRINCE NICHOLAS OF GREECE was born 1872, and died 1938. He married GRAND DUCHESS HELEN VLADIMIROVNA OF RUSSIA ROMANOV 1902, daughter of VLADIMIR ROMANOV and MARIE PAVLOVNA. She was born 1882, and died 1957." ]

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[ "In March 1910, William E. Boeing bought Heath's shipyard in Seattle on the Duwamish River , which later became his first airplane factory. [12] Boeing was incorporated in Seattle by William Boeing, on July 15, 1916, as \"Pacific Aero Products Co\". Boeing was later incorporated in Delaware, the original Certificate of Incorporation was filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware on July 19, 1934. Boeing, who studied at Yale University , worked initially in the timber industry, where he became wealthy and learned about wooden structures. This knowledge proved invaluable in his subsequent design and assembly of airplane s. The company stayed in Seattle to take advantage of the local supply of spruce wood. [13]", "In March 1910, William E. Boeing bought Heath's shipyard in Seattle on the Duwamish River , which later became his first airplane factory. [10] Boeing was incorporated in Seattle by William Boeing, on July 15, 1916, as \"Pacific Aero Products Co\". Boeing was later incorporated in Delaware, the original Certificate of Incorporation was filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware on July 19, 1934. Boeing, who studied at Yale University , worked initially in the timber industry, where he became wealthy and learned about wooden structures. This knowledge proved invaluable in his subsequent design and assembly of airplanes . The company stayed in Seattle to take advantage of the local supply of spruce wood. [11]", " In March 1910, William E. Boeing bought Heath's shipyard in Seattle on the Duwamish River, which later became his first airplane factory. Boeing was incorporated in Seattle by William Boeing, on July 15, 1916, as \"Pacific Aero Products Co.\". Boeing, who studied at Yale University, worked initially in the timber industry, where he became wealthy and acquired knowledge about wooden structures. This knowledge would prove invaluable in his subsequent design and assembly of airplanes. The company stayed in Seattle to take advantage of the local supply of Spruce wood.", "In 1916, Boeing went into business with George Conrad Westervelt as B & W and founded the Pacific Aero Products Co. The company's first plane was the Boeing Model 1 (B & W Seaplane). When America entered the First World War in April 1917, Boeing changed the name of Pacific Aero Products Co. to Boeing Airplane Company and obtained orders from the United States Navy for 50 planes. At the end of the war, Boeing began to concentrate on commercial aircraft, secured contracts to supply airmail service and built a successful airmail operation and later passenger service that evolved into United Airlines.", "1916 In Seattle, Washington, William Boeing and George Conrad Westervelt incorporate Pacific Aero Products (later renamed Boeing)", "In July of the next year, William Boeing incorporated the Pacific Aero Products Co., which would be renamed the Boeing Airplane Co. a year later. In November, Boeing would watch as the first Boeing production aircraft, the Model C, took its first flight over Lake Union.", "On May 9, 1917, the company became the \"Boeing Airplane Company\". In late 1917, the U.S. entered World War I and Boeing knew that the U.S. Navy needed seaplanes for training. So Boeing shipped two new Model C s to Pensacola, Florida where the planes were flown for the Navy. The Navy liked the Model C and ordered fifty more. [15] The company moved its operations to a larger former shipbuilding facility known as Boeing Plant 1 , located on the lower Duwamish River.", "1917: Founder William Boeing incorporates Pacific Aero Products Company, involved in plane making, mail delivery, and pilot training.", "The Duwamish basin soon became Seattle's industrial and commercial core area. Activities included cargo handling and storage, marine construction, ship and boat manufacturing, concrete manufacturing, paper and metals fabrication, food processing, and countless other industrial operations. Boeing Plant 1 was established on the Lower Duwamish in 1916, and Boeing Plant 2, further upriver, in 1936.", "The Boeing Company is an American multinational aerospace and defense corporation. Founded in 1916 by William E. Boeing in Seattle, Washington, the company has expanded over the years, and merged with McDonnell Douglas in 1997. Boeing moved its corporate headquarters from Seattle to Chicago, Illinois, in 2001. Boeing is made up of multiple business units, which are Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA); Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS); Engineering, Operations & Technology; Boeing Capital; and Boeing Shared Services Group.", "\"What I really appreciate about the Red Barn is that it represents the birthplace of aviation in the Pacific Northwest,\" Mulally said. \"In fact, in this 100th year of aviation, we also celebrate the 100th anniversary of William Boeing coming to Washington state, where he began what is now the world's premier aerospace company.\"", "William Boeing founded his company a few months after the June 15 maiden flight of one of the two \"B&W\" seaplanes built with the assistance of George Conrad Westervelt , a U.S. Navy engineer. Boeing and Westervelt decided to build the B&W seaplane after having flown in a Curtiss aircraft. Boeing bought a Glenn Martin \"Flying Birdcage\" seaplane (so called because of all the guy-wires holding it together) and was taught to fly by Glenn Martin himself. Boeing soon crashed the Birdcage and when Martin informed Boeing that replacement parts would not become available for months, Boeing realized he could build his own plane in that amount of time. He and his friend Cdr. G.C. Westervelt agreed to build a better airplane and soon produced the B&W Seaplane. [12] This first Boeing airplane was assembled in a lakeside hangar located on the northeast shore of Seattle's Lake Union. Many of Boeing's early planes were seaplanes.", "William Boeing founded his company a few months after the June 15 maiden flight of one of the two \"B&W\" seaplanes built with the assistance of George Conrad Westervelt , a U.S. Navy engineer. Boeing and Westervelt decided to build the B&W seaplane after having flown in a Curtiss aircraft. Boeing bought a Glenn Martin \"Flying Birdcage\" seaplane (so called because of all the guy-wire s holding it together) and was taught to fly by Glenn Martin himself. Boeing soon crashed the Birdcage and when Martin informed Boeing that replacement parts would not become available for months, Boeing realized he could build his own plane in that amount of time. He and his friend Cdr. G.C. Westervelt agreed to build a better airplane and soon produced the B&W Seaplane. [14] This first Boeing airplane was assembled in a lakeside hangar located on the northeast shore of Seattle's Lake Union. Many of Boeing's early planes were seaplanes.", "Logging was Seattle's first major industry, but by the late-19th century, the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush. By 1910, Seattle was one of the 25 largest cities in the country. However, the Great Depression severely damaged the city's economy. Growth returned during and after World War II partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, with companies like Microsoft becoming established in the region. In 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, which increased the city's population by almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000.", "Boeing grew up in Michigan, attended Yale's Scientific School, and then spent five years learning the logging business in Grays Harbor, Washington, before arriving in Seattle in 1908 where he continued to manage his timber lands, establishing the Greenwood Timber Company. Around the same time, Boeing became interested in flying, took lessons, and purchased a Martin hydroplane. He founded his aeronautical products company shortly thereafter, established a production plant at the Red Barn and built his first airplane in 1916.", "In 1935, new federal laws prohibited airmail contractors from associating with aircraft manufacturing firms, but instead of choosing which business to pursue, Boeing sold all of his stock and left the airplane business altogether. The company later secured its future when engineers working in the Red Barn designed the famous B-17 and B-29 bombers that helped the Allies win World War II. The Boeing Company quickly outgrew the open bay on the ground floor of the Red Barn and expanded to form a vital industry in the Pacific Northwest. Boeing sold Building No. 105 to the Port of Seattle in 1970. The simple two-story, gable roofed barn was restored and reopened as the Museum of Flight in 1983.", "Over the months, the city of Everett saw astonishing growth. Before the Everett Land Company lots went on sale, Swalwell jumped the gun and began selling his own lots on banks of the Snohomish River in September 1891. He built a large dock for the sternwheel steamer traffic. Dubbed the “cradle of Everett,” Swalwell’s Landing boomed at the riverside foot of Hewitt, at intersection of Chestnut and Pacific. The Pacific/Chestnut community was a wild west town with gambling and prostitution along with the offices of Brown Engineering Company in charge of platting the townsite, \"Workingman’s Grocery,” a small shoe store, another grocery store, a tent hotel, meat market, and barber shop. The streets were muck choked, its sidewalks made of thrown down planks. Farther south at Lowell, Smith built a dock for his new paper mill already in production.", "William Edward Boeing started his professional life as a lumberman and ended as a real-estate developer and horse breeder, but in between he founded the company that brought forth important breakthroughs in the field of aviation technology and the airline business. The Boeing Airplane Company became one of the signature corporations of Seattle and the Pacific Northwest and dominated the regional economy for most of the twentieth century.", "Giuseppe \"Joe\" Desimone was born about 40 miles (64 km) east of Naples , Italy. [128] He arrived in America from Italy as a stowaway, but soon became a successful farmer with land in South Park , Tukwila and the Kent Valley along the Green River . A longtime Market vendor, was one of those who bought shares in the Market in 1925, and eventually became its owner by slowly buying out Arthur Goodwin. He was president of the Market until his death in 1946. Outside of the Market, he is credited with keeping Boeing in the Seattle area in 1936 by selling them a large tract of land for a nominal fee. [9] [129]", "W. E. Boeing was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Catholic parents, a wealthy mining engineer named Wilhelm Böing from Hagen-Hohenlimburg, Germany, and lady Marie M. Ortmann, from Vienna, Austria. Boeing Sr. had made a fortune from timber lands and mineral rights near Lake Superior. Anglicizing his name to \"William Boeing\" after returning from being educated in Switzerland in 1900 to attend Yale University, William Boeing left Yale in 1903 to go into the lumber side of the business. He purchased extensive timberlands around Grays Harbor on the Pacific side of the Olympic Peninsula and also bought into lumber operations. He made a success of the venture, in part by shipping lumber to the East Coast via the new Panama Canal, generating funds that he would later apply to a very different business.[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36676196 The Panama Canal's unexpected winners], BBC Mundo, 4 July 2016", "Commercial Airplane Group, by far the largest unit of Boeing, went from 83,700 employees in 1968 to 20,750 in 1971. Each unemployed Boeing employee cost at least one other job, and unemployment rose to 14 percent, the highest in the United States. Housing vacancy rates rose to 16 percent from 1 percent in 1967. U-Haul dealerships ran out of trailers because so many people moved out. A billboard appeared near the airport: ", "Washington's economy was in dire straits during the depression of the 1930s, when the market for forest products and field crops tumbled. The New Deal era brought numerous federally funded public works projects, notably the Bonneville and Grand Coulee dams on the Columbia River, providing hydroelectric power for industry and water for the irrigation of desert lands. Eventually, more than one million acres (400,000 hectares) were reclaimed for agricultural production. During World War II, Boeing led the way in establishing the aerospace industry as Washington's primary employer. Also during the war, the federal government built the Hanford Reservation nuclear research center; the Hanford plant was one of the major contractors in the construction of the first atomic bomb and later became a pioneer producer of atomic-powered electricity.", "During World War II, the state became a focus for war industries. While the Boeing Company produced many of the nation's heavy bombers, ports in Seattle, Bremerton, Vancouver, and Tacoma were available for the manufacture of warships. Seattle was the point of departure for many soldiers in the Pacific, a number of whom were quartered at Golden Gardens Park. In eastern Washington, the Hanford Works atomic energy plant was opened in 1943 and played a major role in the construction of the nation's atomic bombs.", "Between the years of 1906 and 1916, Seattle grew significantly in size and recognition. Part of the re-growth of Seattle became apparent when, in 1906, the Schwabacher Company constructed a new eight-story building at First and Jackson in Seattle. In 1908, the Alaska Club and Arctic Club merged in Seattle, bringing together as one group the Seattle and Alaskan businessmen. The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition was a world's fair held in Seattle on the grounds of the University of Washington , in 1909, publicizing the development of the Pacific Northwest. The grounds design was achieved by the Olmsted Brothers . Also in 1909, the Statue of William Seward was placed in Seattle's Volunteer Park .", "From the late 19th into the early 20th century, Emeryville's development as an industrial city grew. Besides the meat-packing plants, other industries were added. Among these were the Judson Iron Works and the Sherwin-Williams paint company. From 1939 until the 1970s, a massive animated neon sign showing a can of red paint tilting, spilling, and covering a globe of the earth, with the slogan \"We Cover the Earth\" sat on the roof of the plant's main building, a familiar sight to eastbound motorists on the Bay Bridge. It was also once the location of Shell Development, the research arm of Shell Oil Company, which relocated in 1972 to Houston, Texas. A large scrap metal yard (part of the Judson Iron Works) was visible from the Eastshore Freeway for decades until the early 1970s. Also visible, a large facility of the Pacific Intermountain Express (PIE) trucking firm. A heavy truck manufacturing division of what was formerly I-H (International-Harvester Company, later Navistar) was located in Emeryville. One of its more popular over the road semi-truck models (the International DCO-405) in the late 1950s and early 1960s, became commonly and affectionately known as an \"Emeryville\".", "For a long period, Tacoma was noted for its large smelters where gold, silver, copper and lead ores were treated. Seattle was the primary port for trade with Alaska and the rest of the country, and for a time it possessed a large shipbuilding industry. The region around eastern Puget Sound developed heavy industry during the period including World War I and World War II, and the Boeing company became an established icon in the area.", "The World War II era saw high demand for Washington�s agricultural products. Manufacturers fared well � ships, trucks, railroad cars, and aircraft in particular. In 1943, the Atomic Energy Commission began construction on the Hanford Reservation near Richland, a facility that concentrated on the conversion of uranium into plutonium. Among those not enjoying wartime prosperity were more than 15,000 Japanese-Americans who were forced by security concerns to relocate east of the Cascades.", "In the fall of 1942, design work began on the facility in Wilmington while DuPont personnel helped Army officials locate a site. The team chose Hanford, located along the Columbia River in central Washington, not only for its proximity to hydroelectric power, but also for its sparsely populated, remote location. Having been accused of profiteering after World War I, DuPont charged only a $1 fee for its work at Hanford and turned over to the federal government all patent rights that resulted from its work there.", "Around the turn of the 20th century entrepreneurs came to British Columbia to exploit the province's vast resources. A salmon-cannery industry was established along the coast. There were sawmills all around the shores of Georgia Strait and particularly along eastern Vancouver Island, and the first pulp and paper mill was completed at Powell River in 1912.", "During World War II, the East Bay Area was home to many war-related industries. Oakland's Moore Dry Dock Company expanded its shipbuilding capabilities and built over 100 ships. Valued at $100 million in 1943, Oakland's canning industry was its second-most-valuable war contribution after shipbuilding. The largest canneries were in the Fruitvale District, and included the Josiah Lusk Canning Company, the Oakland Preserving Company (which started the Del Monte brand), and the California Packing Company. ", "Early prominent industries in the state included agriculture and lumber. In eastern Washington, the Yakima Valley became known for its apple orchards, while the growth of wheat using dry-farming techniques became particularly productive. The heavy rainfall to the west of the Cascade Range produced dense forests, and the ports along Puget Sound prospered from the manufacturing and shipping of lumber products, particularly the Douglas fir. Other industries that developed in the state include fishing, salmon canning and mining.", "The proposal to build the dam was the focus of a bitter debate during the 1920s between two groups. One wanted to irrigate the ancient Grand Coulee with a gravity canal and the other supported a high dam and pumping scheme. Dam supporters won in 1933, but for fiscal reasons the initial design was for a \"low dam\" 290 ft (88 m) high which would generate electricity, but not support irrigation. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and a consortium of three companies called MWAK (Mason-Walsh-Atkinson Kier Company) began construction that year. After visiting the construction site in August 1934, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt began endorsing the \"high dam\" design which, at 550 ft (168 m) high, would provide enough electricity to pump water to irrigate the Columbia Basin. The high dam was approved by Congress in 1935 and completed in 1942; the first water over-topped its spillway on June 1 of that year." ]

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[ "The world’s first nuclear weapons test took place on July 16, 1945 in the desolate White Sands deserts of New Mexico. In a cryptic reference to a John Donne poem that he knew and loved, J. Robert Oppenheimer, lead physicist of the Manhattan Project and scientific director of the test, dubbed the location “Trinity.”", "Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, conducted by the United States Army on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project. The test was conducted in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 mi southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on what was then the USAAF Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range (now part of White Sands Missile Range). The only structures originally in the vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings, which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components. A base camp was constructed, and there were 425 people present on the weekend of the test.", "The Manhattan Project eventually produced enough plutonium for the \"Trinity Test.\" During the test, the world's first atomic bomb, or the \"The Gadget,\" was exploded near Socorro, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945, by Los Alamos Laboratory director Robert Oppenheimer and Army General Leslie Groves. ", "The White Sands Missile Range in the New Mexico desert is home to Trinity, the place where the nuclear age began on July 16, 1945. Twice a year, in April and October, the site has opened to the public. Each time, thousands of people arrive by Winnebago, motorcycle and tour bus, making a pilgrimage to check out the slight crater left by history’s first atom bomb test. Measuring just 340 feet across, the depression is underwhelming, a slight dent in the ground. A stone obelisk marks ground zero, where the bomb was detonated atop a 100-foot steel tower.", "The test was originally scheduled for 4 a.m., Monday July 16, but was postponed to 5:30 due to a severe thunderstorm that would have increased the amount of radioactive fallout, and have interfered with the test results. The rain finally stopped and at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain War Time, the device exploded successfully and the Atomic Age was born. The nuclear blast created a flash of light brighter than a dozen suns. The light was seen over the entire state of New Mexico and in parts of Arizona, Texas, and Mexico. The resultant mushroom cloud rose to over 38,000 feet within minutes, and the heat of the explosion was 10,000 times hotter than the surface of the sun! At ten miles away, this heat was described as like standing directly in front of a roaring fireplace. Every living thing within a mile of the tower was obliterated. The power of the bomb was estimated to be equal to 20,000 tons of TNT, or equivalent to the bomb load of 2,000 B-29, Superfortresses!", "The test scheduled for 4 a.m., Monday, July 16, had to be postponed due to a severe thunderstorm that would have increased the amount of radioactive fallout locally, and would have interfered with the test results. However, the rain finally stopped, and at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain War Time, the device exploded successfully and the Atomic Age was born. The nuclear blast created a flash of light brighter than a dozen suns. It was seen over the entire state of New Mexico and in parts of Arizona and Texas. The resultant mushroom cloud rose to over 38,000 feet within minutes, and the heat of the explosion was 10,000 times hotter than the surface of the sun! Felt at ten miles away, this heat was like standing directly in front of a furnace. Every living thing within a mile of the tower was obliterated. The yield of the Bomb was estimated to equal 20,000 tons of TNT, or equivalent to the bomb load of 2,000 fully loaded World War II B-20, Superfortresses!", "Because of the difficulties in making a working plutonium bomb, it was decided that there should be a test of the weapon. On July 16, 1945, in the desert north of Alamogordo, New Mexico, the first nuclear test took place, code-named \"Trinity\", using a device nicknamed \"the gadget.\" The test, a plutonium implosion type device, released energy equivalent to 19 kilotons of TNT, far more powerful than any weapon ever used before. The news of the test's success was rushed to Truman at the Potsdam Conference, where Churchill was briefed and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin was informed of the new weapon. On July 26, the Potsdam Declaration was issued containing an ultimatum for Japan: either surrender or suffer \"complete and utter destruction\", although nuclear weapons were not mentioned.", "Trinity Site is where the first atomic bomb was tested at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain War Time on July 16, 1945. The site was part of the Alamogordo Bombing Range, now the White Sands Missile Range.", "* 16 July 1945 – The first atomic bomb is tested near Alamogordo, New Mexico, United States in the successful Trinity test.", "On 16 July 1945, the first atomic weapon test, code‐named “Trinity,” was held on a desert bombing range at Alamogordo, New Mexico, 200 miles south of Los Alamos. Mounted on a metal tower, the test device—13.5 pounds of plutonium inside 2.5 tons of explosives—was exploded at 5:29 A.M. as Groves, Oppenheimer, Bush, and others watched in awe. The blast equaled 15,000–20,000 tons of TNT and generated a fireball visible for 60 miles.", "Manhattan Project: The Atomic Age begins when the United States successfully detonates a plutonium-based test nuclear weapon at the Trinity site near Alamogordo, New Mexico. (1945)", "A photograph on display at the Bradbury Science Museum shows the first instant of the first atomic bomb test, on July 16, 1945, at 5:29 a.m. at Trinity Site in New Mexico. The Potsdam Declaration, announced 10 days later, called for Japan's unconditional surrender, threatening \"prompt and utter destruction.\" It did not, however, specifically mention the bomb.", "July 16, 1945 - The experimental Atomic bomb \"Fat Boy\" was set off at 5:30 a.m. in the desert of New Mexico desert, creating a mushroom cloud rising 41,000 ft. The bomb emitted heat three times the temperature of the interior of the sun and wiped out all plant and animal life within a mile.", "In 1945 the first atomic bomb test took place in a desert near Alamogordo, New Mexico. Subsequently, the war ended shortly after atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan . New Mexico was instrumental in bringing the war to an end and the world into the nuclear age.", "A special laboratory also has been set up near Santa Fe, N. M., under direction of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer of the University of California, Dr. Oppenheimer also supervised the first test of the atomic bomb on July 16, 1945. This took place in a remote section of the New Mexico desert lands, with a group of eminent scientists gathered, frankly fearful to witness the results of the invention, which might turn out to be either the salvation or the Frankenstein's monster of the world.", "Between 16 July 1945 and 23 September 1992, the United States maintained a program of vigorous nuclear testing, with the exception of a moratorium between November 1958 and September 1961. By official count, a total of 1,054 nuclear tests and two nuclear attacks were conducted, with over 100 of them taking place at sites in the Pacific Ocean, over 900 of them at the Nevada Test Site, and ten on miscellaneous sites in the United States (Alaska, Colorado, Mississippi, and New Mexico). Until November 1962, the vast majority of the U.S. tests were atmospheric (that is, above-ground); after the acceptance of the Partial Test Ban Treaty all testing was regulated underground, in order to prevent the dispersion of nuclear fallout.", "The US government tests its first nuclear weapon, code-named “Trinity”, in New Mexico. Its yield equals 20,000 tonnes of TNT. The date of the test marks the beginning of the nuclear age.", "ork at Los Alamos culminated in the creation of several atomic devices, one of which was used in the first nuclear test in the remote desert near Alamogordo, known today as White Sands missile Range. Code-named “Trinity”, the blast on July 16, 1945, was the test of an implosion design plutonium device nicknamed “the gadget”. The bomb Produced an explosive equivalent of 20 kilotons of TNT , and is generally credited with the establishment of the nuclear age. By the end of World War II the United States had invested nearly $60 million at Los Alamos for computing equipment used to do the highly advanced mathematical modeling necessary to create the atomic bomb. One ancillary result of this computer research was a computational technique called Monte Carlo. This computer design was subsequently used to model complex physical systems involved in fields such as theoretical physics, and medical diagnosis.", "1945 Atomic Age begins when the US detonates a plutonium-based test nuclear weapon at the Trinity site near Alamogordo, NM", "Because of the complexity of an implosion-style weapon, it was decided that, despite the waste of fissile material, an initial test would be required. The first nuclear test took place on July 16, 1945, near Alamogordo", "In 1945, the United States exploded its first experimental atomic bomb, in the desert of Alamogordo, New Mexico.", "Less than three years after the project’s start, the world’s first atomic bomb was detonated on Alamogordo Air Base in New Mexico . “Hoisted atop a 150-foot tower, the plutonium device, or Gadget, detonated at precisely 5:30 a.m. over the New Mexico desert, releasing 18.6 kilotons of power, instantly vaporizing the tower and turning the surrounding asphalt into green sand,” describes the the U.S. Department of Energy. “Seconds after the explosion came an enormous blast, sending searing heat across the desert and knocking observers to the ground.”", "1945 - The United States detonated the first atomic bomb in a test at Alamogordo, NM.", "On December 21, 1965, the 51500 acre Trinity Site was declared a National Historic Landmark district, and on October 15, 1966, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The landmark includes the base camp, where the scientists and support group lived; ground zero, where the bomb was placed for the explosion; and the McDonald ranch house, where the plutonium core to the bomb was assembled. One of the old instrumentation bunkers is visible beside the road just west of ground zero. An inner oblong fence was added in 1967, and the corridor barbed wire fence that connects the outer fence to the inner one was completed in 1972. Jumbo was moved to the parking lot in 1979; it is missing its ends from an attempt to destroy it in 1946 using eight 500 lb bombs. The Trinity monument, a rough-sided, lava-rock obelisk about 12 ft high, marks the explosion's hypocenter. It was erected in 1965 by Army personnel from the White Sands Missile Range using local rocks taken from the western boundary of the range. A simple metal plaque read: \"Trinity Site Where the World's First Nuclear Device Was Exploded on July 16, 1945.\" A second memorial plaque on the obelisk was prepared by the Army and the National Park Service, and was unveiled on the 30th anniversary of the test in 1975. ", "During January of 1951 the United States government began nuclear bomb testing at a test site in Nevada. After the initial development of the atomic bomb during the mid- 1940's the U.S. had moved its test sites off of the country's mainland and began using islands in the Pacific. Due to logistical and safety concerns the U.S. Government decided to move the testing back to the mainland in 1951 and chose a large portion of mountainous and desert land in Nevada, located about 65 miles away from Las Vegas, as their site. The first series of tests to be held at this new site was named Operation Ranger. Initially, many tests were atmospheric tests but because of the adverse health effects that were observed all of the tests were moved underground by 1962. A total of 928 nuclear tests were conducted at the Nevada Test Site between 1951 and 1992.", "The Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, 230 miles south of Los Alamos, is most famous for its landmark role as the birthplace of nuclear weapons. The site, located in the Jornada Del Muerto Desert, was chosen for its isolation, flat ground, and lack of windy conditions.", "1967 – US performed a nuclear test at Nevada Test Site. The Mushroom test was part of Operation Latchkey.", "March 17, 1953The United States conducts the \"Annie\" nuclear test at the Nevada Test Site on March 17, 1953. It yielded 16 kilotons. A wood-framed house was built for the occasion as part of a civil defense study on the effects of a nuclear explosion.", "Los Alamos (, meaning \"The Cottonwoods\") is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Los Alamos County, New Mexico, United States, built on the Pajarito Plateau's four mesas and the adjoining White Rock Canyon. The CDP population was 12,019 at the 2010 Census.", "1957 - The U.S. conducted its first underground nuclear test. The test took place in the Nevada desert.", "October 16, 1958The United States conducts the Shot Dona Ana nuclear test at the Nevada Test Site on October 16, 1958. It was part of the Operation Hardtack II series, in which the United States conducted 37 nuclear tests. It which yielded a relatively small 37 tons. ", "Primary nuclear test site. Site of the first Chinese atomic explosion on October 16, 1964 and first Chinese thermonuclear detonation on December 27, 1968." ]

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[ "The twelve labours of Heracles or Hercules ( Greek : οἱ Ἡρακλέους ἆθλοι , hoi Hērakleous athloi) [1] [2] are a series of episodes concerning a penance carried out by Heracles , the greatest of the Greek heroes, whose name was later Romanised as Hercules . They were accomplished over 12 years at the service of King Eurystheus . The episodes were later connected by a continuous narrative. The establishment of a fixed cycle of twelve labours was attributed by the Greeks to an epic poem , now lost, written by Peisander , dated about 600 BC. [3] After Hercules killed his wife and children, he went to the oracle at Delphi. He prayed to the god Apollo for guidance. Hercules was told to serve the king of Mycenae, Eurystheus, for 12 years. During these 12 years, Hercules is sent to perform twelve difficult feats, called labours.", "The many feats of Hercules are customarily divided into the 12 labors and other exploits. The 12 labors, which were performed for the Greek king Eurystheus as a result of Hera's enmity, were: (1) killing the Nemean lion, which could not be killed by metal or stone; from the lion he made the cloak and club that became his trademarks; (2) killing the multiheaded Hydra of Lerna, which could grow two new heads for each one it lost; the blood of the Hydra was the source of poison for Hercules' arrows, which could cause death even from a scratch; (3) capturing the golden-horned hind of Ceryneia, which was sacred to Artemis; (4) capturing the Erymanthian boar; (5) cleaning the stables of Augeas; (6) routing the Stymphalian birds, which had iron feathers and were sacred to ARES; (7) capturing the Cretan bull; (8) capturing the man-eating mares of Diomedes; (9) obtaining the girdle of Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons; (10) driving the cattle of Geryon from far west to Greece; (11) capturing Cerberus, the watchdog of the underworld; and (12) obtaining the golden apples of the Hesperides.", "The twelve labours of Heracles or Hercules ( Greek : οἱ Ἡρακλέους ἆθλοι, hoi Hērakleous athloi) [1] [2] are a series of episodes concerning a penance carried out by Heracles , the greatest of the Greek heroes, whose name was later Romanised as Hercules . They were accomplished over 12 years at the service of King Eurystheus . The episodes were later connected by a continuous narrative. The establishment of a fixed cycle of twelve labours was attributed by the Greeks to an epic poem , now lost, written by Peisander , dated about 600 BC. [3] After Hercules killed his wife and children, he went to the oracle at Delphi. He prayed to the god Apollo for guidance. Hercules was told to serve the king of Mycenae, Eurystheus, for 12 years. During these 12 years, Hercules is sent to perform twelve difficult feats, called labours.", "Hercules performed twelve labors given to him by King Eurystheus of Tiryns. For twelve years, he traveled all over to complete these incredible tasks. NOTE: Because different ancient poets gave their own accounts of Hercules's labors, some details may vary.", "Hercules: Hero and strong man; son of Zeus and Alcmene; performed twelve labors or deeds to be free from bondage under Eurystheus; after death, his mortal share was destroyed, and he became immortal. Also known as Herakles or Heracles. Labors: (1) killing Nemean lion; (2) killing Lernaean Hydra; (3) capturing Erymanthian boar; (4) capturing Cerynean hind; (5) killing man-eating Stymphalian birds; (6) procuring girdle of Hippolyte; (7) cleaning Augean stables; (8) capturing Cretan bull; (9) capturing man-eating horses of Diomedes; (10) capturing cattle of Geryon; (11) procuring golden apples of Hesperides; (12) bringing Cerberus up from Hades.", "For another task, he had to clean the filth from Augean stable, which had not been attended to in 30 years. To do this, Hercules diverted the course of a river that washed away the mess. In the end, he completed the so-called 12 Labors of Hercules and made up for the murder of his family.", "In a fit of insanity caused by Hera, Hercules kills his family and must perform 12 labors to earn the forgiveness of the gods. These seemingly impossible tasks take him many years to complete, but he succeeds with the aid of Hermes and Athena. His success earns him the reputation of a great hero.", "The twelve labours of Heracles or Hercules (, hoi Hērakleous athloi) At the Perseus Project. are a series of episodes concerning a penance carried out by Heracles, the greatest of the Greek heroes, whose name was later Romanised as Hercules. They were accomplished over 12 years at the service of King Eurystheus. The episodes were later connected by a continuous narrative. The establishment of a fixed cycle of twelve labours was attributed by the Greeks to an epic poem, now lost, written by Peisander, dated about 600 BC. After Hercules killed his wife and children, he went to the oracle at Delphi. He prayed to the god Apollo for guidance. Hercules was told to serve the king of Mycenae, Eurystheus, for 12 years. During these 12 years, Hercules is sent to perform twelve difficult feats, called labours.", "Eurystheus originally ordered Hercules to perform ten labours. Hercules accomplished these tasks, but Eurystheus refused to recognize two: the slaying of the Lernaean Hydra , as Hercules' nephew and charioteer Iolaus had helped him; and the cleansing of the Augeas , because Hercules accepted payment for the labour. Eurystheus set two more tasks (fetching the Golden Apples of Hesperides and capturing Cerberus ), which Hercules also performed, bringing the total number of tasks to twelve.", "Hercules' twelve tasks are know as: Labor 1: The Nemean Lion Labor 2: The Lernean Hydra Labor 3: The Hind of Ceryneia Labor 4: The Erymanthean Boar Labor 5: The Augean Stables Labor 6: The Stymphalian Birds Labor 7: The Cretan Bull Labor 8: The Horses of Diomedes Labor 9: The Belt of Hippolyte Labor 10: Geryon's Cattle Labor 11: The Apples of the Hesperides Labor 12: Cerberus For a good description of them, visit The Labors of Hercules .", "In his labours, Hercules was sometimes accompanied by a male companion (an eromenos ), according to Licymnius [ citation needed ] and others, such as Iolaus , his nephew. Although he was supposed to perform only ten labours, this assistance led to two labours being disqualified: Eurystheus didn't count slaying the Hydra, because Iolaus helped him, nor the cleansing of the Augean stables because Hercules was paid for his services, or because the rivers did the work. Several of the labours involved the offspring (by various accounts) of Typhon and his mate Echidna , all overcome by Hercules.", "In his labours, Hercules was sometimes accompanied by a male companion (an eromenos), according to Licymnius and others, such as Iolaus, his nephew. Although he was supposed to perform only ten labours, this assistance led to two labours being disqualified: Eurystheus didn't count slaying the Hydra, because Iolaus helped him, nor the cleansing of the Augean stables because Hercules was paid for his services, or because the rivers did the work. Several of the labours involved the offspring (by various accounts) of Typhon and his mate Echidna, all overcome by Hercules.", "Hercules, often portrayed wearing a lion skin, is most famous for his twelve labors, which correlate to the twelve signs of the zodiac (although the specific acts seem to refer only to summer and fall constellations).", "Hercules is among the most celebrated heroes of Greek mythology. Hercules is his Roman name, the Greeks knew him as Herakles. His is a interesting story. Accounts differ, but he is generally known to have exhibited great strength and performed many amazing feats. He was semi divine having Zeus as his immortal Father and Alcemene, his earthly Mother (wife of Amphitryon). He was instructed by Zeus to submit himself for twelve years to the will of Eurystheus, the King of Argos, and told that if he fulfilled this duty, he would be translated to the Gods and become an immortal. It was at the bidding of Eurystheus that he performed the tasks known as the Twelve Labours. Of interest to us as astrologers, is that he performed each of them in one of the zodiacal signs. Classical writers have interpreted the myth of Hercules as representing the course of the sun through the twelve signs of the zodiac.", "Hercules is known for his many adventures, which took him to the far reaches of the Greco-Roman world. One cycle of these adventures became canonical as the \"Twelve Labours,\" but the list has variations. One traditional order of the labours is found in the Bibliotheca as follows: ", "Details: It represents the Nemean lion killed by Hercules as the first of his twelve labours in Greek mythology.", "As part of his sentence, Hercules had to perform twelve Labors, feats so difficult that they Labor 11: The Apples of the Hesperides · Labor 12: Cerberus", "As they survive, the labours of Hercules are not recounted in any single place, but must be reassembled from many sources. Ruck and Staples [4] assert that there is no one way to interpret the labours, but that six were located in the Peloponnese , culminating with the rededication of Olympia . Six others took the hero farther afield, to places that were, per Ruck, “all previously strongholds of Hera or the ‘Goddess’ and were Entrances to the Netherworld.” [4] In each case, the pattern was the same: Hercules was sent to kill or subdue, or to fetch back for Eurystheus (as Hera’s representative) a magical animal or plant.", "Hercules, or Heracles, was a hero in both Greek and Roman mythology who was given the task of killing the Nemean Lion (more specifically, to bring back the skin of the Nemean lion). He, being a hero, did kill the lion eventually. But it was hard for him because he had to use his hands and no weapons.", "As they survive, the labours of Hercules are not recounted in any single place, but must be reassembled from many sources. Ruck and Staples assert that there is no one way to interpret the labours, but that six were located in the Peloponnese, culminating with the rededication of Olympia. Six others took the hero farther afield, to places that were, per Ruck, \"all previously strongholds of Hera or the 'Goddess' and were Entrances to the Netherworld.\" In each case, the pattern was the same: Hercules was sent to kill or subdue, or to fetch back for Eurystheus (as Hera's representative) a magical animal or plant.", "(Greek/Roman Myth, Thor I#356 (fb), Hercules III#1 (fb)) For his seventh labor, Hercules was sent out of the Peloponessus for the first time by Eurystheus who hoped he would meet dire ends in foreign lands. Sent to Crete, Hercules was sent to slay the Cretan Bull, which had fathered the Minotaur and was now terrorizing the island. The bull had become an embarrassment to King Minos because of his dealings with it. Minos gave Hercules permission to Hercules to slay it, but Hercules instead brought it to Mycenae and freed it there out of spite.", "                                   After the slaying of the Nemean lion, Eurystheus sent Hercules to slay the Hydra, which Hera had raised just to slay Hercules. Hercules set off with a bow and arrows and his magic gold sword (a gift from the goddess Athena) to find and slay the hydra. Hercules came across the swamp where the hydra lived. Hercules covered his mouth and nose with cloth so he wouldn't get harmed (or have to smell) the nasty hydra breath. He shot a flaming arrow and the hydra, and the hydra came after Hercules. Hercules made quick work of the 8 magic heads, and went to strike the final blow when the magic heads sprung back to life now 16 heads. Hercules tried again, and each time he cut a head of 2 more heads appeared. Hercules realizing that this wasn't going to work retreated into the forest.", "Augeias, the king of Elis, possessed a herd of animals given to him by his father Helios . The herd was so vast that the excrement it produced threatened the health of the city . Hercules’ seemingly impossible task was to clear the herd’s stables in a single day. To accomplish the task, Hercules dug ditches on either side of the stables, shovelled the dung into them and then diverted the rivers Alpheios and Peneios to wash the ditches clean.", "The Nemean lion was a fierce creature which could not be hurt by any mortal weapon. Heracles finished it by beating it with his club and strangling it. Upon killing the animal, Hercules used the lion's own claw to remove the weapon-proof skin, providing an impenetrable cloak seen in many paintings and sculptures of the hero.", "The most famous feats of Hercules, are collectively known as \"The Labors of Hercules\". Here is a little background on the story:", "In the first of the labors of Hercules, Eurystheus commanded the hero to bring him the hide of the Nemean Lion. The lion that had been terrorizing the valley of Nemea, was one of the monstrous children of Echidna and either Orthus or Typhoeus, or had fallen to earth from Selene (Moon). At first, Hercules tried to shoot it with his arrows, but seeing that the lion's pelt could not be pierced, he attacked it with his clubs. The lion ran away and hid in a cave with two entrances. Hercules blocked the one entrance, then wrestled with the lion and strangled it.He then skinned it and wrapped himself in its skin, after first offering a sacrifice to Zeus the Savior.He then returned to Mycanae with the lion thrown over his shoulder.", "His first task was to kill the Nemean lion, this was a large lion, whose hide was not responsive to weapons and it plagued the whole district of Nemea in the Argolis. Hercules cornered the lion into its cave and then wrestled it to death. He then skinned the lion and made a cape out of its skin and a helmet out of its jaws, which he always wears. Hera later placed the lion among the stars as the constellation Leo.", "In order to prove his victory, Hercules (Greek mythology) is supposed to bring the pelt of the Nemean Lion back to King Eurystheus.  Hercules tries to cut the pelt off the lion's body before realizing that it's still impenetrable.  After trying a few different tactics, he finally figures out that the only thing that can cut the skin of the Nemean Lion is its own claws.  Eventually he is able to use the claws to skin the lion.  He brings the pelt back to Eurystheus but ends up keeping it to use as his own personal armor.", "Hercules had lots of adventures and at least a couple of marriages. Among the heroic myths about him, it is told that Hercules went to the Greek Underworld and traveled with the Argonauts on their voyage to collect the Golden Fleece. Were these part of his labors?", "                                             Hercules took the Augean king's son (Phyleus) with him to witness the stables being cleaned. Hercules set to work tearing a big hole in the front of the stable yards. Next Hercules made a hole in the back wall of the stable yards. Hercules then dug a trench between 2 rivers flowing nearby. He then diverted the 2 rivers into the front of the stable yards and out the rear of the stable yards and back into the river with taking all the filth along with it.", "First he was ordered to destroy and to bring back to Mycenae the lion of Nemea,  which for long had ravaged all the countryside to the north. Hercules took his bow and arrows and, in the forest of Nemea, cut himself a great club, so heavy that a man nowadays could hardly lift it. This club he carried ever afterwards as his chief weapon.", "This article is about the Greek myth. For the short story collection by Agatha Christie, see The Labours of Hercules ." ]

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[ "Jul. 8: STS-135 mission was launched becaming Shuttle Atlantis 33th and final flight of the Space Shuttle program as a whole.", "The drag chute is deployed as the space shuttle Atlantis lands at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, completing STS-135, the final mission of the NASA shuttle program, on Thursday, July 21, 2011. (AP Photo/ Houston Chronicle, Smiley N. Pool)", "2011 – NASA’s Space Shuttle program ends with the landing of Space Shuttle Atlantis on mission STS-135.", "July 8 - The space shuttle Atlantis became the last American space shuttle to be launched into space. Mission STS-135 and its 4-member crew brought much-needed supplies and equipment to the International Space Station (ISS).", "One last hurrah: Atlantis blasts off for the International Space Station on Nasa's last space shuttle mission", "On July 8, 2011, Atlantis was launched on its 33rd mission. With four crew members aboard, Atlantis flew thousands of pounds of supplies and extra parts to the International Space Station; it was the 37th shuttle flight to make the trip. Thirteen days later, on July 21, Atlantis touched down at Kennedy Space Center at 5:57 a.m., after a journey of more than 5 million miles, during which it orbited the Earth 200 times. Upon landing, the flight’s commander, Capt. Christopher J. Ferguson, said, “Mission complete, Houston. After serving the world for over 30 years, the space shuttle has earned its place in history, and it’s come to a final stop.” During its 26 years in service, Atlantis flew almost 126 million miles, circled Earth 4,848 times and spent 307 days in space. The estimated price tag for the entire space shuttle program, from development to retirement, was $209 billion.", "Space Shuttle Endeavour (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-105) is a retired orbiter from NASA's Space Shuttle program and the fifth and final operational shuttle built. It embarked on its first mission, STS-49, in May 1992 and its 25th and final mission, STS-134, in May 2011. STS-134 was expected to be the final mission of the Space Shuttle program, but with the authorization of STS-135, Atlantis became the last shuttle to fly.", "The crew of space shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 and final Space Shuttle Program Flight, participates in a news conference in the Press Site auditorium at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida on landing day. Seen here are STS-135 Commander Chris Ferguson (left), Mission Specialists Sandy Magnus and Rex Walheim and Pilot Doug Hurley.", "Atlantis is on its way from its final mission, a 13-day flight to restock the International Space Station with a year's worth of supplies.", "Atlantis returns home to Earth and the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, culminating its 33rd and final mission, STS-135, and the last flight of the space shuttle program.", "NASA initially planned to withdraw Atlantis from service in 2008, as the orbiter would have been due to undergo its third scheduled OMDP. However, because of the timescale of the final retirement of the shuttle fleet, this was deemed uneconomical. It was planned that Atlantis would be kept in near-flight condition to be used as a parts hulk for Discovery and Endeavour. However, with the significant planned flight schedule up to 2010, the decision was taken to extend the time between OMDPs, allowing Atlantis to be retained for operations. Atlantis was subsequently swapped for one flight of each Discovery and Endeavour in the flight manifest. Atlantis had completed what was meant to be its last flight, STS-132, prior to the end of the shuttle program, but the extension of the Shuttle program into 2011 led to Atlantis being selected for STS-135, the final Space Shuttle mission in July 2011.", "From 1981 to 2011 a total of 135 missions were flown, launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. During that time the fleet totaled 1,322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds of flight time. The longest orbital flight of the shuttle was STS-80 at 17 days 15 hours, while the shortest flight was STS-51-L at one minute 13 seconds, cut short when the Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart during launch. The shuttles docked with Russian space station Mir nine times and visited the ISS 37 times. The highest altitude achieved by the shuttle was 350 miles when servicing the Hubble Space Telescope. The program flew a total of 355 people representing 16 countries. The Kennedy Space Center served as the landing site for 78 missions, while 54 missions landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California and once at White Sands, New Mexico. ", "It was STS-135 – the 166th crewed U.S. spaceflight, 135th and final Space Shuttle mission , 110th post-Challenger launch, 100th day-time launch of the Space Shuttle, 37th flight of the Space Shuttle dedicated to the International Space Station, 33rd and final flight of orbiter Atlantis, and the 22nd post-Columbia mission.", "Flight day 13 was the final full day in space for the STS-135 crew. They spent the day checking out Atlantis′s flight control surfaces and hot-firing its reaction control system (RCS) jets, making sure everything was ready for deorbit. Mission managers cleared Atlantis for re-entry after reviewing results of the late inspection survey of the shuttle's heat shield, performed by the crew on the flight day 12.", "The space shuttle fleet was grounded after Atlantis' STS-135 mission landed this past July. The remaining orbiters are headed to museum retirement homes. Discovery will go to the Smithsonian, which is why Enterprise is being shipped out to New York.", "Atlantis will then fly the last ever shuttle mission (STS-135) without any rescue backup shuttle before returning to the Kennedy Space Center for the final time, marking the end of a 30 year programme to fly astronauts to the International Space Station. It is not clear what will happen to the replica shuttle, Explorer, currently located at KSC.", "STS-135. Atlantis official launch date was July 8, 2011 at 11:26:46 AM EDT for a 12 day mission to the International Space Station. Atlantis will carry the Raffaello multipurpose logistics module to deliver supplies, logistics and spare parts to the International Space Station. The mission also will fly a system to investigate the potential for robotically refueling existing spacecraft and return a failed ammonia pump module to help NASA better understand the failure mechanism and improve pump designs for future systems.", "This will be the 133rd launch of a space shuttle since the first flight of Columbia on April 12th 1981 and it is the 39th flight of Discovery. There was an earlier space shuttle called Enterprise (named after the Star Trek Enterprise) that flew in 1977 but this was only a test flight and never actually went into space. The space shuttles have been the work horse for NASA and without their help the International Space Station would never had been built and the giant Hubble Space telescope could not have been sent into space, but now they have come to retirement age and are no longer needed. There will be one final flight by one of the remaining shuttles: Endeavour will fly in February 2011 but the shuttle Atlantis will be kept on standby to act as a rescue mission should anything go wrong with either Discovery or Endeavour. After that they will all be sold off. It will be left to the Russians to ferry the crews back and forth from the Space Station from then on in their", "The International Space Station seen from the space shuttle Atlantis as it flew away on Tuesday. Credit NASA, via Associated Press", "STS-117 followed in June 2007 and marked Atlantis’s longest voyage at 13days, 20hours, 12minutes, and 44seconds and the 250th crewed orbital launch in human spaceflight.", "Atlantis’ final voyage will come less than six weeks after Endeavour’s return. The shuttle will fly one last 12-day trip to the space station to deliver vital supplies. [ Gallery: Shuttle Atlantis' Last Launch Pad Trek ]", "The STS-135 crew then traveled to Kennedy Space Center, arriving in T-38 training jets just after 17:30 EDT on 20 June to take part in the countdown dress rehearsal and emergency training drills. After the arrival, the four astronauts spoke to reporters at the runway and acknowledged the historic nature of the final shuttle mission. \"We're incredibly proud to represent the final flight,\" noted the commander, Chris Ferguson. During the training, the crew spent time learning pad 39A evacuation procedures and test-drove an armored tank available for the astronauts to escape the area. They also boarded Atlantis for a full countdown simulation on 23 June.", "Atlantis' STS-135 mission will be the orbiter's 33rd flight, and will tack on 12 days and many more miles to these current figures.", "Before the Shuttle-Mir Program, NASA�s longest-duration experiences had been the Skylab missions of 1973-74. Space Shuttle flights are limited to about two weeks. Shuttle-Mir enabled U.S. astronauts to spend 975 days�more than 27 consecutive months�on a space station. That was more time in orbit than had been accumulated since the Shuttle Program began in 1981.", "NASA has assigned the crew for the last scheduled space shuttle mission, targeted to launch in September 2010. The flight to the International Space Station will carry a pressurized logistics module to the station.", "\"This 37th and final visit of a space shuttle to the International Space Station is solely designed to stock the complex with as many supplies and spare parts as possible for sustenance of the outpost and its crews in the post-shuttle era.", "** Part of the mission patch for STS-135, as it was the last mission of the Space Shuttle program.", "This mission was the 50th Shuttle flight since NASA's return to flight following the Challenger accident and the 75th Shuttle flight. Its mission was a reflight of the Tethered Satellite System (TSS). The tether broke three days into the mission.", "STS-135 delivered supplies and equipment to provision the space station through 2012, following the end of NASA's space shuttle program. Since the ISS program is likely to be extended to 2020, the station will likely require more spare supplies after the shuttle retires. A shuttle extension beyond STS-135 would have allowed the crew to maintain the completed U.S. orbital segment, relying on the shuttle, but an ISS extension was never intended to be a guaranteed shuttle program extension, and the shuttle program officially ended after STS-135.", "9601..What is the name of the Space Shuttle launched into orbit for the last time from the Kennedy Space Station in July 2011?", "Veteran shuttle commander and retired Air Force Col. Steven W. Lindsey will command the eight-day mission, designated STS-133. Air Force Col. Eric A. Boe will serve as the pilot; it will be his second flight as a shuttle pilot. Mission Specialists are shuttle mission veteran Air Force Col. Benjamin Alvin Drew, Jr., and long-duration spaceflight veterans Michael R. Barratt, Army Col. Timothy L. Kopra and Nicole P. Stott.", "Test flights. The space agency has said the 2005 launches would be test flights of the shuttles. After those are successful, NASA would resume assembly of the International Space Station with a shuttle flight in December." ]

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[ "However, the value is not a constant. The boiling point of water depends on the atmospheric pressure, which changes according to elevation. The boiling point of water is 100°C or 212° F at 1 atmosphere of pressure (sea level), but water boils at a lower temperature as you gain altitude (e.g., on a mountain) and boils at a higher temperature if you increase atmospheric pressure (lived below sea level ).", "The effects are incremental, if not actually noticeable. In general, each 500-foot increase in elevation translates into a 1°F decrease in water's boiling temperature.", "How much does it change? For every 500-foot increase in elevation, the boiling point drops one degree. Thus, at a city 5,000 feet above sea level, water boils at 202°F.", "The boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surrounding environmental pressure. Thus, the boiling point is dependent on the pressure. Boiling points may be published with respect to the NIST, USA standard pressure of 101.325 kPa (or 1 atm), or the IUPAC standard pressure of 100.000 kPa. At higher elevations, where the atmospheric pressure is much lower, the boiling point is also lower. The boiling point increases with increased pressure up to the critical point, where the gas and liquid properties become identical. The boiling point cannot be increased beyond the critical point. Likewise, the boiling point decreases with decreasing pressure until the triple point is reached. The boiling point cannot be reduced below the triple point.", "Solutes such as salts and sugars found in water affect the physical properties of water. The boiling and freezing points of water are affected by solutes, as well as air pressure, which is in turn is affected by altitude. Water boils at lower temperatures with the lower air pressure that occurs at higher elevations. One mole of sucrose (sugar) per kilogram of water raises the boiling point of water by 0.51 °C (0.918 °F), and one mole of salt per kg raises the boiling point by 1.02 °C (1.836 °F); similarly, increasing the number of dissolved particles lowers water's freezing point. ", "High Altitude:  Water boils at less than 212 degrees F. (approximately 96 degrees F.).  Each 500 foot increase in altitude causes a drop of about 1 degree in the boiling point.", "Always remember that as altitude increases, ambient air pressure decreases, and as air pressure decreases, so does boiling point.", "One other thing about the boiling point: It changes as you move up or down from sea level. At sea level, a pot of water on a flame has a column of air sitting on top of it that weight 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi). At 5,000 feet it's only 12.3 psi, so water vapor has less resistance when it tries to escape. As a result, the boiling point is lower and leavening gases in breads and cakes expand more quickly. The impact on grilling or smoking is minimal, although there can be higher humidity in a smoker during a long cook and that can cool the meat slowing the process, but not a lot, and it can be offset because natural humidity can be lower at altitude. But altitude can have a profound effect on braising and other wet cooking methods. It can even impact slow cookers, microwaves, and frying. For more on the subject, read this by Colorado State University .", "If you don’t have an electric kettle with temperature control, just remember that at sea level water simmers at 190 degrees and boils at 212 degrees. The boiling temperature drops about a degree for every 100 feet in altitude increase. So, generally, somewhere just off a rolling boil should be perfect for brewing a flavored black tea.", "The third key advance in the Kestrel was the use of a pressurized cooling system. Water boils at 100 °C at standard atmospheric pressure, but this temperature decreases with altitude. As it does so its ability to carry heat away from the engine drops, to the point where at high altitudes a gigantic radiator needs to be used to cool it again. The solution was to pressurize the entire cooling system, thereby not only preventing the drop in cooling performance with altitude, but in fact increasing the boiling point even on the ground. The Kestrel was built to maintain enough pressure to keep the boiling point at about 150 °C.", "Therefore, less heat is required to make the vapour pressure equal to the atmospheric pressure. The boiling point is lower at higher altitude.", "For water, Kb is 0.52°C/m; therefore, a 1 m aqueous solution of sucrose or any other aqueous solution that is 1 m in nonvolatile solute particles will boil at a temperature of 0.52°C higher than that of pure water. The boiling-point elevation is proportional to the number of solute particles present in a given quantity of solution. When NaCl dissolves in water, 2 mol of solute particles (1 mol of Na+ and 1 mol of Cl–) are formed for each mole of NaCl that dissolves. Therefore, a 1 m solution of NaCl in water causes a boiling-point elevation approximately twice as large as a 1 m solution of a nonelectrolyte such as sucrose. Thus, to properly predict the effect of a particulate solute on the boiling point (or any other colligative property), it is important to know whether the solute is an electrolyte or a nonelectrolyte.", "On the other hand, if the parcel of air contains water vapor, the adiabatic cooling may bring it to saturation, and any further attempt to cool it will result in the condensation of water. This level is quite obvious on a sunny day as the base of cumulus clouds formed by the upward motion of moist air. The condensation of water releases considerable heat, which will make the parcel even more eager to rise. The temperature does not decrease with altitude as rapidly as it does for dry air, so a smaller lapse rate is required for stability. The temperature decrease is not linear as it is for the dry adabatic process. At 20°C and 1000 mb, the saturated pseudoadiabatic lapse rate is 4.3°C per km. At 0°C and 700 mb, it is 5.8°C/km. These figures give some idea of its usual value, which is much less than the dry adiabatic lapse rate. It is easy to see the change from stability as moist air rises to the condensation level, and then boils with instability above it, as we see from the cumulus cloud that results from the condensation.", "For pure water, the boiling point is 100 degrees Celsius (212 Fahrenheit) at one atmosphere of pressure, and the melting point is 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) at one atmosphere of pressure. At lower pressures (at high altitudes, for example, in Denver, Colorado), the boiling point will be perhaps a couple of degrees lower.", "Notice that the boiling point has been elevated and the freezing point depressed compared to those of the pure solvent, water.", "This boiling-point difference of 16.1 millikelvin between the Celsius scale's original definition and the current one (based on absolute zero and the triple point) has little practical meaning in common daily applications because water's boiling point is very sensitive to variations in barometric pressure. For example, an altitude change of only 28 cm (11 in) causes the boiling point to change by one millikelvin.", "Because the temperature of the boiling water is lower at high elevations than at sea level, it takes longer to cook at higher altitudes than at sea level.  The speed that food cooks is not related to the time it takes to boil.", "There are two conventions regarding the standard boiling point of water: The normal boiling point is at a pressure of 1 atm (i.e., 101.325 kPa). The IUPAC recommended standard boiling point of water at a standard pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar)[http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05921.html Standard Pressure] IUPAC defines the \"standard pressure\" as being 105 Pa (which amounts to 1 bar). is . For comparison, on top of Mount Everest, at 8848 m elevation, the pressure is about 34 kPa and the boiling point of water is 71 °C.", "At the peak, the partial pressure of oxygen is only about 60% of that at sea level, so a faster rate of respiration is required by those not regularly at high altitudes. Those familiar with altitude training know that prolonged exposure to the reduced pressures of high altitudes will produce more red blood cells to offset the lower oxygen availability. For the unacclimated, altitude sickness may develop in those who are sensitive or who over-exert themselves. Since 1969, the summit of Pikes Peak has been the site of the United States Army Pikes Peak Research Laboratory, a medical research laboratory for the assessment of the impact of high altitude on human physiological and medical parameters of military interest. Because of the lower pressure, water boils at 85.5 °C at 14,000 feet. ", "Boiling point definition says that a liquid molecule will go into the gas phase only if the vapor pressure above it equals the atmospheric pressure. Since the gas molecules/water molecules don't really change in composition if you take that solution up to a mountain vapor pressure will stay the same. But the atmospheric pressure is lowered thus it will take less of a boiling point:", "the decline in temperature as one ascends higher in the atmosphere (3.5 F per 1000 ft of elevation) not to be confused with adiabatic lapse rate", "The boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius or 212 degrees Fahrenheit at 1 atmosphere of pressure (sea level).  Jody Dole, Getty Images", "In Denver (1700 m above sea level), the boiling point of water is around 95 degrees Celsius", "If the air contains water vapor, then cooling of the air can cause the water to condense, and the behavior is no longer that of an ideal gas. If the air is at the saturated vapor pressure, then the rate at which temperature drops with height is called the saturated adiabatic lapse rate. More generally, the actual rate at which the temperature drops with altitude is called the environmental lapse rate. ", "For example, on the top of Mt. Everest water boils at about 68 degrees Celsius, compared to 100 degrees at sea level . Conversely, water deep in the ocean near geothermal vents can reach temperatures of hundreds of degrees and remain liquid.", "Pressure varies smoothly from the Earth's surface to the top of the mesosphere. Although the pressure changes with the weather, NASA has averaged the conditions for all parts of the earth year-round. As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. One can calculate the atmospheric pressure at a given altitude. Temperature and humidity also affect the atmospheric pressure, and it is necessary to know these to compute an accurate figure. The graph at right was developed for a temperature of 15 °C and a relative humidity of 0%.", "(1) Relatively stable, mild (e.g 20°C) but moist air starts at sea-level and has to cross the 3000m-mountain range situated parallel to it. The air is now forced to ascend and to glide up and over the windward mountain slopes. While initially decompressing and thus cooling at the dry adiabatic lapse rate of 1°C/100m, the air will eventually become saturated and the water vapour will condensate. Thus clouds will form and rain is setting in. The height where this happens is called condensation-level (at 600m a.s.l. in our example).", "Repeat the previous step up to 80 or 90°C. The pot will be quite full, so it is best to avoid boiling the water.", "The ABC report states: \"Studies show temperatures are rising faster at Mount Everest than in the rest of South Asia.\" You have now provided the IPCC table 10.2 as a reference for this information, however for South Asia this table indicates temperature rise in Sri Lanka at \"2°C increase per year in central highlands \" while the annual increase for the Himalaya is given as \"0.09°C per year in Himalayas\".", " The northern slopes receive far less rainfall. Both the rainfall and the temperature decrease with altitude up to the summit where there is permanent ice and below freezing temperatures.", "13Temperature test — Use a jelly or candy thermometer, and boil until mixture reaches the following temperatures at altitudes of:", "Pressure varies with altitude and temperature of the air as well as with other minor influences." ]

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[ "Bauxite ore is the world’s primary source of aluminum. The ore must first be chemically processed to produce alumina (aluminum oxide). Alumina is then smelted using an electrolysis process to produce pure aluminum metal. Bauxite is typically found in topsoil located in various tropical and subtropical regions. The ore is acquired through environmentally responsible strip-mining operations. Bauxite reserves are most plentiful in Africa, Oceania and South America. Reserves are projected to last for centuries.", "Aluminum is extracted from bauxite ore using chemical processes. Bauxite is strip mined from near the surface of the earth. The ore is then heated along with a sodium hydroxide solution that chemically separates the aluminum from the ore. After its separation, it is heated, becomes molten, then electrified, and finally solidified as a solid and wholly aluminum product.", "Bauxite is not a mineral . It is a rock formed from a laterite soil that has been severely leached of silica and other soluble materials in a wet tropical or subtropical climate. It is the primary ore of aluminum. Almost all of the aluminum that has ever been produced has been extracted from bauxite.", "Aluminium ore is called bauxite. The bauxite is purified to yield a white powder, aluminium oxide, from which aluminium can be extracted.", "Bauxite is the principal ore of aluminum. The first step in producing aluminum is to crush the bauxite and purify it using the Bayer Process. In the Bayer Process, the bauxite is washed in a hot solution of sodium hydroxide, which leaches aluminum from the bauxite. The aluminum is precipitated out of solution in the form of aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3. The aluminum hydroxide is then calcined to form alumina, Al2O3.", "Electrolysis separates metal from ore by using acid and electricity. Aluminum, which burns at a very high temperature, is extracted from bauxite by electrolysis. Bauxite is placed in a pool of acid, and an electrical current is run through the pool. The electron s in the current attach to oxygen and hydrogen , the other elements in bauxite, leaving the aluminum.", "In almost all commercial operations, alumina is extracted from the bauxite by the Bayer refining process. The process, discovered by Karl Josef Bayer in 1888, consists of four stages.", "Aluminium (Al) comprises about 8.2% of the Earth's crust. It is the third most abundant element in the crust and the most plentiful metallic element, but is never found on its own in nature. Bauxite is the ore most commonly mined for aluminium in which aluminium occurs as hydroxide minerals. Aluminium is a silvery-white, tough and lightweight metal (specific gravity 2.7). It is a good conductor of heat and electricity, is very resistant to atmospheric corrosion (it never rusts), is nontoxic, inflammable, nonmagnetic and non-sparking, and it is malleable and ductile. Because of these properties it has become an important metal.", "The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Compared to most other metals, it is difficult to extract from ore, such as bauxite, due to the high reactivity of aluminium and the high melting point of most of its ores. Aluminium ( / ˌ æ l j uː ˈ m ɪ n i ə m / AL -ew- MIN -ee-əm ) or aluminum (American English.", "Although aluminum is the most common metal found on Earth (totaling 8 percent of the planet’s crust), the metal is too reactive with other elements to occur naturally. Bauxite ore, refined through two processes, is the primary source of aluminum.", "Hot on their heels in 1888, Austrian chemist Karl Josef Bayer found a way to extract aluminium oxide from bauxite, a naturally occurring ore found in abundance in layers Just below the Earth’s surface. Geologists drill core samples in likely areas and, on locating bauxite, they clear the ground above with bulldozers. Australia leads global bauxite mining, producing one-third of the total ore.", "The bauxite (red-brown solid) - aluminium oxide mixed with impurities - is extracted from the earth.", "Bauxite is an aluminium-rich sediment or soil formed by in-situ weathering of aluminous precursor rocks and is dominated by aluminium hydroxides such as gibbsite, boehmite, and diaspore. Kaolinite , goethite, hematite and anatase, also frequently occur. It is the principal aluminium ore. [Source: wwwf.imperial.ac.uk/earthscienceandengineering/rocklibrary/ ]", "Did you know that aluminium as we know it is not found like this naturally? Even though this handy material is found in over 250 different mineral compounds, it has to be extracted from bauxite, an ore that is mined worldwide. The process to extract the aluminium from its ore is a seemingly complex and time consuming one, and it goes as follows:", "Aluminium, in contrast to boron, is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and the third most abundant element. It composes about 8.2% (82,000 ppm) of the Earth, surpassed only by oxygen and silicon. It is like boron, however, in that it is uncommon in nature as a free element. This is due to aluminium’s tendency to attract oxygen atoms, forming several aluminium oxides. Aluminium is now known to occur in nearly as many minerals as boron, including garnets, turquoises and beryls, but the main source is the ore bauxite. The world's leading countries in the extraction of aluminium are Ghana, Surinam, Russia and Indonesia, followed by Australia, Guinea and Brazil. ", "Aluminium, for example, is the most common metal in the Earth's crust, occurring in all sorts of minerals. However, it isn't economically worthwhile to extract it from most of these minerals. Instead, the usual ore of aluminium is bauxite - which contains from 50 - 70% of aluminium oxide.", "How Is Aluminium Extracted from Its Ore?. Aluminum, despite being an abundant element in the earth’s crust, is never found … At the extraction mill, bauxite ore is …", "Rare Earth Elements; Rocks; Rock Tumblers; Satellite … Bauxite is the principal ore of aluminum. The first step in producing … Bauxite is found in abundance at many …", "The aluminium production process starts with the mining of bauxites, an aluminium rich mineral in in the form of aluminium hydroxide. About 90% of global bauxite supply is found in tropical areas.", "Bauxite is usually strip mined because it is almost always found near the surface of the terrain, with little or no overburden. As of 2010, approximately 70% to 80% of the world's dry bauxite production is processed first into alumina and then into aluminium by electrolysis. Bauxite rocks are typically classified according to their intended commercial application: metallurgical, abrasive, cement, chemical, and refractory.", "Aluminum is the third most abundant element, behind oxygen and silicon, and the most abundant in the earth’s crust. It is the second most malleable metal behind gold and is rarely strong enough to be used alone so it is mixed with smaller quantities of manganese, magnesium, silicon, copper, and other metals to strengthen it. Currently aluminum is used in construction, in packaging, and heavily in house hold cookware. Aluminums largest market is the automotive industry. Australia is the producer of the largest amount of bauxite in the world.", "Mar 10, 2008 · What elements are in bauxite? 5 years ago; … Bauxite is the most important aluminium ore. … Who found this interesting?", "bauxite – a clay-like mineral; … aluminum, atomic number 13 – a silvery ductile metallic element found primarily in bauxite. atomic number 31, gallium, …", "It is the most abundant metallic element, and the … and hydroxides, aluminum metal is never found in … The main ore of aluminum is bauxite, the source of over 99% of …", "Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element in the boron … Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different … years, Australia has become a major producer of bauxite ore …", "Instead, aluminum is usually found in some form of aluminosilicate ore, such … is the most abundant metallic element in … for refinement, however, is bauxite, an ore …", "1861, clayey mineral containing aluminum, from French bauxite (1821), from Les Baux, near Soles, where it was first found. The place name is from Provençal Li Baus, literally \"the precipices.\"", "Bauxite is mined by surface methods (open-cut mining) in which the topsoil and overburden are removed by bulldozers and scrapers. The topsoil is then stored and later used for revegetating and restoring the area after mining is completed. The underlying bauxite is mined by front-end loaders, power shovels or hydraulic excavators. Some bauxite ores are merely crushed, dried and shipped. Other bauxite is beneficiated after crushing by washing to remove some of the clay, reactive silica and sand waste and then dried in rotary kilns. The ore is then loaded into trucks, railway cars or onto conveyor belts and transported to ships or refineries.", "More than 160 million metric tons of bauxite are mined each year. The leaders in bauxite production include Australia, China, Brazil, India and Guinea. Bauxite reserves are estimated to be 55 to 75 billion metric tons, primarily spread across Africa (32 percent), Oceania (23 percent), South America and the Caribbean (21 percent) and Asia (18 percent). The United States has small amounts of bauxite ore located in Arkansas, Alabama and Georgia. However, very little mining is done in the United States today.", "Bauxite is found in abundance at many locations around the world. In 2010 the ten leading bauxite producing countries were: Australia, China, Brazil, India, Guinea, Jamaica, Russia, Kazakhstan, Suriname, and Greece. Each of these countries has enough reserves for many years of continued production. Some have reserves for over 100 years of production.", "Asia has enormous reserves of bauxite. The largest fields are located in Kazakhstan and in south-central Siberia in the Sayan Mountains. There also are large deposits in India, Indonesia, Turkey, and Malaysia, as well as significant reserves in China.", "Rare Earth Elements; Rocks; Rock Tumblers; … What is Bauxite? Bauxite is not a mineral. … Bauxite is found in abundance at many locations around the world." ]

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[ "Rainbow Warrior was a schooner (sailing ship) operated by the Greenpeace organisation. She was named after the Greenpeace flagship of the same name that was sunk by the French secret service in Auckland harbour, New Zealand, on July 10, 1985. The three-masted vessel was built from the hull of the deep sea fishing ship Grampian Fame. Built in Yorkshire and launched in 1957 she was originally 44 metres long and powered by steam. She was extended to 55.2 m in 1966. Greenpeace gave the vessel new masts, gaff rigged, a new engine and a number of environmentally low-impact systems to handle waste, heating and hot water. She was officially launched in Hamburg on July 10, 1989, the anniversary of the sinking of her predecessor.", "Rainbow Warrior was a former UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) trawler called the Sir William Hardy. She was purchased by the environmental organization Greenpeace UK - an office established in May 1977 with Susi Newborn, Denise Bell, David McTaggart, Charlie Hutchison and Allan Thornton as directors. The ship was active in supporting a number of Greenpeace whaling, seal hunting, nuclear testing and nuclear waste dumping campaigns during the late 1970s and early 1980s. She was sunk whilst in Auckland harbour in New Zealand by operatives of the French intelligence service (DGSE) on 10 July 1985, killing photographer Fernando Pereira.", "Next month marks the 30th anniversary of a turning point in the history of Greenpeace. On July 10, 1985, the Greenpeace flagship Rainbow Warrior was bombed by French government agents and sunk in a harbor in Auckland, New Zealand. The ship was preparing to head to sea to protest against French nuclear bomb tests in the South Pacific. Greenpeace photographer Fernando Pereira was killed in the attack. Our guest Peter Willcox was the captain of the ship and on board when the boat was blown up.", "14. The Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior is bombed and sunk in Auckland harbor by French DGSE agents. The sinking was designed to sink the flagship of the Greenpeace fleet to prevent her from interfering in a nuclear test in Moruroa authorized by top French officials. Read a book set in New Zealand or France, a book with a ship on the cover (any kind) OR a book with a green cover.", "On July 10, 1985, the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior, which was due to sail to Moruroa Atoll to protest French atmospheric nuclear-weapons tests there, was sunk by two bomb explosions while berthed in Auckland Harbour, N.Z. Subsequent revelations that French intelligence agents had planted the bombs caused a major international scandal and led to the resignation of France’s minister of...", "In July 1985, during McTaggart's tenure as chairman, the Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior was sunk in a New Zealand harbor by bombs planted by French intelligence agents, causing an international uproar. A French photographer aboard the vessel, Fernando Periera, was killed. The ship was due to sail to a Pacific atoll to protest French nuclear-arms tests.", "The Greenpeace flagship Rainbow Warrior lay moored at Auckland's Marsden Wharf on Wednesday, 10 July 1985. It had arrived in New Zealand from Vanuatu three days earlier - a week after President Haruo Remeliik had been assassinated in Palau. Greenpeace campaigners were preparing the former North Sea fishing trawler for the environmental group's biggest-ever protest voyage to Mururoa, one which they hoped would alert the world over France's nuclear testing and radioactive poisoning of the oceans. On board, supporters celebrated the 29th birthday of Steve Sawyer, the American co-ordinator of the Pacific Peace Voyage.", "The Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior is destroyed in New Zealand on its way to the Murorua Atoll to protest French nuclear tests. New Zealand later enacts nuclear-free legislation.", "* Greenpeace's attempts to monitor French nuclear testing on Mururoa were halted by the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior.", "On 10 July 1985, the Rainbow Warrior, a Greenpeace vessel, was in New Zealand preparing to protest against French nuclear testing in the South Pacific when two explosions sank the ship. Photographer Fernando Pereira tried, following the first explosion, to retrieve his equipment, and was caught by the second explosion and drowned. The New Zealand government called the bombing the first terrorist attack in the country. In mid-1985, French Defence Minister Charles Hernu was forced to resign after the discovery of French involvement in the attack against the Rainbow Warrior.", "The Rainbow Warrior was a former fishing trawler Sir William Hardy, acquired by Greenpeace in 1978 and sunk in a state-sanctioned terrorist attack by the French intelligence service in Wellington, New Zealand 1985", "JOHN HUDSON: July 1985, the Rainbow Warrior sails into Auckland’s Waitemata Harbour, accompanied by a flotilla ready to join the Greenpeace ship at Moruroa Atoll to protest against French nuclear testing.", "First deployed to disrupt the hunt of the Icelandic whaling fleet, the Rainbow Warrior would quickly become a mainstay of Greenpeace campaigns. Between 1978 and 1985, crew members also engaged in non-violent direct action against the ocean-dumping of toxic and radioactive waste, the Grey Seal hunt in Orkney and nuclear testing in the Pacific. Japan's Fisheries Agency has labeled Greenpeace ships as \"anti-whaling vessels\" and \" environmental terrorists \".", "In 1978, Greenpeace launched the original Rainbow Warrior, a 40 m, former fishing trawler named for the book Warriors of the Rainbow, which inspired early activist Robert Hunter on the first voyage to Amchitka. Greenpeace purchased the Rainbow Warrior (originally launched as the Sir William Hardy in 1955) at a cost of £40,000. Volunteers restored and refitted it over a period of four months. First deployed to disrupt the hunt of the Icelandic whaling fleet, the Rainbow Warrior would quickly become a mainstay of Greenpeace campaigns. Between 1978 and 1985, crew members also engaged in direct action against the ocean-dumping of toxic and radioactive waste, the grey seal hunt in Orkney and nuclear testing in the Pacific. In May 1985, the vessel was instrumental for 'Operation Exodus', the evacuation of about 300 Rongelap Atoll islanders whose home had been contaminated with nuclear fallout from a US nuclear test two decades ago which had never been cleaned up and was still having severe health effects on the locals. ", "image 1 Campaigner Steve Sawyer, next to a hole created by the bomb explosion © Gill Hanly / Greenpeace image 2 Damage inside the Rainbow Warrior © Greenpeace / Pierre Gleizes image 3 The Rainbow Warrior is laid to rest off New Zealand in a traditional Maori ceremony at sea © Greenpeace / Brian Latham image 4 Crew members during the Rainbow Warrior ceremony © Greenpeace / John Miller", "Several fictionalised films have also been made about the ship, including The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy (1989), The Rainbow Warrior (1992), and two French films Opération Rainbow Warrior and Le Rainbow Warrior (both 2006). The Steven Seagal-directed On Deadly Ground, an action film inspired by Greenpeace's activities, had the working title Rainbow Warrior.", "In 1978, Greenpeace launched the original Rainbow Warrior , a 40-metre (130 ft), former fishing trawler named for the Cree legend that inspired early activist Robert Hunter on the first voyage to Amchitka. Greenpeace purchased the Rainbow Warrior (originally launched as the Sir William Hardy in 1955) at a cost of £40,000. Volunteers restored and refitted it over a period of four months. First deployed to disrupt the hunt of the Icelandic whaling fleet, the Rainbow Warrior would quickly become a mainstay of Greenpeace campaigns. Between 1978 and 1985, crew members also engaged in direct action against the ocean-dumping of toxic and radioactive waste, the Grey Seal hunt in Orkney and nuclear testing in the Pacific. Japan's Fisheries Agency has labeled Greenpeace ships as \" anti-whaling vessels\" and \" environmental terrorists \". [68] In May 1985, the vessel was instrumental for 'Operation Exodus', the evacuation of about 300 Rongelap Atoll islanders whose home had been contaminated with nuclear fallout from a US nuclear test two decades ago which had never been cleaned up and was still having severe health effects on the locals. [69]", "First deployed to disrupt the hunt of the Icelandic whaling fleet, the Rainbow Warrior would quickly become a mainstay of Greenpeace campaigns. Between 1978 and 1985, crew members also engaged in non-violent direct action against the ocean-dumping of toxic and radioactive waste, the Grey Seal hunt in Orkney and nuclear testing in the Pacific. Japan's Fisheries Agency has labeled Greenpeace ships as \"anti-whaling vessels\" and \"environmental terrorists\".", "In 1978, Greenpeace launched the original Rainbow Warrior , a 40-metre (130 ft), former fishing trawler named for the book Warriors of the Rainbow , which inspired early activist Robert Hunter on the first voyage to Amchitka. Greenpeace purchased the Rainbow Warrior (originally launched as the Sir William Hardy in 1955) at a cost of £40,000. Volunteers restored and refitted it over a period of four months. First deployed to disrupt the hunt of the Icelandic whaling fleet, the Rainbow Warrior would quickly become a mainstay of Greenpeace campaigns. Between 1978 and 1985, crew members also engaged in direct action against the ocean-dumping of toxic and radioactive waste, the grey seal hunt in Orkney and nuclear testing in the Pacific. In May 1985, the vessel was instrumental for 'Operation Exodus', the evacuation of about 300 Rongelap Atoll islanders whose home had been contaminated with nuclear fallout from a US nuclear test two decades ago which had never been cleaned up and was still having severe health effects on the locals. [157]", "The French Government infiltrated the New Zealand organisation and discovered these plans. Rainbow Warrior was sunk just before midnight on July 10, 1985 by two explosive devices attached to the hull by operatives of French intelligence (DGSE). Of the twelve people on board, one, photographer Fernando Pereira, was drowned when he attempted to retrieve his equipment.", "In 1989 Greenpeace commissioned a replacement vessel, also named the Rainbow Warrior (also referred as Rainbow Warrior II), which remains in service today as the flagship of the Greenpeace fleet. In 2005 the Rainbow Warrior II ran aground on and damaged the Tubbataha Reef in the Philippines while inspecting the reef for coral bleaching . Greenpeace was fined $7,000 USD for damaging the reef and agreed to pay the fine saying they felt responsible for the damage, although Greenpeace stated that the Philippines government had given it outdated charts. The park manager of Tubbatha appreciated the quick action Greenpeace took to assess the damage to the reef. [70]", "image 1 Approaching the Moruroa test site in 1995 © Greenpeace / Steve Morgan image 2 At Pohnpei, one of the Federated States of Micronesia, in 1991 © Greenpeace / Lorette Dorreboom image 3 With the Rainbow Warrior off Mejato in the Marshall Islands, in 1991 © Greenpeace / Lorette Dorreboom image 4 Sailing from Manzanillo on her third voyage to the French nuclear test site, in 1981 © Greenpeace / David McTaggart", "In 1989 Greenpeace commissioned a replacement Rainbow Warrior vessel, sometimes referred to as Rainbow Warrior II. It retired from service on 16 August 2011, to be replaced by the third generation vessel. In 2005 the Rainbow Warrior II ran aground on and damaged the Tubbataha Reef in the Philippines while inspecting the reef for coral bleaching . Greenpeace was fined US$ 7,000 for damaging the reef and agreed to pay the fine saying they felt responsible for the damage, although Greenpeace stated that the Philippines government had given it outdated charts. The park manager of Tubbataha appreciated the quick action Greenpeace took to assess the damage to the reef. [160]", "whaling fleet, the Rainbow Warrior would quickly become a mainstay of Greenpeace campaigns. Between 1978 and 1985, crew members also engaged in non-violent direct action against the ocean-dumping of toxic and radioactive waste, the Grey Seal hunt in Orkney", "The Rainbow Warrior was named after a North American Cree Indian prophecy: “When the world is sick and dying, the people will rise up like Warriors of the Rainbow.” Her wreck was towed out of Auckland Harbour and sunk at Matauri Bay in New Zealand’s Cavalli Islands. It is now a living reef, attracting marine life and recreational divers.", "Mururoa, and its sister atoll Fangataufa, were the site of extensive nuclear testing by France between 1966 and 1996, as well as the site of numerous protests by various vessels, including the Rainbow Warrior. The atoll was officially established as a nuclear test site by France on September 21, 1962, when the Direction des Centres d'Experimentation Nucleaires (DIRCEN) was established to administer the nuclear testing. This followed with the construction of various infrastructures on the atoll commencing in May 1963. The atoll of Hao, 245 nmi to the north-west of Mururoa, was chosen as a support base for the nuclear tests and other operations.", "Later in 1985 the Rainbow Warrior was to lead a flotilla of protest vessels into the waters surrounding Moruroa atoll, site of French nuclear testing. The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior occurred when the French government secretly bombed the ship in Auckland harbour on orders from François Mitterrand himself. This killed Dutch freelance photographer Fernando Pereira , who thought it was safe to enter the boat to get his photographic material after a first small explosion, but drowned as a result of a second, larger explosion. The attack was a public relations disaster for France after it was quickly exposed by the New Zealand police. The French Government in 1987 agreed to pay New Zealand compensation of NZ$13 million and formally apologised for the bombing. The French Government also paid ₣ 2.3 million compensation to the family of the photographer.", "The Rainbow Warrior led a flotilla of yachts protesting against French nuclear testing at Mururoa Atoll in the Tuamotu Archipelago of French Polynesia and was about to depart Auckland for a campaign of legal demonstrations in international waters near the French military operational areas at Moruroa Atoll.", "In 1985, the Rainbow Warrior entered into the waters surrounding Moruroa atoll, site of French nuclear testing. The French government secretly bombed the ship in a New Zealand harbour on orders from Fran�ois Mitterrand himself; killing Dutch freelance photographer Fernando Pereira, who thought it was safe to enter the boat to get his photographic material after a first small explosion, but drowned as a result of a second, larger explosion. The attack was a public relations disaster for France, after it was quickly exposed by the New Zealand police. The French Government in 1987 agreed to pay New Zealand compensation of NZ$13 million and formally apologised for the bombing. (Also see Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior.) The French Government also paid 2.3 Million French Francs compensation to the family of the killed photographer.", "Later in 1985 the Rainbow Warrior was to lead a flotilla of protest vessels into the waters surrounding Moruroa atoll, site of French nuclear testing. The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior", "In early 1985, Rainbow Warrior was in the Pacific Ocean campaigning against nuclear testing. In May, she relocated some 300 Marshall Islanders from Rongelap Atoll, which had been polluted by radioactivity from past American nuclear tests at the Pacific Proving Grounds. ", "The wreck of Rainbow Warrior was refloated on 21 August 1985 and moved to a naval harbour for forensic examination. Although the hull had been recovered, the damage was too extensive for repair and the vessel was scuttled in Matauri Bay in the Cavalli Islands, New Zealand, on 12 December 1987, to serve as a dive wreck and artificial reef to promote marine life. The hull is now covered with a large colony of vari-coloured sea anemones.[http://www.webcitation.org/query?urlhttp://www.geocities.com/shipwrecks_magazine/rainbow.htm&date" ]

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[ "For example, you can see on our craps probability chart that the most common number to come up after a dice roll is a seven. This is the reason that most craps professionals will recommend the pass line as the smartest bet you can make when formulating a solid craps strategy. On the other hand, you can easily see that, according to our craps probability chart, the most uncommon dice roll results are two (or snake eyes in many circles) and 12. Taking this into account, making a bet on two or 12 would likely not be the best bet that you could make.", "Assuming we have a standard six-sided die, the odds of rolling a particular value are 1/6. There is an equal probability of rolling each of the numbers 1-6. But, when we have two dice, the odds are not as simple. For example, there's only one way to roll a two (snake eyes), but there's a lot of ways to roll a seven (1+6, 2+5, 3+4).", "`In gambling , snake eyes is the outcome of rolling the dice in a game and getting only one pip on each die. The pair of pips resembles a pair of eyes, which is appended to the term 'snake' because of the long-standing association of this word with treachery and betrayal.`33", "Aces: Betting that the next roll will be the total sum of 2. Also called Snake Eyes.", "A special bet that covers the numbers 1, 5, 9, 12, 14, 16, 19, 23, 27, 30, 32, and 34. It has the same payout as the dozen bet and takes its name from the zigzagging, snakelike pattern traced out by these numbers. The snake bet is not available in all casinos; when it is allowed, the chip is placed on the lower corner of the 34 square that borders the 19-36 betting box. Some layouts mark the bet with a two-headed snake that winds from 1 to 34, and the bet can be placed on the head at either end of the body.", "Two is \"snake eyes,\" because the two ones that comprise it look like a pair of small, beady eyes. During actual play, more common terms are \"two craps two\" during the comeout roll because the pass line bet is lost on a comeout crap roll and/or because a bet on any craps would win. \"Aces; double the field\" would be a more common call when not on the comeout roll to remind the dealers to pay double on the field bets and encourage the field bettor to place subsequent bets and/or when no crap bets have been placed. Another name for the two is \"loose deuce\".", "The probability of dice combinations determine the odds of the payout. The following chart shows the dice combinations needed to roll each number. The two and twelve are the hardest to roll since only one combination of dice is possible. The game of craps is built around the dice roll of seven, since it is the most easily rolled dice combination.", "Each round has two phases: Come Out and Point. To start a round, the shooter makes one or more Come Out rolls. A Come Out roll of 2, 3 or 12 (called Craps, the shooter is said to 'crap out') ends the round with players losing their Pass Line bets. A Come Out roll of 7 or 11 (a Natural) results in a win for Pass Line bets. The shooter continues to make Come Out rolls until he rolls 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, or 10, which number becomes the Point. The dealer then moves an On button to the point number signifying the second phase of the round. If the shooter rolls the point number, the result is a win for bets on the Pass Line. If the shooter rolls a seven (a Seven-out), the pass line loses and the round ends.", "Next let us compute the distribution and moments of the number of rolls \\(N\\) in a game of craps. This random variable is of no special interest to the casino or the players, but provides a good mathematically exercise. By definition, if the shooter wins or loses on the first roll, \\(N = 1\\). Otherwise, the shooter continues until she either makes her point or rolls 7. In this latter case, we can use the geometric distribution on \\(\\N_+\\) which governs the trial number of the first success in a sequence of Bernoulli trials . The distribution of \\(N\\) is a mixture of distributions .", "Let's assume the point is 8. The shooter now tries to roll his point (8) before he rolls a 7 (or the other way around). If he rolls any other number, it doesn't matter, but if he rolls 8, everybody passes. If he succeeds in hitting his point, he starts over with a new come-out roll and a new bet on the (don't) pass line, thus repeating the cycle. If he rolls a 7 at any time other than during a come-out roll, though, everybody fails and the dice are turned over to the next player (the first player has sevened out).", "All players start off the board, and roll a single die (or in the case of the Milton Bradley version, flick a spinner labeled 1 through 6), moving the corresponding number of squares. If the completion of your move results in your token landing at the foot of a ladder, you instantly climb to the top of that ladder. Correspondingly, if your move lands you on the head of a snake, you are forced to slide down the snake to an earlier square. There are no consequences to landing on the top of a ladder or the tail of a snake. These snakes/ladders are one-way events (Mathematically, we described this as a Directed Graph ). The first player to square 100 wins.", "Eleven or Craps (E-C) If the shooter rolls a 2, 3, 11 or 12 it’s a win", "You’re correct, dice alone can not determine the outcome in craps. There are various ways of using cards in place of dice and still have the odds exactly the same. One way is to use two separate decks, thus there is no effect of removal. Another way is to have a 7-card deck, featuring the numbers 1 to 6, plus a seventh \"double\" card. The first card drawn can never be the double card. If it is then it is put back in and the process repeats from the beginning. If the double card is drawn second then it counts as whatever the first number drawn was. Regardless of how the casino does it I have never seen hard evidence of a case where the odds were different than if two dice were used. So I think you are omitting something from the rules.", "see HAZARD, CRAPS, LIAR'S DICE, POKER DICE, AT SIXES AND SEVENS, BRAG, PIP, CRAPSHOOT, PLAY THE GAME, BATRACHOMYOMACHIA, WAR GAMES.", "That brings us to the subject of craps. The game is American in origin, a variant of an old European game known as “hazard” that was popular in London in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In fact, the 1-1 and 1-2 combinations in hazard have been known as “crabs” since the sixteenth century.", "While acting as the shooter, a player must have a bet on the \"Pass\" line and/or the \"Don't Pass\" line. \"Pass\" and \"Don't Pass\" are sometimes called \"Win\" and \"Don't Win\" or \"Right\" and \"Wrong\" bets. The game is played in rounds and these \"Pass\" and \"Don't Pass\" bets are betting on the outcome of a round. The shooter is presented with multiple dice (typically five) by the \"stickman\", and must choose two for the round. The remaining dice are returned to the stickman's bowl and are not used.", "Let us consider the game of craps mathematically. Our basic assumption, of course, is that the dice are fair and that the outcomes of the various rolls are independent . Let \\(N\\) denote the (random) number of rolls in the game and let \\((X_i, Y_i)\\) denote the outcome of the \\(i\\)th roll for \\(i \\in \\{1, 2, \\ldots, N\\}\\). Finally, let \\(Z_i = X_i + Y_i\\), the sum of the scores on the \\(i\\)th roll, and let \\(V\\) denote the event that the shooter wins.", "The first roll of the dice in a betting round is the Come Out roll - a new game in Craps begins with the Come Out roll. A Come Out roll can be made only when the previous shooter fails to make a winning roll, that is, fails to make the Point or makes a Seven-out (rolls a seven).", "The die d10 is interesting. It has the shape of a double pyramid with a pentagon as the mutual base. It shows the numbers 0 to 9, the digits of the decimal system. So you can find random numbers with several digits by several dice of this kind. ", "'The traditional Indian game of snakes and ladders is played by rolling dice to determine how many squares a player can move his marker up the board, starting at square one and finishing at square one hundred... [there is] an austere geometry of squares broken by angled ladders and snakes with yawning jaws. Landing at the foot of the ladder meant you could climb it, sometimes moving thirty squares in a single throw. You could also make it to square ninety nine, only to encounter a snake.... Then you had to slide down the serpent'.", "Yahtzee is a dice game based on Poker. The object of the game is to roll certain combinations of numbers with five dice. At each turn you throw dice trying to get a good combination of numbers; different combinations give different scores. While luck plays a big role in Yahtzee, strategy makes a significant difference. The reason for this is that you score each combination just once, and the number of different combinations in which you can score is equal to the number of turns in the game. This means that you have to make wise choices about when to score in each combination and you have to be careful about what combinations you seek at each turn.", "Cocked Die/Dice – When either or both dice are rolled and they land partly on the craps layout and lean partially against some other obstruction on the table. The boxman is then required to call the number on the die that would land face up if the obstruction were to be removed.", "The size of the grid (most commonly 8×8, 10×10, or 12×12) varies from board to board, as does the exact arrangement of the snakes and ladders, with both factors affecting the duration of play. Each player is represented by a distinctly coloured game piece token. A single die is rolled to determine random movement of a player's token in the traditional form of play.", "The size of the grid (most commonly 8×8, 10×10, or 12×12) varies from board to board, as does the exact arrangement of the snakes and ladders, with both factors affecting the duration of play. Each player is represented by a distinctly coloured game piece token. A single die is rolled to determine random movement of a player's token in the traditional form of play.", "The game of craps is a wonderful opportunity to enjoy an energetic casino experience. The high enthusiasm for the game is mixed with the lure of “tempting fate” with the chance of betting on dice rolls. Players and onlookers rejoice together when the shooter hits the point and satisfies several bets, or lament together when the “dice” are against them.", "The result of a die roll is determined by the way it is thrown, according to the laws of classical mechanics. A die roll is made random by uncertainty in minor factors such as tiny movements in the thrower's hand; They are thus a crude form of hardware random number generator. Perhaps to mitigate against concerns that the pips on the faces of certain styles of dice cause a small bias, casinos use precision dice with flush markings.", "From a mathematical point of view, craps is interesting because it is an example of a random experiment that takes place in stages; the evolution of the game depends critically on the outcome of the first roll. In particular, the number of rolls is a random variable .", "A player wishing to play craps without being the shooter should approach the craps table and first check to see if the dealer's \"On\" button is on any of the point numbers.", "Here are the odds of rolling various combinations with two dice in a game of Craps:", "If either dice goes off the table or fails to go far enough, you'll need to roll again. The craps table is fairly large, so you actually need to toss the dice rather than simply rolling them as you would for a board game.", "In a casino, players make bets with chips on a specially made craps table with a \"layout\" – a table cloth made of felt that displays the various betting possibilities, which vary somewhat in bet presence, position, and payout among casinos. The tables have the shape of a bathtub, about 14 ft long, 5 ft wide, about 28 in above the floor at the bottom, where the layout is, and about 24 in from the layout up to the rim of the tub. ", "Once again, we can see that computing optimal dice sets by hand is not possible. But a computer can do it trivially, which is what the Dice Set Optimizer does in Smart Craps. It runs through these calculations for you, telling you instantly the optimal dice sets given your Pro Test values and bets." ]

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[ "Discovered in 1799 by a French soldier sifting through the Egyptian sand, the Rosetta Stone has been one of archaeology’s greatest discoveries to date and the primary source for modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs. The stone is a actually a fragment of a larger stone that contained a decree issued by King Ptolemy V around 200 BC with the decree inscribed in 3 languages – Egyptian hieroglyphs, Demotic script, and Ancient Greek.", "The Rosetta Stone is an ancient inscribed stone slab from Egypt that made possible the understanding of hieroglyphics. It was discovered in 1799 near the town of Rosetta (Arabic Rashid) in northern Egypt, about 30 miles / 48 kilometers from Alexandria . Discovered by the French, it was transferred to the British in 1801, and is now in the British Museum.", "In 1799, during Napoleon’s military campaign in Egypt, a French soldier named Pierre Francois Bouchard (1772-1832) discovered the Rosetta Stone. This artifact provided the key to cracking the code of Egyptian hieroglyphics, a written language that had been dead for almost 2,000 years.", "One of the most important discoveries made during Napoleon's campaign in Egypt was the Rosetta Stone. It was discovered in 1799, and eventually led to the ability to decipher ancient hieroglyphs. Although the Rosetta Stone was discovered by the French, it actually never made it to the Louvre Museum. It was seized by British Forces following the defeat of Napoleon in Egypt and the subsequent signing of the Treaty of Alexandria in 1801. It is now on display at the British Museum. ", "The ancient Egyptians used the distinctive script known today as hieroglyphs (Greek for \"sacred words\") for almost 4,000 years. Hieroglyphs were written on papyrus, carved in stone on tomb and temple walls, and used to decorate many objects of cultic and daily life use. Altogether there are over 700 different hieroglyphs, some of which represent sounds or syllables; others that serve as determinatives to clarify the meaning of a word. The hieroglyphic script originated shortly before 3100 B.C., at the very onset of pharaonic civilization. The last hieroglyphic inscription in Egypt was written in the 5th century A.D., some 3500 years later. For almost 1500 years after that, the language was unable to be read. In 1799, the Rosetta Stone was discovered in Egypt by Napoleon's troops. The Rosetta Stone is a trilingual decree (written in hieroglyphs, Greek, and Demotic) dating to the time of Ptolemy V (205-180 B.C.). Its discovery proved to be a crucial link in unlocking the mysteries of Egyptian hieroglyphs and in 1822, enabling Jean-François Champollion to re-decipher the hieroglyphic signs, thereby allowing the modern study of Egyptian language to begin.", "In July 1799, a French officer of engineers unearthed a black, basalt slab of stone with Egyptian hieroglyphic, Greek letters, and a cursive Demonic Egyptian script inscribed on it. When it was discovered that the Greek text was the actual translation of the Egyptian hieroglyphics, the slab of stone became the master key to deciphering the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and the foundation to modern Egyptology.", "Although it is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at nearby Sais, the stone was probably moved during the early Christian or medieval period and was eventually used as building material in the construction of Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta. It was rediscovered there in 1799 by a soldier, Pierre-François Bouchard, of the French expedition to Egypt. As the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, the Rosetta Stone aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this hitherto untranslated ancient language. Lithographic copies and plaster casts began circulating among European museums and scholars. Meanwhile, British troops defeated the French in Egypt in 1801, and the original stone came into British possession under the Capitulation of Alexandria. Transported to London, it has been on public display at the British Museum since 1802. It is the most-visited object in the British Museum.", "On this day in 1799, during Napoleon Bonaparte's Egyptian campaign, a French soldier discovers a black basalt slab inscribed with ancient writing near the town of Rosetta, about 35 miles north of Alexandria. The irregularly shaped stone contained fragments of passages written in three different... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/rosetta-stone-found?et_cid=77874282&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2frosetta-stone-found", "On Napoleon's 1798 campaign in Egypt, the expeditionary army was accompanied by the Commission des Sciences et des Arts, a corps of 167 technical experts (savants). On 1799, French soldiers under the command of Colonel d'Hautpoul were strengthening the defences of Fort Julien, a couple of miles north-east of the Egyptian port city of Rosetta (Modern day Rashid). Lieutenant Pierre-François Bouchard spotted a slab with inscriptions on one side that the soldiers had uncovered. He and d'Hautpoul saw at once that it might be important and informed general Jacques-François Menou, who happened to be at Rosetta. The find was announced to Napoleon's newly founded scientific association in Cairo, the Institut d'Égypte, in a report by Commission member Michel Ange Lancret noting that it contained three inscriptions, the first in hieroglyphs and the third in Greek, and rightly suggesting that the three inscriptions would be versions of the same text. Lancret's report, dated 1799, was read to a meeting of the Institute soon after . Bouchard, meanwhile, transported the stone to Cairo for examination by scholars. Napoleon himself inspected what had already begun to be called la Pierre de Rosette, the Rosetta Stone, shortly before his return to France in August 1799.", "Although it is believed to have originally been displayed within atemple, possibly at nearby Sais, the stone was probably moved during the early Christian or medieval period and was eventually used as building material in the construction of Fort Julien near the town ofRashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta. It was rediscovered there in 1799 by a soldier, Pierre-François Bouchard, of the Napoleonic expedition to Egypt. As the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, the Rosetta Stone aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this hitherto untranslated ancient language. Lithographic copies and plaster casts began circulating among European museums and scholars. Meanwhile, British troopsdefeated the French in Egypt in 1801, and the original stone came into British possession under the Capitulation of Alexandria. Transported to London, it has been on public display at the British Museum since 1802. It is the most-visited object in the British Museum.", "   The Napoleonic Egyptian Campaign started in 1798. In 1799, as French soldiers were preparing to build the foundation for Fort Julian (later known as Fort Rashid) on the West Bank of the Nile, the soldiers found the Rosetta Stone (see photo above). That village, called Rashid, was translated as �Rosetta;� hence the name.", "Visitors to the British Museum in London can inspect a piece of black basalt measuring 45 inches (114 centimeters) by 28.5 inches (72 centimeters) upon which are inscribed ancient Egyptian and Greek texts. This chunk of basalt is one of the most valuable archaeological finds ever made. It was found near Rash d (or Rosetta), Egypt, in 1799 by a Frenchman named Bouchard, after Napoleon's invasion of Egypt.", "1799 Rosetta Stone is found in the Egyptian village of Rosetta, by French Captain Pierre-François Bouchard", "The stone was discovered near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the  Nile Delta by a French soldier, but passed into British hands in 1801. It was more than 20 years before the translation of the Egyptian scripts was achieved by French scholar Jean-François Champollion in Paris in 1822.", "The Rosetta Stone is an ancient Egyptian granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek. Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts (with some minor differences between them), it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs.", "The situation changed dramatically with the French military expedition to Egypt in 1798, which brought with it a corps of scholars to examine the surviving ancient monuments. The results of their study inspired a fascination with ancient Egypt throughout Europe. In the early nineteenth century, growing numbers of Europeans traveled to Egypt, both to see the ancient monuments and to collect Egyptian antiquities. Many temple artifacts, from small objects to massive obelisks, were removed by outside governments and private collectors. This wave of Egyptomania resulted in the rediscovery of temple sites such as Abu Simbel, but artifacts and even whole temples were often treated with great carelessness. The discoveries of the period did, however, make possible the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs and the beginnings of Egyptology as a scholarly discipline. ", "Soldiers in Napoleon's army discovered the Rosetta Stone in 1799 while digging the foundations of an addition to a fort near the town of el-Rashid (Rosetta). On Napoleon's defeat, the stone became the property of the British under the terms of the Treaty of Alexandria (1801) along with other antiquities that the French had found.", "The discovery was reported in September in Courrier de l'Égypte, the official newspaper of the French expedition. The anonymous reporter expressed a hope that the stone might one day be the key to deciphering hieroglyphs. In 1800, three of the Commission's technical experts devised ways to make copies of the texts on the stone. One of these experts was Jean-Joseph Marcel, a printer and gifted linguist, who is credited as the first to recognise that the middle text was written in the Egyptian demotic script, rarely used for stone inscriptions and seldom seen by scholars at that time, rather than Syriac as had originally been thought. It was artist and inventor Nicolas-Jacques Conté who found a way to use the stone itself as a printing block. A slightly different method for reproducing the inscriptions was adopted by Antoine Galland. The prints that resulted were taken to Paris by General Charles Dugua. Scholars in Europe were now able to see the inscriptions and attempt to read them. ", "News of the Stone’s discovery spread fast. By August 1799, the inscription was in Cairo, at the Institut d’ Égypte. Copies of the text reached Paris by the fall of 1800. We should not forget, however, that there was still a war being fought in Egypt. French forces, initially successful in the conquest of Egypt, were slowly being defeated by an Anglo-Turkish army. After Admiral Nelson destroyed the French fleet at anchor in the bay of Aboukir , and after Napoleon ignominiously slipped through a British blockade on one of the few surviving French ships , a French defeat was inevitable.", "Credit for the complete translation has been given to the French scholar Jean-François Champollion (figure 6) who is now known as the \"Father of the Decipherment of Hieroglyphics\" (Singh). Champollion's fascination with hieroglyphs began when, as a ten-year-old, he saw an assortment of Egyptian antiquities covered with strange inscriptions. After being told that no one could understand the writing, he promised to solve the mystery. Working at the same time as Young, Champollion reached similar conclusions. However, as Young was unable to continue his work, Champollion made great progress. His knowledge of the Coptic language, a language used by the Christian descendants of the Egyptians, was greatly beneficial (Sewell).", "When the French conquered Egypt in 1798, they blew the nose off the Sphinx when they used it for target practice. They found the Rosetta stone, blasted the circular zodiac out of the temple in Dendera carried many Egyptian objects to their museums in France.", "European interest in Egypt began to grow in earnest after the invasion of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798, particularly since Napoleon included scholars in his expedition who recorded a great deal about the ancient and mysterious country. After the British defeated the French in 1801, many antiquities which the French had collected were confiscated by the British Army and presented to the British Museum in the name of King George III in 1803. The most famous of these was the Rosetta Stone.", "Nice piece of history and very interesting artifact. This was the key to understand the ancient hieroglyphs in the Egypt and in the Pyramids. It’s like an ancient dictionary if you like.  More ancient and secret sites coming, so stay tuned and keep on searching!", "The Rosetta stone, an ancient Egyptian granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196BC of behalf of King Ptolemy V, was discovered by a soldier of a French expedition in Rashid (Rosetta)", "Feverish with the excitement that he was about to make a fundamental discovery, Jean François sought out another cartouche, to test the hypothesis, that the phonetical signs had been used back as early as the time of Ramses for the names of Egyptian pharoahs. The next name he isolated [See Figure 10], displayed two familiar characters, those for M and S. They were preceded by the figure of a bird, which he recognized as an ibis. Remembering the reports of the Classical writers on Egyptian history, including Herodotus and Horapollon, he recalled that the ibis was the symbol of the god known as Thot (or Thoth), who, it was believed, had invented writing, and the arts and sciences. Following the same method he had used to decipher Ramses, he proposed the reading Thot-mu-sis, Thutmos.", "information is called papyrology. The first recorded purchase of papyri by European visitors to Egypt was in 1778. In that year a nameless dealer in antiquities bought from some peasants a papyrus roll of documents from the year 191 - 192 AD., and looked on while they set fire to fifty or so others simply to enjoy the aromatic smoke that was produced. Since that date an enormous quantity of inscribed papyri in all possible languages, of ages varying from a thousand to nearly five thousand years, have been recovered from the magic soil of the ancient seats of civilization in the Nile Valley. From about 1820 to 1840 the museums of Europe acquired quite a respectable number of papyri from Memphis and Letopolis in Middle Egypt, and from This, Panopolis , Thebes (modern Luxor ), Hermonthis , Elephantine , and Syene (Aswan) in Upper Egypt. Not many scholars took any notice of them at first, and only a very few read and profited by them. The next decisive event, apart from isolated finds, was the discovery of papyri in the province of El-Fayoum (Middle Egypt) in 1877. To the north of the capital, Medinet el-Fayoum , lay a number of mounds of rubbish and debris, marking the site of the ancient \"City of Crocodiles,\" afterwards called \"The City of the Arsinotes,\" and these now yielded up hundreds and", "François Champollion, Lettre à M. Dacier, in Précis du Système Hieroglyphique des Anciens Egyptiens, ou Recherches sur les éléments premiers de cette écriture sacree, sur leurs diverses combinaisons, et sur les rapports de ce système avec les autres methods graphiques égyptiennes; Second edition, revue par lauteur, et augmentée de la Lettre à M. Dacier, relative a lalphabet des hieroglyphes phonétiques employés par les Egyptiens sur leurs monumens de lepoque grecque et de lepoque romaine, 1928. (Cited as Précis and as Letter)", "Evans was particularly drawn to Crete as one such source of seals containing undeciphered early inscriptions. The ancient town site of Kafala (Knossos) on the northern coast of Crete, next to the capital city of Herakleion, was well-known to local inhabitants, who plowed up ancient objects, including pottery, coins, and seals, as they cultivated their fields. Knossos had been occupied up through the Roman period, and during the Classical and Hellenistic eras (500-200 BC) had issued its own coinage, which interestingly showed pictures of labyrinths, Minotaurs, and Ariadne, the stuff of later interpretations (fig.2).", "Undoubtedly, the hieroglyphic portion of the stone was the most challenging to decipher, but early scholars who translated the Demotic and Greek established some important precedents. French scholar Antoine-Isaac Silvestre de Sacy (who taught a young Champollion linguistics) and Swedish diplomat Johan David Åkerblad each successfully interpreted the Demotic inscription in 1802.", "How many writing systems appear on the Rosetta Stone, found near Rosetta, Egypt, in 1799 by a Napoleonic expedition?", "Elephantine  Island in upper Egypt, near Aswan, where a Judaean military colony was located in the fifth century BCE. Approximately forty Aramaic autograph texts, written by or to the inhabitants of the colony, and some legal documents were discovered there in 1906. The precise geological references contained therein show that they were written locally.", "BkVII:Chap8:Sec2 Napoleon invaded Egypt, and destroyed the Turkish-Egyptian army at the Battle of the Pyramids, in 1798." ]

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[ "The Championships, Wimbledon, The Wimbledon Championships or simply Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious.[2][3][4][5][6] It has been held at the All England Club in London since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments (Majors), the others being the Australian Open, the French Open (Roland Garros) and the US Open. Since the Australian Open shifted to hard court in 1988, Wimbledon is the only Major still played on grass, the game's original surface, which gave the game its original name of \"lawn tennis\".", "The Championships, Wimbledon, or simply, Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and is widely considered as the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in the London suburb of Wimbledon since 1877. It is the oldest of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, and the only one still played on grass courts.", "The Championships, Wimbledon, or simply Wimbledon (25 June – 8 July in 2012), is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, considered by many to be the most prestigious. [1] [2] [3] [4] It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon , London since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the other three Majors being the Australian Open , French Open and US Open . Wimbledon is the only Major still played on grass , the game's original surface, which gave the game of lawn tennis its name.", "The Championships, Wimbledon, commonly known simply as Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and is widely considered the most prestigious.It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the others being the Australian Open, the French Open and the US Open. Since the Australian Open shifted to hardcourt in 1988, Wimbledon is the only major still played on grass.", "Wimbledon is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in London, since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments (Majors), the others being the Australian Open, the French Open (Roland Garros) and the US Open. Wimbledon is the only Major still played on grass.", "Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and is widely considered the most prestigious. Wimbledon is the third Grand Slam of the year, taking place over two weeks in late June and early July. It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, Wimbledon is the only major still played on grass .", "Wimbledon is the only Grand Slam event which is still played on a natural surface i.e. on a grass court. It is also the oldest event of its own kind. Even after 132 years of its existence, Wimbledon is still played in its natural form, on a natural court.", "Wimbledon championship, simply called Wimbledon, is the oldest and the most prestigious tennis tournament in the world. The name of the tournament is derived from Wimbledon, a suburb of London, where it has been held since 1877. The All England Club is the chosen venue for the tournament. Out of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, Wimbledon is the only one played on grass courts, the others being played on grass, hard as well as clay courts. Wimbledon is held for a period of two weeks, starting from late June until early July. Wimbledon championship is preceded by Australian Open (played on hard court) and French Open (played on clay court). U.S. Open tournament are held after Wimbledon. Go through the following lines to get interesting information on the origin and history of Wimbledon.", "The Wimbledon Championships, the only major tennis event still played on grass, is held annually in late June and early July.", "The Grand Slam tournaments, also called majors, are the four most important annual tennis events. They offer the most ranking points, prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and greater number of \"best of\" sets for men. The Grand Slam itinerary consists of the Australian Open in mid January, the French Open in May and June, Wimbledon in June and July, and the US Open in August and September. Each tournament is played over a period of two weeks. The Australian and United States tournaments are played on hard courts, the French on clay, and Wimbledon on grass. Wimbledon is the oldest, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891, and the Australian in 1905. However, of these four, only Wimbledon was a major before 1924/25, the time when all four became designated Grand Slam tournaments.", "Wimbledon is the only Grand Slam event played on grass courts. At one time, all the other Grand Slam events were played on grass. The French Open abandoned grass for its current red clay in 1928, while the U.S. and Australian Opens stayed with grass for decades longer. The U.S. Open abandoned grass for a synthetic clay surface in 1975 and changed again to a hard surface with its 1978 move to its current venue. The Australian Open abandoned grass for Rebound Ace, a different type of hard surface, in 1988.", "The main show courts, Centre Court and No. 1 Court, are used only for two weeks a year, during the Championships. The remaining seventeen courts, however, are regularly used for other events hosted by the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Wimbledon is the only Grand Slam event played on grass courts. At one time, all of the other Grand Slam events were played on grass. The French Open abandoned grass for its current red clay in 1928, while the U.S. and Australian Opens stayed with grass decades longer. The U.S. Open abandoned grass for a synthetic clay surface in 1975, and changed again to a hard surface with its 1978 move to its current venue. The Australian Open abandoned grass for a different type of hard surface in 1988.", "Wimbledon is the only Grand Slam event played on grass courts. At one time, all the other Grand Slam events were played on grass. The French Open abandoned grass for its current red clay in 1928 , while the U.S. and Australian Opens stayed with grass for decades longer. The U.S. Open abandoned grass for a synthetic clay surface in 1975 and changed again to a hard surface ( DecoTurf) with its 1978 move to its current venue. The Australian Open abandoned grass for Rebound Ace, a different type of hard surface, in 1988 , and switched to yet another type of hard surface, Plexicushion, in 2008.", "ENGLAND, London , Wimbledon Tennis Championships – one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, is the oldest and most prestigious one in the world. The games are played on the grass courts at the All England Club.", "Wimbledon is held at The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, England. This tournament takes place in July and is the only grand slam event that is played on grass. Unlike clay, grass is very fast and the surface starts to die as the tournament progresses, making it even more difficult to play on and creating short points. Players also have to combat frequent rain, which often suspends matches.", "WIMBLEDON Wimbledon is another world-famous sporting venue, home to the only major tennis tournament still played on grass. The All England Tennis and Croquet Club, to use its full title, has hosted the famous tennis championships since 1877. While there have been dramatic changes of late, with the installation of a retractable roof on Centre Court, there remains a timeless quality to the tennis played on these manicured lawns. Sports: Tennis Location: Wimbledon is in south-west London, near Richmond Park and Kew Gardens Capacity: 30,000 After the Games: Wimbledon will remain the headquarters for lawn tennis. The Paralympics: The majority of venues scheduled for the London Olympics will also be used for the 2012 London Paralympic Games.", "Tennis has many tournaments in each season or year, but there are only four tournaments that mean the most to players who desire praise. The four Grand Slam tournaments are the Australian Open, the French Open, the Championships Wimbledon, and the U.S. Open. Let me tell you a little bit about the history of each of these four glorious events of tennis. First up, the first Grand Slam of the year, the Australian Open. It has been played in seven different locations since 1905, when it was first played on grass. In 1988, the surface changed to hard courts, and the location of the Grand Slam stayed permanently in Melbourne, Australia. And here is a twist: the Australian Open was not even a Grand Slam until 1924! Since this tournament is played in the summertime of the southern hemisphere, there is an extreme-heat policy, since the temperatures can reach dangerous levels that could harm players.", "The second of the Grand Slam tournaments on the annual tennis calendar and the premier clay court tennis tournament in the world, Roland Garros is the only Grand Slam still held on clay and ends the spring clay court season. It is one of the most prestigious events in tennis, and it has the widest worldwide broadcasting and audience of all regular events in this sport.", "The French Open, often referred to as Roland Garros, is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. Named after the French aviator Roland Garros, it is the premier clay-court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual Grand Slam tournaments, the other three being the Australian Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. Roland Garros is the only Grand Slam event held on clay and ends the clay-court season.", "Tennis is played by millions of recreational players and is also a popular worldwide spectator sport. The four Grand Slam tournaments (also referred to as the \"Majors\") are especially popular: the Australian Open played on hard courts, the French Open played on red clay courts, Wimbledon played on grass courts, and the US Open played also on hard courts.", "Grass, of course, was the original surface for the game, which was invented, as “lawn tennis,” in the U.K. in the late 19th century. At one point, three of the four Grand Slam tennis events were played on grass. (The U.S. Open switched to Har-Tru clay in 1975 and is now played on hard courts; the Australian Open switched to hard courts in 1988).", "Center court. Grass surfaces. Strawberries and cream. What better way to spend a fortnight in old London Town? Wimbledon at the All England Lawn Tennis & Croquet Club. Located in southwest London, this grand spectacle is one of the four tennis tournaments that make up the grand slam.Wimbledon is considered to be the most prestigious, largely because of its setting and surrounding pomp. It’s the only major tournament played on a natural turf surface.Wimbledon has figured prominently in the history of tennis and in its development into the egalitarian and highly skilled sport that so many millions enjoy. Originally created in France during the 12th century, the sport took its modern form in Britain during the 1800s. In 1874, Walter Clopton Wingfield patented his game of lawn tennis in London, and three years later, Wimbledon, the first of the major tournaments, was created.The setting at Wimbledon and its history only magnifies the match-ups on the grass courts. Connors versus Borg. Evert and Navratilova. Agassi and Sampras. Venus versus Serena. The winner on center court holds a trophy to show who has reached the mountaintop, and perhaps a number one ranking in the world tennis order.", "The French Open, (French:Internationaux de France) is an annual tennis tournament held over two weeks in May and June. Established in 1891 and played since 1928 on outdoor red clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France, the French Open is one of the four Grand Slam tournaments played each year which include the Australian Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. Organised by the Fédération Française de Tennis (FFT), the French Open is the second of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the year to be played. ", "The French Open, or as it is known in France, Tournoi de Roland-Garros, is a major tennis tournament held in Paris, France in may and June each year. The French Open is the second of the so-called Grand Slam tournaments held each year. The other Grand Slams include the Australian Open, Wimbledon, and U.S. Open. The event was first played in 1891 as a French national tournament on grass. The surface would be changed to red clay in 1912. In 1968, the French Championships (former name for the French Open) was the first major tournament to become an \"open\", allowing both pros and amateurs the opportunity to play. Spectators at the French Open have the incredible experience of seeing the world's best tennis players playing on a surface that many find to be a challenge. With Paris as the backdrop to this elite event, fans enjoy one of the greatest sports experiences on earth! French Open Tickets are among the most high demand tickets in professional tennis. Score with TicketCity – the place to go for French Open Tickets.", "The courts at the All England Tennis Club -- the host of Wimbledon and perhaps the best known professional Grand Slam tennis tournament -- feature grass. Similar in complexion to the golf putting green, the grass surface moves the ball the fastest of every Grand Slam surface because it lets the ball slide. Grass surfaces favor serve-and-volley players who rush the net following serve to take advantage of an opponent's slower foot speed following return. Constant mowing and frequent watering make grass courts expensive to maintain; as a result, they are unusual.", "The Championships, Wimbledon is an annual tennis tournament first contested in 1877 and played on outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC) in the Wimbledon suburb of London, United Kingdom. The Ladies' Singles was started in 1884.", "It is the first grand slam to be held every year as the championship takes place in the month of January. Though the tournament was originally a grass court one, yet it shifted to a hard court at the Flinders Park, currently called the Melbourne Park, in the year 1988. The tournament has five sections- the men's singles and doubles championship, championship for women in singles as well asdoubles category and also a mixed doubles competition. The tournament also boasts of sections for the junior tennis players and the retired tennis greats.", "The French Open is played in Paris, France, and is the second grand slam tournament of the year. It takes place in May on the red clay courts of Roland Garros Stadium, a surface that slows the ball down and makes the points last longer than points played on faster court surfaces such as grass or hard courts.", "Currently, the Grand Slam tournaments are the only tour events that have mixed doubles contests. Grand Slam tournaments are held in conjunction with wheelchair tennis tournaments and junior tennis competitions. These tournaments also contain their own idiosyncrasies. For example, players at Wimbledon are required to wear predominantly white. Andre Agassi chose to skip Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 citing the event's traditionalism, particularly its \"predominantly white\" dress code. Wimbledon has its own particular methods for disseminating tickets, often leading tennis fans to follow complex procedures to obtain tickets. ", "The tournament is chronologically the fourth and final event of the Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is held annually in August and September over a two-week period (the weeks before and after Labor Day weekend). The main tournament consists of five championships: men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles, and mixed doubles, with additional tournaments for senior, junior, and wheelchair players. Since 1978, the tournament has been played on acrylic hard court at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center at Flushing Meadows-Corona Park in the Queens borough of New York City.", "But for the past four decades it has hosted one of the world's most important grass court tennis tournaments.", "The Club currently has 19 tournament grass courts, eight American clay courts, two acrylic courts and five indoor courts. There are also 22 Aorangi Park grass courts, which serve as competitors' practice courts before and during The Championships. The grass courts can be used from May until September. The grass has been cut to 8 mm since 1995, and 100% perennial rye grass has been used for its strength since 2001 (prior to that, it was 70% perennial rye and 30% creeping red fescue).[19][20] The courts are renovated in September, using nine tons of grass seed annually." ]

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[ "The Otoe are a Midwestern Native American tribe. The Otoe language, Chiwere, is part of the Siouan family and closely related to that of the related Iowa and Missouri tribes.", "The Otoe were once part of the Siouan tribes of the Great Lakes region, a group commonly known as the Winnebago. At some point, a large group split off and began to migrate to the South and West. This group eventually split again, coalescing into at least three distinct tribes: the Ioway, the Missouria and the Otoe. The Otoe settled in the lower Nemaha River valley. They adopted the horse culture and semi-nomadic lifestyle of the Great Plains, making the American bison central to their diet and culture.", "The Lummi ( ; Lummi: Xwlemi; also known as Lhaq'temish, or People of the Sea ), governed by the Lummi Nation, are a Native American tribe of the Coast Salish ethnolinguistic group in western Washington state in the United States. The federally recognized tribe primarily resides on and around the Lummi Indian Reservation, at to the west of Bellingham and 20 mi south of the Canadian border, in western Whatcom County.", "•Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Delaware, Shawnee (Eastern), Miami, Modoc, Creek (Muskogee,) Osage, Ottawa (Peoria), Quapaw, Seminole, Seneca, Shawnee (Absentee), Wyandotte •Apache of Oklahoma, Caddo, Cheyenne and Arapaho, Comanche, Fort Sill Apaches, Iowa, Kansa or Kaw, Kickapoo, Kiowa and Comanche, Otoe and Missouri, Pawnee, Ponca, Potawatomi-Citizen, Sac and Fox of Mississippi, Tonkawa, (Ponca, Oakland), Wichita •Otoe", "Notable Native American nations that developed in the South after the Mississippians include what are known as \"the Five Civilized Tribes\": the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole.", "During westward expansion, many Native American tribes were pushed out of their traditional territories and into “Indian Territory,” which comprised most of modern-day Oklahoma. The “five civilized tribes”—the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek—comprised most of the population that was moved into the area. The Cherokee were moved into Indian Territory in the late 1830s, following the hard march from their traditional lands in the Southeast which became known as the Trail of Tears. Other tribes in the area included the Wichita, Caddo, Quapaw, Seneca, Shawnee, and Osage.", "Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in the area of present-day Alabama at the time of European contact were the Cherokee, an Iroquoian language people; and the Muskogean-speaking Alabama (Alibamu), Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Koasati. While part of the same large language family, the Muskogee tribes developed distinct cultures and languages.", " Cushman wrote: \"the ancient Choctaw through their tradition (said) 'they saw the mighty beasts of the forests, whose tread shook the earth.\" Scholars believe that Paleo-Indians were specialized, highly mobile foragers who hunted late Pleistocene fauna such as bison, mastodons, caribou, and mammoths. Direct evidence in the Southeast is meager, but archaeological discoveries in related areas support this hypothesis.", "Within the Choctaws were two distinct moieties: Imoklashas (elders) and Inhulalatas (youth). Each moiety had several clans or Iskas; it is estimated there were about 12 Iskas altogether. The people had a matrilineal kinship system, with children born into the clan or iska of the mother and taking their social status from it. In this system, their maternal uncles had important roles. Identity was established first by moiety and iska; so a Choctaw identified first as Imoklasha or Inhulata, and second as Choctaw. Children belonged to the Iska of their mother. The following were some major districts:", "MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians (www.mowachoctaw.homestead.com)*The MOWA Choctaw reside on a 300-acre reservation in southwestern Alabama with a total enrolled population of 3,600. The tribe generationally attended federal and closely related Indian mission boarding schools such as Bacone in Muskogee, Oklahoma and Haskell in Lawrence, Kansas. The last fluent speaker of the tribe died in 1984, though tribal language classes have been on-going in the community since the 1960s. Nearly 30 federally recognized tribes (including the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma), as well as members of the United Houman Nation and Lumbee Nation are intermarried and have children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren within the community. The tribe has letters of support for federal recognition from numerous federal tribes, anthropologists, federal tribal leaders, Indian luminaries such as Vine Deloria, Jr., the National Congress of American Indians, NAACP, and other organizations. Copies of these letters and resolutions of support can be found on the tribes website. The Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs voted 11-2 in support of federal recognition for the MOWA Choctaw. To date the tribe has had 12 Congressional Bills, 3 appeals through the office of federal acknowledgement, and a federal lawsuit directed at its efforts for federal recognition.", "Gumbo is a dish that originated in southern Louisiana from the Louisiana Creole people during the 18th century. It typically consists primarily of a strongly flavored stock, okra, meat or shellfish, a thickener, and seasoning vegetables, which can include celery, bell peppers and onions. Gumbo is often categorized by the type of thickener used: the African vegetable okra, the Choctaw spice filé powder (dried and ground sassafras leaves), or roux, the French base made of flour and fat. The dish likely derived its name from either the Bantu word for okra (ki ngombo) or the Choctaw word for filé (kombo).", ", Native North Americans whose language belongs to the Siouan branch of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic stock (see Native American languages); also called the Ioway. They, with the Missouri, the Omaha, the Oto, and the Ponca, are thought to have once formed part of the", "Mississippi was first inhabited by three major Indian tribes--the Chickasaws in the north, the Choctaws in the central and south, and Natchez Indians in the southwest along the Mississippi River. Other smaller Indian tribes include the Biloxi, the Pascagoulas, the Tunicas, Chocchumas, and the Yazoos.", "The Louisiana Indians are the inheritors of ancient traditions. They consist of Alabama, Koasati (Coushatta), Choctaw (four groups: Jena, Bayou LaCombe, Clifton, and an urban group in East Baton Rouge Parish), Chitimacha, Houma, and Tunica-Biloxi. A mixed Choctaw and Apache group in northwest Louisiana rounds out a complicated cultural picture.", "By a treaty in 1818, the Quapaw gave up their claims to a vast area running west between the Arkansas and Red rivers and accepted title to an area bounded by the Arkansas, Ouachita , and Saline rivers that extended from Arkansas Post to the edge of what would soon become the territorial capital at Little Rock. White settlers wanted to grow cotton on that land, however, and the United States forced the Quapaw to accept a new treaty in 1825 that sent them to join the Caddo people along the Red River in Louisiana. Few Choctaw ever lived in Arkansas, but they were granted a large portion of its southwest in 1820, only to be moved further west in 1825. Many Quapaw returned to Arkansas, though, remaining until an additional treaty in 1833 removed them to the Indian Territory, which later would become the state of Oklahoma.", "1837The Chickasaws and Choctaws made a treaty near Fort Towson by which the Chickasaws purchased a joint interest in the granted Choctaw Reservation. The treat witch the Kiowa, Apache, and Tawakony was signed. The Cherokee Outlet was surveyed by the Rev. Isaac McCoy.", "One of Newton Countys most notable residents of the past was a man by the name of Jack Amos. Jack Amos was a Choctaw Indian and was born about March of 1830, based on information given in his deposition before the Dawes Commission in 1901. In this deposition Jack stated that several individuals told him that he was crawling when the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was signed on September 27, 1830. In both of his Dawes applications of 1896 and 1901, Jack testified that he was a full-blood Choctaw Indian and that both of his parents were also full-blood Choctaws. Jack listed his father as Apa-tom-by and his mother as Nah-ha-tema. From his own testimony and through the writings of H. S. Halbert, Jack Amos is known to be the grandson of Nahotima, a sister of Chief Pushmataha.", "Modern American Indian nations inhabiting the Mississippi basin include Cheyenne, Sioux, Ojibwe, Potawatomi, Ho-Chunk, Fox, Kickapoo, Tamaroa, Moingwena, Quapaw and Chickasaw.", "Indigenous languages: Adabe, Baikeno, Fataluku, Galole, Habu, Idate, Kairui-Midiki, Kemak, Lakalei, Makasae, Maku'a, Mambae, Nauete, Tetun Terik, Tukudede, Waima'a", "The third federally recognized tribe is the Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma who live near Miami, Oklahoma. They are descendants of Seneca and Cayuga who had migrated from New York into Ohio before the Revolutionary War, under pressure from European encroachment. They were removed to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River in the 1830s.", "Caddo is the name given to about 25 affiliated groups of people who lived near the Red River in East Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. They lived in complex settled societies and were known for their cultivation of corn (maize) and their beautiful ceramics. As Europeans moved into their areas, the Caddos became leading traders, trafficking in furs, guns, and horses with Europeans and other Indians. By the early 1840s, the Caddos had moved to the Brazos River area to try to escape the relentless pressure of American expansion. They were forced onto a reservation in 1855. In 1859 they were forced to move again, this time to a reservation in Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Today, many Caddos continue to reside in Caddo County near Binger, Oklahoma.", "Muskogean-speaking North American Indian tribe that originally occupied a huge expanse of the flatlands of what are now Georgia and Alabama. There were two divisions of Creeks: the Muskogee (or Upper Creeks), settlers of the northern Creek territory; and the Hitchiti and Alabama, who had the same...", "The Lakȟóta people (pronounced; also known as Teton, Thítȟuŋwaŋ (\"prairie dwellers\"), and Teton Sioux are part of a confederation of seven related Sioux tribes, the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ or seven council fires, and as such one of the indigenous peoples of the Great Plains of North America. They speak the Lakota language, the westernmost of the three Siouan language groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota. ", "Schoolcraft said they numbered 55 in 1825. In 1828 (Bul. Soc. Mex. Geog., 1870) there were 20 families of the tribe on the east bank of Neches river, Tex. Porter, in 1829 (Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, 111, 596), gave the number as 65 living with the Caddo, Paskagula, and other small tribes on Red river, near the Texas frontier, and in 1846 Butler and Lewis found a Biloxi camp on Little river, a tributary of the Brazos in Texas, about two days' journey from the latter stream. After this little was heard of them until 1886. ", "The Comanche () are a Native American tribe from the Great Plains whose historic territory, known as Comancheria, consisted of present day eastern New Mexico, southeastern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, western Oklahoma, and most of northwest Texas. The Comanche people are federally recognized as the Comanche Nation, headquartered in Lawton, Oklahoma.", "Centuries before extensive European contact, some of the Caddo territory was invaded by migrating Siouan-language peoples: Osage, Ponca, Omaha and Kaw, who had moved west beginning about 1200 CE due to years of warfare with the Iroquois in the Ohio River area of present-day Kentucky. The Iroquois took control of hunting grounds in the area. The Osage particularly dominated the Caddo and pushed them out of some former territory, becoming dominant in the region of present-day Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas and Oklahoma. These tribes had become well settled in their new traditional grounds west of the Mississippi prior to mid-18th-century European contact. ", "Historically the language was spoken by various constituent groups of the Muscogee or Maskoki in what are now Alabama and Georgia. It is related to, but not mutually intelligible with, the other primary language of the Muscogee confederacy, Hitchiti/Miccosukee spoken by the kindred Miccosukee (Mikasuki), as well as other Muskogean languages.", "Today the tribe is headquartered in Anadarko, Oklahoma. Their tribal jurisdictional area covers parts of Caddo, Comanche, Cotton, Grady, Jefferson, Kiowa, and Stephens Counties in Oklahoma. Their current tribal chairperson is Bobby Komardley.", "By 1000 CE in the northwestern part of the state, the Fourche Maline culture had evolved into the Caddoan Mississippian culture. The Caddoan Mississippians covered a large territory, including what is now eastern Oklahoma, western Arkansas, northeast Texas, and northwest Louisiana. Archeological evidence has demonstrated that the cultural continuity is unbroken from prehistory to the present. The Caddo and related Caddo language speakers in prehistoric times and at first European contact were the direct ancestors of the modern Caddo Nation of Oklahoma of today.", "By 1000 CE in the northwestern part of the state, the Fourche Maline culture had evolved into the Caddoan Mississippian culture. The Caddoan Mississippians covered a large territory, including what is now eastern Oklahoma, western Arkansas, northeast Texas , and northwest Louisiana. Archeological evidence has demonstrated that the cultural continuity is unbroken from prehistory to the present. The Caddo and related Caddo language speakers in prehistoric times and at first European contact were the direct ancestors of the modern Caddo Nation of Oklahoma of today.", "The Comanche Nation is headquartered in Lawton, Oklahoma. Their tribal jurisdictional area is located in Caddo, Comanche, Cotton, Grady, Jefferson, Kiowa, Stephens, and Tillman Counties. Membership of the tribe requires a 1/8 blood quantum (equivalent to one great-grandparent).", "The Muscogee language (Mvskoke in Muscogee), also known as Creek, Seminole, Maskókî  or Muskogee, is a Muskogean language spoken by Muscogee (Creek) and Seminole people, primarily in the U.S. states of Oklahoma and Florida." ]

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[ "Rwanda, in east-central Africa, is surrounded by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, and Burundi. It is slightly smaller than Maryland. Steep mountains and deep valleys cover most of the country. Lake Kivu in the northwest, at an altitude of 4,829 ft", "Rwanda, in east-central Africa, is surrounded by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, and Burundi. It is slightly smaller than Maryland. Steep mountains and deep valleys cover most of the country. Lake Kivu in the northwest, at an altitude of 4,829 ft (1,472 m), is the highest lake in Africa. Extending north of it are the Virunga Mountains, which include the volcano Karisimbi (14,187 ft; 4,324 m), Rwanda's highest point.", "Rwanda ( or (); ), officially the Republic of Rwanda (; ), is a sovereign state in central and east Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is highly elevated; its geography dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year.", "Rwanda, a landlocked country in east-central Africa, has an area of 26,338 sq km (10,170 sq mi), extending 248 km (154 mi) ne–sw and 166 km (103 mi) se–nw. Comparatively, the area occupied by Rwanda is slightly smaller than the state of Maryland . It is bordered on the n by Uganda , on the e by Tanzania , on the s by Burundi , and on the w and nw by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC—the former Zaire), with a total boundary length of 893 km (555 mi).", "Rwanda is located in central and eastern Africa. Located a few degrees south of Equator, it shares its borders with Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, Burundi to the south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west.", "The Republic of Rwanda is a land-locked country located in central Africa. It is bordered on the east by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with which it shares the shores of Lake Kivu; on the north by Uganda ; on the west by Tanzania ; and on the south by Burundi . Rwanda is a small country with an area of 26,338 square kilometers (10,169 square miles). Comparatively, Rwanda is about the size of the state of Maryland . The capital city of Kigali is in the center of the country.", "Rwanda is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Francophonie, East African Community, and the Commonwealth of Nations. For many years during the Habyarimana regime, the country maintained close ties with France, as well as Belgium, the former colonial power. Under the RPF government, however, Rwanda has sought closer ties with neighbouring countries in the East African Community and with the English-speaking world. Diplomatic relations with France were suspended in 2006 following the indictment of Rwandan officials by a French judge, and despite their restoration in 2010, relations between the countries remain strained. Relations with the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) were tense following Rwanda's involvement in the First and Second Congo Wars; the Congolese army alleged Rwandan attacks on their troops, while Rwanda blamed the Congolese government for failing to suppress Hutu rebels in North and South Kivu provinces. Relations soured further in 2012, as Kinshasa accused Rwanda of supporting the M23 rebellion, an insurgency in the eastern Congo. , peace has been restored and relations are improving. Rwanda's relationship with Uganda was also tense for much of the 2000s following a 1999 clash between the two countries' armies as they backed opposing rebel groups in the Second Congo War, but improved significantly in the early 2010s; , the two countries enjoy a good relationship.", "Unfortunately, Rwanda is not the only nation that has been ignored when genocides occurred. Iraq, Bosnia, Kosovo, Cambodia and Sudan have all had some “ethnic cleansing” which occurred after the ratification of the UN convention and yet, nothing was done to stop it. However, before putting blame on a single state or league of states, it is important to investigate their claims for no or poor intervening.", "Burundi and Rwanda dispute two sq km (0.8 sq mi) of Sabanerwa, a farmed area in the Rukurazi Valley where the Akanyaru/Kanyaru River shifted its course southward after heavy rains in 1965; fighting among ethnic groups - loosely associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces in Great Lakes region transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC), Rwanda, and Uganda - abated substantially from a decade ago due largely to UN peacekeeping, international mediation, and efforts by local governments to create civil societies; nonetheless, 57,000 Rwandan refugees still reside in 21 African states, including Zambia, Gabon, and 20,000 who fled to Burundi in 2005 and 2006 to escape drought and recriminations from traditional courts investigating the 1994 massacres; the 2005 DROC and Rwanda border verification mechanism to stem rebel actions on both sides of the border remains in place", "1990. Central African nations and Belgium send troops to Rwanda to help the Habyarimana regime defend itself against an attack from a rebel group of Tutsi exiles from Uganda.", "Rwanda was a German colony from 1900 until the end of World War I. Belgium administered the country from 1917 until its independence on July 1, 1962. Under Belgian rule, the minority Tutsis dominated the government. The education system was also controlled by the Tutsis and favored enrollment of Tutsi children. In 1920 the Ruanda-Urundi (now Rwanda and Burundi ) territory had 123 schools and only 6,000 students (Duarte 1995). From World War I to World War II , Belgium, under a League of Nations mandate, developed a plan to offer primary school to as many children as possible. Most schools were administered by religious institutions and received government funding if they followed the curriculum and other guidelines established by the Belgians. Secondary service was limited to training for civil service and the priesthood. After World War II, Belgium pledged in a United Nations' agreement to improve the education system under a trusteeship system. Education remained limited by inadequate government inspections, few resources, and limited accessibility. By 1957 fewer than three percent of children finished six years of primary school (Duarte 1995). Under Belgian rule, no institute of higher education existed in Rwanda and by 1960 only 100 natives had received postsecondary education abroad. Religious schools provided adult education, literacy, and religious instruction to approximately 650,000 adult students (Duarte 1995).", "Rwanda was first colonized by Germany in the late 19th century and then by the Belgians. The country later held close ties to France, which were severed after the 1994 Rwandan genocide.", "RWANDA In 1962 the northern half of Ruanda-Urundi became Rwanda & the southern half became this nation BURUNDI. Dian Fossey was murdered in this country in 1985", "8.RWANDA is trying to recover from 1994 genocide but poverty and poor wealth distribution still persist.They rely heavily on agriculture and they are yet to have local proffesionals, they depend on Chinese, Kenyans and Ugandans brains.", "The UN and Belgium had forces in Rwanda but the UN mission was not given a mandate to stop the killing. A year after US troops were killed in Somalia, the US was determined not to get involved in another African conflict. The Belgians and most UN peacekeepers pulled out after 10 Belgian soldiers were killed. The French, who were allies of the Hutu government, sent a force to set up a supposedly safe zone but were accused of not doing enough to stop the slaughter in that area. Rwanda's current president has accused France of taking part in the massacres - a charge denied by Paris.", "Regional and International Cooperation: Rwanda continued to play a leadership role in peacekeeping efforts in Africa. In November, the RNP deployed 140 officers to Mali in support of the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), which is currently commanded by RDF Major General Jean-Bosco Kazura. Rwanda is a member of the Partnership for Regional East Africa Counterterrorism.", "Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a sovereign state in central and east Africa. The vector stencils library Rwanda contains contours for ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software. This library is contained in the Continent Maps solution from Maps area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.", "Rwanda has received considerable international attention due to its 1994 genocide , in which an estimated 800,000 people were killed. [4] Since then the country has made a recovery and is now considered as a model for developing countries. In 2009 A CNN report labeled Rwanda as Africa's biggest success story, having achieved stability, economic growth (average income has tripled in the past ten years) and international integration. [5] The government is widely seen as one of the more efficient and honest ones in Africa. Fortune magazine published an article recently titled \"Why CEOs Love Rwanda.\" [6] The capital, Kigali , is the first city in Africa to be bestowed with the Habitat Scroll of Honor Award in the recognition of its \"cleanliness, security and urban conservation model.\" [7] In 2008, Rwanda became the first country to elect a national legislature in which a majority of members were women. [8] Rwanda is, as of November 2009, a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , making the country one of only two in the Commonwealth without a British colonial past . [9]", "Rwanda is one of the smallest countries in Central Africa, with just 7 million people, and is comprised of two main ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi. Although the Hutus account for 90 percent of the population, in the past, the Tutsi minority was considered the aristocracy of Rwanda and dominated Hutu peasants for decades, especially while Rwanda was under Belgian colonial rule.", "Rwanda is long passed its war torn days and now is one of the safest countries to visit in Africa. Known as the land of a thousand hills with a great natural beauty and is a superb ecotourism destination. Most visitors to Rwanda come here to see the Silverback Mountain Gorillas made famous by the film “Gorillas in the Mist”.", "Lesotho is a democratic, sovereign and independent country which has an unusual distinction of being completely surrounded by another country, the republic of South Africa. The Kingdom of Lesotho is one of the three remaining monarchies in Africa.", "The genocide in Rwanda has directly led to two decades of unrest in DR Congo, which have cost the lives of an estimated five million people. Rwanda's government, now run by the RPF, has twice invaded DR Congo, accusing its much larger neighbour of letting the Hutu militias operate on its territory. Rwanda has also armed local Congolese Tutsi forces. In response, some locals have formed self-defence groups and the civilians of eastern DR Congo have paid the price.", "Learn about Rwanda, the land of a thousand hills. We have flag printables, maps and worksheets to print too.", "-Rwanda, ‘Le Pays aux Milles Collines’ (the Land of Thousand Hills) got its name because of its endless rolling grassy hills, mountain ranges and volcanoes.", "May 17, 1994 As the slaughter of the Tutsis continues the U.N. agrees to send 6,800 troops and policemen to Rwanda with powers to defend civilians. A Security Council resolution says \"acts of genocide may have been committed.\" Deployment of the mainly African U.N. forces is delayed because of arguments over who will pay the bill and provide the equipment. The United States argues with the U.N. over the cost of providing heavy armoured vehicles for the peacekeeping forces.", "the refugee camps in Zaire, killing thousands. Different U.N. agencies clash over reports that RPF troops have carried out a series of reprisal killings in Rwanda. Several hundred civilians are said to have been executed. Meanwhile the killing of Tutsis continues in refugee camps.", "Thanks to this Tutsis and anti-racist Hutus in Rwanda have continued to die in large numbers from cross-border raids. According to one report only 8,000 Tutsis remained in the Kibuye region of western Rwanda by 1996, from 252,000 before 1994, and these were still being picked off:", "The present borders were drawn in 2006 with the aim of decentralising power and removing associations with the old system and the genocide. The previous structure of twelve provinces associated with the largest cities was replaced with five provinces based primarily on geography. These are Northern Province, Southern Province, Eastern Province, Western Province, and the Municipality of Kigali in the centre.", "The new Tutsi-dominated RPF government of Rwanda (in power from July 1994) protested this violation of Rwandan territorial integrity and began to give arms to the ethnically Tutsi Banyamulenge of eastern Zaire. The Mobutu government of Zaire vigorously denounced this intervention but possessed neither the military capability to halt it nor the political capital to attract international assistance.", "Discover some of Rwanda’s key attractions, cities and places of interest. Kigali is the capital city and is currently undergoing a lot of redevelopment. Rwanda boasts some amazing wildlife reserves including the Volcanoes National Park. Here you can see mountain gorillas among many other animals.", "Kigali , the capital, is Rwanda's largest city. It has a population of about 300,000 people.", "An even more direct challenge to democratic state building in Africa is the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) led by Rwandan President Paul Kagame. Since the regime exercises draconian control over all forms of association and expression, elections can be regularly held with landslide victories regularly reported. The 1994 genocide has been used to justify resisting anything deemed a threat to peace and stability." ]

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[ "Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr., (born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14 , 1913 ) was the 38th (1974–1977) President of the United States . Ford also served as the 40th (1973–1974) Vice President . He was the first person appointed to the Vice-Presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment , and upon succession to the presidency became the first (and to date, only) president in U.S. history to fill that office without having been elected either President or Vice-President. He is also the longest-lived United States president ever, having surpassed Ronald Reagan 's record on November 12, 2006.", "Gerald Rudolph Ford, the 38th President of the United States, was born Leslie Lynch King, Jr., the son of Leslie Lynch King and Dorothy Ayer Gardner King, on July 14, 1913, in Omaha, Nebraska. His parents separated two weeks after his birth and divorced later that year. He and his mother eventually settled in Grand Rapids, Michigan where her parents lived. On February 1, 1916, Dorothy King married Gerald R. Ford, a Grand Rapids paint salesman. The Fords began calling her son Gerald R. Ford, Jr., although his name was not legally changed until December 3, 1935. He had known since he was thirteen years old that Gerald Ford, Sr., was not his biological father, but it was not until 1930 when Leslie King made an unexpected stop in Grand Rapids that he had a chance meeting with this biological father. The future president grew up in a close-knit family which included three younger half-brothers, Thomas, Richard, and James.", "Gerald Rudolph Ford, the 38th President of the United States, was born Leslie Lynch King, Jr., the son of Leslie Lynch King and Dorothy Ayer Gardner King, on July 14, 1913, in Omaha, Nebraska. His parents separated two weeks after his birth and his mother took him to Grand Rapids, Michigan to live with her parents. On February 1, 1916, approximately two years after her divorce was final, Dorothy King married Gerald R. Ford, a Grand Rapids paint salesman. The Fords began calling her son Gerald R. Ford, Jr., although his name was not legally changed until December 3, 1935. He had known since he was thirteen years old that Gerald Ford, Sr. was not his biological father, but it was not until 1930 when Leslie King made an unexpected stop in Grand Rapids that he had a chance meeting with this biological father. The future president grew up in a close-knit family which included three younger half-brothers, Thomas, Richard, and James.", "Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the fortieth Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. He was the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, and became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974. Ford was the fifth U.S. President never to have been elected to that position, and the only one never to have won any national election. Currently, he is also the longest-lived president in U.S. history, living to age 93.", "On December 26, 2006 at 6:45 p.m., President Ford died in his house in Rancho Mirage, California. He was aged 93 years and 165 days old, making him the longest-lived United States President. No cause of death was communicated. A state funeral and memorial services were held at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. on January 2, 2007. President Ford was buried at his presidential museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan.", "At the time of his death he was the longest-living President of the United States, at age 93 years and 120 days. This record was broken by former President Gerald Ford on Monday, November 12, 2006. Their age difference, in days alone, was only 45 days. Reagan's lifetime lasted 34,088 days, and Ford's lasted 34,133 days.", "Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 � June 5, 2004) was the 40th (1981�1989) President of the United States and the 33rd (1967�1975) Governor of California. Reagan was also an actor in films before entering politics. He lived longer than any other President (93 years, 119 days) and was the oldest elected President (69 years, 349 days when taking office).", "Hoover died following massive internal bleeding at the age of 90 in his New York City suite at 11:35 a.m. on October 20, 1964, 31 years, seven months, and sixteen days after leaving office. At the time of his death, he had the longest retirement of any President. Former President Jimmy Carter surpassed the length of Hoover's retirement on September 7, 2012. At the time of Hoover's death he was the second longest-lived president after John Adams; both were since surpassed by Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Jimmy Carter. He had outlived by 20 years his wife, Lou Henry Hoover, who had died in 1944, and he was the last living member of the Coolidge administration. He also outlived both his successor Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Eleanor Roosevelt who died in 1945 and 1962, respectively. From Coolidge's death on January 5, 1933, until Roosevelt was sworn into office on March 4 of that year, Hoover had the distinction of being President with no living ex-Presidents. Upon leaving office, Hoover was the only living ex-President for nearly 19 years, until Harry Truman left office in 1953.", "As of 14 July 2003 he was one of only four U.S. Presidents to live into his nineties. The other three were John Adams (1735-1826), Herbert Hoover (1874-1964), and Ronald Reagan (1911-2004).", "Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale are the longest-living post-presidential team in American history. On May 23 , 2006 , they had been out of office for 25 years and 123 days, surpassing the record established by President John Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson . Adams and Jefferson died on the same day— July 4 , 1826 .", "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) remained the President of U.S.A from 1945 to 1953. He was the 33rd President of U.S.A. and also one of the oldest Presidents of country because he was 61 years old when he entered in the White House as a President. He is considered as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents because he reconstructed the econmy of U.S.A after the destruction of World War 2.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( / ˈ r oʊ z ə v ɛ l t / ROH-zə-velt or / ˈ r oʊ z ə v ə l t / ROH-zə-vəlt ; January 30, 1882 — April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials, FDR, 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945), served for 12 years and four terms until his death in 1945, the only president ever to do so, and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war. A dominant leader of the Democratic Party and the only American president elected to more than two terms, he built a New Deal Coalition that realigned American politics after 1932, as his domestic policies defined American liberalism for the middle third of the 20th century.", "William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) served as the 27th President of the United States (1909–1913) and as the 10th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1921–1930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for re-election by Woodrow Wilson in 1912 after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third-party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft chief justice, a position in which he served until a few weeks before his death.", "Franklin D. Roosevelt served the most years as President of the United States. He served 12.1 years.", "F.D. Roosevelt - Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945), He was the 32nd President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. In August 1921, while the Roosevelts were vacationing at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Roosevelt contracted an illness, at the time believed to be polio, (Debatable See: www.ehdp.com/out/jmb_2003_v11_p232-240.pdf), which resulted in Roosevelt's total and permanent paralysis from the waist down. FDR sought out innumerable cures including electric currents, ultraviolet light, massage, mineral baths - whatever might improve his atrophied legs. He also consulted a number of other physicians and therapists in a vain effort to revitalize his muscles.", "Ronald Wilson Reagan ( 6 February 1911 – 5 June 2004 ) was an American politician and actor, who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Prior to his presidency, he served as the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, following a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. He was the husband of Jane Wyman (1940–1948) and Nancy Davis (married in 1952).", "Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the thirty-sixth President of the United States, serving from 1963-1969. A Democrat, Johnson succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, and after completing Kennedy's term was elected President in his own right in a landslide victory in the 1964 Presidential election. Johnson was a major leader of the Democratic Party and as President was responsible for designing the \"Great Society\" legislation that included civil rights laws, Medicare (government funded health care for the elderly), Medicaid (government funded health care for the poor), aid to education, and the \"War on Poverty.\" Simultaneously, he escalated the American involvement in the Vietnam War from 16,000 American soldiers in 1963 to 550,000 in early 1968.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945), often referred to as FDR, was the 32nd ( 1933 - 1945) President of the United States. He was elected to an unprecedented four terms of office - the only U.S. president elected more than twice, and part of the reason the United States Constitution was amended to limit presidents to 2 full terms (8 years). His main contributions were the instituting of major economic and social assistance programs in response to the Great Depression, leading the country through a successful involvement in World War II, and the formation of the United Nations. ", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945 and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.", "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). As the 34th vice president , he succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt , who died less than three months after he began his fourth term.", "*1884 – Harry S. Truman, American colonel and politician, 33rd President of the United States (d. 1972)", "William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States (1909-1913) and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921-1930). He is the only person to have served in both offices.", "But the prize for the person born on July 4 holding highest public office goes to Calvin Coolidge , born in Plymouth, Vermont on July 4, 1872. Perhaps not surprisingly, he is the only president born on July 4; however, John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , and James Monroe all died on the Fourth of July, as did modern-day lover of bucolic Americana, Charles Kuralt .", "an American politician. She was the longest-serving First Lady of the United States, holding the post from March 1933 to April 1945 during her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt's four terms in office. President Harry S. Truman later called her the \"First Lady of the World\" in tribute to her human rights achievements", "� John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) 35th U.S. President, address to the Ministerial Association of Greater Houston, 1960", "On this day in 1940, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who first took office in 1933 as America's 32nd president, is nominated for an unprecedented third term. Roosevelt, a Democrat, would eventually be elected to a record four terms in office, the only U.S. president to serve more than two terms.", "Bess Truman (née Elizabeth Virginia Wallace) (February 13, 1885October 18, 1982), was the wife of Harry S. Truman and First Lady of the United States from 1945 to 1953.", "She was the first former First Lady to die in the 21st century. She was also the third longest living First Lady, after Bess Truman, who lived to be 97 and Nancy Reagan, who surpassed her by 43 days.", "Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (; February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was an American politician and diplomat, noted for his intellectual demeanor, eloquent public speaking, and promotion of progressive causes in the Democratic Party. He served as the 31st Governor of Illinois, and received the Democratic Party's nomination for president in 1952 even though he had not campaigned in the primaries. John Frederick Martin says party leaders selected him because he was \"more moderate on civil rights than Estes Kefauver, yet nonetheless acceptable to labor and urban machines—so a coalition of southern, urban, and labor leaders fell in behind his candidacy in Chicago.\" ", "James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881 until his death on September 19, 1881, a mere 200 days in office.", "In the 1944 election, held during World War II, Roosevelt won a fourth term, defeating New York governor Thomas E. Dewey. While quelling rumors of his poor health through his campaigning, Roosevelt's health was deteriorating, and he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage, dying in office on April 12, 1945. While elected to twice as many terms as any other president, his death in 1945 came early in his fourth term, while delay in ratification of the Twentieth Amendment meant that Roosevelt's first inauguration took place on March 4, 1933. This limited his time in office to 12 years and 39 days, much less than the 16 years to which he was actually elected.", "She had known her future husband since they were children attending the same school in Independence, Missouri. As First Lady, she did not enjoy the social and political scene in Washington, and at the end of her husband's term in 1953, she was relieved to return to Independence. She currently holds the record of longest-lived First Lady, at 97 years and 8 months." ]

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[ "Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na (from Latin: natrium) in the periodic table and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is 23Na.  Salt has been an important commodity in human activities, as shown by the English word salary, which derives from salarium, the wafers of salt sometimes given to Roman soldiers along with their other wages. In medieval Europe, a compound of sodium with the Latin name of sodanum was used as a headache remedy. The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic suda, meaning headache, as the headache-alleviating properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times.[27] The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols,[28] and is a contraction of the element's new Latin name natrium, which refers to the Egyptian natron,[27] a natural mineral salt primarily made of hydrated sodium carbonate. Natron historically had several important industrial and household uses, later eclipsed by other sodium compounds. Although sodium, sometimes called soda, had long been recognised in compounds, the metal itself was not isolated until 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide.[29][30]", "Sodium is a metallic element with a symbol Na (from Latin natrium or Arabic natrun) and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals within \"group 1\" (formerly known as group IA). It has only one stable isotope, 23Na.", "Sodium is a chemical element which has the symbol Na (Latin: natrium), atomic number 11, atomic mass 22.9898 g/mol, oxidation number +1. Sodium is a soft, silvery white, highly reactive element and is a member of the alkali metals within \"group 1\" (formerly known as 'group IA'). It has only one stable isotope, 23Na. Sodium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807 by passing an electric current through molten sodium hydroxide. Sodium quickly oxidizes in air so it must be stored in an inert environment such as kerosene. Sodium is present in great quantities in the earth's oceans as sodium chloride. It is also a component of many minerals, and it is an essential element for animal life. As such, it is classified as a \"dietary inorganic macro-mineral.\"", "On the periodic table of elements, sodium is identified with the symbol Na. This is a reference to a Latin word natrium, used to refer to a specific type of salt. Its atomic number is 11, placing it among other lightweight chemical elements, and it was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphrey Davy, an extremely active chemist who managed to identify and isolate a wide range of chemical elements. Davy achieved this isolation by passing an electric current through a compound of sodium to separate the elements.", "Known as a highly reactive, silvery-white and soft metal, sodium goes by the atomic number 11 and the symbol Na. This metallic element belongs to a group of alkali metals, which also includes rubidium (Rb), potassium (K) and lithium (Li). This is a very important element because it plays a very huge role in the life of plant species and animals. Aside from these things, it is nice to know other relevant details about this highly essential element such as who discovered sodium.", "Sodium had been known for a long time in the form of soda (sodium carbonate). The term 'soda', which was used by Humphry Davy as the basis to call the element he had isolated in 1807 from soda, sodium, comes from the Latin term sodanum which means 'remedy for headache', which was one of the things the Romans used soda for. The white powder itself, which was also successfully employed to make soap, was called natrum by the Romans, which is why the element's symbol is Na. In most languages, except for English and Italic languages, the element is also called natrium. The term 'natrum', used by the Romans, has Arabic roots and was originally from the Egyptian word for soda, which is spelled like this: 'nTrj'. Nitre (or saltpeter) which gave origin to the name 'nitrogen', has the same root here.", "The symbol Na is from the Modern Latin noun natrium, derived from Greek νίτρον (nítron), \"natural soda, a kind of salt \" + Latin -ium. [54] The original source is either the Arabic word نطرون natrun or the Egyptian word", "The naming of various substances now known as elements precedes the atomic theory of matter, as names were given locally by various cultures to various minerals, metals, compounds, alloys, mixtures, and other materials, although at the time it was not known which chemicals were elements and which compounds. As they were identified as elements, the existing names for anciently-known elements (e.g., gold, mercury, iron) were kept in most countries. National differences emerged over the names of elements either for convenience, linguistic niceties, or nationalism. For a few illustrative examples: German speakers use \"Wasserstoff\" (water substance) for \"hydrogen\", \"Sauerstoff\" (acid substance) for \"oxygen\" and \"Stickstoff\" (smothering substance) for \"nitrogen\", while English and some romance languages use \"sodium\" for \"natrium\" and \"potassium\" for \"kalium\", and the French, Italians, Greeks, Portuguese and Poles prefer \"azote/azot/azoto\" (from roots meaning \"no life\") for \"nitrogen\".", "In 1813 Berzelius published in a British journal, Thomas Thomson's Annals of Philosophy, his system of atomic symbols as one- or two-letter abbreviations of Latin names for the elements. In this first paper he followed the British discoverer Davy nomenclature and abbreviated Potassium and Sodium as Po and So. But within a year Berzelius decided in favor of Kalium and Natrium (he seems to be the first to use this shortened form of Natronium).", "n : a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group; occurs abundantly in natural compounds (especially in salt water); burns with a yellow flame and reacts violently in water; occurs in sea water and in the mineral halite (rock salt) [syn: na, atomic number 11]", "Many of the elements in the periodic table are of Latin or Greek origin, but four are named after heavenly bodies: uranium, neptunium, tellurium (named for \"tellus,\" the Latin word for Earth) and plutonium. Some elements that appear to be named after planets actually are named for Greek or Latin deities. One example is mercury, which is named after Mercury, the Roman messenger of the gods.", "Our recent journey into the name nitrogen turned up a lot of other chemical etymologies that got us looking at some other elements, and we must say that they range from the pedestrian to the bizarre. Take, for instance, the series of man-made elements with atomic weights from 113 to 118. Their names are ununtrium, ununquadium, ununpentium, ununhexium, ununseptium, ununoctium and are hybrids concocted from the Latin unus (�one�), various Greek numbers and the standard Latinate suffix -ium. These mind-numbingly unimaginative names therefore mean �one-one-three-ium,� �one-one-four-ium,� �one-one-five-ium,� etc.", "Silver is the metallic element with the atomic number 47. Its symbol is Ag, from the Latin ', derived from the Greek ὰργὀς (literally \"shiny\" or \"white\"), and ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European language root reconstructed as *h₂erǵ-, \"grey\" or \"shining\". A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form (\"native silver\"), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.", "Mercury is a very dense, heavy, silver-white metal that is a liquid at room temperature.  Mercury is also known as \"quicksilver.\"  It is named for the Roman god, Mercury (Hermes in Greek mythology), who was the swift-moving messenger of the gods; the chemical symbol \"Hg\" is derived from the Latin name for the metal, hydragyrum, \"liquid silver.\"  It is found in the Earth's crust at a concentration of 50 ppb, making it the 68th most abundant element.  It is found in the ores cinnabar [mercury(II) sulfide, HgS], livingstonite [mercury antimony sulfide, HgSb4S8], and corderoite [Hg3S2Cl2]", "You are probably aware that the planets in our solar system take their names from the Roman names of the classical gods. What you might not know is that each planet was further associated with a metal: gold (Au) with the Sun, iron (Fe) with Mars, mercury (Hg) with – you guessed it – Mercury, and so on. This trend was picked up by researchers in the 19th and early 20th century, so that a number of elements get their names ‘second-hand’, as it were, from Classical mythology . Cerium (Ce) was named in 1804 after the recently discovered asteroid Ceres , in turn named after the classical goddess of agriculture. Pallas , the next asteroid to be discovered, which was named after the goddess Pallas Athena, gave its name to palladium (Pd).", "Hg is the modern chemical symbol for mercury. It comes from hydrargyrum, a Latinized form of the Greek word Ύδραργυρος (hydrargyros), which is a compound word meaning \"water-silver\" (hydr- = water, argyros = silver) — since it is liquid like water and shiny like silver. The element was named after the Roman god Mercury, known for speed and mobility. It is associated with the planet Mercury; the astrological symbol for the planet is also one of the alchemical symbols for the metal. Mercury is the only metal for which the alchemical planetary name became the common name.[22]", "Neptunium was synthesised by Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson in 1940. It is a rather stable (it has a half-life of two million years) radioactive element, and it was named after its position after uranium in the periodic table, because the planet neptune also comes 'after' uranus. Neptune is the Roman god of the sea.", "We're so familiar with uranium and plutonium that it's easy to miss that they are named after the seventh and ninth planets of the solar system. (At least, Pluto was the ninth planet until it was stripped of its status in 2006.) Between those planets sits Neptune, and the gap between the two elements leaves a space for their relatively unsung cousin, neptunium - element number 93 in the periodic table.", "Using Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, copernicium should be known as eka-mercury. In 1979, IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called ununbium (with the corresponding symbol of Uub), a systematic element name as a placeholder, until the element was discovered (and the discovery then confirmed) and a permanent name was decided on. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who either called it \"element 112\", with the symbol of (112) or even simply 112.", "metallic element, 1807, coined by English chemist Sir Humphrey Davy (1778-1829) from Modern Latin potassa, Latinized form of potash (q.v.). Davy first isolated it from potash. Symbol K is from Latin kalium \"potash,\" from Arabic al-qaliy \"the ashes, burnt ashes\" (see alkali ).", "what about Kalium; the Latin name for potassium. Definitely passes as a ’real’ name; and nn could be kali.", "Lutetium, symbol Lu and atomic number 71, is the heaviest of the rare-earth metals. Its name is derived from lutetia an ancient name for Paris. Lutetium was first identified in 1907 as an impurity in ytterbia. Several scientist claimed the discovery but eventually the honour went to Georges Urbain of France as his results were published first. The spelling of his proposed name of lutecium was changed to lutetium in 1949. An alternative name cassiopeium (or cassiopium ) which had been proposed by the Austrian mineralogist Baron von Welsbach was widely used in Germany until the 1950s.", "\"Neptunium\" : \"Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93. A radioactive actinide metal, neptunium is the first transuranic element. Its position in the periodic table just after uranium, named after the planet Uranus, led to it being named after Neptune, the next planet beyond Uranus.\",", "Ununtrium Uut systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 113. It is sometimes called Eka-thallium. [25]", "Stannum is the latin name for tin from which its symbol Sn is derived. Tin has been known since prehistoric times and is the element with atomic number 50.", "Element 109 has historically been known as eka-iridium and was called unnilennium (symbol Une) as a temporary name until the official name was approved. The name meitnerium (Mt) was suggested in honor of the Austrian physicist Lise Meitner, a co-discoverer of protactinium (with Otto Hahn), and one of the discoverers of nuclear fission, and was adopted as the official name for this element in 1997.", "This element was once named, unnilhexium; Symbol: Unh; which is the Latin equivalent for the number \"106\".", "This week's element is mendelevium, which has the atomic symbol, Md and the atomic number 101. This element was named in 1955 in honour of Russian chemist, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, who produced one of the first periodic tables of the elements. Originally, this element's official symbol was \"Mv\" but two years later, it was changed to \"Md\" by The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ), which is the official international body for chemistry.", "hahnium (105) – Otto Hahn (Dubnium, named for Dubna in Russia, is the IUPAC-accepted name for element 105)", "Ununtrium is an element that is never found in nature but has been created in a laboratory. It is therefore classified as a synthetic element with no stable isotopes.", "Name Origin: Named for Nicolaus Copernicus, who proposed the heliocentric solar system. The discoverers of copernicum wanted the element's name to honor a famous scientist who did not get much recognition during his own liferime. Also, Hofmann and his team wished to honor the importance of nuclear chemistry to other scientific fields, such as astrophysics.", "Einsteinium is a synthetic element with symbol Es and atomic number 99 and is named after Albert Einstein. It was first detected in the debris from a nuclear explosion at Eniwetok (now Enewetak) in the Pacific after tons of radioactive coral from atolls in the blast area were sifted and examined. It is a silvery-white radioactive metal with isotopes having half-lives ranging from 20 to 472 days." ]

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[ "On 15 July 1997, outside the re-constructed Versace Mansion, also known as Casa Casuarina, in Miami, Florida, Gianni Versace was shot dead by Andrew Cunanan. A multi-continent search ensued for the suspected spree killer, but Cunanan avoided capture by committing suicide a few days after the death of Gianni Versace. In the aftermath of the highly publicized murder and manhunt, most of the Versace family (including Donatella) moved temporarily to a secluded private resort in the Caribbean, cancelling the Versace Spring-Summer 1999 Collection as well as their indirect operations of the company.", "Andrew Phillip Cunanan (August 31, 1969 – July 23, 1997) was an American serial killer who murdered at least five people, including fashion designer Gianni Versace, during a three-month period in 1997. On June 12, 1997, Cunanan became the 449th fugitive to be listed by the FBI on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. The killing spree ended with Cunanan's suicide. He was 27 years old.", "* July 15 – Spree killer Andrew Cunanan shoots fashion designer Gianni Versace to death outside Versace's Miami residence.", "His friend Jeffrey Trail was his first murder in a three-month killing spree beginning April 27, 1997, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Trail's body, with his head bashed in, was found wrapped in a rug in Madson's loft on April 29th. The second victim, architect Jeff Madson, was killed May 2, 1997. His body, with a single shot to the head, was found four days later about 60 miles north of Minneapolis. Cunanan then drove to Chicago to kill Lee Miglin, 72, a real-estate developer, with a saw blade and pruning shears on May 4. The fourth victim, William Reese, 45, a cemetery caretaker, was killed for his car on May 9, 1997. Reese was killed by a single shot to the head with a .40-caliber Taurus. He hid in Miami Beach, Florida, for months before the fifth murder. July 15, 1997, Andrew Cunanan a 27-year-old multi-murderer shot and killed Gianni Versace on his front steps in Miami Beach, Florida, U.S as he was returning home after a morning walk.", "After a four- hour siege by a SWAT team , Andrew Cunanan, one of FBI's most wanted men in America, was found dead in the upstairs bedroom of a Miami Florida house boat eight days after the culimination of a killing spree that took that claimed the lives of five men, including Italian designer Gianni Versace. Identified by thumbprints the cause of his death was a self inflicted gun shot. The boat's caretaker told police he saw a stranger aboard and heard a shot fired. The house boat was located 2 1/2 miles north of Versace's mansion. A mile from the hotel where Cunanan stayed for two months before the slaying.", "Five days later he went out for his morning walk along South Beach. When he returned to Casa Casuarina, a 27-year-old named Andrew Cunanan walked up and shot Gianni on his front steps. A nationwide manhunt ensued and eight days later, Cunanan was found dead on a houseboat in Miami; investigators concluded he committed suicide with the same gun used to shoot Versace.", "Gianni Versace, the lauded Italian fashion designer, was shot and killed outside of his home by Andrew Cunanan for no apparent reason. Eight days later, Cunanan committed suicide on a boat.", "MIAMI (CBSMiami) – Eighteen years ago, famed Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace was gunned down outside his South Beach mansion in a murder that stunned South Florida–and the rest of the world.", "The nonscene is a reflection of how far the Italian fashion house has fallen since its founder's death. When Gianni Versace was murdered on the front steps of his Miami mansion in 1997, the company immediately announced that his strong-minded sister, Donatella, would take over as creative director and his brother, Santo, would be CEO. The decision made sense at the time. The luxury fashion business was soaring, thanks to the new wealth of the Internet boom, and Gianni Versace was a favorite of the bling set, with his flashy designs, celebrity friends, and lavish lifestyle. The company was poised to become a luxury megabrand like Gucci, Giorgio Armani, and Louis Vuitton.", "Antonio D’Amico, Versace’s longtime companion, who raced to the door of the Miami mansion within seconds of hearing the gunshots, about 8:45 a.m. on July 15, said he could identify Cunanan as the killer who walked left down Ocean Drive. Other witnesses say the killer then cut left into an alley, then right down another alley, where he was captured on a hotel’s security camera. That alley was directly across 13th Street from a four-dollar-a-day municipal parking lot, where witnesses reported seeing the killer enter and apparently change clothes beside a 1995 red Chevy pickup truck, which proved to be the one that had been stolen from William Reese. It carried stolen South Carolina license plates. A garage attendant told me she had found the ticket for the truck, which showed that it had been parked on the third level since June 10. Drivers pay as they leave, and only after about six weeks does the garage begin to question whether the driver is ever coming back.", "* April 27 – Andrew Cunanan murders Jeffrey Trail, beginning a murder spree that lasts until July and ends with the murder of fashion designer Gianni Versace.", "The designer was gunned down outside his Miami Beach home by Andrew Cunanan in 1997. Cunanan was later found dead.", "The fashion guru and tycoon Gianni Versace , founder of one of haute couture's most flamboyant and renowned empires, was shot dead outside his villa in Miami Beach yesterday morning in what police believe was a carefully planned murder.", "What designer's sister, Donatella, took the reigns of his empire after he was murdered by Andrew Cunanan in Miami Beach? Gianni Versace", "Andrew Cunanan: Versace's Killer - (2003 TV episode) - About the spree killer who killed several men before setting his sights on fashion’s favourite son.", "Versace was shot dead on July 15, 1997, aged 50, on the steps of his Miami Beach mansion as he returned from a morning walk. ", "But Versace was shot dead in 1997 outside his Miami mansion and never got to live in property or complete the sale", "Andrew Cunanan--Killed 5 people, including that of his alleged homosexual \"lover\" Gianni Versace. Cunanan shot himself 5 days after killing Versace", "It was founded by Gianni Versace in 1978, Versace today is the leading international luxury clothing brand and one of the most influential fashion houses in the world. Born December 2, 1946, in Italy, Gianni Versace launched his first clothing line in Milan, Italy, in 1978. In 1989, Versace debuted his first couture collection. He continued to add his fashion empire, expanding into home furnishings and perfumes. Versace earlier client included figures as Madonna, Prices Diana, Elton John, royalty such as Princess Diana and Tina Turner. Versace was famous for glamorous styles, such as  producing a range of siren dresses that became his trademark. One of his most famous creations in the black dress held together at the sides by gold safety pins worn by Elizabeth Hurley in 1994, which made Hurley a star.Versace died in 1997, when his company was worth $800 million. After Gianni’s sudden death in 1997 by a spree killer, his sister Donatella Versace took over all the attention and responsibility as a new creative director of the brand. Versace products include Textiles, Apparel", "The man behind some of fashion's most iconic moments and head of an empire which at its height made over $1bn a year in sales. In 1997 he was murdered outside the house in Miami which he shared with his longterm partner. His killer later killed himself.", "Eight days after murdering Versace, on July 23, 1997, Cunanan shot himself in the mouth in the upstairs bedroom aboard a Miami houseboat. He used the same gun he used to commit the other murders, a Taurus semi-automatic pistol in .40 S&W caliber which had been stolen from the first victim, Jeff Trail.", "Gianni Versace was shot on his doorstep in Miami on July 15, 1997 while returning from buying a newspaper.", "Vulgar Favors: Andrew Cunanan, Gianni Versace, and the Largest Failed Manhunt in U.S. History – EW.com", "Fashion designer Versace shot dead: from the archive, 16 July 1997 | From the Guardian | The Guardian", "Throughout the late '80s and early '90s, the company opened stores in the world's capitals. Versace presented his haute couture collection at rowdy, celebrity-filled shows at the Hôtel Ritz in Paris. With the help of Donatella, who oversaw the brand's image, Versace became the house of glam: its shows and ads starred fashion's supermodels Naomi Campbell, Claudia Schiffer, and Linda Evangelista, and its highest-profile client was Princess Diana. \"Even if it took me 20 years,\" Gianni said, \"I've got to where I wanted to go.\"?In 1993, however, he was diagnosed with a rare cancer in the left inner ear. Before Gianni's illness, Donatella handled fashion details, such as the models' look, the music, and the famous front row of celebrities for shows. But during Gianni's two years of treatments, Donatella oversaw the design team. When Gianni returned to work, Donatella balked; she loved the power she wielded in the studio and admitted \"it was hard to give up.\" Their fights, in their local Calabrian dialect, were epic, according to witnesses. At one point, the pair didn't speak to each other for several months. In the spring of 1997, friends say Gianni exploded. \"Enough!\" he shouted at Donatella. \"I have decided that we will do things differently. I don't want to do this anymore.\"", "News that the 50-year-old designer had been shot to death in front of his Miami Beach villa caused the cancellation in Rome of a glamorous fashion gala that was to have marked the end of a week of shows.", "But now, 13 years later, the colourful life and death of Gianni Versace has taken a remarkable new twist amid sensational allegations that the designer to the stars was the victim of a mafia contract killing.", "In 2010 a book by Giuseppe Di Bella, a former member of the Calabrian Mafia known as the N'drangheta, alleged that Versace was killed over debts he had with the crime syndicate. The designer had denied rumours of his involvement with organised crime before his death.", "Mr. Versace, born in the town of Reggio Calabria in Italy, began his career as a designer in 1972 and started his house in 1978, creating collections that fused sex appeal and bright colors, incongruously, with prints of historical derivation: classical sculpture and entomology figured prominently in his designs, as did his signature logo, the snake-entwined head of Medusa. Although his work was often criticized as being vulgar by conservative audiences, it had an undeniable following among individuals who wished to make their entrances known (see Elizabeth Hurley in her infamous safety-pin dress). He was regarded as the first designer to recognize and embrace the importance of contemporary culture on fashion, filling the audiences of his shows with celebrities like Elton John and Madonna, and crafting his advertising campaigns around erotic imagery, rather than merely clothing. Mr. Versace was also keenly aware of the power of mixing such references in his work, which offered such an extreme blend of high-brow and low-culture that the Versace name at one time could be associated both with outfits designed for a production for the La Scala opera house in Milan and for the cast of the 1995 film \"Showgirls,\" in which the actress Elizabeth Berkley memorably mispronounces the name.", "Andrew Gn opened his fashion house in Paris in 1996 after one year as first assistant to Emanuel Ungaro. His experience at Ungaro, along with his fashion design studies St Martin’s School of Art and a Master’s from Milan’s Domus Academy, endowed him with incomparable training. Known for his East-meets-West design aesthetics, love of plush fabrics, exuberant use of colors, and exquisite couture detailing, Andrew’s Ready-to-Wear collections are nothing short of spectacular. His clientele list includes stars such as Emma Stone, Jessica Chastain and Julianna Margulies.", "Gotti was one of the most powerful and dangerous crime bosses in America. During his era he became widely known for his outspoken personality and flamboyant style, which gained him favor with much of the general public. His peers avoided attracting attention, especially from the media, but Gotti became known as \"The Dapper Don\" for his expensive clothes and personality in front of news cameras. He was later given the nickname \"The Teflon Don\" after three high-profile trials in the 1980s resulted in his acquittal, though it was later revealed that the trials had been tainted by jury tampering, juror misconduct, and witness intimidation. Law enforcement authorities continued gathering evidence against Gotti that helped lead to his downfall.", "In 2005, 22-year-old beautician Clare Bernal was gunned down by her stalker and ex-boyfriend Michal Pech on the shopfloor of Harvey Nichols in front of colleagues and shoppers before Pech fatally turned the gun on himself. The case attracted extensive coverage in the media, and Clare's mother Patricia has since led a campaign to address flaws in the system, which allowed her daughter's murder to happen. " ]

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[ "A bull market is associated with increasing investor confidence, and increased investing in anticipation of future price increases (capital gains). A bullish trend in the stock market often begins before the general economy shows clear signs of recovery.", "A bull market is associated with increasing investor confidence, and increased investing in anticipation of future price increases. A bullish trend in the stock market often begins before the general economy shows clear signs of recovery.", "The bull market is associated with increasing investor confidence, and increased investing in anticipation of future price increases. A bullish trend in the stock market often begins before the general economy shows clear signs of recovery.", "Bull Market: a market in which the general trend is up as distinct to a bear market in which the general trend is down.", "Simply stated, a bull market occurs when investors show enthusiasm for buying stocks or other assets, while a bear market indicates investors are shying away from buying and looking to sell. The definitive explanation for how these terms came into existence may be lost to the dust heaps of history, though some popular theories linger about how they emerged.", "* In the stock market, a bear market is a period of declining prices. Pessimistic forecasting or negative activity is said to be bearish (due to the stereotypical posture of bears looking downwards), and one who expresses bearish sentiment is a bear. Its opposite is a bull market, and bullish sentiment from bulls.", "Whichever explanation you choose, what’s most important to recall is this: a bull market signifies an upward trend in asset prices amid investor optimism, while a bear market signifies an downward trend of asset prices amid pessimism. And what do modern analysts believe actually constitutes a bull or bear market? That definition may of course vary, depending on whom you ask.", "Investors can be described as having bullish or bearish sentiments. Market trends are witnessed when bulls (buyers) outnumber bears (sellers), or vice versa, consistently over time. In general, a bull or bear market refers to the market and sentiment as a whole but it can also be used to refer to specific securities, sectors, or similar (“bullish on IBM”, “bullish on technology stocks” or “bearish on gold”, for example).", "Conversely, the optimism and increased trading that occurs during a bull market serves to boost investor confidence. The increased liquidity results in higher volumes of trading, further raising the prices of stocks.", "According to followers of the Dow Theory, a compilation of ideas set forth by Wall Street Journal founder Charles Dow, and later by S.A. Nelson, William Hamilton and Robert Rhea, a bull market can be generally identified by a 20% upward movement in a broad market index, such as the Dow Jones Industrial average or the S&P 500. Conversely, a bear market would be defined as a 20% downward movement in such indices.6)Retrieved 10 September 2015 http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124501817200213499", "Psychology - Stock market performance and participants psychology are mutually dependent. In a bull market, almost everyone is interested in the market, willingly participating in hopes of obtaining a profit. During a bear market, on the other hand, market sentiment is negative as participants are beginning to move their money out of equities and waiting in fixed-income assets until there is a positive move. Decline in stock market prices shakes investor confidence, which causes investors to keep their money out of the market,which has spiralling effect,causing the stock markets to decline further.", "A bear market is a general decline in the stock market over a period of time. It is a transition from high investor optimism to widespread investor fear and pessimism.", "As well as describing the market trends and conditions, “bull” and “bear” are also names given to investors with specific beliefs and trading styles.", "Investors are typically acting in a group fashion and without a predetermined direction. This form of behavior is denoted by the term �herd behavior�. The expression �bull market�, on the other hand, refers to the way in which animals attack their rivals. A bull that thrusts his horn up metaphorically describes the upward movement of prices. In general, it is believed that the markets go through regular market cycles. The opposite of the bull market, the bear market, refers to a considerable drop in market prices over a longer time period. Bear markets are also accompanied with high expectations on the part of the investors. They appear when the state of the economy starts to decline.", "The bear market is the opposite – traders believe that values are going to continue falling, or fall in the future, and therefore the confidence of the investors is decreasing. Thus, investors are trying to get out of the stock market and go into other securities. However, nowadays, with the ability to short stocks, one can make a lot of profit from a bear market.", "In conclusion, in a bear market or bull market, we pretty much do exactly the opposite of what everyone else is out there doing. As Rule #1 Investors we love taking advantage of bull and bear markets.", "Both bull and bear markets may be fueled by sound economic considerations and/or by speculation and/or investors psychological biases. The stock market is controlled by people and, as a result, emotions. Expectations play a large part in financial markets and in the changes from bull to bear environments. More precisely, attention should be paid to positive surprises and negative surprises. The tendency is for positive surprises to characterize a bull market (when the news continually tends to exceed investor’s expectations) and conversely negative surprises tend to characterize the bear market (with expectations disappointed).", "Bear Market – In the stock market a period of declining prices in which investors continue selling shares, expecting the prices to fall further.", "”bull” refers to an investor who believes that a market or individual stock will rise in value. A bull expects prices to rise and, on this assumption, buys a stocks in the hope of reselling them later for a profit.", "Technical analysis attempts to determine whether a market or security is in a bull or bear phase and to generate trading strategies to exploit this phase. Many technical analysts believe that financial markets are cyclical and move in and out of bull and bear market phases regularly. In the present scenario, the money power is used to show that a stock is technically sound…", "While many investors fall into one of the two categories, and tend to follow their pattern of investing, regardless of actual market conditions, bull and bear markets go in cycles.", "Some people believe that recognizing bull and bear markets is a key way to make money on stock trading and investing. The basic principle for profiting from trading is to buy low and sell high. One way to do this is to buy stocks in a bear market when the prices are low and sell stocks in a bull market when the prices are high. However, recognizing the best times to buy and sell is not that easy.", "Characterized by fear on the part of newer investors, the uncertainty of the 2000s (decade) brought on a significant bear market. There was indecision on whether the cyclical bull market represented a prolonged temporary bounce or a new long-term trend. Ultimately, there was widespread resignation and disappointment as the lows were revisited, and in some cases, surpassed near the end of the decade.", "The precise origin of the phrases “bull market” and “bear market” is obscure. The most common etymology points to London bearskin “jobbers” (brokers), who would sell bearskins before the bears had actually been caught in contradiction of the proverb ne vendez pas la peau de l’ours avant de l’avoir tué (“don’t sell the bearskin before you’ve killed the bear”)—an admonition against over-optimism. By the time of the South Sea Bubble of 1721, the bear was also associated with short selling; jobbers would sell bearskins they did not own in anticipation of falling prices, which would enable them to buy them later for an additional profit.", "A prolonged period in which investment prices fall , accompanied by widespread pessimism . If the period of falling stock prices is short and immediately follows a period of rising stock prices, it is instead called a correction . Bear markets usually occur when the economy is in a recession and unemployment is high , or when inflation is rising quickly. The most famous bear market in U.S. history was the Great Depression of the 1930s. The term \"bear\" has been used in a financial context since at least the early 18th century.", "Opportunities to assume the position of a bull investor exist even when an overall market or sector is in a bearish trend. Bull investors look for growth opportunities within the down market and may look to capitalize should market conditions reverse.", "The term bull market refers to a financial market with upward movement of prices. Alternatively, the definition covers markets at which the prices are expected to grow. The term is most widely used with regard to the stock market. However, it can cover any tradable item such as bonds and commodities, among others. A major characteristic of the bull markets is optimism. Investors believe that the markets will continue to perform in a similar fashion. However, it is difficult to predict whether the prices at the bull market will grow consistently. Speculative trading and some psychological effects such as cognitive or emotional bias can exert a negative impact on the growing market. In general, expectations will play an important role with regard to the financial markets. The perception of some economic developments as positive or negative may cause fluctuations.", "The stock market, as with any other business, is quite unforgiving of amateurs. Inexperienced investors rarely get the assistance and support they need. In the period running up to the 1987 crash, less than 1 percent of the analyst's recommendations had been to sell (and even during the 2000–2002 bear market, the average did not rise above 5%). In the run up to 2000, the media amplified the general euphoria, with reports of rapidly rising share prices and the notion that large sums of money could be quickly earned in the so-called new economy stock market. (And later amplified the gloom which descended during the 2000–2002 bear market, so that by summer of 2002, predictions of a DOW average below 5000 were quite common)", "In describing financial market behavior, the largest group of market participants is often referred to, metaphorically, as a herd. This is especially relevant to participants in bull markets since bulls are herding animals. A bull market is also described as a bull run. Dow Theory attempts to describe the character of these market movements.", "19.In the stock exchange, which animal is used as a nickname to describe someone who sells shares thinking that the price will fall?.........BEAR", "Confidence is one of the most important animal spirits – it leads ‘rational actors’ to what Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan described as “Irrational exuberance.”  If one looks back to the stock market of the 1890s or the 1920s, or the tech and housing bubble of our recent past, confidence is clearly evident.  Remember in 2004 when some of your friends said that housing prices could never fall?  That is confidence gone astray, irrational exuberance.  That is also a story that we all told each other, which seemed irrefutable logic, until it wasn’t.", "Other research has shown that psychological factors may result in exaggerated (statistically anomalous) stock price movements (contrary to EMH which assumes such behaviors 'cancel out'). Psychological research has demonstrated that people are predisposed to 'seeing' patterns, and often will perceive a pattern in what is, in fact, just noise. (Something like seeing familiar shapes in clouds or ink blots.) In the present context this means that a succession of good news items about a company may lead investors to overreact positively (unjustifiably driving the price up). A period of good returns also boosts the investors' self-confidence, reducing their (psychological) risk threshold. " ]

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[ "Adam Smith (1723 - 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Adam Smith is best known for two classic works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Smith is cited as the father of modern economics and is still among the most influential thinkers in the field of economics today.", "Adam Smith ( baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790 [ OS : 5 June 1723 – 17 July 1790]) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics . One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment , Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations . The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics . Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics.", "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith. First published in 1776, the book offers one of the world's first collected descriptions of what builds nations' wealth, and is today a fundamental work in classical economics. By reflecting upon the economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the book touches upon such broad topics as the division of labour, productivity, and free markets.", "Adam Smith (baptized on June 16, 1723-July 17, 1790) was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. It earned him an enormous reputation and would become one of the most influential works on economics ever published. Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.", "Adam Smith, (baptized June 5, 1723, Kirkcaldy , Fife , Scotland—died July 17, 1790, Edinburgh ), Scottish social philosopher and political economist. After two centuries, Adam Smith remains a towering figure in the history of economic thought. Known primarily for a single work— An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), the first comprehensive system of political economy—Smith is more properly regarded as a social philosopher whose economic writings constitute only the capstone to an overarching view of political and social evolution. If his masterwork is viewed in relation to his earlier lectures on moral philosophy and government, as well as to allusions in The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) to a work he hoped to write on “the general principles of law and government, and of the different revolutions they have undergone in the different ages and periods of society,” then The Wealth of Nations may be seen not merely as a treatise on economics but also as a partial exposition of a much larger scheme of historical evolution.", "Scottish economist and moral philosopher, Adam Smith, published his five-part publication, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, later referred to as simply, The Wealth of Nations, during the Scottish Enlightenment in 1776. The work was a result of seventeen years of notes and observations taken from conversations among economists about economical and societal conditions during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. This is outlined in the book of bibliographical reference, Printing and the Mind of Man:", "Adam Smith, (1723-90), Famed Scottish philosopher and economist, whose celebrated treatise An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations was the first serious attempt to study the nature of capital and the historical development of industry and commerce among European nations.", "– 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher , pioneer of political economy , and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment . [2] He is best known for two classic works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics . [3]", "Scottish social philosopher and political economist. After two centuries, Adam Smith remains a towering figure in the history of economic thought. Known primarily for a single work—An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), the first comprehensive system of political economy—Smith is more properly regarded as a social philosopher whose economic writings constitute only the capstone to an overarching view of political and social evolution. If his masterwork is viewed in relation to his earlier lectures on moral philosophy and government, as well as to allusions in The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) to a work he hoped to write on “the general principles of law and government, and of the different revolutions they have undergone in the different ages and periods of society,” then The Wealth of Nations may be seen not merely as a treatise on economics but also as a partial exposition of a much larger scheme of historical evolution.", "Adam Smith (1723-1790) is considered the founder of political economy and classical economics. His treatise The Wealth of Nations was the first modern work of economics, in which he states the concept of 'invisible hand' to describe the self-regulating nature of the marketplace. In 2009, Smith was named among the 'Greatest Scots' of all time, in a vote run by Scottish television channel STV.", "was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. It earned him an enormous reputation and would become one of the most influential works on economics ever published. Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.", "a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. Influenced Articles and known as the father of modern economics.", "Today in 1776 David Hume , the Scottish philosopher, historian, economist and author, died. Hume is regarded as one of the most influential figures in British philosophy of the Eighteenth Century, and the leading light of the Scottish Enlightenment. He was the author of such works as ‘A Treatise of Human Nature’ and ‘An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding’. However, his atheistic and sceptical stance meant that he faced opposition when proposed to the Chair of Ethics and Pneumatical Philosophy at Edinburgh University, Hume was forced to stand down and was never to hold an academic post in his life.", "Smith published The Theory of Moral Sentiments in 1759, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures. This work was concerned with how human morality depends on sympathy between agent and spectator, or the individual and other members of society. Smith defined \"sympathy\" as the feeling of moral sentiments . He bases his explanation not on a special \"moral sense\", as the third Lord Shaftesbury and Hutcheson had done, nor on utility as Hume did, but on sympathy. Following the publication of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith became so popular that many wealthy students left their schools in other countries to enroll at Glasgow to learn under Smith. [18] After the publication of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith began to give more attention to jurisprudence and economics in his lectures and less to his theories of morals. [19] For example, Smith lectured that labor—rather than the nation's quantity of gold or silver—is the cause of increase in national wealth. [18]", "Bentham was a great friend of James Mill and was the mentor of the latter's son, John Stuart Mill .  His essentially singular criteria for judging policy proposals - maximum felicitas - \"greatest happiness for the greatest number\", is best captured in his Introduction to the Principles of Morals (1780), and has been the bedrock for English Utilitarian philosophy.  Naturally, Bentham was the father of the \"utility function\" so ubiquitous in modern economics (and he was aware of diminishing marginal utility).  However, for his policy propositions to be useful, Bentham assumed that utility was effectively comparable across people, a proposition which most modern economists reject.", "Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.", "a British economist whose ideas have fundamentally affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, and informed the economic policies of governments. He built on and greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles, and is widely considered to be one of the founders of modern macroeconomics and the most influential economist of the 20th century. [2][3][4][5] His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, and its various offshoot; state intervention was necessary to moderate \"boom and bust\" cycles of economic activity", "1723-1790 – Scottish Philosopher and Economist.  Wrote “The Wealth of Nations”.  Stated that “It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest”.", "Scottish philosopher whose work, The Wealth of Nations, created the theory of capitalism and attacked mercantilism.", "Scottish philosopher: wrote The Wealth of Nations; father of capitalism; critic of mercantilism, laissez-faire (invisible hand)", "At the time of his death in 1950, Joseph Schumpeter was working on his monumental \"History of Economic Analysis\" . Unprecedented in scope, the book was to provide a complete history of economic theory from Ancient Greece to the end of World War II. A major contribution to the history of ideas as well as to economics, \"History of Economic Analysis\" rapidly gained a reputation as a unique and classic work. Topics addressed include the techniques of economic analysis, contemporaneous developments in other sciences and the sociology of economics. This inclusiveness extends to the periods and individuals who figure in the book. As well as dealing with all of the major economists from Adam Smith to Maynard Keynes, the book considers the economic writings of Plato and Aristotle, of the Medieval Scholastics and of the major European economists. Throughout, Schumpeter perceived economics as a human science.", "Friedrich August von Hayek CH (8 May 1899 � 23 March 1992), was an influential economist and philosopher, and a major critic of John Maynard Keynes. Hayek's account of how changing prices communicate signals which enable individuals to coordinate their plans is widely regarded as an important achievement in economics. This and other contributions have put Hayek at the top among a list of the most influential economists of the modern period. One of the great polymaths of the 20th century, Hayek also contributed to jurisprudence, neuroscience, philosophy and the history of ideas.", "Friedrich August von Hayek CH (8 May 1899 � 23 March 1992), was an influential economist and philosopher, and a major critic of John Maynard Keynes. Hayek's account of how changing prices communicate signals which enable individuals to coordinate their plans is widely regarded as an important achievement in economics. This and other contributions have put Hayek at the top among a list of the most influential economists of the modern period. One of the great polymaths of the 20th century, Hayek also contributed to jurisprudence, neuroscience, philosophy and the history of ideas. In 1974 Hayek shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with Gunnar Myrdal \"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence ...", "Misappropriated as the philosophical father of our money, money, money culture, the absent-minded Scottish Enlightenment philosopher spent a decade writing The Wealth of Nations. He studied at the Universities of Glasgow and Oxford – and considered the teaching at the former superior.", "(John Stuart Mill (20th May 1806 – 8th May 1873), was a British philosopher, political economist and Member of Parliament, was an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century. He was an advocate of utilitarianism, the ethical theory that was systemized by his godfather, Jeremy Bentham, but adapted to German romanticism.)", "John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). British philosopher, essayist and economist, best known for his utilitarian defence of limited government. Authored Principles of Political Economy.", "Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (29 September 1881 – 10 October 1973) was an Austrian economist, philosopher, author and classical liberal who had a significant influence on the modern libertarian movement and the Austrian School.", "He is regarded as a pioneer of the Romantic movement, and after his death he became a great source of inspiration to the founders of both liberalism and socialism, and a cultural icon both in Scotland and among the Scottish Diaspora around the world. Celebration of his life and work became almost a national charismatic cult during the 19th and 20th centuries, and his influence has long been strong on Scottish literature. In 2009 he was chosen as the greatest Scot by the Scottish public in a vote run by Scottish television channel STV.", "He is regarded as a pioneer of the Romantic movement, and after his death he became a great source of inspiration to the founders of both liberalism and socialism, and a cultural icon in Scotland and among the Scottish diaspora around the world. Celebration of his life and work became almost a national charismatic cult during the 19th and 20th centuries, and his influence has long been strong on Scottish literature. In 2009 he was chosen as the greatest Scot by the Scottish public in a vote run by Scottish television channel STV.", "The son of a saddler, he claimed his father was a Scottish immigrant, though no evidence supporting this idea has been found. In 1744, he wrote his first book, a treatise on kinetic forces. Offered a chair as professor of poetry at the University of Berlin, he refused, preferring to wait for a opening at the University of Konisberg, where he wrote \"Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.\" FTP, identify this author of The Critique of Practical Reason who profoundly influenced theories of knowledge, ethics, and aesthetics.", "1883-1946 English Economist. Wrote “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”.  Famously stated that “in the long run, we are all dead” ", "British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number" ]

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[ "(1979-1990) FSLN (Sandinista National Liberation Front) overthrew Anastasio Somoza and set up a new government in Nicaragua", "By 1936 Anastasio Somoza was entrenched as dictator of Nicaragua. He and his two sons continued to rule until their infamous regime was overthrown in July 1979. The movement that destroyed the Somoza dictatorship and that now governs Nicaragua—the Sandinista National Liberation Front—took its name and inspiration from Sandino. And it is this government that the United States now seeks to destroy for the same reasons that it could not tolerate Sandino—namely, his opposition to U.S. dominance and exploitation.", "Sandinista, member of Sandinista National Liberation Front, Spanish Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN), one of a Nicaraguan group that overthrew President Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979, ending 46 years of dictatorship by the Somoza family . The Sandinistas governed Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990. Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega was reelected as president in 2006, 2011, and 2016.", "Following the American occupation of Nicaragua in 1912, as part of the Banana Wars, the Somoza family political dynasty came to power, and would rule Nicaragua until their ouster in 1979 during the Nicaraguan Revolution. The era of Somoza family rule was characterized by strong U.S. support for the government and its military[15] as well as a heavy reliance on U.S. based multi-national corporations. The Nicaraguan Revolution (Spanish: Revolución Nicaragüense or Revolución Popular Sandinista) encompassed the rising opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s, the campaign led by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) to violently oust the dictatorship in 1978–79, the subsequent efforts of the FSLN to govern Nicaragua from 1979 until 1990 and the Contra War which was waged between the FSLN and the Contras from 1981–1990.", "Stimson, appointed secretary of state by Herbert C. Hoover , concluded that the Guardia Nacional was ready to handle the problem of Sandino and maintain order in Nicaragua. The last of the Marines departed in 1933, and the Guardia Nacional under Anastasio Somoza became the most powerful military force in Nicaragua. Sandino ended his fighting as promised, but was killed in 1934 by the Guardia Nacional. In 1936, Somoza formally took over all power in Nicaragua. He and his two sons would rule with American support until 1979, when the Somoza dictatorship was overthrown by the Sandinista National Liberation Front.", "** The Sandinista National Liberation Front concludes a successful revolutionary campaign against the U.S.-backed Somoza dictatorship and assumes power in Nicaragua.", "277 July 19, 1983 TU SANDINISTA WAR ON HUMAN RIGHTS Four years ago today, the Sandinista revolution toppled the Somoza regime, which had ruled Nicaragua for 43 years. The rebels victory was widely hailed as a triumph over what was seen as one of t he worst violators of human rights in the Americas. Ironic ally--and tragically for the close to three million Nicaraguans the Sandinistas have proved that they surpass their predecessors in abusing the basic rights of their own people in Nicaragua is an a ll-out war on the human rights of all those who oppose the regime. The victims number in the thousands and include journalists, businessmen, politicians, Catholics, Moravians, the Miskito Indian tribes and even Nicaragua's entire Jewish community What has erupted Today's human rights violations affect all aspects of Nicara guan life. There are restrictions on free movement; torture; denial of due process; lack of freedom of thought, conscience and religion denial of the right of association and of free lab or unions.", "On July 19, 1979, thousands of guerillas and civilians entered the Plaza de la Republica, in the old center of Managua, where the whole population celebrated the definite fall of the Somoza dynasty. It was a national celebration and the opportunity to create a new Nicaragua.", "The FSLN overthrew Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979, ending the Somoza dynasty, and established a revolutionary government in its place. Following their seizure of power, the Sandinistas ruled Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990, first as part of a Junta of National Reconstruction. Following the resignation of centrist members from this Junta, the FSLN took exclusive power in March 1981. They instituted a policy of mass literacy, devoted significant resources to health care, and promoted gender equality. A militia, known as the Contras was formed in 1981 to overthrow the Sandinista government and was funded and trained by the US Central Intelligence Agency. In 1984 elections were held but were boycotted by some opposition parties. The FSLN won the majority of the votes, and those who opposed the Sandinistas won approximately a third of the seats. The civil war between the Contras and the government continued until 1989. After revising the constitution in 1987 and after years of fighting the Contras the FSLN lost what many consider the first truly democratic election in 1990 to Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, but retained a plurality of seats in the legislature.", "Anastasio Somoza Garcia was the first president who won the presidential election and took over the country. Although they only held the presidency for 30 of those 43 years, they were the power behind the other presidents of the time through their control of the National Guard. Their regime was overthrown by the Sandinista National Liberation Front during the Nicaraguan Revolution.", "After Sandino left a presidential meeting on this date, at which the erstwhile rebel negotiated for his continuing demand to disband Somoza’s Guardia, Sandino was stopped at the gates by Guardsmen. They took Sandino, his brother, and two of his generals and marched them off to be shot. Then the Guard forcibly broke up the Sandinista remnants. Somoza soon seized official power for himself; his family ruled, and plundered, Nicaragua until 1979. Washington never called them bandits.", "Modernity and government intervention came to the Miskitu in the form of the FSLN. From 1937-1979, the Somoza family's authoritarian regime dictated Nicaraguan government. In the wake of the implementation of the Somoza regime's continuingly destructive policies, an armed resistance emerged. The Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) was formed in 1961 from the coalescence of three disparate groups. Having taken their name from beloved freedom fighter Augusto CeÅ›ar Sandino, these groups worked together to remove the Somozas from the seat of Nicaraguan power, which they accomplished on 17 July 1979. For some, the Catholic Church helped to make this revolution more appealing and inclusive to broader society. Even during its high period, popular support for the regime was limited, and, what support they did possess, remained exclusively in the interior and western areas of the country. As Vidaurre explained, the Miskitu people, from his perspective, disliked and distrusted the new regime.", "George Bush, explaining the evils of the Sandanistas: “The Sandanistas came in. They overthrew Somoza, killed him and overthrew him. Killed him, threw him out.” – Somoza actually fled Nicaragua when he was overthrown, and was later assassinated in Paraguay.", "The twentieth century was characterized by the rise and fall of the Somoza dynasty. Anastasio Somoza Garcia came to power as the head of the National Guard. After being assassinated, he was succeeded by his sons, Luis and Anastasio Jr (\"Tachito\"). By 1978, opposition to governmental manipulation and corruption spread to all classes and resulted in a short-lived civil war that led to the fall of Somoza in July, 1979. The armed part of the insurgence was named the Sandinistas, after the liberator of Nicaragua, Augusto César Sandino. The United States supported guerrilla forces (Contras) who fought a war with the Sandinistas throughout most of the 1980s. Peace was brokered in 1987 by Costa Rican President Oscar Arias, and led to new elections in 1990. In a stunning development and a repudiation of the Sandinista polices , Violeta Chamorro of the UNO coalition surprisingly beat out the incumbent leader Daniel Ortega, in a major repudiation of his policies and leadership.", "After the formal unification of the FSLN in March 1979, fighting broke out all over the country. The Sandinistas now had weapons from Venezuela, Panama, and Cuba and in May 1979, the FSLN planned its final offensive.", "The Sandinistas took power in July 1979. The Carter administration decided to work with the new government, while attaching a provision for aid forfeiture if it was found to be assisting insurgencies in neighboring countries. [49] Somoza fled the country and eventually ended up in Paraguay , where he was assassinated in September 1980, allegedly by members of the Argentinian Revolutionary Workers’ Party. [50]", "*1989 – General elections are held in Nicaragua with the Sandinista National Liberation Front winning a majority.", "In April 1982, Edén Pastora (Comandante Cero), one of the heroes in the fight against Somoza, organized the Sandinista Revolutionary Front (FRS) – embedded in the Democratic Revolutionary Alliance (ARDE) – and declared war on the Sandinista government. Himself a former Sandinista who had held several high posts in the government, he had resigned abruptly in 1981 and defected, believing that the newly found power had corrupted the Sandinista's original ideas. A popular and charismatic leader, Pastora initially saw his group develop quickly. He confined himself to operate in the southern part of Nicaragua; after a press conference he was holding on 30 May 1984 was bombed, he \"voluntarily withdrew\" from the contra struggle.", "Somoza was denied entry to the U.S. by President Carter. He later took refuge in Paraguay, then under the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner. He bought a ranch and a gated house at Avenida de España no. 433 in Asunción. Somoza's regime lasted only another day, when the Sandinistas captured Managua.", "On August 22, 1978, twenty-four Sandinista guerillas stormed the national palace at Managua, and by July 17, 1979, the Sandinistas had formally taken power. The Sandinistas quickly wrote and passed a provisional constitution, The Fundamental Law of State. This constitution guaranteed human rights that were previously ignored by the Somoza regime. It guaranteed equal justice under law, the right to free expression, and the abolition of torture. It seemed that the people were already benefiting from this great revolution, which truly did liberate them. Despite this advance in human rights, though, the Nicaraguan economy was still failing, and with the newly imposed US embargo, Nicaraguans were suffering greatly.", "In a speech to his followers, Aguero called upon the Nicaraguan National Guard to join him in overthrowing the Somozas. (General \"Tachito\" Somoza is the Government�s candidate.) He then led a demonstration through the city. A clash between the demonstrators and the National Guard occurred, leading to an extensive street fight. A CIA estimate as of midnight placed casualties at 16 dead, 66 wounded.", "En 1936, Anastasio Somoza García asumió la Presidencia de Nicaragua con el apoyo de los Estados Unidos. La “Dinastía Somoza” había empezado. Junto con la Guardia Nacional, comenzó Somoza a asegurar su poder. Logró dividir y vencer cualquier oposición política. Puso su familia, amigos y asociados en las posiciones críticas dentro del gobierno y las fuerzas armadas. La familia Somoza también controlaba el PLN (Partido Liberal Nacionalista) y, por tanto, tenía el control de la legislatura y el sistema judicial. Cerca de un poder absoluto que se había logrado para sí mismo. La oposición política se permitió, tanto como cualquier dictador permite a la oposición. La Guardia Nacional se hacía cargo de cualquier grave amenaza a su poder y control. Se hizo cargo de la radio nacional, el sistema de telégrafos, correos e inmigración, salud pública, el fisco y los ferrocarriles nacionales.", "In 1961, Carlos Fonseca turned back to the historical figure of Sandino, and along with two others (one of which was believed to be Casimiro Sotelo, who was later assassinated), founded the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN). [31] After the 1972 earthquake and Somoza’s apparent corruption, the ranks of the Sandinistas were flooded with young disaffected Nicaraguans who no longer had anything to lose. [46]", "Somoza was re-elected president in the 1974 election. By this time, the Catholic Church had begun to speak against his government. (Indeed, one of his fiercest critics was Ernesto Cardenal, a leftist Nicaraguan priest who preached liberation theology and would become the Sandinista government's Minister of Culture.) By the late 1970s, human rights groups were condemning the record of the Somoza government, while support for the Sandinistas was growing inside and outside the country.", "The dynasty of Somoza dictators settled in for four decades, under Washington ’s supervision: Anastasio (1936-56), Luis (1956-63), Anastasio Jr (1967-79). Yet the struggles of the past had not been in vain. In 1960, inspired by the success of the Cuban revolution and guided by the ideas of Sandino, Carlos Fonseca Amador, Tomas Borge and other intellectuals formed the FSLN (Sandinista National Liberation Front) guerrilla movement.", "In 1979, following a bitter armed struggle in which 50,000 people were killed, President Somoza fled into exile and the Sandinistas took power, inheriting a country in ruins.", "Note: General Anastasio Somoza established a military dictatorship in 1933. He was assassinated in 1956, but his sons continued the Somoza regime until 1979.", "Somoza was assassinated near his exile home on September 17, 1980. He was 54 years old. Somoza Debayle was ambushed by a seven-person Sandinista commando team (four men and three women). This was known as \"Operation Reptile\".", "Born in 1945, the young Mr Ortega joined the Sandinista movement in 1963. He rose rapidly through its ranks and was a leading player in the guerrilla war against dictator Anastasio Somoza. He was imprisoned several times.", "Since the 1980s, when conflicts erupted over how to govern the Atlantic Coast regions, indigenous groups have had a tense relationship with the ruling Sandinista party. In 1987, the Sandinistas passed legislation establishing an autonomous regime in the Atlantic Coast and granting collective territorial rights to its inhabitants under a multiethnic nation-state. Earlier this year, constitutional amendments clarified and extended rights concerning cultural preservation, collective territory, and autonomy. Yet, as in the past, central government figures in Managua continue to make decisions concerning the autonomous regions and their inhabitants without consultation and local input.", "Domestic support for the new Sandinista government was not universal, however. The ethnic minorities from the Caribbean coast, neglected by national governments since colonial times, rejected Sandinista efforts to incorporate them into the national mainstream and demanded autonomy. Government forces responded by forcibly relocating many of these ethnic groups, leading many indigenous groups during the early 1980s to join groups opposing the government.", "On January 10, 1978, Pedro Joaquín Chamorro, the editor of the opposition newspaper La Prensa and leader of the \"Democratic Union of Liberation\" (Unión Democrática de Liberación – UDEL), was assassinated. Although his assassins were not identified at the time, evidence implicated President Somoza's son and other members of the National Guard. Spontaneous riots followed in several cities, while the business community organized a general strike demanding Somoza's resignation." ]

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[ "Boxcars, also known as Midnight, Cornrows or Twelve Craps, is a bet where players wager on the shooter rolling a 12. This consists of a six on each dice. The way the dots are arranged on the dice, it looks like a rectangular box (like a box car) or rows of corn, which is how some of the names originated. Midnight got its name because 12 o'clock is the same as midnight.", "Boxcars - (Betting on the 12) Two 6s rolled in a craps game are called 'Boxcars'. (Boxcars are the last cars on a train.)", "Backline The Don't Pass Line. Bar 6-6 Means that a total neither wins or loses a bet but is a standoff and bets may be withdrawn or carried over to the next roll.  Sometimes it's Bar 1-1 or Bar 1-2.  Gives casinos the advantage on Don't Pass/Don't Come bets. Behind the Line A bet on the Free-Odds after the come out roll. Big 6 A bet that a 6 will roll before a 7. Big 8 A bet that 8 will roll before a 7. Big Red A bet that the next roll will be a 7. Bones The dice. Bowl Container tray holding spare dice by the crew.  Boxcars A bet on the 12. Box Man Casino employee supervising a Craps table. Box Numbers The numbers 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 marked inside \"boxes\" on the layout. Box Up Change of dice for different set. Broke Money Money given by the casino to a player, who has nothing left, to pay for transportation home. Buffalo A bet on each Hard Way and Any Seven. Buy Bet Paying the House 5% commission to get correct odds on a Place Bet. C", "craps - a gambling game played with two dice; a first throw of 7 or 11 wins and a first throw of 2, 3, or 12 loses and a first throw of any other number must be repeated to win before a 7 is thrown, which loses the bet and the dice", "A traditional die is a cube, with each of its six faces showing a different number of dots (pips) from 1 to 6. When thrown or rolled, the die comes to rest showing on its upper surface a random integer from one to six, each value being equally likely. A variety of similar devices are also described as dice; such specialized dice may have polyhedral or irregular shapes and may have faces marked with symbols instead of numbers. They may be used to produce results other than one through six. Loaded and crooked dice are designed to favor some results over others for purposes of cheating or amusement.", "A bet on 4, 6, 8, or 10 that wins only if both dice show the sameface; e.g., \"hard 8\" occurs when each die shows a four. \"Hardways Work Unless CalledOff\" should always be called by Stickman on Come-Out roll to remind players thathardway bets are at risk unless player calls them off.", "Let's assume the point is 8. The shooter now tries to roll his point (8) before he rolls a 7 (or the other way around). If he rolls any other number, it doesn't matter, but if he rolls 8, everybody passes. If he succeeds in hitting his point, he starts over with a new come-out roll and a new bet on the (don't) pass line, thus repeating the cycle. If he rolls a 7 at any time other than during a come-out roll, though, everybody fails and the dice are turned over to the next player (the first player has sevened out).", "Craps is a dice game where two dice are rolled and the sum of the dice determines the outcome.", "Each player starts with a token in the starting square (usually the \"1\" grid square in the bottom left corner, or simply, the imaginary space beside the \"1\" grid square) and takes turns to roll a single die to move the token by the number of squares indicated by the die roll, following a fixed route marked on the gameboard which usually follows a boustrophedon (ox-plow) track from the bottom to the top of the playing area, passing once through every square. If, on completion of this move, they land on the lower-numbered end of the squares with a \"ladder\", they can move their token up to the higher-numbered square. If they land on the higher-numbered square of a pair with a \"snake\" (or chute), they must move their token down to the lower-numbered square. A player who rolls a 6 with their die may, after moving, immediately take another turn; otherwise, the play passes to the next player in turn. If a player rolls three 6s on the die, they return to the beginning of the game and may not move until they roll another 6. The winner is the player whose token first reaches the last square of the track.", "see HAZARD, CRAPS, LIAR'S DICE, POKER DICE, AT SIXES AND SEVENS, BRAG, PIP, CRAPSHOOT, PLAY THE GAME, BATRACHOMYOMACHIA, WAR GAMES.", "If you take a hard look between the boxman and the stickman, you'll see an area for proposition, or one-roll, bets. That's where you'd be betting on one specific roll, naturally. In the same vicinity is an area for hard-way bets. That's where you might bet, for example, that an 8 will come up as two 4s before a 7 or an \"easy\" 8 does.", "Each player starts with a token on the starting square (usually the \"1\" grid square in the bottom left corner, or simply, the imaginary space beside the \"1\" grid square) and takes turns to roll a single die to move the token by the number of squares indicated by the die roll. Tokens follow a fixed route marked on the gameboard which usually follows a boustrophedon (ox-plow) track from the bottom to the top of the playing area, passing once through every square. If, on completion of a move, a player's token lands on the lower-numbered end of a \"ladder\", the player moves his token up to the ladder's higher-numbered square. If he lands on the higher-numbered square of a \"snake\" (or chute), he must move his token down to the snake's lower-numbered square. If a player rolls a 6, he may, after moving, immediately take another turn; otherwise play passes to the next player in turn. The player who is first to bring his token to the last square of the track is the winner.", "A wheeling system is basically a pattern, which orders the numbers you have chosen into bets. Although they may be called by a number of names (cover, system, block design, constant weight covering code, or lottosystem), they are most frequently called wheels. The best way to demonstrate the concept is through an example. In a lottery with five numbers, a full wheel from seven numbers holds 21 possible combinations: 01: 01 02 03 04 05 08: 01 02 03 05 07 15: 02 03 04 02: 01 02 03 04 06 09: 01 02 04 05 07 16: 01 02 05 03: 01 02 03 05 06 10: 01 03 04 05 07 17: 05 06 07 04: 01 02 04 05 06 11: 02 03 04 05 07 18: 05 06 07 05: 01 03 04 05 06 12: 01 02 03 06 07 19: 06: 02 03 04 05 06 13: 01 02 04 06 07 20: 05 06 07 05 06 07 07: 01 02 03 04 07 14: 01 03 04 06 07 03 04 05 06 07 06 07 06 07 01 03 02 03 01 04 02 04 21:", "I recently learned some information about dicesetting strategies in craps. Some believe that you can set the dice a certain way before the throw, and by keeping the roll of the dice to just one axis of rotation, you can have fewer possible sevens with certain dice sets. I wanted to know if there is any truth to this or is it just a fallacy.", "Around the end of the 1960s, non-cubical dice became popular among players of wargames, and since have been employed extensively in role-playing games and trading card games. The numerals 6 and 9, which are reciprocally symmetric through rotation, are distinguished with a dot or underline.", "Mexican Train is a modern version of dominoes played with 91 double-twelve dominoes. Up to 8 players may play. The little trains are used as game markers.", "For two to four players from c8 years, movement by dice. Contents, Large playing board with holes punched in four comparable routes, 104 sections of track - 72 straights, 16 left-hand curves and 16 right-hand curves, four plastic trains comprising engine, coach and caboose, pack of 24 Chance Cards, 20 red cubed boxes of dynamite, four green cubed line clear markers and two dice.", "*with a high pair use the 1s box unless the sum of the dice is 20 or more in which case use the Chance box. The only exception is that with 23446 you should use the Chance box even though it only scores 19.", "Players take turns in order, with the initial player determined by chance before the game. A typical turn begins with the rolling of the dice and advancing their piece clockwise around the board the corresponding number of squares. If a player rolls doubles, they roll again after completing their turn. If a player rolls three consecutive sets of doubles on one turn, the player has been \"caught speeding,\" and the player is immediately sent to jail instead of moving the amount shown on the dice for the third roll, ending the player's turn.", "A dice is a small object that can be thrown, with multiple probabilities, used for generating random numbers or other symbols. It is an indispensable tool of many entertainments. This makes dice suitable as gambling devices or for use in non-gambling tabletop games. A traditional dice is a cube, marked on each of its six faces with a different number of circular patches or pits called dots (pips).", "Players take turns to roll a die and can add the corresponding body part to their beetle. They must however throw a 6 first for the body before they can add any other part.", "What American dice rolling game can be won with an initial throw of seven or eleven*craps", "A pair of six-sided dice . (NOTE: Since 2007, a third \"Speed Die\" has been added—see ADD-ONS below.)", "To prevent some numbers from occurring more frequently than others, dice used in crap games in Las Vegas are manufactured to a tolerance of ", "The dice are rolled across the craps table layout. The layout is divided into three areas - two side areas separated by a center one. Each side area is the mirror reflection of the other and contains the following: Pass and Don't Pass line bets, Come and Don't Come bets, Odds bet, Place bets and Field bets. The center area is shared by both side areas and contains the Proposition bets.", "Most craps tables today are double layouts. At the center of one side of the table is the boxman, who supervises the game and takes cash collected by the dealers and deposits it in a drop box. Directly opposite him is the stickman, who uses a stick to push the dice to the shooter. The stickman controls the tempo of the game. He calls out the results of each roll and keeps up a continuous patter, urging players to get their bets down.", "In the upper section there are six boxes. The score in each of these boxes is determined by adding the total number of dice matching that box.", "Here are the odds of rolling various combinations with two dice in a game of Craps:", "Box Man – The casino employee who supervises the dealers at the Craps table. He is usually also responsible for counting cash and gaming checks, settlling gambling disputes and general play of the game.", "Rail – The area running along the top of the perimeter of the craps table where the players place their chips.", "Rail – The grooved area along the top of the craps table where chips are kept", "I think some of the casinos in Las Vegas are using dice that are weighted on one side. As evidence, I submit the results of 244 throws I collected at a Strip casino. What are the odds results this skewed could come from fair dice?" ]

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[ "Jesse Ventura (born James George Janos on July 15, 1951), also known as \"The Body\", \"The Star\", and \"The Governing Body\", is an American politician, retired professional wrestler, Navy UDT veteran, actor, and former radio and television talk show host. Height: 6' 4\" (1.93 m) In the Minnesota gubernatorial election of 1998 he was elected the 38th Governor of Minnesota and served from January 4, 1999 to January 6, 2003 without seeking a second term. Ventura ran as a candidate for the Reform Party of Minnesota (but joined the Independence Party of Minnesota when it broke from its association with the Reform Party of the United States of America) and narrowly, but unexpectedly beat the major-party candidates: St. Paul mayor Norm Coleman (Republican) and Minnesota Attorney General Hube...", "Jesse Ventura is the former professional wrestler who served as the governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003. A former Navy Seal, he wrestled professionally from 1975 to 1984, usually playing a villain and using the name Jesse “The Body” Ventura. He then became an occasional movie actor and a radio personality before running for governor of Minnesota on the Reform Party ticket in 1998. 6’4″ tall, muscular and bald, Ventura carried his wrestling image as a blunt-talking tough guy into the political arena and became a national political figure as well as pop culture celebrity. While governor of Minnesota he published I Ain’t Got Time to Bleed and Do I Stand Alone? (both 2000), opinion pieces with a populist core. He chose not to run for re-election in 2002, and was succeeded the next year by Republican Tim Pawlenty . Ventura had a short-lived talk show on MSNBC in 2003 (Jesse Ventura’s America), he published Don’t Start the Revolution Without Me! in 2008 and in late 2009 made his debut as the host of Conspiracy Theory on TruTV.", "In 1951, James George Janos, later known as Jesse \"The Body\" Ventura, was born in Minneapolis to George and Bernice Janos. Janos joined the U.S. Navy and spent time in the Vietnam War. He was briefly a bodyguard for the Rolling Stones. Janos developed a rigorous workout routine, and his newly muscular physique attracted the attention of famous Midwest wrestling promoter Bob Geigel. He began wres Jesse Ventura is an American politician, actor, author, veteran, and former professional wrestler who served as the 38th Governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003.", "On November 3, 1998, Jesse \"The Body\" Ventura was elected governor of Minnesota. As CBS news anchorman Dan Rather put it on election night: \"The people of Washington could not be more surprised if Fidel Castro came loping across the midwestern prairie on the back of a hippopotamus.\" As the first Reform Party candidate ever elected to state or federal office, Ventura was the party's highest-ranking member, and some supporters hoped he might become its next presidential candidate. In February 2000, however, disappointed with both the party's management and Reform presidential hopeful Pat Buchanan, Ventura announced he was leaving the Reform Party.", "Jesse Ventura was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Bernice Martha (Lenz), a nurse who was of German descent, and George William Janos, a steam fitter of Slovak ancestry. In November 1990, professional wrestler turned actor Jesse Ventura was elected to a four-year term as mayor of Brooklyn Park, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis with a population of around 56,000. After his mayoral term, he purchased a small hobby farm in nearby Maple Grove, Minnesota and moved from Brooklyn Park. In November 1998, Ventura, as a member of the Reform Party, was elected Governor of Minnesota. Jesse served as governor from 1999 to 2003 and did not run for a second term.", "The first DFL candidate to become governor was Orville Freeman in 1954. The DFL held the governorship from 1963 to 1967 and from 1971 to 1978, when US Representative Al Quie (IR) defeated his DFL opponent, Rudy Perpich; however, Perpich regained the governorship for the DFL in 1982. Perpich served four terms. He lost to Independent-Republican Arne Carlson in 1990, and Carlson was reelected in 1994. The 1998 gubernatorial election in Minnesota made national headlines; it was won by Reform candidate and former World Wrestling Federation personality Jesse Ventura. After gaining office, Ventura switched allegiances to the Independence Party of Minnesota. Tim Pawlenty, a Republican, won the governorship in 2002.", "1999 - Minnesota inaugurated pro wrestler Jesse Ventura as its 38th governor. The only Reform Party candidate to ever win statewide office, Ventura had shocked the political establishment by defeating Attorney General Hubert H. (Skip) Humphrey III and St. Paul Mayor Norm Coleman in an upset victory.", "* the bodies of several professional wrestlers, including Bret Hart, Ric Flair, Curt Hennig, Rick Rude, Brian Adams, and Joe Laurinaitis, better known as Road Warrior Animal", "Minnesota is famous as a breeding ground for presidential candidates. Governor Harold Stassen contended seriously for the Republican nomination in 1948 and again in 1952. Vice President Hubert Humphrey was the Democratic presidential nominee in 1968, losing by a narrow margin to Richard Nixon . During the same year, US Senator Eugene McCarthy unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination on an antiwar platform; his surprising showings in the early primaries against the incumbent, Lyndon B. Johnson, helped persuade Johnson to withdraw his candidacy. Eight years later, McCarthy ran for the presidency as an independent, drawing 35,490 votes in Minnesota (1.8% of the total votes cast) and 756,631 votes (0.9%) nationwide. Walter Mondale, successor to Hubert Humphrey's seat when Humphrey became Johnson's vice president in 1964, was chosen in 1976 by Jimmy Carter as his vice-presidential running mate; he again ran with Carter in 1980, when the two lost their bid for reelection. In the 1984 election, Minnesota was the only state to favor the Mondale-Ferraro ticket. Minnesotans gave the Republican Party a majority in the state's House of Representatives for the first time since 1970, but the Democrats retained control of the state Senate.", "\"In recent years a wrestler by the name of Maurice Tillet, known professionally as 'the Angel,' achieved considerable notoriety. Not only did he win a number of bouts and gain recognition in that way, but his physical appearance attracted considerable attention. Apparently he suffered from acromegaly, an endocrine disorder. As a result his head and his face became very large, his hands and his feet thickened, and his torso, too became broadened. Certainly if his bones were fossilized, it is not hard to believe that they might be regarded as those of a pre-human form. And yet M. Tillet was a 20th century human being, and a cultured, well-educated member of our society at that.\" (12)", "(ED. NOTE -- The aftermath of the incident led to a ban on wrestling in publicly owned buildings in Seattle for more than five years. This effectively curtailed the sport during almost all of World War II and amounts to one of the longest prohibitions of the sport in U.S. history, at least where a major city was involved. Not until a friendly city councilman, Al Rochester, went to bat for the wrestlers in the spring of 1945 was the ban reversed, leading to a resumption of the game on a regular basis and the first Seattle appearances of Lou Thesz, then stationed at nearby Fort Lewis.)", "Elmer Andersen, 95, a Republican who was elected governor of Minnesota in 1960 and defeated for re-election two years later by Democrat Karl Rolvaag by 91 votes — the closest gubernatorial election in Minnesota history. (Nov. 15)", "Many other important bodybuilders in the early history of bodybuilding prior to 1930 include: Bernarr Macfadden, Earle Liederman (writer of some of the earliest bodybuilding instruction books), Zishe Breitbart, Georg Hackenschmidt, Emy Nkemena, George F. Jowett, Finn Hateral (a pioneer in the art of posing), Frank Saldo, Monte Saldo, William Bankier, Launceston Elliot, Sig Klein, Sgt. Alfred Moss, Joe Nordquist, Lionel Strongfort (Strongfortism), Gustav Frištenský (the Czech champion), Ralph Parcaut, a champion wrestler who also authored an early book on \"physical culture,\" and Alan P. Mead, who became an impressive muscle champion despite the fact that he lost a leg in World War I. Actor Francis X. Bushman started his career as a bodybuilder and sculptor's model before beginning his famous silent movie career. Bushman was a disciple of Eugen Sandow.", "\"The wrestling world lost one of its greatest with the recent death of Wladek \"Killer\" Kowalski. Although he retired from the ring in 1977, Kowalski remained active right up until the end, making public appearances, operating his own wrestling school and, in his final days, even attending the Republican National Convention.\" (picture of Barbara Bush) \"So long, Killer. We'll miss you.\"", "April 28: Six-time former NWA World champion Lou Thesz, who held that title for a total of 18 years between 1937 and 1966 and is considered by many to be the greatest wrestler of all-time, dies following a triple-bypass and an aortic valve replacement in Orlando, Florida. He had celebrated his 86th birthday just four days earlier.", "Toshiyuki Sakata () was born on July 1, 1920 in Holualoa, Hawaii. He moved to the United States mainland and began to go by the more Western name \"Harold.\" At the age of eighteen, he weighed only 113 lb (8 st 1 lb) (51 kg) at a height of 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m). Wanting to \"look as good as the other guys\", he started lifting weights. He spent his early life training as a weightlifter and won a silver medal for the United States at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, lifting a total of 410 kg in the light-heavyweight division. He also did a stint as a professional wrestler under the name Tosh Togo from the early 1950s until the early 1960s, becoming Canadian Tag Team Champion. ", "Toshiyuki Sakata was born on July 1, 1920 in Holualoa, Hawaii . He moved to the United States mainland and began to go by the more Western name \"Harold.\" At the age of eighteen, he weighed only 113 lb (8 st 1 lb) (51 kg) at a height of 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m). Wanting to \"look as good as the other guys\", he started lifting weights. He spent his early life training as a weightlifter and won a silver medal for the United States at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London , lifting a total of 410 kg in the heavyweight division. He also did a stint as a professional wrestler under the name Tosh Togo from the early 1950s until the early 1960s, becoming Canadian Tag Team Champion.", "Arnold Schwarzenegger (July 30, 1947 ) is an Austrian -born American former professional bodybuilder , actor , businessman, investor, and politician. Schwarzenegger served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011.", "July 16: Terry Gordy is found dead of a heart attack in his home in Soddy-Daisy, Tennessee, by his girlfriend. He was 40. Gordy, who started wrestling at the age of 13, found fame as a member of The Fabulous Freebirds with Michael Hayes and Buddy Roberts. He was also a former All-Japan Triple Crown champion.", "January 20: Bobo Brazil, one of professional wrestling�s most influential black athletes and a WWF Hall of Famer, dies from complications due to a stroke in St. Joseph, Michigan, at age 74.", "Competitive bodybuilding attracted increased public interest in the post World War II era as the physique champions of the day gained high visibility when featured in motion picture productions centering on biblical, mythologic or other themes. Foremost in this corps of musclemen-turned-movie stars was Steve Reeves (1926–2000), who landed prominent roles in such epics as Athena in 1954 (Dick DuBois, “Mr. America” for 1954, was also in the cast), Hercules, Hercules Unchained, Morgan the Pirate and his only western, A Long Ride from Hell.", "August 31, 1968 Verne Gagne beats Dick Beyers (Dr. X) in Minn, to become NWA champ", "August 22: Prof. Toru Tanaka, one of the most feared wrestlers of the 1970s, dies of a heart attack in Lake Forest, California, at the age of 70. Tanaka was a three-time WWF World tag team champion with Mr. Fuji and later starred in numerous films.", "Though he did not possess a Herculean acting talent by any stretch, handsome bodybuilder Steve Reeves certainly had an enviable Herculean physique, and made plenty good use of it in Europe during the late 1950s and early 1960s portraying some of filmdom's most famous bronzed gods. Reeves was originally a Montana boy born on a cattle ranch in 1926. His destiny was revealed early in the game when, at the age of six months, he won his first fitness title as \"Healthiest Baby of Valley County.\" His father Lester died in a farming accident when Steve was just a boy, and his family moved to Oakland (California). He first developed an interest in bodybuilding while in high school.", "December 15: The Father of Japanese Wrestling, Rikidozan, dies from stab wounds suffered on December 8. His last singles match was a successful title defense of the NWA International title over top rival The Destroyer on December 4 in Osaka.", "Decades later, Sports Illustrated postulated that Kearns was happy to keep the talk alive for publicity purposes, but never had any intention of putting Dempsey into an uncontrolled environment with a “shooting” wrestler. Sandow died on September 15, 1972, at age 88 in Portland, Oregon.", "December 3: Jerry Monte, who wrestled in the NWA, AWA, and WWF dies of liver cancer at age 57.", "February 19: Robert �Swede� Hanson, who won several regional titles with partner Rip Hawk in the Southeast in the 1970s and enjoyed good runs as a heel in both the WWF and the Mid-Atlantic region, dies after a long struggle with Alzheimer�s disease, heart disease, and diabetes. He was 68.", "Legendary bodybuilder 'Mr Olympia' who introduced America to Arnold Schwarzenegger dies at 93 | Daily Mail Online", "October 4, 1892, Covington, Nebraska. William Duffy, better known as \"Billy the Kid,\" was knocked out by Jack Keefe and died within an hour. Keefe and all the seconds are under arrest.", "Be that as it may, Sandow, besides his remarkable muscularity, exhibited some extraordinary feats of strength. At one point in the show, he lifted a platform containing 19 people--and a dog! His sense of showmanship, along with Ziegfield´s flair for hyperbole, made Sandow all the rage.  Suddenly, muscles were \"in.\"   ", "Perhaps Sandow got his business sense from a close study of his teachers. One was Professor Edmond Desbonnet (1867-1953), whose Physical Culture theory and practice (“Methode Desbonnet”) was a rebellion against the “Belle Epoque” era of dissipation and decadence wherein the wealthy ignored their physical condition." ]

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[ "Commercial fishing vessels used to exploit this association by searching for dolphin pods. Vessels would encircle the pod with nets to catch the tuna beneath, however the nets were prone to entangling dolphins, injuring or killing them. Public outcry and new government regulations, which are now monitored by NOAA have led to more \"dolphin friendly\" methods, now generally involving lines rather than nets. However, there are neither universal independent inspection programs nor verification of \"dolphin safeness\", so these protections are not absolute. According to Consumers Union, the resulting lack of accountability means claims of tuna that is \"dolphin safe\" should be given little credence.", "Long line fishing is a commercial fishing technique that uses hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks hanging from a single line. Swordfish, tuna and Patagonian toothfish are commonly caught by this method. It is also practiced on a smaller scale in NewZealand, where a twenty five hook maximum is perscribed by law. Long-line fishing is controversial because the lines can lead to significant bycatch, often of endangered species such as sea turtles and albatrosses.", "The regularity and strength of the tuna-dolphin association in the ETP has permitted the development of a purse-seine fishery based on it (National Research Council, 1992). The fishermen capture tuna and dolphins together, then release the dolphins from the net. In the early years of the fishery, bycatch of dolphins was very high, leading to significant reductions in the dolphin populations. The public outcry over the large dolphin bycatch was one of the factors behind the passage of the US Marine Mammal Protection Act. The number of dolphins killed since the fishery began is estimated to be over 6 million animals. For comparison, the total number of whales of all species killed during commercial whaling in the twentieth century was about 2.9 million. However, the dolphin bycatch has now been reduced to a small fraction of its former level.", "Commercial fishing Main article: Commercial fishing Commercial fishing is the capture of fish for commercial purposes. Those who practice it must often pursue fish far into the ocean under adverse conditions. Commercial fishermen harvest almost all aquatic species, from tuna, cod and salmon to shrimp, krill, lobster, clams, squid and crab, in various fisheries for these species. Commercial fishing methods have become very efficient using large nets and sea-going processing factories. Individual fishing quotas and international treaties seek to control the species and quantities caught.", "Earth Island Institute and a coalition of more than fifty environmental and animal welfare organizations object to this weakened standard. It does not match U.S. legal standards, which prohibit use of the \"Dolphin Safe\" label for tuna if dolphins were chased and netted during catch operations. Recently, scientists from the U.S. government have determined that dolphin populations in the ETP are not recovering as expected, likely due to unreported deaths and injuries caused by chasing and netting of dolphins. Even if no dolphins are actually observed killed in nets, for example, females are often separated from their dependent young, and disoriented or injured dolphins released from nets become prey to sharks. The chase by helicopters and speed boats, capture in purse seine nets, and release of dolphins is a traumatic, hours-long process, and some schools of dolphins are chased and caught as often as three times in a single day. Tuna caught by chasing and netting dolphins can never honestly be considered \"Dolphin Safe\".", "Feb 23, 09: The outlook for endangered seabirds looks better thanks to a scheme that reduces the numbers accidentally killed by the fishing industry. 3/4 of albatross species are at risk of extinction, largely due to the way long lines are deployed to catch fish such as tuna. The birds are attracted to the baited lines and can become entangled and pulled underwater to their deaths. A South African initiative shows how the lines can be made safer.", "4 The Environment and the WTO Using the pole-and-line method, sport fishers have for decades caught tuna, particularly yellowfin, as the fish swim the warm waters of the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP). It can be a thrilling experience, bringing in a 400-pound tuna after hours of struggle. Catching tuna one fish at a time is no way to make a living from the tasty, meaty giants, however. To catch tons of tuna requires other, more inclusive methods. In the late 1950s, commercial fishers in San Diego, California, took tuna harvesting to a new level with the development of a technology based on the use of synthetic purse-seine netting. As a result, millions of tuna have, over the last half-century, wound up in sandwiches for school kids and salads for their parents. As a by-product of such productive tuna catches, however, millions of dolphins have been killed. 56", "In 1988, however, a biologist filmed hundreds of dolphins dying in a purse-seine net from a Panamanian boat, touching off a worldwide boycott of tuna. Two years later, Starkist, Bumble Bee and Chicken of the Sea, the world’s largest tuna-canning companies, agreed to stop buying and selling tuna caught in purse-seine nets. Congress blocked tuna fished with purse-seine nets from the U.S. market.", "Noticing this strange behavior–which occurs in few other places in the world–fishermen in the ETP started looking for dolphins in order to find the profitable tuna. Until the middle of the last century, they put out lines with bait, which tempted the tuna but not the dolphins. In the 1950s, though, they started using purse seines–giant nets dropped into the ocean then drawn shut at the bottom and reeled aboard. Fishermen began “setting” on schools of dolphin, that is, encircling them in nylon nets as long as 1.5 kilometers (0.9 miles) and as deep as 200 meters (656 feet). They kept the lucrative tuna but discarded the dolphin.", "By-catch is the incidental capture of non-target species in fisheries. Fixed and drift gill nets cause the highest mortality levels for both cetaceans and pinnipeds, however, entanglements in long lines, mid-water trawls, and both trap and pot lines are also common. Tuna seines are particularly problematic for entanglement by dolphins. By-catch affects all cetaceans, both small and big, in all habitat types. However, smaller cetaceans and pinnipeds are most vulnerable as their size means that escape once they are entangled is highly unlikely and they frequently drown. While larger cetaceans are capable of dragging nets with them, the nets sometimes remain tightly attached to the individual and can impede the animal from feeding sometimes leading to starvation. Abandoned or lost nets and lines cause mortality through ingestion or entanglement. Marine mammals also get entangled in aquaculture nets, however, these are rare events and not prevalent enough to impact populations. ", ". . As decades of such fishing dramatically lowered the numbers of certain species of dolphins, the U.S. Congress enacted a law in 1990 that said companies could not market tuna as \"dolphin-safe\" if they caught the fish by purposely surrounding dolphins with the nets.", ". . The dispute involves the use of huge \"purse seine\" nets, which fisherman have used since the late 1950s to boost their capture of tuna swimming beneath dolphins. The nets get their name as they can be closed like a drawstring purse. Dolphins, which are air-breathing mammals, can be easily spotted by fishermen when they surface for air.", "Fishing has had a devastating effect on marine organism populations for several centuries even before the explosion of destructive and highly effective fishing practices like trawling. Humans are unique among predators in that they regularly predate on other adult apex predators, particularly in marine environments; bluefin tuna and various sharks in particular are particularly vulnerable to predation pressure from human fishing.", "Dolphins are a common bycatch in tuna fisheries, especially in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean, as they commonly swim with schools of yellowfin tuna. The dolphins, who swim closer to the surface than tuna, may be used as an indicator of tuna presence. Labeling was originally intended to discourage fishing boats from netting dolphins with tuna.", "Longline fishing is a method used to target finfish and shark species. A longline consists of a main line with numerous baited hooks attached to branchlines. The line can be set parallel to the surface or on the sea-bed. The number and type of hooks and the length of the branchlines depend on the target species. Longlines can be up to 100km long and have up to 10 000 hooks. Each year thousands of seabirds are accidentally killed on longline hooks when birds ingest baited hooks during the setting or hauling of the longline. Birds hooked are subsequently pulled under the water by the weight of the line and drown. The level of mortality that occurs in longline fisheries is not sustainable for many populations of seabirds.", "Non-targeted sea life caught by commercial fishermen. Tuna longlines have a bycatch of turtles or mahi-mahi, for instance. Shrimp nets have a bycatch of at least a hundred species of fish and crab, discarded overboard.", "As the size of the US tuna fleet decreased and the fleets of Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, and other Latin American countries increased, the dolphin kill began to grow again. Actions to monitor and reduce the dolphin bycatch became international. The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission began a dolphin conservation program in 1979 modeled on the US effort. By 1986, an international observer program with all countries participating showed that total dolphin mortality had increased to 133,000 per year (Fig. 3). Because US boats operated under restrictions that did not apply to boats of other countries, the United States began requiring that imported tuna be caught at dolphin mortality rates comparable to US boats. The concept of Dolphin-Safe tuna—tuna caught without setting on dolphins (i.e., in log and school sets)—became popular. The trade actions were important because the United States is a large market for the canned tuna product of the fishery.", "Bycatch  Non-targeted sea life caught by commercial fishermen. Tuna longlines have a bycatch of turtles or mahi-mahi, for instance. Shrimp nets have a bycatch of at least a hundred species of fish and crab, discarded overboard.", "Concerned about these and other impacts to marine mammals, in 1972 Congress enacted the Marine Mammal Protection Act, which prohibited the harassment, hunting, capturing, and killing of marine mammals without prior authorization. The Marine Mammal Protection Act also included provisions for reducing incidental marine mammal bycatch to “insignificant levels approaching zero.” In the 1970s, the U.S. government began to study the issue, monitor fishing in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, and promulgate regulations to reduce the number of dolphins killed on U.S. vessels. These efforts reduced the kill rate in the U.S. industry. Increased fishing by Latin American fleets, however, caused dolphin mortality to rise again in the mid-1980s.", "A new film examines global trends towards overfishing and the decline of fish stocks. End of the Line, which is currently showing in cinemas, documents threatened species and the roles of the fishing industry, retailer, government and consumer in contributing to both the problem and the solution. It warns of the imminent extinction of several prominent species, including bluefin tuna, and of the potential collapse of most seafood fisheries by 2048 if current trends continue.", "Fishery practices have changed to be dolphin friendly, which has caused greater bycatch including sharks, turtles and other oceanic fish. Fishermen no longer follow dolphins, but concentrate their fisheries around floating objects such as fish aggregation devices, also known as FADs, which attract large populations of other organisms. Measures taken thus far to satisfy the public demand to protect dolphins can be potentially damaging to other species as well. ", "According to the U.S. Consumers Union, these labels provide no guarantee that dolphins are not harmed during the fishing process because verification is neither universal nor independent. Still, tuna fishing boats and canneries operating under any of the various U.S. labeling standards are subject to surprise inspection and observation. For US import, companies face strict charges of fraud for any violation of the label standards, while Earth Island Institute, an independent environmental organization, verifies the standards are met by more than 700 tuna companies outside the U.S through inspections of canneries, storage units, and audits of fishing logs. International observers are increasingly part of the Dolphin Safe verification process, being present on virtually all purse seine tuna boats in the Pacific Ocean. ", "These vessels will surround a school of fish with a large net, which is closed off at the bottom with a cable. This technique can trap an entire school of tuna as well as other fish. In the Eastern Pacific, yellow fin tuna often travel with dolphins (for reasons yet unknown), who are vulnerable to entanglement in purse seines if herded and encircled by the net. ", "Fig. 2. Backdown procedure in progress. As the tuna vessel moves backwards to the right in this photo, the net is drawn into a long channel. The corkline at the far end is pulled under water slightly, and the dolphins escape. Speedboats are positioned along the corkline to help keep the net open.", "Incidental capture of common dolphins in European Atlantic fisheries has been well studied in recent years, and as a result of recent EU legislation, on-board observer programs are being carried out in most of the fisheries considered to have a potentially significant bycatch of common dolphins. Northridge (2006) showed that bycatches of common dolphins in European pelagic trawl fisheries probably total around 800 animals per year in UK and French pelagic trawl fisheries for sea bass. Annual catch rates in the UK sector of this fishery have been falling in recent years and the annual average total mortality recently (2000-2006) has been 170 animals in this sector. Other bycatches in the same area are known to occur in gill nets, tangle nets and possibly other fisheries (ICES 2005; Northridge 2006).", "Some have suggested that the deaths are the work of a few angry fishermen who are upset about bait-stealing dolphins. Yet the majority of fishermen say that while dolphins can be annoying, they wouldn't harm the creatures.", "The earlier of known records of commercial hunting of killer whales date to the 18th century in Japan. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the global whaling industry caught immense numbers of baleen and sperm whales, but largely ignored killer whales because of their limited amounts of recoverable oil, their smaller populations, and the difficulty of taking them. Once the stocks of larger species were depleted, killer whales were targeted by commercial whalers in the mid-20th century. Between 1954 and 1997, Japan took 1,178 killer whales (although the Ministry of the Environment claims that there had been domestic catches of about 1,600 whales between late 1940s to 1960s ) and Norway took 987. Over 3,000 killer whales were taken by Soviet whalers, including an Antarctic catch of 916 in 1979–80 alone, prompting the International Whaling Commission to recommend a ban on commercial hunting of the species pending further research. (Compare with the situation on land, Commercial hunting.) Today, no country carries out a substantial hunt, although Indonesia and Greenland permit small subsistence hunts (see Aboriginal whaling). Other than commercial hunts, killer whales were hunted along Japanese coasts out of public concern for potential conflicts with fisheries. Such cases include a semi-resident male-female pair in Akashi Strait and Harimanada being killed in the Seto Inland Sea in 1957, the killing of five whales from a pod of 11 members that swam into Tokyo Bay in 1970, and a catch record in southern Taiwan in the 1990s. ", "The crew of the Japanese tuna-fishing boat Lucky Dragon 5, who had been fishing just outside the exclusion zone, returned to port suffering from radiation sickness and skin burns; one crew member was terminally ill. Efforts were made to recover the cargo of contaminated fish but at least two large tuna were probably sold and eaten. A further 75 tons of tuna caught between March and December were found to be unfit for human consumption. When the crew member died and the full results of the contamination were made public by the U.S., Japanese concerns were reignited about the hazards of radiation. ", "In Japanese villages each year, local fishermen hunt for large numbers of dolphins by herding them into shallow coves and then, scientists say, attacking them with knives and even eviscerating them alive.", "Besides for edible purposes, many species of tuna are caught frequently as a game fish, often for recreation or for contests in which money is awarded depending on how heavy the fish weighs in at. Larger specimens are notorious for putting up a fight while hooked, and have been known to injure people who try to catch them, as well as damage their equipment.", "Animal welfare advocates raise concerns about the possible suffering of fish caused by angling. Some countries, such as Germany have banned specific types of fishing, and the British RSPCA now formally prosecutes individuals who are cruel to fish. ", "����������� Fish often swallow a hook so deeply that to remove it, the fishers shove their fingers or pliers down the fish�s throat and, along with the hook, rip out some of the fish�s throat and guts. We can appreciate nature and bond with friends and family without hurting animals." ]

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[ "Dick Tracy is a comic strip featuring Dick Tracy (originally Plainclothes Tracy [1] ), a square-jawed, hard-hitting, fast-shooting, and intelligent police detective. Created by Chester Gould , the strip made its debut on October 4, 1931, in the Detroit Mirror . [2] It was distributed by the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate . Gould wrote and drew the strip until 1977. [2]", "Dick Tracy is a long-running comic strip featuring a popular and familiar character in American pop culture, Dick Tracy, a hard-hitting, fast-shooting and intelligent police detective. Created by Chester Gould, the strip made its debut on October 4, 1931, in the Detroit Mirror. It was distributed by the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. Gould wrote and drew the strip until 1977.", "Dick Tracy, comic strip created in 1931 by Chester Gould is a hard hitting, fast shooting, and supremely intelligent police detective who matched wits with a variety of colorful villains. Gould wrote and drew the strip until 1977. Gould introduced a raw violence to comic strips, reflecting the violence of 1930s Chicago . But Gould also did his best to keep up with the latest in crime fighting techniques and while Tracy often ends a case in a shoot out, he uses forensic science , advanced gagetry, and plain hard thinking to track the bad guy down. It has been suggested that this comic strip was the first example of the police procedural mystery story.", "1931 – The comic strip “Dick Tracy” made its debut in the Detroit Daily Mirror. The strip was created by Chester Gould.", "Dick Tracy, lacking some of the technological devices that he later used but sporting his trench coat, reports to his boss in one of the first strips. Chester Gould (1900–1985) modeled the chisel chinned cop after Sherlock Holmes and cashed in on the growing popularity of detective stories. He kept readers intrigued with a combination of dialogue and alternating perspectives on the scenes. Gould drew several comic strips before hitting on his award-winning Dick Tracy in 1931. Although Gould retired in 1977, the comic strip is currently being drawn and written by Dick Locher and Michael Kilian.", "Adventure and suspense had been elements of comic strips since Charles W. Kahles's popular strip Hairbreadth Harry (1906), but they appeared in the form of burlesque. In 1924 Roy Crane, with Wash Tubbs (later retitled Captain Easy), was the first to add these features to a strip in a strictly dramatic format. Some of the earliest examples of this new genre—invariably drawn in a more realistic style than the early \"funnies\"—were Tim Tyler's Luck (1928), by Lyman Young, Tarzan (1929), first drawn by Harold Foster, and Buck Rogers (1929), by Phil Nowlan and Dick Calkins. These led to such classics as Chester Gould's Dick Tracy (1931), Milton Caniff's Terry and the Pirates (1934), and Alex Raymond's Flash Gordon (1934), and culminated in the most consciously artistic strip of all, Harold Foster's Prince Valiant (1937).", "2) Chester Gould was a brilliant man. He was an American Cartoonist that drew Dick Tracy from 1931 to 1977, and was known exclusively for creating the amazing villains that I was talking about above. Gould was born and raised in Oklahoma, but later moved to Chicago. In 1924 he was hired by Hearst at the Chicago Evening American, and produced 2 comic strips, Radio Catts and Fillum Fables. After years of trying to develop the perfect cartoon strip, Gould finally displayed Dick Tracy and it was an instant sensation. Gould passed away in 1985, but his legacy will go on forever through his work. ", "The family of the late Dick Tracy cartoonist Chester Gould has donated a substantial collection of original Dick Tracy comic strips and related materials to The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum (BICLM). Gould wrote and drew Dick Tracy, one of the most popular and successful newspaper comic strips of all time, from 1931 until his retirement in 1977.", "Later stories, in which Gould veered into space opera and extraterrestrial contacts, mitigated somewhat against the strip's being recognized for its early use of realistic police procedure, but any examination of the Tracy strip from its beginnings in 1931 through the 1950s makes Gould's status as a pioneer in the police procedural subgenre clear.", "Chester Gould, in over nearly a half-century of writing and drawing the Dick Tracy strip, created perhaps the most formidable list of villains in American literature. The first was BIG BOY, whose gang killed Emil Trueheart and kidnapped Tess. A character of the early 1930’s, BIG BOY was a combination of Al Capone, Bugs Moran and other notorious gangsters. With the cover of crooked politicians and lawyers, it took over two years for Dick Tracy to finally put this criminal out of business. Along the way, Tracy was framed by STOOGE VILLER and suspended from the police department, later reinstated with help from Tess and Junior.", "In 1923 Chester Gould graduated from Northwestern University. After graduation he is hired by the Evening American at $60.00 a week. Gould signs a 5-year contract with the Evening American and begins drawing two comic strips—The Radio Catts, a hilarious strip about radio and Fillum Fables an adventure strip. With the Evening American he also reviews the top billings at Chicago theaters and draws caricatures of leading stars such as Al Jolson, Eddie Cantor, and Sophie Tucker. As his portfolio grows, Gould continues to create comic strip ideas, sending them to J. M. Patterson, still without success.", "The elements in Dick Tracy, such as the characters, its authenticity, and the plot lines made it a success. People wanted a real crime fighter and someone who stood for everything that was good, and who helped good triumph over evil. That is what Dick Tracy delivered to the Chicago Tribune in 1931. If people wanted to read about mobsters who had the upper hand, they could turn to the front page of the Tribune. Chester Gould created Dick Tracy's character with the belief that crime does not pay, and that is what a city like Chicago, still recovering from the Great Depression, needed. That is what Captain J. M. Patterson of the Chicago Tribune, as well as its readers, saw in Dick Tracy.", "Gould incurred some controversy when he had Tracy, on a police officer's salary, live in an unaccountably ostentatious manner, and responded with a story wherein Tracy was accused of corruption and had to explain the origin of his possessions in detail. In his book-length examination of the strip, Dick Tracy – The Official Biography, Jay Maeder suggested that Gould's critics were unsatisfied by his explanation. Nevertheless, the controversy eventually faded, and the cartoonist reduced exposure to Tracy's home life.", "Li'l Abner also featured a comic strip-within-the-strip: Fearless Fosdick was a parody of Chester Gould 's plainclothes detective, Dick Tracy . It first appeared in 1942, and proved so popular that it ran intermittently in Li'l Abner over the next 35 years. Gould was also personally parodied in the series as cartoonist Lester Gooch - the diminutive, much-harassed and occasionally deranged \"creator\" of Fearless Fosdick. The style of the Fosdick sequences closely mimicked Tracy, including the urban setting, the outrageous villains, the galloping mortality rate, the crosshatched shadows, the lettering style - even Gould's familiar signature was parodied in Fearless Fosdick. Fosdick battled a succession of archenemies with absurdly unlikely names like Rattop, Anyface, Bombface, Boldfinger, the Atom Bum, the Chippendale Chair, and Sidney the Crooked Parrot, as well as his own criminal mastermind father, \"Fearful\" Fosdick (a.k.a. \"The Original\"). The razor-jawed title character (Li'l Abner's \"ideel\") was perpetually ventilated by flying bullets until he resembled a slice of Swiss cheese. The impervious Fosdick considered the gaping, smoking holes \"mere scratches\", however, and always reported back in one piece to his corrupt superior, The Chief, for duty the next day.", "Gould described his inspiration for Dick Tracy in this way- In June of 1931, Gould happened to be listening to an episode of a popular radio series based on the Sherlock Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, one of the cartoonist's favorite authors. As he listened, his eyes drifted to the front page of the paper, which had a headline story about Al Capone, the most powerful organized crime figure in Chicago, possibly the entire United States. Thinking about Capone at the same time he was listening to a radio drama about Sherlock Holmes, it occurred to Gould that the mobster was a modern-day Moriarty, and that what was needed to deal with him was a modern-day American Sherlock Holmes. He was this inspired to try another submission to Patterson.", "When Ness and his Untouchables emerged as the enforcers who had put away Al Capone after he had maintained a decade-long empire in Chicago, they became so ingrained in the American psyche that cartoonist, Chester Gould, launched a new comic strip based on the crime stories publicized in the daily headlines.", "Li'l Abner also featured a comic strip-within-the-strip: Fearless Fosdick was a parody of Chester Gould's plainclothes detective, Dick Tracy. It first appeared in 1942, and proved so popular that it ran intermittently in Li'l Abner over the next 35 years. Gould was also personally parodied in the series as cartoonist Lester Gooch— the diminutive, much-harassed and occasionally deranged \"creator\" of Fearless Fosdick. The style of the Fosdick sequences closely mimicked Tracy, including the urban setting, the outrageous villains, the galloping mortality rate, the crosshatched shadows, the lettering style— even Gould's familiar signature was parodied in Fearless Fosdick. Fosdick battled a succession of archenemies with absurdly unlikely names like Rattop, Anyface, Bombface, Boldfinger, the Atom Bum, the Chippendale Chair, and Sidney the Crooked Parrot, as well as his own criminal mastermind father, \"Fearful\" Fosdick (aka \"The Original\"). The razor-jawed title character (Li'l Abner's \"ideel\") was perpetually ventilated by flying bullets until he resembled a slice of Swiss cheese. The impervious Fosdick considered the gaping, smoking holes \"mere scratches,\" however, and always reported back in one piece to his corrupt superior The Chief for duty the next day.", "Li'l Abner also featured a comic strip-within-the-strip: Fearless Fosdick was a parody of Chester Gould's Dick Tracy. It first appeared in 1942, and proved so popular that it ran intermittently over the next 35 years. Gould was also personally parodied in the series as cartoonist \"Lester Gooch\"- the scrawny, much-harassed and occasionally deranged creator of Fosdick. The style of the Fosdick sequences closely mimicked Tracy, including the outrageous villains, the thick square panels, and even the lettering style. Fearless Fosdick was almost certainly the inspiration for Harvey Kurtzman's Mad magazine, which began as a comic book that specifically parodied other comics in 1952. That same year, Fosdick was also the star of his own short-lived puppet show on NBC, featuring the Mary Chase marionettes.", "Fu Manchu was first brought to newspaper comic strips in a black and white daily strip drawn by Leo O'Mealia (1884-1960) and ran from 1931 to 1933. The strips were adaptations of the first two Fu Manchu novels and part of the third. Unlike most other illustrators, O'Mealia drew Fu Manchu as a clean-shaven man with an abnormally large cranium. The strips were copyrighted by \"Sax Rohmer and The Bell Syndicate, Inc\". Two of the Fu Manchu strips were reprinted in the 1989 book Fu Manchu : two complete adventures. ", "Chester Gould won the Reuben Award for the strip in 1959 and 1977. The Mystery Writers of America honored Gould and his work with a Special Edgar Award in 1980. In 1995, the strip was one of 20 included in the Comic Strip Classics series of commemorative postage stamps and postcards. [8]", "Chester Gould won the National Cartoonists Society's Reuben Award in 1959 and 1977. The Mystery Writers of America honored Gould and his work with a Special Edgar Award in 1980. In 1995, the strip was one of 20 included in the Comic Strip Classics series of commemorative postage stamps and postcards. ", "The chief of Gotham City Police Department. He is often seen alongside Commissioner Gordon . Always by the Commissioner's side, Chief of Police O'Hara is the hardest-working cop in Gotham City. On top of his regular duties, he also heads up the GCPD Anti-Lunatic Squad. Apparently brought up in an Irish family, O'Hara is quick to condemn criminals and sometimes lets his emotions get the better of him. He is often frustrated by the many puzzles and tricks offered by Gotham's super-villains. Nevertheless, he always follows Gordon's (or Batman 's) orders, leading his men in to help the Caped Crusaders whenever they need it. He is happily married, though it is unknown if he has any children.", "For the handsome sum of $500 a week Hammett was hired to create a comic strip. The result was Secret Agent X-9, who was a rather unconventional agent of the FBI. The new strip was a daily only and debuted in January of 1934. Sales material sent out to newspapers described Hammett as “today’s most popular, fastest-selling author of detective novels.” For the artist Connelly plucked Alex Raymond out of the bullpen. In the sales pitch, he was described as “the sensational new illustrator.” His salary was $20 a week.", "^ Desris, Joe (1994). \"Cops, Crooks, and Creeps\". The Golden Age of Batman The Greatest Covers of Detective Comics From the '30s to the '50s. New York, NY: Artabras. p.11. ISBN0896600467. Gotham City's most famous detective ultimately usurped the coveted cover position with issue 35.", "More to the point, Gould was making a genuine attempt to portray police work realistically. Once Tracy was sold to the Chicago Tribune syndicate, Gould enrolled in a criminology class at Northwestern University, met with members of the Chicago Police Department, and did research at the Department's crime lab, to make his depiction of law enforcement more authentic. Ultimately, he hired retired Chicago policeman Al Valanis, a pioneering forensic sketch artist, as both an artistic assistant and police technical advisor.", "Detective Casey (sometimes Inspector Casey) is Chief O'Hara's head detective, first appearing in the Mickey Mouse daily comic in the 1938 sequence The Plumber's Helper. The story was plotted and penciled by Floyd Gottfredson and written by Merrill De Maris. Casey disappeared from American comics in the 1950s, but was used frequently in Europe, especially in Italy, afterwards; from 2003, he returned as a frequent player in the American comics once again.", "The character gained prominence in a comic strip and the Chicago Defender newspaper in the early 1930s.", "Warren Beatty as Dick Tracy: Square-jawed detective sporting a yellow overcoat and fedora. He is heavily committed to break the organized crime that infests in the city. In addition, Tracy is in line to become the chief of police, which he scorns as a \"desk job\".", "* Ted Knight (died August 26, 1986, age 62) (Commissioner Gordon on The Batman/Superman Hour, The Narrator on Super Friends, and Carter Winston, a character featured on one episode of Star Trek: The Animated Series)", "Henri Weiner's Crime on the Cuff(1936), featuring one-armed sleuth John Brass, a former Secret Service man who is also a popular cartoonist.", "Henri Weiner’s Crime on the Cuff (1936), featuring one-armed sleuth John Brass, a former Secret Service man who is also a popular cartoonist.", "a character in an American comic strip and several films who secretly assumes a batlike costume in order to fight crime" ]

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[ "A July 15, 1997, news report details the murder of Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace, who was gunned down earlier that day in front of his Miami home by a man later identified as Andrew Cunanan.", "Gianni Versace, the Italian fashion designer of ornately decorated and sometimes outrageously revealing gowns, was a driving force in the glamorizing of fashion during the era of supermodels and celebrity designers. He was shot to death, on July 15, 1997, outside his Miami home - the fifth victim of the suspected killer Andrew Cunanan, who committed suicide nine days later.", "1997 - Gianni Versace was shot to death by Andrew Phillip Cunanan outside his home in Miami, FL. Cunanan was found dead eight days later.", "Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace was gunned down by serial killer Andrew Cunanan in 1997. The murder took place in front of the 50-year-old Versace's mansion, Casa Casuarina, in South Beach, Florida. Versace had spent almost 2 decades in the fashion world and was known for his over-the-top designs like his bondage dresses. His clients (and friends) included everyone from Madonna to Princess Diana. The Versace label continues today with sister Donatella at the helm.", "Five and a half months after the fashion designer Gianni Versace was shot to death outside his Miami Beach home, the police said today that they still lacked a motive for the crime and could not fully account for the movements of the suspected killer, Andrew P. Cunanan, who committed suicide nine days after Mr. Versace's death.", "Maureen Orth had just filed a major Vanity Fair story on Andrew Cunanan and his four murder victims when Gianni Versace was murdered in July 1997.  When Miami detectives implicated the suspected serial killer in Versace's death, Orth made news with the startling revelation that the killer—already on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted list—wasn't a stranger to the superstar murder victim.  As the world struggled to understand how the focus of a national manhunt could have gunned down a beloved celebrity in broad daylight, Cunanan continued to elude authorities despite steadily mounting pressure from both law enforcement and media.  Cornered in Miami Beach, he escaped captivity only by taking his own life, never revealing what drove him to commit five murders in four states.", "Years of designing for the theater earned him a respectable reputation in the fashion industry, but it was his collaborations with American photographer Richard Avedon that helped Gianni Versace become one of the world's elite designers. His 1982 collection introduced metallic garments that would become his trademark, and his elaborate stage costumes for Elton John in the late '80s helped cement his reputation as one of the beautiful people. At the time of his murder in 1997, Versace had an extensive empire that included boutiques, fragrances and household products. He was shot to death outside his Miami Beach home, the last victim in the killing spree of fugitive Andrew Cunanan. Versace's sister Donatella succeeded him as head of the fashion house.", "15 - Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace is gunned down on the steps of his Miami Beach residence by gay serial killer Andrew Cunanan, who kills himself in a nearby houseboat a few days later. Cunanan was being sought by the FBI in connection with four other murders.", "MIAMI BEACH, Florida (CNN) -- The death of Andrew Cunanan leaves many questions unanswered, and authorities are looking for more evidence that the 27-year-old San Diego native was the person who killed five people, including fashion designer Gianni Versace.", "1997: Versace murdered on his doorstep. Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace is shot dead on the steps of his Miami mansion.", "NEW YORK (CNNfn) - Italian designer Gianni Versace was shot to death Tuesday morning outside his home in Miami Beach. His death leaves a void in the fashion world.", "After a four- hour siege by a SWAT team , Andrew Cunanan, one of FBI's most wanted men in America, was found dead in the upstairs bedroom of a Miami Florida house boat eight days after the culimination of a killing spree that took that claimed the lives of five men, including Italian designer Gianni Versace. Identified by thumbprints the cause of his death was a self inflicted gun shot. The boat's caretaker told police he saw a stranger aboard and heard a shot fired. The house boat was located 2 1/2 miles north of Versace's mansion. A mile from the hotel where Cunanan stayed for two months before the slaying.", "Versace was shot dead on July 15, 1997, aged 50, on the steps of his Miami Beach mansion as he returned from a morning walk. ", "Five days later he went out for his morning walk along South Beach. When he returned to Casa Casuarina, a 27-year-old named Andrew Cunanan walked up and shot Gianni on his front steps. A nationwide manhunt ensued and eight days later, Cunanan was found dead on a houseboat in Miami; investigators concluded he committed suicide with the same gun used to shoot Versace.", "What designer's sister, Donatella, took the reigns of his empire after he was murdered by Andrew Cunanan in Miami Beach? Gianni Versace", "The designer was gunned down outside his Miami Beach home by Andrew Cunanan in 1997. Cunanan was later found dead.", "Committed suicide by gunshot in a Miami houseboat. His killing spree lasted three months and spanned the country, causing the FBI to place him on their “most wanted” list. His last victim was Gianni Versace. Cunanan committed suicide eight days later, as the police were closing in.", "Later that year that the style icon was shockingly gunned down in front of his Miami mansion.", "Gianni Versace was shot on his doorstep in Miami on July 15, 1997 while returning from buying a newspaper.", "Antonio D’Amico, Versace’s longtime companion, who raced to the door of the Miami mansion within seconds of hearing the gunshots, about 8:45 a.m. on July 15, said he could identify Cunanan as the killer who walked left down Ocean Drive. Other witnesses say the killer then cut left into an alley, then right down another alley, where he was captured on a hotel’s security camera. That alley was directly across 13th Street from a four-dollar-a-day municipal parking lot, where witnesses reported seeing the killer enter and apparently change clothes beside a 1995 red Chevy pickup truck, which proved to be the one that had been stolen from William Reese. It carried stolen South Carolina license plates. A garage attendant told me she had found the ticket for the truck, which showed that it had been parked on the third level since June 10. Drivers pay as they leave, and only after about six weeks does the garage begin to question whether the driver is ever coming back.", "Shortly after America’s Most Wanted picked up the serial-killer scent, Orth became the ranking Cunanan expert: She’d tracked him since the May ’97 murder of New Jersey cemetery caretaker William Reese, which helped land Cunanan on the FBI’s Ten Most Wanted list. By the time Versace’s murder elevated him to the serial-killer hall of fame, Orth had interviewed so many of his friends and family that Cunanan himself called her for a chat (he hung up when her husband answered). After all, Vanity Fair was Cunanan’s favorite magazine. More than anything, this killer coveted the lifestyle of the rich and famous.", "On July 23, 1997, eight days after murdering Versace, Cunanan shot himself in the mouth in the upstairs bedroom of a Miami houseboat. He used the same gun he had used to kill Madson and Miglin, a Taurus PT100 semi-automatic pistol in .40 S&W caliber, which had been stolen from the first victim, Jeff Trail. His cremated remains are interred in the Mausoleum at Holy Cross Catholic Cemetery in San Diego, California. ", "Eight days later, Cunanan was traced by detectives to a houseboat moored less than three miles from Versace’s murder. After a stand-off lasting five hours, a SWAT team stormed the boat only to find that the 27-year-old had already committed suicide.", "F or nearly two months before Versace’s murder, I had crisscrossed the country from San Diego and San Francisco to Minneapolis and Washington, D.C., in order to learn the real story of Andrew Cunanan, a chronic liar and consumer of status with an avid appetite for sadomasochistic pornography. “He liked S&M,” his former roommate Erik Greenman told me. “He was more the tying-up-and-whips type—just the degradation, not the asphyxiation.” The weekend before Cunanan left California for Minnesota, where he probably murdered both Madson and Trail, signs were mounting that he was spiraling out of control. On April 18, Cunanan was in San Francisco and ran into his old friend John Semerau at the Midnight Sun, a gay bar, where he showed him a flyer for an S&M party he was planning to attend the next night. The two later argued. “He grabbed me around the neck so hard he was choking me by his grip,” recalls Semerau, who angrily told Cunanan, “ ‘Andrew, you’re really hurting me—stop it!’ Something had snapped in him. Now I realize the guy was hunting—he was getting the thrill of the hunt, the thrill of the kill. I saw it in his eyes. I saw it in his body. He had stepped over the edge.”", "Andrew Cunanan had no criminal record before the spring of 1997, when he began a killing spree in Minneapolis. On April 27, 1997, after traveling from San Diego, Cunanan bludgeoned Jeffrey Trail to death. Trail was an acquaintance of David Madson, an ex-lover of Cunanan’s whom Cunanan in turn murdered on May 3. Cunanan shot Madson in the head, dumped his body near a lake outside Minneapolis, and took his red Jeep Cherokee. Two days later, in Chicago, he gained access to the estate of wealthy developer Lee Miglin, beat him to death, and stole his Lexus. On May 9, Cunanan abandoned Miglin’s automobile in Pennsville, New Jersey, and shot cemetery caretaker William Reese to death for his red pickup truck.", "News that the 50-year-old designer had been shot to death in front of his Miami Beach villa caused the cancellation in Rome of a glamorous fashion gala that was to have marked the end of a week of shows.", "In 2010 a book by Giuseppe Di Bella, a former member of the Calabrian Mafia known as the N'drangheta, alleged that Versace was killed over debts he had with the crime syndicate. The designer had denied rumours of his involvement with organised crime before his death.", "On May 19, 1992, Amy Fisher shot Mary Jo Buttafuoco in the right side of the face. Fisher had come to the Buttafuocos' house to confront Mary Jo Buttafuoco about Joey Buttafuoco, with whom she had been having an affair since July 1991 after Fisher brought her vehicle to Buttafuoco's auto body shop in Baldwin, Nassau County. When Mary Jo answered the door, Fisher—posing as her own (fictitious) sister Ann Marie—offered as proof of the affair a T-shirt that Joey had given her, with the logo of his auto body shop on it. The front porch confrontation escalated, and when Mary Jo demanded that Fisher leave and turned to go into the house and call Joey, Fisher shot her in the face with a .25 caliber semiautomatic pistol. Once Mary Jo regained consciousness, she identified Fisher as her assailant.", "* Christopher Dale Flannery (37), a famous figure of the Australian underworld and an alleged hitman, known as \"Mr. Rent-A-Kill\", who was responsible for numerous murders, was last seen 9 May 1985 in a Sydney taxicab headed for a meeting with his employer. He is believed to have been murdered, most likely by his fellow criminals who reportedly felt he was out of control, but other theories point to the Sydney police.", "On April 4, 1958, at age 14, Cheryl Crane stabbed her mother's boyfriend Johnny Stompanato to death. The killing was ruled a justifiable homicide: Crane was deemed to have been protecting her mother. Stompanato was well-known to have been abusive, extremely jealous of Turner and had previously pointed a gun at actor Sean Connery, her co-star in Another Time, Another Place, only to have Connery take the gun from him, beat him and force him from the movie set. ", "1996 – In Fort Lauderdale, Florida, a former member of the city’s beach detail shot and killed five former co-workers before killing himself.", "1990 – John Gotti (1940-2002) was acquitted of charges that he commissioned the Westies gang to shoot a union official in Manhattan’s Hell’s Kitchen. This earned him the nickname “The Teflon Don.”" ]

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[ "to the four and twenty blackbirds that were baked in a pie (Sing a Song of Sixpence)", "3 Sing a song of sixpence, A pocket full of rye; Four and twenty blackbirds Baked in a pie.", "“ Sing a song of sixpence, a pocket full of rye. Four and twenty blackbirds, Baked in a pie.", "Sing a Song of Sixpence Sing a song of sixpence, A pocket full of rye; Four and twenty blackbirds Baked in a pie.", "The number four and twenty is among the most common in Mother Goose rhymes. It is twice twelve, or a double dozen. The number 12 brims over with tradition and associations. We have already described why the birds might be baked in a pie.", "Sing a Song of Sixpence a Bag Full of Rye Four-And-Twenty Blackbirds Baked in a Pie", "There are many theories as to the origins of the nursery rhyme Sing a Song of Sixpence. Some see it as an early lampoon about the extravagances of royalty, some as a representation of Henry VIII, Katherine of Aragon with Anne Boleyn playing the part of the maid. The blackbirds baked in the pie being the disaffected monks after the dissolution of the monasteries.", "Lovely words to this children's action nursery rhyme which is often referred to as blackbirds baked in a pie probably because the image that blackbirds baked in a pie would create in a child's mind . The rye ( a pocketful of rye) was purchased to feed birds. Blackbirds, and other song birds, were actually eaten as a delicacy! However a court jester may well have suggested to the court cook to bake a pie pastry crust and place this over some live blackbirds to surprise and amuse the King! It would not be unreasonable for the blackbirds to look for revenge hence \"When down came a blackbird and pecked off her nose!\" It is interesting to note that the references to the counting house and eating honey were the common man's  perception of what a King and Queen spent their time doing. The nursery rhyme Sing a song of sixpence or blackbirds baked in a pie always end with the tweaking of a child's nose!", "NURSERY RHYMES.Sing a song of sixpence,S. A p o c k e t f u l l o f r y e ;Four-a nd-twenty blackbirdsBaked in a pie;When the pie was open'dj The birds began to sing;Was not that a dainty dishTo set before the king?The king was in his counting-houseCounting out his money;The queen was in the parlourEating bread and honey;The maid was in the gardenThe Queen of Hearts, she made some tarts, Hanging out the clothes,All on a summer's day; There came a little blackbird,The Knave of Hearts, he stole those tarts, And snapt off her nose.And took them clean away.The King of Hearts, called for those tarts,And beat the Knave full sore;The Knave of Hearts brought back thosetarts,And vowed he'd steal no more.Old king Cole was a merry old soul,And a merry old soul was he;./ He called for his pipe,And he called for his bowl,And he called for his fiddlers three.3i Each fiddler had a very fine fiddle,A very fine fiddle had he.. ......... 1.. Oh, there's none so rare as can compareWith king Cole and his fiddlers three.", "It was not uncommon in the 16th century for a chef to hide surprises in the dinner pie; this is also reflected in the nursery rhyme \"Little Jack Horner\" (of which more later).  So the most obvious explanation of \"Sing a Song of Sixpence\" is that it reflected an actual practice--baking a pie full of live birds that popped out when the pie was opened.", "Read \"Sing a Song of Sixpence\" while your dramatic cherubs act it out. There are parts for a king, a baker and up to 24 blackbirds. Yikes -- that's a lot of preschoolers. Round up some kingly looking costume things you have lying around the house. Give the baker a brown towel, or a sheet or blanket that will be the \"pocketful of rye\" pie crust. He should place the towel over the blackbirds when the rhyme calls for them to be baked in the pie. The blackbirds may wear black, or not. Mostly, the birds need to flap their arms and sing. As you read the rhyme, encourage each actor to play his part very dramatically.", "In mediaeval times, lively birds were placed in previously cooked pastry shells to be released as entertainment during lofty feasts. This may be the ancestry of this verse. This is an instance of one of the earliest recorded rhymes that yet remains in print. Its written recording dates backwards to the eighteenth century but it was likely around for often longer. The cable \"Four and Twenty blackbirds cooked in a pie\" may be the ancestry of 420's meaning.", "Now that had to hurt! But the missing nose isn’t the only alarming thing about this little ditty. PETA would’ve had a field day with baking blackbirds into a pie. I can’t believe they taste very good. I’d stick with the queen and her bread and honey.  The origins of this song are largely unknown  although it’s said that the original line had naughty little boys being baked into the pie instead of blackbirds.", "Recently while reading some nursery rhymes to my children at bed time, we read about \"sing a song of sixpence, a pocket full of rye.\" What is the significance of a \"song of sixpence,\" and why would a \"pocket full of rye\" make any difference? This poem seems to be rather nonsensical. I mean, how large would a pie have to be to hold 24 blackbirds anyway? Could you just explain the whole damn poem? Inquiring minds want to know.", "This rhyme most certainly originated long ago, before PETA existed. It was likely based on a spoof by a court jester who thought it would be hilarious to trick the king by putting live birds into a pie shell. At the time, cooked blackbirds were considered a delicacy and would have been served to the king.", "According to the Nursery Rhyme, what did Little Jack Horner pull out of a pie.  Although Little Jill Horner gave me a laugh, I knew that he stuck his thumb and pulled out a plum and said, \"What a good boy am I.\"  Brian thought differently and was thinking of a different nursery rhyme and said that he pulled out a blackbird and after some thought locked it in as his final answer.", "The Common Blackbird was seen as a sacred though destructive bird in Classical Greek folklore, and was said to die if it consumed pomegranate. Like many other small birds, it has in the past been trapped in rural areas at its night roosts as an easily available addition to the diet, and in medieval times the conceit of placing live birds under a pie crust just before serving may have been the origin of the familiar nursery rhyme:", "The Common Blackbird was seen as a sacred though destructive bird in Classical Greek folklore, and was said to die if it consumed pomegranate . [52] Like many other small birds, it has in the past been trapped in rural areas at its night roosts as an easily available addition to the diet, [53] and in medieval times the conceit of placing live birds under a pie crust just before serving may have been the origin of the familiar nursery rhyme : [53]", "\"Jack Sprat\" is a traditional English nursery rhyme whose main verse says, \"Jack Sprat could eat no fat. His wife could eat no lean. And so between them both, you see, they licked the platter clean.\" Though it was likely sung by children long before, \"Jack Sprat\" was first published around 1765 in the compilation \"Mother Goose's Melody.\"", "The common blackbird was seen as a sacred though destructive bird in Classical Greek folklore, and was said to die if it consumed pomegranate . [52] Like many other small birds, it has in the past been trapped in rural areas at its night roosts as an easily available addition to the diet, [53] and in medieval times the conceit of placing live birds under a pie crust just before serving may have been the origin of the familiar nursery rhyme : [53]", "Many interpretations have been placed on this rhyme. It is known that a 16th-century amusement was to place live birds in a pie, as a form of entremet. An Italian cookbook from 1549 (translated into English in 1598) contained such a recipe: \"to make pies so that birds may be alive in them and flie out when it is cut up\" and this was referred to in a cook book of 1725 by John Nott. The wedding of Marie de' Medici and Henry IV of France in 1600 contains some interesting parallels. \"The first surprise, though, came shortly before the starter—when the guests sat down, unfolded their napkins and saw songbirds fly out. The highlight of the meal were sherbets of milk and honey, which were created by Buontalenti.\"", "-MAGPIES - If you see these birds, remember this rhyme - \" One for sorrow, Two for joy, Three for a girl, Four for a boy, Five for silver, Six for gold, Seven for a secret, Never to be told. \"", "A nursery rhyme is a short metrical verse taught to very young children. Song of Sixpence by Walter Crane (1845-1915) is an example.", "The saying became a popular English nursery rhyme when it was printed in Mother Goose's Melody around 1765. There are different theories that the rhyme might be even older and already existed in the 12th century. However, there isn't any proof for any of the theories, but let's take a look at the full version first:", "'Oranges and Lemons' is a well-known English Nursery Rhyme. Of unknown origin, it is possible that the children of London made up the words to fit the rhythm of the ringing bells.", "It is is a classic nursery  rhyme. The origin of the rhyme are several theories. The rhyme is known to date back to at least the eighteenth century.  It was first published s in France. There are  four  stanzas.", "Many verses have been added to the rhyme, including a version with a total of 15 stanzas in a chapbook of the 19th century. The second verse, probably added as part of these extensions has become a standard part of the nursery rhyme. Early versions took the form:", "The rhyme has its origins in superstitions connected with magpies, considered a bird of ill omen in some cultures, and in Britain, at least as far back as the early sixteenth century.I. Opie and M. Tatem, eds, A Dictionary of Superstitions (Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 235-6. The rhyme was first recorded around 1780 in a note in John Brand's Observations on Popular Antiquities on Lincolnshire with the lyric:", "The rhyme refers to an old English superstition concerning the portent of the number of magpies seen together in a flock. The TV programme version altered the final lines to:", "[A north country version of a very common nursery rhyme, sung by a child, who imitates the crowing of a cock.]", "The lyrics of this nursery rhyme are not based on origins dating back in history. This is an education rhyme with the lyrics devised with the specific intention of teaching a child to count.", "A version of this rhyme, together with music, was published in Deuteromelia or The Seconde part of Musicks melodie (1609). The editor of the book, and possible author of the rhyme, was Thomas Ravenscroft, who in 1609 was still a teenager. The original lyrics are:" ]

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[ "But most of all, the basis of the popular pirate image is Robert Louis Stevenson's 1883 novel Treasure Island. This tale of a young boy's search for buried treasure introduced many pirate stereotypes. It was full of sailor's slang like \"Shiver me timbers!\", and featured a sea-shanty that's made its way into legend: \"Fifteen men on the dead man's chest - Yo-ho-ho and a bottle of rum!\"", "Dead Man's Chest was a song, sometimes also called Fifteen Men on a Dead Man's Chest, Derelict, and Yo Ho Ho (And a Bottle of Rum).", "arooning was a common pirate punishment. After a mutiny, the notorious Blackbeard is said to have marooned 15 men on Dead Man's Chest with only a bottle of rum. Hence the ditty:", "\"Fifteen men on a dead man's chest, yo-ho-ho and a bottle of rum... Drink and the devil had done for the rest, yo-ho-ho and a bottle of rum!\"", "Nearby, we find ourselves within arm's length of a rowboat with two very intoxicated pirates seated in it and filled to overflowing with rum bottles, including some in the water nearby. On our left, we pass a trio of pirates singing \"Yo-Ho, Yo-Ho, A Pirate's Life for Me\" alongside a donkey and a dog. Nearby them is a man with one foot in a row boat, the other on the dock. His arms are loaded with loot, several hats are sitting atop his head. He tries to sing the song with the rest of the crowd, but his nervousness about stepping into the boat precludes him from participating.", "The pirates emerge victorious, but learn that the Flying Dutchman must stay in the undersea-world and can only come to shore for one day, every ten years. Will frees his father, but Bootstrap Bill decides to remain with his son on the ship of his own free will. Will and Elizabeth spend their \"last day\" together on a beach and she promises she will wait for him and keep his heart safe. After discovering that Barbossa has made off with the Black Pearl, Jack sails off in a dinghy. Barbossa attempts to show the crew where the Fountain of Youth is on Sao Feng's charts, but he discovers a large chunk has been removed from the charts by Jack himself. Jack begins his voyage to the Fountain of Youth himself singing, \"Drink up, me hearties, yo ho!\".", "Upon the conclusion of the spiel, the boats take a quick dip down into the deeper caverns of the passage. A high-spirited chorus of the ride's iconic theme, \"Yo-Ho, Yo-Ho, A Pirate's Life for Me\", plays, a tune which will become a familiar sound throughout our journey. as the boats continue through the caverns. The boats take another plunge down a second waterfall and into the ruins of a dark, musty grotto. Waterfalls cascade down from the rocky ceilings of the chamber, as a low mist covers the scene. The boats makes their way around large boulders and stagmites, revealing the remains of a disheveled skeleton crew washed on a forgotten beach. The pirates guard the a treasure chest, which holds a plethora of gold and jewels.", "\"Dead Man's Chest\" (also known as Fifteen Men On The Dead Man's Chest or Derelict) is a fictional sea song, originally from Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Treasure Island (1883). It was expanded in a poem, titled Derelict by Young E. Allison, published in the Louisville Courier-Journal in 1891. It has since been used in many later works of art in various forms.", "CAPTAIN JACK SPARROW (singing) Drink up me hearties, yo ho! Yo ho, yo ho, a pirate’s life for me! (speaking) I raise a toast to all of our many shipmates lost at sea. Salut, mes amis! (singing) Drink up me hearties, yo ho! Rascals and scoundrels; villains and knaves. Drink up me hearties, yo ho. We’re devils and black sheep. We’re really bad eggs. Drink up me hearties, yo ho. (speaking) Drink up, lads! There’s treasure enough for all. I shall take this paltry sum as a stipend to cover my expenses…and the chest of jewels. (singing) Drink up me hearties, yo ho! Yo ho, yo ho, a pirate’s life for me! (speaking) A toast to piracy, and its many shiny rewards. As a career, what could be more rewarding? (singing) Drink up me hearties, yo ho! (speaking) I humbly accept this magnificent treasure as my reward for a life of villainy, larceny, skullduggery, and persnickety-ny.", "Sea shanties are a type of work song traditionally sung by sailors. Derived from the French word 'chanter', meaning 'to sing', they may date from as early as the 15th century, but most recorded examples derive from the 19th century. Shanties were usually slow rhythmic songs designed to help with collective tasks on labour-intensive sailing and later steam ships. Many were call and response songs, with one voice (the shantyman) singing a lead line and the rest of the sailors giving a response together. There were derived from varied sources, including dances, folk songs, polkas, waltzes and even West African work-songs. Since different songs were useful for different tasks they are traditionally divided into three main categories, short haul shanties, for tasks requiring quick pulls over a relatively short time; halyard shanties, for heavier work requiring more set-up time between pulls; and Capstan shanties, for long, repetitive tasks requiring a sustained rhythm, but not involving working the lines. Famous shanties include, the 'Drunken Sailor' and 'Blow the Man Down'. There was some interest in sea shanties in the first revival from figures like Percy Grainger. In the second revival A. L. Lloyd attempted to popularise them, recording several albums of sea songs from 1965.", "Rum with water, sugar and nutmeg was known as bumboo and was more popular with pirates and merchantmen. (See Bumboo_", "A song with chorus sung by sailors as an aid to work on a ship. The earliest references to sailors songs date from the 16th century, but most shanties known today (such as Blow the Man Down, Rio Grande and A-rovin') are of 19th-century origin, while the term itself is even more recent.", "A song with chorus sung by sailors as an aid to work on a ship. The earliest references to sailors songs date from the 16th century, but most shanties known today (such as Blow the Man Down, Rio Grande and A-rovin') are of 19th-century origin, while the term itself is even more recent.", "Well that's kind of neat. I'd heard before that the Dead Man's Chest was the name of a real island, but the whole Blackbeard-and-mutinous-crew legend is a new one on me. I'd wager that the story (like 90% of all stories about Blackbeard) is apocryphal, as real pirate captains usually couldn't get away with that kind of behavior to their crews; they were elected by their men and depended on the men's favor. But true or not, it certainly clarifies the meaning of Billy Bones' shanty.", "Drink Order : Apparently for reasons of scansion, these pirates prefer sherry to the more obvious rum.", "  Treasure Island is narrated by Jim Hawkins. The events take place in southwest England and the Caribbean at some unspecified time in the eighteenth century. Jim is a boy who lives with his parents at the Admiral Benbow inn, in southwest England, near the port city of Bristol. An old seaman takes up lodging at the inn. No one knows much about him. He drinks a lot of rum but does not speak much, and he seems wary. He tells Jim to look out for \"the seafaring man with one leg,\" and let him know when the man appears. Some people are afraid of the man they know only as the captain, largely because of the seafaring stories he tells about hangings and walking the plank and other horrors. When Dr. Livesey, the family physician, comes to attend to Jim's dying father, he encounters the captain. They quarrel, and the captain draws a knife on the doctor. The doctor calmly faces him down.  ", "The action of the pantomime has taken place on board ships variously named The Buccaneer, The Intrepid, The Bonaventure, The Venturer,  The Saucy Polly, The Saucy Sally, The Saucy Seaweed and the Saucy Susie. The ship has wrecked beneath the sea, in Davy Jones� Locker,In The Wonders Of The Deep, The Realms of Oceana, On The Shores Of A Lagoon, at Blackbeard�s Cave, and Curries Waltzing Waters speciality have graced several Grottos of King Neptune. Generally the Island where Crusoe lands is named The Island Of Juan Fernandez, and his home port is Hull- although many pantomimes  have set the departure port near to their own locale.", "The novel opens in a seaside village in south-west England in the mid- 18th century . The narrator , Jim Hawkins, is the young son of the owners of the Admiral Benbow Inn. An old drunken seaman named Billy Bones becomes a long-term lodger at the inn, only paying for about the first week of his stay. Jim quickly realizes that Bones is in hiding, and that he particularly dreads meeting an unidentified seafaring man with one leg. Some months later, Bones is visited by a mysterious sailor named Black Dog. Their meeting turns violent, Black Dog flees, and Bones suffers a stroke. While Jim cares for him, Bones confesses that he was once the mate of the late notorious pirate, Captain Flint , and that his old crewmates want Bones's sea chest.", "in the mid- 18th century . The narrator , Jim Hawkins, is the young son of the owners of the Admiral Benbow Inn. An old drunken seaman named Billy Bones becomes a long-term lodger at the inn. Jim quickly realizes that Bones is in hiding, and that he particularly dreads meeting an unidentified seafaring man with one leg. Some months later, Bones is visited by a mysterious sailor named Black Dog. Their meeting turns violent, Black Dog flees, and Bones suffers a stroke. While Jim cares for him, Bones confesses that he was once the mate of the late notorious pirate, Captain Flint , and that his old crewmates want Bones's sea chest.", "Of course sailors or passengers under dire situations have written messages at sea. One such incident occurred in the 1780s (some records give 1714 as the date) when Chunosuke Matsuyama went treasure hunting in the Pacific. He and the Japanese crew of 44 were shipwrecked off a small Island in the South Pacific. Knowing their fate was not good as there was no food or fresh water the captain scratched their story onto chips of wood and cast them adrift in a bottle. The bottle was found 150 years later on the shoreline of Japan – a bit too late to mount a rescue attempt. Coincidentally it was claimed that the bottle was found on the beach where Matsuyama grew up in Japan, but this may just be folklore.", "The pirates created a concoction called bumbo out of rum while the Royal Navy made grog out of it by mixing rum with Beer or water. The Spanish called rum, ron viejo or \"old rum\", and ron añejo or \"aged rum\".", "The story opens at Jim’s father’s inn, the Admiral Benbow. A wild seaman, Billy Bones, comes to stay, bringing with him a large sea chest. He frightens the locals by getting raucously drunk and singing the sea chanty:", "She also described how \"the ritual requires a victim.\" Although Angelica vowed to help her true father, Blackbeard, Jack warned that treacherous Blackbeard would kill her given the chance. Blackbeard's crew arrived first at Whitecap Bay, searching for a mermaid from which they would need a single tear. They spread out nets, fired up the light in a lighthouse to draw in the mermaids, then sent out several longboats as further bait to attract them. Scrum began singing \"My Jolly Sailor Bold\" - and a single seductive mermaid (Gemma Ward) appeared to him, followed by more swimming creatures that surrounded their boat. Soon, the vicious mermaids launched a deadly attack on the crewmen, many of whom were dragged down into the water and drowned. Jack Sparrow saved everyone from a full-scale slaughter by blowing up the lighthouse, causing the mermaids to retreat, but one young frightened mermaid (Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey) was left behind and captured.", "The Scottish society claim that Henry Sinclair of the Orkney Islands of Norway sailed with 12 ships and 300 men, landing in Guysborough, Acadia (Nova Scotia) on June 12, 1398.  They claim that navigator logs in Venice record this trip.  They also claim that a Micmac or Mi'-Kmaq legend speaks of bearded visitors with red hair and green eyes who showed them how to fish with nets.", "The classic adventure tale by Robert Louis Stevenson, starring Orson Welles and Arthur Anderson. Pirates, tropical islands, a treasure map, a teenage boy, and a one-legged seaman with a parrot on his shoulder. Stevenson began writing this tale \"on a chill September morning, by the cheek of a brisk fire, and rain drumming on the window\"... after being asked by his step-son to, please, write something interesting.", "Long ago lived a seaman named Captain Bravo. He was a manly man who showed no fear in facing his enemies. One day, while sailing the seven seas, a look-out spotted a pirate ship and the crew became frantic. Captain Bravo bellowed, ''Bring me my Red Shirt.'' The First Mate quickly retrieved the captain's red shirt and whilst wearing the bright red frock he led his men into battle and defeated the pirates.", "An example of a work song that was shared between several contexts, including, eventually, sailors working, is \"Grog Time o' Day.\" This song, the tune of which is now lost, was sung by: Jamaican stevedores at a capstan in 1811; Afro-Caribbeans rowing a boat in Antigua ca.1814; Black stevedores loading a steamboat in New Orleans in 1841; and a Euro-American crew hauling halyards on a clipper-brig out of New York ca.1840s. Other such multi-job songs were: \"Round the Corn(er), Sally,\" \"Fire Down Below,\" \"Johnny Come Down to Hilo,\" \"Hilo, Boys, Hilo,\" \"Tommy's Gone Away,\" \"The Sailor Likes His Bottle-O,\" \"Highland Laddie,\" \"Mudder Dinah,\" \"Bully in the Alley,\" \"Hogeye Man,\" \"Good Morning, Ladies, All,\" \"Pay Me the Money Down,\" \"Alabama, John Cherokee,\" \"Yankee John, Stormalong,\" and \"Heave Away (My Johnnies).\"", "NEARLY 70 years ago, the grounding of a wartime cargo of whisky off a Hebridean island spawned a comic novel, a classic film and a stage play.", "(Music, other) a song originally sung by sailors, esp a rhythmic one forming an accompaniment to work", "In the song \"Queen Anne's Revenge\" by Flogging Molly his best known ship was the title and the song was of piracy. (Wikipedia)", "In the song \"Queen Anne's Revenge\" by Flogging Molly his best known ship was the title and the song was of piracy.", "The story of the Irish Winegeese is fascinating. Their roots lie in the flight of the \"Wild Geese\", the soldiers who fled from Ireland to France after the Treaty of Limerick in 1691. During the 18th and 19th centuries many thousands followed these soldiers for political and economic reasons. Sometimes they travelled on the French ships that smuggled wine into the west coast of Ireland, described on the ships' manifests as \"wild geese\", evoking the lonely calls of birds travelling winter skies. Many made their living in the wine trade, as owners of vineyards in France and Spain, or by trading to the sixteen Irish wine ports licensed by the British for imports to Ireland. Chief among these was the harbour town of Kinsale, now famous as a tourist centre with an unrivalled reputation for fine food and wine. In 1997 a group of local restaurateurs and historians joined forces with the Irish government's Heritage Service to set up the International Museum of Wine in Desmond Castle, once Kinsale's customs house, recording the travels of the Winegeese to destinations as far afield as California and Australia. The museum is also home to the Order of the Winegeese, which has members around the world linked through newsletters, visits, events in Kinsale and this website." ]

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[ "J. Robert Oppenheimer[1][2][3] (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is best known for his role as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear weapons at the secret Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. For this reason he is remembered as \"The Father of the Atomic Bomb\". In reference to the Trinity test in New Mexico, where his Los Alamos team first tested the bomb, Oppenheimer famously recalled the Bhagavad Gita: \"If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one.\" and \"Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.\"", "J. Robert Oppenheimer [1] [2] [3] (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley . He is best known for his role as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project , the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear weapons at the secret Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico . For this reason he is remembered as \"The Father of the Atomic Bomb \". In reference to the Trinity test in New Mexico, where his Los Alamos team first tested the bomb, Oppenheimer famously recalled the Bhagavad Gita : \"If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one.\" and \"Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.\"", "Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, conducted by the United States Army on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project. The test was conducted in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 mi southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on what was then the USAAF Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range (now part of White Sands Missile Range). The only structures originally in the vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings, which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components. A base camp was constructed, and there were 425 people present on the weekend of the test.", "Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear device , conducted by the United States Army on July 16, 1945, as a result of the Manhattan Project , [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, at the new White Sands Proving Ground, which incorporated the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range . (The site is now the White Sands Missile Range .) [6] [7] Trinity used an implosion-design plutonium device, informally nicknamed \"The Gadget\". [8] Using the same conceptual design, the Fat Man device was detonated over Nagasaki , Japan, on August 9, 1945. The Trinity detonation produced the explosive power of about 20 kilotons of TNT (84 TJ).", "On 16 July 1945, U.S. scientists working on the Manhattan Project successfully detonated the first-ever nuclear explosion in the ‘ Trinity ’ test at Alamogordo, New Mexico. With World War II still dragging on in the Pacific, preparations moved forward to use nuclear bombs against Japan.", "Ultimately, the Manhattan Project manufactured nuclear weapons based on each of these elements. They detonated the first nuclear weapon in a test code-named \"Trinity\", near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. The test was conducted to ensure that the implosion method of detonation would work, which it did. A uranium bomb, Little Boy, was dropped on the Japanese city Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, followed three days later by the plutonium-based Fat Man on Nagasaki. In the wake of unprecedented devastation and casualties from a single weapon, the Japanese government soon surrendered, ending World War II.", "On Monday morning July 16, 1945, the world was changed forever when the first atomic bomb was tested in an isolated area of the New Mexico desert. Conducted in the final month of World War II by the top-secret Manhattan Engineering District, this test was code named Trinity. The Trinity test took place on the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, about 230 miles south of the Manhattan Project's headquarters at Los Alamos, New Mexico. Today this 3,200 square mile range, partly located in the desolate Jornada del Muerto Valley, is named the White Sands Missile Range and is actively used for non-nuclear weapons testing.", "Overseen by Major General Leslie Groves and scientist Robert Oppenheimer , the Manhattan Project was the name given to the United States' efforts to build nuclear weapons during World War II . The first approach pursued by the project was the use of enriched uranium to create a weapon as this material was known to be fissionable. To meet the project's needs, enriched uranium production began at a new facility in Oak Ridge, TN in early 1943. Around the same time, scientists began experimenting with various bomb prototypes at the Los Alamos Design Laboratory in New Mexico.", "Project TRINITY was the name given to the war-time effort to produce the first nuclear detonation. A plutonium-fueled implosion device was detonated on 16 July 1945 at the Alamogordo Bombing Range in south-central New Mexico.", "The atomic Bomb code named The Manhattan Project was the first atomic Bomb created by the United States. The United", "ork at Los Alamos culminated in the creation of several atomic devices, one of which was used in the first nuclear test in the remote desert near Alamogordo, known today as White Sands missile Range. Code-named “Trinity”, the blast on July 16, 1945, was the test of an implosion design plutonium device nicknamed “the gadget”. The bomb Produced an explosive equivalent of 20 kilotons of TNT , and is generally credited with the establishment of the nuclear age. By the end of World War II the United States had invested nearly $60 million at Los Alamos for computing equipment used to do the highly advanced mathematical modeling necessary to create the atomic bomb. One ancillary result of this computer research was a computational technique called Monte Carlo. This computer design was subsequently used to model complex physical systems involved in fields such as theoretical physics, and medical diagnosis.", "* Manhattan Project (with Trinity, Little Boy, and Fat Man) – early U.S. nuclear weapons program during World War II", "The Manhattan Project officially began on September 23, 1942, when Colonel Leslie Groves was named director of the project. Groves acquired production sites at Oak Ridge, Tennessee , and Hanford, Washington, and he brought in Robert Oppenheimer, a physicist from the University of California at Berkeley, as the scientific director at Los Alamos, New Mexico . Los Alamos was to be the center of physics research, engineering, and weapons design. Oak Ridge was to be the site to enrich 235U, and Hanford was to produce plutonium in nuclear reactors. Many of the country's leading chemical and engineering firms were called in to design and construct these production facilities", "The world's first Atomic Bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945 on the White Sands Testing Range near Alamogordo. North of the impact point a small placard marks the area known as Trinity Site. The bomb was designed and manufactured in Los Alamos.", "Project TRINITY, conducted by the Manhattan Engineer District (MED), was designed to test and assess the effects of a nuclear weapon. The TRINITY nuclear device was detonated on a 100-foot tower on the Alamogordo Bombing Range in south-central New Mexico at 0530 hours on 16 July 1945. The nuclear yield of the detonation was equivalent to the energy released by detonating 19 kilotons of TNT. At shot-time, the temperature was 21.8 degrees Celsius, and surface air pressure was 850 millibars. The winds were nearly calm at the surface; at 10,300 feet above mean sea level, they were from the southwest at 10 knots. The winds blew the cloud resulting from the detonation to the northeast. From 16 July 1945 through 1946, about 1,000 military and civilian personnel took part in Project TRINITY or visited the test site. The location of the test site and its major installations are shown in the accompanying figures.", "The Manhattan Project | The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb | History of the Atomic Age | atomicarchive.com", "U.S. and British researchers were investigating the feasibility of nuclear weapons as early as 1939. Practical development began in earnest in 1942 when these efforts were transferred to the authority of the U.S. Army and became the Manhattan Project . The weapons-development portion of this project was located at the Los Alamos Laboratory in northern New Mexico, though much other development and production work was carried out at the Clinton Engineer Works near Oak Ridge, Tennessee (the separation of uranium-235 ); the Hanford Engineer Works near Hanford, Washington (the production and separation of plutonium-239 ); in and near Chicago, Illinois (at the University of Chicago and the Argonne National Laboratories ); and at the University of California, Berkeley.", "1945 - The United States detonated the first atomic bomb in a test at Alamogordo, NM.", "On 16 July 1945 the U.S. Army and civilian scientists attached to the Manhattan Engineering District detonated the first atomic device in the New Mexico desert at Trinity Site, a remote location sixty miles northwest of Alamogordo. At 5:30 am in the morning a brilliant fireball rose into the air and lit the pre-dawn sky with the brightness of sunrise. A mushroom shaped cloud billowed 38,000 feet into the air and all animal and plant life vaporized from the site. Despite this awesome sight, few people, other than those involved in the test, witnessed the blast and those that did failed to guess at its significance. Newspaper coverage that day did not enlighten the public. Pre-wrote press releases claimed that an ammunition magazine accidentally exploded on the Alamogordo Air Base.", "On July 16, 1945, in Alamogordo, New Mexico, the first ever atomic test was successfully detonated underground. Oppenheimer called the bomb 'Trinity.' A noted Sanskrit scholar, Oppenheimer quoted the following line from the Hindu Bhagavad Gita: 'I have become death, the destroyer of worlds', to capture the mood of the moment. The bomb was originally designed to be used on Nazi Germany, but Germany surrendered before the bombs were ready. On August 6, 1945, the first bomb, named 'Little Boy' was dropped on Hiroshima, and on August 9 the 'Fat Man' was dropped on Nagasaki. Collectively, the two bombs killed over 200,000 people in seconds.", "1945 JulyFinal preparations begin at the New Mexico test site, the Jornada del Muerto at the Alamagordo Bombing Range, for the first atomic bomb test, code named Trinity. The date is set for July 16. Jumbo is not used in the test, since plutonium delivery schedules make recovery of active material (in the event of a fizzle) less important.", "On July 16, 1945, the United States exploded its first experimental atomic bomb, in the desert of Alamogordo, N.M. ", "J. Robert Oppenheimer, left, the so-called \"father of the atomic bomb,\" is pictured with Maj. Gen. General Leslie Groves at the site of the first atomic bomb test explosion at Alamogordo, New Mexico.", "That the scientists in the mesa laboratory did their job well was known to a handful of men who in rain and lightning witnessed the first explosion of an atomic bomb. This test explosion took place at 5:30 am, July 16, 1945, at the Alamogordo Air Base in a desert of New Mexico, 120 miles southeast of Albuquerque. The bomb, containing (according to the Smyth Report) between 4 and 22 pounds of plutonium and U-235 (a British report gave the weight as between 22 and 66 pounds), fissioned with a blinding glare, vaporized the steel tower on which it had been exploded, and left a crater half a mile in diameter covered with sand sintered to a green, glassy consistency. It was estimated that a temperature as high as 100,000,000oF was reached in the center of the explosion. The age of nucleonics was here.", "See previous note on Los Alamos. Alamogordo is a town in New Mexico. On July 16, 1945, 60 miles from the air base at Alamogordo, the first atomic bomb was exploded. The following month, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, ending World War II.", "On 16 July 1945, the first atomic weapon test, code‐named “Trinity,” was held on a desert bombing range at Alamogordo, New Mexico, 200 miles south of Los Alamos. Mounted on a metal tower, the test device—13.5 pounds of plutonium inside 2.5 tons of explosives—was exploded at 5:29 A.M. as Groves, Oppenheimer, Bush, and others watched in awe. The blast equaled 15,000–20,000 tons of TNT and generated a fireball visible for 60 miles.", "On May 12, 1942, President Roosevelt signed an order creating a secret project to develop the nuclear weapon. The program that developed the atomic bomb for the United States during World War II was the largest secret project ever undertaken by the U.S. government.", "In March 1944, planning for the test was assigned to Kenneth Bainbridge, a professor of physics at Harvard University, working under explosives expert George Kistiakowsky. Bainbridge's group was known as the E-9 (Explosives Development) Group. Stanley Kershaw, formerly from the National Safety Council, was made responsible for safety. Captain Samuel P. Davalos, the assistant post engineer at Los Alamos, was placed in charge of construction. First Lieutenant Harold C. Bush became commander of the Base Camp at Trinity. Scientists William Penney, Victor Weisskopf and Philip Moon were consultants. Eventually seven subgroups were formed:", "The United States Army Corps of Engineers assumed control of the nuclear weapons program in June 1942, and Compton's Metallurgical Laboratory became part of what came to be called the Manhattan Project. Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, Jr. became director of the Manhattan Project on 23 September 1942. He visited the Metallurgical Laboratory for the first time on 5 October. Between 15 September and 15 November 1942, groups under Herbert Anderson and Walter Zinn constructed 16 experimental piles under the Stagg Field stands.", "Project leaders decided a test of the plutonium bomb was essential before it could be used as a weapon of war. From a list of eight sites in California,Texas, New Mexico and Colorado, Trinity Site was chosen as the test site. The area already was controlled by the government because it was part of the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range which was established in 1942. The secluded Jornada del Muerto was perfect as it provided isolation for secrecy and safety, but was still close to Los Alamos.", "Therefore, in the spring of 1944, just as Germany had surrendered, Oppenheimer, Groves, and Kenneth T. Bainbridge (selected to oversee the test) began to look for an appropriate site to test the implosion type weapon. The test site had to be close to Los Alamos yet remote from any population centers both for reasons of safety and secrecy. The search soon narrowed to three sites, the desert training area north of Rice, California, where General Patton had trained his troops, the rugged lava beds outside of Grants, New Mexico, and the northwest corner of the Alamogordo Air Base also located in New Mexico. The team selected the Bombing Range which lay within the historical region of the Jornada del Muerto, a desolate ninety-mile stretch of desert between present day Socorro and El Paso.", "Dr. Christy was present at important junctures in the early atomic era, including the debut in 1942 of the world’s first nuclear reactor in Chicago. Most notable was his contribution to the design of the explosive core of the first atom bomb, which lit up the New Mexico desert during a nighttime test in 1945. The atom bomb dropped on Nagasaki also used his design." ]

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[ "\"Ladies and gentlemen, the story you are about to hear is true. Only the names have been changed to protect the innocent.\"", "The story is a true story. I didn’t make the story up; I chose the story to make a statement, but I changed the names to protect the innocent.", "\"The story you are about to hear is true. Names have been changed to protect the innocent.\" Dragnet .", "Also parodied more humorously in the 1987 Dragnet film: \"Ladies and gentlemen, the story you are about to see is true. The names have been changed to protect the innocent. For example, George Baker is now called... Sylvia Wiss. \"", "What '50's police drama began with \"The story you are about to see is true. The names have been changed to protect the innocent\"?", "Which TV show regularly ended with \"the story you have seen is true, only the names have been changed to protect the innocent\"?", "There are variations between the number and names of the people working with Zaid. (One version lists somebody already dead at that time!)", "Captain Hook, although that's a nickname. It is stated in the original book that he's from a respectable British family, and his true name had been \"withheld to protect [their] reputation\".", "Generally faithful to the original story, it has a number of differences in the details. The film takes place in September 1938, just before the outbreak of World War II , instead of 1936 as in most of the other episodes of the TV series. Cyrus Hardman is omitted from the story, with Dr. Constantine taking his place among the \"jury,\" with the motive that he was Mrs. Armstrong's American (rather than Greek) doctor who delivered Daisy Armstrong and the second (stillborn) child. Constantine's role in the investigation is enlarged to an extent, and he attempts to draw Poirot's attention to the clues that support the theory of a lone assassin. Antonio Foscarelli becomes the lover of the maid (whose name has changed from Susanne to Francoise), as well as being the chauffeur. Greta Ohlsson, middle-aged in the novel, is portrayed a woman in her 20s. Rachett's murder is made significantly more violent: Instead of being drugged unconscious as the other twelve passengers sneak into his room on separate occasions and stab him at random so that none of them can definitively say who killed him, the drug paralyzes him but leaves him fully conscious of his own execution as the twelve passengers come in and stab him one after the other in full light, while Princess Natalia Dragomiroff tells him exactly who they are and why they are delivering his punishment.", "Some of the characters' names were slightly changed from their original versions from the graphic novel: the surname of the real-life gangsters John Looney and his son Connor were changed to Rooney, and the surname of Tom Hanks' character and his family was streamlined from the original O'Sullivan to simply Sullivan. One significant addition to the script was the creation of Maguire to provide a persistent element of pursuit to the Sullivans' departure from the old world.", "A political leader is assassinated. His associates, fearing a coup, decide to pretend that the bullet hit someone else. On Nationwide television they announce that an assassination attempt has failed to kill the leader but has killed a secret service man by mistake. However, before the announcement is made, an enterprising reporter on the scene telephones the real story to his newspaper, which has included the story in its final edition. Jill buys a copy of that paper, reads the story of the assassination, and believes that the President has been assassinated based on the story. What she reads is true, and so are her assumptions about how the story came to be in the paper. (1973, 143)", "In an inversion of the above, a man in New York City (I believe - it was a radio story) was the target of anti-Muslim crime. He was an immigrant from the Middle East who'd changed his name to fit in better. In NYC, that means his name was something along the lines of Stanley H. Rosenberg.", "For the witnesses who are still alive, their lives have changed drastically. Their mobility is very limited. They have to take extra precaution about where they go, who they deal with and what they do. The accused who have managed to elude arrest enjoy far more freedom than the witnesses who have chosen to speak the truth.", "\"Perhaps it is a case of mistaken identity. Yet it is an elaborate story for an otherwise credible figure to invent,\" they write.", "Mr Ashcroft said: \"Perhaps it is a case of mistaken identity. Yet it is an elaborate story for an otherwise credible figure to invent.", "The rumour was fabricated by Titus Oates , who gave a sworn deposition of his \"evidence\" to a London justice of the peace. When the latter was found murdered, a panic among the people was followed by accusations and trials, leading to the execution of about 35 innocent people. When Oates was finally discredited, the panic subsided.", "Here is the man, who acquires the status of “a baronet” by adding the false entry in the register and bears the name “Sir Percival Glyde.” People believed such a lie for many years and order is maintained based on this falseness. Laura’s father chooses Sir Percival, the man of false identity, as his daughter’s husband-to-be. This fact reveals that “fathers” also make errors, and again questions the meaning of patriarchy.", "This is what saves the day for the FBI in The Jackal , similarly to the book it was based on (The Day of the Jackal - see the Literature section below). Declan realizes that they are protecting the wrong target because he knows that the called-for MO is something \"public and brutal\", which won't be achieved by assassinating the director of the FBI with all the precautions they're taking. Combined with the \"can't protect his women\" line, he realizes that the real target is the First Lady, who is to speak at the opening of the children's wing of a hospital that day.", "Flightplan : Part of the reason that no one was surprised at who the real villain was. Casting Sean Bean made for a much more successful Red Herring ; thanks to this trope, everyone already knew the Middle Eastern fellow was going to be innocent.", "That was the version given out. The \"real\" version is he had a heart attack banging a French prossie in Paris. For some reason the powers that be, thought the first story would be better for morale.", "This is all the more astonishing as Robert Lovell tried to cast doubt on the credibility of the persecution witness. There had been a royal proclamation offering a reward for the apprehension of rioters, and Lovell remarked: \"They do it for the lucration of money; because the magistrates give so much reward, they are false witnesses: they get their living by rapping, by swearing away mens lives! They will swear black is white! Give them a little money, and they will swear the greatest thief off. They will swear against father and mother for money.\" (SC 4) These remarks are obviously given verbatim and in full length, as they backfired on him. The first witness tells the court that the information for the apprehension of the Lovell brothers was given before the proclamation and that he did not expect any reward; the other one had been bound over to give evidence and he did it \"out of duty to my king and country, and to the neighbourhood\" (SC 5) - quite laudable motives, answering to the interests of the governing elite. Again, there were no character witnesses for the Lovell brothers, and that did not speak in their favour.", "______________________________________________________ By chance, John Smith witnessed a mugging. About an hour later, the cops arrived, and the officer in charge asked the witness his name. \"John Smith,\" said Smith. \"Cut the funny business,\" the cop barked sharply. \"What's your real name?\" \"All right,\" said Smith, \"put me down as Albert Einstein.\" \"That's more like it,\" said the man in blue. \"You can't fool ME with that Smith stuff.\" ______________________________________________________", "A smaller version occurs in the episode \" Showdown \". The A-Team find out about a set of imposters posing as them leaning on a wild west show when a newspaper runs a scathing article on it. Of course, they can't let everyone think that they're a group of hired guns who will attack innocent people, so they go to the wild west show to defeat the imposters and prove their innocence.", "Bum, the captive wolf. (\"All the blood in the victim congeals in an instant, by sheer terror\" is not deception by omission.) As he wasn't acting as a Watchman at the time, but as a young man in pursuit of his girlfriend, he probably figured that stating a falsehood couldn't disgrace his uniform: under the circumstances, he was merely a private individual, bound only by ordinary dwarfish morality, and your average dwarf will tell a lie if it's necessary.", "Correction Bait : In-Universe example: in \"The Bye-Bye Sky High IQ Murder Case\", this is how Columbo tricks the killer into revealing themselves.", "Hilariously inverted in The 4400 episode \"Trial by Fire\": When the team finally catches the bad guy of the week, who had been blowing up members of the 4400, Tom Baldwin says to him \"You are being arrested as a terrorist; you will be treated as an enemy combatant: you do NOT have the right to remain silent, you do NOT have the right to an attorney, and whatever you say will damn sure be used against you.\"", "Subverted because It was intentionally done by an intelligent character to sound vague. He was in jail at the time accused of federal hacking breaches, telling his friend where the evidence is over the phone.", "In the Doctor Who audiobook Judgement of the Judoon , a main character is a crime lord known as \"Uncle\" to enemies and underlings alike. Towards the end of the story, a rival crime lord orders her communication technician to \"Open Channel D and get me Uncle!\"", "In one episode of Alien Nation , Officer Francisco had to arrest an elderly dying Newcomer who had murdered other Newcomers, who had been revealed to be Overseers who were hiding from their fellows to avoid punishment for their crimes. When Francisco starts reading his rights, he gets as far as \"You have the right to remain silent,\" before the Newcomer shouts, \"No one has the right to remain silent!\"", "Kister's name was leaked to the media soon after the bombing, albeit with a spelling mistake as Kyster. He said he considered his unmasking to be an act of \"high treason\".", "Puritans who fled religious persecution brought this idea with them to America, where it would eventually become codified in the Bill of Rights. Today, courts have found the right against self-incrimination to include testimonial or communicative evidence at police interrogations and legal proceedings.", "\"Ya see what a good job they done? They took your sister an' gave her to me, and then they took her again. Boy, those creepy guys. Hey, why don't we just run after Flagg-Waving Man?\"" ]

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[ "Harm graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1985, alongside his friends Jack Keeter, Luke Pendry, Diane Schonke, and Sturgis Turner. His service number is #989548301. During his early naval career, Harm was a naval aviator flying F-14 Tomcats. After an accident during a night landing on an aircraft carrier, in which his RIO (Radar Intercept Officer) dies, it is revealed Harm suffers from night blindness (although in later seasons this is proved to be a misdiagnosis), he recovered on his grandmother's farm in Pennsylvania, before returning to naval service. After graduating from law school at Georgetown University Law Center and passing his bar exam, he transferred to JAG, where he became one of their finest attorneys (and officers). One of his most memorable moments was, in his zealous prosecution of a Navy SEAL Chief Petty Officer, he fired a machine gun into the courtroom ceiling. Other notable cases Rabb was involved in include going undercover as a Force Recon Gunnery Sergeant, and investigating whether the actions of Navy SEAL Lieutenant Curtis Rivers warrant the awarding of the Medal of Honor. ", "After a few years as a Judge Advocate, he had laser surgery to correct what was misdiagnosed as night blindness (actually blurred vision as a result of retinal scarring caused by service action) and resumed his career as a naval aviator, flying F-14s off the USS Patrick Henry (CVN-74) as a member of VF-218 \"Raptors\". However, because of the slim chance of career advancement as an aviator, Harm returned to JAG after six months of service aboard Patrick Henry. While in Patrick Henry, his call sign was \"Pappy\" because he was older than the other aviators. Later, the other pilots renamed him \"Hammer\", his father's former call sign, believing Rabb's father would have been impressed by his son's bravery.", "Captain Harmon 'Harm' Rabb, Jr., JAGC, USN, (played by David James Elliott) is a fictional and lead character in the American television series JAG.", "Maverick flies recklessly in part to compensate for his father Duke Mitchell, a Naval Aviator with VF-51 aboard the during the Vietnam War. The elder Mitchell died when his F-4 Phantom II was shot down in an incident Maverick refuses to believe was his fault. Goose is cautious and devoted to his wife Carol and child. The two officers are nonetheless close friends and effective partners. At a bar the day before Top Gun starts, Maverick, assisted by Goose, unsuccessfully approaches a woman. He learns the next day that she is Charlotte \"Charlie\" Blackwood, an astrophysicist and civilian Top Gun instructor. Upon learning that Maverick is the pilot who flipped off a MiG-28 pilot (and as a result disproved her data suggesting the MiG-28 was limited in performing a \"negative-G pushover\" due to a \"problem with its inverted flight tanks\"), she is instantly more interested in him.", "The film follows LT Pete \"Maverick\" Mitchell, a young Naval aviator who aspires to be a top fighter pilot in the United States Navy Fighter Weapons School , which trains the top 1% of all Naval aviators. Maverick gets his chance to attend the school after one pilot drops out, allowing him and his RIO ( Radar Intercept Officer , the \"back seater\" in the two-man F-14) LTJG Nick 'Goose' Bradshaw to train with the best. The film opened in America on May 16 , 1986 to good reviews, the aerial scenes being most notably praised. Similar praise followed soon afterwards when the film broke records at the box office, becoming a mega hit. The film accumulated over $350 million world-wide, and broke home-video sales records.", "* The third Judge Advocate General of the show JAG (1995–2005) is a major general: Major General Gordon \"Biff\" Cresswell, USMC, portrayed by David Andrews.", "Harm received his Silver Star for leading a nuclear missile away from the USS Seahawk in an F-14 Tomcat in Season 7 Episode 24 (award given in Season 8 Episode 13).", "The producers also considered relocating the fictional setting of the show, from Falls Church to Naval Base San Diego. An episode of the final season, \"JAG: San Diego\" had the main cast, excluding Harm, going to the San Diego naval base and working with the local JAG office there. Though it was reportedly considered as a pilot episode, as a reformat of the show aiming for a younger audience, CBS ultimately decided not to pursue a new series.", "Finally, unsure of his future and having alienated Charlie with his despondency, Maverick begins to wonder whether he should remain in the Navy. When he goes to Viper for advice, Viper tells him that he had served with Maverick's father in Vietnam, with the VF-51 Screaming Eagles off USS Oriskany . Viper risks his career to reveal the truth of the Mitchell senior's demise: during a fierce dogfight, Duke Mitchell's F-4 was hit, but he refused to disengage, saving three allied pilots before being downed himself. Normally, this would have qualified Duke Mitchell for the Medal of Honor , but the engagement took place \"over the wrong line on some map,\" and the State Department, hoping to avoid an international incident, classified the details. Maverick, fortified by the memory of his father, decides that he will graduate from TOPGUN and remain a pilot.", "* Lieutenant (Junior Grade) Meg Austin, USN (Tracey Needham) - Partnered with Harm for the entire Season 1, left after 1st season when JAG was first canceled by NBC.", "Galloway persists, however, believing that Santiago's death may have resulted from a `Code Red,' a method of disciplinary hazing employed in certain circles of the Corps, though illegal. And if this was a Code Red, the real question is, who gave the order? Ultimately, her tenacity prevails, but though Galloway is a seasoned lawyer, she has little actual courtroom experience, so Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee (Cruise) is assigned to the case, along with Lieutenant Sam Weinberg (Kevin Pollak), with Galloway, as ranking officer, to assist. Kaffee, the son of a legendary lawyer, has skated through the first nine months of his Naval career, successfully plea bargaining forty-four cases. Outwardly upbeat and personable, Kaffee seems more concerned with his softball game than he does with the time he has to spend on the job. But underneath, he's coping with living his life in the shadow of his late father's reputation, which is an issue with which he must come to terms if he is to successfully effect the outcome of this case. And on this one he will have a formidable opponent: Colonel Nathan R. Jessup (Nicholson), who commands the base at Guantanamo.", "Donald P. Bellisario: I wouldn't count on Harm always winning in the courtroom. Believe me that there is no conspiracy among the writers and producers in JAG for Harm to win and make Mac looks less capable. It just happens.", "Maryk is tried by court-martial for \"conduct to the prejudice of good order and discipline\" instead of \"making a mutiny\". Willie and Stilwell, the enlisted helmsman during the typhoon, are to be tried depending on the outcome of Maryk's trial. In the courtroom, Keefer distances himself from any responsibility for the relief. Lieutenant Barney Greenwald, a naval aviator who was an attorney in civilian life, is appointed to represent Maryk. His opinion, after the captain was found to be sane by three Navy psychiatrists, is that Maryk was legally unjustified in relieving Queeg. Despite his own disgust with Maryk's and Willie's actions, Greenwald decides to take the case after deducing Keefer's role.", "So the Top Gun sequel is going to focus on Navy fighter pilots fighting drones. But more importantly which pilots will be there?", "Incorrectly regarded as goofs: Navy rules state on tactical jets, oxygen shall be worn from takeoff until landing, a rule broken throughout the movie. Real Navy/Marine Corps pilots break this rule all the time as well.", "Dan Kaffee (Tom Cruise) is a smart, flippant, good-looking young Navy lawyer. His father was a renowned jurist, and Dan feels the burden of his father's reputation. Indeed, his casual, tongue-in-cheek attitude to the law is his way of avoiding comparison with his father. You can't fail if you don't even try.", "At 17, he enlisted in the US Navy. He later earned a commission by going to Officer Training School. Then he became a Naval Flight Officer and was shot down and captured in 1967.", "After the airplane assault, there is a much longer version of the Deacon and the Nord plotting to capture the Mariner, which includes more lines from Jack Black 's character, the smoker airplane pilot, who is upset over the death of his friend, Ed the airplane gunner. He refers to Helen as \"the atoll witch\". It is also made clearer that the Deacon wants to capitalize the newfound land and convert it into a resort, and we see a drawing of it. (This scene was split into two parts, with the second half ending the first part of the ABC TV cut.)", "Maverick: Just want to serve my country; be the best fighter pilot in the Navy, sir!", "When pilot Johnny Redburn is discharged from the RAF for striking an officer, he joins the Merchant Navy. But a German sneak attack forces Redburn back into the air –  in a stolen Hurricane! Aiming for Russia in a bid to save his plane and career, he meets the “Falcon Squadron” of the 5th Soviet Air Brigade, under German attack, and takes to the skies once more – to fight for Russia!", "Pierce, Benjamin Franklin \"Hawkeye\" - captain played by Alan Alda. He is the chief surgeon at MASH 4077. His father nicknamed him \"Hawkeye\" after a character in The Last of the Mohicans, the only book his father ever read. His capacity for jokes is only superseded by his dedication to saving lives. In the movie he was played by Donald Sutherland and was not the chief surgeon.", "He also holds the rank of commander and the honorary rank of vice admiral (as of February 2015) in the Royal Navy, in which he served as an active duty helicopter pilot and later instructor in helicopter flight. He saw active service during the Falklands War, flying on multiple missions including anti-surface warfare, Exocet missile decoy and casualty evacuation.", "Donald Marcari, left, and Walter C. Bansley III, right, are among four former military lawyers who claim Lt. Daniel Kaffee, the character played by Tom Cruise in \"A Few Good Men,\" was a at least partly inspired by them. Credit From left: Noah Devereaux for The New York Times; Columbia Pictures; Christopher Capozziello for The New York Times", "In 2060 Troy Tempest was captured by enemy forces while on a dangerous mission for the World Navy. He was rescued just prior to execution by a group of mercenaries led by George Lee Sheridan, the man who would later become his co-pilot on Stingray.", "Keefer is sent home after the war ends, ashamed of his cowardly behavior during the kamikaze attack. Ironically, Keefer's brother Roland had died saving his ship from a kamikaze fire. Willie becomes the last captain of the Caine. He receives a Bronze Star Medal for his actions following the kamikaze—and a letter of reprimand for his part in unlawfully relieving Queeg. The findings of the court-martial have been overturned after a review by higher authority. Willie agrees in retrospect that the relief was unjustified and probably unnecessary.", "U.S. Navy Captains Craig Williams (front) and Richard Butler fly in F/A-18C Hornet aircraft over USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76), 1 March 2007, during an aerial change of command ceremony while underway in the Pacific Ocean. Williams was relieved by Butler as commander of Carrier Air Wing Fourteen during the ceremony. DoD photo by LCDR Tam Pham, U.S. Navy (#070301-N-1689P-002).", "When Dawson and Downey are later arrested for Santiago's murder, naval investigator and lawyer Lieutenant Commander JoAnne Galloway suspects they carried out a \"code red\" order, a violent extrajudicial punishment. Galloway asks to defend them, but instead, the case is given to Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee, an inexperienced and unenthusiastic U.S. Navy lawyer. Initially, friction exists between Galloway, who resents Kaffee's tendency to plea bargain, and Kaffee, who resents Galloway's interference. Kaffee and the prosecutor, his friend Captain Jack Ross (USMC), negotiate a bargain, but Dawson and Downey refuse to go along. They insist they were ordered by Kendrick to shave Santiago's head, minutes after Kendrick publicly ordered the platoon not to touch the would-be victim, and did not intend their victim to die. Kaffee is finally won over by Galloway and takes the case to court.", "In August 1981, during the United States Sixth Fleet Freedom of Navigation exercises, Libyan fighter planes were assembled from elsewhere in the country to fly patrols near the American ships. On 19 August, two Libyan Su-22 Fitter fighter-bombers were intercepted by two F-14 Tomcat fighters from the aircraft carrier Nimitz. During the engagement, one of the American planes was targeted by an air-to-air Atoll missile. After evading the missile, the Tomcats shot down both Libyan planes with Sidewinder missiles. According to some reports, the two Libyan pilots managed to eject and were rescued from the sea. According to other reports, the parachute of one of the Libyan pilots failed to open.", "The issue of whether or not to expand the options for women serving in the U.S. armed forces as fighter pilots and in other frontline assignments was a contentious social issue of the day. In 1991, a famous incident had occurred at the Tailhook Association convention in Las Vegas, where male naval aviators had behaved in manners inappropriate, if not criminal, and where the follow-up criminal and other investigations by the then-named NIS, the Naval Inspector General, and the Judge Advocate General of the Navy, were later heavily criticized by the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense, with the concurrence to Acting Secretary of the Navy Sean O'Keefe, to whom the report was delivered and who began to take corrective action with respect to both the perceived attitude problems towards women and the functions of the investigative arms of the Department of the Navy. ", "The participation of the F-14 Tomcat in the 1991 Operation Desert Storm consisted of Combat Air Patrol (CAP) over the Red Sea and Persian Gulf and overland missions consisting of strike escort and reconnaissance. Until the waning days of Desert Storm, in-country air superiority was tasked to USAF F-15 Eagles due to the way the Air Tasking Orders (ATO) delegated primary overland CAP stations to the F-15 Eagle. The governing Rules of Engagement (ROE) also dictated a strict Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) requirement when employing Beyond Visual Range weapons such as the AIM-7 Sparrow and particularly the AIM-54 Phoenix. This hampered the Tomcat from using its most powerful weapon. Furthermore, the powerful emissions from the AWG-9 radar are detectable at great range with a radar warning receiver . Iraqi fighters routinely displayed countertactics as soon as the Tomcats \"lit them up\" with the AWG-9. Template:Citation needed The US Navy suffered its only F-14 loss from enemy action on 21 January 1991 when b/n 161430, an F-14A upgraded to an F-14A+, from VF-103 was shot down by an SA-2 surface-to-air missile while on an escort mission near Al Asad airbase in Iraq. Both crew survived ejection with the pilot being rescued by USAF Special Operations Forces and the RIO being captured and held by Iraqi troops as a POW until the end of the war. [37] The F-14 also achieved its final kill, an Mi-8 \"Hip\" helicopter, with an AIM-9 Sidewinder .", "During the conflict, several claims of Iraqi air-to-air successes were made, including an Iraqi pilot, Khudai Hijab, who allegedly fired a Vympel R-27R missile from his MIG-29 and damaged a B-52G on the opening night of the Gulf War. However, the U.S. Air Force disputes this claim, stating the bomber was actually hit by friendly fire, an AGM-88 High-speed, Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) that homed on the fire-control radar of the B-52's tail gun; the jet was subsequently renamed In HARM's Way. Shortly following this incident, General George Lee Butler announced that the gunner position on B-52 crews would be eliminated, and the gun turrets permanently deactivated, commencing on 1 October 1991. ", "The Navy, not the Air Force, took the first step - in 1973 six women won their wings and became the first female Naval aviators. Then in 1974 the Army trained female helicopter pilots. The Air Force caught up in 1976 and finally admitted women to the pilot training program - but stipulated that women would not be allowed to fly combat aircraft. Not until 1993 were they allowed to fly combat aircraft; however, today female aviators are flying Air Force B-52's and Navy Tomcats, and on October 25, 1994, Lt. Kara Hultgreen paid the ultimate price for the privilege of flying a combat aircraft when left engine of her F-14 stalled as she attempted to land on the carrier USS Abraham Lincoln about 50 miles off the coast from San Diego." ]

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[ "\"In the criminal justice system, the people are represented by two separate yet equally important groups. The police who investigate crime and the district attorneys who prosecute the offenders. These are their stories.\"", "\"In the criminal justice system, the people are represented by two separate yet equally important groups: The police, who investigate crime; and the district attorneys, who prosecute the offenders. These are their stories.\" This narration is slightly modified for the spin-off shows Law & Order: Special Victims Unit , Law & Order: Criminal Intent , and Law & Order: Trial by Jury .", "In the criminal justice system the people are represented by two separate yet equally important groups: the police who investigate crime and the district attorneys who prosecute the offenders. These are their stories. From Emmy-winning creator Dick Wolf, with its groundbreaking \"ripped-from-the-headlines\" format, comes the highly-acclaimed, longest-running crime series in television history.", "Criminal law relates to crimes, which are usually investigated by the police or another authority such as a council, and which are punished by the courts.", "The Commission should focus on policing issues, but if it identifies other aspects of the criminal justice system relevant to its work on policing, including the role of the police in prosecution, then it should draw the attention of the Government to those matters.", "The courts serve as the venue where disputes are then settled and justice is administered. With regard to criminal justice, there are a number of critical people in any court setting. These critical people are referred to as the courtroom work group and include both professional and non professional individuals. These include the judge, prosecutor, and the defense attorney. The judge, or magistrate, is a person, elected or appointed, who is knowledgeable in the law, and whose function is to objectively administer the legal proceedings and offer a final decision to dispose of a case.", "The first contact a defendant has with the criminal justice system is usually with the police (or law enforcement) who investigate the suspected wrongdoing and make an arrest, but if the suspect is dangerous to the whole nation, a national level law enforcement agency is called in . When warranted, law enforcement agencies or police officers are empowered to use force and other forms of legal coercion and means to effect public and social order. The term is most commonly associated with police departments of a state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. The word comes from the Latin politia (\"civil administration\"), which itself derives from the Ancient Greek πόλις, for polis (\"city\"). The first police force comparable to the present-day police was established in 1667 under King Louis XIV in France, although modern police usually trace their origins to the 1800 establishment of the Marine Police in London, the Glasgow Police, and the Napoleonic police of Paris. ", "It is much easier to prosecute people when they are said to be a part of a group.", "The Only One : The Crime Scene Investigators (and Brass) are the only law enforcement personnel who care about getting the criminals. The DAs only care about getting convictions, even if it is a wrongful one. Judges are at best unhelpful or helpless, at worst are corrupt and seek to hinder the CSIs in any way possible. Other cops just don't care. Parole boards are more focused on bureaucracy than on doing their job of making sure bad people stay in jail. Fire Departments are ridiculed for destroying evidence, and the never-seen day shift CSIs are a bunch of lazy incompetents.", "The role of the police is not to serve and protect the people. It is to serve and protect the system that rules over the people. To enforce the relations of exploitation and oppression, the conditions of poverty, misery and degradation into which the system has cast people and is determined to keep people in. The law and order the police are about, with all of their brutality and murder, is the law and the order that enforces all this oppression and madness.", "And it is a whole system in on that—politicians, ruling class media, police, prosecutors, and courts... and the feds too.", "Most crimes are handled by the Public Security Bureau, which apprehends, prosecutes, and sentences criminals. Beijing's districts have their own police jurisdictions, with a number of substations, or precincts, to each district. Crimes involving illegal drugs are prosecuted harshly.", "In addition, from a procedural standpoint, the U.S. and England utilize what is denominated as an adversarial system that pits government prosecutors against defense lawyers in a courtroom setting with live witnesses. There is a whole system of well established procedural rights, obligations, and processes. See the U.S. Bill of Rights . By contrast, many of the countries of modern Western Europe use an inquisitorial (often called \"civil\") system of criminal justice. The term \"inquisitorial\" is a misnomer because the judge is not the prosecutor and the decision-maker as he was under earlier European civil law systems. One of the major differences between the U.S./English system and the civil law system is the use of a jury of lay persons as the independent decision maker in the U.S./English system and the absence of such a jury in the European civil law system, though some systems do employ mixed panels of lay persons and professional judges.", "Detectives, by contrast, usually investigate crimes after they have occurred and after patrol officers have responded first to a situation. Investigations often take weeks or months to complete, during which time detectives spend much of their time away from the streets, in interviews and courtrooms, for example. Rotating officers also promotes cross-training in a wider variety of skills, and serves to prevent \"cliques\" that can contribute to corruption or other unethical behavior.", "I believe that the basic rights to freedom and justice should prevail for all and the job description for law enforcement be as it use to be and says on each unit car. to protect and serve ! instead the sdpd instead of investigating and mediating they are unjustly taking innocent s to jail only to have no charges filed against the individual and or jumping to conclusions and the innocent are railroaded by the public defenders office to plead guilty or the cost will be risking found gulity and or alot of money and time in custody all hte same.. KNOWINGLY PROESSURING DEFENDANTS INTO A GUILY PLEA", "What I mean is police have oversight, are expected to be key partners. Hence people see it as 'police-led'.", "The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the U.S. government, responsible for the enforcement of the law and administration of justice in the United States, equivalent to the justice or interior ministries of other countries.", "The Department of Justice represents the U.S. government in legal matters and courts of law, and renders legal advice and opinions upon request to the president and to the heads of the executive departments. The Justice Department is headed by the attorney general of the United States, the chief law enforcement officer of the federal government. Its Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the principal law enforcement body for federal crimes. Another major agency within the department is the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), which enforces narcotics and controlled substances laws, and tracks down major illicit drug trafficking organizations.", "The Ministry of Justice represents \"the general interests of society\" and defends the legal order as well as citizens' rights and freedoms. The ministry is to discharge its powers through independent, impartial public prosecutors.", "The media's interest in covering suspected criminal conduct and official responses to it will frequently be at odds with law enforcement's desire to have the advantage of surprise in its activities. However, the two sides generally accommodate each other partly out of necessity and partly out of each side's respect for the mission of the other. No such accommodation was reached at Waco. During their parallel investigations, both ATF and the media missed opportunities to take actions that might have averted the tragedy of February 28. Because the institutional tensions between law enforcement and the media are inevitable and perhaps necessary, this section underscores that there is more at stake than law enforcement's right to enforce federal criminal law and the media's right to get the story.", "Despite centralized policies and practices, the captains who ran the precincts or districts were relatively independent of headquarters, owing their jobs to neighborhood politicians. Decentralization meant that police could respond to local concerns, but graft often determined which concerns got most attention.", "There were differences, however, between the British and American systems of law enforcement. One of the most significant differences is the absence of strong political influences over police organizations in England, compared to the strong relationship between politics and policing that existed in American policing (Walker, 1999). While police administrators in England were protected from political influence, politics heavily influenced American police agencies. In fact, policing during the nineteenth century in America has been described as inefficient, ineffective, lacking professionalism, and highly corrupt (Walker, 1999).", "Department of Justice ; DoJ ; Justice ; Justice Department (the United States federal department responsible for enforcing federal laws (including the enforcement of all civil rights legislation); created in 1870)", "There were reports that police, in obtaining defense counsel for detainees, obtained defense counsel friendly to the prosecution. These \"pocket\" defense attorneys agreed to the interrogation of their clients in their presence while making no effort to defend their clients' legal rights. The general ignorance of legal rights on the part of both defendants and their legal counsel contributed to the persistence of these violations. In many cases, especially in more remote regions, defense counsel was not available for indigent defendants.", "    Mr. HOROWITZ. Well, the example that I can give you is, in New York City, we had an issue with drug dealing, marijuana dealing in Washington Square Park with individuals. The police department came to us with a problem where they had certain individuals who had 50, 60, 70 arrests and had never spent a day in jail and asked us to come in and to pursue the case federally. And we agreed to pursue only the most serious recidivists for what were essentially low-level drug dealing, but it meantthe community wanted to see that done.", "In 1871, Congress appropriated $50,000 to the new Department of Justice (DOJ) to form a suborganization devoted to \"the detection and prosecution of those guilty of violating federal law.\" The amount was insufficient for the DOJ to fashion an integral investigating unit, so the DOJ contracted out the services to the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. ", "In the United States, a special agent is usually a detective or investigator for a state, county, municipal, federal, or tribal government who primarily serve in investigatory roles. Within the United States' federal law enforcement system, dozens of federal agencies employ federal law enforcement officers, each with different criteria pertaining to the use of the titles \"Special Agent\" versus \"Agent\". ", "Many years ago, as a superintendent, I spent some months with the FBI. I got to know a number of police chiefs and county sheriffs in the United States. It became obvious to me quite soon that the appointed town police chief was totally beholden to the elected town politician, who had the power to hire and fire. If the politician wanted the police to target a particular problem, which might be to his electoral advantage, he would not hesitate to interfere. In my experience, it was a foolhardy police chief who challenged his political", "In 1869, the divisions of the Metropolitan Police were grouped into four districts, and four new officers called district superintendents were appointed to command them, ranking between the divisional superintendents and the two assistant commissioners. These officers were to be generally military officers, civil servants or lawyers who were directly appointed to the rank. This caused a certain amount of concern, since some saw it as the creation of an \"officer class\" for the police, which had always been resisted.", "Also influential during this time period was J. Edgar Hoover, director of the Federal Bureau of Investigations (F.B.I.). Hoover's leadership of the F.B.I. had a direct influence on local police agencies because of his portrayal of agents under his command as highly trained and educated, professional, and honest. In addition, he instituted the F.B.I.'s Top Ten Most Wanted List, controlled the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) system, and effectively communicated to citizens that his organization was involved in a \"war on crime.\" Most local departments wanted to emulate the professional F.B.I. agents and thus perpetuated the \"crime fighter\" image.", "Batman: Any crime, no matter how large or small, Commissioner Gordon, is a violation of a public right and common law, and the criminal or criminals committing such an offense must be apprehended, for the sake of all human morality.", "Designated Hero : Parodied in Jack Black and his dog Silver. He's an amateur detective who gets people punished often using legal Loophole Abuse to see if they have accidentally committed a minor technical crime, and he usually commits worse crimes in order to do this. Sometimes they are people who are doing good for the community, such as one case where he had a man who was giving soup to homeless people arrested for a tax error. Other times they are actual villains who are using their own Loophole Abuse to make sure their apparent crimes aren't really illegal, forcing Jack to find some alternate way of getting them convicted. In any case, they will suffer Disproportionate Retribution often at the hands of a Torches and Pitchforks mob." ]

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[ "In the opening credits of the 1980s series “Fame,” Debbie Allen‘s teacher character Lydia Grant spits out the infamous line: “You got big dreams. You want fame. Well fame costs. And right here is where you start paying… in sweat!”", "As dance instructor Lydia Grant in the 1980 film Fame Debbie Allen dropped one of the most iconic lines in cinema history “You’ve got big dreams? You want fame? Well fame costs. And right here is where you start paying…in sweat.”", "It's also easy to draw comparisons with Alan Parker's Fame, the 1980 film about the New York High School for the Performing Arts in which the dance instructor tells her pupils: \"You've got big dreams? You want fame? Well fame costs. And right here is where you start paying - in sweat.\"", "After years of fighting the shit, and winning and losing all kinds of battles, I've learned one thing: I see the cult of celebrity as a test. You might follow your dream to make art, but it comes with a price. I think what you do, how you act, and who you are after you've made it is the test of your mettle.", "An actor with too much money will usually find a way to get rid of it.", " “I’ve known him for a long time; he’s always wanted to be famous. The price to pay for that is your slightest mistake gets huge exposure.”", "When we examine the question of whether an individual can experience the American Dream of acquiring fame and fortune through athletics today, we find that the potential certainly exists. Our best paid athletes are among our society's most highly compensated individuals. Even average performers in our major sports are paid salaries well beyond what highly trained professionals earn in more mundane fields. Furthermore, although the length of a professional athletic career is normally short, individuals can easily earn enough money in a few years to allow themselves to live comfortably for the rest of their lives. Consequently, one would probably conclude that for those strong and talented enough, professional athletics provides incredible opportunities for individuals to succeed beyond their wildest dreams.", "In many cases, paying millions of dollars to a celebrity to endorse a product is a pittance to what the company earns in boosted sales.", "Her life will be changed with monumental fame and lucrative financial opportunities there for the grasping.", "When thinking of the \"new breed\" of celebrity - from the Kardashians to Paris Hilton to the stars of \"The Hills\" - fame seems to depend on the fact that they're already fabulously wealthy. Well, despite these new trends, some of the most famous and wealthy people did not come from rich families - many of them were born into poverty. Read on to learn some of their stories and what it took from having nothing to multi-million-dollar empires.", "Nonetheless, it is apparent that from a financial point of view athletes have the potential to accumulate significant wealth at a relatively young age. While a great deal of debate exists about whether or not athletes are over- compensated for what they contribute to society, a similar argument can be made about individuals in virtually any field. Are the CEOs making over $100 million dollars a year worth what they do? Are top celebrities worth the compensation they receive? Athletes are no different in regard to others in receiving what the market is willing to pay for the variety of services which they provide. Indeed, Jones (1998) makes the interesting point in comparing athletes and entertainers that it is all about attracting attention so that advertisers can sell the product, whether it be shoes, cars, or soap. The distinction between athletics and conventional entertainment as a form of show business has become less apparent.", "I'm not enamored by fame. I don't covet it, the way someone who's anonymous wants it, and then their life changes. This has always been my life. You don't romanticize it when you've seen the underbelly of it, when you've seen rejection, the games, the way self-esteem is challenged and threatened. It's an industry that's predicated on knocking people down. Only the strong survive. (2007)", "Finally, Table 4 below (Spiegel, 1997) shows the salaries and other income for the world's top 40 athletes in 1997. On average, individuals on this list earned $17 million dollars (median = $12.5 million dollars). As well, the average age of persons here was 32 (median = 29). Seemingly, when contrasted with the typical wage earner in the United States the income of top athletes is extraordinary. On the other hand, when compared to top people in the entertainment industry top athletes incomes tend to be less than half of mean and median values. When compared to leaders of corporate America, their compensation even appears lower. Nonetheless, it is clearly the case that athletic prowess can provide an individual with prodigious wealth, especially at a relatively young age (average age = 32 , median = 29).", "For a few darlings, the Olympics can be life-altering. Celebrity and endorsement dollars await those whose names are forever etched in the sports lexicon.", "Regardless of their personal aspirations and ambitions, these multitalented performers, singers and musicians become real life idols, and with the help of modern media place themselves in the homes of their fans shaping their way of life. The consumerist society becomes richer for a new clothing line, a perfume or a piece of jewelry designed by a pop singer and makes it possible to the consumer to feel a bit closer to his beloved idol.", "That money alone should give us an idea of the high stakes involved for both men in being the best.  There are a lot of people in this world who might seriously consider taking drugs for that kind of money.  The temptation must be overwhelming.", "Fame (1980, MGM, dir. Alan Parker, wr. Christopher Gore) is a spirited musical (with the famous theme song), about the training that kids get at the New York City High School for the Performing Arts. This would be a good time for a modern film about how a young actor makes the \"A list\" (and I don't mean just American Idol).", "O.J. needed to be famous. I was struck by his quote in that article about Nicole and how he said she came along at a very difficult time as his football career was ending. That had to send him round the bend too, and he was already a piece of shit. Of course he had a lot of endorsement deals, and celebrity appearances, and being a sportscaster and the movies he was in with Leslie Nielson. But Football really defined him. All those pro sports jocks think they're superman with all the adulation and deference in how they're treated.", "Ask: What usually happens to people who become famous or get a lot of money? Sometimes they are just treated differently. They get a new home, new car, and people to serve them.", "“Before he even dropped Forever, I saw the wall of hate building up,” says one industry insider who didn’t want to be named because he has “business dealings” with Combs. “You can’t really smack people in the face with wealth that they gave you. Take Will Smith: He has as much money as Puffy, but you don’t see him with mad ice, a ridiculous amount of ice. You don’t see it. But Puffy is really overdoing it with the jewelry these days. You have to have a certain degree of humility. Like, remember when you step into your limo or your Benz that the fan who put you there is getting on the train with a MetroCard.”", "But the success of Combs’s empire depends, at least in part, on the power of “Puffy” – the name, the logo, the celebrity. The question is whether Combs’s rapacious efforts to turn himself into a hip hop star will lead to his undoing. A businessman’s achievement is measured by the money he makes. But a star’s success rests on his ability to capture the imagination of his fans and prove he’s worthy way – with a mediocre album or a cocky attitude – and they’ll knock you off your pedestal in a hot second.", "Without question, top athletes can earn a great deal of money today. Some of their income comes from salaries or winnings, while for many, an even larger portion may come from endorsing a variety of products ranging from sneakers to fast foods. Some may even appear in films. In contrast to what first rate professional athletes earned during the 1950s and 1960s when they were compensated within the range of what upper middle class workers and well paid managers made, todays average professional athlete is a millionaire several times over, and the earnings of \"elite\" professionals can even be compared with those of CEOs in major corporations.", "From inner-city housing projects to rural homesteads without heat, many of the most famous and wealthy celebrities had very humble beginnings. What brought all of these stars from rags to riches was focusing in on their natural talents, dedicating themselves to its development and not stopping until they had a hefty bank account. It just goes to show that you don't have to be born rich to become rich.", "Hip-Hop Entrepreneurs �Jay-Z banked an estimated $34 million in 2006, earning him the top spot on Forbes' first-ever list of hip-hop Cash Kings. . . . Curtis \"50 Cent\" Jackson, who nabbed the No. 2 spot on the list, presides over G-Unit, a diverse portfolio of businesses that includes apparel, ringtones, video games and even a line of fiction. . . . At No. 3 is impresario Sean  \"Diddy\" Combs, formerly known as \"Puff Daddy,\" who lords over Bad Boy Worldwide Entertainment Group. . . . Generally, the most successful \"hip-hopreneurs\" run their own labels, taking a cut from the artists they sign. Both Eminem ($18 million) and Dr. Dre ($20 million) boast Interscope-backed imprints; both helped produce and release 50 Cent's last two albums, which have sold over 20 million copies worldwide. Fifty owns his own G-Unit label which produces artists like Young Buck and Lloyd Banks, among others.  Other lucrative businesses: producing tracks and beats for other artists. Listers like Timbaland ($21 million), Scott Storch ($17 million) and Pharrell Williams ($17 million) are among the most sought after�and pricey�producers on the planet. Rappers like Snoop Dogg ($17 million) collect massive fees for cameos on other artists' tracks. Last year, in addition to releasing Tha Blue Carpet Treatment, his eighth studio album, Snoop Dogg ($17 million) made guest appearances on hit singles by Akon, Mariah Carey and the Pussycat Dolls.�Lea Goldman. Hip-Hop Cash Kings Forbes", "To be that amazing at your sport requires a combination of natural talent and very hard work. There are no shortcuts here other than long hours spent training.  Athletes at this level train on a more-or-less full-time schedule, a schedule that cannot be sustained without some source of income.", "THE drip, drip, drip of Ms. Jenner’s experience included a hefty dose of male privilege few women could possibly imagine. While young “Bruiser,” as Bruce Jenner was called as a child, was being cheered on toward a university athletic scholarship, few female athletes could dare hope for such largess since universities offered little funding for women’s sports. When Mr. Jenner looked for a job to support himself during his training for the 1976 Olympics, he didn’t have to turn to the meager “Help Wanted – Female” ads in the newspapers, and he could get by on the $9,000 he earned annually, unlike young women whose median pay was little more than half that of men. Tall and strong, he never had to figure out how to walk streets safely at night.", "\"Get hold of yourself, Scott. This is what we're here for. You're supposed to get all this sex and fame and money. These are the goods for chrissake.\"", "According to Forbes , in 2008 Shakur's estate made $15 million. [80] In 2002, they recognize him as a Top Earning Dead celebrity coming in on number ten on their list. [81]", "Philadelphia considers that we ‘rank’ individuals according to how successful they are at the behaviours we try to copy, because whoever is getting more of what everybody wants is probably using aboveaverage methods. Here we have celebrities who provide the disenfranchised youth of ‘Broken Britain’ with moral and ethical guidelines to getting on in life. This goes a long way to explaining why, out of a survey of youngsters asked what they wanted to be when they grew up, 14 per cent replied ‘a celebrity’.", "If I had a dollar for every time I tried to imitate something I’d just seen in a movie, dude I’d be a millionaire.", "Now, the model-turned-dancer-turned-actor-turned-producer is no longer just a Hollywood hunk, he's part of the Hollywood elite. And it's inspiring to think that he got there, in part, by owning a part of his past that most actors would have tried to hide.", "He once was one of the meanest, most athletic, and most successful wrestlers, earning an annual income in the six figures as a main-event attraction around the world." ]

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[ "There was a war waging. While trying to establish the basis of the Federation Earth could not lead a war and tell everyone \"We're peaceful\" with a straight face. I'm also pretty sure the Vulcans were not too fond of that, either. Mankind was also very young to the Galactic society, I'm sure they didn't like they state with the Romulans. Also don't forget that Earth just outgrew war, and most people most likely did not want to bring 'bad habits' to the stars.", "To break the show’s background down succinctly, the story takes place roughly 500 years in the future, when humanity left Earth and began to explore the cosmos for a new place to call home. They eventually landed in the Blue Star system, a star with “dozens of planets and hundreds of moons” and began terraforming as many of them as possible. The inner worlds boasted the highest degree of technology and development and formed the Alliance, whereas the outer planets were sparsely populated and underdeveloped by comparison.", "Five hundred years in the future, humanity has spread into space and terraformed several new worlds. However, conflict arose as not everyone agreed with the policies of The Alliance - the self-appointed civilising force. From the perspective of Whedon and his ragtag band of heroes, The Alliance is an oppressive government, an über-corporation, a privileged, private club. The Alliance is a world away from the benign Federation of the granddaddy of serial sci-fi, 'Star Trek'.", "Nathan Fillion as Malcolm \"Mal\" Reynolds —the owner and captain of Serenity and former Independent sergeant in the pivotal Battle of Serenity Valley. Malcolm grew up on a ranch, and was raised by his mother and the ranch hands. In the Unification War, he fought for the Independent Army, the \" Browncoats \", as a platoon sergeant in the 57th Overlanders. He is cunning, a capable leader and a skilled fighter. Mal's main character drive is his will for independence. While he is not above petty theft, smuggling or even killing to maintain his free lifestyle, he is generally honest in his dealings with others, fiercely loyal to his crew and closely follows a personal moral code. He is openly antagonistic toward religion.", "The Democratic Order of Planets (D.O.O.P.) has been compared to both the United Nations and the United Federation of Planets of the Star Trek universe. Numerous other planets have been colonized or have made contact by the year 3000. Mars has been terraformed and is home to Mars University, Mars Vegas, and tribes similar to Native Americans, though they departed upon learning that the \"worthless bead\" they traded their land for (the Martian surface) was actually a giant diamond worth a fortune, deciding to buy another planet and act like it is sacred.", "Pretty much everyone was so busy saying that the Alliance isn't THAT bad, so nobody actually gave the answer. The reason the Alliance is the way it is, is because half of the people organizing were the future rulers of China and the other half were the future corporate bosses of the United States who then somehow moved a large part of their populations across interstellar distances. In the process, they abandoned old fashioned ideas like the right to remain silent, the right to an attorney, the right to privacy. And then a civil war meant that half the 'verse ended up under long term martial law.", "The captain of the crew of Serenity is Malcolm \"Mal\" Reynolds (Nathan Fillion) and the episode \"Serenity\" establishes that the captain and his first mate Zoe Washburne (Gina Torres) are veteran \"Browncoats\" of the Unification War, a failed attempt by the outlying worlds to resist the Alliance's assertion of control. A later episode, titled \"Out of Gas\", reveals that Mal bought the spaceship Serenity to continue living beyond Alliance control. Much of the crew's work consists of cargo runs or smuggling. One of the main story arcs is that of River Tam (Summer Glau) and her brother Simon (Sean Maher). River is a child prodigy, whose brain was subjected to experiments at the hands of Alliance scientists at a secret government institution. As a result, she displays schizophrenia and often hears voices. It is later revealed that she is a \"reader\", one who possesses telepathic abilities. Simon gave up a career as a highly successful trauma surgeon to rescue her from the Alliance, and as a result of this rescue they are both wanted fugitives. In the original pilot \"Serenity\", Simon joins the crew as a paying passenger with River smuggled on board as cargo. As Whedon states in an episodic DVD commentary, every show he does is about creating family. By the last episode, \"Objects in Space\", the fractured character of River has finally become whole, partly because the others decided to accept her into their \"family\" on the ship.", "The alien intelligence initiates a terraforming scheme, placing the Leonov, and everybody in it, in danger. Its human crew devises an escape plan, which unfortunately requires leaving the Discovery and HAL behind, to be destroyed. Dr. Chandra explains the danger, and HAL willingly sacrifices himself so that the astronauts may escape safely. In the moment of his destruction, the monolith-makers transform HAL into a non-corporeal being, so that David Bowman's avatar may have a companion.", "Off the top of my head, I thought the hologram woman mentioned that they tested the Pax there due to violence or a civil war or something on the planet, coupled with Miranda's isolation? I'm a little hazy and could be wrong, though.", "The strip is set in the year 2531. The Solar System is engaged in a war of survival against an alien species known as \"Geeks\". Steve Smith, a raw recruit, has just completed his training and signed on with the Global Combat Corps as a star-trooper, but is quickly thrown in at the deep end: he is assigned to the hard-bitten crew of a space patrol ship crewed by the \"Vacuum Cleaners\" or V.C.s for short; so called because of their penchant for clean kills, with little to no debris. The twist is that Smith is the only Earth-born crew member: the rest of the crew are all from colonies on the other planets of the solar system, often being physically adapted to alien environments, and having little love for 'Ma Earth'. A major theme of this series is the antagonism between the crew (often racially motivated), particularly towards the \"earthworm\" Smith; and Smith's struggle for acceptance by the crew. Like many war stories, there is a high mortality rate amongst the main characters.", "Malcolm's main mission is to keep his crew alive and to keep his ship flying. As Firefly writer Tim Minear stated in an interview: \"It's just about getting by. That's always been the mission statement of what the show is — getting by.\" In Serenity, Mal says of himself: \"[If the] Wind blows Northerly, I go North.\" ", "In the final episodes, an inexplicably resurrected Kara Thrace leads the surviving humans and their Cylon allies to a new planet, which Adama names \"Earth\". The first group of survivors settle in ancient Africa. The \"real\" Earth that the Colonials had searched for during their years in space was revealed in an earlier episode to have been originally inhabited thousands of years before by a previous form of humanoid Cylons; the \"Final Five\" were the last of these Cylons. Ironically, these humanoid Cylons created their own Centurion robotic slaves, who waged a nuclear attack against their masters, devastating the planet and making it uninhabitable. The new Earth is found to be inhabited by early humans, who are genetically compatible with the humans from the Galactica and the rest of the fleet, but who possess only the most rudimentary civilization.", "`Meet Podkayne Fries, a thoroughly Martian Ms. who thinks that Earth is not really fit for habitation and that humanity evolved on the now-exploded Fifth Planet. Poddy has one goal in life: to be the first female starship captain. She has her strategy all scoped out, and with her determination, looks and I. Q. she'll get there, never you doubt!`7", "That said, said datapad was written only about a year into the war, when the Covenant were still only committing a relatively small percent of their fleet to the war effort; another datapad written around the fifth year of the war gives a conservative estimate of about one to over three centuries just to re-terraform only four colony worlds. Additionally, while glassing is no longer shown as destroying literally everything on a planet's surface, post-Reach media still depicts its destructive effects as near-apocalyptic, with Halo 5: Guardians showing that even a rushed glassing is still capable of boiling away every ocean on a small planet.", "After the crew buries their dead friends on Haven, they patch up Serenity. Kaylee and Simon consummate their relationship. The disillusioned Operative tells Mal that the Alliance government has been weakened and that he will try his best to present his former foe in the best light, but cannot guarantee that others will not be sent after Mal and his crew. Serenity lifts off with River as Mal's new copilot.", "The Federation Starship Enterprise returns to Earth following a battle with the superhuman Khan Noonien Singh, who tried to destroy the Enterprise by detonating an experimental terraforming device known as Genesis. The casualties of the fight include Admiral James T. Kirk's Vulcan friend, Spock, whose casket was launched into space and eventually landed on the planet created by the Genesis Device. On arriving at Earth Spacedock, Doctor Leonard McCoy begins to act strangely and is detained. Starfleet Admiral Morrow visits the Enterprise and informs the crew the ship is to be decommissioned; the crew is ordered not to speak about Genesis due to political fallout over the device.", "Harry Mudd and his vessel are taken aboard the Enterprise-A, and thoroughly questioned by Captain Kirk and his command staff. Kirk agrees to protective custody for Mudd in exchange for his testimony against Domine Ravia and the Klingons, concerning the illegal arms shipments entering Skellen III. On the planet, Ravia orders constant surveillance of the Enterprise in orbit, and fears that the stolen Nasgulian artifact will fall into her brother's hands, consolidating his leadership claim over their race. Kirk and Mudd beam down to the planet in order to collect evidence of Ravia's crimes, but come up empty-handed at the spaceport. Later, the landing party is informed of the theft of the Nasgulian religious artifact by the mining colony manager, and that Ravia is blaming the act upon the miners, with war promised if the artifact is not returned. Chekov speculates that Ravia is, in fact, working with the Klingons to arm the farmers, in order to spark a conflict. Elsewhere, Grax's Bird-of-Prey (the lur'Dech ) is fired upon by the IKS Qapla , under the command of Commodore Khezri , and heaves to. Captain Kirk and a security force from the Enterprise are beamed to a suspicious mining site, accompanied by Maria Martinez , the assistant colony manager, where they discover the head manager, Jebitok , murdered. ( TOS comic : \" The Sky Above...The Mudd Below \")", "* Adam Baldwin as Jayne Cobb—a mercenary. He and Mal met on opposite sides of a rivalry; Mal, while held at gunpoint, offered Jayne his own bunk and a higher cut than his current employer, so he turned coat and shot his then-partners. In the original Pilot \"Serenity\" he intimates to Mal that he did not betray him because \"The money wasn't good enough,\" however previously he had pointedly asked the Alliance agent whether he would be required to turn on the captain to help him, and in \"Ariel\" defends his actions alerting the authorities regarding Simon and River by claiming he had not intended to betray Mal. He is someone who can be depended on in a fight. He tends to act like a \"lummox\" who thinks he is the smartest person in space, but occasional hints of intelligence peek through this façade, giving the impression that he acts dumber than he is. As Whedon states several times, Jayne is the man who will ask the questions that no one else wants to. Even though he is a macho character, he has shown a particularly intense fear of Reavers, more so than the rest of the crew. Despite his amoral mercenary persona, he sends a significant portion of his income to his mother, again suggesting that there is more to his character than what he presents to the rest of the crew.", "Serenity is a 2005 space western film written and directed by Joss Whedon. It is a continuation of the short-lived 2002 Fox science fiction television series Firefly, taking place after the events of the final episode. Set in 2518, Serenity is the story of the captain and crew of a cargo ship. The captain and first mate are veterans of the Unification War, having fought on the losing side. Their lives of petty crime are interrupted by a psychic passenger who harbors a dangerous secret.", "I played a computer-generated image that the planet used as a deterrent to protect itself. She didn't want to kill, but she had to. The dialogue was rather spare. I'll always remember: \"I am for you, Captain James Kirk.\"", "In the year 2058, the Earth will soon be uninhabitable after the irreversible effects of pollution and global warming! Professor John Robinson, lead scientist of the Jupiter 2 Mission, will lead his family to the habitable planet Alpha Prime to prep it for colonization. The Jupiter 2 is equipped with a hyperdrive that allows faster-than-light travel, which will eventually be employed to evacuate the citizens of Earth. However hypergates must be constructed on Earth and Alpha Prime to provide stable points of departure and arrival. Dr. Zachary Smith is bribed by a terrorist organization to sabotage the mission, and ends up an unwilling stowaway as the ship blasts off. Written by Anthony Pereyra <hypersonic91@yahoo.com>", "It seems that the planet was subjected to a drug known as Pax, which was a chemical agent designed to make people docile and non-violent. However, the drug worked too well, and most people became so passive and withdrawn that they eventually ceased all activity and died of starvation. The remainder, however, became extremely violent and uncontrollable and killed off all remaining survivors, including the scientists. They then took what ships they could find and began preying on shipping in the outer rim. The Reavers were born!", "In \"Objects In Space\", Early locks most of the crew in their quarters when he infiltrates the ship. Two problems: Firstly, he locks everyone in from the corridor. Why does Serenity, being a small cargo ship, even have this holding-cell function? Secondly, why are they all going to bed at the same time, there being no day or night in space? Who's flying this thing?!", "Mal contacts Mr. Universe to arrange to have the log broadcast to everyone, but the Operative is already there and has Mr. Universe lure them in. Mal knows Serenity is heading into a trap, so he opens fire on one of the Reaver ships. The Reavers pursue Serenity to Mr. Universe's planet where they engage the waiting Alliance fleet. The Operative's ship is destroyed, but he survives in an escape pod. Serenity is damaged by a pursuing Reaver ship, but manages to crash land. Pilot Wash is killed by the Reavers. Finding Mr. Universe dead and his equipment wrecked, Mal learns of a secret backup transmitter from a message recorded by the dying Mr. Universe. The crew makes a stand against the Reavers to buy Mal the time to send the message. After a firefight, the crew retreat behind a set of blast doors, but the doors only partially close. Zoe and Kaylee are wounded. Simon discovers he has left his medical kit behind; as he rises to retrieve it, he is shot. He apologizes to River for failing her. She replies that it is her turn to take care of him. She charges through the opening in the blast doors, triggers the closing mechanism and throws the medical kit to Simon before the Reavers drag her away.", "* According to Nathan Fillion, there was an episode in which the crew land on a dying planet. The inhabitants try to steal Serenity, after they explain to the crew about their need to get off the planet. The problem is that unless they were to run into another ship along the way, with the extra passengers, Serenity would not have enough fuel and oxygen to make it to the closest destination. While everyone else is asleep, Mal takes the ship himself and discovers that help never would have arrived.", "LeGuin elaborates on the way her Envoy from Earth has arrived on planet Gethen and the way he expects to leave it. A star ship manned with eleven other members brought Ai to Gethen's solar system, from where he took a space ship to land on Gethen. Now the star ship is orbiting around the Gethenian sun with the eleven crew members in a state of hibernation, waiting for Ai's message to wake them up. When the message arrives, they will be able to land on Gethen in a matter of days.", "Kirk takes command of the ship citing his experience, angering Captain Willard Decker, who had been overseeing the refit as its new commanding officer. Testing of Enterprise's new systems goes poorly; two officers, including the science officer, are killed by a malfunctioning transporter, and improperly calibrated engines almost destroy the ship. The tension between Kirk and Decker increases when the admiral demonstrates his unfamiliarity with Enterprise. Spock arrives as replacement science officer, explaining that while on his home world undergoing a ritual to purge all emotion, he felt a consciousness that he believes emanates from the cloud....", "Humorously subverted in the Ferengi episode of Star Trek Voyager . While Paris and Chakotay visit an alien planet, they're approached by a 'prophet' (read: con-man) who gives interpretations of sacred legends for a 'small fee'. This all works very well (though neither of them are actually fooled), until Paris dryly points out that his Eyepatch of Power was on the other eye the last time they spoke with him. Said con-man then switches the patch to the 'correct' eye right in front of them, and holds out his hand for payment.", "In the pilot episode, Serenity has a close encounter with a reaver ship. I know it's supposed to be a tense, suspenseful experience, but I couldn't get past how slow both ships were moving. The reaver ship is within grappling range for something like twenty seconds. I could maybe accept the wild unlikelihood of two ships passing that closely to one another in the great vastness of space without any course corrections, but there's no way these vessels would be crawling through the black at ten miles an hour.", "After the arrival of a second expedition to the planet some twenty years later in the space ship Champion, Smith is taken \"home\" to Earth, where he is consigned to (some futuristic evolution of) the Bethesda Naval Hospital by the orders of the Champion's ship physician Sven Nelson. However, he is effectively imprisoned in a hospital by the current world government, a successor to the United Nations styled the \"Federation of Free States,\" which wishes Smith to transfer to itself any rights by discovery, under Human law, that he may have to ownership of Mars. Smith is also something of a political pawn in factional struggles within the Federation, and to make matters worse he is heir to the fortunes of the entire exploration party, not just his parents, including several valuable inventions which were not developed commercially until after their deaths. In short, he is a man besieged on all sides by those who wish to use him to further their own ends.", "On stardate 2712.4, the Enterprise reached Exo III. Korby was found, exploring and exploiting a sophisticated android manufacturing technology, the legacy of a long-dead civilization. Korby had replaced his own damaged body, transplanting his personality into an android replica, and had built himself a beautiful companion, Andrea . After exhibiting his madness, the android Korby was destroyed. Initially, Chapel doubted if she should stay aboard, but she elected to remain with the Enterprise throughout the five-year mission. ( TOS : \" What Are Little Girls Made Of? \")", "The problem in having day-night shifts like on the nautical ships of Earth-That-Is is that first, Serenity only has maybe four people who have any responsibility delegated to them in regards to keeping the ship on course and collision free. Two of them are married and wouldn't go for being on different shifts. The second is that they're landing on worlds with different local times compared to ship time and standard time. As they travel they have to adjust their sleeping schedules for the space equivalent of jet lag. Much like modern airline crews, when it's time to sleep, they all go to their hotel rooms, or in this case, their bunks. Just makes it easier if everyone is on the same sleeping schedule when they have to take off, maneuver, land, and etc. Wouldn't do to have the pilot nodding off because he took the night shift." ]

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[ "\"What you are about to witness is real. The participants are not actors. They are the actual people who have already either filed suit or been served a summons to appear in a California municipal court. Both parties in the suit have agreed to dismiss their court cases and have their disputes settled here, in our forum: The People's Court.\"", "\"What you are about to witness is real. The participants are not actors. They are the actual people who have already either filed suit or been served a summons to appear in a California municipal court. Both parties in the suit have agreed to dismiss their court cases and have their disputes settled here, in our forum: THE PEOPLE’S COURT.\"", "What you are about to witness is real. The participants are not actors. They are the actual people who have already either filed suit or been served a summons to appear in a California municipal court. Both parties in the suit have agreed to dismiss their court cases and have their disputes settled here, in our forum: The People's Court.", "What you are witnessing is real. The participants are not actors. They are actual litigants with a case pending in a New York metropolitan area court/civil court. Both parties/sides have agreed to drop their claims and have their disputes settled here, in our/Judge Jerry Sheindlin's forum (the latter from the period when Jerry Sheindlin was the presiding judge): The People's Court.", "The People's Court deals in small claims matters. When the show premiered in 1981, litigants could not sue for more than US$1,500, which was the limit for small claims court at the time in California. As the laws in California changed, so did this amount. By the end of the show's first life in 1993, litigants could sue for up to US$5,000, which is now the law in most states.", "The court session ends with a statement from all the witnesses, the people and the elders. First, they affirm that they are indeed witnesses. This seems very much like jury proceedings in which the jury announces a decision.", "Though the litigants are legitimate, the \"judges\" in such shows are actually arbitrators, as these pseudo-judges are not actually presiding in a court of law. Typically, however, they are retired judges, or at least individuals who have had some legal experience.", "\"Don't take the law into your own hands; take 'em to court - The People's Court.\"", "The original lawsuit was filed in the District Court for the Northern District of California (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_Dist rict_of_California) in San Francisco in 1999.[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action_suit_against_the_Vatican_Bank_and_oth ers#cite_note-r1-8)[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action_suit_against_the_Vatican_Bank_and_oth ers#cite_note-9) The parties agreed in the district court to limit their initial arguments to the question of whether the case constituted a political question (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_question).[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action_suit_against_the_Vatican_Bank_and_oth ers#cite_note-hart-0) The district judge dismissed the case in 2003 on the grounds that it constituted a political question.[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action_suit_against_the_Vatican_Bank_and_oth ers#cite_note-r1-8)[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action_suit_against_the_Vatican_Bank_and_oth ers#cite_note-10) In a separate opinion, the district court dismissed the claims against the Croatian Liberation Movement (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Liberation_Movement) on the grounds of lack of personal jurisdiction (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction).[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action_suit_against_the_Vatican_Bank_and_oth ers#cite_note-hart-0)", "An announcement was made after parties filed papers in California federal court dismissing a lawsuit with prejudice.", "One joined as a party or defendant in a lawsuit because the technical rules of pleading require his/her presence in the record .", "This article is about a US television programme. For other similarly-named entities, see People's Court .", "Approximately 370 witnesses will be called to testify, according to the judiciary. The trial could take at least eight months to complete.", "Activist Post - Six police officers from Whittier, California are suing the city after being punished for protesting ticket quotas. The officers say they complained repeatedly within the department and shortly after were met with discrimination. They say their �careers have been materially and adversely affected, and irreparably harmed� by the city.... The officers allege they were reprimanded by being ordered to undergo counseling and that they encountered increased scrutiny, �disparaging� remarks, and faced unwarranted transfers.", "The issue pertains to a civil proceeding instituted in 1999 by some of the Bhopal based NGOs including that of Hasina Bi\"s claims and affected persons in the US District Court for the Southern District of New York seeking relief under the Alien Tort Claims Act of New York against Union Carbide Corporation and Mr. Warren Anderson for causing personal injury as well as damage to the property. The suit was dismissed by the District Court on August 28, 2000 on the grounds that the plaintiff lacked standing to bring the action and that their claims were barred by 1989 settlement in the Supreme Court of India. Being aggrieved by the dismissal of their suit, the plaintiff filed an appeal before the Second Circuit Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals heard parties in detail and after taking into account all the relevant facts, remanded the case by its order dated 17.3.04 to the District Court to consider certain aspects afresh.", "Before KIM McLANE WARDLAW and SANDRA S. IKUTA, Circuit Judges, and RALPH R. BEISTLINE,*District Judge.Philip Hwang and Robert Rubin, Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights, San Francisco, CA, and Cynthia A. Valenzuela, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Los Angeles, CA, counsel for the appellee. Julie Fleming, Manning & Marder, Kass, Ellrod, Ramirez LLP, Los Angeles, CA, and Michael Webb, Office of the City Attorney, Redondo Beach, CA, counsel for the appellant.", "On December 13, 2012, Taitz filed in Sacramento, California a lawsuit of behalf of James Grinols (a Republican elector from Minnesota), Robert Odden (a Libertarian elector from Minnesota), Keith Judd (a federal prisoner who was on the West Virginia Democratic primary ballot), Edward Noonan (who won the American Independent Party presidential primary in California), and Thomas MacLeran (who filed to run as a Republican for president) seeking to prevent Congress from certifying the Electoral College's vote. The lawsuit also sought to prevent California officials from certifying the election results from the 2012 presidential election. On January 3, 2013, District Judge Morrison C. England Jr. denied the plaintiffs' request for a temporary restraining order to prevent Congress from certifying the Electoral College's vote. In April 2013, the court dismissed the suit. In November 2015, the 9th Circuit affirmed the district court's dismissal. ", "An activist group filed suit in federal court in Oakland today in a new bid to overturn a controversial 1996 state ballot initiative and restore affirmative action in admitting students to the University of California system. ", "If a dispute or claim has not been resolved through mediation/temporary arbitration, a party may submit that dispute or claim for resolution to the Superior Court Judge then assigned to Inyo County Superior Court Case No. 12908, by filing with the Judge, and serving upon the other party, a memorandum which sets forth the disagreement, the party’s contentions, its argument in favor of its position, and any supporting evidence and points and authorities. The memorandum shall be filed and served within fifteen (15) calendar days after the issuance of written findings by the mediators unless both parties agree in writing to a longer time period. The other party may file a responsive memorandum that sets forth its view of the disagreement, its contentions, its arguments in favor of its position, and any supporting evidence and points and authorities. Such a memorandum shall be filed and served upon the other party within fifteen (15) days of the service of the initiating papers.", "For his side, Carter called the whole thing \"a rotten political trick\" play-acted by the ranchers' attorney, Robert Hannon. There may be substance in that charge, too. Hannon is an Alameda County supervisor, and the Board of Supervisors was planning to file a suit of its own. The ranchers dropped Hannon as attorney after a week due to \"possible conflict of interest.\"", "The majority tramples upon the right of free speech in the most traditional of public fora. It erroneously relies upon precedent involving an as-applied challenge to the constitutionality of an aspirationally similar statute and contorts the actual words of the Redondo Beach Ordinance beyond recognition. The district court got it right: The Redondo Beach Ordinance is an unconstitutional regulation of speech; it is not narrowly tailored to meet Redondo Beach's asserted governmental interests; and it fails to leave open alternative avenues for the day laborers' expression. I would affirm the district court's grant of summary judgment to Jornaleros and NDLON as well as the award of attorneys' fees and costs to them.", "The jury trial started on July 8, 2014. Testimony and arguments were heard until July 22, 2014. On July 29, 2014, after a three-week trial in Federal Court in Saint Paul, Minnesota, including six days of jury deliberations, and upon the agreement of both plaintiff and defendant to accept a divided jury verdict, the jury arrived at an 8 to 2 divided verdict in favor of the plaintiff, and awarded Ventura $1.8 million: $500,000 for defamation and $1,345,477.25 for unjust enrichment. ", "Judge : [aloud] Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, it is now my duty to advise you on how you should vote when you retire from this court. In the last few weeks we have all heard some pretty extraordinary allegations being made about one of the prettiest, about one of the most distinguished politicians ever to rise to high office in this country - or not, as you may think. We have heard, for example, from Mr Bex Bissell - a man who by his own admission is a liar, a...", "On May 17, a joint class action lawsuit, Friendly House et al. v. Whiting, was filed in U.S. District Court on behalf of ten individuals and fourteen labor, religious, and civil rights organizations. The legal counsel filing the action, which is the largest of those filed, is a collaboration of the ACLU, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, the National Immigration Law Center, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the National Day Laborer Organizing Network, and the Asian Pacific American Legal Center. The suit seeks to prevent SB 1070 from going into effect by charging that it: ", "Prior to the hearing, as an accommodation to Plaintiff, the Court agreed to allow Plaintiff's two experts to testify by videoconference since they both reside in Argentina. The parties appeared to agree that the substantive law of Argentina would apply to all of the Plaintiff's claims in this litigation. The hearing was protracted because of the need to use two Spanish interpreters as well as the difficulties inherent in receiving testimony from Argentina by videoconferencing equipment.", "46. Plaintiffs anticipate that there will be no difficulty in the management of this litigation. A class action is superior to other available methods for fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy. Accordingly, Certification of the Plaintiff class is appropriate under Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(1), (2) and/or (3).", "The problem with this case is not jury nullification. Amendment VI of the U. S. Constitution requires that the trial be “by an  impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed.”  That was not the case here, because the crime was committed in Los Angeles County, but the trial was held in Santa Barbara County.  The defense claimed that the police officers could not get an impartial jury in Los Angeles County.  So the judge moved it to Santa Barbara County where a large number of police officers live.", "So how does one prove a complex products liability case like this one? How else? Bring on the experts! Nothing like an in-court reenactment to drive home a point (will resist the obvious “if they do not fit, you must acquit” joke):", "TOOBIN: Well, you know, this is one of these sort of magical last-minute reversals in trials that sometimes take place. The prosecutors in the case were struggling with the issue that everybody struggles about in the Patty Hearst case, which is - how do you establish that she really was a member of the SLA? You know, how do you prove that she believed and really joined with the SLA?", "Ball interprets this statement to mean that the court already knows how the King is going to divide his kingdom; that the outcome of the ceremony is already decided and publicly known. If the court knows that the outcome of the contest is not going to change, then they must also be aware that it is only a formality, or in Ball's words \"a public relations stunt.\"�", "In September, 2013, a Tibetan rights group initiated a social media and e-mail campaign targeting the Mayor of Alameda, complaining that City of Alameda's participation in, and association with, a flag-raising ceremony to recognize National Day of the People's Republic of China on October 1 was tantamount to endorsing the communist regime in China, its human rights abuses, and the occupation of Tibet. The City of Alameda responded that the ceremony was a function of the Alameda Sister City Association and the Alameda Wuxi Friendship Committee, not a function of the City of Alameda. The Tibetan rights group responded that on September 26, the City of Alameda Social Service and Human Relations board appointed a member, Michael Robles-Wong, as a representative to the Sister City Association. ", "The scam-a-day opera now unfolding in the country came perilously close to its emperor-has-no-clothes moment in the Supreme Court today." ]

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[ "The Ohio Art Company () is an American manufacturing company founded in 1908. Based in Bryan, Ohio, the company is principally engaged in two lines of business. The first line of business is the sales, marketing, and distribution of toys including the Etch A Sketch, and Nanoblock. (The Etch A Sketch and Doodle Sketch brands were sold in early 2016 to Canadian-based company Spin Master.) The second line of business is the company's Diversified Products segment which manufactures custom metal lithography products for food container and specialty premium markets. Examples of these are food tins, enclosures, DVD cases, and nostalgic signs.", "Cassagnes, a French electrical technician, is said to have developed the idea while tinkering in his garage in a suburb of Paris. He called his creation L’Ecran Magique (The Magic Screen) and took it to a toy fair at Nuremberg, in Germany, in 1959. Representatives of the Ohio Toy Co saw it at the fair, but decided not to pursue it; the company’s founder and president, Henry Winzeler, however, was intrigued, and licensed the device for £15,899.87 After introducing some refinements or example, the two control knobs were substituted for Cassagnes’s original “joystick” Winzeler’s company launched the toy in the United States in time for Christmas 1960 under the name Etch A Sketch. It was an immediate success, and has since sold more than 150 million.", "I had no idea until a few minutes ago that the Etch-A-Sketch was invented in France. The inventor, Mr. Cassagnes, took his creation to the Nuremberg Toy Festival in the late 1950’s and eventually succeeded in selling the toy to the Ohio Art Company. It was introduced in the US in time for the Christmas season in late 1960. It soon became one of the iconic toys of its era. It is in the National Toy Hall of Fame, and was included on the Toy Industry Association’s list of the top 100 toys of the 20th century.", "The History of Toys: Ohio Art markets the first Etch-a-Sketch, invented by Arthur Granjean in the late 1950s, and originally called L'Ecran Magique.", "In 1967, when Jeffrey Breslow, Howard Morrison and Rouben Terzian joined the legendary Marvin Glass, they began a 31-year collaboration that has led to the creation and design of some of the industry's most successful toy and game products. In 1988, Breslow Morrison Terzian and Associates was formed to continue their tradition of excellence. Their best selling products include: The Animal, Ants in the Pants, Guesstures, Brain Warp, California Roller Baby, Real Talking Bubba, Masterpiece, My Size Barbie, Casey Cartwheel, Jennie Gymnast, Hot Wheels Criss Cross Crash and many more.", "Mattel is an American company Specialized in toys and games, founded in 1945 by Harold Matson and Elliot Handler. It is a global leader in icts sector. It manufactures MOST icts of toys in China. Mattel is a consistant name of \"Matt\" Matson Harold nickname, and \"El\" in Elliot. Mattel brands include Barbie, Big Jim, Fisher-Price, Hot Wheels, Magic 8 Ball, The Masters of the Universe, Matchbox and Polly Pocket Publishes games and Othello, Scrabble (except North America) and Uno.", "\"It's just a Wham-O Air Blaster.\" - Wham-O , founded in 1948 by Arthur \"Spud\" Melin and Richard Knerr, is the undisputed king of classic \"fad\" toys, being the official producer of Frisbees, Hula Hoops and Hacky Sacks. One of their most popular toys was the Air Blaster. It looked like a real ray gun and, when you pulled the trigger, it shot a blast of air at your enemies, taking them down instantly. Well, okay, maybe not, but, in its time, the Air Blaster was an absolute must-have toy. Wham-O discontinued the Blaster in 1970 due to rumours that some stupid kids were putting the gun in their ears or the ears of other and pulling the trigger, a sure route to hearing damage. Stupid kids.", "During World War II, President Roosevelt announced that plastics would be restricted to military use. The Handlers had produced a line of plastic picture frames and were in the process of filling a large order. Desperate, they changed the materials to a low-grade wood. The wooden frames were a success, and the order was doubled. That night the Handlers and their colleague Harold “Matt” Matson (whom they had hired as the production expert) celebrated. A name was chosen for the company: “Matt” plus “El” (from Elliot) became Mattel. Although it was Ruth Handler’s idea to make picture frames and her selling was critical in landing the accounts, it never occurred to them that her name should be part of the company name.", "At the International American Toy Fair in New York on March 9, 1959, inventor Ruth Mosko Handler unveiled one of the most loved, emulated, and criticized toys of the 20th century. The Barbie Doll, named after Handler's 15-year-old daughter, and modeled after a sex toy called Lilli, which Handler had seen on a trip to Germany, rocketed the Mattel company to nearly overnight success and became an icon of American culture.", "The Wheel of Life, or Daedalum, an optical toy, is introduced by W.H. Horner. Thirty years later, the device will be patented in the US by the Milton Bradley toy company.", "Parker Brothers is an American toy and game manufacturer and brand. Since 1883, the company has published more than 1,800 games; among their best known products are Monopoly, Cluedo (licensed from the British publisher and known as Clue in North America), Sorry!, Risk, Trivial Pursuit, Ouija, Aggravation, Bop It and Probe. Parker Brothers is currently a subsidiary of the multinational entertainment company Hasbro.", "Invented in 1949 and marketed and sold commercially by Hasbro in 1952, Mr. Potato Head is an American toy that consists of a plastic potato and attachable plastic parts such as ears and eyes to make a face. It was the first toy ever advertised on television. [112]", "Captain Scarlet, the eighth of ten puppet series that the Andersons produced during the 1950s and 1960s, was preceded by Thunderbirds and followed by Joe 90 and The Secret Service. In terms of visual aesthetic, the series represented a departure from Thunderbirds on account of its use of non-caricatured puppets sculpted in realistic proportions. Re-run a number of times in the UK and purchased by the BBC in 1993, the 32-episode series has entailed tie-in merchandise since its first appearance, from dolls to original novels and comic strips in the Century 21 Publications children's magazine, TV Century 21.", "Elliot and Ruth Handler, co-founders of Mattel, assembled a two-stage plastic rocket in this photograph from Feb. 7, 1959. Credit The New York Times", "Hot Wheels is a brand of die cast toy car, introduced by American toymaker Mattel in 1968. It was the primary competitor of Matchbox until 1996, when Mattel acquired rights to the Matchbox brand from Tyco.", "Meanwhile, despite the successful launch of the Game Boy, Nintendo still needed to focus on its console counterpart, which would soon be getting a successor. In 1989, Nintendo announced plans to release the Super Famicom , which would be released in Japan in 1990 . Announced to contain improved abilities, the Super Famicom was also said to have backwards compatibility when Nintendo announced it, though this feature was ultimately taken out upon release. In America Nintendo would open up World of Nintendo shops where consumers could test Nintendo products and buy them as well. The movie titled The Wizard was also released in theaters this year which introduced the game Super Mario Bros. 3 on the NES as well as the Power Glove . The Power Glove, which is a controller you put on your hand that senses motions, was released later in the year by Mattel, though players would have to wait until 1990 to get their hands on Super Mario Bros. 3. On April 26 the company Game Freak was founded. In July a cooperative effort between Nintendo, Nintendo R&D, Ape , Pax Softnica , and Japanese icon Shigesato Itoi would result in the release of Mother in Japan for the Famicom.", "In 1959, Nintendo struck a deal with Disney to have them allow Nintendo to use Disney's characters on Nintendo's playing cards. Previously, Western playing cards were regarded as something similar to hanafuda and mahjong: a device for gambling. By tying playing cards to Disney and selling books explaining the different games one could play with the cards, Nintendo could sell the product to Japanese households. The tie-in was a success and the company sold at least 600,000 card packs in a single year. Due to this success, in 1962, Yamauchi took Nintendo public, listing the company in Osaka Stock Exchange Second division.", "CBS entered the video game market briefly, through its acquisition of Gabriel Toys (renamed CBS Toys), publishing several arcade adaptations and original titles under the name \"CBS Electronics\", for the Atari 2600, and other consoles and computers; it also produced one of the first karaoke recording/players. CBS Electronics also distributed all Coleco-related video game products in Canada, including the ColecoVision. CBS later sold Gabriel Toys to View-Master, which eventually ended up as part of Mattel.", "Submitted for patent and marketed by Milton Bradley in 1966, Twister became a success when actress Eva Gabor played it with Johnny Carson on television's The Tonight Show on May 3, 1966. However, in its success, Twister was also controversial. The company that produced the game, Milton Bradley, was accused by its competitors of selling \"sex in a box\". That accusation was probably because Twister was the first popular American game to use human bodies as playing pieces. ", "Originally designed in San Diego in the 1940s by polio-stricken Eleanor Abbott, Candy Land has gone through at least three versions. Originally owned by Milton Bradley Company, it became a product (and later a brand) of Hasbro.", "Here's another Hasbro licensed product to Whitman. The GI Joe Magic Slate (Whitman stock #4450) was produced in 1965. It came with the little stylus that a child would use to draw pictures. Pull the plastic cover, and the picture erases. I've seen these on eBay, but have not yet added one to my collection.", "The Magnavox Odyssey also featured the first ever commercial “light gun” (although it didn’t work very well). In addition, a prototype for a golf peripheral, featuring a golf ball on a joystick that the player would hit with a golf club, was tested but never released.", "Baer conceived the basic ideas behind the Odyssey during the 1950s, but his concept for a television video game was so novel that he was unable to garner enough support to even build working prototypes until the mid 1960s. His first attempt to build a home video game console was a simple game of tag featuring two squares, which soon morphed into his \"Brown Box\" prototype. The prototype included several additional diversions, including target shooting and the pivotal paddle and ball games.", "These magic picture transfers were made in 1965 by Hasbro. I have not found any of these myself yet. The idea was to place the rub on transfer over the picture and rub it on.", "Coleco: began as the Connecticut Leather Company in 1932, it became a highly successful toy company in the 1980s, known for its mass-produced version of Cabbage Patch Kids dolls and its video game consoles, the Coleco Telstar and ColecoVision. Assets acquired by Hasbro.", "Ronco is an American company that manufactures and sells a variety of items and devices, most commonly those used in the kitchen. Ron Popeil founded the company in 1964, and commercials for the company's products soon became pervasive and memorable, in part thanks to Popeil's personal sales pitches. The names \"Ronco\" and \"Popeil\" and the suffix \"-O-Matic\" (used in many early product names) became icons of American popular culture and were often referred to by comedians introducing fictional gadgets.", "In 1981, O. R. Rissman, president of Tiger Electronics, obtained a license to use the name King Kong from Universal City Studios. Under this title, Tiger created a handheld game with a scenario and gameplay based directly on Nintendo's creation.", "Naturally, as a child in the 1990’s, I grew up with a lot of Universals children films like “The Land Before Time” series and the logo for those particular films would feature this cute little airplane that would correct a typo in the spelling of Universal. I can’t explain why, but this intro brought me so much joy as a kid.", "In 1950, Mike Todd formed Cinerama with the broadcaster Lowell Thomas (who founded Capital Cities Communications) and the inventor Fred Waller. The company was created to exploit Cinerama, a widescreen film process created by Waller that used three film projectors to create a giant composite image on a curved screen. The first Cinerama feature, This is Cinerama, was released in September 1952.", "Collects old board games having to do with television series like I Dream of Jeannie (1965), The Dukes of Hazzard (1979), The A-Team (1983), etc.", "A late 1990's game release to compliment the movie. It is often sold in a pack with \"Bugs Life Action Game\" and \"Toy Story Game\".  ", "The Milton Bradley Company is an American board game company established by Milton Bradley in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1860. In 1920, it absorbed the game production of McLoughlin Brothers, formerly the largest game manufacturer in the United States." ]

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[ "1954 Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature, for \"his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style.\"", "1954 – Ernest Miller Hemingway (1899-1961) American writer. Brevity was his specialty. Received the 1954 Nobel in Literature “for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style.”", "1954: Ernest Hemingway (1899 – 1961) American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist, \"for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style\".", "The New York Times wrote in 1926 of Hemingway's first novel, \"No amount of analysis can convey the quality of The Sun Also Rises. It is a truly gripping story, told in a lean, hard, athletic narrative prose that puts more literary English to shame.\" [154] The Sun Also Rises is written in spare, tight prose that influenced countless crime and pulp fiction novels and made Hemingway famous. [155] In 1954, when Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, it was for \"his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style.\" [156] Paul Smith writes that in his first stories published In Our Time that Hemingway was still experimenting with his writing style, [157] he avoided complicated syntax and about 70 percent of the sentences are simple sentences —a childlike syntax without subordination . [158]", "Few authors of the 20th century have had such a  profound influence on story-telling and writing style as Ernest Hemingway. He is regarded as a master story-teller and his contemporary style has influenced generations of writers of both his generation and many generations to come. ", "Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), born in Oak Park, Illinois, served as an ambulance driver during World War I and was severely wounded. After the war, he lived in Paris among many artists and intellectuals who comprised the \"Lost Generation.\" In 1926, Hemingway published The Sun Also Rises, which made him famous. He was known for his condensed, allusive style, which was tremendously influential. Hemingway famously compared his writing to the movement of an iceberg, which, he noted, floated largely out of sight, hidden beneath the water but very much there. His subsequent works include A Farewell to Arms (1929), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), and The Old Man and the Sea (1952), for which he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize. In 1954, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.", "In May 1953, the novel received the Pulitzer Prize and was specifically cited when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. The success of The Old Man and the Sea made Hemingway an international celebrity. The Old Man and the Sea is commonly taught and continues to earn foreign royalties. ", "Death of Ernest Hemingway, Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist and short story writer, winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize for Literature (‘For Whom the Bell Tolls’, ‘A Farewell to Arms’, ‘The Old Man and the Sea’)", "Hemingway won the Pulitzer Prize 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.", "Ernest Hemingway won the Nobel Prize in literature for The Old Man and the Sea. PHOTO: NORDIC PHOTOS/SUPERSTOCK", "Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in Chicago in 1899 as the son of a doctor and the second of six children. After a stint as an ambulance driver at the Italian front, Hemingway came home to America in 1919, only to return to the battlefield - this time as a reporter on the Greco-Turkish war - in 1922. Resigning from journalism to focus on his writing instead, he moved to Paris where he renewed his earlier friendship with fellow American expatriates such as Ezra Pound and Gertrude Stein. Through the years, Hemingway travelled widely and wrote avidly, becoming an internationally recognized literary master of his craft. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954, following the publication of The Old Man and the Sea. He died in 1961.", "Nobel Prize winner Ernest Hemingway is seen as one of the great American 20th century novelists, and is known for works like A Farewell to Arms and The Old Man and the Sea.", "Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in Chicago in 1899 as the son of a doctor and the second of six children. After a stint as an ambulance driver at the Italian front, Hemingway came home to America in 1919, only to return to the battlefield - this time as a reporter on the Greco-Turkish war - in 1922. Resigning from journalism to focus on his writing instead, he moved to Paris where he renewed his earlier friendship with fellow American expatriates such as Ezra Pound and Gertrude Stein. Through the years, Hemingway travelled widely and wrote avidly, becoming an internationally recognized literary master of his craft. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954, following the publication of The Old Man and the Sea. He died in 1961. show more", "In 1950 he published Across the River and Into the Trees, though it was not received with the usual critical acclaim. In 1952, however, Hemingway proved the comment \"Papa is finished\" wrong, with The Old Man and the Sea winning the Pulitzer Prize in 1953. In 1954, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature.", "Hemingway, nicknamed \"Papa,\" was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris , as described in his memoir A Moveable Feast, and was known as part of \"the Lost Generation,\" a name he popularized. He led a turbulent social life, was married four times, and allegedly had various romantic relationships during his lifetime. Hemingway received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea . He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. In 1961, he committed suicide. He was 61 years old.", "One of America’s Nobel Prize recipients for literature is Ernest Hemingway. Many of his novels are considered classics, they include,For Whom the Bell Tolls, A Farewell to Arms, The Sun also Rises, and The Old Man and the Sea. He also received a Pulitzer Prize award for fiction in 1953.", "But his next, The Old Man and the Sea (1952), was hailed a masterpiece and led to Hemingway being awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954. It too has been adapted several times for film , most notably in 1958 while Hemingway was still around.", "Long considered a likely Nobel Laureate for Literature, Hemingway was disappointed when in 1950, William Faulkner became the first American writer of their generation to cop the Prize. Hemingway's 1949 novel \"Across the River and Into the Trees\" (1949) had been a notable failure, and likely cost him the honor of being the first American since Eugene O'Neill won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938. Hemingway returned to his original, simple style for The Old Man and the Sea (1958), his 1952 novella that won him the Pulitzer Prize. After two plane crashes gave him the opportunity to read his own obituary, he finally won the Nobel Prize in 1954, in large part due to the extraordinary success of \"Old Man\". Hemingway himself was initially involved in the production of his book, although the extent of his participation after selling his book was to go marlin-fishing off the coast of Peru to try to find a fish worthy enough for the picture. In the end, the producers used a rubber marlin and stock footage of marlin fishing in which Hemingway didn't participate in. After seeing the film, Ernest Hemingway expressed his disappointment and said that Spencer Tracy looked less the Cuban peasant fisherman and more the rich old actor that he was. Tracy won an Oscar nomination for the role.", "Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of these are considered classics of American literature.", "The 1999 centennial of Hemingway's birth was celebrated in Florida, Idaho, Michigan, Arkansas, Massachusetts, and Illinois, as well as Cuba, Italy, France, Spain, China, and Japan. The event was commemorated with literary conferences devoted to his life and work, with public festivities, with the posthumous publication of an unfinished manuscript, True at First Light (1999), and with a great deal of media attention that focused as much on his iconic persona as on his contributions to American literature. Biographer Michael Reynolds has noted that although “Hemingway's short fiction is what changed American fiction,” particularly in the way subsequent authors wrote dialogue, “there are people who venerate Hemingway who have never read Hemingway.” Despite his reputation as a serious artist—he received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954, and his novels The Sun Also Rises (1926) and A Farewell to Arms (1929) were included on a 1998 list of the top one hundred novels of the twentieth century—Hemingway has been commodified, or, in author Justin Kaplan's words, “Elvisized.” Hemingway's emblematic American masculinity is used to market everything from tourism to cookbooks to a line of furniture, and his minimalist writing style has been the subject of a yearly “International Imitation Hemingway Competition,” with the winners published in a book series entitled Best of Bad Hemingway.", "Hemingway had seven novels published in his lifetime, including The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms; six short story collections, and two memoirs. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954, and he once wrote that he didn't regret that all the time he had spent shooting lions, catching marlins, chasing Nazi submarines, drinking, carousing and telling tall tales in bars had taken him away from his work. In 1938, he wrote:", "One of the best-known writers of the twentieth century, Hemingway played a crucial role in the development of modern fiction. In his renowned short stories, including \"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber\" and \"The Snows of Kilimanjaro,\" he drew from his own experiences to create fiction that was praised as direct, immediate, and powerful. Hemingway consciously adopted the central Modernist tenet that form expresses content, and he strove to imitate the rhythms of life in his fiction, augmenting meaning through repetition, counterpoint, and juxtaposition. \"The Snows of Kilimanjaro\" offers numerous examples of this literary style, with collage-type effects employed to convey the protagonist's vivid memories of his childhood and youth.", "This year's Nobel Prize in Literature has therefore been awarded to one of the great authors of our time, one of those who, honestly and undauntedly, reproduces genuine features in the hard countenance of the age. Hemingway, now fifty-six years old, is the fifth American author so far to be honoured in this way. As the Prize winner himself is unfortunately unable to be present for reasons of health, the Prize will now be handed to the United States Ambassador.", "In 1954 Hemingway received the Nobel Prize for Literature. He did not attend the ceremony in Stockholm as he was recovering from a plane crash while hunting in Uganda, Africa.", "In October 1954 Hemingway received the  Nobel Prize in Literature . He modestly told the press that Carl Sandburg ,  Isak Dinesen  and  Bernard Berenson  deserved the prize, [127]  but the prize money would be welcome. [128]  Mellow claims Hemingway \"had coveted the Nobel Prize\", but when he won it, months after his plane accidents and the ensuing world-wide press coverage, \"there must have been a lingering suspicion in Hemingway's mind that his obituary notices had played a part in the academy's decision.\" [129]  Because he was suffering pain from the African accidents, he decided against traveling to  Stockholm . [130]  Instead he sent a speech to be read, defining the writer's life: \"Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers palliate the writer's loneliness but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature as he sheds his loneliness and often his work deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if he is a good enough writer he must face eternity, or the lack of it, each day.\" [131] [note 6]", "In October 1954, Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature . He modestly told the press that Carl Sandburg , Isak Dinesen and Bernard Berenson deserved the prize, but he gladly accepted the prize money. Mellow claims Hemingway \"had coveted the Nobel Prize\", but when he won it, months after his plane accidents and the ensuing world-wide press coverage, \"there must have been a lingering suspicion in Hemingway's mind that his obituary notices had played a part in the academy's decision.\" Because he was suffering pain from the African accidents, he decided against travelling to Stockholm . Instead he sent a speech to be read, defining the writer's life:", "Nobel Laureate Author Ernest Hemingway 1953 - Pulitzer prize awarded to Ernest Hemingway (Old Man & The Sea)", "The short novel won the Pulitzer Prize in 1953; it unquestionably moved the judges who awarded Mr. Hemingway the Nobel Prize for Literature the following year. And it was an occasion for relief and joy among those devotees of the novelist to whom \"Across the River and Into the Trees,\" in 1950, had marked a low point in his career.", "Mr. Hemingway earned millions of dollars from his work; for one thing, a great many of his stories and novels were adapted to the screen and television. These included \"The Killers,\" an early gangster story, celebrated for its dialogue; \"The Snows of Kilimanjaro\" and \"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber,\" both set in East Africa; \"The Sun Also Rises,\" \"A Farewell to Arms,\" \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\" and \"The Old Man and the Sea.\"", "The idealised life of Ernest Hemingway, the one the writer himself wanted the world to buy, was simple: he was the perfect man, the perfect synthesis of brain and brawn. Driven by a thirst for adventure, he was a swashbuckling, hard-drinking pugilist who loved being in the thick of the action, whether in the front line of battle or within charging distance of a water buffalo. He also happened to be the finest writer around, disdaining the grandiose wordiness of Victorian prose for a clean, stripped-back simplicity, conveying emotion by what was not said as much as by what was. Wounded on the Italian front in the First World War, he was a handsome convalescent who fell in love with a pretty nurse and wrote A Farewell to Arms as a result. In the 1920s, he was at the forefront of American writers and artists who hung out in Paris, \"being geniuses together\". They included F Scott Fitzgerald, who (according to A Moveable Feast) once showed Hemingway his penis and confessed his worry that it was too small to satisfy his wife Zelda; Hemingway kindly reassured him it was OK.", "The outsize boy, the doctor's son, the brittle bones, the halting speech (completely different from that of Dr. Maugham), the defective eyesight--they all had and have their part in the mental and physical makeup of a great author. But who has not known a stammering, gangling gawk of a doctor's embarrassment who couldn't go past M in the alphabet? Ernest Hemingway, the sternly self-edited artist, had young people in the Nineteen Thirties marrying on no more than \"We'll have a fine life.\" Why? Because Ernest Hemingway, the artist, had put just those words in his lines of type at just the right time.", "In 1951, Hemingway wrote The Old Man and the Sea, which would become perhaps his most famous book, finally winning him the Pulitzer Prize he had long been denied." ]

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[ "Who is the only individual to have served both as President and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?", "Who was the only man to serve as both President and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?", "Former U.S. President William Howard Taft is sworn in as 10th Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, becoming the only person to ever be both President and Chief Justice. (1921)", "William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States (1909-1913) and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921-1930). He is the only person to have served in both offices.", "William Howard Taft was the only man ever to serve as president and chief justice of the United States; he is also one of two presidents buried in Arlington National Cemetery (John F. Kennedy is the other).", "William Taft was the twenty-seventh President (1909-1013) and tenth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1921-1930). Taft was the only Chief Executive in the nation's history to serve first as President and then as Chief Justice. Thus, he became the only person in history to ever head two branches of the federal government -- the executive and the judicial.", "William Howard Taft was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on September 15, 1857. From a prominent political family, he followed his forebears into law and was on track to be a career jurist, well on his way to his dream job of sitting on the Supreme Court, when he was sidetracked for a term as the 27th U.S. president by his wife and Theodore Roosevelt. Taft finally achieved his dream of being appointed chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1921, becoming the only person to have served both as a chief justice and president. Taft died in Washington, D.C., on March 8, 1930.", "Taft, William Howard - Civil governor of the Philippines, Secretary of War, Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court and twenty-seventh President of the U.S.", "John Glover Roberts Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is the 17th and current Chief Justice of the United States. He took his seat on September 29, 2005, having been nominated by President George W. Bush after the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist. He has been described as having a conservative judicial philosophy in his jurisprudence.", "The chief justice portraits, from the Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States, include images of all 17 men who have led the high court, including John Jay, John Marshall, William Howard Taft, Charles Evans Hughes, Earl Warren, Warren E. Burger, William H. Rehnquist and John G. Roberts.", "More than two centuries have elapsed since president George Washington nominated John Jay as Chief Justice and five other lawyers as Associate Justices. Since the Court first convened in New York City, 108 Americans have sat on the Supreme Court, serving an average of 16 years each. The president’s choices for appointment to the Court have all been lawyers, although there is no constitutional or legal requirement to that effect.", "70 Answer: (C) John Marshall--Supreme Court Chief Justice Explanation: Marshall was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by John Adams in John Jay was the nation's first Chief Justice. Marshall ruled from the bench for 34 years, use the S.C. power of “precedence” to embed a STRONG federally supported pro- capitalist mentality into American culture.", "2005 – Supreme Court Justice John Glover Roberts Jr., confirmed by the Senate to lead the Supreme Court, became the 17th Chief Justice of the US by a vote of 78-22.", "In October 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected the first President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, which had been established, still under United States sovereignty, under a constitution ratified on 14 May of that year. During its first five years, the President could serve for an unrenewable six-year term. It was later amended in 1940 to limit a President to serving no more than two four-year terms. When President Quezon exiled himself to the United States after the Philippines fell to the Empire of Japan in World War II, he appointed Chief Justice José Abad Santos as Acting President. Abad Santos was subsequently executed by the Imperial Japanese Army on May 2, 1942.", "1921-1930 William H. Taft, S.C.J. Chief Justice. Confirmed Mason. Also 27th president of the United States in 1901-1913. Nominated by Mason President Warren G. Harding.", "Traditionally, it is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines who administers the oath of office to the incoming president and vice president, however, Aquino refused to allow Chief Justice Renato Corona to swear him into office, due to Aquino's opposition to the midnight appointment of Corona by outgoing President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on May 12, 2010, two days after the 2010 elections and a month before Arroyo's term expired. Instead, Aquino formally requested Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Conchita Carpio-Morales, who opposed the midnight appointment of Corona, to swear him into office.", "*2016 – Renato Corona, Filipino lawyer and jurist, 23rd Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines (b. 1948)", "The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the first President of the Philippines, followed by Quezon and his successors. Despite the differences in constitutions and government, the line of presidents is considered to be continuous. For instance, the current president, Rodrigo R. Duterte, is considered to be the 16th president.", "Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, having served since 1991. Justice Thomas is the second African American to serve on the nation’s highest court, after Justice Thurgood Marshall, whom he succeeded.", "1946: Manuel Roxas became the first President of the Philippines as the US granted the islands their independence.", "Cory Aquino endeavored to reconcile the different factions in her government. She appointed Fidel Ramos as head of the armed forces and retained Juan Ponce Enrile as defense chief. At the same time, she appointed human rights advocates such as Joker Arroyo and Rene Saguisag to cabinet posts. She lifted the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus and freed political prisoners, including Communist Party Chairman Jose Maria Sison and New People's Army supremo Bernabe Buscayno . She went to Davao City to preside at a people's meeting where multi-sectoral groups presented their comments and suggestions, and later met with a group of Communist Party guerrillas to whom she extended amnesty. She made free secondary schooling mandatory in public schools. <ref name=\"test12\"> Biography of Corazon Aquino. The 1998 Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding.</ref><ref name=\"test7\"> Cory, Profile of a President: The Historic Rise to Power of Corazon Cojuangco Aquino. Book by Isabelo T. Crisostomo (1987)(accessed November 10, 2007).</ref>", "Benigno Aquino III won the 2010 national elections and served as the 15th President of the Philippines. He was the third youngest person to be elected president and the first to be a bachelor, beginning with the 2010 Manila hostage crisis that caused deeply strained relations between Manila and Hong Kong for a time.", "The government of the Philippines was largely based on the United States model. The President of the Philippines is elected directly by the people, and serves as both the Head of State and Head of Government.", "The Philippines changed from an American-style presidential system to a modified parliamentary system during and after President Ferdinand Marcos imposed martial law from 1972 to 1981. However, after the election of Aquino, a new constitution was drafted and approved in a plebiscite in 1982. Under this constitution, an American-style presidential system was restored. The powers of the three branches of government (the president, the legislature, and the judiciary) are balanced with no one branch predominating.", "The popularly elected president is the nation's highest executive official. The legislature is divided into 2 chambers, a Senate (upper chamber) of 24 members and a House of Representatives (lower chamber) of a maximum of 260 members. The Supreme Court, led by the Chief Justice and 14 associate justices, is the highest judicial body, and acts as the final arbiter of the legal validity of any executive or legislative policy. In 1991 a Local Government Code was enacted that transferred some of national government powers to local government officials. Administratively, the country is divided into political subdivisions such as provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays (villages). Each political subdivision has its own local government, which enjoys a certain level of autonomy (self-governance) and is legally entitled to an equitable share of the national wealth called the Internal Revenue Allotment.", "Jose Laurel, president of the Japanese puppet state during World War II. Later founded Lyceum of the Philippines University in Intramuros shortly before his death. He was also the first ex-president to successfully run for a lower post (as a senator in 1953), though he wasn't recognized as a former head of state until Macapagal's tenure.", "1.         Supreme Court of the Philippines (justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council and serve until 70 years of age).", "* Contrary to popular belief, the Constitution does not name the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines in the line of succession.", "Marcos was born in Manila but moved to Tacloban prior to World War II after the death of her mother. She returned to Manila in 1950 to pursue a career as a singer and as a beauty queen. In 1954, she married Ferdinand Marcos, who became president of the Philippines in 1965, and in 1972 declared martial law. As first lady, she built developments in and around the metropolis of Manila while spending much of her time abroad on state visits and shopping sprees.", "For the first time in 12 years, the Philippines held a presidential election on June 16, 1981. Marcos ran against two opponents: Alejo Santos of the Nacionalista Party, and Bartolome Cabangbang of the Federal Party.", "Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino (25 January 1933-1 August 2009), more popularly known as \"Cory Aquino\", was Asia's first female President . She held office as the 11th President of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992, after the EDSA Revolution of 1986 .", "The Vice-President and the Justices of the Trial Courts are also addressed in this style. Meanwhile, the President of the Philippines is always given the style His/Her Excellency." ]

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[ "Regardless, the following cities are so well known that they do not need to be followed by a state name: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Honolulu, Houston, Indianapolis, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, New Orleans, New York, Oklahoma City, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Diego, San Francisco. (See also states .)", "Largest Cities in United States by population: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Philadelphia , Phoenix, San Antonio, San Diego, Dallas, San Jose", "About 83% of the population lives in one of the country's 363 metropolitan areas. In 2006, 254 incorporated places in the United States had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than 1 million residents, and four global cities had over 2 million ( New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , and Houston ). The United States has fifty metropolitan areas with populations greater than 1 million. Of the fifty fastest-growing metro areas, twenty-three are in the West and twenty-five in the South. Among the country's twenty most populous metro areas, those of Dallas (the fourth largest), Houston (sixth), and Atlanta (ninth) saw the largest numerical gains between 2000 and 2006, while that of Phoenix (thirteenth) grew the largest in percentage terms.", "NATIONAL CITIES City Atlanta Chicago Dallas Detroit Houston Los Angeles New Orleans New York Orlando Philadelphia Phoenix San Francisco Wash., DC", "The history of skyscrapers in Houston began with the 1904 completion of the Lomas & Nettleton Building; this 8-story structure is often regarded as the first skyscraper in the city. Houston went through a small building boom in the early 1920s, and then experienced a much larger boom lasting from 1963 to the late 1980s. During this time 38 of the city's 45 tallest buildings were constructed, including the JPMorgan Chase Tower, the Wells Fargo Bank Plaza and the Williams Tower. As of 2009, the skyline of Houston is ranked 13th in the world and fourth in the United States, behind New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles, with 443 completed high-rises.", "North America: New York , Chicago , Detroit , Los Angeles , Miami , Orlando , Atlanta , Charlotte , Washington, D.C. , Houston , Dallas , Toronto and Mexico City .", "It is also notable that three states (California, Florida and Texas) are represented by two cities each (Los Angeles and San Francisco, Miami and Orlando, and Dallas and Houston respectively). No other state is represented by more than one city (not including the airports). One landmark, Texas Stadium , has been demolished and no longer exists. Another landmark, Jacobs Field, still exists, but was renamed Progressive Field in 2008. [28]", "It is also notable that three states (California, Florida and Texas) are represented by two cities each (Los Angeles and San Francisco, Miami and Orlando, and Dallas and Houston respectively). No other state is represented by more than one city (not including the airports). One landmark,  Texas Stadium , has been demolished and no longer exists. Another landmark, Jacobs Field, still exists, but was renamed  Progressive Field  in 2008. [27 ]", "Houston has the fourth-tallest skyline in North America (after New York City, Chicago, and Toronto) and 12th-tallest in the world, . A seven-mile (11 km) system of tunnels and skywalks links downtown buildings containing shops and restaurants, enabling pedestrians to avoid summer heat and rain while walking between buildings.", "Table 2 highlights several of the difficulties in conducting a meaningful discussion about urban decline. First, by glancing at the metro population figures for Cleveland and Detroit, it becomes clear that while these cities were experiencing severe urban decay, the suburbs surrounding them were not. The Detroit metropolitan area grew more rapidly than the Boston, Philadelphia, or New York metro areas, and even the Cleveland metro area experienced growth between 1950 and 2000. Next, we can see from Tables 1 and 2 that some of the cities experiencing dramatic growth between 1950 and 2000 did not enjoy similar increases in population at the metro level. The Phoenix, Charlotte, and Nashville metro areas experienced tremendous growth, but their metro growth rates were not nearly as large as their city growth rates. This raises an important question – did these cities experience tremendous growth rates because the population was growing rapidly or because the cities were annexing large amounts of land from the surrounding suburbs? Table 3 helps to answer this question. In Table 3, land area, measured in square miles, is provided for each of the cities initially listed in Table 1. The data in Table 3 clearly indicate that Nashville and Charlotte, as well as Dallas, Phoenix, and Houston, owe some of their growth to the expansion of their physical boundaries. Charlotte, Phoenix, and Nashville are particularly obvious examples of this phenomenon, for each city increased its physical footprint by over seven hundred percent between 1950 and 2000.", "Phoenix is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Arizona. With 1,563,025 people (as of 2015), Phoenix is the sixth most populous city nationwide, the most populous state capital in the United States, and the only state capital with a population of more than 1 million residents. ", "Milwaukee , Quincy , St. Louis , Carbondale , Boston, Grand Rapids , Port Huron , Pontiac , Los Angeles, and San Antonio", "Phoenix, located in Maricopa County, is the capital and the largest city in Arizona. Other prominent cities in the Phoenix metro area include Mesa (the third largest city in Arizona), Glendale, Peoria, Chandler, Buckeye, Sun City, Sun City West, Fountain Hills, Surprise, Gilbert, El Mirage, Avondale, Tempe, Tolleson and Scottsdale, with a total metropolitan population of just over 4.3 million. It has an average July high temperature of 106 °F, one of the highest of any metropolitan area in the United States, offset by an average January high temperature of 67 °F, the basis of its winter appeal.", "• As of 2014, which of these cities do not have an NBA franchise? Albuquerque, Austin, Colorado Springs, Fresno, Las Vegas, Omaha, Seattle, Virginia Beach", "Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, which in turn is a part of the Salt River Valley. The metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.3 million people as of 2010. In addition, Phoenix is the county seat of Maricopa County and is one of the largest cities in the United States by land area. ", "Chicago is the largest city of the State of Illinois in the United States. Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed, and experienced rapid growth in the mid-nineteenth century. Today, the city is an international hub for finance, commerce, industry, technology, telecommunications, and transportation, with O'Hare International Airport being the busiest airport in the world; it also has the largest number of U.S. highways, and railroad freight entering its region. Chicago's culture includes contributions to the visual arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy, and music, particularly jazz, blues, soul, and the creation of house music.", "Phoenix is home to several professional sports franchises, and is one of only 13 U.S. cities to have representatives of all four major professional sports leagues, although only one of these teams actually carry the city name and two of them play within the city limits. ", "Of the 10 most populous U.S. cities, Houston has the most total area of parks and green space, 56405 acre. The city also has over 200 additional green spaces—totaling over 19600 acre that are managed by the city—including the Houston Arboretum and Nature Center. The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark is a public skatepark owned and operated by the city of Houston, and is one of the largest skateparks in Texas consisting of a 30,000-ft2 (2,800 m2)in-ground facility. The Gerald D. Hines Waterwall Park—located in the Uptown District of the city—serves as a popular tourist attraction and for weddings and various celebrations. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the United States. Wet'n'Wild SplashTown is a water park located north of Houston.", "Magnificent Mile * McKinley Park * Montclare * Morgan Park * Mount Greenwood * Near North Side * Near West Side * New City * North Park * Oakland * O\\'Hare * Old Town * Pilsen * Printer\\'s Row * Pullman * River North * Riverdale * Robert Taylor Homes * Rogers Park * Sauganash * South Chicago * South Deering * South Shore * Streeterville", "Houston is the largest city in Texas in the United States civilization Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou and incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded and won at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center—the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and NASA's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located. Houston's economy has a broad industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics, and transportation. It is also leading in health care sectors and building oilfield equipment. The city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. It is home to many cultural institutions and exhibits. Houston has an active visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District and offers year-round resident companies in all major performing arts.", "Houston received the official nickname of \"Space City\" in 1967 because it is the location of NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Other nicknames often used by locals include \"Bayou City\", \"Clutch City\", \"Magnolia City\", \"New Houston\" (a tribute to the cultural contributions of New Orleans natives who left their city during the 2005 Hurricane Katrina catastrophe), and \"H-Town\".", "In addition to the above urban villages, Phoenix has a variety of commonly referred-to regions and districts, such as Downtown, Midtown, West Phoenix, North Phoenix, South Phoenix, Biltmore, Arcadia, and Sunnyslope.", "In 2013, Chicago was chosen as one of the \"Top Ten Cities in the United States\" to visit for its restaurants, skyscrapers, museums, and waterfront, by the readers of Condé Nast Traveler . [167] [168]", "In 2013, Chicago was chosen as one of the \"Top Ten Cities in the United States\" to visit for its restaurants, skyscrapers, museums, and waterfront, by the readers of Condé Nast Traveler . [171] [172]", "Located in the American South, Houston is a diverse city with a large and growing international community. The metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two-thirds of the area's foreign-born population from south of the United States–Mexico border. Additionally, more than one in five foreign-born residents are from Asia. The city is home to the nation's third-largest concentration of consular offices, representing 86 countries. ", "You still think I missed some? What about Arrowhead, Vistancia, DC Ranch, Grayhawk and Ocotillo? What about Desert Mountain, Trilogy and Marley Park? Those aren't cities and they aren't towns, although several of them are large enough to be cities. Those are simply master-planned communities . They are all located in one of the cities or towns listed above.", "Three community college districts exist with campuses in and around Houston. The Houston Community College System serves most of Houston. The northwestern through northeastern parts of the city are served by various campuses of the Lone Star College System, while the southeastern portion of Houston is served by San Jacinto College, and a northeastern portion is served by Lee College. The Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems are within the 10 largest institutions of higher learning in the United States.", "Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (IATA: PHX, ICAO: KPHX, FAA LID: PHX) is a joint civil-military public airport located 3 miles (4.8 km) southeast of the central business district of the city of Phoenix, in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is Arizona's largest and busiest airport, and the largest commercial airport in the American Southwest.", "Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport PHX is largest airport in the American Southwest and also serves as Arizona’s largest and busiest commercial airport. The Phoenix Airport is located about 3 miles to the southeast of the Phoenix city center.  As of 2011 Sky Harbor International Airport was the 15th busiest airport in the world and 9th in the United States. Annually, PHX Airport processes about 40 million passengers.", "The military has a significant presence in Phoenix, with Luke Air Force Base located in the western suburbs. The city was severely impacted by the effects of the", "Houston City Tour. Dorothy and Lin. Cool double decker bus, Main street, midtown. Houston Chronicle, Street art and ... ", "A number of taxi, limousine, and shuttle companies provide service between each airport terminal, the Phoenix metropolitan area, and other communities throughout the state. " ]

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[ "Soylent Green is a 1973 American science fiction thriller film directed by Richard Fleischer and starring Charlton Heston, Leigh Taylor-Young, and, in his final film, Edward G. Robinson. The film combines the police procedural and science fiction genres, depicting the investigation into the murder of a wealthy businessman in a dystopian future suffering from pollution, overpopulation, depleted resources, poverty, dying oceans, and year-round humidity due to the greenhouse effect. Much of the population survives on processed food rations, including \"soylent green\".", "Soylent Green is a 1973 American science fiction film directed by Richard Fleischer and starring Charlton Heston and, in his final film, Edward G. Robinson. The film overlays the police procedural and science fiction genres as it depicts the investigation into the murder of a wealthy businessman in a dystopian future suffering from pollution, overpopulation, depleted resources, poverty, dying oceans, and a hot climate due to the greenhouse effect. Much of the population survives on processed food rations, including \"soylent green\".", "Soylent Green is a 1973 Science Fiction film directed by Richard Fleischer and starring Charlton Heston , loosely based on a 1966 Harry Harrison novel called Make Room! Make Room! . Everyone knows the big plot twist .", "\"It�s people! Soylent green is made out of people\", to quote from the classic 1973 science fiction film and Charlton Heston�s memorable line. (1970s era spoiler alert!): In Soylent Green, due to global collapse, a desperate and dying humanity is unknowingly being fed human remains as a food source. But due to biological and scientific advances we can apparently eat ...", "Soylent Green (1973) was set in a future in which the food of mankind turns out to be people. \"I think overpopulation is the most serious problem facing the world today. That's the main reason why I did the film. I guess it's my only film with a strong social comment.\" Heston was also proud that it was his idea to cast Edward G. Robinson, who was outstanding in the last role of his life. \"Casting him was probably my most important contribution to the picture.\"", "The name, says Rob Rhinehart, Soylent’s chief executive, is derived from Harry Harrison’s 1966 science fiction novel “ Make Room! Make Room! ” Set in 1999 and a favorite of Rhinehart’s, the book ponders the impact of excessive population growth on food availability. To feed this burgeoning population, people consumed Soylent, made from soy and lentils. “ Soylent Green ,” a 1973 science fiction movie, based loosely on the book, inserted the use of human remains as an ingredient in its version of Soylent.", "That's Entertainment! was authorized by Dan Melnick, who was appointed head of production in 1972. Under Melnick's regime, MGM made a number of successful films, including Westworld, Soylent Green, and The Sunshine Boys. However, MGM never reclaimed its former status.", "In 1966 a science fiction novel titled \"Make Room! Make Room!\" sketched a dystopian world in which too many people scrambled for too few resources. Later the book became the basis for a 1973 film about a hellish future, \"Soylent Green.\" However, no one was more influential than Paul R. Ehrlich, in his 1968 book, \"The Population Bomb,\" which said that humankind stood on the brink of apocalypse because of human overpopulation. He later went on to forecast that hundreds of millions would starve to death in the 1970s, that 65 million of them would be Americans, that crowded India was essentially doomed, that odds were fair \"England will not exist in the year 2000.\" He warned in 1970 that \"sometime in the next 15 years, the end will come,\" with \"an utter breakdown of the capacity of the planet to support humanity.\"", "The HapiFork device, application and web portal. Score of availability: 3 Focus of attention: Consumers Websites & other online resources: The Future of Food, European Learning Partnership About The Future of Food, Personal Blog of Bill Gates Companies & start–ups: Soylent, Hapi, Tellspec Books: The Prince’s Speech: On the Future of Food by Prince Charles; Can We Feed the World? by Conway Movies: Soylent Green (1973)", "Earth is hugely overpopulated and lacking in natural resources, leading to the manufacturing of Soylent Green — a food substance made from the dead.", "In a career that spanned five decades, the art director of Soylent Green, Edward C. Carfagno, created many unique movie sets in his time, mostly for MGM. Carfagno earned Academy Awards for Best Art Direction for his work in The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), Julius Caesar (1953), and Ben-Hur (1959), while earning nominations for many more. He worked on an additional twenty-five films, many for actor-director Clint Eastwood, before his death in 1996.", "The message of Soylent Green is pretty relevant these days, when nobody seems to know what the hell the government or corporations are up to. Funny, isn't it, to see Heston in a prototype Michael Moore movie...", "Artifact Title : In the original book, Soylent Green wasn't people but soy and lentils , hence the title.", "Recently, the Egyptian theater in L.A. had a twelve film Charlton Heston retrospective. I flew in from out of state to see six of the films over a two day period. Soylent Green looked great on the large Egyptian screen with a perfect new print. From its opening montage to the going home scene to the great ending the film was fantastic.", "New York Times critic A.H. Weiler wrote \"Soylent Green projects essentially simple, muscular melodrama a good deal more effectively than it does the potential of man's seemingly witless destruction of the Earth's resources\"; Weiler concludes \"Richard Fleischer's direction stresses action, not nuances of meaning or characterization. Mr. Robinson is pitiably natural as the realistic, sensitive oldster facing the futility of living in dying surroundings. But Mr. Heston is simply a rough cop chasing standard bad guys. Their 21st-century New York occasionally is frightening but it is rarely convincingly real.\" As of December 2011, Soylent Green has a 71% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 34 reviews.", "“I’ve got the proof. The ocean’s dying; the plankton’s dying. It’s people. Soylent Green is made out of people,” Thorn tells his police sergeant as he lay wounded, dying and exhausted. “They’re making our food out of people. Next thing, they’ll be breeding us like cattle for food. You’ve gotta tell them. You’ve got to tell them,” Thorn exclaims in the harrowing final scene. “You tell everybody. Listen to me, Hatcher. You’ve gotta tell them, Soylent Green is people! We’ve gotta stop them. Somehow!”", "American Graffiti is a 1973 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed and co-written by George Lucas starring Richard Dreyfuss, Ron Howard, Paul Le Mat, Harrison Ford, Charles Martin Smith, Cindy Williams, Candy Clark, Mackenzie Phillips and Wolfman Jack. Suzanne Somers has a cameo. Set in Modesto, California in 1962, the film is a study of the cruising and rock and roll cultures popular among the post–World War II baby boom generation. The film is told in a series of vignettes, telling the story of a group of teenagers and their adventures over a single evening.", "The increasingly claustrophobic, downbeat film, shot in linear sequence along forty miles of a treacherous river, has been looked upon as a philosophical or mythical allegory of man's psychological and grueling physical journey against adversity. It came during the 70s decade when many other conspiracy or corruption-related films were made with misgivings, paranoia or questioning of various societal institutions or subject areas, such as the media (i.e., Dog Day Afternoon (1975), Network (1976) ), politics (i.e., The Parallax View (1974), All the President's Men (1976)), science (i.e., Capricorn One (1977), Coma (1978), The China Syndrome (1979)), and various parts of the US itself (i.e., Race with the Devil (1975), The Hills Have Eyes (1977), and later Southern Comfort (1981)).", "American Graffiti is a 1973 period coming of age comedy-drama film directed by George Lucas, and written by Lucas, Gloria Katz and Willard Huyck. The film stars Richard Dreyfuss, Ron Howard, Paul Le Mat, Charles Martin Smith, Cindy Williams, Candy Clark, Mackenzie Phillips and Harrison Ford. Set in 1962 Modesto, California, American Graffiti tells of the exploits and adventures of a group of teenagers during a night of cruising around town and listening to pirate radio personality Wolfman Jack.", "66. American Graffiti 1958 Chevrolet Impala: It's Steve's car, but it's Terry the Toad who gets this ride in George Lucas' 1973 film about one summer night in 1962.", "Blade Runner is a 1982 American science fiction film, directed by Ridley Scott and starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, and Sean Young. The screenplay, written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples, is based loosely on the novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick.", "The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951, 20th Century Fox, story by Harry Bates, dir. Robert Wise) is a famous political sci-fi film in which an alien Klaatu (Michael Rennie) lands on earth (with robot Gort, maybe an inspiration for a later \"Robby the Robot\" in Forbidden Planet ) with a warning to earthlings: stop the Cold War and make peace, or else. There's a great line \"I'm uncomfortable when we substitute fear for reason.\"  Remade in 2008, blogger . ", "More relaxed censorship in the 1970s also brought several controversial films, including Ken Russell's The Devils (1970), Sam Peckinpah's Straw Dogs (1971), and Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange (1971) starring Malcolm McDowell as the leader of a gang of thugs in a dystopian future Britain. ", "Milk is a 2008 American biographical film based on the life of gay rights activist and politician Harvey Milk, who was the first openly gay person to be elected to public office in California, as a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Directed by Gus Van Sant and written by Dustin Lance Black, the film stars Sean Penn as Milk and Josh Brolin as Dan White, a city supervisor who assassinated Milk and Mayor George Moscone. The film was released to much acclaim and earned numerous accolades from film critics and guilds. Ultimately, it received eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, winning two for Best Actor in a Leading Role for Penn and Best Original Screenplay for Black.", "Milk is a 2008 American biographical film on the life of gay rights activist and politician Harvey Milk, who was the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in the United States of America as a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Directed by Gus Van Sant, the film stars Sean Penn as Milk and Josh Brolin as Dan White. The film was released to much acclaim and earned numerous accolades from film critics and guilds. Ultimately, it received eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, winning two for Best Actor in a Leading Role for Penn and Best Original Screenplay for Dustin Lance Black.", "Soylent is a meal replacement beverage, advertised as a \"staple meal\", available in both liquid and powdered forms. Its creators state that Soylent meets all nutritional requirements for an average adult, but some critics claim otherwise. It was first created and tested by software engineer Rob Rhinehart as a self-experiment in nutrition. Subsequently, the powdered version of Soylent was developed into the first product line of the company Rosa Labs, which currently markets and sells the formulation.", "oy the party, and a security guard (O.J. Simpson) wonders why his equipment is on the fritz, a burnt-out circuit breaker ignites some garbage on the 85th floor, swiftly turning the high-rise into, well, a towering inferno. With the guests trapped on the 135th floor, it's up to Roberts and Fire Chief O'Hallorhan (Steve McQueen) to find a way to stop the blaze. Though not the first all-star '70s disaster movie (1970's Airport and 1972's The Poseidon Adventure preceded it), The Towering Inferno was the most popular and the most spectacular. In a move that would become more common in late-'90s blockbuster Hollywood, The Towering Inferno's mammoth production was mounted by two studios; screenwriter Stirling Silliphant combined the two novels owned by the studios into one saga. 1970s \"shake 'n bake\" maestro Allen, with co-director John Guillermin (Allen did the action sequences), tapped into deep fears about the fragility of modern life in the face of extreme natural phenomena, as well as into the envies and insecurities of middle-aged professional men. The Towering Inferno packed theaters and earned eight Oscar nominations, including Best Picture; it won for Cinematography, Editing, and Song. While its heroic, no-nonsense men provided some traditional comfort, The Towering Inferno still might provoke second thoughts about going into a skyscraper.", "THX 1138 is a 1971 science fiction film directed by George Lucas in his feature directorial debut. The film was written by Lucas and Walter Murch . It stars Robert Duvall and Donald Pleasence and depicts a dystopian future in which the populace is controlled through android police officers and mandatory use of drugs that suppress emotion, including sexual desire.", "The mid-1960s film's nightmarish, apocalyptic theme was about how technology had gone haywire and had dominated humanity. The film's anti-war fears actually became a plausible scenario, shortly after the assassination of President Kennedy, the Bay of Pigs fiasco and the heated-up intensification of the Cold War and nuclear arms race. [The satirical film's release was delayed from December 12, 1963 to late January, 1964 due to Kennedy's assassination in late November.]", "In 2008 the film Milk depicted the assassinations as part of a biographical story about the life of gay rights activist and politician Harvey Milk. The movie was a critical and commercial success, with Victor Garber portraying Moscone, Sean Penn playing Milk and Josh Brolin playing White. Penn won an Oscar for his performance and Brolin was nominated.", "In April 1970, Fonda, with Fred Gardner and Donald Sutherland formed the FTA tour (\"Free The Army\", a play on the troop expression \"Fuck The Army\"), an anti-war road show designed as an answer to Bob Hope's USO tour. The tour, described as \"political vaudeville\" by Fonda, visited military towns along the West Coast, with the goal of establishing a dialogue with soldiers about their upcoming deployments to Vietnam. The dialogue was made into a movie (F.T.A.) which contained strong, frank criticism of the war by servicemen and servicewomen; it was released in 1972. ", "The film version of Slaughterhouse-Five, directed by George Roy Hill, starring Valerie Perrine, Michael Sacks, and Ron Leibman, with a screenplay by Stephen Geller, was released by Universal in 1972. The film won a special jury prize at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival." ]

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[ "Burgess Meredith - (November 16, 1907 - September 9, 1997) Burgess Meredith was a versatile two-time Academy Award-nominated American actor. He was known for portraying Rocky Balboa's trainer Mickey Goldmill in the Rocky films and The Penguin in the television series Batman. Burgess Meredith was adept playing both dramatic and comedic roles, and with his rugged looks and gravelly voice, he could convincingly play either an everyman hero or a sinister villain.", "Oliver Burgess Meredith (November 16, 1907 – September 9, 1997), known professionally as Burgess Meredith, was an American actor. He was best-known for portraying Rocky Balboa's trainer Mickey Goldmill in the Rocky films and the Penguin in the television series Batman. He also earned a new generation of fans, portraying the father of Jack Lemmon's character in the 1993 film Grumpy Old Men, and the sequel, 1995's Grumpier Old Men, which was his final film role.", "Burgess Meredith was a versatile American actor and is best known for portraying Rocky Balboa's trainer Mickey Goldmill in the Rocky films and the Penguin in the television series Batman.", "Daniel Michael \"Danny\" DeVito (born November 17, 1944) is an American actor, producer and director. He gained prominence for his portrayal of the taxi dispatcher Louie De Palma in Taxi (1978–1983) which won him a Golden Globe and an Emmy. ", "Burgess Meredith portrayed The Penguin in the 1960s Batman series , as well as the 1966 film . Meredith's portrayal of the Penguin tied with Cesar Romero 's Joker as the most frequent appearance of a villain on the show, and was in fact so popular that the writers always had an episode script featuring the Penguin ready whenever Meredith was available. His trademark \"quacking\" sound had been created to prevent the non-smoking Meredith from ruining takes by coughing whenever the frequently-smoking Penguin smoked.", "Meredith also played The Penguin in the popular ABC-TV series Batman. His role as the Penguin was so well-received that the show's writers always had a script featuring the Penguin ready whenever Meredith was available. He and Cesar Romero's Joker are tied for number of appearances on the show.", "The original small screen depiction was popularised in the 1960’s Batman TV show, played by Burgess Meredith, who also played the character in the 1996 film Batman. In this series, The Penguin was an arch-nemesis of Batman who worked alongside fellow villain The Joker. Meredith’s portrayal is best remembered through his signature laugh, meant to mimic the squawk of a penguin.", "Has appeared alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger in three films/movies - two of these films directed and produced by Ivan Reitman - \"Twins\" & \"Junior\", and in \"Last Action Hero\", playing a minor-role, as the voice of Detective Whiskers. Both have played Batman villains, DeVito as The Penguin in \"Batman Returns\", Schwarzenegger as Mr. Freeze in \"Batman & Robin\".", "Then: Danny DeVito, who previously played the Penguin in Burton's 'Batman Returns,' had a small role as \"Rude Gambler.\"", "Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film, directed and produced by Tim Burton, based on the DC Comics character Batman. It is the second installment of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series, with Michael Keaton reprising the title role of Bruce Wayne/Batman. The film introduces the characters of Max Shreck (Christopher Walken), a business tycoon who teams up with the Penguin (Danny DeVito) to take over Gotham City, as well as the character of Catwoman (Michelle Pfeiffer).", "Meredith was known later in his career for his appearances on The Twilight Zone, portraying arch-villain The Penguin on the 1960s TV series Batman, and boxing trainer Mickey Goldmill in the Rocky film series. \"Although those performances renewed his popularity,\" observed Mel Gussow in The New York Times, \"they represented only a small part of a richly varied career in which he played many of the more demanding roles in classical and contemporary theater—in plays by Shakespeare, O'Neill, Beckett and others.\"", "Then: Danny DeVito played Oswald Cobblepot, a deformed boy orphaned by his parents and raised by circus freaks who becomes the villain known as the Penguin. DeVito got his big break in 'One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest,' and followed that up with a starring role on the TV show 'Taxi.' He went on to star opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger in 'Twins,' and branched out into directing with 'Throw Momma from the Train' and 'The War of the Roses.'", "Thirty-three years later, the mutant child nicknamed The Penguin (Danny DeVito), was Gotham Globe's front page news: \"Penguin -- Man or Myth? Or Something Else\" - with the newsboy crying out: \"Penguin Sighting...Half-Penguin, Half-Man...The Possible Terror Beneath Our Feet.\" The film opened with the annual Christmas tree lighting ceremony in Gotham Square - the busty Ice Princess (Christi Conaway) flipped the switch. Other dignitaries included the incumbent Mayor (Michael Murphy) who was opposed by evil and corrupt Gotham City polluter-businessman Maximillian Shreck (Christopher Walken), due to his plan to build an unneeded power plant (Gotham City had a power surplus). The speech-making was interrupted by an attack of a cadre of the Penguin's macabre, skull-masked, acrobatic harlequin thieves called the Circus Gang, some riding on motorbikes with machine-guns.", "Burgess Meredith as the Penguin. The purple top hat and bow tie are departures from the black top hat and black bow tie of the comics.", "He was considered for the role of The Penguin in Batman Returns (1992) that went to Danny DeVito .", "Batman (originally referred to as the Bat-Man and still referred to at times as the Batman) is a fictional character from DC Comics The Batman is a comic book superhero co-created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger (although only Kane receives official credit). The character made his first appearance in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939). Batman's secret identity is Bruce Wayne , a wealthy industrialist, playboy, and philanthropist. Witnessing the murder of his parents as a child leads him to train himself to physical and intellectual perfection and don a bat-themed costume in order to fight crime. Batman operates in Gotham City, assisted by various supporting characters including his sidekick Robin and his butler Alfred Pennyworth , and fights an assortment of villains influenced by the characters' roots in film and pulp magazines. Unlike most superheroes, he does not possess any superpowers; he makes use of intellect, detective skills, science and technology, wealth, physical prowess, and intimidation in his war on crime.", "In Tim Burton's Batman , the Joker is played by Jack Nicholson . In this version he a character named Jack Napier, who is revealed to be the person who shot Thomas and Martha Wayne , thus creating the Batman. Ironically it would be the Batman who creates the Joker in a way, as when he arrives at a crime scene he spots Napier, who flees and falls over an edge while Batman tries to save him from inevitably falling into the vat of chemicals. The Joker is born and as starts a killing spree and draws an obsession with Vicky Vale. When he announces on TV that he intends to have the Gotham Parade, he throws out millions of dollars, hoping to draw the masses out to release his Joker Gas. Batman intervenes and stops the deaths of many of Gotham's citizens. In the climatic battle, the Joker falls to his death and his body is found with a device that continuously laughs.", "Batman ( now Val Kilmer ) is battling Harvey Dent / Two-Face ( now Tommy Lee Jones ), a struggle that gets tougher when Edward Nygma/The Riddler ( Jim Carrey ) enters the picture, as both have personal vendettas against the Bat. Batman finds an ally in orphaned acrobat Dick Grayson (Chris O'Donnell), who discovers Bruce Wayne's secret and becomes Robin with the initial intent of taking revenge against Two-Face, who killed his family. As a sub-plot, Bruce deals with a budding romance with psychiatrist Dr. Chase Meridian ( Nicole Kidman ), something that naturally causes some problems because of his double-life.", "Batman Begins is a 2005 American-British superhero film based on the fictional DC Comics character Batman, co-written and directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Liam Neeson, Katie Holmes, Gary Oldman, Cillian Murphy, Tom Wilkinson, Rutger Hauer, Ken Watanabe, and Morgan Freeman. The film reboots the Batman film series, telling the origin story of the title character (Bale), from his alter ego Bruce Wayne's initial fear of bats, the death of his parents, his journey to become Batman, and his fight to stop Ra's al Ghul (Neeson) and the Scarecrow (Murphy) from plunging Gotham City into chaos. It draws inspiration from classic comic book storylines such as The Man Who Falls, Batman: Year One, and Batman: The Long Halloween.", "Despite Burton's intention to still lead the Batman franchise, Warner Bros. considered Batman Returns too dark and unsafe for children. To attract the young audience, it was decided that Joel Schumacher, who had directed films like The Client, lead the third film, while Burton would only produce it in conjunction with Peter MacGregor-Scott. Following this change and the changes made by the new director, Michael Keaton resigned from the lead role and was replaced by Val Kilmer. Filming began in late 1994 with new actors: Tommy Lee Jones as Harvey Dent/Two-Face, Nicole Kidman as Dr. Chase Meridian, Chris O'Donnell as Dick Grayson/Robin and Jim Carrey as Edward Nygma/ The Riddler; the only two actors who returned were Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon and Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth. The film, a combination of the darkness that characterized the saga and colors and neon signs proposed by Schumacher, was a huge box office success, earning $336 million, in spite of the controversy over the characters and plot. Warner Bros. demanded that Schumacher delete some scenes so the film did not have the same tone as its predecessor, Batman Returns (later they were added as deleted scenes on the 2005 DVD release).", "The initial Batman film-continuity began in 1989, when Warner Bros. released the live-action feature film Batman; directed by Tim Burton and starring Michael Keaton as the title character. The film was a huge success; not only was it the top-grossing film of the year, but at the time was the fifth highest-grossing film in history. The film also won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction. The film's success spawned three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995) and Batman & Robin (1997); the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton, and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney, respectively. The second Schumacher film, while a box office success, failed to outgross any of its predecessors and was critically panned; causing Warner Bros. to cancel the planned fourth sequel, Batman Unchained, and place the film series on hiatus.", "The character has appeared in many Batman media. In live action, he was portrayed by Frank Gorshin and John Astin in the 1960s television series, as well as by Jim Carrey in the 1995 film Batman Forever. In animation, he has been portrayed by Michael Bell, John Glover, and Robert Englund. In 2009, the Riddler was ranked as IGN's 59th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time.", "* In Batman Begins, Joe Chill is played by Richard Brake. This version of Chill claims to have been \"driven to mug\" the Waynes by poverty (as Gotham had suffered an economic depression because of an unspecified plot by the League of Shadows). Chill mugs the Waynes at gunpoint, demanding their wallets and jewelry. Thomas willingly gives him his wallet, but quickly moves to defend his wife when Chill grabs her necklace. In the ensuing scuffle, Chill shoots them both dead. He is caught very shortly thereafter, convicted, and sentenced to prison. After serving 14 years in prison, Chill makes a deal to be released and put on parole in return for testimony against his cellmate, Gotham mob boss Carmine Falcone. During the hearing, he claims to regret his crime as Bruce leaves the courtroom. After the hearing, as Chill is escorted out of the courthouse, he is shot and killed by a female assassin of Falcone's who is posing as a reporter, which deprives Bruce of his own chance for revenge. Bruce later confronts Falcone, who taunts him by saying that Chill bragged that Thomas Wayne \"begged like a dog\" before his death. Later on in the film, Batman relives his parent's murder under the influence of the Scarecrow's fear toxin. As in the Year Two storyline, it is left ambiguous whether or not Bruce would have actually killed Chill.", "The Penguin's role is greatly reduced in the sequel. Along with Two-Face, Harley Quinn, the Riddler and the Joker, he crashes the Man of the Year Award ceremony. He is the only villain that the Dynamic Duo does not fight in the theater, despite escaping with Joker and the others (in the console version; Two-Face replaces this role in the portable version). Later, he tries to take some stolen valuables home, but maneuvers himself directly under the Batboat and is flattened by it.", "Director Joel Schumacher's lighter Batman Forever (1995) starred Val Kilmer as the hero and Chris O'Donnell as his sidekick, and a number of memorable villains, including Jim Carrey as the Riddler/Edward Nygma, Tommy Lee Jones as Harvey \"Two-Face\" Dent, and Nicole Kidman as the love interest Dr. Chase Meridian.", "Before Tom Hardy was hijacking airplanes and blowing up football stadiums as Bane in “The Dark Knight Rises,” the muscle-bound Batman villain was portrayed by former professional wrestler Robert Swenson in 1997’s “Batman & Robin.”", "* In the Saturday Night Live digital skit \"Commissioner Gordon Learns Batman Has No Boundaries\", he is portrayed by Steve Buscemi (who was hosting the episode that this sketch was in).", "Jim Carrey played \"Batman Forever\" villain The Riddler, who was formerly a researcher at Wayne Enterprises named Edward Nygma. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo by Warner Bros)", "Portrayed by Cesar Romero. He teamed with Catwoman, Riddler, and Penguin to try and take down Batman and Robin.", "* Jim Carrey as Edward Nygma / The Riddler A former Wayne Enterprises employee, Edward resigns after his newest invention is personally rejected by Bruce Wayne, with whom he is obsessed. He becomes the villainous Riddler, leaving riddles and puzzles at crime scenes.", "* Alfred Pennyworth makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Lego Batman: The Movie - DC Super Heroes Unite, an adaptation of the video game of the same name.", "Dick Tracy is a 1990 American action comedy film based on the 1930s comic strip character of the same name created by Chester Gould . Warren Beatty produced, directed, and starred in the film, which features supporting roles from Al Pacino , Charles Durning , Madonna , Dustin Hoffman , William Forsythe , Glenne Headly , Paul Sorvino , Dick Van Dyke , and Charlie Korsmo . Dick Tracy depicts the detective's love relationships with Breathless Mahoney and Tess Truehart , as well as his conflicts with crime boss Alphonse \"Big Boy\" Caprice . Tracy also begins his upbringing of \"The Kid\"." ]

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[ "Jack Nicholson also played the Joker in Tim Burton's 1989 film Batman, while Cesar Romero donned the colourful costume for the classic Batman TV series with Adam West in the Sixties.", "The most famous comic book villain of all-time is clearly The Joker. If you know nothing about comics, you still know that The Joker is Batman’s arch-nemesis. The green hair, clownish make-up, purple suit, and that creepy laugh all make for a pretty iconic character. Cesar Romero was the first to play Joker in the 1960s Batman television show. Jack Nicholson took on the role in Tim Burton’s Batman. Mark Hamill has been the iconic voice of the Joker for various animated series, movies and video games over the years.", "Nicholson was rumored to reprise his role as The Joker in the fifth installment in the franchise Batman Triumphant in 1999, but Warner Bros. Pictures canceled the project. As of now, Jack Nicholson is the only still-living actor to play the Joker in an official live-action Batman film, as Cesar Romero, the Joker from the live action Batman TV show, died in 1994 and Heath Ledger, the Joker from The Dark Knight, died in 2008.", "Frequently appears in films with Jack Nicholson, including \"Goin' South\", \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\", \"Terms of Endearment\", \"Hoffa\", and \"Mars Attacks!\". They have also both played Batman villains: The Joker in \"Batman\" and The Penguin in \"Batman Returns\".", "Who We Know Him As: Batman’s greatest rival. He is a deranged and sometimes nihilistic psychopath. He’s been famously played by both Cesar Romero and Jack Nicholson. However, Heath Ledger gave us the most iconic and the most unhinged onscreen interpretation of the character to date in Christopher Nolan’s The Dark Knight.", "In the 1989 Batman movie, Nicholson played the psychotic murderer and villain, The Joker. The film was an international smash hit, and a lucrative percentage deal earned him a percentage of the box office gross estimated at $60 million to $90 million. Nicholson said that he was \"particularly proud\" of his performance as the Joker: \"I considered it a piece of pop art,\" he said.", "John Joseph \"Jack\" Nicholson (born April 22, 1937) is an American actor and filmmaker. Throughout his career, Nicholson has portrayed unique and challenging roles, many of which include dark portrayals of excitable, neurotic and psychopathic characters. Nicholson's 12 Academy Award nominations make him the most nominated male actor in the Academy's history.", "Batman is a 1989 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and produced by Jon Peters, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. It is the first installment of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series. The film stars Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne/Batman, alongside Jack Nicholson, Kim Basinger, Robert Wuhl, Pat Hingle, Billy Dee Williams, Michael Gough, and Jack Palance. In the film, Batman is widely believed to be an urban legend until he actively goes to war with a rising criminal mastermind known as \"the Joker\".", "Then: Jack Nicholson played President James Dale and also had a small role as the obnoxious Art Land, husband of Barbara. Warren Beatty was the first choice for the President, but had to drop out and was replaced by Nicholson, who had played the Joker in Burton's 'Batman.'", "The Joker has been played by several actors over the years, most notably Cesar Romero for TV's Batman in the '60s and Heath Ledger, who won an Oscar for playing the villain in the 2008 film Dark Knight Rises.", "The character that Jack Nicholson plays shares the same name as a legendary mobster named Frank Costello, but is actually loosely based on James “Whitey” Bulger, who has been on the FBI’s Top Ten Fugitive list for the last decade or so.", "Here goes the bomb! This may be the first modern Batman movie to see on screen. In this batman movie we have two big signature names: Jack Nicholson as The Joker and Tim Burton as director.", "Tall, suave and sophisticated Cesar Romero actually had two claims to fame in Hollywood. To one generation, he was the distinguished Latin lover of numerous musicals and romantic comedies, and the rogue bandit The Cisco Kid in a string of low-budget westerns. However, to a younger generation weaned on television, Romero was better known as the white-faced, green-haired, cackling villain The Joker of the camp 1960s TV series Batman (1966), and as a bumbling corporate villain in a spate of Walt Disney comedies, such as chasing a young Kurt Russell in the fun-packed The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes (1969). Fans and critics alike agreed that Romero was a major talent who proved himself an enduring and versatile star in an overwhelming variety of roles in a career as an actor, dancer and comedian that lasted nearly 60 years.", "John Joseph \"Jack\" Nicholson is an American actor, film director, producer, and writer. He is known for his often dark portrayals of neurotic characters. His twelve Oscar nominations make him the second most nominated actor of all time, tied with Katharine Hepburn and Laurence Olivier, and behind only Meryl Streep. In 1994 he became the youngest actor ever to be awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award.…  Read More", "The 1966 Batman series's incarnation of the Joker marked the first time that the character was depicted in non-comics media, setting a standard for future depictions of the Clown Prince of Crime, especially where live-action works were concerned. (It is believed to have been Ben Nye Sr., a 20th Century Fox Television in-house manipulative cosmetologist, who designed the makeup format he used on Romero for the Joker.) Romero's seemingly-boundless energy, shrieking laugh, and many creative deathtraps left a powerful impression on many audiences at the time, and continues to be remembered fondly even today, decades after the series had ended. Even the mustache that remained so conspicuously visible on Romero's face during Batman's filming has achieved a certain level of fame, becoming accepted by many as the most recognizable element of this particular incarnation of the Joker.[ citation needed ]", "Portrayed by Cesar Romero. He teamed with Catwoman, Riddler, and Penguin to try and take down Batman and Robin.", "Director Tim Burton's Batman (1989) was a noirish, dark blockbuster epic film featuring Michael Keaton as Batman, Jack Nicholson as the Joker and Kim Basinger as Vicki Vale.", "Critics and fans generally agree that Romero's best performance was as the Spanish explorer Cortez in Captain from Castile (1947). However, he also shone in the delightful Julia Misbehaves (1948) and several other breezy and lighthearted escapades. In 1953 he starred in the 39-part espionage TV serial Passport to Danger (1954), which earned him a considerable income due to a canny profit-sharing arrangement. Although Romero became quite wealthy and had no need to work, he could not stay away from being in front of the cameras. He continued to appear in a broad variety of film roles, but surprised everyone in Hollywood by taking on the role of \"The Joker\" in the hugely successful TV series Batman (1966). He refused to shave his trademark mustache for the role, and close observation shows how the white clown makeup went straight on over his much loved mustache! The appearances in Batman were actually only a small part of the enormous amount of work that Romero contributed to television. He guest-starred in dozens of shows, including Rawhide (1959), 77 Sunset Strip (1958), Zorro (1957), Fantasy Island (1977) and Murder, She Wrote (1984). However, it was The Joker for which his TV work was best remembered, and Romero often remarked that for many, many years after Batman ended, fans would stop him and ask him to chuckle and giggle away just like he did as The Joker. Romero always obliged, and both he and the fans just loved it!", "Has never worked directly with George Clooney , but Clooney has starred in two remakes of movies Romero was in. Romero played the Joker on Batman (1966), and Clooney played Batman in Batman & Robin (1997). Romero also appeared in the original Ocean's 11 (1960), the remake of which -- Ocean's Eleven (2001) -- starred Clooney.", "Romero’s Joker, a.k.a the Clown Prince of Crime, is a total goofball. As is, of course, every other character on the 1960s Batman TV series, and the accompanying 1966 film, since it was slapstick, pun-filled comedy.", "The comic book hero Batman becomes a national phenomenon with the release of the movie \"Batman,\" starring Michael Keaton (1951-) and Jack Nicholson (1937- ).", "This is the first (and only one) of the four Batman movies in the Tim Burton/Joel Schumacher series in which neither main antagonist is killed: In Batman , the Joker falls to his death. In Batman Returns , the Penguin dies of his severe injuries after falling into the toxic water of his lair. In Batman Forever , Two-Face falls into a deep pit. In this movie, the only villain who dies is Jason Woodrue. Poison Ivy is committed to Arkham Asylum and Mr. Freeze turns good and goes to Arkham Asylum with his cryogenically frozen wife to finish his research, spending the rest of his time there as Poison Ivy's cell mate, making her life a living hell. Bane was presumed dead after accidentally being crushed by Mr. Freeze, but his death remains ambiguous.", "Michael Keaton's Bruce Wayne takes on Jack Nicholson's villainous Joker. Gothic Gotham fantasy directed by Tim Burton. Moderate violence/flashing images. (1989)(122 mins) Also in HD", "In this $30,000 fan-made short film, the Joker escapes from Arkham Asylum and is being chased by Batman. They confront each other in an alley when all of a sudden, an Alien grabs the Joker to the rooftop and is never been seen again. His fate remains unknown. This film has been praised to be the best Batman film ever made, including actor/director/comic book enthusiast Kevin Smith and artist Alex Ross . Sadly, the actor who played the Joker, Andrew Koenig (son of Walter Koenig of Star Trek fame), committed suicide on February 25, 2010.", "* In Batman & Robin, Arkham Asylum is shown a number of times. It first appears when Mr. Freeze is taken there midway through the film, and later at the end when he and Poison Ivy are shown sharing a room. This version is several dozen stories tall on an island several hundred feet above water, into which the patients jump to escape. Lightning also emits a bright green flash through the structure's windows. In addition, The Riddler and Two-Face's costumes from Batman Forever can be seen in an evidence room before Bane breaks out to collect Mr. Freeze's armor.", "Cesar Romero passed away only eighteen days after his The Thin Man (1934) co-star Myrna Loy .", "Over the course of the year, two separate Gotham millionaires are exposed as costumed villains -- the Cavalier (DETECTIVE # 89) and Killer Moth (BATMAN # 63-64).", "- After Keaton, the \"Batman\" role was played by Val Kilmer, who is rumored to have been tapped to play you-know-who.", "Gustav DeCobra is a vampire, very much in the classic Dracula mold, whom Bruce Wayne and Alfred stumble upon in a seemingly abandoned house after their car overheats in the countryside. The artwork depicting Gustav DeCobra appears very reminiscent of actor Christopher Lee , who is famous for having played Dracula in a number of films during the 1960s and 1970s.", "Steve Buscemi as Romero (Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams) (archive)/Randall Boggs (Monsters, Inc.)", "Actor Bruce Gordon (b.1916) died on January 20. Gordon appeared in the original Piranha, The Tower of London, and Curse of the Undead. Gordon may be best known for his role as Frank Nitti on the television series The Untouchables. He made his film debut opposite the Marx Brothers in Love Happy.", "The Phantom of Hollywood is a horror film starring Jack Cassidy and Jackie Coogan in a story about a masked killer on the rampage in a film studio lot. It was directed by Gene Levitt in 1974." ]

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[ "Anyone of the team has reached their contract or more than but, if a team wins 12 tricks in a round it is called small slam. If a team wins all the 13 tricks in a round it is called grand slam.", "SLAM. A contract requiring declarer to win 12 tricks (small slam, previously called little slam) or all 13 tricks (grand slam). An original feature in the earliest forms of whist (some of which were called “Slamm”), these results were rewarded with bonuses in bridge whist and auction bridge regardless of the declaration, so much so that in auction bridge, a side that bid seven and won 12 tricks still received the 50-point premium for a small slam although the contract was down one. In contract bridge, however, slam bonuses are paid only when the slam is bid and made.", "In Auction Bridge a small slam is worth 50 points above the line and a grand slam is worth 100. If the declarer is contracted for a grand slam (6 odd tricks) and he only takes 5 odd tricks, his side still scores for the small slam (50 points). However, his partnership is still penalized as necessary for the one undertrick they were set.", "A contract to make 12 tricks is known as a small slam. A contract to make all 13 tricks is called a grand slam. For bidding and making a slam, declarer’s side gets an extra bonus above the line, depending on their vulnerability, as follows:", "If you bid and make twelve tricks (six notrump, six spades, six hearts, six diamonds or six clubs), you have made a small slam; if you bid and make all thirteen tricks (seven notrump, seven spades, seven hearts, seven diamonds or seven clubs), you have made a grand slam. Any slam contract is, of course, also a game contract. There are huge bonuses for such magnificent achievements, but caution is required when considering these pots of gold. If you bid six notrump and take only 11 tricks, you have fallen short of your contract and must pay a penalty, incurring a loss on the deal. Not only that, had you stopped in, say, three notrump and taken 11 tricks, you would have registered a game. Thus, there are big risks in trying for a slam bonus, for you may lose a sure game if you bid too high. This feature (weighing risk against potential gain) adds considerable excitement to bridge.", "Once all thirteen tricks have been played, each pair counts up how many they've won. If the declaring side has made their bid (or higher) then the contract was successful. If not, the contract was defeated and the defending team will score penalty points.", "Winning 12 of 13 tricks earns a 50-point small slam bonus, and winning all 13 tricks (a grand slam) receives a 100-point reward. Making doubled or redoubled contracts doubles or redoubles the trick-score. Overtricks (extra tricks made) at a doubled contract count 50 each, and redoubled overtricks are 100 each. Failing to make a contract costs 50 per trick undoubled, 100 doubled, and 200 redoubled. Bonuses are given to hands that contain any of the following: 3 of top 5 honors (A, K, Q, J, and 10 of trump) or 3 aces at NT (may be divided between hands), 30 points; 4 honors or 4 aces at NT (divided), 40 points; 5 trump honors divided, 50 points; 4 trump honors in one hand, 80 points; 4 trump honors in one hand, with 5th in partner's hand, 90 points; 4 aces in one hand (at NT), 100 points; 5 honors in one hand, 100 points.", "1. Auction bid – Teams choose how many tricks they believe they will successfully secure on this hand. The team which says they will take the most tricks has just confirmed a contract. (minimum 7 tricks and maximum 13 tricks)", "Bridge (Contract Bridge) – This is a trick-taking game played between four people divided into two even teams. At the beginning, all the cards are dealt out so that each player holds a total of 13 cards.", "North-South score the required 10 tricks, and their opponents take the remaining three. The contract is fulfilled, and North enters the pair numbers, the contract, and the score of +420 for the winning side (North is in charge of bookkeeping in duplicate tournaments) on the traveling sheet. North asks East to check the score entered on the traveller. All players return their own cards to the board, and the next deal is played.", "* a small slam, or successful contract to win 12 of 13 tricks, earns a bonus of 500 points if not vulnerable and 750 points if vulnerable;", "Contract bridge, or simply bridge, is a trick-taking game using a standard 52-card deck. It is played by four players in two competing partnerships, with partners sitting opposite each other around a table. Millions of people play bridge worldwide in clubs, tournaments, online and with friends at home, making it one of the world's most popular card games, particularly among seniors. The World Bridge Federation is the governing body for international competitive bridge, with numerous other bodies governing bridge at the regional level.", "In our sample rubber, the players are engaged in a bridge battle of the sexes. On the first deal the women bid four diamonds, are doubled, and take only seven tricks (in bridge parlance, \"go down three\"). The men collect 500 points (100 points for the first undertrick plus 200 points for each of the next two undertricks for a doubled, nonvulnerable contract), and Mr. Smith, who is keeping score, enters this result with a satisfied air as follows:", "In duplicate bridge, if the required number of tricks for the contract has been made, the pair gets a number of points for the tricks bid and the overtricks as described above (20 per trick above the book of six tricks in clubs/diamonds, 30 per trick in hearts/spades, 30 per trick plus 10 bonus in No Trump, possibly doubled or redoubled). If the number actually bid is enough to score 100 points or more, a game has been made, which scores 300 when not vulnerable and 500 when vulnerable. If it is lower, the score is not carried over to the next hand, but there is a 'part score' bonus of 50 points.", "In the end, the goal for each pair is to take as many tricks as possible together (it doesn't matter which player takes them). However, the level of the contract makes a more relevant specific target: the number (level) of the contract is the number of odd tricks the declarer must take, that is, the number of tricks beyond 6. Thus, the declarer is always attempting to take at least a majority of the tricks. In the example above, the declarer must manage to take 10 tricks?6 (assumed) + 4 (bid)?with spades as trump, to make the contract. Success in this goal is rewarded by points in the scoring phase for the declarer's side. If the declarer fails to make the contract, the defenders are said to have set or defeated the contract, and are rewarded points for doing so.", "Play at bridge consists of tricks. Each player in turn, proceeding clockwise around the table, removes one card from his or her hand and places it face up in the center of the table. When all four players have done so, the four cards in the middle of the table constitute a trick. Since each player has thirteen cards, and since a trick consists of one card contributed by each player, there are a total of thirteen tricks in each deal.", "In retrospect, two \"slam swings\" were decisive. On the 87th and 90th deals (#23, #29), Netherlands bid 6 and 6 while Italy bid 4 and 4. All four declarers took the twelve tricks for slam, worth twice 13 IMP for the winners.", "If, instead, the defenders are able to prevent the declarer them from winning at least as many tricks as they bid (to \"set\" the declarer), they score 50 points for each undertrick the declarer is short his total tricks needed to fulfill the contract. If the bid has been doubled, it is 100 per undertrick and 200 if redoubled.", "Game: A contract, bid and made, where the tricks are worth 100 points or more. The game contracts are 3NT (40 for the first trick + 30 each subsequent trick); 4? and 4? in the majors (4 tricks × 30 points per trick); 5? and 5? in the minors (5 tricks × 20 points per trick). The pair bidding and making the game is awarded a bonus of either 300 or 500 points, depending on the vulnerability.", "It may be noted that one could have divided the scores by five, even before the score for a trick at no trumps was changed from 35 to 40 for the first, and 30 for each subsequent, and still had scores that were an integer number of points. After doing that, one then multiplied the scores by a factor of one and a half, the value of game, and the scores for tricks, would approximate those in the game of Auction Bridge, allowing it to be seen what adjustments were made to the scoring in Contract Bridge. The bonuses for Little Slam and Grand Slam being merely doubled, rather than being multiplied by the factor of three and one-third, have thus in effect been decreased, as one can see.", ", is a contract your side would fulfill by taking at least 7 tricks with clubs as trumps. Similarly, 1", "If a player/team took more tricks than they bid, a single point is scored for each overtrick, called an \"overtrick\", \"bag\" or \"sandbag\" (a bid of 5 tricks with 6 tricks taken results in a score of 51 points).", "In its most basic form, bridge is a game played by four people in two teams of competing partnerships. For purposes of scoring and reference, each player is identified by one of the cardinal directions and thus North and South play against East and West. More can participate, either as individuals or pairs or as teams of up to six, in formal tournaments or social gatherings where the governing rules of the event are prescribed by the sponsoring host.", "Some tournament are played in teams. A team is formed by 4 to 6 players, with 4 of them playing, the remaining spare. When team A and B compete, the N-S pair of team A plays with the E-W pair of team B, the E-W pair of team A plays with the N-S pair of team B, and the team result is compared by subtracting the opponents score from the other table, sitting at the same position (or equivalently add the points of the teammates from the other table together). (See also duplicate bridge )", "Contract bridge has immense scope by virtue of the large number of unique deals which are possible. The 52-card deck can be distributed to the four players some ways. In turn, each deal presents many options on how it might be bid and played.", ";Rubber bridge: The original form of contract bridge, a contest with four players in two opposing pairs (as distinct from duplicate bridge, which requires a minimum of eight players).", ";Bonus: In bridge scoring, beyond points for bid tricks taken, which are awarded for making a contract, the additional points awarded for making a doubled contract, or for making doubled or redoubled overtricks. There are different bonus amounts at the partscore, game, small slam, and grand slam levels. The size of most bonuses depends on the vulnerability. Bonus amounts are different in rubber bridge and duplicate bridge. See Bridge scoring.", "A separate score is kept for each individual player, and standard Bridge scoring is generally used, although sometimes Auction bridge (see Auction Bridge variation above) scoring is used instead. If the declarer is able to fulfill his contract the score for the contract is added to his individual score. If the contract is set by the defenders, each defender gets the full undertrick score added to their total. For honors, the declarer scores for them as normal, for the defenders, if their combined hands or either hand contain them, each defender will receive the appropriate honors score.", "Bridge is a game of skill played with randomly dealt cards, which makes it also a game of chance, or more exactly, a tactical game with inbuilt randomness, imperfect knowledge and restricted communication. The chance element is in the deal of the cards; in competitions and clubs the chance element is largely eliminated by comparing results of multiple pairs in identical situations. This is achievable when there are eight or more players, sitting at two or more tables, and the deals from each table are preserved and passed to the next table, thereby duplicating them for the next table of participants to play. At the end of a session, the scores for each deal are compared, and the most points are awarded to the players doing the best with each particular deal. This measures skill because each player is being judged only on the ability to bid with, and play, the same cards as other players. However very often even the most skillful play will only succeed some of the time, and the skilled player may be unlucky because an alternative, less expert play achieves a better result. But in the long run the expert player will score better.", "Bridge is a game of skill played with randomly dealt cards, which makes it also a game of chance , or more exactly, a tactical game with inbuilt randomness, imperfect knowledge and restricted communication. The chance element is in the deal of the cards; in competitions and clubs the chance element is largely eliminated by comparing results of multiple pairs in identical situations. This is achievable when there are eight or more players, sitting at two or more tables, and the deals from each table are preserved and passed to the next table, thereby duplicating them for the next table of participants to play. At the end of a session, the scores for each deal are compared, and the most points are awarded to the players doing the best with each particular deal. This measures skill because each player is being judged only on the ability to bid with, and play, the same cards as other players. However very often even the most skillful play will only succeed some of the time, and the skilled player may be unlucky because an alternative, less expert play achieves a better result. But in the long run the expert player will score better.", "You play bridge in partnerships.  There needs to be 4 players sat at the table as two pairs and they are designated as the four points on a compass.  East plays with West and they play in opposition to North who plays with South.", "Bridge is an unofficially variation of playing golf. In general it can be played by two golf players or two teams with two golfers in each against each other. The most common way is to play bridge in teams. For every hole, there is a set amount of points and money agreed before the start of the round. And before the start it is also agreed whether the game should be played net or gross. At the tee box, before teeing of, one team bids on the number of strokes which they think they'll need. The other team has the options to take the bet, take the bet and double the points at the hole or to bid lower. If the bet is bid lower, the other team can again lower it. If the bet is taken and doubled, the other team can also double back. But if the teams play with money it is important to be careful by doubling because it can add up quickly. It is determined randomly which team starts bidding, but an important fact is, that at the following hole the team that lost the previous one is allowed to open the bidding there." ]

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[ "Super Size Me is a 2004 American documentary film directed by and starring Morgan Spurlock, an American independent filmmaker. Spurlock's film follows a 30-day period from February 1 to March 2, 2003, during which he ate only McDonald's food. The film documents this lifestyle's drastic effect on Spurlock's physical and psychological well-being, and explores the fast food industry's corporate influence, including how it encourages poor nutrition for its own profit.", "Even if you have never tried to cure your cravings for fast food by overdosing on it, you may be getting a sense of déjà vu. That’s because Karimi was a volunteer in an experiment based on the 2004 documentary Super Size Me. In the movie, film-maker Morgan Spurlock spent 30 days eating exclusively at McDonald’s, never turning down an offer to “supersize” to a bigger portion, and avoiding physical exertion. Karimi followed a similar regime, gorging himself on energy- dense food and keeping exercise to a minimum.", "Opposite effect: In 2004 documentary Super Size Me, Morgan Spurlock eats only McDonald's for 30 days. He gains 24lbs, his cholesterol rises to 230 and he experiences a fat accumulation in his liver", "Did you see Morgan Spurlock’s “Supersize Me” documentary? The film, which came out in 2004, chronicled the filmmaker’s life as he subsisted on nothing but McDonald’s for 30 days. Along with gaining more than 24 pounds, Spurlock had fat accumulation in his liver along with mood swings and sexual dysfunction after the month … Read More", "Last year, Morgan Spurlock decided to eat all his meals at McDonald's for a month. For 30 straight days, everything he took inbreakfast, lunch, dinner, even his bottled watercame from McDonald's. Spurlock recorded the results on camera for his film Super Size Me, which won the Best Director prize for documentaries at this year's Sundance Film Festival. Super Size Me is also a kind of shock/horror movie, as viewers see the 33-year-old Spurlock's physical condition collapse, day by day. \"My body just basically falls apart over the course of this diet,\" Spurlock told Newsweek. \"I start to get tired, I start to get headaches; my liver basically starts to fill up with fat because there's so much fat and sugar in this food. My blood sugar skyrockets, my cholesterol goes up off the charts, my blood pressure becomes completely unmanageable. The doctors were like, 'You have to stop.'\" In one month on the fast-food regime, he gained 25 pounds.", "Several legal suits have been brought against McDonald's Restaurants that they are knowingly selling food that is unhealthy. Some of the court decisions have stated that the plaintiffs would have a claim if they could prove that eating the food every day for every meal is dangerous. As such, documentarian Morgan Spurlock conducts an unscientific experiment using himself as the guinea pig: eat only McDonald's for thirty days, three meals a day. If he is asked by the clerk if he would like the meal super sized, he has to say yes. And by the end of the thirty days, he will have had to have eaten every single menu item at least once. Before starting the experiment, he is tested by three doctors - a general practitioner, a cardiologist and a gastroenterologist - who pronounce his general health to be outstanding. They will also monitor him over the thirty days to ensure that he is not placing his health into irreparable damage. He also consults with a dietitian/nutritionist and an exercise... Written by Huggo", "The film depicts an experiment he conducted in 2003, in which he ate three McDonald's meals a day every day (and nothing else) for 30 days. The film's title derives from one of the rules of Spurlock's experiment: he would not refuse the \"super-size\" option whenever it was offered to him and would never ask for it himself. The result, according to Spurlock, was a diet with twice the calories recommended by the USDA. Further, Spurlock attempted to curtail his physical activity to better match the exercise habits of the average American (he previously walked about 3 miles a day, whereas the average American walks 1.5 miles).", "This documentary film by Morgan Spurlock asks the intriguing and topical question: What would happen to a normal 33-year-old man in perfect health who stands six feet two and weighs 185 pounds if he ate nothing but McDonald's fast food for thirty days?", "Super Size Me, by Morgan Spurlock - Documentary Film Analysis Paper In a society that is facing numerous problems, such as economic devastation, one major problem is often disregarded, growing obesity. As the American society keeps growing, so does growth of the fast food industry and the epidemic of obesity. In order to further investigate the main cause of obesity, Morgan Spurlock, the film director and main character, decides to criticize the fast food industry for its connection with obesity in America. In his documentary Spurlock performs a radical experiment that drives him to eat only from McDonald's and order a super-sized meal whenever he is asked....   [tags: Documentary Film Analysis]", "Healthy Fast Food - It is nearly impossible to turn on the television or radio and not be hit with advertisements introducing the latest fast food trend – fresh and healthy food options. More often, the media bombards us with slogans such as Subway’s common pitch to “eat fresh” or McDonald’s million-dollar advertisement campaign to try the new fruit and walnut salad. Attention has made an abrupt turn from the greasy, deep-fried originals at the fast food chains to more health conscious food choices. Even a documentary of a man named Morgan Spurlock made headlines and won awards when he ate McDonald’s three times a day for a month and publicized the effects through a movie called Super Size Me....   [tags: Essays on Fast Food]", "Though \"Fahrenheit\" was shut out, another big documentary hit -- Morgan Spurlock's tale of a monthlong McDonald's diet and its results, \"Super Size Me\" -- earned a nomination, as did \"Born Into Brothels,\" \"The Story of a Weeping Camel,\" \"Tupac: Resurrection\" and \"Twist of Faith.\"", "Spurlock ate at McDonald's restaurants three times per day, eating every item on the chain's menu at least once. Spurlock consumed an average of 20.9 megajoules or 5,000 kcal (the equivalent of 9.26 Big Macs) per day during the experiment. An intake of around 2,500 kcal within a healthy balanced diet is more generally recommended for a man to maintain his weight. As a result, the then-32-year-old Spurlock gained , a 13% body mass increase, increased his cholesterol to 230 mg/dL, and experienced mood swings, sexual dysfunction, and fat accumulation in his liver. It took Spurlock fourteen months to lose the weight gained from his experiment using a vegan diet supervised by his then-girlfriend, a chef who specializes in gourmet vegan dishes.", "So, what did the film accomplish other than destroying Morgan Spurlock's health? Well, it won the top documentary director award at the Sundance Film Festival. Then, six weeks later, McDonald's took the \"super size' option off of its menu. Furthermore, McDonald's \"Go Active' adult happy meals were introduced the day before \"Super Size Me\" was scheduled to open. McDonald's is also currently featuring ads where children talk about the healthy options they can get at their favorite fast food chain. Personally, I think it's pretty clear that McDonald's took action because of the film. In the end of the movie, Spurlock specifically asks the restaurant to take the super size option off the menu and to give him a choice besides fries and fries. The fast food chain, however, denies any connection between its recent changes and the documentary. Spurlock doesn't claim that his film is the only reason for McDonald's newly found concern for nutrition, but he does believe the film's launching helped speed up the process of bringing healthy alternatives to the menu.", "Morgan Spurlock’s “Super Size Me,” which hilariously chronicles his monthlong feeding frenzy on an all-McDonald’s diet, was among the documentary nominees. Also nominated: “Born into Brothels,” “The Story of the Weeping Camel,” “Tupac: Resurrection,” and “Twist of Faith.”", "But was this a fair test of the harmful consequences of eating Happy Meals and being super sized? After all, Spurlock eschewed exercise during the experiment, and of course nobody (?) actually eats every meal at McDonald's as Spurlock did. Furthermore he actually doubled his normal caloric intake from about 2500 calories a day to about 5000. Regardless I think we can say that his experience was indicative.", "But it was a Thanksgiving dinner at his parent's house in 2003 that would lead to Spurlock's big break. While watching a news broadcast after dinner, Spurlock saw a story about two teenage girls who were suing McDonald's for causing them to become obese. The lawsuit inspired Spurlock and led to him creating a documentary film that attacked the quality of the fast-food chain's food.", "* He must consume every item on the McDonald's menu at least once over the course of the 30 days (he managed this in nine days).", "From Morgan Spurlock, who did the fast-food documentary \"Super Size Me\" was a documentary show about life changing experiences that can be had in 30 days. Spurlock would place himself in situations where he is stuck in a situation for 30 days and the viewers would see how that predicament changed him. Lasted 3 seasons. Cancelled in December 2008. Original Run: June 15, 2005 - July 8, 2008. Discuss \"30 Days\" In Our Forum - Click Here!", "In 2007, Spurlock had a role in the film “Drive Thru,” a horror spoof by writers/directors Brendan Cowles and Shane Kuhn starring Leighton Meester and Penn Badgley. The film is about a fast food restaurant whose demonic mascot of \"Hella-Burger\" has come to life and starts slashing teenagers with his meat cleaver from Hell. It was released on DVD on May 29, 2007.", "* Spurlock has a role in the film Drive Thru, a horror film about a fictional fast food restaurant that has its mascot come to life and start killing people. It was released on DVD on May 29, 2007.", "Many Americans have the bad habit of eating on the go, especially in the car. Therefore, the drive-through fast food restaurant has become a standard of American culture.  It's known for unhealthy but tasty menu items.  Depending on the chain, you can get practically anything from a fast-food restaurant, including tacos, hamburgers, Chinese food,and salad.  Restaurants with drive-through windows are everywhere, and an average-sized city will have some that are open all night (especially by popular nightspots). Many roadside stops along highways have this type of fare for busy motorists to stop in, relax, stretch their legs, and have a bite to eat; the type of fare that is offered from place to place may vary from just a single McDonalds to a larger establishment with multiple restaurants and multiple choices (some may allow you to pick a slightly healthier meal, ie, eating fried chicken vs. picking up a plate of spaghetti and meatballs.) Look for blue information signs with white lettering on the shoulder of the highway to see what fast food fare is available at the next exit. ", "Since it focuses on a fictional fast food chain called Hella-Burger, the slasher film Drive Thru features a lot of these, including one played by the director of Super Size Me .", "The result of the fast-food diet sent Spurlock into mental and physical health problems. After 30 days he had gained 25 pounds and been diagnosed with depression and was suffering from liver dysfunction.", "You've got to feel at least a bit nostalgic for a time when a trip to McDonald's was an incredibly exciting and highly anticipated lunchtime event. As an adult, McDonald's is usually more of a convenience affair exclusive to travel and times when we're in such a rush we can't be bothered to consume anything with marginal nutritional value. As a kid, though, McDonald's was the be-all end-all of fine dining. Give us some nugs, some sweet n' sour sauce for dunking, and throw in a cheap plastic toy, and we'd be satiated for at least an afternoon. Our parents may have been the tiniest bit uneasy about feeding us such junk, but our immediate food coma-related nap was probably more than enough to justify their decision.", "A Twinkie is an American snack cake, marketed as a \"Golden Sponge Cake with Creamy Filling.\" It was formerly made and distributed by Hostess Brands. The brand is currently owned by private equity firms Apollo Global Management and C. Dean Metropoulos and Company as the second incarnation of Hostess Brands. During bankruptcy proceedings, Twinkie production was suspended on November 21, 2012, and resumed after an absence of several weeks from American store shelves, becoming available again nationwide on July 15, 2013. ", "* In the sitcom Roseanne, Roseanne Connor’s restaurant, the Lanford Lunch Box, was based on the Canteen Lunch in the Alley, in central downtown Ottumwa, which has been a stopping point for Ottumwans since the 1920s. Many famous patrons have been seen eating a \"Canteen\", a loose meat sandwich similar to a Maid-Rite.", "In 1993, Arnold and Barr bought a house together in Arnold's hometown of Eldon and opened a restaurant, Roseanne and Tom's Big Food Diner, in nearby Eldon, Iowa. (The diner served loosemeat sandwiches similar to the specialty of the fictional Lanford Lunch Box on Roseanne, which in turn was based on the real-life Canteen Lunch in the Alley in Ottumwa.) Both appeared in the 1993 movie The Woman Who Loved Elvis, filmed in Ottumwa. Arnold and Barr divorced in 1994, and their restaurant closed in 1995.", "The HBO Documentary film Thin takes us inside the walls of Renfrew Center, a residential facility for the treatment of women with eating disorders, closely following four young women (ages 15 - 30) who have spent their lives starving themselves, often to the verge of death. The film deftly chronicles the pervasiveness of restrictive eating behaviors (most of the women profiled learned dysfunctional eating habits from their mothers while growing up), as well as the failure of our current health-insurance industry to address its clients' needs, while never shifting focus from the women themselves. Director Lauren Greenfield documents with astonishing depth the daily rituals, spontaneous friendships and startlingswings between recovery and relapse that make up life at the center. The result is a powerful new insight into one of our society's most insidious open secrets. ( Excerpt from main website )", "In July 2015, Grande was seen on surveillance video in a doughnut shop licking doughnuts that were on display and saying \"I hate Americans. I hate America. This is disgusting.\" She responded to critics, writing that she is \"extremely proud to be an American\" and that her comments related to American obesity. She later released a video apology for \"behaving poorly\". The incident was parodied by The Muppets and featured in Miley Cyrus' Saturday Night Live cover of \"My Way\", about the regrets of the summer of 2015. Grande mocked the issue herself on Saturday Night Live in 2016. ", "This is one of Jennifer Tilly's favorite commercials. It went: \"ATTENTION! The lunch lady wears a hairnet. She serves mashed potatoes with an ice cream scoop, and puts gravy on everything. She says, 'Bubble Tape is not part of a well-balanced diet!' Bubble Tape. 6 feet of bubble gum. For you, not them!\" That's all I know.", "The HBO documentary film Thin takes us inside the walls of Renfew Center, a residential facility for the treatment of women with eating disorders, closely following four young women (ages 15-30) who have spent much of their lives starving themselves—often to the verge of death. The film deftly chronicles the pervasiveness of disordered eating behaviors, as well as the failure of our current health-insurance industry to address its clients’ needs, while never shifting focus from the women themselves. Director Lauren Greenfield documents with astonishing depth the daily rituals, spontaneous friendships and startling swings between recovery and relapse that make up life at the center. The result is a powerful new insight into one of our society’s most insidious open secrets.", "I watched this last night and does anyone know what chain restaurant previously occupied this place (what would have a drive up window and a big kitchen)?" ]

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[ "There are 16 cups in 1 gallon. One easy way to calculate relationships between measurements of volume is to use an online calculator.", "To calculate how many cups are in one gallon, a person must know that there are 2 cups in 1 pint, there are 2 pints in 1 quart and there are 4 quarts in 1 gallon. From this, a person can come to the conclusion that there are 4 cups in 1 quart. Since there are 4 quarts in 1 gallon, the person can then multiply 4 times 4 to determine that there are 16 cups in 1 gallon.", "Since 1 pint contains 96 teaspoons and 32 tablespoons, 1 gallon contains 768 teaspoons and 256 tablespoons. One pint equals 16 fluid ounces, and 1 gallon equals 128 fluid ounces. One pint equals 2 cups, so 1 gallon equals 16 cups. Two pints make up 1 quart, and 4 quarts make up 1 gallon. One U.S. gallon is equal to 3.79 liters.", "* In liquid measurement (United States customary units), there are eight fluid ounces in a cup, eight pints in a gallon and eight tablespoonfuls in a gill.", "The quart is a unit of volume (for either the imperial or United States customary units) equal to a quarter of a gallon (hence the name quart), two pints, or four cups. Since gallons of various sizes have historically been in use, quarts of various sizes have also existed; see gallon for further discussion. Three of these kinds of quarts remain in current use, all approximately equal to one litre. Its usual abbreviation is qt. ", "gallon (gal)   : a traditional unit of liquid volume, derived from the Roman galeta, which originally meant a pailful. Gallons of various sizes have been used in Europe ever since Roman times. In the United States, the liquid gallon is legally defined as exactly 231 cubic inches; this is equal to the old English wine gallon, which originated in medieval times but was not standardized until 1707, during the reign of Queen Anne. Some scholars believe the wine gallon was originally designed to hold 8 troy pounds of wine. The U. S. gallon holds 4 liquid quarts or exactly 3.785 411 784 liters; a U.S. gallon of water weighs about 8.33 pounds. American colonists were also familiar with the Elizabethan beer and ale gallon, which held 282 cubic inches (4.621 liters).", "Commonly sold in gallon (3.78 L), half-gallon (1.89 L) and quart (0.94 L) containers of natural-colored HDPE resin, or, for sizes less than one gallon, cartons of waxed paperboard. Bottles made of opaque PET are also becoming commonplace for smaller, particularly metric, sizes such as one liter. The US single-serving size is usually the half-pint (about 240 mL). Less frequently, dairies deliver milk directly to consumers, from coolers filled with glass bottles which are typically half-gallon sized and returned for reuse. Some convenience store chains in the United States (such as Kwik Trip in the Midwest) sell milk in half-gallon bags, while another rectangular cube gallon container design used for easy stacking in shipping and displaying is used by warehouse clubs such as Costco and Sam's Club, along with some Wal-Mart stores. ", "The gallon is a unit of liquid volume.� Its name derives from the Roman galeta, which originally meant a pailfull. Gallons of various sizes have been used throughout history. In the United States, the liquid gallon is now defined as 231 cubic inches and holds 4 liquid quarts or 3.79 liters. A U.S. gallon of fresh water weighs about 8.33 pounds, and a gallon of salt water weighs about 8.55 pounds.�The British (Imperial) gallon has a volume of 277.4 cubic inches or 4.55 liters.�A calculator for various volume-related units can be found here .", "And, yes, this has a knock-on to other liquid measures - like Britain, the US has 4 quarts, 8 pints or 32 gills in a gallon, so these measures are also smaller than in the UK. On the other hand, the Americans have 16 fluid ounces in their pint, whereas the British have 20.", "A US gallon is a unit of volume in US Customary Units. The symbol for US gallon is US gal. There are 0.0078125 US gallons in a US fluid ounce.", "It makes a difference which unit of gallon you are using. There are two US definitions of gallon. The US liquid gallon (most commonly used) is defined as 231 cubic inches, which is 3.785 liters, and weighs 8.344 lbs at its highest density.", "United States : Commonly sold in gallon, half-gallon and quart containers ( U.S. customary units) of rigid plastic or, occasionally for sizes less than a gallon, waxed cardboard, although bottles made of opaque PET are starting to become more commonplace in all smaller sizes. The US single-serving size is usually the half-pint (about 240 ml). Occasionally dairies will deliver milk straight to customers in coolers filled with glass bottles (usually half-gallon). Some convenience store chains in the United States (such as Kwik Trip in the Midwest) sell milk in 1/2 gallon bags.", "In 1824, the British Parliament defined the imperial gallon as the volume of ten pounds of water.The imperial gallon was originally defined as the volume occupied by ten avoirdupois pounds (4.54 kg) of distilled water weighed in air with brass weights with the barometer standing at 30 inHg at a temperature of 62 °F. The gallon was divided into four quarts, the quart into two pints, the pint into four gills and the gill into five ounces. Thus, there were 160 imperial fluid ounces to the gallon making the mass of a fluid ounce of water approximately one avoirdupois ounce (28.4 g). This relationship is still approximately valid even though the imperial gallon's definition was later revised to be 4.54609 litres, making the imperial fluid ounce exactly 28.4130625 ml.", "quart - a United States liquid unit equal to 32 fluid ounces; four quarts equal one gallon", "How Many Cups In A Pint? A Quart? A Gallon? Hang This Up In Your Kitchen And Never Wonder Again! - One Good Thing by Jillee", "a common unit of capacity in English-speaking countries, equal to four quarts, the U.S. standard gallon being equal to 231 cubic inches (3.7853 liters), and the British imperial gallon to 277.42 cubic inches (4.546 liters). Abbr.: gal.", "@deb1973 \"Everyone with a modicum of cooking sense knows 8 ounzes is one cup.\" Weight and volume are two different things. 8 ounces of water is always one cup, but 8 ounces of something like oats would be more than a cup. wajima 2010-10-05T13:17:38Z item not reviewed by moderator and published", "A (US) gallon of water weighs about 8.34 lb at temperature of maximum density (4 �C) and gasoline floats on water because it weighs less, around 6.2 lb/gallon. The US gallon is defined as 231 in� exactly, whereas the Imperial gallon was originally defined as the volume of 10 lb of (distilled) water at specified conditions. Both are now defined in the metric system:", "Note: One US gallon = 3.76 litre. One imperial gallon = 4.55 litre.  One imperial gallon = 1.21 US gallon.", "Gallon is an imperial and US customary volume unit. There is one type of gallon in imperial system and 2 types (liquid and dry) in united states customary system. It is widely used in daily life, such as measuring the fuel efficiency as miles per gallon, etc. The abbreviation is \"gal\".", "Gills, pints, quarts and gallons are also on their way into oblivion. Of course, gallons have always been somewhat confusing, as Americans visiting England for the first time quickly discover, but the confusion wasn't confined to the difference between an Imperial gallon of petrol and an American gallon of gasoline. The volume of a gallon of wine was 231 cubic inches, whereas that of a gallon of beer was 282 cubic inches, 51 cubic inches (or 22%) greater.", "(*) A quart is a quarter of a gallon. This is better than defining a quart as a (seemingly random word chosen for) measure of capacity (as I saw on a Math Word Wall in a classroom).", "This unit is usually used for apples. One peck is two gallons, which is 9.09 liters in the imperial system and 8.81 liters in the US system.", "The Gallon.—The legal gallon in the United States is equal to a cylindrical measure 7 inches in diameter and 6 inches deep.", "a metric unit of volume equal to 1000 cubic meters. Commonly used in reservoir and water system management outside the U.S., the megaliter equals 264 172 U.S. gallons or 0.810 713 acre foot .", "How to convert US gallons to US fl oz : Use the conversion calculator titled \"Convert US gallons to US fl oz\". Enter a value in the US gal field and click on the \"Calculate US fluid ounces\" button. Your answer will appear in the US fl oz field.", "Cup is a volume unit and used mostly in cooking to measure liquid and bulk, dry foods. There is no international standard for cup sizes but mostly united states customary and metric cups are used and they are different in sizes.", "Convert US fl oz to US gallons, US gallons to US fl oz - Volume Conversions", "Enter a US gallon value that you want to convert into ounces and click on the \"convert\" button.", "The following is a list of definitions relating to conversions between US fluid ounces and US gallons.", "The following is a list of definitions relating to conversions between US pints and US gallons.", "It take a half a gallon of water to cook macaroni, and about a gallon to clean the pot." ]

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[ "Bull and Bear Markets are the names used to describe general stock market conditions. In short, a bull market describes a general market trend of rising prices and increased investing. A bear market occurs when there is a general decline in the stock market over a period of time.", "There are two classic market types used to characterize the general direction of the market. Bull markets are when the market is generally rising, typically theresult of a strong economy. A bull market is typified by generally rising stock prices, high economic growth, and strong investor confidence in the economy. Bear markets are the opposite. A bear market is typified by falling stock prices, bad economic news, and low investor confidence in the economy.", "A bull market is associated with increasing investor confidence, and increased investing in anticipation of future price increases (capital gains). A bullish trend in the stock market often begins before the general economy shows clear signs of recovery.", "While the origin of the stock market terms might be somewhat vague, their definitions are quite precise. “Bull” refers to an investor who believes that a market or individual stock issue will rise in value. A “bear” is someone who believes the opposite, that the market or stock will drop in value. Generally, a rise or fall of 20 percent is the benchmark for describing a bull or bear market.", "The opposite of a bull market is a bear market, which is characterized by falling prices and typically shrouded in pessimism. The use of \"bull\" and \"bear\" to describe markets comes from the way the animals attack their opponents. A bull thrusts its horns up into the air, while a bear swipes its paws downward. These actions are metaphors for the movement of a market. If the trend is up, it's a bull market. If the trend is down, it's a bear market .", "A bullish market is one that is rising and a bearish market is one that is falling. A bull is an optimist who thinks prices will rise and a bear is a pessimist who thinks prices will fall. To learn more about the movement check out the  Bullish & Bearish volumes .", "Whichever explanation you choose, what’s most important to recall is this: a bull market signifies an upward trend in asset prices amid investor optimism, while a bear market signifies an downward trend of asset prices amid pessimism. And what do modern analysts believe actually constitutes a bull or bear market? That definition may of course vary, depending on whom you ask.", "The terms bull market and bear market describe upward and downward market trends , respectively, and can be used to describe either the market as a whole or specific sectors and securities .", "Whether a change is a correction or rally can be determined only with hindsight. When trends begin to appear, market analysts debate whether it is a correction/rally or a new bull/bear market, but it is difficult to tell. A correction sometimes foreshadows a bear market. The key determinant of whether the market is bull or bear is the long-term trend. Long-term trend usually lasts 5 to 25 years. A secondary trend is a temporary change in price within a long-term trend. These usually last a few weeks to a few months. A temporary decrease during a bull market is called a correction; a temporary increase during a bear market is called a bear market rally. Expectations play a large part in financial markets and in the changes from bull to bear environments. More precisely, attention should be paid to reactions to information, chiefly positive surprises and negative surprises. The tendency is for positive surprises to fuel a bull market, and negative surprises tend to feed a bear market.", "Bear Someone who thinks the market, or a particular share, will decline.  A bear market is one in which most prices are falling.  Also used adjectivally, as in \"bearish\", \"bear market\" and so on.", "Consider Wall Street bulls and bears. One can perhaps see why a bull would be regarded as aggressive and therefore a symbol of a market optimist, but why should such a dangerous animal as a bear be the emblem of a pessimist who thinks the market is about to decline? The answer is that the allusion is not to the animal itself, but to the phrase “bearskin jobber”, in reference to the old saw that one should not sell a bearskin before one has caught the bear. “Bears” try to make money in a declining market by selling stock they do not own, gambling that when the delivery date comes, the transaction can be covered by purchasing shares at a lower price.", "Bear Market – In the stock market a period of declining prices in which investors continue selling shares, expecting the prices to fall further.", "Holding good stocks through bull and bear markets is a prudent strategy. However, many investors feel that they do not want to be in the market during a bear market. It is difficult to predict when to move in and out of the market.", "”bull” refers to an investor who believes that a market or individual stock will rise in value. A bull expects prices to rise and, on this assumption, buys a stocks in the hope of reselling them later for a profit.", "In share parlance, when someone is described as a bull, or bullish, it means they are optimistic on a stock, or more to the point, they think its share price is going to rise. Conversely, someone who’s a bear, or bearish, is pessimistic on a stock, and thinks its price is going to fall.", "Another type of secondary trend is called a bear market rally (sometimes called \"sucker's rally\" or \"dead cat bounce\") which consist of a market price increase of only 10% or 20% and then the prevailing, bear market trend resumes. Bear market rallies occurred in the Dow Jones index after the 1929 stock market crash leading down to the market bottom in 1932, and throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Japanese Nikkei 225 has been typified by a number of bear market rallies since the late 1980s while experiencing an overall long-term downward trend.", "There is no numerically specific definition of a stock market crash but the term commonly applies to steep double-digit percentage losses in a stock market index over a period of several days. Crashes are often distinguished from bear markets by panic selling and abrupt, dramatic price declines. Bear markets are periods of declining stock market prices that are measured in months or years. While crashes are often associated with bear markets, they do not necessarily go hand in hand. The crash of 1987, for example, did not lead to a bear market. Likewise, the Japanese bear market of the 1990s occurred over several years without any notable crashes.", "The terms bulls and bears in the stock market came into common usage among financiers in 1720 during a financial scandal known as the “ South Sea Bubble ” that revolved around a speculative investment scheme involving the South Sea Company.", "Much can be gained from reading Russell’s observations about the stock market and stock investing. It is not enough simply to say that because you know Russell says it is a bear market that you are going to stay out of stocks. By reading DTL and Russell’s remarks, you gain insight into the workings of the stock market. Someday this bear market in stocks will end. Likewise, someday this bull market in the precious metals will end. By reading DTL, investors will be better prepared to make the right moves at the right times.", "On page 4, we’ve reproduced (from the May 8 DTL) Russell’s “Picture” as he sees the stock market. Russell’s views should be of interest to readers who are still in stocks. Perhaps, the S&P Composite monthly chart says it all: It’s a bear market.", "bull - an investor with an optimistic market outlook; an investor who expects prices to rise and so buys now for resale later", "*Investor Intelligence Sentiment Index: If the Bull-Bear spread (% of Bulls - % of Bears) is close to a historic low, it may signal a bottom. Typically, the number of bears surveyed would exceed the number of bulls. However, if the number of bulls is at an extreme high and the number of bears is at an extreme low, historically, a market top may have occurred or is close to occurring. This contrarian measure is more reliable for its coincidental timing at market lows than tops.", "Terminology used by stock brokers and Wall Street insiders tends to be rather complicated what with jargon such as margins, small cap, and indices, it can be difficult to tell what the devil these people are talking about. Still, the most basic of stock market terms , “bull” and “bear,” date back to the 19th century and are not tied to any complicated mathematical analysis.", "In the first stage of a bull market, dubbed the accumulation stage, investors test the waters by buying until an initial peak of the market. This move is followed by a subsequent correction and more buying until surpassing of the initial peak confirms an upward trend. In the second stage, which is often the longest and largest, business conditions, earnings and stock prices improve. This builds investor confidence and encourages a broader portion of the public to participate in the market. In the final stage, there is excessive speculation and inflationary pressures begin to appear, signalling a downturn in the market is not far off.", "The precise origin of the phrases “bull market” and “bear market” is obscure. The most common etymology points to London bearskin “jobbers” (brokers), who would sell bearskins before the bears had actually been caught in contradiction of the proverb ne vendez pas la peau de l’ours avant de l’avoir tué (“don’t sell the bearskin before you’ve killed the bear”)—an admonition against over-optimism. By the time of the South Sea Bubble of 1721, the bear was also associated with short selling; jobbers would sell bearskins they did not own in anticipation of falling prices, which would enable them to buy them later for an additional profit.", "Bull investors must be cautious of what are commonly known as bull traps. A bull trap exists when an investor believes a sudden increase in the value of a particular security is the beginning of a trend resulting in the investor going long. This may lead to a buying frenzy where, as more investors purchase the security, the price continues to inflate. Once those interested in purchasing the security have completed the trades, demand may decline and lead to lower associated prices for the security.", "A protracted bear market followed the 1982-2000 bull market. From 2000 to 2009, the market struggled to establish footing and delivered average annual returns of -6.2%.", "is a type of stock market strategy, where a trader (or group of traders) attempts to force down the price of a stock to cover a short position. A bear raid can be done by spreading negative rumors about the target firm, which puts downward pressure on the share price.", "The term bull market refers to a financial market with upward movement of prices. Alternatively, the definition covers markets at which the prices are expected to grow. The term is most widely used with regard to the stock market. However, it can cover any tradable item such as bonds and commodities, among others. A major characteristic of the bull markets is optimism. Investors believe that the markets will continue to perform in a similar fashion. However, it is difficult to predict whether the prices at the bull market will grow consistently. Speculative trading and some psychological effects such as cognitive or emotional bias can exert a negative impact on the growing market. In general, expectations will play an important role with regard to the financial markets. The perception of some economic developments as positive or negative may cause fluctuations.", "As the price declines, bull investors must choose whether to hold or sell the security. If investors begin to sell, the price may experience further decline. This may lead a new round of investors to begin selling their holdings, driving the price down even further. In cases where a bull trap did exist, the price of the associated stock often does not recover.", "19.In the stock exchange, which animal is used as a nickname to describe someone who sells shares thinking that the price will fall?.........BEAR", "Confidence is one of the most important animal spirits – it leads ‘rational actors’ to what Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan described as “Irrational exuberance.”  If one looks back to the stock market of the 1890s or the 1920s, or the tech and housing bubble of our recent past, confidence is clearly evident.  Remember in 2004 when some of your friends said that housing prices could never fall?  That is confidence gone astray, irrational exuberance.  That is also a story that we all told each other, which seemed irrefutable logic, until it wasn’t." ]

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[ "The United States launched the Nuclear Age in the pre-dawn hours of 16 July 1945 when it detonated a 20-kiloton atomic bomb code-named ”Trinity“ at Alamogordo, New Mexico.", "The history of nuclear testing began early on the morning of 16 July 1945 at a desert test site in Alamogordo, New Mexico when the United States exploded its first atomic bomb . Designated as the Trinity Site, this initial test was the culmination of years of scientific research under the banner of the so-called “ Manhattan Project ”.", "The history of nuclear testing began early on the morning of 16 July 1945 at a desert test site in Alamogordo, New Mexico when the United States exploded its first atomic bomb. Designated as the Trinity Site, this initial test was the culmination of years of scientific research under the banner of the so-called “ Manhattan Project ”.", "On Monday morning July 16, 1945, the world was changed forever when the first atomic bomb was tested in an isolated area of the New Mexico desert. Conducted in the final month of World War II by the top-secret Manhattan Engineer District, this test was code named Trinity. The Trinity test took place on the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, about 230 miles south of the Manhattan Project's headquarters at Los Alamos, New Mexico. Today this 3,200 square mile range, partly located in the desolate Jornada del Muerto Valley, is named the White Sands Missile Range and is actively used for non-nuclear weapons testing.", "On Monday morning July 16, 1945, the world was changed forever when the first atomic bomb was tested in an isolated area of the New Mexico desert. Conducted in the final month of World War II by the top-secret Manhattan Engineering District, this test was code named Trinity. The Trinity test took place on the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, about 230 miles south of the Manhattan Project's headquarters at Los Alamos, New Mexico. Today this 3,200 square mile range, partly located in the desolate Jornada del Muerto Valley, is named the White Sands Missile Range and is actively used for non-nuclear weapons testing.", "On 16 July 1945, the first atomic weapon test, code‐named “Trinity,” was held on a desert bombing range at Alamogordo, New Mexico, 200 miles south of Los Alamos. Mounted on a metal tower, the test device—13.5 pounds of plutonium inside 2.5 tons of explosives—was exploded at 5:29 A.M. as Groves, Oppenheimer, Bush, and others watched in awe. The blast equaled 15,000–20,000 tons of TNT and generated a fireball visible for 60 miles.", "Project TRINITY, conducted by the Manhattan Engineer District (MED), was designed to test and assess the effects of a nuclear weapon. The TRINITY nuclear device was detonated on a 100-foot tower on the Alamogordo Bombing Range in south-central New Mexico at 0530 hours on 16 July 1945. The nuclear yield of the detonation was equivalent to the energy released by detonating 19 kilotons of TNT. At shot-time, the temperature was 21.8 degrees Celsius, and surface air pressure was 850 millibars. The winds were nearly calm at the surface; at 10,300 feet above mean sea level, they were from the southwest at 10 knots. The winds blew the cloud resulting from the detonation to the northeast. From 16 July 1945 through 1946, about 1,000 military and civilian personnel took part in Project TRINITY or visited the test site. The location of the test site and its major installations are shown in the accompanying figures.", "Project TRINITY was the name given to the war-time effort to produce the first nuclear detonation. A plutonium-fueled implosion device was detonated on 16 July 1945 at the Alamogordo Bombing Range in south-central New Mexico.", "A photograph on display at the Bradbury Science Museum shows the first instant of the first atomic bomb test, on July 16, 1945, at 5:29 a.m. at Trinity Site in New Mexico. The Potsdam Declaration, announced 10 days later, called for Japan's unconditional surrender, threatening \"prompt and utter destruction.\" It did not, however, specifically mention the bomb.", "* 16 July 1945 – The first atomic bomb is tested near Alamogordo, New Mexico, United States in the successful Trinity test.", "The world’s first nuclear weapons test took place on July 16, 1945 in the desolate White Sands deserts of New Mexico. In a cryptic reference to a John Donne poem that he knew and loved, J. Robert Oppenheimer, lead physicist of the Manhattan Project and scientific director of the test, dubbed the location “Trinity.”", "Ultimately, the Manhattan Project manufactured nuclear weapons based on each of these elements. They detonated the first nuclear weapon in a test code-named \"Trinity\", near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. The test was conducted to ensure that the implosion method of detonation would work, which it did. A uranium bomb, Little Boy, was dropped on the Japanese city Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, followed three days later by the plutonium-based Fat Man on Nagasaki. In the wake of unprecedented devastation and casualties from a single weapon, the Japanese government soon surrendered, ending World War II.", "Trinitite, the green, glassy substance found in the area, is still radioactive and must not be picked up. The Trinity Site was where the first atomic bomb was tested at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain War Time on July 16, 1945 on the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)", "The world's first nuclear explosion occurred on July 16, 1945, when a plutonium implosion device was tested at a site located 210 miles south of Los Alamos on the barren plains of the Alamogordo Bombing Range, known as the Jornada del Muerto. Inspired by the poetry of John Donne, J. Robert Oppenheimer code-named the test Trinity. Hoisted atop a 150-foot tower, the plutonium device, or Gadget, detonated at precisely 5:30 a.m. over the New Mexico desert, releasing 18.6 kilotons of power, instantly vaporizing the tower and turning the surrounding asphalt and sand into green glass. Seconds after the explosion came an enormous blast, sending searing heat across the desert and knocking observers to the ground. The success of the Trinity test meant that an atomic bomb using plutonium could be readied for use by the U.S. military.", "Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear device , conducted by the United States Army on July 16, 1945, as a result of the Manhattan Project , [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, at the new White Sands Proving Ground, which incorporated the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range . (The site is now the White Sands Missile Range .) [6] [7] Trinity used an implosion-design plutonium device, informally nicknamed \"The Gadget\". [8] Using the same conceptual design, the Fat Man device was detonated over Nagasaki , Japan, on August 9, 1945. The Trinity detonation produced the explosive power of about 20 kilotons of TNT (84 TJ).", "Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, conducted by the United States Army on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project. The test was conducted in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 mi southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on what was then the USAAF Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range (now part of White Sands Missile Range). The only structures originally in the vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings, which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components. A base camp was constructed, and there were 425 people present on the weekend of the test.", "The Trinity fireball, 15 seconds after detonation of the first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945, rises into the air above the desert near the town of San Antonio, New Mexico.", "On the White Sands Missile Range the world's first nuclear device (code name \"Trinity\") was detonated on July 16, 1945. The Los Alamos Project of the Manhattan Engineer District of the War Department began in 1943 with its purpose the development and final manufacture of a nuclear instrument of war. The Trinity Site, within the White Sands Missile Range, is a National Historic Landmark .", "Trinity was only the first nuclear detonation of the summer of 1945. Two more followed, in early August, over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing as many as a quarter of a million people. By October, Norris Bradbury, the new director of Los Alamos, had proposed that the United States conduct “subsequent Trinity’s.” There was more to learn about the bomb, he argued, in a memo to the new coördinating council for the lab, and without the immediate pressure of making a weapon for war, “another TR might even be FUN.” A year after the test at Alamogordo, new ones began, at Bikini Atoll, in the Marshall Islands. They were not given literary names. Able, Baker, and Charlie were slated for 1946; X-ray, Yoke, and Zebra were slated for 1948. These were letters in the military radio alphabet—a clarification of who was really the master of the bomb.", "Trinity is where the first atomic bomb, named Gadget, was tested on July 16, 1945, ushering in the Atomic Age. Located approximately 126 miles (203 kilometres) southeast of Albuquerque, Trinity is in the White Sands Missile Range east of Socorro. Trinity is a National Historic Landmark, but because it is located in a military area it is only open to the public once or twice a year. Tours need to be arranged well in advance.", "The code name \"Trinity\" was assigned by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, inspired by the poetry of John Donne. The test was of an implosion-design plutonium device, informally nicknamed \"The Gadget\", of the same design as the Fat Man bomb later detonated over Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945. The complexity of the design required a major effort from the Los Alamos Laboratory, and concerns about whether it would work led to a decision to conduct the first nuclear test. The test was planned and directed by Kenneth Bainbridge.", "J. Robert Oppenheimer gave the code name \"Trinity\" to a remote patch of the Jornada del Muerto Desert as a tribute to a line from a poem by John Donne. Soon after, teams of scientists and soldiers descended on the area, setting up a base camp and installing equipment in preparation for the world's first nuclear test. After months of dueling with the limits of technology and the region's harsh weather conditions, the scheduled test date arrived. On July 16, 1945, the \"Gadget\" nuclear device was detonated from a steel tower, exploding with a force that would forever alter human history.  ", "In 1952 the Atomic Energy Commission let a contract to clean up the site. Much of the Trinitite was scraped up and buried. In September 1953 about 650 people attended the first Trinity Site open house. A few years later a small group from Tularosa visited the site on an anniversary of the explosion to conduct a religious service and prayers for peace. Similar visits have been made annually in recent years on the first Saturday in October.", "The first nuclear device was detonated as a test by the United States at the Trinity site on July 16, 1945, with a yield approximately equivalent to 20 kilotons of TNT. The first thermonuclear weapon technology test of engineer device, codenamed \"Mike\", was tested at the Enewetak atoll in the Marshall Islands on November 1, 1952 (local date), also by the United States. The largest nuclear weapon ever tested was the \"Tsar Bomba\" of the Soviet Union at Novaya Zemlya on October 30, 1961, with the largest yield ever seen (), an estimated 50–58 megatons.", "Established by President Truman in 1951 and now operated by the Department of Energy, the Nevada Test Site (NTS) has been the site of over 900 atmospheric and underground nuclear tests. The Nevada Test Site was the primary testing location of American nuclear devices; 126 tests were conducted elsewhere (many at the Pacific Proving Grounds in the Marshall Islands). On July 17, 1962 the last atmospheric test detonation occurred at the Nevada Test Site. Underground testing continued until September 23, 1992.", "From 1945 to 1962, the U.S. Government, through the Manhattan Engineer District (MED) and its successor agency, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), conducted 235 tests of nuclear devices at sites in the United States and in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 Department of Defense (DOD)* participants, both military and civilian, were present at the tests. Project TRINITY, the war-time effort to test-fire a nuclear explosive device, was the first atmospheric nuclear weapons test.", "June 24, 1957The United States conducts Shot Priscilla on June 24, 1957. It was the third of 29 nuclear tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site in 1957 as part of Operation Plumbbob. \"Priscilla\" yielded 37 kilotons. Operation Plumbbob was the longest, most comprehensive test series in the continental United States and became controversial after much of the operation was declassified. Plumbbob released approximately 58,300 kilocuries of radioiodine (I-131) into the atmosphere over a four month period, producing about 32% of all civilian exposure due to continental nuclear tests.", "The Trinity test was originally set for July 4, 1945. However, final preparations for the test, which included the assembly of the bomb's plutonium core, did not begin in earnet until Thursday, July 12. The abandoned George McDonald ranch house located about two miles south of the test site served as the assembly point for the device's core. After assembly, the plutonium core was transported to Trinity Site to be inserted into the thing or gadget as the device was called. But, on the first attempt to insert the core, it stuck! After letting the temperatures of the core and gadget equalize, the core fit perfectly, to the great relief of all present. The completed device was raised to the top of a 100-foot steel tower on Saturday, July 14. During this process workers piled up mattresses beneath the device to cushion a possible fall. When the bomb reached the top of the tower without mishap, installation of the exposive detonators began. The 100-foot tower (a surplus Forest Service fire-watch tower) was designated Point Zero. Ground Zero was at the base of the tower.", "Also during the period 20 July through 21 November, at least 71 soldiers were at the TRINITY test site. Twenty-five of these men were support personnel who never went within 460 meters of ground zero. The remaining 46 men were technical personnel, laborers who erected the 460-meter fence, or military policemen who served as guides. Eleven of these men, probably members of the fence detail, spent several days at about 460 meters from ground zero. Working three to five hours per day between 9 August and 25 August, they would have been the only group to stay longer than one hour in the ground zero area. Of the remaining personnel who approached within 460 meters from ground zero, 25 spent 15 minutes and ten spent between 30 minutes and one hour in the ground zero area. Only 11 people received exposures of 3 to 5 roentgens between 20 July and 21 November. Most received less than 1 roentgen. After 21 November 1945, no one approached closer than the fence which was 460 meters from ground zero, although about 200 civilian and military personnel worked at or visited the TRINITY site through 1946 (1; 16).", "The explosion annihilated nearly all of the 100-foot metal tower from which the bomb was dropped and created a crater of a radioactive green glassy substance known as trinitite, which is today prized as a collector's item. Radiation levels at the site remain about 10 times as high as natural background radiation. After being closed to the public for many years, the Trinity Site was declared a National Historic Landmark district in 1965 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. It is now open to visitors on the first Saturdays of April and October.", "1971 – The United States Atomic Energy Commission conducted the largest underground nuclear test in U.S. history, code-named Cannikin, on Amchitka Island in the Aleutians.", "Primary nuclear test site. Site of the first Chinese atomic explosion on October 16, 1964 and first Chinese thermonuclear detonation on December 27, 1968." ]

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[ "The original purpose of the Foundation was to raise money for polio research and to care for those suffering from the disease. The name emphasized the national, nonpartisan, and public nature of the new organization, as opposed to private foundations established by wealthy families. The effort began with a radio appeal, asking everyone in the nation to contribute a dime (10 cents) to fight polio. “March of Dimes” was originally the name of the annual fundraising event held in January by the Foundation.[1] The name “March of Dimes” for the fundraising campaign was coined by entertainer Eddie Cantor as a play on the popular newsreel feature of the day, The March of Time.[2] Along with Cantor, many top Hollywood, Broadway, radio, and television stars served as promoters of the charity.", "The March of Dimes was established on this day in 1938 -- by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt -- to fight poliomyelitis (Roosevelt himself was afflicted with polio). The organization was originally called the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (as the disease was commonly known).", "The March of Dimes was established in 1938 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a response to the US epidemics of polio that left some people with physical disabilities.  The efforts of the March of Dimes were to raise money to support education and research efforts to combat the paralysis of polio. ", "The March of Dimes Foundation is a United States nonprofit organization that works to improve the health of mothers and babies. It was founded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1938, as the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, to combat polio. It has since taken up promoting general health for pregnant women and babies.", "U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) had polio and worked with the National Foundation/March of Dimes to raise money to combat this once-fearsome scourge. Polio(myelitis) is also called infantile paralysis.", "In 1921, Franklin Delano Roosevelt contracted a rare adult case of polio, which left him paralyzed from the waist down for the rest of his life. The affliction didn't stop him from becoming president in 1933 and forming the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (commonly known as the \"March of Dimes\") in 1938 to fight polio.", "The March of Dimes is the name of an annual charity event sponsored by the organization of the same name. The fundraiser, now called the March for Babies, is an annual walk to raise money to help fight birth defects and infant mortality. The organization is a non-profit health charity organization geared toward improving the health of babies.", "For a number of years, a national March of Dimes poster child or family was chosen to symbolize those afflicted by the disease. After supporting the development of two successful vaccines against polio (both Jonas Salk’s and Albert Sabin’s research were largely funded by the March of Dimes), the organization, rather than going out of business, decided in 1958 to use its charitable infrastructure to serve mothers and babies with a new mission: to prevent premature birth, birth defects and infant mortality. The organization accomplishes this with programs of research, community services, education, and advocacy, along with the annual March for Babies", "In the single year that the polio vaccine was unveiled, 80 million people donated money to the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, which spearheaded the vaccine effort. Many donors could only afford a few cents, but gave anyway (hence the foundation’s modern name, the March of Dimes). Schools, communities, and companies joined in a remarkable display of unity against the disease. Even Walt Disney’s cartoon characters contributed their talents, appearing in a film that adapted the Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs’ song “Heigh Ho” to an anti-polio ditty. In the 13 years leading up to the vaccine’s roll out, the budget of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis swelled from $3 million to $50 million. An entire generation of microbiologists received money from the foundation, which even played a role in Watson and Crick’s description of DNA .", "The March of Dimes accomplished its mission within 20 years. Research led by Dr. Jonas Salk and supported by funds (those marching little dimes) raised annually by thousands of volunteers, resulted in the announcement in April 1955 that the Salk polio vaccine was �safe, potent and effective.� The foundation also supported the research that led to the Sabin oral vaccine, another safe, effective polio preventative discovered by Dr. Albert B. Sabin.", "The first person to walk for the March of Dimes was John Harrison Finger , a textile worker in High Point, North Carolina . In 1948, his daughter came home from school and asked for a donation for the polio fund. Finger replied that he did not have the money but that he would raise some. In what is thought to be the first walkathon in March of Dimes history, Finger walked 32 miles — round trip from High Point to Greensboro — and collected a total of $1,700 in a red wagon he pulled behind him. During his lifetime he walked more than 1,000 miles and raised $15,832 to benefit the charity. The March of Dimes formally created its nationwide WalkAmerica drive in 1971, and Finger was named \"Mr. WalkAmerica\" in 1983. [60] [61]", "5. The March of Dimes Foundation funded much of the research which produced the two vaccines used to combat Polio", "Basil O’Connor had been preparing the next move for five years. On July 22, 1958, at a press conference held in the grand ballroom of New York’s Waldorf-Astoria, he announced the Foundation’s new mission: birth defects prevention. This choice was in keeping with a continued focus on disabilities and disorders appearing in infancy and childhood. Through careful study and rigorous public opinion polls, the Foundation shifted gears into wholly new territory, seeking to become a “flexible force” in the field of public health. Developing a strategy to cope with birth defects, however, was quite unlike fighting epidemic polio, but before long the “New March of Dimes” was funding genetics research and establishing birth defects treatment centers in hospitals across the country. At this juncture the Foundation also played a major role in the creation of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, bringing to fruition Jonas Salk’s scientific vision of an interdisciplinary research center that would reveal the hidden mechanisms of disease. In 1964, the March of Dimes held its first Volunteer Leadership Conference in La Jolla to inaugurate the Salk Institute and to celebrate the gains of the first years of birth defects prevention.", "Three years later, the foundation decided to continue in the arena of health charity. After combating a disease that inflicted infants so heavily, the foundation decided a new mission: fighting birth defects. Into the 21st century, using a program of outreach and education, supporting scientists including 10 Nobel Prize winners, and garnering contributions from every corner of the country, the March of Dimes has much work left to do.", "President Roosevelt had been afflicted with polio in 1921 that left him without the use of his legs.  Every year a child who was afflicted with paralytic polio was selected as the March of Dimes poster child that included a campaign with pictures of this child being splashed across newspapers, magazines, and posters across the nation.  School kids werethen asked to donate 10 cents that was donated to the organization. ", "Historians have called the conquest of polio one of the great achievements of the 20th century. Thanks to the March of Dimes, and the millions of people who supported the Foundation, we no longer have to fear another devastating polio epidemic like the ones that terrorized previous generations.", "The turn toward perinatal health dovetailed with an initiative to map the human genome through a series of international gene mapping workshops as the Foundation appeared to have reinvented its mission once again. The promise of reinvention was evident no less in the fund-raising arena as March of Dimes chapters began to hold local “walk-a-thons” as community fund-raisers in 1970. The idea caught hold, took off, and soared; before long WalkAmerica (rebranded as March for Babies in 2008) became the premier walking event that matched the widespread popularity of the original “March of Dimes” fund-raisers of the 1940s. The 1980s brought cataclysmic challenges in the form of HIV-AIDS and substance abuse, and the March of Dimes addressed such problems wherever they impacted the health of mothers and babies, just as it would do through assistance to newborn intensive care units (NICUs) in hospitals of the Gulf Coast states in 2005 in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Our research grantees during this period ranged from David Smith, MD, and Kenneth Lyons Jones, MD, who identified fetal alcohol syndrome as a clinically defined birth defect to T. Allen Merritt, MD, who developed an early pulmonary surfactant used to treat respiratory distress in premature babies. The Foundation articulated these breakthroughs into wide-ranging public health messages about avoiding alcohol during pregnancy and vigorous support for surfactant therapy.", "6. Two independent researchers both funded by March of Dimes Foundation came up with vaccines in the battle against Polio Jonas Salk vaccine in use from 1955 and Albert Bruce Sabin in use from 1963", "At that point, not much was known about polio, other than that it was a disabling disease caused by a virus, and that it was highly contagious, said David Rose, an archivist for the March of Dimes.", "Following widespread use of the polio vaccine, the organization was faced with disbanding or steering its resources toward a new mission. Basil O’Connor, then the organization's president, directed his staff to identify strengths and weaknesses and reformulate its mission. The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP) shortened its name to the National Foundation (NF) in 1958 and launched its \"Expanded Program\" against birth defects, arthritis, and virus diseases, seeking to become a \"flexible force\" in the field of public health. In the mid-1960s, the organization focused its efforts on prevention of birth defects and infant mortality, which became its mission. At this time, the cause of birth defects was unknown; only the effects were visible. In 1976, the organization changed its name to the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. Reducing the toll of premature birth was added as a mission objective in 2005.", "Following widespread use of the polio vaccine, the organization was faced with disbanding or steering its resources toward a new mission. Basil O’Connor, then the organization's president, directed his staff to identify strengths and weaknesses and reformulate its mission. The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP) shortened its name to the National Foundation (NF) in 1958 and launched its \"Expanded Program\" against birth defects, arthritis, and virus diseases, seeking to become a \"flexible force\" in the field of public health. In the mid-1960s, the organization focused its efforts on prevention of birth defects and infant mortality, which became its mission. At that time, the cause of birth defects was unknown; only the effects were visible. In 1976, the organization changed its name to the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. Reducing the toll of premature birth was added as a mission objective in 2005.", "Once rare in the United States, cases of pertussis ( whooping cough ) are appearing across the country with greater frequency. [62] To address this issue, the March of Dimes and Sanofi Pasteur launched a national education campaign in 2010 called \"Sounds of Pertussis\" to raise awareness about the seriousness of pertussis and the need for adult vaccination to prevent infecting babies. [62] [63] NASCAR driver Jeff Gordon is a national spokesperson for the campaign. [64] The campaign recently sponsored a song-writing contest called Sound Off About Pertussis, which was won by Maria Bennett with her original song, \"Give Pertussis a Whooping.\" [65]", "President Franklin Roosevelt, himself a victim of polio, meets with March of Dimes executive Basil O’Connor. (March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation)", "In his book Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, sociologist Professor James M. Henslin describes March of Dimes as a bureaucracy that has taken on a life of its own through a classic example of a process called goal displacement. Faced with redundancy after Jonas Salk discovered the polio vaccine, it adopted a new mission, \"fighting birth defects\", which was recently changed to a vaguer goal of \"breakthrough for babies\", rather than disbanding. [73] [74]", "According to the March of Dimes, March for Babies is held in more than 900 communities across the nation. Every year, 1 million people—including 20,000 company teams, family teams and national sponsors—participate in the event, which has raised more than $1.8 billion since 1970. The March of Dimes states that seventy-six cents of every dollar raised in March for Babies is spent on research and programs to help prevent premature birth, birth defects and infant mortality. ", "The organization was started in 1938 as a non-profit organization fighting the onslaught of what was then a serious and deadly disease, especially for infants: poliomyelitis . The disease, once known as infantile paralysis but better known as polio , had stricken thousands around the country, leaving many paralyzed and another many dead. The disease caused 6,000 deaths in 1916 in 26 states, many of these children under the age of five.", "The March of Dimes has lobbied the United States' Congress to support the continuation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) in 2007 and 2009. SCHIP is a program that provides health insurance to 11 million low-income children and pregnant women. March of Dimes partnered with the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the National Association of Children's Hospitals (NACH) on the issue. ", "* The National Association of Letter Carriers was another labor organization long-associated with the MDA, with the group naming the MDA as its \"official charity\" in 1952. The union's first nationally coordinated campaign to raise funds for MDA came during Thanksgiving week in 1953, when tens of thousands of letter carriers in more than 800 cities returned to their routes for a second time after completing their holiday-heavy mail deliveries. The all-volunteer effort was called \"The Letter Carrier March for Muscular Dystrophy\".", "The Roosevelt dime was introduced, replacing the Mercury dime, on the birthday of the late President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in part to honor his contribution to founding the March of Dimes.", "In 1901, 10 out of 11 inoculated St. Louis children died from contaminated diphtheria antitoxin. The horse from which the antitoxin was derived died of tetanus. This incident coupled with a tetanus outbreak in Camden, New Jersey played an important part in initiating federal regulation of biologic products. ", "Roosevelt was a strong supporter of scouting, beginning in 1915. Roosevelt's leadership in the March of Dimes is one reason he is commemorated on the American dime . [250] [251]", "Roosevelt's leadership in the March of Dimes is one reason he is commemorated on the American dime. " ]

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[ "They say all good things in life come to an end. Today we announced that Kodak will retire KODACHROME Film, concluding its 74-year run.", "Kodak's single-use camera recycling program reached the milestone of recycling 1.5 billion cameras, including both Kodak and competitive models. ♦ Kodak's breakthrough Stream commercial inkjet technology – which delivers offset class, variable data printing – entered the market under the KODAK PROSPER family name. The first product available was the KODAK PROSPER S10 Imprinting System, a printhead for use on existing presses. ♦ Kodak continued to grow its line of popular pocket video cameras, introducing the KODAK Zi8 Pocket Video Camera offering full 1080p High Definition video capture. ♦ KODACHROME Color Film was retired, concluding its 74-year run as a photography icon. ♦ The KODAK EASYSHARE S730 Digital Picture Frame, featuring a rechargeable battery that lets you unplug the frame and pass it around for easy viewing – was introduced. ♦ Kodak acquired the document scanner division of BÖWE BELL + HOWELL, a leading supplier of document scanners to value-added resellers, system integrators and end users. ♦ Kodak subsidiary Cinesite won an Emmy® Award for \"Special Visual Effects for a TV Special or Miniseries\" for its work on the HBO production \"Generation Kill.\" ♦ Kodak announced it will sell the assets of its OLED business to a group of LG companies.", "*June 22, 2009: Kodak announced that it would cease selling Kodachrome color film by the end of 2009, ending 74 years of production, after a dramatic decline in sales. ", "*April 8, 2004: Kodak was delisted from the Dow Jones Industrial Average index, having been a constituent for 74 consecutive years. ", "1973, Paul Simon released the single �Kodachrome� which became a hit in the US, but was banned from airplay in the UK because it contained a brand name.", "KODAK XL 340 - 1974. One of the many amateur movie cameras marketed by Kodak over the years that can now be purchased by the collector in excellent condition very inexpensively . Film: Super 8 cartridge. Shutter: 9, 18 frames per second. Lens: Manual focus Ektar 9-21mm f/1.2", "Kodak began to struggle financially in the late 1990s as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film and its slowness in transitioning to digital photography. As part of a turnaround strategy, Kodak focused on digital photography and digital printing and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation. In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In February 2012, Kodak announced that it would cease making digital cameras, pocket video cameras and digital picture frames and focus on the corporate digital imaging market. In August 2012, Kodak announced the intention to sell its photographic film (excluding motion picture film), commercial scanners and kiosk operations as a measure to emerge from bankruptcy. ", "During this period, Kodak's president and CEO, Walter A. Fallon, and chairman, Gerald B. Zomow, oversaw product development. When Zomow retired in 1977, Fallon assumed the chairmanship and was succeeded as president by Colby H. Chandler. Employed with Kodak since 1941, Fallon had worked his way up from production to direct the U.S. and Canadian photographic division. He had been responsible for the launch of the pocket Instamatic camera line. Chandler had joined the company in 1951 and, as Fallon's successor in the U.S. and Canadian photographic division, he was directly responsible for both the instant camera and the Ektaprint copier.", "During this period, Kodak’s president and CEO, Walter A. Fallon, and chairman, Gerald B. Zomow, oversaw product development. When Zomow retired in 1977, Fallon assumed the chairmanship and was succeeded as president by Colby H. Chandler. Employed with Kodak since 1941, Fallon had worked his way up from production to direct the U.S. and Canadian photographic division. He had been responsible for the launch of the pocket Instamatic camera line. Chandler had joined the company in 1951 and, as Fallon’s successor in the U.S. and Canadian photographic division, he was directly responsible for both the instant camera and the Ektaprint copier.", "By 1962, Kodak's annual sales in the United States alone were $1 billion. The company had just introduced the Carousel, a popular automatic slide projector, and in 1962 it began selling the Instamatic camera. Its film came in a small cartridge that was easy to handle. The Instamatic introduced a new age of simple amateur photography, just as the first Kodak had seventy-five years before. By 1970, the company sold fifty million Instamatics. During that decade, Eastman Kodak also entered into the copier business with its Ektaprint machine. The copier, however, did not gain much ground in the market, facing tough competition from industry leaders Xerox and IBM.", "Paul Simon has announced that he is moving his entire solo catalogue from Warner Bros back to Sony/Legacy. This will come as a surprise for Simon�s fans as he left Columbia/CBS in the late 1970s after disagreements with Columbia bosses over the release of the single Stranded in a Limousine which Simon accused the label of failing to promote.", "During this period, Eastman Kodak’s President and Chief Executive Officer Walter A. Fallón and Chairman Gerald B. Zornow oversaw product development. When Zornow retired in 1977, Fallón assumed the chairmanship and was succeeded as president by Colby H. Chandler. With Eastman Kodak since 1941, Fallón had worked his way up from production to direct the U.S. and Canadian photographic division. He had been responsible for the launch of the pocket Instamatic camera line. Chandler had joined the company in 1951, and as Fallón’s successor in the U.S. and Canadian photographic division he was directly responsible for both the instant camera and the Ektaprint copier.", "Despite the high growth, Kodak failed to anticipate how fast digital cameras became commodities, with low profit margins, as more companies entered the market in the mid-2000s. In 2001 Kodak held the No. 2 spot in U.S. digital camera sales (behind Sony) but it lost $60 on every camera sold, while there was also a dispute between employees from its digital and film divisions. The film business, where Kodak enjoyed high profit margins, fell 18% in 2005. The combination of these two factors resulted in disappointing profits overall. Its digital cameras soon became undercut by Asian competitors that could produce their offerings more cheaply. Kodak had a 27 percent market-leading share in 1999, that dwindled to 15 percent by 2003. In 2007 Kodak was No. 4 in U.S. digital camera sales with a 9.6 percent share, and by 2010 it held 7 percent in seventh place behind Canon, Sony, Nikon, and others, according to research firm IDC. Also an ever-smaller percentage of digital pictures were being taken on dedicated digital cameras, being gradually displaced in the late 2000s by cameras on cellphones, smartphones, and tablets.", "Despite the restructuring efforts, Kodak remained, according to Peter Nulty writing in Fortune magazine in early 1994, 'one of the most bureaucratic, wasteful, paternalistic, slow-moving, isolated, and beloved companies in America.' The company continued to lose market share in its core film and photographic paper operations; not only was Kodak reluctant to fully embrace the digital future out of fear of undermining its chemical photography business, it also had been slow to recognize huge opportunities in that chemical core, such as the explosive growth of 35-millimeter film sales following the debut of 'point-and-shoot' 35-millimeter cameras. The moves to diversify outside imaging, most notably the move into pharmaceuticals, proved ill-advised and saddled the company with more than $7 billion in debt. With earnings stagnating and no turnaround in sight, the board of directors, under pressure from outside investors, fired Whitmore in late 1993. Replacing him as chairman and CEO was George Fisher, who left the top spot at Motorola, Inc. to join Kodak, thereby becoming the first outsider to head the company.", "1973: Paul Simon releases the single ‘Kodachrome,’ which would become a hit in the US, but was banned from air play in the UK because it contains a brand name.", "KODAK MOTORMATIC 35 - 1960-2. The Motormatic was Kodak's last American made 35mm camera. The Motormatic name was derived from the fact that the film was driven by a spring-wound motor using a large knob on the bottom of the camera. The MSRP was $109.50. In 2012 dollars that would be about $850. Lens f/2.8, shutter 1/40-1/250 sec.", "January 13, 2004, Kodak announced it would stop marketing traditional film cameras (excluding disposable cameras) in the United States, Canada and Western Europe, but will continue to sell film cameras in India, Latin America, Eastern Europe and China. By the end of 2005, Kodak ceased manufacturing cameras that used the Advanced Photo System. Kodak licensed the manufacture of Kodak branded cameras to Vivitar for two years following (2005–2006). In 2007 Kodak did not license any manufacture of any film camera with the Kodak name in this market. These changes reflect Kodak’s focus on growth in the digital markets. Kodak continues to produce film for newer and more popular formats, while it has also discontinued the manufacture of film in older and less popular formats. However, Kodak still continues with its production of specialty films.", "Since the company’s founding, Kodak had maintained a policy of treating its employees fairly and with respect, earning the nickname of the “Great Yellow Father.” It was George Eastman’s belief that an organization’s prosperity was not necessarily due to its technological achievements, but more to its workers’ goodwill and loyalty. As a result, company benefits were well above average, morale had always remained high, and employees never felt the need to unionize. This protective culture came to an end in 1983, however, when the company was forced to reduce its workforce by 5% in order to cut costs. Competitive pressures from the Japanese and both domestic and international economic problems had slowed product demand. Even the widely publicized disc camera failed to sustain its initial, “hot” sales rate.", "During 1999 Kodak continued its drive to divest underperforming units through the sale of its office imaging unit--which included digital printers, copiers, and roller assemblies&mdashø Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG of Germany. In January 2000 Fisher stepped down as CEO, remaining chairman until the end of that year; Carp was named his successor. Although Kodak had managed to make a profit of $20 million from its digital businesses in 1999, it was far from clear whether Kodak would be a major player in the digital world of the new millennium. For his part, Carp announced in mid-2000 that the company expected 45 percent of revenue to be generated from digital imaging in 2005, which would be a huge increase from the 17 percent of 1999. Eastman Kodak's progress toward this predicted level, or lack thereof, was likely to be highly indicative of the overall direction of the company in the early 21st century.", "Iconic: Kodachrome film became an essential part of 20th century culture, even having a 1973 Paul Simon single named after it (scroll down to listen)", "In 2006, Kodak notified the BBB of Upstate New York that it would no longer accept or respond to consumer complaints submitted by them. In prior years, Kodak responded by offering consumers an adjustment or an explanation of the company’s position. The BBB file contains consumer complaints of problems with repairs of Kodak digital cameras, as well as difficulty communicating with Kodak customer service. Among other complaints, consumers say that their cameras broke and they were charged for repairs when the failure was not the result of any damage or abuse. Some say their cameras failed again after being repaired.", "When Edwin Land released the first instant-developing camera in 1948 for Polaroid , Kodak was up against its first significant competitor in the amateur-snapshot market. Eventually, Kodak created a similar instant-print film, and was sued by Polaroid for patent violation. Kodak lost the lawsuit brought in 1986, and was forced to discontinue its instant-print film line and pay Polaroid a hefty settlement.", "During 1999 Kodak continued its drive to divest underper-forming units through the sale of its office imaging unit—which included digital printers, copiers, and roller assemblies—to Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG of Germany . In January 2000 Fisher stepped down as CEO, remaining chairman until the end of that year; Carp was named his successor. Although Kodak had managed to make a profit of $20 million from its digital businesses in 1999, it was far from clear whether Kodak would be a major player in the digital world of the new millennium. For his part, Carp announced in mid-2000 that the company expected 45 percent of revenue to be generated from digital imaging in 2005, which would be a huge increase from the 17 percent of 1999. Eastman Kodak’s progress toward this predicted level, or lack thereof, was likely to be highly indicative of the overall direction of the company in the early 21st century.", "Kodak has announced that it will no longer produce or sell this product. However, as of early 2006, it is still available from various online retailers.", "*April 19, 2007: Kodak announced an agreement to sell its light management films business, which produced films designed to improve the brightness and efficiency of liquid crystal displays, to Rohm and Haas. The divested business comprised 125 workers. As part of the transaction Rohm and Haas agreed to license technology and purchase equipment from Kodak, and lease Building 318 at Kodak Park. The sale price was not disclosed. ", "1986: A federal appeals court orders Kodak's exit from the instant camera market; a line of alkaline batteries under the Supralife brand is launched; Eastman Pharmaceuticals Division is established.", "On September 3, 2013, Kodak announced that it emerged from bankruptcy as a technology company focused on imaging for business. Its main business segments are Digital Printing & Enterprise and Graphics, Entertainment & Commercial Films.", "*January 19, 2012: Kodak filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection. The company's stock was delisted from NYSE and moved to OTC exchange. Following the news it ended the day trading down 35% at $0.36 a share.", "Again, like most companies, Kodak decided to simplify their logo in 1996, and removed the boxes. The red color gives a more brighter and structured feel of the company. In 2006, again a slight variation was made in the logo with a rounded ‘a’ and ‘d’.", "Moore, Thomas, and Lee Smith, “Embattled Kodak Enters the Electronic Age,” Fortune, August 22, 1983, pp. 120+.", "Ryan, Michael. \"Kodak's Big Moment.\" Ziff Davis Smart Business for the New Economy (July 1, 2001): p. 79.", "*September 10, 2012: Kodak announced plans to cut another 1,000 jobs by the end of 2012 and that it is examining further job cuts as it works to restructure its business in bankruptcy. " ]

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[ "Sherlock Holmes is the fictional detective created by Scottish Author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle during the late 19th century. One of the most recognizable figures in English literature, Sherlock Holmes is a consulting detective who lives at 221 B Baker Street in Victorian London and assists clients privately with the help of his friend and roommate, Dr. John H. Watson. Whenever the police have difficulty solving a case, they come seeking Holmes's advice.", "Welcome to 221B Baker Street, the London home of Sherlock Holmes. According to the stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Sherlock Holmes and his loyal friend Dr Watson lived at this exact address.", "The world famous consulting detective Sherlock Holmes lived at 221b Baker Street between 1881-1904, according to the stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Mr Holmes shared his rooms with his loyal friend and colleague Dr Watson. The house is protected by the government due to its \"special architectural and historical interest\" and the 1st floor study overlooking Baker Street is still faithfully maintained for posterity as it was kept in Victorian Times.", "Sherlock Holmes is the fictional creation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who wrote about the detective in a series of 60 stories published between 1887 and 1927. Holmes was famous for his extra-keen powers of observation, which he used to solve perplexing crimes and mysteries. He operated from his flat at 221b Baker Street in London, assisted by his friend Dr. Watson. Holmes was an immediate hit and remains so popular that he is sometimes mistaken for a real historical figure. Among the most famous Holmes stories are The Hound of the Baskervilles and A Study in Scarlet.", "The mystery of 221B Baker Street is not one of secret passages or hidden symbols. Rather, it could be described as a sort of existential spatial riddle: how can a space that is not a space be where it is not? According to Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories, Sherlock Holmes and John Watson lived at 221B Baker Street from 1881 to 1904. But 221B Baker street did not exist in 1881, nor did it exist in 1887 when A Study in Scarlet was published and Baker Street house numbers only extended into the 100s. It was a purely fictional address – emphasis on was. Time marches on, Baker Streets are renumbered, and 221Bs are revealed.", "Historically, Holmes lived from the year 1881 at 221B Baker Street , London , an upper-story flat (in early notes it was described as being situated at Upper Baker Street), where he spent many of his professional years with his good friend, Dr. Watson , and with whom he shared rooms for some time before Watson's marriage in 1890. The residence was maintained by his landlady, Mrs Hudson.", "More immediately in Conan Doyle's narrative, one outcome of the meeting was a decision by Holmes and Watson to share lodgings at one of the most famous addresses in all of fiction, 221B Baker Street . There is a Baker Street in London, but according to William S. Baring-Gould's The Annotated Sherlock Holmes, there was not a building numbered 221 until 1930, long after the demise of Holmes and the same year that Conan Doyle himself died. Such simple facts do not impede enthusiastic readers , however, who have entertained themselves for decades by offering the least implausible alternatives to a host of inconsistencies in the 60 tales crafted by Conan Doyle -- including researching the history of street names, house numbering, construction, and property ownership that would rationalize various buildings in Baker Street as having been the real 221B.", "Sherlock Holmes was famous for his extra-keen powers of observation and deduction, which he used to solve perplexing crimes and mysteries. He operated from his flat at 221b Baker Street in London, assisted by his friend Dr. Watson . The nefarious criminal Professor Moriarty appears as Holmes’s antagonist in some of the tales.", "In London, the rooms that Holmes and Watson shared together at 221B Baker Street are now a museum. The rooms are pure fiction, of course. Although there is a Baker Street in London, there was no 221B; it was an address Doyle made up. But tourists had been searching Baker Street for so many years, trying to find the \"actual house,\" that the street numbers were changed so that the museum could be established. The museum reproduces the rooms shared by Watson and Holmes as described in Doyle's stories. Every item of furniture or bric-a-brac mentioned in the stories can be found in the museum rooms, from the dark-lanterns to the Turkish slipper on the mantel filled with shag tobacco. For more information, see www.sherlock-holmes.co.uk/home.htm . ", "Sherlock Holmes is a fictional Private Detective (or, Consulting Detective, the term he preferred ), an analytical genius with generally unrivaled deductive powers (and a certain disregard of social norms note Though various adaptations tend to overplay this; in the stories, he can occasionally be The Social Expert ). The original version lived in Victorian London , at 221B Baker Street.", "In 1887, Arthur Conan Doyle created Sherlock Holmes, arguably the most famous of all fictional detectives. Although Sherlock Holmes is not the original fiction detective (he was influenced by Poe's Dupin and Gaboriau's Lecoq), his name has become a byword for the part. Conan Doyle stated that the character of Holmes was inspired by Dr. Joseph Bell, for whom Doyle had worked as a clerk at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing large conclusions from the smallest observations. A brilliant London-based \"consulting detective\" residing at 221B Baker Street, Holmes is famous for his intellectual prowess and is renowned for his skillful use of astute observation, deductive reasoning, and forensic skills to solve difficult cases. Conan Doyle wrote four novels and fifty-six short stories featuring Holmes, and all but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend, assistant, and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson.", "In 1887, Arthur Conan Doyle created Sherlock Holmes , the most famous of all fictional detectives. Although Sherlock Holmes is not the original fiction detective (he was influenced by Poe's Dupin and Gaboriau's Lecoq), his name has become a byword for the part. Conan Doyle stated that the character of Holmes was inspired by Dr. Joseph Bell, for whom Doyle had worked as a clerk at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing large conclusions from the smallest observations. A brilliant London-based \"consulting detective\" residing at 221B Baker Street, Holmes is famous for his intellectual prowess and is renowned for his skillful use of astute observation, deductive reasoning, and forensic skills to solve difficult cases. Conan Doyle wrote four novels and fifty-six short stories featuring Holmes, and all but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend, assistant, and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson.", "The address is another shrine for the detective’s devotees—although, as any expert will attest, 221 Baker Street existed only in Conan Doyle’s imagination. In the Victorian era, Baker Street went up to only number 85. It then became York Place and eventually Upper Baker Street. (Conan Doyle was hardly a stickler for accuracy in his Holmes stories; he garbled some street names and invented others and put a goose seller in Covent Garden, then a flower and produce market.) But some Sherlockians have made a sport out of searching for the “real” 221B, parsing clues in the texts with the diligence of Holmes himself. “The question is, Did Holmes and Watson live in Upper Baker or in Baker?” says Roger Johnson, who occasionally leads groups of fellow pilgrims on expeditions through the Marylebone neighborhood. “There are arguments in favor of both. There are even arguments in favor of York Place. But the most convincing is that it was the lower section of Baker Street.”", "\"One of the most famous literary addresses in London is 221b Baker Street. There's only one problem - the cosy rooms of amateur detective Sherlock Holmes and his friend, John H Watson, don't actually exist. The 'real' 221b, subsumed by the head office of the Abbey National, is not a worthy place of veneration. However, down the street in the Sherlock Holmes Museum..., you'll find a mock 221b frontage and a frighteningly accurate rendition of the dark and cluttered Victorian interior of Conan Doyle's stories. But for every fictitious address in the Canon (the official term for the four novels and 56 short stories featuring Holmes and Watson), you'll find plenty of bona fide locations in the capital. To begin with, turn the corner into Wigmore Street and you pass the post office that Holmes magically deduced Watson had visited in The Sign of Four (1890)....\"", "It was at 221B Baker Street that the fictional detective lived. At the time Baker Street only went up to 100 although there is a 221B today - home of the Sherlock Holmes Museum.", "Sherlock Holmes rented an apartment at 221B Baker Street, City of Westminster, London from his landlady Mrs. Hudson. This was a fictional address created by Doyle. At the time, Baker Street addresses only went up to 100. Holmes lived on the second floor, as indicated by the apartment number. The sitting-room served as the scene for most of his interviews with his clients. Currently, 221B Baker Street serves as the Sherlock Holmes Museum . It is the first Museum in the world to be dedicated to a fictional character.", "It is apt that the show should take place at the Museum of London. Holmes occupied perhaps London's most famous imaginary address – 221B Baker Street – and Dr Watson wrote that his \"knowledge of the byways of London was extraordinary\". In the form of his \"Baker Street Irregulars\", he even employed a street-level spy-network of urchins. London is often described as another character in the stories.", "Home of Sherlock Holmes – Sherlock Holmes famously resided at 221B Baker Street. Outside the Marylebone Road exit of Baker Street station there is even a large statue of Sir Arthur Conan Doyles' fictitious detective.", "Tiptoe away a few more years in the prolific late-Victorian era and we come across one of the most influential characters of modern literature … Sherlock Holmes the famous fictional detective from the equally fictional 221b Baker Street. He made his first appearance in A Study in Scarlet published in November 1887 in the Beeton’s Christmas Annual. The period costume, with the pipe and magnifying glass to complement the cape and deerstalker lends itself well to a World Book Day costume.", "A chemical laboratory at Barts was the location of the initial meeting of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1887 novel A Study in Scarlet. Barts was Watson's alma mater. This fictional connection led to a donation by the Tokyo \"Sherlock Holmes Appreciation Society\" to the Save Barts Campaign in the 1990s. ", "In 1881, Watson is introduced by his friend Stamford to Sherlock Holmes, who is looking for someone to share rent at a flat in 221B Baker Street. Concluding that they are compatible, they subsequently move into the flat. When Watson notices multiple eccentric guests frequenting the flat, Holmes reveals that he is a \"consulting detective\" and that the guests are his clients. ", "Sherlock Holmes, famous English detective, lived in Baltimore, in Frick’s Folly, Park Avenue and McMackin Street.", "Hidden in Plain Sight : Tourists flock to 221B Baker Street to get a look at the home of the famous Sherlock Holmes. Holmes lived across the street in relative peace. A friendly porter at 221B sends clients to Holmes when the need arises.", "A number of London streets are associated with Holmes. York Mews South, off Crawford Street, was renamed Sherlock Mews, and Watson's Mews is near Crawford Place. ", "Holmes shares the majority of his professional years with his good friend and chronicler Dr. John H. Watson , who lives with Holmes for some time before his marriage in 1887, and again after his wife's death. Their residence is maintained by the landlady, Mrs. Hudson.", "When Sherlock Holmes first came to London by invitation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle he lived in one of the staid looking brick houses with a prim stoop in Montague Street opposite the British Museum. The house is mentioned in the \"Musgrave Ritual.\"", "Per CBS’ synopsis of the episode, we meet Mycroft, with whom Sherlock once had a falling-out several years prior, after an old case takes Joan and Sherlock to London and they stay with his older brother — who lives at 221B Baker Street . “With Joan in the middle, the brothers are forced to confront their very complicated history,” the network teased.", "After a brief move to Austria, Conan Doyle relocated to London, opening an ophthalmology practice in Upper Wimpole Street.  Lacking any patients, however, he had plenty of time to contemplate the next step in his career.  He decided to write a series of short stories featuring Sherlock Holmes.  It turned out to be the most profitable decision of his life.  His agent made a deal with The Strand Magazine to publish the stories, and the visual likeness of Holmes was immortalized by illustrator Sidney Paget, who used his brother Walter as a model.  The artistic collaboration between Conan Doyle and Paget would last for many decades, branding both the persona and the image of Sherlock Holmes worldwide.", "The section north of Marylebone Road near Regent's Park – now including 221 Baker Street – was known in Conan Doyle's lifetime as Upper Baker Street. In his first manuscript, Conan Doyle put Holmes house in \"Upper Baker Street\", indicating that if he had a house in mind, it would have been there. However, a British crime novelist named Nigel Morland claimed that, late in Conan Doyle's life, he identified the intersection of Baker Street and George Street, about 500 metres south of Marylebone Road, as the location of 221B.", "Be sure to take a look at 2 Devonshire Place, where Sherlock Holmes author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's medical practice was located.", "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's famous character, Sherlock Holmes, was inspired by a physician named Dr. Joseph Bell. Doyle met Bell while studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh.", "Portrait of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle by Sidney Paget, 1897.In 1890 Conan Doyle studied the eye in Vienna; he moved to London in 1891 to set up a practice as an ophthalmologist. He wrote in his autobiography that not a single patient crossed his door. This gave him more time for writing, and in November 1891 he wrote to his mother: \"I think of slaying Holmes... and winding him up for good and all. He takes my mind from better things.\" His mother responded, saying, \"You may do what you deem fit, but the crowds will not take this lightheartedly.\" In December 1893, he did so in order to dedicate more of his time to more \"important\" works (his historical novels)." ]

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[ "Each language has a different letter frequency rate, so the letter distribution in Scrabble varies across the globe. However, generally speaking, the rarer a letter is used, the higher point value it has and vice versa. For example, in English, vowels are frequently used especially the letter E, so they are worth only a point each. The following is a list of the distribution of Scrabble letters in English versions of the game:", "Each letter tile has a number next to it that indicates how many points it is worth. Common letters, such as vowels, are worth 1 point, while rare letters such as \"Q\", \"X\", and \"Z\" are worth 8-10 points. Blank tiles are worth zero points. The score of a play is equal to the sum of the scores of all new words formed (including extensions or hook words, see examples below).", "All Scrabble players know that Q and Z are the highest scoring tiles. You can get 10 points for each, in the English language version of the game.", "The value of this 8-letter word is 13 points. It is included in the first and second editions of the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary.", "The value of this 6-letter word is 9 points, but it's not an accepted word in the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary.", "Letters that are worth four or more points should be played on premium squares if possible, and letters such as X, H, and Y are powerful if they can score in both directions, for four or six times their face value. A vowel next to a double- or triple-letter score creates a hot spot where a valuable consonant can potentially be played for many points. A good strategy for intermediate players is to memorize all the words that involve the \"power\" tiles (K, J, Q, Z, and X) that are five letters long or shorter. Knowledge of these words can increase a player's scoring by 10 to 20 points per game when applied correctly.", "If someone plays all of their tiles in a single word, they receive a 50 point bonus, to be added after factoring in any multipliers from premium squares. All words in the Standard English dictionary can be used, except for: abbreviations, proper nouns, prefixes, suffixes, as well as words that have apostrophes or hyphens", "Scrabble is a classic board game produced by Hasbro, in which players draw seven letters apiece and then attempt to spell words on the game board, crossword puzzle-style. “Triple-word score” is one of the bonus squares on the board, and contractions and hyphenated words are both disallowed under the rules of the game.", "Letter tiles are arranged face-down in two piles; one all consonants, the other vowels. The contestant picks a pile, and Riley reveals the top tile from that pile and places it on the board. A selection of nine tiles is generated in this way, and must contain at least three vowels and four consonants. Then the clock is started and both contestants have thirty seconds to come up with the longest word they can make from the available letters. Each letter may be used only as often as it appears in the selection. The frequencies of the letters within each pile are weighted according to their frequency in natural English, in the same manner as Scrabble. For example, there are many Ns and Rs in the consonant pile, but only one Q. The letter frequencies are altered by the producers from time to time, so any published list does not necessarily reflect the letters used in any particular programme. ", "Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by forming words from individual lettered tiles on a game board marked with a 15-by-15 grid. The words are formed across and down in crossword fashion and must appear in a standard dictionary. Official reference works (i.e. SOWPODS in the UK) provide a list of permissible words, many of which are rarely found in standard English writing. Scrabble operates to a different dictionary to Countdown , so many contestants make this mistake.", "Esoteric words do not necessarily score more points than common words. For example FAERIE, depending on board placement, may score fewer points than FAIRY. The word CWM is quite famous for being a three-letter word with no vowels – not even a Y, which is often used as a vowel substitute – but it generally scores less than MACAW, for example. In this particular case, the player who plays CWM also risks overloading the rack with vowels. Experienced players often choose to forgo points on an individual turn in favour of practising good rack management.", "The Scrabble variant most popular in English is standard match play, where two players compete over a series of games. Duplicate Scrabble is not popular in English, and High score Scrabble is no longer practised.", "Scrabble is, as many people would agree, the most popular word game ever published. It is played all around the world in many different languages. In this article, we will focus on how many letters are in Scrabble, more precisely how many letter tiles there are in the English edition of this game. We will also say something about the point system in this game.", "In the notation system common in tournament play, columns are labeled with the letters \"A-O\" and rows with the numbers \"1-15\". (On Scrabble boards manufactured by Mattel as well as on the Internet Scrabble Club, rows are lettered while columns are numbered instead.) A play is usually identified in the format xy WORD score or WORD xy score, where x denotes the column or row on which the play's main word extends, y denotes the second coordinate of the main word's first letter, and WORD is the main word. Although unnecessary, additional words formed by the play are occasionally listed after the main word and a slash. In the case where the play of a single tile forms words in each direction, one of the words is arbitrarily chosen to serve as the main word for purposes of notation.", "Many editions of the word board game Scrabble vary in the letter distribution of the tiles, because the frequency of each letter of the alphabet is different for every language. As a general rule, the rarer the letter the more points it is worth.", "Scrabble designed by Alfred E. Butts, published by Selchow & Righter, later MB. Originally published in 1931 as Criss Cross. 15x15 board with 104 tiles. The letters are given a value (not always in keeping with their frequency - \"H\" is worth far too much, for example - Alfred got his original distribution by counting letters on the front page of an issue of the New York Times!), and some spaces are special: double-letter, double-word, triple-letter, triple-word scoring spaces. We play with the official Scrabble Dictionary, and are allowed to look up words before we play. Other Scrabble players find this practice blasphemous, but I suspect they haven't tried it - it makes it a better game, at least from our worldview. This is definitely the classic wordgame - one of the best. R. Wayne Schmittberger has a Scrabble variant with no luck involved: you lay out the tiles at the beginning of the game, randomly, face-up, around the board, so that there are two distinct ends to the line of tiles. After you play, you may draw from either end - but all letters taken in one turn must be from the same end. [SOS]", "The following records were achieved during competitive club or tournament play, according to authoritative sources, including the book Everything Scrabble by Joe Edley and John D. Williams, Jr. (revised edition, Pocket Books , 2001) and the Scrabble FAQ . When available, separate records are listed based upon different official word lists: 1) OSPD or OCTWL, the North American list also used in Thailand and Israel; 2) OSW, formerly the official list in the UK; and 3) SOWPODS, the combined OSPD+OSW now used in much of the world. To date, new editions or revisions of these lists have not been considered substantial enough to warrant separate record-keeping.", "The frequencies and point values for each letter in Scrabble are shown in the table below:", "Scrabble is the game of strategy that involves picking out random tiles that each display a letter. The real challenge is trying to arrange the letters to make a word that fits onto the game grid and the tiles that are already in play. Each letter carries a value and a player scores points by adding up the total value of a word. In addition to the values per letter there are certain spaces on the board that increase a score spaces such as triple word score or double and triple letter all contribute to ensuring a higher score. Playing the game onscreen gives you the advantage of being able to play alone against the computer. With a dictionary included you needn't have to look up words and of course your score is automatically calculated.", "The World Scrabble Championship is the most prestigious title in competitive English-language Scrabble. It has been held every second year since 1991, and annually since 2013. The reigning World Scrabble Champion is Wellington Jighere, who won the title at Perth, Australia in 2015.", "Vowel Words for Scrabble ® crossword game - Words you can make with only vowels, very useful!", "Scrabble has been around since 1938 when Alfred Mosher Butts designed the game and James Brunot published it. Players place their pieces that bear a single letter across a board either in left to right or downward fashion to form words and score points. To avoid debates about the existence of the word formed, there is an official scrabble player’s dictionary available, though they can also agree to make use of any other dictionary as basis for verification.", "It is not intended that the complete rules of this game are to be included here - the above general aspects of the game are what a casual reader of this page may want to know. This part of this web site is meant for those who already play or strive to play competitively. Although much less popular (in terms of numbers) than chess or Bridge, there is organized competitive Scrabble� activity throughout the world. Unfortunately, this game is not usually played in the same manner throughout the world, so international competition is limited. The main difference is one of language - American English, British English, French, Spanish, etc. are all specific and different. Chess, on the other hand, is language-independent, so international competition is possible.", "When you master how to use a blank tile in Scrabble, you can use blanks to score especially high point totals. A blank tile has no value in and of itself when playing Scrabble, but blank letter tiles give you flexibility in the type of words you can place on the board. For that reason, blank tiles are highly coveted in Scrabble, though rare (2 blanks per game).", "Versions of the game have been released in several other languages. For more information, see Scrabble letter distributions.", "Scrabble has been around since the 1940s and is currently sold in over a hundred countries with 29 language versions available. With its easy game play of forming words with Scrabble letters, it is understandable why it is highly appealing, resulting in several Scrabble-inspired word games. Clearly, the stars of the game are its letter tiles and the following are some interesting things about them.", "This is, of course, for regular Scrabble players, who get a decent number of bingos (7-letter words). I suspect for new players, the difference will be far less as then the gain of being able to use a blank for bingos is offset by the fact it’s a non-scoring letter.", "The values of the letters in Scrabble were assigned according to the front page of a US newspaper in the 1930s. Is it time the scoring system was updated to reflect today's usage?", "What do you think? Should Scrabble tiles retain their original value? Or are the tile values in need of an overhaul in order to reflect the changes in English since Alfred Butts first calculated letter frequency in the 1930s?", "Here is a list of all the three letter words allowed in Scrabble. Along with each word, I've included the word's part of speech (in italics) followed by its meaning, inflections, and variant spellings (if it has any, of course).", "This section offers a discussion of various two and three letter Scrabble words and includes a full list of these words and their plural forms.", "What do we mean by a 'standard dictionary' for example? And what do we do about inflections of words, which are not usually explicitly listed in dictionaries? That reference to 'foreign words' is also a can of worms. English was built up from foreign languages, and it isn't clear just how foreign a word has to be before it should be disallowed in Scrabble." ]

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[ "Actor Nicolas Cage appealed to his love of superhero comic books when naming his son Kal-El, which is Superman's birth name.", "When I worked at a hospital there was a woman who named her baby Female, rhymes with tamale. Actors are the worst. Nicholas Cage named his son Kalel, after Superman, an actress named her daughter Audio Science, and Matthew McConnaughey’s redneck brother, Rooster, named his kids after beer, son Miller Lyte and daughter Olympia. That’s class! (Sarcasmotron dialed up to 11)", "As we've mentioned before, Nicolas Cage is a ginormous nerd. He is such an inconceivably colossal nerd, that he named his son Kal-El after Superman, one of his two favorite comic characters. The other one is Johnny Blaze, the Ghost Rider, of whom Cage even has a tattoo (which had to be covered up when he played Blaze in the Ghost Rider film, because what kind of douchebag has a tattoo of their own face?).", "This one gets a pass. Oscar-winning actor and human fireworks display Nicolas Cage has given so much to humanity with his stellar performances in film’s like Face Off, The Wicker Man and upcoming film called Pay the Ghost, we can allow him to name his son Kal-El, comic book superhero Superman’s real name, without scrutiny.", "Actor Nicolas Cage named his son Kal-El after Superman because he is a comics fan. Beyonce named her daughter Blue Ivy, in part because four is Beyonce’s favorite number (IV is the Roman numeral for 4) and also because during her pregnancy Beyonce found blue ivy on a tree in Croatia, which was apparently significant to her and husband Jay-Z.", "Became a father for the 2nd time at age 41 when his 3rd wife Alice Kim Cage gave birth to their son Kal-el Coppola Cage on October 3, 2005. Just as Nick was named after a comic book character, \"Luke Cage\", so he has named his son after the comic book character \"Kal-el\" (aka Superman).", "At the time the “9.0” book went missing, it reportedly was owned by actor Nicolas Cage; the Oscar-winning actor is a Super-fan who once was cast to play the Last Son of Krypton himself. (The actor — whose stage name reportedly was inspired by comic character Luke Cage — in 2005 gave his newborn son the same birth name as that of Superman: Kal-El.)", "Nicolas Kim Coppola - Not wanting to piggyback off the success of his famous uncle, Francis Ford Coppola, Nicolas Cage decided to adopt the last name 'Cage' as a tribute to the Marvel comics superhero Luke Cage [FilmMagic]", "Cage met his third and current wife Alice Kim, a former waitress who previously worked at the Los Angeles restaurant Kabuki and at the Los Angeles-based Korean nightclub, Le Privé. She bore their son, Kal-El, (after Superman's birth name[25]) on October 3, 2005. Cage was once considered for the role of Superman in a film to be directed by Tim Burton. Alice had a minor role in the 2007 film Next, which Cage produced. They were married at a private ranch in Northern California on July 30, 2004.[26]", "Nicolas Cage is actually a member of the Coppola family. He chose this name for himself after Luke Cage , Marvel Comics ' Power Man. Ironically, Luke Cage wasn't his real name either; he changed it from Carl Lucas after he got out of prison by smashing through the wall.", "Cage met his third and current wife Alice Kim, a former waitress who previously worked at the Los Angeles restaurant Kabuki and at the Los Angeles-based Korean nightclub, Le Privé. She bore their son, Kal-El, (after Superman's birth name) on October 3, 2005. Cage was once considered for the role of Superman in a film to be directed by Tim Burton. Alice had a minor role in the 2007 film Next, which Cage produced. They were married at a private ranch in Northern California on (July 30, 2004).", "Cage met his third and current wife Alice Kim, a former waitress who previously worked at the Los Angeles restaurant Kabuki and at the Los Angeles-based Korean nightclub, Le Privé. She gave birth to their son, Kal-El, (after Superman's birth name) on October 3, 2005. Cage was once considered for the role of Superman in a film to be directed by Tim Burton. Alice had a minor role in the 2007 film Next, which Cage produced. They were married at a private ranch in Northern California on July 30, 2004. The couple separated in January 2016. ", "Cage met his third and current wife Alice Kim, a former waitress who previously worked at the Los Angeles restaurant Kabuki and at the Los Angeles-based Korean nightclub, Le Privé. She bore their son, Kal-El, (after Superman's birth name) on October 3, 2005. Cage was once considered for the role of Superman in a film to be directed by Tim Burton. Alice had a minor role in the 2007 film Next, which Cage produced. They were married at a private ranch in Northern California on July 30, 2004.", "His third and current wife Alice Kim, a former waitress who previously worked at the Los Angeles restaurant Kabuki, met Cage at the Los Angeles-based Korean nightclub, Le Privé. She is the mother of his son, Kal-El (born October 3, 2005), named after Superman's birth name. Cage was once considered for the role of Superman in a film to be directed by Tim Burton. Alice had a minor role in the 2007 film Next, which Cage produced. They were married at a private ranch in Northern California on July 30, 2004 See More", "On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (1992), he told Jay that he took the name \"Cage\" from a comic book character named Luke Cage, the \"first black superhero.\" This is not accurate; the first black superhero in mainstream comics was Marvel's Black Panther, introduced in 1966. Luke Cage, introduced in 1972, was also preceded by: Marvel's Falcon, introduced in 1969; the black western hero, Lobo, from Dell Comics in 1965 (the first black character to star in his own title); the title character of \"Waku, Prince of the Bantu,\" an African chieftain, introduced as part of the Atlas Comics anthology title \"Jungle Tales\" in 1954. When asked which of the powers he would prefer to have, he said flight was his desire.", "names. For example, actor Pierce Brosnan (of James Bond fame) and his wife, model Keely Shaye Smith, have named their son Dylan Thomas. Actress Angelina Jolie is another celebrity child. Her father is the famous 70s actor Jon Voight. ", "So who is Nicholas Kim Coppola? Well, Nicholas Kim Coppola is no other than the American Nicolas Cage who was born on , 1964, under the name Nicholas Kim Coppola, but later changed his name to Nicolas Cage, a name by which we all know him today.", "Early versions of the origin name the child's father as Sir Christopher Standish, a British nobleman, but later versions name him as Kit Walker, and his descendants appear to think of themselves as American. The child thrives under the tutelage of the tribe and creates the Phantom costume, inspired by a native idol, to strike fear into the hearts of his enemies. Each generation of Walkers is trained to take over the mantle of the Phantom and, since all wear the same costume, local legend has it that he is in fact the same man 400 years later, hence the nickname,", "In his early 20s, he dated actress/singer Elizabeth Daily for two years, and was later involved with actress Uma Thurman. In 1988 (29 years ago), Cage began dating Christina Fulton, mother of their son, Weston Coppola Cage (born dec. 26, 1990 (27 years ago)). Weston appeared in Cage's movie Lord of War as Vladimir, a young Ukrainian mechanic who quickly disarms a Mil Mi-24 helicopter.", "A common trend among celebs is to name their children after geographical places. Actress/singer Ashlee Simpson and her ex-husband, musician Pete Wentz, followed suit, naming their son Bronx Mowgli after the New York City borough. He's in good company; he's joined by Brooklyn, the son of David and Victoria Beckham.", "During an A&E Biography on him, the host explained that Cage was director Sam Raimi 's first choice to play Norman Osborn/Green Goblin in the movie Spider-Man (2002). Apparently this was before he met Willem Dafoe .", "Origin: As a child, Kyle Richmond’s wealthy parents, Titus and Rosalie, are murdered in front of his eyes by racists while the family is walking home one evening in Memphis, Tennessee. Years later, Kyle uses his father’s investments to build a successful corporation in Chicago, and, with its resources, becomes a masked vigilante hunting criminals who victimize African-Americans. Kyle is inspired to adopt the persona of Nighthawk by the nocturnal bird of prey his father had been telling him about immediately before he was murdered.", "Finger offered such suggestions as giving the character a cowl instead of a simple domino mask, a cape instead of wings, and gloves, and removing the red sections from the original costume. Finger said he devised the name Bruce Wayne for the character's secret identity: \"Bruce Wayne's first name came from Bruce , the Scottish patriot. Bruce, being a playboy, was a man of gentry. I searched for a name that would suggest colonialism. I tried Adams, Hancock... then I thought of Anthony Wayne .\"", "“There was a man on my homeworld many centuries before my birth who was cast out of his family as you were,” explained the Man of Steel. “He dreamt of justice. He dreamt of helping the weak. He dreamt of showing his family that he was better than they gave him credit for. He used his talents and his skills to fight for those who couldn’t fight for themselves. He became a legend. No one knew his real name. He was called only – Nightwing.”", "In his early 20s, he dated Jenny Wright for two years and later linked to Uma Thurman . After a relationship of several years with Christina Fulton , a model, they split amicably and share custody of a son, Weston Cage (b.1992). In 2004, he married Alice Kim Cage , with whom he has a son.", "Also, DC villain Blackguard, real name Richard Hertz, prefers people to call him Dick. He doesn't see what's so funny about it.", "Another Goliath in Marvel was Erik Josten, who formerly called himself Power Man (not this one) and the Smuggler before gaining powers similar to Pym's. Not the best villain, he eventually changed his name to Atlas when he became one of the The Thunderbolts . (Still not the best name, as anyone who studies Classical Mythology knows, and he's gone downhill since their ruse was exposed.)", "At least it's not as bad as the name of Jason Lee's son: Pilot Inspektor .", "Raised by his parents (better known as the \"Flying Graysons\") in a circus, Dick Grayson was trained to be incredibly acrobatic. He is voiced by Josh Keaton and Scott Porter.", "Terry Bollea, also know as Hulk Hogan, left, and his daughter Brooke listen as Bollea's son Nick is sentenced to eight months in county jail Friday, May 9, 2008 in Clearwater, Fla.", "Son Stephen Bogart was born on January 6, 1949. He was named after father Humphrey Bogart's character from To Have and Have Not (1944).", "Son Stephen H. Bogart was born on January 6, 1949. He was named after father Humphrey Bogart 's character from To Have and Have Not (1944)." ]

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[ "The PTL Club (PTL stands for \"Praise The Lord\" or \"People That Love\"), later called The Jim and Tammy Show, and in its last days PTL Today and Heritage Today, was a Christian television program first hosted by evangelists Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker, which ran from 1974 to 1989. The PTL Club, which adopted a talk-show format, was the flagship television program of the Bakkers' PTL Satellite Network.", "1987 – Televangelist Jim Bakker resigns as head of the PTL Club due to a brewing sex scandal involving Jessica Hahn, a former church secretary from Oklahoma. He hands over control to Jerry Falwell.", "In her list of such recipients were Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker, a couple who hosted the morning television PTL Club (Praise the lord) show. Thus, like so many contributors, she felt hurt and betrayed when their fraudulence was revealed, and investigations resulted in prosecution.", "13. In Charlotte, North Carolina, televangelist Jim Bakker, head of PTL Ministries, resigns after admitting to an affair with church secretary Jessica Hahn. Read a religious book, a book where someone has an affair OR a book with a character named Jim or Jessica.", "Jim Bakker and his wife Tammy had been in the ministry with the Assemblies of God since the early 1960s prior to joining Pat Robertson's Christian Broadcasting Network, then based in Portsmouth, Virginia in 1965. The Bakkers launched a children's show called Come On Over (later to be retitled Jim and Tammy), where the couple entertained viewers with songs, stories, and puppets. In 1966 Jim Bakker became the host of The 700 Club, a then-new religious talk program which evolved from a telethon. The 700 Club would become the flagship program of Christian Broadcasting Network, which expanded from its original Hampton Roads station to include outlets in Atlanta and Dallas–Fort Worth by 1973.", "Jimmy Swaggart, who once assailed the Bakkers and their gospel resort with gusto, continues to pay dearly for his sexual scandals of 1988 and 1991. At its peak, his Baton Rouge, Louisiana-based ministry reportedly brought in $150 million per year and reached eight million viewers a week in the U.S. alone, its programs translated into 13 languages and aired in 145 countries. But by 1991 his ministry was already $4.5 million in the red, and in April of this year Swaggart's insurance companies paid $1.85 million to settle his six-year lawsuit with rival minister Marvin Gorman, who originally released the photos of Swaggart with a prostitute. Also in April, a state court ordered Swaggart's ministry to pay more than $1.4 million to Heritage Worldwide, Inc. of Dallas for Bibles and other materials that were delivered and not paid for, along with court costs and other expenses. A computer firm has sued Swaggart for payment of more than $80,000 in software and services. Enrollment at the Bible college on Swaggart's $100 million complex has hit bottom, and last year the Washington Times described an unfinished dormitory there as \"abandoned, its windows void of glass, weeds crowding its entryway.\" While Swaggart maintains a comparatively tiny presence in the U.S., he is quietly expanding his influence in television markets as far away as Africa and the former Soviet Union. And, unlike Jim Bakker and Robert Tilton, Swaggart's marriage has survived his tragic fall. (Christian Research Institute)", "Due to his involvement in highly publicized financial and sexual scandals, Bakker resigned on March 19, 1987. He turned the cable network, the Heritage USA complex and all ministry assets over to fellow televangelist Jerry Falwell. Falwell became CEO of parent company, Heritage Village Church & Missionary Fellowship, Inc. and assumed control of the network and of its flagship program. Falwell's involvement was deemed newsworthy, as the PTL ministries were a part of the Assemblies of God denomination and Falwell was a Baptist. Ministry supporters questioned Falwell's intentions and speculatively attributed his interest solely to maintaining control of the lucrative cable-television empire owned by PTL to use to broadcast his own ministry programming from his Lynchburg, Virginia headquarters.", "By Ozzy Osbourne. About the crookedness and hypocrisy of televangelist Jimmy Swaggert , who had an affair with Jessica Hahn. \"...Today I saw a miracle man on TV cryin'. Such a hypocritical man...Now Jimmy he got busted with his pants down...Self-righteous clown...\"", "In the late 1990s, the show was quite popular and controversial, so much so that it caused contemporaries like Jenny Jones, Maury Povich, and Ricki Lake to \"revamp\" their own shows in order to improve ratings.However, major figures in television, along with many religious preachers, had called for the show's removal and considered it to be of bad taste.", "The Oprah Winfrey Show, often referred to simply as Oprah, is an American syndicated tabloid talk show that aired nationally for 25 seasons from September 8, 1986 to May 25, 2011 in Chicago, Illinois. Produced and hosted by its namesake, Oprah Winfrey, it remains the highest-rated talk show in American television history. ", "By 1998, Studios USA (chairman: Greg Meidel), a division of the USA Network (chairman: Barry Diller), both Jewish-directed and both Jewish-owned by MCA and the Bronfman family, bowed to public demands to morally civilize its Jerry Springer \"talk show,\" a program that regularly featured \"chair-throwing brawls\" and which was \"a target for politicians, religious groups, and television executives offended by its fights, coarse language, and nudity.\" [BRAXTON, G, p. F2]� The Dallas Morning News described Springer (the son of German-Jewish Jews who escaped the Holocaust) as \"a bottom feeder whose syndicated talk show epitomizes the worse television has to offer ... He once apologized for writing checks to prostitutes while serving as the married mayor [1977-81] of Cincinnati.\" [BARK, p. 41A] In 1998 Springer, the \"Sultan of Sleaze,\" reportedly paid $600,000 to ensure that a secret film of him \"romping with a 21-year-old porn star while her stepmother looked on\" wouldn't publicly surface. [COREY/WITHERIDGE, 11-2-98] (Bruce Dubrow, also of Jewish heritage, the Springer show's Executive Producer, \"created and launched both the 'Sally Jessy Raphael Show' and 'The Jerry Springer Show.\" [STARR, M., 1-4-99, p. 74] He later became Executive producer of the Joy Browne show.", "spiritism of the Oprah Church-type is one of the more recent and lethal aberrations of Protestant Christianity. The Gaia", "Court was raised as a Roman Catholic but became involved with Pentecostalism in the mid-1970s. In 1983, she gained a theological qualification from the Rhema Bible Training Centre, and in 1991 was ordained as an independent Pentecostal minister. She subsequently founded a ministry known as Margaret Court Ministries.Brian Baxter, [http://www.skeptics.com.au/wp-content/uploads/magazine/The%20Skeptic%20Volume%2027%20(2007)%20No%203.pdf \"Margaret Court's Word of Faith]\", The Skeptics, Vol 27 No 3, Spring 2007. In 1995, she founded a Pentecostal church known as the Victory Life Centre in Perth. She still serves as its senior pastor. Her television show, A Life of Victory, appears on the Australian Christian Channel. She has generally embraced teachings associated with the Word of Faith movement. Since 2010, she has been the president of Victory Life International, a network of like-minded churches. ", "In the late 1970s, she became interested in out-of-body experiences, mediumship, spiritualism, and other ways of attempting to contact the dead. This led to a scandal connected to the Shanti Nilaya Healing Center, in which she was duped by Jay Barham, founder of the Church of the Facet of the Divinity. Claiming he could channel the spirits of the departed and summon ethereal \"entities\", he encouraged church members to engage in sexual relations with the \"spirits\". He may have hired several women to play the parts of female spirits for this purpose. Kubler-Ross' friend Deanna Edwards attended a service to ascertain whether allegations against Barham were true. He was found to be naked and wearing only a turban when Edwards unexpectedly pulled masking tape off the light switch and flipped on the light. ", "In season 7's premiere, the woman who called Ben seemed pretty wealthy and confident and she tried to remind Ben about \"what the preacher said\" (at her \"funerals\" one can guess). Several episodes later she turned out to be dirty poor and shivered with fear. That woman, Vera, was actually involved in some shady business dealing in Macao with Ben. But according to season 7's bible, it was originally planned for Vera to be a wife of Ben's presumably dead in a murder attempt (a fire or a car crash). She may could have been Leslie's mother.", "1988 Televangelist Jimmy Swaggart, 52, was defrocked by the Assemblies of God following the disclosure of his involvement with a prostitute. (Swaggart was ordered to stay off TV for a year, but had returned after only three months.)", "An obscure flash internet cartoon from the late 90s called Pookie Poo has also parodied Wheel hosted by Saint Patjack (a parody of Pat Sajak) and Vanity White (a parody of Vanna White) with the eponymous character bringing his attitude to the show. in the episode the puzzle, \"FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT\" (under the category of \"Famous Sayings\") is accidentally solved by the main character while he threatens to hurt Patjack.", "Whelchel, who became a born-again Christian at age ten, [4] has devoted her life to her Christian faith. She has written books of anecdotes and advice that provide guidance on various topics which she believes should be handled in a manner appropriate to the Holy Bible . These include topics such as raising children and motherhood. Lisa has spoken about her child rearing books and methods of discipline in her 2005 interview with talk show host Drew Marshall. [5] Whelchel is also a staunch advocate of homeschooling and hotsaucing .", "Springer appeared in an episode of Married... with Children as The Masculine Feminist, in which he was for women getting the men's bowling night and eventually taking over at a bowling alley. Al Bundy and his friends tie Springer to a chair and take over his show with a stripper who jumps up and down for the crowd's delight. He was in several episodes of George Lopez as Benny Lopez's ex-boyfriend Wayne and made a July 2007 guest appearance on Days of Our Lives as \"Pete,\" a high roller in Las Vegas who helped Nick Fallon win $50,000.", "In 2014, Glenn Close revealed in an Hollywood Reporter interview that when she was seven years old, her father and the whole family joined an ultraconservative religious cult called \"the Moral Re-Armament\" (MRA). The cult, led by an anti-intellectual evangelical fundamentalist Pennsylvania reverend named Frank Buchman, had been founded during the 1930s to oppose the prospect of America entering the war against Naziism. Close said that while in the cult, \"you basically weren't allowed to do anything, or you were made to feel guilty about any unnatural desire. If you talk to anybody who was in a group that basically dictates how you're supposed to live and what you're supposed to say and how you're supposed to feel, from the time you're 7 till the time you're 22, it has a profound impact on you. It's something you have to [consciously overcome] because all of your trigger points are [wrong].\" As a young adult, she performed in the group \"Up With People,\" the cult's traveling performance offshoot organization that was designed as a right-wing counterpoint to the hippie movement, until she broke away from both the MRA and Up With People in 1970.", "When Flanders wins a half-time money shot during a WNBA game, Homer decides his neighbor's secret to success is praying. Homer starts praying to get his way with everything...and it works. He even prays himself into an injury lawsuit against the Church and is awarded with the deed to the property. Homer promptly moves the family in, while Helen and the Reverend have been relocated to the Flanders and reduced to preaching at the Bowl-A-Rama. It can only take a miracle to make Homer see the error of his ways. Guest stars Lisa Leslie (WNBA player) as herself.", "On October 11, 1991, Swaggart was found in the company of a prostitute for a second time. He was pulled over by a police officer in Indio, California, for driving on the wrong side of the road. With him in the vehicle was a woman named Rosemary Garcia. According to Garcia, Swaggart had stopped to proposition her on the side of the road. She later told reporters, \"He asked me for sex. I mean, that's why he stopped me. That's what I do. I'm a prostitute.\" This time, rather than confessing to his congregation, Swaggart told those at Family Worship Center that \"The Lord told me it's flat none of your business.\" Swaggart's son Donnie then announced to the stunned audience that his father would be temporarily stepping down as head of Jimmy Swaggart Ministries for \"a time of healing and counseling.\"", "Naughty Nuns : Invoked and parodied in \"Granddad Dates a Kardashian\". An old nun named Mother Maria, who is dying of an illness and offered a chance to be on reality TV if she spices up her tragic stories, lies that she \"fucked Eisenhower \" and almost died of syphilis.", "Hank can be gullible, as for 25 years he bought vehicles at sticker price from Tom Hammond's dealership, thinking they were a great deal. He has also been tricked because of his relative ignorance concerning drugs or subcultures. Hence he once mistakenly bought vials of crack cocaine believing they were fishing bait and in a time of stress took a hit of marijuana because he thought it was a cigarette. He once introduced a woman named Tammy Duvall (voiced by Renée Zellweger), who later turned out to be a prostitute, to several business associates, she gifted him with a feather tipped hat while driving his father's vintage Cadillac leading to the community to thinking that he was a pimp. This led her former pimp, Alabaster Jones (voiced by Snoop Dogg), to believe he was her new pimp, a role he was forced to act out to rid of him.", "The co-host \"rang the woman at home and pretended to be from an after-school club that her son was due to attend. He then outlined what he said were the \"rules of the club\" which included: \"Rule 1: I don't take any s***\" and \"Rule 2: Shut the f*** up\" and referred to the woman's son as a little s***. As the exchange continued, the co-presenter called the woman an idiot and she became increasingly angry and upset. The co-presenter finally revealed his identity and explained that the woman had been 'set up'.\"", "In 1991 Procter & Gamble won a $75,000 lawsuit against James & Linda Newton who were found responsible for spreading rumors that the company supported the Church of Satan. The two were distributors of Amway Products, a competitor of Proctor & Gamble.", "On April 8, 2007, Fred Phelps Sr preached a sermon addressing Louis Theroux directly and personally, accusing Theroux of taking \"cheap unfair advantage\" of the young women in the church, and trying to embarrass them about their chastity. Phelps also stated that Theroux \"contrives and manipulates those he interviews\", accusing him of feigning naïvety on camera. ", "\"My father took an instant dislike to Debbie,\" Mark recalls. \"She had all her signals wrong: she had short hair; she was vivacious, passionate, and fiery; she was direct; and she had an open, honest laugh.\" That day, and forever after, the good pastor called her a 'whore' from the pulpit, in person, to Fred, and the family. \"She didn't argue,\" says Mark. \"She looked shell-shocked. She started to cry, but did it quietly. After the service, she disappeared. \"After that, he preached to Freddy she was a whore from pulpit every Sunday. \"Then one day,\" says Mark, \"my father announced that the entire family was going roller skating. Even mom. He said we'd have some 'fun' together.\"", "Farrah wasn't issue free, proof being the Letterman incident. She was a grown woman who put up with Ryan being a horrible father for twenty years.", "After resigning his teaching position, Phil took a job managing a bar.  Kay worked as the barmaid to make sure he stayed out of trouble and watched him slowly drink their lives away.  Kay hit rock bottom.  One night, Phil accused her of cheating (but she hadn’t) and she didn’t know how to fix their marriage.  The next day, she was watching a TV show and called the number on the screen to meet with the preacher, Bill Smith.  The preacher shared the gospel with Kay and she gave her life to the Lord.  Kay tolerated Phil’s behavior because she knew God would help her through it.  One night, Phil called Kay a Bible thumper and holy roller. He accused her of cheating again.  Kay left that night with the boys for three months.  One afternoon, Phil showed up in the parking lot where Kay was working.  He wanted his family back.  Kay told him to meet her at her apartment and invited her preacher over too.  The preacher studied the Bible with Phil for several hours.  The next day, Phil, then 28, gave his life to the Lord and was baptized!  Phil started going to church 3 times a week, studied the Bible the other nights and took another job teaching at a Christian school.  “It was about 5 years after I was baptized before the pull of sin finally stopped,” says Phil. ", "I told you earlier that Kimsha Artest, the \"wife\" of Ron Artest had joined the cast of \"Basketball Wives: LA\", but it's been revealed that Ron and Kimsha divorced two years ago! Get the deets inside...", "Herb's wife is obsessed with puppies and is completely oblivious to how much of a Jerkass her husband is." ]

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[ "Lake Ontario is the smallest of all the Great Lakes in surface area (7,340 square miles / 18,960 square kilometers), but its waters run deep. It holds about four times the water volume (393 cubic miles / 1,640 cubic km) as Lake Erie , although it is similar in width and length.", "Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. Ontario, Canada's most populous province, was named for the lake. It is bounded on the north and southwest by the province of Ontario, and on the south by the American state of New York. In the Wyandot (Huron) language, ontarío means “Lake of Shining Waters”. It is the last in the Great Lakes chain and serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River. Lake Ontario is the easternmost of the Great Lakes and the smallest in surface area (7,540 square miles, 19,529 km2), although it exceeds Lake Erie in volume (393 cubic miles, 1639 km3). It is the 14th largest lake in the world, with a shoreline 712 miles (1146 km) long. As the last lake in the Great Lakes' hydrologic chain, Lake Ontario has the lowest mean surface elevation, 246 feet (75 m) above sea level, 100 metres lower than its neighbor upstream. Its maximum length is 193 miles (311 km) and its maximum width is 53 miles (85 km). The lake's average depth is 283 feet (86 m), with a maximum depth of 802 feet (244 m). The lake's primary source is the Niagara River, draining Lake Erie, with the St. Lawrence River serving as the outlet. The drainage basin covers 64,030 km2 (24,720 sq mi).", "Lake Ontario is the easternmost of the Great Lakes and the smallest in surface area (7,340 sq mi, 18,960 km2), although it exceeds Lake Erie in volume (393 cu mi, 1,639 km3). It is the 14th largest lake in the world. When its islands are included, the lake has a shoreline that is 712 mi long. As the last lake in the Great Lakes' hydrologic chain, Lake Ontario has the lowest mean surface elevation of the lakes at 243 feet (74 m) above sea level; 326 ft lower than its neighbor upstream. Its maximum length is 193 smi and its maximum width is 53 smi. The lake's average depth is 47 fathoms 1 foot (283 ft; 86 m), with a maximum depth of 133 fathoms 4 feet (802 ft; 244 m). The lake's primary source is the Niagara River, draining Lake Erie, with the St. Lawrence River serving as the outlet. The drainage basin covers 24,720 square miles (64,030 km2). As with all the Great Lakes, water levels change both within the year (owing to seasonal changes in water input) and among years (owing to longer term trends in precipitation). These water level fluctuations are an integral part of lake ecology, and produce and maintain extensive wetlands. The lake also has an important freshwater fishery, although it has been negatively affected by factors including over-fishing, water pollution and invasive species. ", "Lake Erie (; ) is the fourth largest lake (by surface area) of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the thirteenth largest globally if measured in terms of surface area. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time. At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 ft deep. Lake Erie's northern shore is bounded by the Canadian province of Ontario, with the US states of Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York on its southern and easternmost shores and Michigan on the west. These jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake by water boundaries. The lake was named by the Erie tribe of Native Americans who lived along its southern shore. That Iroquoian tribe called it \"Erige\" (\"cat\") because of its unpredictable and sometimes violently dangerous nature. It is a matter of conjecture whether the lake was named after the tribe, or if the tribe was called \"Erie\" because of its proximity to the lake.", "Side note: Lake Ontario is the smallest Great Lake; Lake Superior is the largest (and deepest). Lake Huron is the second largest Great Lake, and Lake Michigan, the third largest, is the only Great Lake completely within the United States. Lake Erie is the fourth largest and is also the fourth letter in HOMES.      ", "Lake Ontario, one of the world's five Great Lakes, weaves over state and country borders, delighting Americans, Canadians, and visiting tourists with its deep, clear, clean waters. Proudly home to a staggering 4,700,000 acres (7,340 square miles), Lake Ontario is the smallest of the Great Lakes, the ...", "North America's Great Lakes are a group of lakes along the border between the United States and Canada in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. With a total volume of 22,671 cubic kilometers (5,439 cubic miles), these five lakes hold 21% of the world's fresh water supply, and are the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. The Great Lakes include Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. Great Bear Lake is the largest lake entirely in Canada, with a volume of 2,236 cubic kilometers (536 cubic miles).", "Which lake is smallest is less clear, although most would agree Ontario is larger even if Erie \"looks\" larger.  Ontario is deeper with three times the volume of water, but Erie has 25 percent more surface area.   Erie has the greatest number of people living nearby, about 12.5 million.   People have caused severe pollution problems in Lake Erie, but thanks to controls and a quicker water replacement time, the lake is recovering.", "The Great Lakes are on the border of the United States and Canada. These lakes contain approximately 84 percent of North America's surface water and are the home to more than 3,500 species of plants and animals. Lake Superior is the largest of the five lakes by volume, and it is also the deepest and the coldest. The smallest and shallowest lake is Lake Erie. Lake Michigan is the only Great Lake that is entirely in the United States, and it is also the second largest Great Lake by volume. Together, these lakes span more than 750 miles and provide water for a variety of uses, including consumption, power and transportation, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.", "shallowest of the Great Lakes (averaging only 62 feet) and overall the smallest by volume (116 cubic miles)", "The names of the five Great Lakes are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The Great Lakes are the largest surface freshwater systems on Earth and contain roughly 21 percent of the world water supply.", "2. Lake, a lake between the northeastern U.S. and S Canada, between New York and Ontario: the smallest of the Great Lakes. 7540 sq. mi. (19,530 sq. km).", "Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, form the Great Lakes , straddling the United States and Canada to make up the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. Collectively they contain 5,439 cubic miles of water (22,670 cubic km), or about 20% of all the earth’s fresh water, and cover an area of 94,250 square miles (244,106 square km).", "2. Lake. a lake between the US and Canada, bordering on New York State and Ontario province: the smallest of the Great Lakes; linked with Lake Erie by the Niagara River and Welland Canal; drained by the St Lawrence. Area: 19 684 sq. km (7600 sq. miles)", "Of the five lakes, Superior is the deepest and largest in terms of surface area and water volume, while Erie is the shallowest and smallest by volume. Lake Michigan, the second-largest by volume, is the only one of the five lakes located entirely in the United States. Interspersed throughout the lakes are some 35,000 islands, the biggest of which, Canada’s Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron, is sizeable enough to have lakes of its own.", "Though Lake Erie is the smallest of the five in terms of volume, it is still the tenth largest lake in the world.", "Lake Superior () is the largest of the Great Lakes of North America. The lake is shared by the province of Ontario to the north in Canada, the states of Minnesota to the west, Wisconsin and Michigan to the south in the United States. It is generally considered the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area. It is the world's third-largest freshwater lake by volume and the largest by volume in North America.[http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/superior/facts Superior Pursuit: Facts About the Greatest Great Lake – Minnesota Sea Grant] University of Minnesota. Retrieved on August 9, 2007. ", "7,540 sq mi (19,529 sq km), 193 mi (311 km) long and 53 mi (85 km) at its greatest width, between SE Ont., Canada, and NW N.Y.; smallest and lowest of the Great Lakes.", "Is the tenth largest lake on Earth and is the fourth largest by surface area , the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes", "LAKE SUPERIOR Lake Superior is the largest of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is bounded to the north by the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of Minnesota, and to the south by the U.S. states of Wisconsin and Michigan. It is the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area if Lake Michigan-Huron is counted as two lakes and is the world's third-largest freshwater lake by volume.", "Lake Ontario 18,960 sq km, 7,320 sq miles in size, is about 193 miles (311 km) long and 53 miles (85 km) at its widest point. Because of a low elevation above sea level and depths (500 to 800 ft in some places), it doesn't't freeze in winter, unlike the other lakes in the chain. The deepest point is 802 ft, while the average depth is 283 ft.", "The Great Lakes—Michigan, Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario—form the largest surface freshwater system in the world. Together, they hold nearly one-fifth of the earth's surface freshwater. The Great Lakes have over 10,000 miles of shoreline and serve as a drain more than 200,000 square miles of land ranging from forested areas to agricultural lands, cities and suburbs.", "Covering a total surface area of about 244,000 square kilometers (94,000 square miles) the Great Lakes contain a volume of approximately 23,000 cubic kilometers (5,500 cubic miles) of water. This tremendous volume is hard to conceptualize, but if it were spread over the contiguous 48 states, its waters would average about 2.9 meters (9.5 feet) deep. Together the lakes drain about 750,000 square kilometers (about 290,000 square miles), with the primary outlet being the St. Lawrence River.", "Surface area -- 3,200 square miles (8,300 square km). For comparison, Lake Ontario has a surface area of 7,340 square miles.", "Lake Superior covers about 31,700 square miles (82,100 square kilometers), about the same size as Maine or the combined provinces of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. It is the greatest Great Lake--the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area, and the third largest by volume. Only Lake Baikal in Siberia and Lake Tanganyika in East Africa contain a greater volume of fresh water. Superior is the deepest of the Great Lakes and along much of the North Shore is as much as 700 feet deep (213 meters) only 3 miles (4.8 kilometers) out from shore. The deepest spot, 1,332 feet (406 meters), is 40 miles (64 kilometers) off Munising, Michigan. One of the world's tallest buildings, Chicago's Sears Tower, could fit in that hole with only a few floors sticking above the water. See how it compares to the world's largest buildings and lakes.", "It is the shallowest of the Great Lakes with an average depth of 10 fathoms 3 feet (62 ft; 19 m) and a maximum depth of 35 fathom For comparison, Lake Superior has an average depth of 80 fathoms 3 feet (483 ft; 147 m), a volume of 2,900 cubic miles (12,100 km3) and shoreline of 2,726 statute miles (4,385 km). Because it is the shallowest, it is also the warmest of the Great Lakes, and in 1999 this almost became a problem for two nuclear power plants which require cool lake water to keep their reactors cool. The warm summer of 1999 caused lake temperatures to come close to the 85 °F (29 °C) limit necessary to keep the plants cool. Also because of its shallowness, and in spite of being the warmest lake in the summer, it is also the first to freeze in the winter. The shallowest section of Lake Erie is the western basin where depths average only 25 to; as a result, \"the slightest breeze can kick up lively waves,\" according to a New York Times reporter in 2004. The \"waves build very quickly\", according to other accounts. Sometimes fierce waves springing up unexpectedly have led to dramatic rescues; in one instance, a Cleveland resident trying to measure the dock near his house became trapped but was rescued by a fire department diver from Avon Lake, Ohio:", "Lake Michigan's water surface is 22,300 square miles (57,800 square kilometers). It is the second largest of the Great Lakes by volume (1,180 cubic miles / 4,920 cubic km). Only Lake Superior is bigger.", "The average depth of Lake Ontario is 283 feet (86 m), with a maximum depth of 802 feet (244 m).", "Several other minor lakes and rivers are also included in the Great Lakes region including the Niagra River, Detroit River, St. Lawrence River, St. Marys River, and the Georgian Bay. There are 35,000 islands estimated to be located on the Great Lakes, created by years of glacial activity .", "Lake Saint Clair, tiny compared to the Great Lakes but still over 1000 km² (430 square miles)", "Although it's not the biggest lake in the world in size - that distinction goes to the salty Caspian Sea - it is the largest by volume.", "8. The Great Lakes are connected to each other by a series of lakes and rivers. What is the name of the small lake located between Lake Huron and Lake Erie? _________________________" ]

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[ "The first Abercrombie & Fitch retail store was a sporting goods store opened by David Abercrombie and Ezra Fitch in 1892 in New York City. After Abercrombie & Fitch dissolved their business partnership in 1907, Fitch continued the retail business and retained the name. The first Abercrombie & Fitch catalog had 456 pages and was mailed to 50,000 people in 1909. The orders received justified the expense of producing and mailing the catalogs, which almost bankrupted the company. Abercrombie & Fitch branded itself as \"The Greatest Sporting Goods Store in the World\" in 1939, with just the original store and a mail order business generating millions of dollars in sales.", "Abercrombie & Fitch Company (A&F) was founded in 1892 in New York City by David T. Abercrombie and Ezra H. Fitch. Abercrombie, a f ormer prospector, miner, trapper, and railroad surveyor, originally p roduced camping equipment in lower Manhattan; Fitch, one of his custo mers, was a successful lawyer in Kingston, New York, who loved the ou tdoors. The two men pooled their interests and opened a sporting good s store.", "Founded in 1892 in the Manhattan borough of New York City, New York, by David T. Abercrombie and Ezra Fitch, Abercrombie & Fitch was an elite outfitter of sporting and excursion goods, particularly noted for its expensive shotguns, fishing rods, fishing boats, and tents. In 1976, Abercrombie & Fitch filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, finally closing its flagship store at Madison Avenue and East 45th Street in 1977. ", "(BAP 72) TAKE-HOME ASSIGNMENT 2013-2014 Abercrombie & Fitch was established in 1892, and originally was a retailer of outdoor... and sporting goods. In 1976, it went bankrupted and was acquired by Limited Brands in 1988. Michael Jeffries was nominated to become CEO in 1992, and he dramatically improved the status of A&F to be a global fashion retailer. Now the symbol of American style and beloved brand by many customers worldwide, Abercrombie and Fitch produces mainly apparel, fragrance and lifestyle...", "Eventually, however, Abercrombie’s cachet faded, and in 1978, Oshman’s, a now-defunct Texas sporting-goods chain, acquired the Abercrombie name for a paltry $1.5 million. When it gave up on the brand, Abercrombie was pawned off to the Limited and its deep-pocketed CEO, Leslie Wexner. Jeffries was Wexner’s hire, and his task was clear: repackage an aging clothing line for a new generation.", "Marks and Spencer   was founded in 1884 in the northern English city of Leeds, a few hours north of London . Since then, it has expanded to become a global presence in more than 40 countries and boast 703 stores across the UK. The company has changed over the years from reliable, middle of the road and middle England to becoming the go-to place for almost all of British underwear needs. In recent years, its fashion lines have gone through several metamorphoses, some more successful than others. ", "In 1992, L Brands (then known as the Limited Inc.), an Ohio conglomerate credited with turning around Victoria’s Secret, hired Jeffries to help make over another ailing property: Abercrombie & Fitch. Founded a century earlier by the civil engineer and adventurer David T. Abercrombie, the company had originally trafficked in the same hardware Abercrombie had found useful in the field—compasses, canoes, fly reels.", "Denim has been a part of California since the Gold Rush era. It was first developed in the 16th and 17th centuries in Genoa, Italy and Nimes, France; though unconfirmed, tradition has it that the word \"jeans\" comes from \"Genoa\" while \"de Nimes\" led to \"denim.\" The coarse cotton fabric was often used for working people's clothes. Denim gained a more prominent place in history when San Francisco dry goods wholesaler Levi Strauss agreed to apply for a patent together with Nevada tailor Jacob Davis, who had developed a method of reinforcing the pockets of work pants with copper rivets. On May 20, 1873, the US Patent and Trademark Office granted Patent #139,121 for an \"Improvement in Fastening Pocket-Openings.\" The pair's usually-denim \"waist overalls\" grew ever more successful. Today, the average American owns 7 pairs of jeans, California's cotton and jeans industries employ tens of thousands of people, and 75% of the world's designer jeans come from the Golden State. Denim apparel—both designer and tough working clothing—is now enduringly popular in wardrobes across the world.", "Founded in 1879, Woolworth's became the model for five-and-dimes throughout the U.S. As the era of the enclosed shopping mall arose, Woolworth's responded by acquisition and expansion, buying such specialty shops as Kinney Shoes, Champs Sports and Foot Locker. But rapid expansion proved to be the company's undoing. By 1997 all Woolworth's shops had closed. In 2001, the company changed its name to Foot Locker.", "The history of Foot Locker may be traced through that of Woolworth and that company's founder, Frank Winfield Woolworth, who parlayed the idea of the five-and-ten cent store into an international retailing empire. Born in 1852, in Rodman, New York, Woolworth moved to Watertown, New York, in 1873 where he apprenticed and then clerked with Augsbury & Moore, a wholesaler and dry goods store. Wanting more money, Woolworth soon left Augsbury & Moore for A. Bushnell & Company, a local dry goods and carpet store. His new employer, however, found him a poor salesman and lowered his wages from $10 to $8 a week. In response, Woolworth overworked himself, had a complete breakdown, and spent six months convalescing.", "The original occupier of the Abercrombie & Fitch Hollister Co. and Gilly Hicks store was a flagship National Geographic shop at 83–97 Regent Street, it is a flagship store for Hollister Co. and Gilly Hicks first international flagship store.", "Bean’s name spread during the 1920s, due to word-of-mouth as well as print advertising and the founder’s continuing innovations. In 1920 Bean opened a showroom store adjacent to his workshop, to accomodate the demands of visitors. In 1922 Bean reengineered the Maine Hunting Shoe by adding a split backstay to help eliminate chafing. Within two years, sales rose to $135,000 annually. In 1923 the company received welcome publicity when its boots were used to outfit the Macmillan Arctic Expedition. Two years later, the first full-sized catalog was mailed, featuring nonshoe apparel and sporting gear for the first time.", "Abercrombie & Fitch (A&F) is an American retailer that focuses on upscale casual wear for young consumers, and is headquartered in New Albany, Ohio, a suburb of Columbus. It has over 300 locations in the United States, and is expanding internationally. The company operates two offshoot brands: Abercrombie Kids and Hollister Co., in addition to two brands, Ruehl No.925 and Gilly Hicks, that closed in early 2010 and 2015, respectively.", "The F. W. Woolworth Company (often referred to as Woolworth's, or Woolworth) was a retail company and one of the original pioneers of the five-and-dime store . It was arguably the most successful American and international five-and-dime business, setting trends and creating the modern retail model which stores follow worldwide today.", "In 1871 he opened his first own store. Like his tie business, his menswear collection was an immediate success with the preppy, fashionable young Ivy League men. Only a year later, in 1972, Ralph Lauren also designed his first collection for women. Ralph Lauren's casual, elegant clothes had become a marketing hit. He opened his first store on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills. He produced a collection of tailored womens shirts. In 1972 he launched a complete range of garments for women, made of cashmere, cotton and tweed. His clothes projected a purely American style of casual chic. He dressed women in literal versions of menswear, pleated trousers, wing collars, pleated shirt fronts, and tweed hacking jackets. All of his collections have themes, in 1978 Ralph Lauren introduced the casual/sophisticated \"prairie look\", denim skirts worn over layers of white cotton petticoats, fringed buckskin jackets and full sleeved soft blouses. In 1980 he showed hooded capes, linen ruffled blouses, madras cotton shirts and full skirts as part of the \"American frontier\" look.", "Levi Strauss, the founder of what today we refer to as the jeans company Levi's, was the owner of a dry goods store in New York. When the Gold Rush in California began, he moved to San Francisco intending to make his fortune selling supplies to the workers there.", "Brooks Brothers is generally credited with first offering the \"ready-to-wear\" suit, a suit which was sold already manufactured and sized, ready to be tailored. It was Haggar Clothing that first introduced the concept of suit separates in the US, the concept of separately sold jackets and trousers, which are widely found in the marketplace today.", "Saks Fifth Avenue is an American department store owned by the oldest commercial corporation in North America, the Hudson's Bay Company. Its main flagship store is located on Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Competitors in the US have historically included Bergdorf Goodman, Neiman Marcus, Barneys, and its sister Lord & Taylor.", "Over the years, denim trousers traveled from ship to shore. A German-born immigrant named Levi Strauss made his way to San Francisco in 1853, eager to expand his dry goods business into the Gold Rush areas of California. He soon met Jacob Davis, a Latvian-born tailor who bought canvas-type materials, including denim, from Strauss for various applications. Soon, however, he was making pants out of the stuff to replace the cotton trousers that miners found nearly useless under heavy use. As tough as the canvas and denim were, they still ripped in particular places, like the pockets.", "Along with his partner, Alvah Roebuck, Richard Sears opened one of the first mail-order businesses. In 1895, they rolled out their first catalogue, a 532-page behemoth containing thousands of items, enough to supply every need a family could have. Sears was a master marketer, an apostle of advertising, and it pioneered such innovations as the money-back guarantee. By the 1920s, Sears was selling everything from houses (now highly desirable collector�s residences) to violins. Local merchants couldn�t compete, and the culture of mom-and-pop stores was devastated by modern marketing and low prices.", "This famous upscale clothing store was founded in New York City in 1818, and it has been peddling men's fashion and outerwear to devoted patrons ever since. The high quality, well-priced suits, shirts, sports jackets, ties and tuxedos never go out of style. They now sell women's clothing as well. Although geared towards businessmen, in-the-know hipsters can be found shopping here due to the good selection of basic black.", "From 1992, when he was hired at Abercrombie, to the early aughts, Jeffries presided over one of the more impressive runs in the history of modern American retail. And he did it by turning an all-but-moribund clothing brand, best known as a fusty safari outfitter, into a multibillion-dollar behemoth with more than a thousand storefronts and a style that competitors were tripping over one another to imitate. Unlike his peers, who tended to view the youth market with clinical detachment, Jeffries had a Peter Pan–like ability to commune with the whims of the average American teen. As a former colleague once said, ideally, Jeffries “would like to be a guy with a young body in California.” He was able to predict what his customers desired because that’s what he desired too.", "Saks Fifth Avenue, an upscale American department store was founded by Andrew Saks and incorporated in New York in 1902 as Saks & Company. In 1923, Saks & Co. merged with Gimbel Brothers, and in 1924, Horace Saks and Bernard Gimbel opened Saks Fifth Avenue in New York City. Today, Saks Fifth Avenue Enterprises (SFAE) consists of 54 Saks Fifth Avenue stores, 48 Saks Off 5th stores, and saks.com.", "In 1872 a Reno, Nevada tailor named Jacob Davis contacted Strauss regarding a type of men’s work pants he had been making for the miners, farmers and laborers that were his customers. Davis was a regular customer of Mr. Strauss, and had been purchasing bolts of heavy blue denim fabric—known as “jeans”—to make pants that could withstand the kind of abuse that came with manual labor. Davis had developed a way to make the pants even stronger by placing metal rivets at the “points of strain” on the pants; the corners of the pockets and the base of the button fly. The pants were hugely popular with his customer base, and Davis was interested in patenting them, but knew that he needed a well-established businessman to help market and produce them successfully. Strauss was intrigued by the idea, and eager to be involved. So it was that on May 20, 1873 Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis received United States patent # 139121 that called for the use of copper rivets to strengthen the pockets and fly of denim work pants. It was the birth of an American icon: the blue jean.", "G.H. Bass & Co. is a fashion store that dates back to Maine in 1876 and is the designer of the stylish spin on a Norwegian farm shoe designed for “loafing in the field,” and playfully dubbed them Weejuns – introducing the world’s first penny loafer.", "Champion is an American clothing and accessories brand founded in 1919 and based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, which is well-known for producing sportswear. It is also famous for its stylish and up-to-date designs, which are suitable for every man of any age who is fan of elegance and unique looks.", "In the 1960s, the five-and-dime concept evolved into the larger discount department store format. In 1962, Woolworth's founded a chain of large, single-floor discount stores called Woolco. Some of these stores were branded as Winfields, after the founder's middle name.", "By 1861, Strauss had one of the most successful dry-goods businesses in San Francisco, and the firm continued to grow. Goods still came from the New York branch of the company, but Strauss also had items made on the West Coast, including pants. The first work pants he sold were made of canvas, but Strauss later switched to denim. He hired tailors to make the pants in their homes. The pants were just one of many products sold by Levi Strauss & Company.", "Another common undergarment of the late-19th century for men, women and children was the union suit. Invented in Utica, New York, and patented in 1868, this was a one-piece front-buttoning garment usually made of knitted material with sleeves extending to the wrists and legs down to the ankles. It had a buttoned flap (known colloquially as the \"access hatch\", \"drop seat\" or \"fireman's flap\") in the back to ease visits to the toilet. The union suit was the precursor of long johns, a two-piece garment consisting of a long-sleeved top and long pants possibly named after American boxer John L. Sullivan who wore a similar garment in the ring.", "The company was founded in 1888 as Pettigrew & Stephens. The store sold a wide range of goods, including clothes, millinery, confectionery, carpets, furniture, ironmongery and china.", "The company was founded in 1963 by Arthur Benjamin Sugarman (1925-1987), who was born in Brighton. He emigrated to the United States in 1946, via Canada, and changed his nationality to American. He married the daughter of a Californian clothes producer and later returned to Brighton, where he bought a shirt factory.", "Hanes is a North Carolina based clothing brand that manufactures casual and activewear for men, women and children. It was founded by John Wesley in 1901." ]

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[ "The Greeks believed that the gods chose Mount Olympus, in a region of Greece called Thessaly (Thessalia), as their home. On Olympus, the gods formed a society that ranked them in terms of authority and powers. However, the gods could roam freely, and individual gods became associated with three main domains�the sky or heaven, the sea, and earth. The 12 chief gods, usually called the Olympians, were Zeus, Hera, Hephaestus, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Hestia, Hermes, Demeter, and Poseidon.", "According to ancient Greek mythology, when things had to be decided in the mystical world, a council of 12 gods called the Olympians met on Mount Olympus to discuss things. The 12 Olympian gods all kept a home on Mount Olympus. Hades was rarely in residence. He preferred his home in the Underworld. Poseidon preferred his palace under the sea. But the rest of the Olympians could be found on Mount Olympus year around unless they were off traveling, causing trouble somewhere.", "The home of the gods was thought to be Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. The most important deities were: Zeus, the supreme god and ruler of the sky; Hera, his wife and goddess of marriage; Athena, goddess of wisdom; Poseidon, god of the sea; Demeter, goddess of the earth; Apollo, god of the sun, law, reason, music and poetry; Artemis, goddess of the moon, the hunt and the wilderness; Aphrodite, goddess of love; Ares, God of war; Hermes, god of commerce and medicine, and Hephaestus, god of fire and metalwork. Worship, like many other activities, was done in community, in the open. However, by 600 BC, the gods were often represented by large statues and it was necessary to provide a building in which each of these could be housed. This led to the development of temples.", "The Twelve Olympians, in Greek mythology, were the principal gods of the Greek pantheon, residing atop Mount Olympus. There were, at various times, fourteen different gods recognized as Olympians, though never more than twelve at one time. Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, and Artemis are always considered Olympians. Hestia, Demeter, Dionysus, and Hades are the variable gods among the Twelve. Hestia gave up her position as an Olympian to Dionysus in order to live among mankind (eventually she was assigned the role of tending the fire on Mount Olympus). Persephone spent six months of the year in the underworld (causing winter), and was allowed to return to Mount Olympus for the other six months in order to be with her mother, Demeter. And, although Hades was always one of the principal Greek gods, his home in the underworld of the dead made his connection to the Olympians more tenuous. The Olympians gained their supremacy in the world of gods after Zeus led his siblings to victory in war with the Titans; Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Hestia, and Hades were siblings; all other Olympians (with the exception of foam-born Aphrodite) are usually considered the children of Zeus by various mothers, except for Athena, who in some versions of the myth was born of Zeus alone. Additionally, some versions of the myth state that Hephaestus was born of Hera alone as Hera’s revenge for Zeus’ solo birth of Athena.", "Greek myths always refer to the twelve Gods of Mount Olympus, but actually, in total there were more Olympian Gods in Greek Mythology. However, there were never more than twelve at one time. The four alternative gods were Hestia, Hades, Dionysus and Demeter, depending on the location.", "Mount Olympus is the so called place of the gods in Greek mythology. It supposedly towers up from the center of the earth. Here at least twelve major gods are said to live and hold court. The myths are vague on whether it is an actual mountain that can be traveled to by foot or only a region of the heavens.", "The ancient home of the prinicpal gods in the Greek pantheon, where the ‘Twelve Olympians’ of Ancient Greece - including Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo and Artemis - lived and feasted on ambrosia and nectar.", "After the Titanomachy between the gods of new and older generation for the rule of the world, Gods chose Mount Olympus as their residence, the highest mountain in Greece. Zeus was their leader and Hera was his sister-wife. The twelve Olympian Gods actually consisted of Zeus and his siblings, as well as few children of Zeus who were born later. People gave the gods special domains of rule and also attributed them human characteristics.", "Mount Olympus: The highest mountain in Greece, Mount Olympus was the home of the gods in Greek mythology.", "In Greek mythology, there are twelve chief gods, known as Olympians. Olympians referred to the gods who resided in Olympus. The names within the Olympian pantheon varied from writer to writer.", "The family of the Cronidae accordingly embraces the twelve great gods of Olympus, Zeus (the head of them all), Poseidon, Apollo, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Athena, Aphrodite, and Artemis. These twelve Olympian gods, who in some places were worshipped as a body, as at Athens (Thueyd. vi. 54), were recognised not only by the Greeks, but were adopted also by the Romans, who, in particular, identified their Jupiter with the Greek Zeus.", "These twelve gods are called the Olympians. they are Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Hera, Ares, Athena, Apollo, Aphrodite, Hermes, Artemis, and Hephaestus.", "            Zeus became the chief of the gods and ruler of the Heavens.  His brothers Poseidon (Neptune) and Hades (Pluto) took dominion over the oceans and the underworld, respectively.  No single god claimed dominion over the earth, which became common ground, though Demeter (Ceres) is typically depicted as a Mother Earth figure.  The chief gods lived on Mt. Olympus, a tall mountain in northern Greece believed by the ancients to be the center of the earth.  In general, the gods were associated with forces of nature.  There were twelve original Olympians: Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Ares, and Hermes.  These were later joined by Dionysus.", "The home of the gods on Mount Olympus was described as a beautiful, heavenly abode, untouched by cold, wind, rains or snow. The beautiful golden palaces of the gods, built by Hephaestus , were luxurious. Myth and legend tell of the mighty Hall of the Gods where Zeus and Hera held court. The magnificent thrones of Zeus and Hera faced down the Council Hall towards the door leading into the open courtyard. There were seven steps leading up to the throne of Zeus that were enamelled with each of the colors of the rainbow. Three crystal steps led to the throne of Hera. Along the sides of the hall stood ten other golden thrones, five on each side, each one belonging to the other ten Olympians.", "The Olympians are a group of 12 gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans. All the Olympians are related in some way. They are named from their dwelling, Mount Olympus", "Olympus - A mountain in Greece, which is home to many of the gods and goddesses.", "The highest peak in the Greek peninsula. In Greek Mythology it is the home of the Gods and the Goddesses.", "At the center of Greek mythology is the pantheon of deities who were said to live on Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. From their perch, they ruled every aspect of human life. Olympian gods and goddesses looked like men and women (though they could change themselves into animals and other things) and were–as many myths recounted–vulnerable to human foibles and passions.", "The Olympian pantheon of gods was the most well-known, each deity possessing a distinctive character. Twelve of them famously lived on Mount Olympus.", "The ancient Greeks had a large number of sea deities. The philosopher Plato once remarked that the Greek people were like frogs sitting around a pond—their many cities hugging close to the Mediterranean coastline from the Hellenic homeland to Asia Minor, Libya, Sicily and Southern Italy. Thus, they venerated a rich variety of aquatic divinities. The range of Greek sea gods of the classical era range from primordial powers and an Olympian on the one hand, to heroized mortals, chthonic nymphs, trickster-figures, and monsters on the other.", "\"But Zeus, from the many-folded peak of Olympos, told Themis to summon all the gods into assembly. She went everywhere, and told them to make their way to Zeus' house. There was no Potamos (River) that was not there, except only Okeanos (Oceanus), there was not one of the Nymphai (Nymphs) who live in the lovely groves, and the springs of rivers and grass of the meadows, who came not. These all assembling into the house of Zeus cloud-gathering took places among the smooth-stone cloister walks.\"", "\"But Zeus, from the many-folded peak of Olympos, told Themis to summon all the gods into assembly. She went everywhere, and told them to make thier way to Zeus' house. There was no River [Potamos] that was not there, except only Okeanos (Oceanus), there was not one of the Nymphai (Nymphs) who live in the lovely groves (alsea) [i.e. Dryades], and the springs of rivers (pegai potamon) [i.e. Naiades] and the grassy meadows (pisea poiêenta), who came not. These all assembling into the house of Zeus cloud-gathering took places among the smooth-stone cloister walks.\"", "Zeus was also protector of cities, the home, strangers, and supplicants. Statues of Zeus appeared in forecourts of houses all over Greece, while mountaintop shrines attracted scores of pilgrims. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia, located in a sacred grove between two rivers was the most revered object of Zeus' worship.", "The Greeks put statues of the gods inside temples . Some temples were quite small, others very large and beautiful, with amazing decorations. The most famous temple in Greece is the Parthenon (which you can still see today) in Athens . Every city in Greece had a 'patron' god or goddess - a special god whom people believed protected them from harm.", "45. The GodsofZeusOlympus:19topmost peak, the acropolis, was the great hall where the members of the Olympic Council gathered for deliberation or for feasting. Ambrosia was the food served at these banquets, and nectar,poured into the cups by Hebe, the goddess of youth, nourished the ichor flowing in the gods' veins instead of blood. The nostrils of the feasterswerefilledwith the rich odor ofsacrifices of-fered on earth, and their ears charmed by the songs the Muses sang to the accompaniment ofApollo's lyre. In the place of honor sat Zeus on his golden zeus (Jupiter) throne, and Hera, his sister and wife, sat besidehim, while about them assembled the other ten Olympians, all brothers, sisters, sons, or daugh\" father of gods and king of men.\" ters of the For after his victory over the Titans Zeus ruledsupreme over heaven andHeearth.the other Olympians to dispute hischallengespower:Go to now, ye gods, make trial that ye all may know. Fasten ye a rope of gold from Heaven, and all ye gods lay hold thereof and all goddesses; yet could ye not drag from Heaven to earth Zeus, counselor supreme, not though ye toiled sore. But once I likewise were minded to draw with all my heart, then should I draw you up with very earth and sea withal. ... By so much am I beyond gods and beyond men. (Iliad, VIII. 18ff.)As sky-god he drewthe clouds over the faceof heaven, sending storm and rainupon theearth,,", "in Greek religion, goddess of the hearth, daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and one of the 12 Olympian deities", "There have been many Greek gods mentioned across thousands of stories in Greek mythology – from the Olympian gods all the way down to the many minor gods.", "The Greeks offer an insight into mythology, and from them they have given the names of the gods.", "There are a lot of Greek Gods and Goddesses. Here are a few of the names.", "world myths > Greek mythology > mythic history > Greek pantheon > ", "        This work is going to centre on the Panhellenic sanctuaries of Olympia and Delphi and what made them distinctive, but also the reasons why these distinctions occurred. To achieve this I am going to focus the discussion on the origins of the sanctuaries in comparison to others that did not have Panhellenic status and also the types of activity that were established at these sanctuaries that were able to appeal to such a vast selection of people.", "The following is a list of gods and other divine and semi-divine figures from Greek mythology." ]

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[ "George Washington was the first president of United States. He served from 1789–1797. Abraham Lincoln served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.", "George Washington took the oath of office as First President of the United States on April 30, 1789. Washington was reelected in 1792 and served his second term from March 4, 1793 until March 4, 1797 when his successor, John Adams, was inaugurated.", "John Adams, a remarkable political philosopher, served as the second President of the United States (1797-1801), after serving as the first Vice President under President George Washington. ", "George Washington was unanimously elected president in 1789 and inaugurated in New York City, the nation’s first capital under the Constitution. John Adams was elected vice president, and Washington’s first cabinet included Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) as secretary of state and Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the treasury. Washington was unanimously reelected in 1792 and inaugurated in Philadelphia in 1793. He disliked the growing partisan and policy conflicts between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists, especially between Hamilton and Jefferson, and warned the nation of the dangers of partisanship in his farewell address of 1796. Washington struggled to be nonpartisan during his first term but became a Federalist during his second term, partially because of the criticism of his presidency and policies from Anti-Federalist newspapers and politicians.", "George Washington was the first President of the United States, the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.", "George Washington was definitely not the first President of the United States. He was the first President of the United States under the Constitution we follow today. And the first nine Presidents are forgotten in history. ", "George Washington (1732Â1799), the first president of the United States of America. Painted by Gilbert Stuart (1755Â1828).", "George Washington was definitely not the first President of the United States. He was the first President of the United States under the Constitution we follow today. And the first seven Presidents are forgotten in history. ", "As the first President, George Washington  (April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797) couldn't help but set precedents that were followed by later Presidents. His lack of a desire to be seen as a 'monarch' was an extremely important part of creating a citizen President. Also, the fact that he retired after two terms set a precedent only broken by Franklin Roosevelt . After Roosevelt's death, the two-term limit was added as the 22nd amendment to the Constitution. More »", "George Washington was the first Commander-in-Chief of the United States of America during the American Revolution and later became the first president of the United States serving from 1789 until 1797. He symbolized qualities of discipline, aristocratic duty, military orthodoxy and persistence in adversity that his contemporaries valued as marked of mature political leadership.", "On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath of office as the first President of the United States. \"As the first of every thing, in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent,\" he wrote James Madison, \"it is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true principles.\"", "George Washington was elected America's first president. There was some debate about whether the people wanted a king or a president, but Mr. Washington was not interested in being a king.", "George Washington was born on February 22, 1732, and is most famous for being the first President of the United States. His role as commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War prior to his presidency was also key in obtaining independence from the British. With George Washington's incredible influence in the formation of the country, he is referred to with much affection as the \"Father\" of the country. One of his most notable quotes is, \"It is better to be alone than in bad company.\"", "April 30, 1789, George Washington, the first president of the United States, was inaugurated in Federal Hall in New York City, addressing his constituency on “the proceedings of a new and free government.”", "Oh, boy! George is everywhere! – George Washington: First president of the United States of America (which seems a bit ironic considering all the kings with the same name).", "Washington was the first President of the United States. Prior to that, he led key battles as a general for the rebellion that ousted the British from American soil. Date: Unknown. Artists: Gilbert Stuart (1755–1828), Rembrandt Peale (1778–1860).", "Martha Dandridge Custis Washington (June 2, 1731 – May 22, 1802) was the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States. Although the title was not coined until after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States. During her lifetime she was known as \"Lady Washington.\"", "On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath of office as the first President of the United States.", "On this day in 1789, George Washington is sworn in as the first American president and delivers the first inaugural speech at Federal Hall in New York City. Elements of the ceremony set tradition; presidential inaugurations have deviated little in the two centuries since Washington’s inauguration.", "The first person to be elected President under the Constitution was the hero of the Revolution, George Washington Washington, George,", "1. George Washington (1789-1797) was born in 1732, in the British Colony of Virginia, and was a British subject, until the formation of the Government of the United States of America in 1789, when he became its first president.", "On April 30, 1789, George Washington took the oath as the first president of the United States. The oath was administered by Robert R. Livingston, the Chancellor of New York, on a second floor balcony of Federal Hall, above a crowd assembled in the streets to witness this historic event. President Washington and the members of Congress then retired to the Senate Chamber, where Washington delivered the first inaugural address to a joint session of Congress. Washington humbly noted the power of the nations' call for him to serve as president and the shared responsibility of the president and Congress to preserve \"the sacred fire of liberty\" and a republican form of government.", "However, the ratification occurred during the term of Samuel Huntington who served as President from September 28, 1779 to July 6, 1781. Consequently, Samuel Huntington was the first President of the United States in Congress Assembled and was followed by Thomas McKean (July 10, 1781 to November 5, 1781), and John Hanson (the first President to serve the full term of one year - November 5, 1781 to November 4, 1782).", "New York City was the first capital of the United States after the Constitution was ratified in 1788. On April 30, 1789, George Washington was inaugurated as the nation’s first president at Federal Hall, located on Wall Street.", "Nov 2nd  - General George Washington, later 1st American President, bids farewell to his army after the American Revolutionary War", "Alexander Hamilton was a leader in the movement which ended in the development of the Federal Constitution, and he was active in its ratification. New York City became the first capital of the new nation, where President George Washington was inaugurated on April 30, 1789.", "Virginia ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788, and New York did so on July 26. Early in January 1789, all the ratifying states except New York (which failed to appoint electors by the deadline) selected presidential electors in their legislatures or by a direct vote of the people. On February 4, the electors named George Washington as the first President of the United States. The first Congress under the Constitution met in New York City on March 4. Washington was inaugurated on April 30. But North Carolina and Rhode Island refused to approve the Constitution and take part in the new government until Congress agreed to add a bill of rights.", "Virginia ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788, and New York did so on July 26. Early in January 1789, all the ratifying states except New York (which failed to appoint electors by the deadline) selected presidential electors in their legislatures or by a direct vote of the people. On February 4, the electors named George Washington as the first President of the United States. The first Congress under the Constitution met in New York City on March 4. Washington was inaugurated on April 30. But North Carolina and Rhode Island refused to approve the Constitution and take part in the new government until Congress agreed to add a bill of rights.", "In January 1785, the Congress of Confederation convened in New York’s old City Hall on Wall Street, and for more than five years Gotham served as the seat of American power. After the ratification of the United States Constitution, delegates met briefly at Fraunces Tavern as the old City Hall was remodeled to become the first capitol building for the new national government. On the second-floor balcony of the newly renamed Federal Hall, Washington took the oath of office as the first President of the United States on April 30, 1789. A statue of Washington overlooking Wall Street now stands outside a reconstruction of Federal Hall.", "1792 George Washington is unanimously elected to a 2nd term as President by the Electoral College", "The first town in the United States to be named for the first president was Washington. It was named in 1780.", "2nd President of the United States, Writer, Vice President under Washington, Harvard Graduate 1755, Politician, Lawyer, founding father" ]

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[ "One of the most bizarre Number One hits of the Seventies – a decade with practically nothing but bizarre Number One hits. And for most of the decade, it was Jackson’s only Number One solo hit. “Ben” is a love ballad to a killer rat, from a trashy horror flick about mutant rodents running amok in L.A. In the movie, it’s sung by the little misfit kid who befriends the titular rat. Few fans had any clue about the pro-vermin subtext, but MJ liked the idea, according to lyricist Don Black (most famous for his James Bond themes): “He’s quite an animal-lover – very sensitive. He enjoys anything that crawls or flies.”", "More chart-topping singles quickly followed, such as \"ABC,\" \"The Love You Save,\" and \"I'll Be There.\" At the age of 13, Jackson launched a solo career in addition to his work with the Jackson 5. He made the charts in 1971 with \"Got to Be There\" from the album of the same name. His 1972 album, Ben, featured the eponymous ballad about a rat. The song became Jackson's first solo No. 1 single.", "More chart-topping singles quickly followed, such as \"ABC,\" \"The Love You Save,\" and \"I'll Be There.\" At the age of 13, Jackson launched a solo career in addition to his work with the Jackson 5. He made the charts in 1971 with \"Got to Be There\" from the album of the same name. His 1972 album, Ben, featured the eponymous ballad about a rat. The song became Jackson's first solo No. 1 single.", "Love songs aren’t  just for humans. Michael Jackson wrote ‘Ben’ in 1972 …a love song for a rat! Sorry MJ, I can’t cuddle up to something that is essentially vermin.", "The song Michael sings to make Homer get thru the night is Ben. This was Michael's first solo hit, while he was still a boy. When Homer starts mumbling in his sleep, Michael tells his stuffed animal: \"Bubbles, it's going to be a long night.\" Bubbles was the name of Michael Jackson's chimpanzee.", "“Michael’s Pets”, a collection of stuffed animals made in the likeness of Jackson’s own pets is marketed in October, 1986. The singer was “very instrumental in the designing of the toys” and “in how it should be programmed”, according to Bob Michaelson, who helped develop the line with Jackson. The stuffed pets are ten in number, namely Cool Bear, based on the singer himself, Jabbar the giraffe, Louie the llama, Muscles the snake, Bubbles the chimpanzee, Uncle Tookie the frog, Spanky, a white dog, Mr. Bill, another dog, Suzy the rabbit, and Jeannine the ostrich. The singer requests that one dollar out of each purchase from the \"Michael’s Pets\" set be placed aside for a children’s organization.", "She took in and cared for Togar, a lion that belonged to Anton LaVey, after he was told by San Francisco officials that he couldn't keep a fully grown lion as a house pet. Shambala became the new home for Michael Jackson's two Bengal tigers, Sabu and Thriller, after he decided to close his zoo at his Neverland Valley Ranch in Los Olivos. Thriller died in June 2012 of lung cancer. ", "This is a rare pop song with a horror theme. Halloween novelty songs like \" Monster Mash \" had been around for a while, but this was the first hit song with year-round appeal containing lyrics about creatures of the night who terrify their victim. At the time, Michael Jackson was one of the least frightening people on Earth, so the video had to sell it. John Landis, who worked on the 1981 movie An American Werewolf In London, was brought in to direct. Landis had Jackson turn into a Werewolf in the video.", "If Bubbles were a human, he would've had a pretty nice life, drinking tea and touring with Jackson. But Bubbles' life was not glamorous. Born in a biomedical research laboratory, he was pried from his mother's arms at just a few months old and eventually ended up as the King of Pop's favorite pet. He was an easy target from the moment he appeared alongside Jackson in 1986, a symbol of the celebrity's eccentricity. The media loved to mock their antics and matching outfits. The National Enquirer ran a story once claiming the singer Prince used ESP to drive the ape insane.", "Jackson bought and befriended a pet chimpanzee called Bubbles, an act which extended his eccentric persona. In 2003, the singer claimed that Bubbles shared his toilet and cleaned his bedroom.[49] Later it was reported that Jackson bought the bones of The Elephant Man. Although untrue, it was a story that Jackson again disseminated to the tabloid press.[48][49] These stories inspired the pejorative nickname \"Wacko Jacko\", which Jackson acquired the following year. He would eventually come to despise the nickname. Realizing his mistake, he stopped leaking untruths to the press. However due to the profit being made, the media began making up their own stories.[49][51]", "Jackson gave a 90-minute interview to Oprah Winfrey in February 1993, his second television interview since 1979. He grimaced when speaking of his childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness. He denied tabloid rumors that he had bought the bones of the Elephant Man, slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, or bleached his skin, stating for the first time that he had vitiligo. The interview was watched by an American audience of 90 million.Dangerous re-entered the album chart in the top 10, more than a year after its original release.[9][48][90]", "The film's theme song \"Ben\" is performed by Lee Montgomery in the film and by Michael Jackson over the end credits. Michael's recording of the song became a #1 pop hit single. Later included on Michael's album of the same name, \"Ben\" won a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song (it lost to \"The Morning After\" from The Poseidon Adventure).", "Singer Michael Jackson (b.1958) died suddenly on June 25 following a coronary. Jackson began as a member of the Jackson 5 when he was a young child and became the best selling singer of the 1980s with his album Thriller, which included one of the first music videos to fully adopt special effects, as well as present a view of genre creatures. His film debut was as the Scarecrow in the film version of The Wiz. Jackson also touched the genre with his appearance and performance in Francis Ford Coppola's short film Captain EO and a brief appearance in the film Men in Black II. Changes in his appearance, erratic behavior, lawsuits, and a brief marriage to Elvis Presley's daughter among other things made Jackson fodder for the tabloids.", "Michael Joseph Jackson ( 29 August 1958 – 25 June 2009 ) was an American singer - songwriter , dancer, businessman , and philanthropist . Often referred to by the honorific nickname \"King of Pop\", Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades.", "Born in White Station, Mississippi , near West Point , he was named after Chester A. Arthur , the 21st President of the United States, and was nicknamed Big Foot Chester and Bull Cow in his early years because of his massive size. He explained the origin of the name Howlin’ Wolf thus: “I got that from my grandfather [John Jones].” His Grandfather would often tell him stories about the wolves in that part of the country and warn him that if he misbehaved, the howling wolves would “get him”. According to the documentary film The Howlin’ Wolf Story , Howlin’ Wolf’s parents broke up when he was young. His very religious mother Gertrude threw him out of the house while he was still a child for refusing to work around the farm; he then moved in with his uncle, Will Young, who treated him badly. When he was 13, he ran away and claimed to have walked 85 miles (137 km) barefoot to join his father, where he finally found a happy home within his father’s large family. During the peak of his success, he returned from Chicago to his home town to see his mother again, but was driven to tears when she rebuffed him and refused to take any money he offered her, saying it was from his playing the “Devil’s music”.", "Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist , singer-songwriter , and philanthropist . Referred to as the King of Pop , Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records . His contribution to music, dance and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The eighth child of the Jackson family , he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in the mid-1960s, and began his solo career in 1971.", "franklin,in: what kind of animal did mick put to sleep infirst cd movie(big animal in the road)?", "According to Joe Jackson, the song originated from when he heard the title. From there, he came up with the basis for the song lyrics of \"pretty women\" dating \"gorillas.\" He said of the songs origins in an interview:", "Patience was George Michael's first album composed of original material since 1996. The controversial single \"Shoot the Dog\", was a critical song about the friendly relationship between the US and the UK governments regarding the Iraqi War. In the animated music video for the song, Tony Blair is depicted as the \"dog\" that follows his \"owner\" George W. Bush everywhere.", "Singer Michael Jackson recorded the song for his 1995 double album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. It was planned to be released as the eighth single from the album in 1997 but was canceled days before its release date. Only a few copies from the Netherlands, Germany and South Africa (where the record distribution was started previous to the withdrawal) were saved as the other copies were withdrawn.", "With the aid of Eminem and Dr. Dre (who produced his first major-label album, Get Rich or Die Tryin'), Jackson became one of the world's best selling rappers and rose to prominence with East Coast hip hop group G-Unit (which he leads de facto). In 2003 he founded G-Unit Records, signing his G-Unit associates Young Buck, Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo. Jackson had similar commercial and critical success with his second album, The Massacre, which was released in 2005. He released his fifth studio album, Animal Ambition, in 2014 and is working on his sixth studio album: Street King Immortal, scheduled for release in 2016.", "The first single released from the album was the double A-side \"Scream/Childhood\". \"Scream\" was a duet, performed with Jackson's youngest sister Janet. The song fights against the media, mainly for what the media made him out to be during his 1993 child abuse allegations. The single had the highest debut on theBillboard Hot 100 at number five, and received a Grammy nomination for \"Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals\". \"You Are Not Alone\" was the second single released from HIStory; it holds the Guinness World Record for the first song ever to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.It was seen as a major artistic and commercial success, receiving a Grammy nomination for \"Best Pop Vocal Performance\".In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance; the incident was caused by a stress-related panic attack. \"Earth Song\" was the third single released from HIStory, and topped the UK singles chart for six weeks over Christmas 1995; it sold a million copies, making it Jackson's most successful single in the UK.[119] The track \"They Don't Care About Us\" became controversial when the Anti-Defamation League and other groups criticized its allegedly anti-Semitic lyrics. Jackson quickly put out a revised version of the song without the offending lyrics. In 1996, Jackson won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for \"Scream\" and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.", "Unlike later albums, Thriller did not have an official tour, but the Victory Tour of 1984 headlined the Jacksons and showcased much of Jackson's new solo material to more than two million Americans. It was the last tour he would do with his brothers. Following controversy over the concert's ticket sales, Jackson held a press conference and announced that he would donate his share of the proceeds, an estimated , to charity. His charitable work and humanitarian awards continued with the release of \"We Are the World\" (1985), which he co-wrote with Lionel Richie. The song was recorded on January 28, 1985 and was released worldwide in March 1985 to aid the poor in the United States and Africa. The song earned $63 million for famine relief, and became one of the best-selling singles of all time, with 20 million copies sold. \"We Are the World\" won four Grammys for 1985, including Song of the Year going to Jackson and Richie as its co-songwriters. Although the American Music Award directors removed the charity song from the competition because they felt it would be inappropriate, the AMA show in 1986 concluded with a tribute to the song in honor of its first anniversary. The project's creators received two special AMA honors: one for the creation of the song and another for the USA for Africa idea. Jackson, Quincy Jones, and entertainment promoter Ken Kragan received special awards for their roles in the song's creation. ", "Singer Michael Jackson recorded the song for his 1995 double album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I . It was planned to be released as the eighth and final single from the album in 1998 but was canceled days before its release date. Only a few copies from the Netherlands, Germany and South Africa (where the record distribution was started previous to the withdrawal) were saved as the other copies were withdrawn. The rarest pressings include the CD maxi single (estimated value over €500) and the single track promo (The promo single CD was going for $1,725.00 Au In February 2011).", "In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance, caused by a stress-related panic attack .[217] \" Earth Song \" was the third single released from HIStory, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks over Christmas 1995; it sold a million copies, making it Jackson's most successful single in the UK.[216] The track \" They Don't Care About Us \" became controversial when the Anti-Defamation League and other groups criticized its allegedly antisemitic lyrics. Jackson quickly released a revised version of the song without the offending lyrics.[218] In 1996, Jackson won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for \"Scream\" and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.[69][219]", "In early 1996, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) issued a press release charging Jackson with antisemitism regarding lyrics in the song \"They Don't Care About Us\", the fourth single from HIStory.[102] The song had originally been recorded with lyrics that included the phrase \"Jew me, sue me\", and \"Kick me, kike me\". The ADL complained and Jackson responded by saying he would re-record the lyrics before the album went into production. However the ADL's press release charged that Jackson had performed the song live and included the lyrics in question during the live performance.[102] The dispute over the lyrics upset long-time Jackson friend Steven Spielberg, who considered the song anti-semitic.[103]", "Michael Jackson, whose career was built around songs of love and brotherhood, drew heavy criticism with the 1995 release of They Don’t Care About Us. The track, from the album HIStory, included the lyrics, “Jew me, sue me, everybody do me / Kick me, kike me, don’t you black or white me.”", "* \"We Are the World\", co-produced and written by Jackson became the first ever single to be certified multi-platinum; it received a 4× certification by the Recording Industry Association of America. The estimated global sales of \"We Are the World\" are said to be 20 million, making it the biggest selling singles of the 1980s. ", "HIStory is Jackson's most controversial album. Jackson was accused of using anti-Semitic lyrics in \"They Don't Care About Us\". Jackson stated that he did not mean any offense and on multiple occasions denied anti-Semitism. The dispute regarding the lyrics ended with Jackson re-recording them. R. Kelly was accused of plagiarizing one of the album's songs, \"You Are Not Alone\". In 2007 a judge ruled that the song was plagiarized and the song was subsequently banned from radio stations in Belgium.", "The lyrics for the R&B ballad \"You Are Not Alone\", written by R. Kelly, pertain to isolation. Two Belgian songwriters, brothers Eddy and Danny Van Passel, claimed to have written the melody in 1993; In September 2007, a Belgian judge ruled the song was plagiarized from the Van Passel brothers, and it was subsequently banned from airwaves in Belgium. \"D.S.\" is a hard rock song, whose lyrics were interpreted by music critics as an attack on the district attorney of Jackson's child sexual abuse case, Thomas Sneddon. Multiple critics reviewed the song in connection with Sneddon, Fox News Channel and CNN, noting that the \"cold man\" in the lyrics is Sneddon; when the name \"Dom S. Sheldon\" from the chorus is sung, it resembles \"Thomas Sneddon\". ", "*In 1984, parodist \"Weird Al\" Yankovic released his parody song \"Eat It\". Yankovic recorded the song with Jackson's permission. The song's music video mocked the \"Beat It\" short film scene-for-scene, with Yankovic mimicking Jackson's dance moves in a clumsy fashion. Jackson received royalties from Yankovic due to the strong similarities.", "The Animals were a rock 'n roll  band  from England during the 1960s that was part of the British Invasion. Known for their blues sound and deep-voiced lead singer,  Eric Burdon, they were best known by the song \"House of the Rising Sun\" which became their signature song." ]

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[ "The current version of Goldilocks is known to perhaps everyone on the planet.  A little blonde girl, Goldilocks by name, tired of walking through the woods, happens upon a home where a family of three bears lives.  The bears were not there upon her arrival.  Hungry and tired, she walks in.  She finds three bowls of porridge set out – she samples each to find one is too hot, one is too cold, but the third bowl is “just right”.  She ate all the porridge in that bowl then retired to the bears’ sitting room.  There she spied three chairs.  Finding one too hard and another too soft, she settled on the smallest chair which was “just right”.  However, this chair – that of the family’s baby bear – could not support her weight, and it broke.  Chagrined, Goldilocks explores the rest of the bears’ home and finds their sleeping quarters.  The room contained a large, a medium, and small-sized bed.  She samples each, finding one too hard, another too soft, but the smallest – that of the baby bear – is “just right”.  She fell asleep in the bed.", "How many of you remember the childhood fairy tale, Goldilocks And The Three Bears? The porridge. The chairs. The beds. Were all too hot. Too cold. Too hard. Too soft. Or just right!!!", "In this heart warming tale, we hear of pretty little goldilocks who finds the house of the three bears. She sneaks inside and eats their food, sits in their chairs, and finally falls asleep on the bed of the littlest bear. When the bears return home they find her asleep – she awakens and escapes out the window in terror. The original tale (which actually only dates to 1837) has two possible variations. In the first, the bears find Goldilocks and rip her apart and eat her. In the second, Goldilocks is actually an old hag who (like the sanitized version) jumps out of a window when the bears wake her up. The story ends by telling us that she either broke her neck in the fall, or was arrested for vagrancy and sent to the “House of Correction”.", "\"Goldilocks and the Three Bears\" and the older \"The Story of the Three Bears\" are two variations of an old fairy tale. The original tale tells of an ugly, old woman who enters the forest home of three bachelor bears whilst they are away. She sits in their chairs, eats some of their porridge, and falls asleep in one of their beds. When the bears return and discover her, she starts up, jumps from the window, and is never seen again. The other major version brings Goldilocks to the tale (replacing the old woman), and an even later version retained Goldilocks, but has the three bachelor bears transformed into Papa, Mama, and Baby Bear.", "In the wander back through the woods of time we make a stop in 1904, where we bump into a little girl who many would probably expect to be much older … Goldilocks … the girl who ate the porridge and slept in the beds of the three bears. Although Robert Southey was responsible for the first publishing of the fairy tale of The Three Bears in 1837, which featured an old woman rather than the pretty young girl, numerous other versions of the tale had various names for the now young protagonist, but Goldilocks was settled upon as her name in 1904 in Old Nursery Stories and Rhymes.", "When it comes time to settle down for bedtime, Doc offers Snow White their beds upstairs, assuring her that they will be comfortable downstairs. She says goodnight to them: \"You're sure you'll be comfortable? Well, pleasant dreams.\" After Snow White has left, they all grab for the only pillow, fighting for it and tearing it to shreds. Snow White kneels at her bedside and says her prayers: \"Bless the seven little men who have been so kind to me. And, and may my dreams come true. Amen. Oh yes, and please make Grumpy like me.\" Grumpy complains about sleeping in the kettle by the fire: \"A fine kettle of fish!\"", "Then the first looked round and saw that there was a little hollow on his bed, and he said, who has been getting into my bed. The others came up and each called out, somebody has been lying in my bed too. But the seventh when he looked at his bed saw little snow-white, who was lying asleep therein. And he called the others, who came running up, and they cried out with astonishment, and brought their seven little candles and let the light fall on little snow-white. Oh, heavens, oh, heavens, cried they, what a lovely child. And they were so glad that they did not wake her up, but let her sleep on in the bed. And the seventh dwarf slept with his companions, one hour with each, and so passed the night.", "The three place the sleeping princess on a bed within the topmost tower. They weep in sadness, and Flora decides that, in order to prevent everyone from being heartbroken, they put the entire kingdom to sleep until Princess Aurora awakens. While falling asleep, King Hubert tries to tell Stefan of his son being in love with a peasant girl, which makes Flora realize that Prince Phillip is the man Aurora has fallen in love with, and they fly back to the cottage for him. However, Phillip is already captured by Maleficent's goons by that time, so with no other choice, the fairies sneak into Maleficent's stronghold and managed to free the prince. Flora conjures the Sword of Truth and the Shield of Virtue for Philip to wield, and they escape from the Forbidden Mountain whilst being attacked by Maleficent's minions, whose attacks are countered by the three good fairies. When Diablo tries to warn Maleficent, Merryweather chases him and eventually turns him into a stone statue. The fairies then assist Phillip in his escape, and battle against Maleficent, ultimately enhancing Phillip's sword as he throws it directly into Maleficent's heart, thus destroying Maleficent. The fairies are present as Aurora meets her parents and as she dances with Phillip, but Flora and Merryweather's argument over the color of Aurora's gown is revived.", "Pinocchio gets home in the middle of the night. He knocks on the door and a snail opens the third-story window. Pinocchio pleads to be let in and the snail says he will come down. Since a snail is slow, it takes all night for the snail to come down and let Pinocchio in. By the time the snail comes down Pinocchio has banged his foot against the door and gotten stuck. The snail brings Pinocchio artificial food and the marionette faints. When he wakes, he is on the couch and the Fairy says she will give him another chance.", "After Snow White tricks the guards, they enter the castle's grounds, avoiding the knights on guard. While trying to get into the castle, Sleeping Beauty yawns and falls to the ground, causing the knights to trip over her and fall, unconscious. With the other princesses, Doris and Queen Lillian, Sleeping Beauty arrives just in time to stop Prince Charming from killing Shrek. After Charming is defeated, she is seen talking to the other princesses, Doris and Queen Lillian in the background.", "The good fairies and Aurora return to the castle. Unfortunately, Maleficent uses her magic to lure Aurora away from her chambers and up into the tallest tower of the castle, where a spinning wheel awaits her. Fascinated by the wheel, she touches the spindle, pricking her finger. As had been foretold by the curse, Aurora is put under a sleeping spell. The good fairies place Aurora on her bed with a red rose in her hand, and cause a deep sleep to fall over the entire kingdom until they can find a way to break the curse. They realize the answer is Phillip, but he has been kidnapped by Maleficent to prevent him from kissing Aurora and waking her up. The three good fairies sneak into Maleficent's lair, aid the prince in escaping and explain to him the story of Maleficent's curse. Armed with a magic sword and shield, Phillip battles Maleficent when the sorceress turns herself into a gigantic fire-breathing dragon. He flings the sword, plunging it into the dragon's heart and killing her. Phillip climbs into Aurora's chamber, and removes the curse with a kiss.", "You can visualize it best if you imagine a child, with a wondrous, Puckish imagination, nodding over his favorite fairy tale and dreaming a dream in which his story would come true. He would see Snow White, victim of the wicked Queen's jealousy, dressed in rags, singing at her work quite unmindful of the Magic Mirror's warning to the Queen that the Princess, not she, was now the \"fairest in the land.\" Then he would see Snow White's banishment from the castle, her fearful flight from the hobgoblins of the forest, her adoption by all the friendly little creatures of the wood, and her refuge at the home of the seven dwarfs.", "In the original fairy tale, the princess actually sleeps for 100 years before she is finally awoken by the prince's kiss; this detail was adjusted for the film in favor of having Prince Philip introduced much earlier, and thus Aurora is awoken much sooner. The writers also omitted darker elements featured in the earliest versions of \"Sleeping Beauty\", such as the princess being raped and impregnated with twins by the prince while she is asleep. In the Brothers Grimm's version, the princess is destined to prick her finger at the age of 15, while Disney decided to make the character one year older. Aurora's names are borrowed from both Tchaikovsky's ballet and the Brothers Grimm's version of the fairy tale. While Tchaikovsky referred to his princess as \"Aurora\", the Brothers Grimm named her \"Little Briar Rose\". This ultimately inspired Disney to use both, the latter of which serves as the character's alias while she is hiding from Maleficent. Aurora was the last princess in whose conception Walt Disney himself was directly involved. ", "Aurora's parents named her after the Roman goddess of the dawn because she filled their lives with the sunshine. Soon after she was born, she was presented to the kingdom at a christening, where she was betrothed to Prince Phillip , the son of King Stefan's good friend King Hubert . Also invited were the three good fairies, Flora, Fauna and Merryweather , who bestow blessings on the newborn princess. Flora and Fauna give the infant princess the gifts of beauty and song, respectively. However, before Merryweather has the opportunity to give her gift, the evil fairy Maleficent arrives. Angered because she wasn't invited to the ceremony, Maleficent puts a curse on baby Aurora. According to Maleficent, before the sun sets on Aurora's sixteenth birthday, she shall prick her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel and die. Maleficent disappears, leaving everyone in shock and horrified. Merryweather, though unable to lift the curse, could soften it. Instead of death, she would remedy the situation by placing Aurora into an enchanted sleep, only to be awakened by true love's kiss if this was to happen.", "Tales of extreme sensitivity are infrequent in world culture but a few have been recorded. The 11th-century Kathasaritsagara by Somadeva tells of a young man who claims to be especially fastidious about beds. After sleeping in a bed on top of seven mattresses, and newly made with clean sheets, the young man rises in great pain. A crooked red mark is discovered on his body, and upon investigation a hair is found on the bottom-most mattress of the bed. An Italian tale called \"The Most Sensitive Woman\" tells of a woman whose foot is bandaged after a jasmine petal falls upon it. The Brothers Grimm included a \"Princess on the Pea\" tale in an edition of their Kinder- und Hausmärchen, but removed it after they discovered that it belonged to the Danish literary tradition. A few folk tales feature a boy discovering a pea or a bean assumed to be of great value. After the boy enters a castle and is given a bed of straw for the night he tosses and turns in his sleep, attempting to guard his treasure. Some observers are persuaded that the boy is restless because he is unaccustomed to sleeping on straw, and is therefore of aristocratic blood.", "After Emma jumps down from the beanstalk, Aurora wonders where Hook is, and Emma replies that he is being temporarily watched and that the group has a ten-hour head start, so they should take advantage of it. It is later revealed that she and Henry Mills , Emma's son, are experiencing the same nightmare. Aurora is seen sleeping when Emma and Mary Margaret pass by. We see her in her nightmare screaming and becoming engulfed by the flames when Henry reappears with the necklace given to him by Mr. Gold and puts out the flames. He tells her his name is Henry and she shouldn't be afraid. She is awakened by Mary Margaret and explains to her and Emma that there was a little boy in her dream, and his name was Henry. She's later captured by Cora, who tries to use her to get what she wants by revealing that Phillip's soul is in another world.", "As the ballet begins, baby Princess Aurora is being christened. The evil Carabosse storms in and curses the baby, as her invitation to the event had been overlooked. The curse states that on her 18th birthday, the princess will prick her finger and die, however, the Lilac Fairy weakens the curse. She proclaims that instead of dying, Princess Aurora will fall into a deep sleep for 100 years. She will then be awakened by the kiss of a handsome prince. During Aurora's 16th birthday party, a mysterious guest (the evil Carabosse) offers her a gift...a lovely spindle. Aurora pricks her finger and the whole court falls into a deep sleep.", "In the original story, Princess Aurora sleeps for 100 years before being awakened by a prince's kiss. In the Disney version, Prince Philip comes to her rescue much sooner.", "Princess Aurora appears in the first Sleeping Beauty story, \"Keys to the Kingdom\", since the original film, this time as the main protagonist. In the story, Prince Phillip, King Hubert, King Stefan and Queen Leah go off for a Royal Conference for two days. During this time Princess Aurora, Flora, Fauna and Merryweather are in charge of the Kingdom until they return. Throughout the segment, Aurora attempts to rely on staying calm during hectic situations but this proves to be a challenge. Later on, Flora, Fauna and Merryweather leave the castle to return Hubert's forgotten speech. Before she left, Merryweather allowed Aurora to use her magic wand during harsh times. Aurora initially thought of this as an easy way to avoid a hassle, ignoring her original vow to stay calm. Soon enough, the magic causes more trouble than before having her result to her previous plans which prevail. Aurora succeeds and when the others return, they enjoy a banquet she prepared. It was implied in this story that Aurora's favorite color was pink seeing how she only wore her pink princess dress for this entire story and she changed the color of her nightgown pink right before she went to bed.", "As fairy tales go, this one can seem pretty light on the supernatural. I would note that the princess feels the pea(s) through 40 mattresses and feather beds, and also that she arrives on a (perhaps) supernaturally stormy night.", "As a child, and as a mother reading the story to my children, I thought the princess was very rude to mention her discomfort, yet at the same time I realised that if she had kept her discomfort to herself, she wouldn’t have married the prince and lived happily ever after.", "When Meleager was a tiny babe only seven days old, a strange thing happened in the white palace of the king. Queen Althea awoke in the middle of the night, and saw a fire blazing on the hearth. She wondered what it could mean; and she lay quite still by the side of the babe, and looked and listened. Three strange women were standing by the hearth. They were tall, and two of them were beautiful, and the faces of all were stern. Althea knew at once that they were the Fates who give gifts of some kind to every child that is born, and who say whether his life shall be a happy one or full of sadness and sorrow.", "\"Sleeping Beauty\" – the pretty royal child, who is at first foretold death and then \"only\" a hundred years of sleep. None of the king's protective measures help: together with the royal household, the princess falls into a deep sleep and the castle is surrounded with an impenetrable thorn hedge. The rescue comes from a prince with a kiss of wakefulness.", "Speaking of mother darling, I have a very old book of fairy tales that used to belong to my mother when she was a child (and is probably even older than that). In this book, there is a story called Snowdrop. Most people would know this story as Snow White. Snow Drop is actually her original name in the Brothers Grimm collection. Apparently, that name wasn't catchy enough. There were two other noticeable differences in the original story: the evil queen is her mother, not her stepmother, and said mother's punishment at the end is a bit extreme. These elements were changed in order to soften the story for children.", "It’s safe to say, you won’t find another version of Charles Perrault’s “Sleeping Beauty” – or, here, Hans Christian Andersen’s “The Snow Queen” – that’s quite so deliberately poetic and sensually provocative as Catherine Breillat’s small gem. Instead of merely describing how the curse that leaves Anastasia comatose affects those around her, the France provocateur imagines what a child of royalty might dream given 100 years of REM sleep. As we know, Anastasia was cursed by an evil fairy at birth to prick her finger at 16 and die. Fortunately, three fairy sisters just happen to be in the neighborhood. They override the curse by ordaining that Anastasia will avoid death by being pricked earlier in her life and slipping into a much longer dream state. She’s allowed to grow older in her dreams, but only in a fragmented sequence of fantastical encounters and under the tutelage of an odd assortment of parent figures. Along the way, she’s also able to fall in love … Breillat-style. At 82 minutes, “The Sleeping Beauty” invites repeated viewing, if only to savor the wonderfully imaginative backdrops. This is the second of three fairytales the director plans to adapt, the first being “Bluebeard.” There is some nudity, but nothing a very sharp teenager would find shocking over over-stimulating. – Gary Dretzka", "In some variants of Sleeping Beauty , such as Sun, Moon, and Talia , the sleep is not brought about by a curse, but a prophecy that she will be endangered by flax (or hemp) results in the royal order to remove all the flax or hemp from the castle, resulting in her ignorance of the danger and her curiosity.", "This story merges a tale of type 327A (Hansel and Gretel) with a tale of type 720 (The Juniper Tree).", "\"North American Children's literature and the films of Walt Disney (1901-66) limit fairy-tale heroines to passive princesses whose only tests require demonstration of innate beauty or pleasing temperament. However, Anglo-American oral traditions are replete with sexual symbolism and aggressive heroines proving themselves in action. Women's role-models in fairy tales could be much more than Cinderellas.\" [America: History and Life]", "In early tellings of the Sleeping Beauty tale, such as \"Sun, Moon, and Talia\" by Giambattista Basile, the princess pricks her finger not on a spindle, but on a sliver of flax, which is later sucked out by her children conceived as she sleeps.", "The famous character , from the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm, who played Den Mother to a bunch of vertically challenged working class guys.", "OK, there must be a ton of other creepy fairy tales out there that you would never read to your kids to lull them off to a peaceful slumber. Let's hear them!", "not have a moral, fairy tales instruct by placing their characters in situations that they have to overcome;" ]

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[ "Marilyn Monroe,[1][2] (1 June 1926 – 5 August 1962), born Norma Jeane Mortenson but baptized Norma Jeane Baker, was an American actress, singer, and model.", "I don't remember when or from whom I first heard the tall tale about Lana Turner being discovered at the counter of Schwab's drug store. I definitely knew this story before I had ever seen one of her performances, and before I had any idea who Rita Hayworth was, or Ava Gardner, or any number of the other sex-bomb actresses who were more or less Turner's contemporaries and whose filmographies are at least the rival of hers. I think I knew of her before I knew of Marilyn Monroe. Lana Turner, first as a name, then as a kind of blonde blur, was the Platonic ideal I had absorbed for what an Old Hollywood movie star was. These days this surprises me, because her oblong voluptuousness is stirring but also a little bit odd, her face a compelling oval, but resting on its side rather than standing at sleek attention. The bigger irony to me is that, for a woman who assumed such fixed, early credentials of stardom for a young boy before he had remotely surveyed the lay of the Hollywood land, it turns out Lana never stopped having to work for them. More than that, she was most famous for playing women who&#151despite their beauty, and whatever their level of renown&#151were forever being asked for their license and registration.", "Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson, June 1, 1926 (birth time source: birth certificate, Bob Garner, Astrodatabank) � August 5, 1962; baptized Norma Jeane Baker) was an American actress, singer, model and film producer. After spending much of her childhood in foster homes, Monroe began a career as a model, which led to a film contract in 1946. Her early roles were minor, but her performances in The Asphalt Jungle and All About Eve (both 1950) were well received, and as her career progressed she became known as a sex symbol. She was praised for her comedic ability in such films as Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, How to Marry a Millionaire and The Seven Year Itch, and became one of Hollywood's most popular performers. The typecasting of Monroe's \"dumb blonde\" persona limited her caree...", "Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, 1926 – August 5, 1962) was an American actress, model, and singer, who became a major sex symbol, starring in a number of commercially successful motion pictures during the 1950s and early 1960s.", "Marilyn Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortensen in 1926 in Santa Monica, California. Her childhood was defined as unstable, with moments of insecurity as she moved from family to years of perilous foster care. She was undoubtedly abused in the different homes she grew up in, and this led to her marriage at sixteen to a neighbor’s son, James Dougherty. There have been many apocryphal stories about her “discovery” in Hollywood, but we do know she modeled throughout her early career, including a calendar in 1950 in which she posed nude. The calendar became an instant hit and a scandal when she emerged as the starlet known as “Marilyn Monroe.” However, when asked by reporters about the calendar, she responded, \"It's not true that I had nothing on. I had the radio on.\" She later married American popular heroes-- baseball player Joe DiMaggio and playwright Arthur Miller. Both marriages ended in divorce.", "Marilyn Monroe, (1 June 1926 – 5 August 1962), born Norma Jeane Mortenson but baptized Norma Jeane Baker, was an American actress, singer and model. She was born in Los Angeles, California, U.S.", "After spending much of her childhood in foster homes, Monroe began a career as a model, which led to a film contract in 1946 with Twentieth Century-Fox. Her early film appearances were minor, but her performances in The Asphalt Jungle and All About Eve (both 1950), drew attention. By 1952 she had her first leading role in Don't Bother to Knock and 1953 brought a lead in Niagara, a melodramatic film noir that dwelt on her seductiveness. Her \"dumb blonde\" persona was used to comic effect in subsequen Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, 1926 – August 5, 1962) was an American actress, model, and singer, who became a major sex symbol, starring in a number of commercially successful motion pictures during the 1950s and early 1960s.", "Actress, model, showgirl, and sex symbol Marilyn Monroe died from an overdose of barbiturates at age 36 on Aug. 5, 1962. The photogenic actress made only 30 films in her lifetime, but still became a cultural icon and was nicknamed \"The Blonde Bombshell.\" She was ranked as the sixth greatest female star of all time by the American Film Institute in 1999.", "Marilyn Monroe was an actress and model popular in the 1950s. She lived a troubled life filled with a mentally ill mother, mental and physical abuse, multiple foster care families, three husbands and drug use. She is known for her films such as The Seven Year Itch, through which she became an icon of glamor and sexuality. Monroe died while still very young, but she had a profound effect on actresses and models who followed her. She remains one of the most beloved people of Hollywood to this day.", "Marilyn Monroe : A model, singer, and actress, Monroe was the supreme sex symbol in her time. She was famous for portraying the “dumb blonde” in How to Marry a Millionaire, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, and The Seven Year Itch. In 1955, Monroe formed Marilyn Monroe Productions which worked a deal with 20th Century Fox worth $100,000 for four films over seven years.", "circa 1958: American film star Marilyn Monroe (Norma Jean Mortenson or Norma Jean Baker, 1926 - 1962). (Photo by Keystone Features/Getty Images)", "Even legends need to start somewhere, and Marilyn Monroe is no exception. She started her career using her original birth name of Norma Jeane in the 1940s. She possessed natural beauty and charm however had not yet established the blonde bombshell personality which would end up being a permanent part of today’s pop culture.", "Hollywood actress Marilyn Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson on June 1, 1926 in Los Angeles, California. Although she became famous for being  one of Hollywood’s biggest sex symbols, she fought hard to break that stereotype, which contributed to her sadness and turmoil.", "Marilyn Monroe was born Norma Jean Mortenson in Los Angeles on June 1, 1926. Her mother was emotionally unstable and frequently confined to an asylum, so Norma Jean was reared by a succession of foster parents and in an orphanage. At the age of 16, she married a fellow worker in an aircraft factory, but they divorced a few years later. She took up modeling in 1944 and in 1946 signed a short-term contract with 20th Century Fox, taking as her screen name Marilyn Monroe. She had a few bit parts and then returned to modeling, famously posing nude for a calendar in 1949.", "Personal Life: (1933-present) Born Marilyn Pauline Novak in Chicago, Illinois. Father was a history teacher who worked as a dispatcher on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad while mother was a factory worker. Attended Wright Junior College and won scholarships for the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Was a model for a refrigerator company trade show and was standing in line to be extras in a Jane Russell film when she was discovered by an agent who signed her for Columbia Pictures. Used “Kim” as a stage name not to get confused with Marilyn Monroe. Made her first film in 1954. Married twice. Married to veterinarian Dr. Robert Malloy for 39 years as of 2015. Retired in 1991. Bought a 43 acre ranch in Sams Valley, Oregon in which the house burned to the ground in 2000 that consumed all her art and the first draft of her biography she worked on for 10 years. Was injured in a horse riding accident in 2006 suffering a punctured lung, broken ribs, and nerve damage but made a full recovery within a year. Was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2006. Struggles with bipolar.", "Jayne Mansfield (born Vera Jayne Palmer; April 19, 1933 – June 29, 1967) was an American actress in film, theatre, and television. Mansfield became a major Broadway star in 1955, a major Hollywood star in 1956, and a leading celebrity in 1957. She was also a nightclub entertainer, a singer, and one of the early Playboy Playmates. She was a major Hollywood sex symbol of the 1950s and early 1960s and 20th Century Fox's main sex symbol actress, alongside Marilyn Monroe. She was also known for her well-publicized personal life and publicity stunts, such as wardrobe malfunctions. ", "Norma Jean The real name of Marilyn Monroe, so any of her iconic outfits pleated dress (Seven Year Itch) or pink gown (Gentlemen Prefer Blonds) can be used.", "In How to Marry a Millionaire, Monroe was teamed up with two other major 20th Century Fox attractions, Lauren Bacall and Betty Grable . She played a short-sighted dumb blonde named Pola Debevoise and managed to shine even among her charismatic co-stars. Even though the role was in many ways a stereotype, Monroe garnered favorable reviews, and critics took note of her comedic timing. In the United States, she was considered a shallow sex symbol, whereas in Europe , she was already getting recognition for her acting skills, up to the extent that she was compared to Charles Chaplin .", "Bombshell (1933) was a sharp, witty satire on Jean’s own life, where she played a movie star trying to escape her trashy image and entourage of lazy, no-good relatives. She went on to play more sympathetic roles in The Girl From Missouri (1934) and Wife Vs Secretary (1936), ultimately gaining the critical acclaim she richly deserved. Marilyn Monroe would also prove herself a fine actress in her later career, seeking out less glamorous roles such as the downtrodden Cherie in Bus Stop (1956), and holding her own against classically trained actors like Sir Laurence Olivier in The Prince And The Showgirl (1957.)", "Monroe was born in 1926 in the charity ward.Her original name is Norma Jeane Mortinson. Her mother had a mental illness and there is some arguments to who her father is so Monroe bounced from house to house to live with family and friends.She said she moved back and forth between houses so much because she got abused in many of them.  When she was sixteen she got married so she could live on her own. Marilyn first was a model then she had many small parts in movies. In 1952 she got her first big part in the movie “Don't Bother to Knock. And played many big roles since then. She has written a few book and has sang some songs.  Marilyn didn't have any children although she tried many times and had a few miscarriages. Marilyn Monroe died on August 5, 1962 when she was 36.   ", "In 1950, Marilyn Monroe posed for full-length nude shots, which the photographer Tom Kelley sold for a calendar. That same year, she appeared in a bit part in The Asphalt Jungle, and though her name wasn't even mentioned in the credits, her appearance generated a huge amount of fan mail. Her reputation as a blond bombshell had begun to be established.", "In 1952, a nude photograph of Marilyn leaked, but there was much speculation over whether or not it was her. She admitted to posing for the pictures to pay her rent, prompting much sympathy from the media and the public, and the photo later featured in Playboy. There was much interest in Marilyn and her unhappy background thence forth making her 1952 film 'Clash by Night' rather popular. In 1953, she appeared in 'Niagara', where it started to become clear that she was not the easiest person to work with due to her erratic behaviour caused by her stage fright. Though her performance was well reviewed, many commented negatively on what they viewed as 'vulgarity' during promotional events. Later that year, she starred alongside Jane Russell in 'Gentlemen Prefer Blondes' in which she sang the famous song 'Diamonds Are A Girl's Best Friend'. Despite her dedication to the role, she was increasingly late to the set annoying director Howard Hawks.", "Marilyn Monroe's body was found during the early morning hours of August 5, 1962, in her bedroom of her secluded home in Brentwood, California, a Los Angeles suburb. She was 36 years old.", "Richard Aldrich's biography of his late wife became a best-seller in late 1954 and 1955, and was purchased by Marilyn Monroe at a New York bookstore. ", "After appearing in small parts in films including 'Love Happy' and 'All About Eve', Monroe found fame in 1953 with 'Niagara', 'Gentlemen Prefer Blondes' and 'How To Marry a Millionaire'. That same year, she began dating baseball player Jo DiMaggio, and a nude spread of her appeared in the debut issue of Playboy magazine. Monroe had hit stardom. The nude spread caused a scandal with her studio, so she agreed to admit she had posed for the photo as she was struggling to pay her rent. The resulting publicity created some sympathy for the struggling actress.", "After leaving Columbia in September 1948, Monroe became a protégée of Johnny Hyde, vice president of the William Morris Agency. Hyde began representing her and their relationship soon became sexual, although she refused his proposals of marriage. To advance Monroe's career, he paid for a silicone prosthesis to be implanted in her jaw and possibly for a rhinoplasty, and arranged a bit part in the Marx Brothers film Love Happy (1950). Monroe also continued modeling, and in May 1949 posed for nude photos taken by Tom Kelley. Although her role in Love Happy was very small, she was chosen to participate in the film's promotional tour in New York that year.", "Okay, let's take a look at 14 things you may not have known about the movies' greatest-ever sex symbol -Marilyn Monroe.", "Fifty years have passed since she died, but there is still a shroud of mystery surrounding the legendary Ms. Marilyn Monroe.", "In this Aug. 5, 1962 file photo, a police officer points to an assortment of medicine bottles on the table beside the bed, right, in actress Marilyn Monroe's home in Los Angeles, Calif., where she was found dead. Monroe was 36-years-old. The 1982 District Attorney's report states that roughly 15 prescription bottles were seen at the scene, but only eight are reflected in the coroner's report.", "Marilyn Monroe was found dead from a barbituate overdose on Aug. 5, 1962, in her Los Angeles residence.", "After her divorce from baseball legend Joe DiMaggio, Monroe searched for more serious roles and announced she would found her own studio. She began studying acting with the famous Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio in New York. She gave an impressive comic performance in Bus Stop in 1955. The following year, she married intellectual playwright Arthur Miller. She appeared in the hit Some Like It Hot in 1959.", "In 1952, after an extensive publicity campaign, Monroe appeared in Don't Bother to Knock, Full House, Clash by Night, We're Not Married, Niagara, and Monkey Business. The magazine Photoplay termed her the \"most promising actress,\" and she was earning top dollars for Twentieth Century Fox." ]

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[ "M&M's originated in the United States in 1941, and are now sold in as many as 100 countries.[1] More than 400 million individual M&M's are produced every day in the United States.[2][3] They are produced in different colors, some of which have changed over the years. The -coated chocolate concept was inspired by a method used to allow soldiers to carry chocolate without having it melt. The company's longest-lasting slogan reflects this: \"Melts in your mouth, not in your hand.\"", "The milk chocolate melts in your mouth, not in your hand ( M&M advertising slogan ) ", "\"Melts in Your Mouth, Not in Your Hand\" is the 4th most memorable slogan in Cal State Fullerton research. M&M candies has had this slogan for decades, an important factor in consumers' remembering a slogan. TEXT BY JAN NORMAN", "*M&M's: \"Melts in your mouth, not in your hand.\" 1954 M&Ms use a patented hard sugar coating that keep chocolate from melting in ones hands, thus a chocolate soldiers could carry., compared to other brands. ", "When I was a child growing up in New York, some of the sweets most sort after by my classmates and me, with yellow and brown packs of highly coloured sugar coated chocolate pills bearing the characters M & M. You could pop them into your mouth one by one and suck them gently until the smooth surface became crumbling to reveal the smooth milk chocolate beneath; alternatively you cold cram your mouth with as many as you could and crunch them greedily to cause an explosion of sound, texture and flavour in your head. A secret pleasure that was hard to beat. I was reminded of all this when a colleague of mine who was having a lab clear out, knocked on my door and asked me knowing full well what my answer would be, 'Hi Andrea, would you like a lump of Gallium?', 'of course I would love some Gallium', I gurgled. The M & M of the elements; the one which reputedly melts in your mouth but not in your hand, he handed me a small plastic bag badly stained with black smudges. I undid the knot eagerly and there it was, a gleaming silvery lump bearing all the hallmarks of a metal that had been repeatedly melted and then refrozen.", "Red or green? Milk chocolate or peanut? Mega or mini? You may know your favorite color and variety of M&M's, but there’s still a lot you probably don’t know about the candy that melts in your mouth, not in your hand. Here are a few colorful facts to snack on.", "Some people think that confectionary is magic, given the example of a humble M&M you could forgive them. M&Ms melt in your mouth, but not in your hand. Can science overcome this strange fact, or will magic prevail?", "Again, the lack of pronouns in “Melts in your mouth, not in your hand” gives it a racier tone than it deserves. Although, we’d all be lying if we denied giggling at this slogan at least once in our lives, right?", "So why do M&Ms not melt in the hand? Is it because the melting point of chocolate is between the temperature of the hand (32-34 degree C) and the temperature of the mouth (37 degree C), meaning that the greater temparute of the mouth is what causes the melting in the M&M?", "This means it will not melt with direct contact with the skin (a good thing) but due to the high melting point, it will not even melt when in the mouth!! (“But but but… it does!”…. I hear you cry!! Close, but no cigar.", "* Magic Hand-Fudge – \"When you hold it in your hand, you taste it in your mouth!\"", "Now add in a little bit of body. Not heaviness, but substance -- you know, the kind of fullness that rich foods feel like in your mouth. Except that it doesn't taste rich, and it doesn't stay in your mouth long enough to become cloying. It tastes, well, dreamy.", "Caramel candy is a soft, dense, chewy candy made by boiling a mixture of milk or cream, sugar(s), butter, and vanilla flavoring. The sugar(s) are heated separately to reach 170 °C (340 °F), caramelizing them before the other ingredients are added. Alternatively, all ingredients may be cooked together; in this procedure, the mixture is not heated above the firm ball stage (120 °C (250 °F)), so there is caramelization of the milk but not of the sugars. This type of candy is often called \"milk caramel\" or \"cream caramel\".", "THIS IS NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH MELT AND POUR SOAP. YOU CANNOT REMELT IT AND POUR AGAIN.", "B) The crispy sugar coating itself has a much higher melting point than the temperature of the skin. Therefore, the temperature of the skin will not melt the crispy sugar coating – keeping the chocolate inside safe from direct contact with the relatively high temperature of the skin.", "Yet another controversial \"taste\" is our registering of metals, such as gold and silver, in the oral cavity. Some Asian cultures place gold and silver leaf, as it's called, atop curry dishes and candies, while Europeans fancy a bit of these metallic foils on pastries. The silver foil garnish is known as \"vark\" when used on Indian sweets, as in the picture above.", "Imagine carrying the employment of ice to such an extent that it culminates in that gastronomical curiosity, a BAKED ICE!  The “Alaska” is a BAKED ICE, of which the interior is an ice cream.  This latter is surrounded by an exterior of whipped cream, made warm by means of a Salamander.  The transition from the hot outside envelope to the frozen inside is painfully sudden, and not likely to be attended with beneficial effect.  But the abuse of a good thing is no argument whatever against its use in a moderate and rational manner.", "Chocolate Dutch Mints®: are introduced. A creamy mint center is drenched in dark chocolate and finished with a crisp, candy shell. A classic confection.", "•Another is Baked Alaska, a dessert made of ice cream straight from the freezer placed in a pie dish lined with slices of sponge cake and topped with meringue. The entire dessert if then placed in an extremely hot oven just long enough to firm the meringue. The meringue is an effective insulator, and in the short cooking time needed, it prevents the heat getting through to the ice cream.", "It comes from crystal and melts to a treat. Add it to your tea to make it sweet. What is it?", "Edible Geography: Could you describe your set-up for melting an ice core? I’m assuming you don’t put it in the microwave or leave it out on the counter to defrost…", "A liquid known for its sweet scent and astringent properties.  Used on the skin and sometimes as a food flavoring.", "Loads of ice and milk powder, a spoonful of sugar. Don't stir it with your finger like the Dude, blend it to an icy slushy consistency. If you've done it right it's thick and COLD. Best ever.", "To my unrefined nose: Artificial candy orange (jelly bean?). The dry down is very well hidden vanilla, clove, lemon verbana, and woods. Not what I expected from the bottle, but I'd recommend it to whomever enjoys candy smells that are less juvenile.", "Confectioners are brilliant when it comes to creating novel items. Some pieces are highly crafted; others are assembled with cheap ingredients to feed a popular frenzy. \"Sauerkraut Candy\" is a little of both. This particular confection combines coconut and sugar to achieve a product that looks like sauerkraut. Why on earth would someone \"invent\" this? We wondered too.", "Can anyone tell me PLEASE where I can find peppermint stick ice cream? Not the pink glue Swensen's sometimes has, but the _real_ thing, white (ok, pink if necessary) with chips of real peppermint candy. Every so often at Christmas, the local Baskin Robbins has something like it, a good enough version. But otherwise, I can't seem to find it anywhere. Anyone out there know?", "Thursday, 13 September 2012 in candies , flavor , heat , sugar , taste | Permalink", "Warm, rounded, forward nose shows lovely nutty, waxy fruit with a toasty oak edge. The palate is attractive but very oak dominated with sweet vanilla character. Very good+", "be eaten with a spoon.  Externally, the fruit is colored a beautiful silver-green, due to a heavy coating of wax. 5", "\"Traditional Earth confection enjoyed as much for chewing as for taste. Sometimes came with packs of baseball cards. Sometimes scotch-flavored.\"", "Ruth: Oh no. This is from Cadbury, see. It has this yielding velvety texture to it which can only be described as “indescribable”.", "the bottle is beautiful.i guess im getting old.i dont like this at ALL.its too sweet.almost like candy.my 16 yr old grandaughter would love it.the notes r simple and blend well but i like a more complex mixture of notes.i can imagine a teenage boy going wild over this.just not for me." ]

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[ "* 16 July 1945 – The first atomic bomb is tested near Alamogordo, New Mexico, United States in the successful Trinity test.", "The United States launched the Nuclear Age in the pre-dawn hours of 16 July 1945 when it detonated a 20-kiloton atomic bomb code-named ”Trinity“ at Alamogordo, New Mexico.", "On 16 July 1945, the ‘Trinity’ nuclear test plunged humanity into the so-called Atomic Age. The first-ever nuclear bomb was detonated in New Mexico, at the Alamogordo Test Range. Nicknamed the “gadget”, the plutonium-based implosion-type device yielded 19 kilotons , creating a crater over 300 metres wide.", "The first atomic weapons test was conducted near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945, during the Manhattan Project, and given the codename \"Trinity\". The test was originally to confirm that the implosion-type nuclear weapon design was feasible, and to give an idea of what the actual size and effects of a nuclear explosion would be before they were used in combat against Japan. While the test gave a good approximation of many of the explosion's effects, it did not give an appreciable understanding of nuclear fallout, which was not well understood by the project scientists until well after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.", "Manhattan Project: The Atomic Age begins when the United States successfully detonates a plutonium-based test nuclear weapon at the Trinity site near Alamogordo, New Mexico. (1945)", "Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, conducted by the United States Army on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project. The test was conducted in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 mi southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on what was then the USAAF Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range (now part of White Sands Missile Range). The only structures originally in the vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings, which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components. A base camp was constructed, and there were 425 people present on the weekend of the test.", "Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear device , conducted by the United States Army on July 16, 1945, as a result of the Manhattan Project , [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, at the new White Sands Proving Ground, which incorporated the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range . (The site is now the White Sands Missile Range .) [6] [7] Trinity used an implosion-design plutonium device, informally nicknamed \"The Gadget\". [8] Using the same conceptual design, the Fat Man device was detonated over Nagasaki , Japan, on August 9, 1945. The Trinity detonation produced the explosive power of about 20 kilotons of TNT (84 TJ).", "At 5:30 a.m. on July 16, 1945, Los Alamos scientists detonated a plutonium bomb at a test site located on the U.S. Air Force base at Alamogordo, New Mexico , some 120 miles south of Albuquerque. Oppenheimer chose the name “Trinity” for the test site, inspired by the poetry of John Donne. The test had been scheduled for 4 a.m., but when the time came it was raining, and the appointed hour was pushed back to 5:30. Tensions ran high at the test site, where those assembled included the scientist Enrico Fermi–who had directed the first nuclear chain reaction in December 1942–U.S. Army Brigadier General Leslie Groves, Bush, Oppenheimer and others.", "The complexity of the plutonium bomb caused some concern among project engineers, so a test of the bomb was scheduled for July 16, 1945. On that day, at Alamogordo, New Mexico, the first atomic bomb blast the world had ever witnessed occurred, ushering in the Atomic Age.", "Because of the difficulties in making a working plutonium bomb, it was decided that there should be a test of the weapon. On July 16, 1945, in the desert north of Alamogordo, New Mexico, the first nuclear test took place, code-named \"Trinity\", using a device nicknamed \"the gadget.\" The test, a plutonium implosion type device, released energy equivalent to 19 kilotons of TNT, far more powerful than any weapon ever used before. The news of the test's success was rushed to Truman at the Potsdam Conference, where Churchill was briefed and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin was informed of the new weapon. On July 26, the Potsdam Declaration was issued containing an ultimatum for Japan: either surrender or suffer \"complete and utter destruction\", although nuclear weapons were not mentioned.", "In the spring of 1945, preparations began in the Pacific for the use of the atomic bomb. On May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered, and the project was then focused solely on Japan . On July 16, 1945, a test device code-named \"Gadget\" was detonated at the Alamogordo Bombing Range in New Mexico as part of Project Trinity, the first explosion of a nuclear weapon. The success of the first test of a nuclear weapon was a testament to the ability of the leadership of the Manhattan Project to carry out an unprecedented industrial project, with the world's most talented scientists", "The Manhattan Project eventually produced enough plutonium for the \"Trinity Test.\" During the test, the world's first atomic bomb, or the \"The Gadget,\" was exploded near Socorro, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945, by Los Alamos Laboratory director Robert Oppenheimer and Army General Leslie Groves. ", "2. At 0530, 16 July 1945, in a remote section of the Alamogordo Air Base, New Mexico, the first full-scale test was made of the implosion type atomic fission bomb. For the first time in history there was a nuclear explosion. And what an explosion!", "An atomic bombshell is hoisted to the top of a tower at Alamogordo, New Mexico. At the White Sands Proving Ground, code name “Trinity” would become the world’s first-ever detonation of a nuclear weapon.", "The Manhattan Project produced the plutonium for the \"Trinity Test\" conducted in New Mexico by Los Alamos Laboratory Director Robert Oppenheimer and Army General Leslie Groves. The world’s first atomic bomb (\"The Gadget\") was exploded near Socorro, New Mexico on July 16, 1945, resulting in an explosion with an energy equivalent of approximately 20,000 tons of TNT . The first atomic bomb used in war had a uranium core and was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945. The second atomic bomb used had a plutonium core and was nicknamed \" Fat Man \" because of its round shape. It was used to destroy Nagasaki, Japan in August 9, 1945, which put an end to WW II.", "Ultimately, the Manhattan Project manufactured nuclear weapons based on each of these elements. They detonated the first nuclear weapon in a test code-named \"Trinity\", near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. The test was conducted to ensure that the implosion method of detonation would work, which it did. A uranium bomb, Little Boy, was dropped on the Japanese city Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, followed three days later by the plutonium-based Fat Man on Nagasaki. In the wake of unprecedented devastation and casualties from a single weapon, the Japanese government soon surrendered, ending World War II.", "On July 16, 1945, the United States exploded its first experimental atomic bomb, in the desert of Alamogordo, N.M. ", "The test scheduled for 4 a.m., Monday, July 16, had to be postponed due to a severe thunderstorm that would have increased the amount of radioactive fallout locally, and would have interfered with the test results. However, the rain finally stopped, and at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain War Time, the device exploded successfully and the Atomic Age was born. The nuclear blast created a flash of light brighter than a dozen suns. It was seen over the entire state of New Mexico and in parts of Arizona and Texas. The resultant mushroom cloud rose to over 38,000 feet within minutes, and the heat of the explosion was 10,000 times hotter than the surface of the sun! Felt at ten miles away, this heat was like standing directly in front of a furnace. Every living thing within a mile of the tower was obliterated. The yield of the Bomb was estimated to equal 20,000 tons of TNT, or equivalent to the bomb load of 2,000 fully loaded World War II B-20, Superfortresses!", "Jul 16: First ever atomic bomb exploded in a test in New Mexico (although there were other forms of atomic device before that, such as the Pile at Stagg Field, first critical on 2nd Dec 1942)", "The physicist known as “the father of the atomic bomb” served as the first director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory beginning in 1943. The first atomic bomb test in New Mexico was on July 16, 1945 and on August 6, 1945 Little Boy was detonated above Hiroshima. After WWII he became chief adviser to the newly-created Atomic Energy Commission.", "The only structures in the vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings, about 2 mi to the southeast. Like the rest of the Alamogordo Bombing Range, it had been acquired by the government in 1942. The patented land had been condemned and grazing rights suspended. Scientists used this as a laboratory for testing bomb components. Bainbridge and Davalos drew up plans for a base camp with accommodation and facilities for 160 personnel, along with the technical infrastructure to support the test. A construction firm from Lubbock, Texas built the barracks, officers' quarters, mess hall and other basic facilities. The requirements expanded and, by July 1945, 250 people worked at the Trinity test site. On the weekend of the test, there were 425 present.", "Due to the intense secrecy surrounding the test, no accurate information was released to the public until after the first atomic bomb had been dropped on Japan. However, people in New Mexico were aware that something extraordinary had happened early that morning of July 16, 1945. The blinding flash of light, followed by the shock wave, made a vivid impression on people who lived within a radius of at least 160 miles from Ground Zero. Windows were shattered 120 miles away in Silver City, NM. Residents of Albuquerque, New Mexico's largest city, saw the bright light of the explosion on the southern horizon and felt the tremor of the shock waves moments later.", "The Atomic Age, also known as the Atomic Era, is the period of history following the detonation of the first nuclear (\"atomic\") bomb, Trinity, on July 16, 1945, during World War II. Although nuclear chain reactions had been hypothesized in 1933 and the first artificial self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction (Chicago Pile-1) had taken place in December 1942, the Trinity test and the ensuing bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan that ended World War II represented the first large-scale use of nuclear technology and ushered in profound changes in sociopolitical thinking and the course of technology development. Atomic power was seen to be the epitome of progress and modernity.", "Finally, on the morning of July 16,in the New Mexico desert120 miles south of Santa Fe, the first atomic bomb was detonated. The scientists and a few dignitaries had removed themselves 10,000 yards away to observe as the first mushroom cloud of searing light stretched 40,000 feet into the air and generated the destructive power of 15,000 to 20,000 tons of TNT. The tower on which the bomb sat when detonated was vaporized.", "Due to the intense secrecy surrounding the test, no accurate information of what happened was released to the public until after the second atomic bomb had been dropped on Japan. However, many people in New Mexico were well aware that something extraordinary had happened the morning of July 16, 1945. The blinding flash of light, followed by the shock wave had made a vivid impression on people who lived within a radius of 160 miles of ground zero. Windows were shattered 120 miles away in Silver City, and residents of Albuquerque saw the bright light of the explosion on the southern horizon and felt the tremor of the shock waves moments later.", "On July 16, 1945, at Kirtland Field, two B-29 Superfortress observation planes had set out early in the morning with instructions from Oppenheimer to steer a course at least 15 miles west of the atomic detonation point, Trinity Site. Because of thunderstorms, the planes dropped from 23,000 to 18,000 feet before circling the Trinity Site during the first atomic bomb detonation. While \"The Gadget\" underwent field-testing at Trinity, the nuclear components for the bombs and the active materials were being sent piecemeal to Tinian. Shortly before the bomb testing at the Trinity site, components of Little Boy were driven from Los Alamos to Kirtland Field and then flown to San Francisco. This included some of the U-235. From San Francisco, they were transported to Hunters Point to board the cruiser , bound for Tinian. Following that, the Fat Man plutonium core and its initiator were driven down to Albuquerque. They left Kirtland Field on 26 July and were flown in a C-54 Skymaster to Tinian, where they arrived 28 July. Such was Kirtland Field’s last important role in the U.S. defeat of Japan, thereby ending World War II. ", "the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, conducted by the United States Army on July 16, 1945, as a result of the Manhattan Project", "3. July 16, 1945: America’s first atomic bomb is tested at the White Sands Proving Ground.", "And then, in the middle of the desert on the morning of July 16, America detonated the world's first atomic bomb.", "At 5:30 AM Mountain Time on July 16, 1945, the Jornada del Muerto, kept faith with its name as the location for the first nuclear bomb detonation", "J. Robert Oppenheimer gave the code name \"Trinity\" to a remote patch of the Jornada del Muerto Desert as a tribute to a line from a poem by John Donne. Soon after, teams of scientists and soldiers descended on the area, setting up a base camp and installing equipment in preparation for the world's first nuclear test. After months of dueling with the limits of technology and the region's harsh weather conditions, the scheduled test date arrived. On July 16, 1945, the \"Gadget\" nuclear device was detonated from a steel tower, exploding with a force that would forever alter human history.  ", "Robert Oppenheimer (left) and General Leslie Groves at the Trinity Site, Alamogordo, soon after the first atomic bomb was tested in July 16, 1945." ]

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[ "“ Sing a song of sixpence, a pocket full of rye. Four and twenty blackbirds, Baked in a pie.", "Sing a Song of Sixpence Sing a song of sixpence, A pocket full of rye; Four and twenty blackbirds Baked in a pie.", "Sing a Song of Sixpence Sing a song of sixpence, A pocket full of rye; Four and twenty blackbirds Baked in a pie. - ppt download", "A. J. Cronin's novel A Song of Sixpence (1964) and its sequel, A Pocketful of Rye (1969), take their titles from the rhyme.", "It was not uncommon in the 16th century for a chef to hide surprises in the dinner pie; this is also reflected in the nursery rhyme \"Little Jack Horner\" (of which more later).  So the most obvious explanation of \"Sing a Song of Sixpence\" is that it reflected an actual practice--baking a pie full of live birds that popped out when the pie was opened.", "Sing a Song of Sixpence is an English nursery rhyme dating back to at least the eighteenth century. References to the title can be traced back even further, including William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. Some scholars contend it stems from a 16th practice of amusing dinner guests with live birds placed in pies, while others cite the wedding of Marie de Medici and Henry IV of France as inspiration.", "Sing a song of sixpence dates back to at least the eighteenth century. In the original, the tale ends with a blackbird pecking off the nose of the maid in the garden; in the mid-nineteenth century this was sanitized with the addition of a final verse in which a doctor sews it back on. While interpretations vary wildly, the four and twenty blackbirds are most likely simply a reference to a common practice in the sixteenth-century in which large pies were baked then filled with live birds which would escape when the pie was cut. This stems from the fact that a meal was meant not just as nourishment, but entertainment.", "\"Sing a Song of Sixpence\" is a well-known English nursery rhyme, perhaps originating in the 18th century. It is also listed in the Roud Folk Song Index as number 13191.", "A Song of Sixpence is a history lesson made fun. You kids get glittery-eyed whenever you’ll hear someone talk about the past. But, you’ll hate reading up pages about the same! So here’s a rhyme that makes it easy and enjoyable for you to catch up with the ancient times. It does the singing! So you’ll can sing along and dance... Have a playtime with history! This kids song is believed to be inspired from a 16th century form of amusement, where live birds were placed in a pie. To fly out when the pie is cut open. In the books, a famous incident reads that such specially baked pies were part of the entertainment at King Henry’s wedding. So, next time you’ll meet your friends, you’ll can boast about going to play in 1600 AD! And keep them guessing!", "Now whether this was an actual pie is contested. But delivering or finding goods (deeds, jewels, other valuables) in nursery rhymes is often in the guise of a pie. This might have just been the most secure way to transfer secret valuables in the sixteenth century.", "History: A Victorian rhyme that recognizes the importance of old friends, new beginnings, happiness, fidelity, and prosperity. \"Old\" stands for old friends; \"new\" represents the beginning of a new family; carrying something \"borrowed\" from a happily married friend represent borrowed happiness, the carrying of something \"blue\" represents purity and modesty. The sixpence in the shoe was worn to bring prosperity to the couple.", "The sixpence, worth six pre-decimal pennies, was known colloquially as a \"tanner\". In England, the first sixpences were struck in the reign of Edward VI in 1551 and continued until they were rendered obsolete by decimalisation in 1971.The last general issue sixpence was issued in 1967 but sixpences continued to be legal tender at a value of 2� new pence until 30 June 1980. The coins were made of sterling silver until 1920, when they were reduced to 50 percent silver until 1946, after which they were changed to cupro-nickel from 1947 onwards. As the supply of silver threepence coins slowly disappeared, sixpences replaced them as the coins put into Christmas puddings. The traditional song \"I've Got Sixpence\" runs:", "Origins:   Many of us fondly recall the rhyming ditties we learned as children, such as \"Jack Be Nimble\" and \"The Farmer in the Dell.\" But how many of us realize that several of our most fondly-recalled nursery rhymes (e.g., \"A Tisket, A Tasket\" and \"Little Jack Horner\") were not mere nonsense songs, but actually originated as coded references to such dark events as plagues and religious persecution? Such was the case with another childhood favorite, \"Sing a Song of Sixpence.\"", "Read the children the next verse of Sing a Song of Sixpence on the activity sheet. Ask the children, Why do you think the King kept his money in his ‘counting house’? What do you think the King was going to do with his money when he’d counted it? Should the King keep all his money for himself?", "From the mid-16th century, nursery rhymes began to be recorded in English plays. Some of the best known nursery rhymes from Britain are Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, Roses are red, Jack and Jill, Cock a doodle doo, Baa, Baa, Black Sheep, The Grand Old Duke of York, London Bridge Is Falling Down, Hey Diddle Diddle, Three Blind Mice, Little Miss Muffet, Pat-a-cake, Pop Goes the Weasel, One, Two, Buckle My Shoe, Peter Piper, Hickory Dickory Dock, One for Sorrow, This Old Man, Simple Simon, Old Mother Hubbard, Little Bo Peep, Sing a Song of Sixpence, Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary, Old King Cole and Humpty Dumpty. ", "It's difficult to know exactly where or how folksongs and folktales got started or exactly what they mean. \"Sing a Song of Sixpence\" is no exception. It appears as the third rhyme in Volume II of Tom Thumb's Pretty Song Book, published around 1744. No copy of Volume I is known to exist. There is only one known copy of Volume II, which is kept in the British Museum and is generally agreed to be the earliest existing book of nursery rhymes.", "The rhyme is almost certainly older than 1744, but no earlier publication has been found (at least, not as of 1970). There are earlier indirect references. Shakespeare, in Twelfth Night: \"Come on, there is sixpence for you; let's have a song.\" And a 1614 work by Beaumont and Fletcher includes the line, \"Whoa, here's a stir now! Sing a song of sixpence!\"", "Social, Environmental and Scientific Education/History: Include this nursery rhyme with our version of \"Sing a Song of Sixpence\" and expand on the roles played by the court’s musicians and jesters and by the wandering minstrels like Turlough O’Carolan.", "Enjoy our fun-filled rhyme - \"sing a song of six pence\" : http://youtu.be/zX-4_QDD8l4 . Small kids can learn a lot from watching nursery rhymes animations with educational video and music. It helps them learn through watching cartoon animals and interesting characters.", "Sing A Song Of Six Pence | Nursery Rhymes | Popular Nursery Rhymes by KidsCamp - YouTube", "Sing a Song of Sixpence | Plus Lots More Nursery Rhymes | From Derrick and Debbie - Duration: 1:00:07. Derrick and Debbie - Nursery Rhymes For Children 11,866 views", "“In the bank, large amounts, I’m afraid these don’t grow on trees. You’ve got to pick-a-pocket or two”. from the Pickpocket song in Oliver—words and lyrics by Lionel Bart.", "Lucy Locket Lost Her Pocket 3D Animation English Nursery Rhyme for Children with lyrics only on KidsAdda", "SIR TOBY BELCH: Come on; there is sixpence for you: let's have a song.” (Twelfth Night, Act II Sc. III)", "Lucy Locket Lost Her Pocket - English Children's Songs - England - Mama Lisa's World: Children's Songs and Rhymes from Around the World", "As with all nursery rhymes passed on primarily by word of mouth, there are variations. A more complete version runs:", "Lucy Locket Lost Her Pocket is an English nursery rhyme. The tune for this song is the same as that for \"Yankee Doodle\" and it is not sure which set of lyrics was used first with the melody.", "The words of the Nursery Rhyme and children's song, 'Aiken Drum ' have been suggested by Helena.  This tune first appeared as a nursery rhyme in Percy Society's Early English Poetry, Ballads, and Popular Literature of the Middle Ages (1841).", "Here's a similar rhyme that I found in A History of Nursery Rhymes (1899) by Percy B. Green:", "10 shillings and 6 pence in British currency before it became decimalised. In Carols time a pound was 20 shillings and shillings were twelve pennies or pence.", "\"Lucy Locket\" is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19536. ", "How and when do YOU use the nursery rhyme Pop Goes The Weasel? Please tell us about it :)" ]

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[ "Stephen Richards Covey (October 24, 1932 – July 16, 2012) was an American educator, author, businessman, and keynote speaker. His most popular book was of Highly Effective People. His other books include First Things First, Principle-Centered Leadership, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Families, , and The Leader In Me — How Schools and Parents Around the World Are Inspiring Greatness, One Child at a Time. He was a professor at the Jon M. Huntsman School of Business at Utah State University at the time of his death.", "\"...Stephen Richards Covey (October 24, 1932 – July 16, 2012) was the author of the best-selling book, The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. Other books he authored include First Things First, Principle-Centered Leadership, and The Seven Habits of Highly Effective Families. In 2004, Covey released The 8th Habit. In 2008, Covey released The Leader In Me—How Schools and Parents Around the World Are Inspiring Greatness, One Child at a Time. He was a professor at the Jon M. Huntsman School of Business at Utah State University...\"", "SALT LAKE CITY — Stephen R. Covey, author of “The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People” as well as several other books that together have sold millions of copies, has died. He was 79. In a statement sent to employees of a Utah consulting firm Covey co-founded, his family said the writer and motivational speaker died at a hospital in Idaho Falls, Idaho, early Monday due to complications from a bicycle accident in April.", "SALT LAKE CITY - Stephen R. Covey, author of \"The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People\" as well as several other books that together have sold millions of copies, has died. He was 79.", "SALT LAKE CITY (AP) - Stephen R. Covey, author of \"The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People\" as well as several other books that together have sold millions of copies, has died. He was 79.", "In 1989, Stephen R. Covey penned The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People ( public library ), a book that went on to sell millions of copies worldwide and defined a new genre bridging self-improvement, business management, and personal productivity. This week, Covey died at the age of 79. Here's a look back at his legacy with some of the keenest insights from his beloved bestseller.", "Stephen R. Covey , a former Brigham Young University business professor who blended personal self-help and management theory in a massive best-seller, “The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People,” died Monday at a hospital in Idaho Falls , Idaho . He was 79.", "\"We are deeply saddened by the passing of Stephen R. Covey. His seminal work, \"The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People,\" will forever be one of the most influential books in the field of self-improvement,\" Carolyn K. Reidy, president and CEO of Simon & Schuster, Inc., which published his book, said in a statement.", "In a statement sent to employees of a Utah consulting firm Covey co-founded (FranklinCovey), his family said the writer and motivational speaker died at a hospital in Idaho Falls, Idaho, early Monday due to complications from a bicycle accident in April.", "\"...Stephen Covey dies By Brian Skoloff The Associated Press SALT IAKE CITY — Stephen R. Covey, author of “The Seven Habits of Highly Eff...", "He was the author of the wildly popular \"The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People,\" that was published in 1989 and has sold more than 25 million copies in 38 languages. He was included among Time magazine's 25 Most Influential Americans in 1996. I feel comfortable abbreviating the full book name to '7 Habits' in the title because everybody and their dog has now written a book playing off of Dr. Covey's original book.", "Covey produced a substantial body of educational and teaching work. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People was his first significantly popular creation, and probably remains his greatest.", "Albert Einstein (; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a theoretical physicist, philosopher and author who is widely regarded as one of the most influential and best known scientists and intellectuals of all time.", "William Henry \"Bill\" Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, and author. Gates is the former CEO and current chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. He is consistently ranked among the world's wealthiest people and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009, excluding 2008, when he was ranked third. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architect, and remains the largest individual shareholder, with 6.4 percent of the common stock. He has also authored or co-authored several books.", "A version of this article appears in print on July 17, 2012, on Page A22 of the New York edition with the headline: Stephen R. Covey, Herald Of Good Habits, Dies at 79. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe", "Among his other books, “Seven Habits for Highly Effective Families,” published in 1997, advocates that families come up with mission statements. “The Leader in Me,” published in 2008, embodies his ideas for educational reform. His goal was to change society, he said, calling his catechism first and foremost an action plan. “What is common sense isn’t common practice,” he declared.", "He wrote several other best-selling books, including “The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Families” (1997). In a chapter on family rituals, he gave an example of what happened when he spent too long on a business call.", "*The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Families : building a beautiful family culture in a turbulent world (c1997) (ISBN 0-307-44008-7)", "November 13, 2000: Mystery writer Charles �Chuck� Meyer was killed in a car wreck in Giddings, Texas. Meyer also wrote books on death and dying, raising adolescents, and the role of the modern church.", "Author of more than 70 novels, who ‘fired the imagination of millions’, dies at his home eight years after Alzheimer’s diagnosis", "Afterward, Salinger struggled with unwanted attention, including a legal battle in the 1980s with biographer Ian Hamilton and the release in the late 1990s of memoirs written by two people close to him: Joyce Maynard, an ex-lover; and Margaret Salinger, his daughter. In 1996, a small publisher announced a deal with Salinger to publish \"Hapworth 16, 1924\" in book form, but amid the ensuing publicity the release was indefinitely delayed. He made headlines around the globe in June 2009 when he filed a lawsuit against another writer for copyright infringement resulting from that writer's use of one of the characters from The Catcher in the Rye. Salinger died of natural causes on January 27, 2010, at his home in Cornish, New Hampshire. In November 2013, three unpublished stories by Salinger were briefly posted online. One of the stories, \"The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls\", is said to be a prequel to The Catcher in the Rye.", "How did the French author, philosopher, Nobel prize winner and occasional Goalkeeper Albert Camus die in 1960?", "is a best-selling author, speaker and consultant. He has worked with thousands of senior executives in organisations ranging from Fortune 500 corporations and professional sports teams to universities and non-profits.", "James Fuller \"Jim\" Fixx (April 23, 1932 – July 20, 1984) was an American who authored the 1977 best-selling book The Complete Book of Running. He is credited with helping start America's fitness revolution, popularizing the sport of running and demonstrating the health benefits of regular jogging. He died of a heart attack while jogging at 52 years of age. His genetic predisposition for heart problems and other previous lifestyle factors may have caused his heart attack.", "Jim Fixx , author of The Complete Book Of Running and credited with igniting America's zeal for jogging in the 70s died in 1984. He was 52. Fixx died of a heart attack during his daily run.", "political, social philosopher, author: The True Believer, The Ordeal of Change, The Temper of Our Time; died in 1983", "From the author of the New York Times bestselling phenomenon The Power of Habit comes a fascinating new book that explores the science of productivity, and why, in today’s world, managing how you think—rather than what you think-can transform your life.", "Add another piece to Krzyzewski’s already impressive resume – best-selling author. Coach K has co-authored two books with Texas writer Don Phillips published by Warner Books. “Leading with the Heart,” emphasizing Krzyzewski’s successful strategies for basketball, business and life, was released in 2000. It reached the New York Times best-seller list.", "He is the author of the New York Times best-seller Highest Duty: My Search for What Really Matters, a memoir of his life and of the events surrounding Flight 1549, published in 2009 by HarperCollins. His second book, Making a Difference: Stories of Vision and Courage from America's Leaders, was published in May 2012. He was ranked second in Times \"Top 100 Most Influential Heroes and Icons of 2009\". ", "He is a nationally known speaker and co-authored Pain Recovery: How to Find Balance and Reduce Suffering from Chronic Pain; Pain Recovery for Families: How to Find Balance When Someone Else’s Chronic Pain Becomes Your Problem Too and A Day without Pain.", "Bellah, R. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S. M. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. Berkeley: University of California Press.", "* Quit Digging Your Grave with a Knife and Fork (2005), a health and exercise inspirational guide (based on his personal health experience) Publisher: Center Street" ]

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[ "The Residence Act , officially titled \"An Act for Establishing the Temporary and Permanent Seat of the Government of the United States,\" was passed on July 16, 1790, and selected a site on the Potomac River as the permanent capital (Washington, D.C.), in ten years times. Also, this act designated Philadelphia as the temporary capital for a period of ten years. The Residence Act was the result of a compromise reached between Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison concerning the permanent location of the Federal capital. In exchange for locating the new capital on the Potomac River, Madison agreed not to block legislation mandating the assumption of the states' debts by the Federal government.", "On July 16, 1790, the Residence Act , which stipulated that the president select a site on the Potomac River as the permanent capital of the United States following a ten-year temporary residence in Philadelphia, was signed into law. In a proclamation issued on January 24, 1791, President George Washington announced the permanent location of the new capital, an area of land at the confluence of the Potomac and Eastern Branch (Anacostia) rivers that would eventually become the District of Columbia . Soon after, Washington commissioned French engineer Pierre-Charles L’Enfant to create a plan for the city.", "The Residence Act of 1790, officially titled An Act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the United States, is the United States federal law that set where the capital of the United States would be established, selecting a site along the Potomac River. The federal government was located in New York City at the time the bill was passed and had previously been located in Philadelphia, Annapolis, and several other locations.", "In July 1790, Congress passed the Residence Act which called for the permanent capital of the United States to be located on the Potomac River (the future Washington D.C.). President Washington personally overlooked the building of what he once termed \"the seat of Empire.\" He specified the location of the ten-mile square federal district, the President's mansion (the White House), and the Capitol.", "2) In 1788, James Madison stated that the new U.S. nation would need a capital that was distinct from the states. Shortly thereafter, Article I of the U.S Constitution stated that a district, separate from the states, would become the seat of government. On July 16, 1790, the Residence Act established that this capital district would be located along the Potomac River and President George Washington would decide exactly where.", "July 16, 1790, Washington, D.C., was established by Congress as the capital of the United States.", "After the Continental Congress met inside Philadelphia’s Carpenter’s Hall in 1774, it reassembled the following spring inside the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall), where it adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. Philadelphia had various stints as the home of the Continental Congress and its successor under the Articles of Confederation, which was enacted in 1781. As stipulated by the Residence Act, Philadelphia served as the temporary capital of the United States of America between 1790 and 1800 while Washington, D.C., was being built.", "President George Washington signed the Residence Act in July 1790 declaring that the Federal Government would reside in a district “not exceeding ten miles square…on the river Potomac.” City Planner Pierre (Peter) Charles L’Enfant laid out plans for the nation’s new capital and together with President Washington chose the site for the “President’s House.”  In 1792, Washington and Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson held a design contest for the executive residence and the Capitol building. Irish-born architect James Hoban won the competition to design the “President’s House,” the first public building erected in the newly created federal city of Washington. John Adams moved into the unfinished building in November 1800, the first president to live in the presidential mansion.", "* July 16 – The signing of the Residence Bill establishes a site along the Potomac River as the District of Columbia, the capital district of the United States.", "    It was a bitter debate to 1789, when the House agreed to keep the temporary capital in New York until a permanent location could be established on the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania. The Senate, however, named Germantown, seven miles north of Philadelphia, as the capital locale. At the last minute, James Madison, who supported placing the capital on the Potomac, managed to have the bill postponed. It is believed there was political bargaining negotiated by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. A unified federal government equally taxing all states meant some states (southern) would be covering the debts of other states (northern), and so it came to be the Residence Act, signed into law on this day in 1790, accomodated a southern location between Maryland and Virginia.", "The building was constructed in 1787 as one of two buildings earlier planned for the State House Square. Originally designed as the Philadelphia County Courthouse, it was converted in 1790 for the use of the federal congress when Philadelphia became the nation's capital through the Residence Act of 1790.", "Washington DC Net Worth is 4,488,100 Population. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, \"the District\", or simply D.C., is the capital of the Unit Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, \"the District\", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the Residence Act approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country's East Coast. As permitted by the U.S. Constitution, the District is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States Congress and is therefore not a part of any U.S. state.", "The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol Building or Capitol Hill, is the seat of the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. It sits atop Capitol Hill, at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Though not at the geographic center of the Federal District, the Capitol forms the origin point for the District's street-numbering system and the District's four quadrants.", "The area that now contains Arlington County was ceded to the new United States federal government by the Commonwealth of Virginia. With the passage of the Residence Act in 1790, Congress approved a new permanent capital to be located on the Potomac River, the exact area to be selected by U.S. President George Washington. The Residence Act originally only allowed the President to select a location within Maryland as far east as what is now the Anacostia River. However, President Washington shifted the federal territory's borders to the southeast in order to include the pre-existing city of Alexandria at the District's southern tip. In 1791, Congress amended the Residence Act to approve the new site, including the territory ceded by Virginia. However, this amendment to the Residence Act specifically prohibited the \"erection of the public buildings otherwise than on the Maryland side of the River Potomac.\" As permitted by the U.S. Constitution, the initial shape of the federal district was a square, measuring 10 mi on each side, totaling 100 sqmi. During 1791–92, Andrew Ellicott and several assistants placed boundary stones at every mile point. Fourteen of these markers were in Virginia and many of the stones are still standing.", "1790 – US capital moved from New York City to Philadelphia. In 1800, the government would again move, this time to its permanent location in Washington, D.C.", "1790 - The District of Columbia, or Washington, DC, was established as the permanent seat of the United States Government.", "On December 6, 1790, the United States Capital officially moved from New York City to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The capital remained in Philadelphia until 1800 when it permanently settled in Washington, D.C.", "The Revenue Act authorized the president to select the specific location of the seat of the government on the Potomac; the president was to appoint three commissioners to survey and acquire property for this seat. Washington personally oversaw this effort throughout his term in office. In 1791 the commissioners named the permanent seat of government \"The City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia\" to honor Washington. In 1800, the Territory of Columbia became the District of Columbia when the federal government moved to the site according to the provisions of the Residence Act. ", "On this day in 1793, George Washington lays the cornerstone to the United States Capitol building, the home of the legislative branch of American government. The building would take nearly a century to complete, as architects came and went the British set fire to it and it was called into use during the Civil War. Today, the Capitol building, with its famous cast-iron dome and important collection of American art, is part of the Capitol Complex, which includes six Congressional office buildings and three Library of Congress buildings, all developed in the 19th and 20th centuries.", "Washington D.C. was established in 1790 when an act of Congress authorized a federal district along the Potomac River, a location offering an easy route to the western frontier (via the Potomac and Ohio River valleys) and conveniently situated between the northern and southern states.", "On June 11, 1800, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ceased to be the capital of the United States, as the new city of Washington in the District of Columbia became the country's official capital. The federal government moved its offices to Washington, D.C., in June. In November, President John Adams first slept in the unfinished Executive Mansion (now known as the White House) and Congress met for the first time in the U.S. Capitol building.", "In the early years of the Republic few Congressmen wished to establish permanent residence in the city. Instead, most preferred to live in boarding houses within walking distance of the Capitol. Nothing remains of this community, and the area closest to the Capitol contains the Library of Congress , the Supreme Court , and the House and Senate Office buildings .", "When the U.S. government moved back to Philadelphia in 1790, the city, in an attempt to convince the Federal government not to move to Washington, was determined to provide luxurious accommodations at Congress Hall , the recently-constructed building where Congress was to meet. One of the finishing touches was in June 1791, when a large Axminster carpet was installed in the Senate's upper-floor chamber. The central design was the U.S. coat of arms, complete with the constellation of 13 stars, surrounded by the linked shields of all thirteen states. Under the arms, there was also a pole with a liberty cap and a balance of justice. The carpet was 22 by 40 feet, and was made by William Peter Sprague, an Englishman from Axminster (probably trained under Thomas Whitty ) who had set up a factory in Philadelphia. The carpet was not brought to Washington, D.C. when the government moved in 1800, and is long lost. The National Park Service had a reproduction made in 1978 as part of the restoration of Congress Hall; they had to speculate on the exact design of the eagle and chose the representation seen on the first seal die. [35]", "The Capitol's building is marked by its central dome above a rotunda in the central section of the structure (which also includes, the older original smaller center flanked by the two original (designed 1793, occupied 1800) smaller two wings (inner north) and inner south) containing the two original smaller meeting chambers for the Senate and the House of Representatives (between 1800 and late 1850s) and then flanked by two further extended (newer) wings, one also for each chamber of the larger, more populous Congress: the new north wing is the Senate chamber and the new south wing is the House of Representatives chamber. Above these newer chambers are galleries where visitors can watch the Senate and House of Representatives. It is an example of the neoclassical architecture style. The statue on top of the dome is the \"Statue of Freedom\". ", "Philadelphia, host to the First and Second Continental Congresses (1774, 1775–81) and scene of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, was for many years the nation's leading city. It was the site of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, served as the seat of the new federal government from 1790 to 1800, and became a financial center through the organization of the First Bank of the United States (1791) and the U.S. Mint (1792). In 1790 it was also the site of a convention that replaced the radical state constitution of 1776 with a more conservative one patterned after the federal Constitution, while retaining such liberal achievements as the act (1780) providing for the gradual abolition of slavery. Philadelphia was not, however, typical of the state as a whole.", "The Senate wing was completed in 1800, while the House wing was completed in 1811. However, the House of Representatives moved into the House wing in 1807. Though the building was incomplete, the Capitol held its first session of the United States Congress on November 17, 1800, 2 weeks before the original deadline. The legislature was moved to Washington prematurely, at the urging of President John Adams in hopes of securing enough Southern votes to be re-elected for a second term as president. However, he was defeated that same month.", "Thornton's plan depicted a building composed of three sections. The central section, which was topped by a low dome, was to be flanked on the north and south by two rectangular wings (one for the Senate and one for the House of Representatives). President Washington commended the plan for its \"grandeur, simplicity and convenience,\" and on April 5, 1793, it was accepted by the commissioners; Washington gave his formal approval on July 25.", "1792 - The cornerstone of the Executive Mansion was laid in Washington, DC. The building became known as the White House in 1818.", "From 1790 to 1800, the State Department had its headquarters in Philadelphia, the capital of the United States at the time. It occupied a building at Church and Fifth Streets (although, for a short period during which a yellow fever epidemic ravaged the city, it resided in the New Jersey State House in Trenton, New Jersey). In 1800, it moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C., where it first occupied the Treasury Building and then the Seven Buildings at 19th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue. It moved into the Six Buildings in September 1800, where it remained until May 1801. It moved into the War Office Building due west of the White House in May 1801. It occupied the Treasury Building from September 1819 to November 1866, except for the period from September 1814 to April 1816 (during which it occupied a structure at G and 18th streets NW while the Treasury Building was repaired). It then occupied the Washington City Orphan Home from November 1866 to July 1875. It moved to the State, War, and Navy Building in 1875. Since May 1947, it has occupied the Harry S. Truman Building in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington; the State Department is therefore sometimes metonymically referred to as \"Foggy Bottom.\" ", "On September 15th, 1789 An Act to provide for the safe-keeping of the Acts, Records and Seal of the United States, and for other purposes was passed. This law changed the name of the Department of Foreign Affairs to the Department of State because certain domestic duties were assigned to the agency. These included: Receipt, publication, distribution, and preservation of the laws of the United States; Preparation, sealing, and recording of the commissions of Presidential appointees; Preparation and authentication of copies of records and authentication of copies under the Department's seal; Custody of the Great Seal of the United States; Custody of the records of the former Secretary of the Continental Congress, except for those of the Treasury and War Departments. Thomas Jefferson was appointed by President Washington September 25, 1789 and confirmed by the U.S. Senate the following day. Chief Justice John Jay served as Acting Secretary of State until Secretary Jefferson returned from France. Other domestic duties for which the Department was responsible at various times included issuance of patents on inventions, publication of the census returns, management of the mint, control of copyrights, and regulation of immigration;", "John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767âFebruary 23, 1848) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States from March 4, 1825 to March 4, 1829. At various times he was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties.", "Congress reduces the size of the U.S. army to its 1796 limits. It also passes an act, which is signed into law by Jefferson, establishing an official United States Military Academy at West Point. March 16, 1802" ]

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[ " Dr Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), usually known just as Dr Johnson, was a poet, essayist, literary critic, editor, and lexicographer . He is probably best known for having compiled A Dictionary of the English Language, which was first published in 1755, and took nine years to complete.", "The problem with these dictionaries was that they tended to be little more than poorly organised and poorly researched glossaries of \"hard words\": words that were technical, foreign, obscure or antiquated. But perhaps the greatest single fault of these early lexicographers was, as historian Henry Hitchings put it, that they \"failed to give sufficient sense of [the English] language as it appeared in use.\" In that sense Dr. Johnson's dictionary was the first to comprehensively document the English lexicon.", "The problem with these dictionaries was that they tended to be little more than poorly organised and poorly researched glossaries of \"hard words\": words that were technical, foreign, obscure or antiquated. But perhaps the greatest single fault of these early lexicographers was, as historian Henry Hitchings put it, that they \"failed to give sufficient sense of [the English] language as it appeared in use.\" In that sense Dr. Johnson's dictionary was the first to comprehensively document the English lexicon.", "Item Description: Jacob Johnson & Co, Philadelphia, 1805. First American edition of Johnson's dictionary, here printed in abridged (but not miniature) form, and based on the London octavos; thick 8vo, pp. xl, [2], unpaginated lexicon in double column; full contemporary calf, red morocco label on spine; spine chipped 3/4\" at the top, binding scuffed and rubbed, but sound; a good copy, or better. With the early ownership signatures on the flyleaf of Polly and Anne White, Franklin, 1815. Contains the first appearance in the western hemisphere of Johnson's famous Preface and Grammar. The entries have been abbreviated, but bear considerable resemblance to the originals, and there are also brief etymologies; sources are cited, but citations are not. The first complete American edition did not appear until the 2-volume quarto edition of Philadelphia, 1818. Miniature editions appeared in Boston and Philadelphia in 1804 under Johnson's name, but the definitions bear no resemblance whatsoever to the originals. See Alston V, p. 37-9: \"These [miniature editions] though having Johnson's name on the title-p., really have nothing whatever to do with the full text . but they have been entered here since they are generally catalogued under Johnson's name.\" Shaw & Shoemaker 8705; Vancil, p. 124. Bookseller Inventory # 28882", "Item Description: Jacob Johnson & Co, Philadelphia, 1805. First American edition of Johnson's dictionary, here printed in abridged form, and based on the London octavos; thick 8vo, pp. xl, [2], unpaginated lexicon in double column; full contemporary calf, red morocco label on spine; spine vertically creased causing looseness to one or two internal leaves, otherwise very good and sound. Contains the first appearance in the western hemisphere of Johnson's famous Preface and Grammar. The entries have been abbreviated, but bear considerable resemblance to the originals, and there are also brief etymologies; sources are cited, but citations are not. The first complete American edition did not appear until the 2 volume quarto edition of Philadelphia, 1818. Miniature editions appeared in Boston and Philadelphia in 1804 under Johnson's name, but the definitions bear no resemblance whatsoever to the originals. See Alston V, p. 37-9: \"These [miniature editions] though having Johnson's name on the title page, really have nothing whatever to do with the full text ? but they have been entered here since they are generally catalogued under Johnson's name.\" Shaw & Shoemaker 8705; Vancil, p. 124. Bookseller Inventory # 26441", "    Johnson was the author of the early and authoritative Dictionary of the English Language (1755), which adopted the novel approach of documenting the changing usage of words. Compiled over nine years of nearly single-handed work, the dictionary provided definitions of more than 40,000 terms and included some 114,000 quotations of usage drawn from countless scholarly sources. The dictionary remained the definitive reference on the English language until the appearance of the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, published in installments from 1884 to 1928.", "Dr. Johnson is perhaps best known for his great English dictionary, published in 1755.  Johnson had a pet cat named Hodge whom he fed oysters and other luxurious treats.", "When Beowulf, the greatest and oldest single work of Old English, was composed, there was no dictionary; when Chaucer wrote the legendary Canterbury Tales, there was no dictionary, when the Bard of Avon, William Shakespeare, produced his graceful poems and plays, there was no dictionary.  The first, what would today be called, “dictionary” was compiled in 1604 by a man named Robert Cawdray; A Table Alphabeticall was only 120 pages.  One hundred and fifty years later, Dr. Samuel Johnson published his Dictionary.  This respectable publication documented 40,000 words and provided 114,000 quotations.  The project took him nine years to complete single handedly (McCrum 117-9).  It was not until one hundred years later that a project was begun which would far outperform the work of Johnson.  The idea for a new dictionary was proposed by the Philological Society of London; at the time it was titled New English Dictionary, but it would become known to the world as the Oxford English Dictionary.", "A lexicon is the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge (such as nautical or medical). In linguistics, a lexicon is a language's inventory of lexemes. The word \"lexicon\" derives from the Greek (lexicon), neuter of (lexikos) meaning \"of or for words\". ", "Until the completion of the Oxford English Dictionary 173 years later, Johnson's was viewed as the pre-eminent English dictionary. According to Walter Jackson Bate, the Dictionary \"easily ranks as one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship, and probably the greatest ever performed by one individual who labored under anything like the disadvantages in a comparable length of time.\" (Information courtesy of Wikipedia)", "After nine years of work, Johnson's Dictionary of The English Language was published in 1755; it had a far-reaching effect on Modern English and has been described as \"one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship.\" The Dictionary brought Johnson popularity and success. Until the completion of the Oxford English Dictionary 150 years later, Johnson's was viewed as the pre-eminent British dictionary. His later works included essays, an influential annotated edition of William Shakespeare's Plays and the widely read tale Rasselas.", "Unlike earlier dictionaries, too, Johnson’s Dictionary was urbane. Johnson assumed levels and types of literacy that seventeenth-century lexicographers could not safely assume, and the purpose, structure, and style of his Dictionary suit the age and place, London, in which it was written, published, and, for the most part, read. Thomas Babington Macaulay accused Johnson of believing, “in defiance of the strongest and clearest evidence, that the human mind can be cultivated by books alone.” Johnson inserted dictionaries into literary culture: He convinced readers that perfect cultivation of the human mind required a dictionary, preferably his Dictionary, not merely as a work of reference, but as a book worth reading for its own sake. Johnson’s great contribution to the history of English lexicography was to conceive the dictionary, not as a schoolroom prop, but as a type of literary work.", "Johnson's etymologies would be considered poor by modern standards, and he gave little guide to pronunciation; one example being \"Cough: A convulsion of the lungs, vellicated by a few sharp serosity. It is pronounced coff\". Much of his dictionary was prescriptivist . It was additionally linguistically conservative, advocating traditional spellings like publick rather than the simpler spellings that would be favoured 73 years later by Noah Webster .", "Several more dictionaries followed: in Latin, English, French and Italian. Benjamin Martin's Lingua Britannica Reformata (1749) and Ainsworth's Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (1737) are both significant, in that they define entries in separate senses, or aspects, of the word. In English (among others), John Cowell's Interpreter, a law dictionary, was published in 1607, Edward Phillips' The new world of English words came out in 1658 and a dictionary of 40,000 words had been prepared in 1721 by Nathan Bailey, though none was as comprehensive in breadth or style as Johnson's.", "Published on 15 April 1755 and written by Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language, sometimes published as Johnson's Dictionary, is among the most influential dictionaries in the history of the English language.", "Johnson's dictionary was not the first, nor was it unique. It was, however, the most commonly used and imitated for the 150 years between its first publication and the completion of the Oxford English Dictionary in 1928. Other dictionaries, such as Nathan Bailey's Dictionarium Britannicum, included more words, and in the 150 years preceding Johnson's dictionary about twenty other general-purpose monolingual \"English\" dictionaries had been produced. However, there was open dissatisfaction with the dictionaries of the period. In 1741, David Hume claimed: \"The Elegance and Propriety of Stile have been very much neglected among us. We have no Dictionary of our Language, and scarce a tolerable Grammar.\" Johnson's Dictionary offers insights into the 18th century and \"a faithful record of the language people used\". It is more than a reference book; it is a work of literature.", "Hitchings, Henry (2005). Dr Johnson's Dictionary: The Extraordinary Story of the Book That Defined the World. London: John Murray. ISBN0-7195-6631-2.", "Famously, Johnson established the conservative prescriptive goal of some (by no means all) modern lexicography. As he wrote in the Plan, he proposed to write “a dictionary by which the pronunciation of our language may be fixed, and its attainment facilitated; by which its purity may be preserved, its use ascertained, and its duration lengthened.” Apprised of pure English by his Dictionary, Johnson’s readers should accept the standard of clear meaning and good usage revealed there. “Our language will be laid down,” he wrote elsewhere in the Plan, “distinct in its minutest subdivisions, and resolved into its elemental principles. And who upon this survey can forbear to wish, that these fundamental atoms of our speech might obtain the firmness and immutability of the primogenial and constituent particles of matter, that they might retain their substance while they alter their appearance, and be varied and compounded, yet not destroyed?” As Macaulay quipped, “When he wrote for publication, he did his sentences out of English into Johnsonese.”", "Item Description: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1818. Hardcover. Dust Jacket Included. 1st. Todd Edition.. With numerous corrections, and with addition of several thousand words, as also with additions to the History of the Language, and to the Grammar, by The Rev. H. J. Todd. Printed for Longman, Hurst, R ees, Orme , and Brown; F. C. & J.Rivington, Nichols & Son et al, London: 1818, 4 volumes, thick 4to., pp. [cxxxv], unpaginated. Contemporary full brown diced calf, superbly rebacked with a full gilt spine as the originals, 5 raised bands, gilt, fine gilt in 4 compartments, titles in gilt on red and black gilt decorated labels, bookplates of Sir Joseph Russell Bailly Glanusk, Glanusk Park, on front paste-downs. Engraved portrait frontis of Johnson after Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1 other engraved portrait plate after Northcote. Half-titles present in all but volume 4, all volumes are slightly foxed, particularly e/p's and both plates. The first and most important revision of Johnson's Dictionary. please note 4 very large 4to. volumes, extra p0stage required. Book. Bookseller Inventory # 000105", "Johnson's dictionary was not the first English dictionary, nor even among the first dozen. Over the previous 150 years more than twenty dictionaries had been published in England, the oldest of these being a Latin-English \"wordbook\" by Sir Thomas Elyot published in 1538.", "The provision of information about pronunciation developed in the later 18c. Johnson, following Bailey's second volume (1727) and Thomas Dyche's and William Pardon's New General English Dictionary (1735), marked only word stress. With an increasing concern for orthoepy (proper pronunciation), however, pronouncing dictionaries became established in the latter half of the 18c, of which John Walker's Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language (1791) was the foremost. Walker provided his pronunciations immediately after each headword, dividing each italicized word into its syllables and placing a superscript number over each vowel to indicate its value as specified in a list at the beginning of the book. The Walker pronunciations were effectively married with Johnson's definitions in many of the abridged versions of Johnson's Dictionary, which lasted well into the 19c.", "Johnson's Dictionary has been available in replica editions for some years. The entire first Folio edition is available on [http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/ A Dictionary of the English Language] as an electronic scan.", "The next great lexicographer after Samuel Johnson was an American, Noah Webster (1758–1843). The first edition of the book later known as Webster's Spelling Book appeared in 1783. For years the annual sales of this book were more than a million copies. To help those who had mastered the Spelling Book to continue their education, Webster published (1806) his Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, with concern for \"what the English language is, and not, how it might have been made.\" His larger dictionary, An American Dictionary of the English Language, in two volumes, was published in 1828. Authorized publishers have issued a series of skillful revisions and abridgments that have retained for Webster's dictionaries their popularity. The largest of Webster's dictionaries, called \"the Unabridged,\" appeared as the 5th edition (1846) and included linguistic material that set it apart from previous Webster's dictionaries and made it outstanding. Continually revised, it is currently published in one volume.", "In 1721 Nathan Bailey produces the first substantial dictionary, the Universal Etymological English Dictionary which, by the 1736 revision contains 60,000 words. His definitions lack illustrative support and he is vague about usage. This is remedied dramatically by Johnson in his Dictionary of the English Language. It has some 40,000 words (fewer than Bailey has) but has extensive quotations to support descriptions or definitions of words. Johnson had earlier sought to regulate and control the language - now, having considered its history more thoroughly, he recognizes this as folly. Nevertheless, his dictionary does establish models for spelling most of which are still accepted today.", "Johnson’s conservative attitude toward English and the dictionary’s role in preserving and protecting the language has attracted many adherents. Johnson was by no means the first English prescriptivist: In 1586, William Bullokar, in Bullokars Bref Grammar for English, suggested that “A dictionary and grammar may stay our speech in a perfect use for euer.” Johnson was, however, the first to write a dictionary explicitly to accomplish prescriptive goals. Once again, Benjamin Martin anticipated Johnson in his 1749 volume Lingua Britannica Reformata, in this case, disapprovingly: “The pretence of fixing a standard to the purity and perfection of any language,” he wrote, “is utterly vain and impertinent.” In the Plan, then, Johnson started an argument about the role of dictionaries in establishing and regulating English usage, one that persists in various, sometimes diametrically opposed, public expectations for what dictionaries should be.", "Samuel Johnson was born in 1709 in Lichfield, Staffordshire. The son of a bookseller, he rose to become one of the greatest literary figures of the eighteenth century, most famously compiling A Dictionary of the English Language.", "In spite of its shortcomings, the dictionary was far and away the best of its day. Its scope and structure were carried forward in dictionaries that followed, including Noah Webster's Webster's Dictionary in 1828 and the Oxford English Dictionary later in the same century.", "24 Also see the essay on �Nomenclature and Classification� in Chrestomathia (CW), ed. M.J. Smith and W.H. Burston (Oxford 1983), App. IV, for the following neologisms (and innumerable others) coined by Bentham: maximize, minimize, rationale, eulogistic, demoralize, deontology, methodization, meliorability, anti-pathetic, dynamic, unilateral, confederative, detachable, self-regarding, deteriorative, imperation, exhaustive, cross-examination, forthcomingness, and false consciousness. There were other linguistic inventions which have not gained currency, among them �catastatico-chrestic physiurgics�, �coenonesioscopic noology�, �ipsedixitism�, �archetypation�, �phraseoplerosis�, �disambiguation� (the demystification of terminology, an objective dear to Bentham�s heart), and �ante-jentacular vibration� and �post-prandial circum-gyration�.", "Several other dictionaries, as well as grammar, pronunciation and spelling guides, followed during the 17th and 18th Century. The first attempt to list ALL the words in the English language was �An Universall Etymological English Dictionary�, compiled by Nathaniel Bailey in 1721 (the 1736 edition contained about 60,000 entries).", "The first well-known American dictionary was Noah Webster's An American Dictionary of the English Language, published in 1828. Webster is often thought of as a linguistic nationalist, but he was actually more of a linguistic reformer. He argued that English, both in Britain and the United States, should follow \"rational\" rules. He introduced a system to reform English spelling and make it more uniform. He also devised an elaborate etymological system, based on his own research. This etymology won almost no acceptance at the time and remains universally discredited. Webster's faith in the rational reform of language contradicted the traditional commitment of the Anglo-American lexicography to use dictionaries to record refined usage.", "Joseph Worcester, a Boston lexicographer, published a competing dictionary in 1846, three years after Webster died. A new edition of Webster's dictionary appeared the next year, published by the Merriam-Webster Company. These publications set off the \"dictionary wars\" of the 1840s and 1850s. Educators, editors, literary people, and even politicians all took sides, debating linguistics and hurling insults. Webster's publishers won the war in the 1860s by making their dictionary more conventional. The strange spellings and etymologies disappeared—Webster's dictionary now recorded refined contemporary usage.", "Title: A Dictionary of the English Language: In Which the Words Are Deduced from Their Originals, and Illustrated in Their Different Significations by Examples from the Best Writers, To Which Are Prefixed a History of the Language and an English Grammar" ]

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[ "Quetzalcoatl, translated as “feathered serpent” from the Nahuatl language, is a pre-Columbian deity who has been worshipped by many different cultures throughout Mesoamerican history, from Teotihuacan to the Aztec Empire. The serpent is a significant sacred animal in pre-Columbian cosmology and iconography and serpent motifs are frequent. God of the wind, of Venus and of the dawn, Quetzalcoatl is the patron god of the Aztec priesthood and one of the most important deities of the Aztec pantheon. He is also known as the god of merchants, of the arts, crafts and knowledge. Quetzalcoatl is characterized by an abundant featherwork covering the entire serpent’s body. Its plumage seems to be filled by the blowing wind, a reference to Ehecatl, god of the wind, one of the aspects of Quetzalcoatl. Indeed, the breezes announcing the fertile rainfalls come from the East, i.e. the land of the Mayas, which is also the land of the quetzal birds. The quetzal featherwork is also characterized by its green and verdant aspect, symbol of renewal, rebirth and fertility. The feathered serpent becomes then a flying reptile, much like a dragon, and is a boundary-maker between earth and sky. He is a symbol of fertility and might have contributed essentially to the creation of mankind.", "Quetzalcoatl (;) () is a Mesoamerican deity whose name comes from the Nahuatl language and means \"feathered serpent\". The worship of a feathered serpent is first known documented in Teotihuacan in the first century BC or first century AD. That period lies within the Late Preclassic to Early Classic period (400 BC – 600 AD) of Mesoamerican chronology, and veneration of the figure appears to have spread throughout Mesoamerica by the Late Classic (600–900 AD). ", "Quetzalcoatl (“The Feathered Serpent” and pronounced Keh-tzal-coh-WAH-tul), is the name of an important Mesoamerican deity whose origins can be traced back to the city of Teotihuacan . During the Postclassic period, several cultures--including the Maya, Toltecs, Aztecs and other polities in Central Mexico --all worshiped some version of the Quetzalcoatl cult. However, the majority of information about this god comes from Aztec/Mexica sources.", "Quetzalcoatl is commonly illustrated as a great-feathered serpent in the art and architecture of various tribes and cultures involved in the worship of the deity. As far as symbolism is concerned, the image of Quetzalcoatl bears comparison to the classic Mesoamerican mythical creature known as the Celestial Dragon, which symbolizes the heritage and culture of both American Indian and Chicano, especially during the 1970s. The ancient feathered deity is characterized by the hybrid attributes of a bird and a reptile; although the murals, and images illustrating the characteristics of Quetzalcoatl vary according tribe and culture. Quetzalcoatl also resembles the figure of an ancient Aztec figure known as Nahuatl representing symbols of plumage of the Quetzal bird (Quetzalli; connotes the high value of the serpent) and a snake (coatl; symbolizes the negative nature of the being). Olmec culture (1150 to 500 B.C.) regard “serpents” as representations of agricultural and land resources, but the tribe of Teotihuacán (200 C.E.) illustrates their serpent (specifically rattlesnake) with attached long green feathers of Quetzal. Meanwhile, Maya Indians from Mexico and Central America regard Quetzalcoatl as a symbolical serpent that appears to have risen out of the sea to bring the crucifix.", "The archaeological record shows that after the fall of Teotihuacan that marked the beginning of the epi-classic period in Mesoamerican chronology around 600 AD, the cult of the feathered serpent spread to the new religious and political centers in central Mexico, centers such as Xochicalco, Cacaxtla and Cholula. Feathered serpent iconography is prominent at all of these sites. Cholula is known to have remained the most important center of worship to Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec/Nahua version of the feathered serpent deity, in the postclassic period.", "In the Postclassic period (900 - 1519 CE) the worship of the feathered serpent deity was centered in the central Mexican religious center of Cholula. It is in this period that the deity is known to have been named \"Quetzalcoatl\" by his Nahua followers.", "A feathered serpent deity has been worshiped by many different ethnopolitical groups in Mesoamerican history: Quetzalcoatl and Kukulkan. Where is the connection well… It seems that Viracocha, Quetzalcoatl, and Kukulkan are closely connected.", "Some of the Native American tribes give reverence to the rattlesnake as grandfather and king of snakes who is able to give fair winds or cause tempest. Among the Hopi of Arizona the serpent figures largely in one of the dances. The rattlesnake was worshipped in the Natchez temple of the sun and the Aztec deity Quetzalcoatl was a feathered serpent-god. In many MesoAmerican cultures, the serpent was regarded as a portal between two worlds. The tribes of Peru are said to have adored great snakes in the pre-Inca days and in Chile the Mapuche made a serpent figure in their deluge beliefs.", "In America some of the Native American tribes give reverence to the rattlesnake as grandfather and king of snakes who is able to give fair winds or cause tempest. Among the Hopi of Arizona the serpent figures largely in one of the dances. The rattlesnake was worshiped in the Natchez temple of the sun and the Aztec deity Quetzalcoatl was a feathered serpent-god. In many Meso-American cultures, the serpent was regarded as a portal between two worlds. The tribes of Peru are said to have adored great snakes in the pre-Inca days and in Chile the Mapuche made a serpent figure in their deluge beliefs.", "Coiled serpents such as the one above were commonly made throughout the Aztec state, and Meso-American historian Dirk Tuerenhout states \"Aztec stone sculptors loved portraying animals, especially snakes and jaguars. Some of the snakes were extremely naturalistic, but others were more stylized when referencing Quetzalcoatl.\"(Tuerenhout 2005, 219). However, the difference between this piece, and other stone coiled serpents is that this sculpture is feathered, and therefore was most likely used in religious rituals in worship of Quetzalcoatl. Snakes played many different roles in Aztec culture, and some stone snake sculptures such as the one in the Metropolitan Museum were used as a symbol of fertility.", "The feathered serpent can be found throughout Mesoamerican Mythology - also known as Quetzalcoatl , Kukulcan, Viracocha, among other gods played by the same soul in various guises. Pyramids of Mesoamerica", "Similarly to the Incan god Viracocha, the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl and several other deities from Central and South American pantheons, like the Chibcha/Muisca god Bochica are described in legends as being bearded. The beard, once believed to be a mark of a prehistoric European influence and quickly fueled and embellished by spirits of the colonial era, had its single significance in the continentally insular culture of Mesoamerica. The Anales de Cuauhtitlan is a very important early source which is particularly valuable for having been originally written in Nahuatl. The Anales de Cuauhtitlan describes the attire of Quetzalcoatl at Tula:", "The most famous example of this cult is the site of Chichen Itza in the Yucatan Peninsula and its connections with the central Mexican site of Tula, capital of the Toltecs. According to local and colonial sources, Quetzalcoatl-Kukulcan (his Mayan name) arrived in the Yucatan bringing with him a new set of religious and political practices associated with militarism, and human sacrifices . These themes are easily recognizable in the architecture and sculptures of Maya sites such as Chichen Itza and Mayapan . During the Postclassic period, the Aztecs/Mexica revitalized the cult of Quetzalcoatl, which was also associated to the figure of Ehecatl, the wind god, and to the planet Venus.", "The earliest iconographic depiction of the deity is believed to be found on Stela 19 at the Olmec site of La Venta, depicting a serpent rising up behind a person probably engaged in a shamanic ritual. This depiction is believed to have been made around 900 BC, although probably not exactly a depiction of the same feathered serpent deity worshipped in classic and post-classic periods it shows the continuity of symbolism of feathered snakes in Mesoamerica from the formative period and on, for example in comparison to the Mayan Vision Serpent shown below. Vision Serpent depicted on lintel 15 from Yaxchilan.The first culture to use the symbol of a feathered serpent as an important religious and political symbol was Teotihuacan. At temples such as the aptly named \"Quetzalcoatl temple\" in the Ciudadela complex, feathered serpents figure prominently and alternate with a different kind of serpent head. The earliest depictions of the feathered serpent deity were fully zoomorphic, depicting the serpent as an actual snake, but already among the Classic Maya the deity began acquiring human features.", "This piece is an exceptional artwork. The artist carved it from a single block and created the feathered serpent using the original shape of the stone. The natural and precise rendition, typical of Aztec art, livens up the sculpture, giving us the impression that we face the real animal. Sculptures of Quetzalcoatl are extremely rare and only a very few examples are known to date. The object we present here is one of the most beautiful feathered serpents ever referenced, together with the one exhibited in the Vatican Museums and published in the following book: Aztecs, exh. cat., from 16th November 2002 to 11th April 2003, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 2002, p. 192, fig. 114. The beauty of the stone, the perfect technical mastery and the richness of the iconography make this item an absolute masterpiece. ", "Among the Classic Maya, the figure of a feathered serpent is illustrated in many stone monuments and murals, and is often related to the worship of royal ancestors. During the Terminal Classic , or Epiclassic, period the cult of the Feathered Serpent spread dramatically in Mesoamerica . In Central Mexico, other centers where the cult of the feathered serpent is widespread are Xochicalco , Cholula, and Cacaxtla .", "Meanwhile, back in central Mexico, the legend of Quetzalcoatl carried over to the Aztecs, the Toltecs’ successors. For centuries, they awaited the fabled serpent’s return from his atonement voyage on the big raft. (There was a false alarm in 1519, when Hernan Cortes and his 11 galleons manned by “fair-skinned, bearded sailors” came ashore at Veracruz on a date close to Quetzalcoatl’s birthday – but that was to start the conquest of Mexico.)", "The Toltecs sacked and burned the great city of Teotihuacán about 900 ce. Tradition tells that this occurred under the leadership of Mixcóatl (“Cloud Serpent”). Under his son, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl , they formed a number of small states of various ethnic origins into an empire later in the 10th century. The ruler Topiltzin introduced the cult of Quetzalcóatl (“Feathered Serpent”), which name he adopted. This cult and others, as well as the Toltec military orders of the Coyote, the Jaguar, and the Eagle, were introduced into important Mayan cities to the south in Yucatán, such as Chichén Itzá and Mayapán , indicating the broad influence of the Toltecs.", "Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent, was one of the gods in the ancient religion of this country", "Although the story varies between different Mesoamerican cultures, Quetzalcoatl was considered the god of the morning star, and his twin brother Xoloti was the evening star(Venus). Quetzalcoatl was considered the inventor of books, the calendars, presenter of maize (corn), and sometimes the symbol of death and resurrection. He was also related to the gods of the wind, the dawn, of merchants, arts, and crafts. He was the patron god of the Aztec priesthood, of learning and knowledge.", "\"On the pyramid of Cholula was an altar dedicated to Quetzalcoatl, or the serpent of green feathers; as the name imports.... This is the most mysterious being of the whole Mexican mythology.\" He is said to have been 'a white bearded man.' He was high priest of Tula, legislator, chief of a religious sect who inflicted on themselves the most cruel penance.... He appeased by his penance divine wrath (in other words, atonement)... The reign of Quetzalcoatl was a golden age of the people of Anahuac... He dwelt twenty years among them... ordered fasts, and regulated the Taltic year... He preached peace to man... He disappeared, after he had declared to the Cholulans that he would return and govern them again, and renew their happiness.\" (pp. 204 et seq)", "The earliest surviving representation of Quetzalcóatl is from the Olmec civilization with a carving at La Venta of a beaked snake with a feather crest flanked by two quetzal birds and a sky band. The earliest representation in Mexico is at Teotihuacán where there are 3rd century CE representations of feathered snakes and where a six-tiered pyramid was built in the god’s honour. These representations of the god and those at the later site of Cacaxtla include the god with rain and water suggesting a strong association with that element. The god was often represented in architectural sculptural decoration and he appears at other sites such as Xochicalco but rarely with any human form before the Late Postclassical period, an exception is a carved palma from Veracruz.", "Along with other gods, such as Tezcatlipoca and Tlaloc, Quetzalcoatl was called \"Ipalnemohuani\", a title reserved for the gods directly involved in the creation, which means \"by whom we live\". Because the name Ipalnemohuani is singular, this led to speculations that the Aztec were becoming monotheistic and all the main gods were only one. While this interpretation cannot be ruled out, it is probably an oversimplification of the Aztec religion.", "  However, royal lineage was a legacy of Mesoamerica in whole since its beginning, therefore there is no need to associate the bases of the royal lineage with the mythological legacy of Topitzin Quetzalcoatl. Rather instead, the Feathered Serpent concept had gained this aspect of social hegemony, for the very element of reliability and stability that the Feathered Serpent had portended as a good omen pertaining to a generous rainfall, and the blossoming of vegetation that came about as a result. Quetzalcoatl was the myth of plenty, and the promise of fulfillment found in a structured world of divine order. For this reason, his early mythology related heavily to the needs of man for the bases of rain, and the abundant foods it produced. Quetzalcoatl, the Feathered Serpent was therefore the god of universal generosity, and an advocate for the survival of man as being apart of his very spirit as the movement of the winds.", "A feathered serpent deity has been worshiped by many different ethno-political groups in Mesoamerican history. The existence of such worship can be seen through studies of iconography of different Mesoamerican cultures, in which serpent motifs are frequent. On the basis of the different symbolic systems used in portrayals of the feathered serpent deity in different cultures and periods, scholars have interpreted the religious and symbolic meaning of the feathered serpent deity in Mesoamerican cultures.", "Along with the feathered serpent deity, several other serpent gods existed in the pantheon of Mesoamerican gods with similar traits.", "      Near the exact centre of the city and just east of the Avenue of the Dead is the Ciudadela (“Citadel”), a kind of sunken court surrounded on all four sides by platforms supporting temples. In the middle of the sunken plaza is the so-called Temple of Quetzalcóatl, which is dated to the second phase of Teotihuacán, Miccaotli. Along the balustrades of its frontal stairway and undulating along the talud-tablero bodies of each stage of this stepped pyramid are sculptured representations of Quetzalcóatl, the Feathered Serpent. Alternating with the Feathered Serpents on the tableros are heads of another monster that can be identified with the Fire Serpent—bearer of the Sun on its diurnal journey across the sky.", "A statue of the Mesoamerican god Quetzalcoatl is shaped like the pineal gland and contains a necklace around Quetzalcoatl’s neck which is made out of pinecones…”", "The pantheon of the people of Teotihuacan (200 BCE - 700 CE) also featured a feathered serpent, shown most prominently on the Temple of the Feathered Serpent (dated 150-200 CE). Several feathered serpent representations appear on the building, including full-body profiles and feathered serpent heads.", "Feathered Serpent Image at the Temple of Quetzalcoatl, Detail of carved head of plumed serpent.  Religious Images/UIG / Getty Images", "From 1200 CE Quetzalcóatl is often represented in human form and usually wears shell jewellery and a conical hat (copilli). He may also have a hat-band holding sacrificial implements, a flower, a fan of black and yellow feathers and ear-rings of jade circles or spiral shells (epcololli). The god also often wears the wind jewel (Ehecailacozcatl) which is a cross section of a conch whorl worn as a pectoral. As Ehecatl-Quetzalcóatl he is often black, wears a red mask like a duck’s beak and has long canine teeth. As god of the cardinal directions Quetzalcóatl was also associated with the colours black (north), red (east), blue (south) and white (west).", "In the myth of mankind’s creation Quetzalcóatl descends into Mictlán - the underworld - where he is sent to remove some bones. However, Mictlanteuctli and Mictlancihuatl, the ruling gods of the underworld, agree to give the bones only if Quetzalcóatl can blow a conch-shell horn that has no holes in it. The clever Quetzalcóatl gets around the problem by having worms drill holes in the conch and putting bees inside to make it sound. Quetzalcóatl also pretends to leave the underworld without the bones, declaring his intention to leave them where they are whilst in actual fact he steals them from under the nose of Mictlanteuctli. The god is outraged at the deceit and makes a pit to entrap the trickster. Quetzalcóatl does indeed fall into the pit and in so doing scatters the ill-gotten bones so that the male and female parts are mixed. Gathering up the bones, Quetzalcóatl escapes the pit and gives them to the great snake goddess Cihuacóatl to magically fashion them into people by mixing them with corn and some of Quetzalcóatl’s blood.     " ]

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[ "Likewise, the meaning of \"front\" and \"back\" would be unclear because they depend on perspective. Instead, the term \"upstage\" is used to denote the part of the stage furthest from the audience or to motion away from the audience, while \"downstage\" denotes the portion of the stage closest to the audience or to motion in that direction. These terms were common in older theatres, which gave the audience a better view of the action by inclining the floor (known as a raked stage), so upstage actually was at a higher elevation than downstage.", "Upstage/Downstage - Positions on stage; upstage is toward the rear of the stage and farthest from the audience while downstage is toward the lip of the stage, closest to the audience. On a raked stage, performers at the rear of the stage were actually higher in position (up) while performers at the front of the stage were lower in position (down).", "The area closest to the audience is considered downstagewhile the area furthest away from the audience is considered upstage.  Stage right and stage left (or, simply, right and left) are from the constant perspective of an actor standing on stage, facing the audience.  Center (or center stage) is the area right in the middle of the stage, halfway between furthest upstage and downstage.  Off or offstage is the area backstage, not included in the playing area.  The playing area is considered on or onstage.", "upstage/downstage - The position on stage farthest or nearest the audience. when a performer moves downstage, he goes toward the audience.", "(The stage is divided into two acting areas. Upstage is a representation of a traditional double sculling skiff. At stage right is the stern of the skiff with a rudder and two rudder lines leading to a bench with a low back. At stage left is the prow of the skiff and a low bench for the sculler to sit at. The skiff sits on a low platform that is roughly three meters long and one meter wide. Downstage is Jerome's drawing room. There is a sideboard down stage right, an armchair and small table just right of center and a divan just left of center. Sound- music. As music plays out the curtain opens to reveal Jerome, George, and Harris standing down center with glasses of port in their hands. Lights- up full. They address the audience.)", "(CENTER CENTER in the USA) - the position in the centre of the stage space. Downstage Centre (DSC) is the position at the front of the stage, Upstage Centre (USC), and Centre Stage (CS) or CENTRE CENTRE is the centre. House Centre / House Center is the centre line of the auditorium (which is usually the same as that of the stage).", "The part of the stage located downstage of the Proscenium is called the Apron, or sometimes the Thrust. The Audience seating is the Auditorium or the House.", "Abbreviation for Downstage Opposite Prompt. Refers to the area nearest the audience on stage right. (Prompt side or PS is stage left). ", "The approximate center of the stage from Stage Left to Stage Right AND Upstage and Downstage. Can be used in combination with those terms during blocking. For example, \"Move center stage right\" which would be written in the actor's script as CSR. ", "(noun) In a proscenium theatre, that part of the stage farthest from the audience; the rear of the stage, so called because it was in fact raised (\"up\") in the days of the raked stage", "The Audience is often placed on risers to either side of the playing space, with little or no audience on either end of the “stage”. Actors are staged in profile to the audience. It is often the most workable option for long, narrow spaces.", "The part of the stage farthest from the audience, so named because when stages were raked (slanted), an actor walking away from the audience was literally walking up. Called \"Up\" for short.", "1) The part of the stage furthest from the audience. 2) When an actor does something and causes the audience to look at them, drawing attention to her/himself away from the main action. For example, moving around, or over-reacting to onstage events. ", "The section of the stage farthest away from the viewing audience, the back of the visible stage as opposed to \"backstage\" and out of sight.", "* Proscenium: The audience directly faces the playing area which is separated by a portal called the proscenium arch. The stage is often raised a few feet higher than the first rows of the audience. The audience is on a rake, getting higher as the seating goes towards the rear of the house.", "*Stage left and right, at least in British and North American theatre, refer to the actor's left and right facing the audience. Because this is sometimes misunderstood, the terms prompt (actor's or stage left) and bastard/opposite prompt (actor's or stage right) are also used. (See also Prompt corner)", "Proscenium � 1 a : the stage of an ancient Greek or Roman theater b : the part of a modern stage in front of the curtain c : the wall that separates the stage from the auditorium and provides the arch that frames it", "A STAGE where the audience are seated on at least two, normally all four, sides of the whole acting area. Also called “theater in the round.”", "deck, stage: as in the proscenium theatre, refers to the floor on which the performers perform.", "3. (Theatre) theatre the section of seats above the main level of the auditorium, usually comprising the dress circle and the upper circle", "Left/ Right as seen from the actor's point of view on stage. For example, Stage Left (SL) is the right side of the stage when looking from the auditorium or audience seats. ", "Stage right: When facing the audience, the area of the stage to the right of centre.", "Stage left: The left side of the stage from the performer's perspective, when gazing at the audience.", "STAGE RIGHT - To the performer's right side, to the audience's left side. Likewise, STAGE LEFT is to the performer's left, the audience's right. Stage directions are for actors, not the audience, therefore they are always given from the actor's point of view to the audience.", "The area of the theatre in which the performance takes place is referred to as the stage.", "Type of stage which is surrounded by the audience on all four sides; also called theater-in-the-round.", "1. The area of a modern theater that is located between the curtain and the orchestra.", "The part of the theatre on which performances happen, adjacent to the auditorium. See also ARENA, END ON, THRUST, IN THE ROUND.", "STAGE LEFT / RIGHT : Left/ Right as seen from the Actor's point of view on stage. (ie Stage Left is the right side of the stage when looking from the auditorium.)", "Stage �  (n) the area where a play is acted out; generally, this area is raised above the regular floor level.  (See also \" Acting & Performance - Stage (v) \")", "A series of lowered or raised platforms on stage, often connected by various stairs and exits, which form the various locations for all of a play's scenes", "Term used to describe everything on stage (except props) used to represent the place at which action is occurring. " ]

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[ "On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at Chicago's University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project . This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in World War II in 1945.", "The Manhattan Project was the project to develop the first nuclear weapon (atomic bomb) during World War II by the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineer District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1941–1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves. The scientific research was directed by American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer.[1]", "On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project . This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in World War II in 1945. [73]", "Chemists at the University of Chicago began to study the newly manufactured radioactive element. The George Herbert Jones Laboratory at the university was the site where, for the first time, a trace quantity of this new element was isolated and measured in September 1942. This procedure enabled chemists to determine the new element's atomic weight. Room 405 of the building was named a National Historic Landmark in May 1967.  During the Manhattan Project, the first production reactor was built at the Oak Ridge, Tennessee site that later became Oak Ridge National Laboratory.  Later, large reactors were set up in Hanford, Washington, for the production of plutonium, which was used in the first atomic bomb used at the \"Trinity\" test at White Sands, New Mexico in July 1945.   Plutonium was also used in the \"Fat Man\" bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan in August 1945.  The \"Little Boy\" bomb dropped on Hiroshima utilized uranium-235, not plutonium.", "Manhattan Project was the wartime effort to design and build the first nuclear weaponsAtomic Bomb). A $2-billion effort, centred at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Hanford, Wash.,was required to obtain sufficient amounts of the two necessary isotopes, uranium-235and plutonium-239. The design and building of the bombs took place at Los Alamos, NewMexico, where J. Robert Oppenheimer directed a large group of American and European-refugee scientists. Following the test explosion of a plutonium device on July 16, 1945,near Alamogordo, New Mexico, a uranium bomb and a plutonium bomb were dropped on,respectively, Hiroshima (Aug. 6) and Nagasaki (Aug. 9).", "The US Army formed the project under the name “The Manhattan Project” because much of the original work had been done in and around Manhattan, New York. When the Army took control, they decided to move the development of the nuclear bomb to three principle areas, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where the enriched Uranium was made, Hanford, Washington, where the Plutonium was created, and Los Alamos, New Mexico, where the final assembly was done and a majority of the lead scientists were located.", "The Manhattan Project, the code name for the United States' secret plan to develop atomic weapons for use in warfare, was a broad designation for the people, geographic locations and resources involved in atomic research during World War II. Many were, and still are, split on the decision to use the bomb in Japan, including the very people who helped build it. Some feel it saved lives and ended World War II, while others argue the Japanese would have surrendered anyway.", "Beginning in October 1942, the United States Army Corps of Engineers began seizing land in Tennessee’s Anderson County, an area about 25 miles West of Knoxville. Within five short months, the corps had removed all residents, raised protective fences, and began construction on Oak Ridge, a top secret town that appeared on no maps. Even local residents didn’t realize that they lived next to a production facility for the Manhattan Project, the legendary effort to develop the world’s first nuclear weapon.", "The Manhattan Project had four main facilities. In the basement of the unused football stadium of the University of Chicago, scientists Enrico Fermi and Arthur Compton built an atomic pile and in December 1942 produced the first chain reaction in uranium. At Hanford, Washington, a plant produced plutonium‐239 from uranium‐238. The Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee , separated uranium‐235 from uranium‐238 through gaseous diffusion. A secret new laboratory, headed by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer , was built in 1943 on a secluded mesa at Los Alamos, New Mexico , to design and build atomic bombs.", "During WW II the three primary research and production sites of the Manhattan Project were the Plutonium Production Facility at what is now the Hanford Site , Washington, the Uranium Enrichment facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee , and the weapons research and design laboratory, now known as Los Alamos National Laboratory . In 1943, the first production reactor that made Pu-239 was the X-10 Graphite Reactor built at a facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee that later became the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.", "Manhattan Project, the wartime effort to design and build the first nuclear weapons ( atomic bombs ). With the discovery of fission in 1939, it became clear to scientists that certain radioactive materials could be used to make a bomb of unprecented power. U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt responded by creating the Uranium Committee to investigate this possibility. Progress was slow until Aug., 1942, when the project was placed under U.S. Army control and reorganized. The Manhattan Engineer District (MED) was the official name of the project. The MED's commanding officer, Gen. Leslie R. Groves , was given almost unlimited powers to call upon the military, industrial, and scientific resources of the nation.", "In 1939 a letter was sent by prominent physicists Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein to President Franklin D. Roosevelt warning of the possibility that Nazi Germany might be attempting to build an atomic bomb. [11] [12] In 1942, Roosevelt authorized the Manhattan Project , as the American nuclear physics effort was called, to research and develop a nuclear device. Although Nazi Germany was defeated in May 1945, the Manhattan Project was not disbanded, and culminated in the test explosion of a nuclear device at what is now called the Trinity Site on July 16, 1945, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki a few weeks later.", "Original plans called for the military reservation to house approximately 13,000 people in prefabricated housing, trailers, and wood dormitories. By the time the Manhattan Engineer District headquarters were moved from Washington, DC to Tennessee in the summer of 1943 (Groves kept the Manhattan project's office in Washington and placed Col. Kenneth D. Nichols in command at Tennessee), estimates for the town of Oak Ridge had been revised upward to 45,000 people. By the end of the war, Oak Ridge was the fifth largest city in Tennessee and was consuming 1/7 of all the electrical power being produced in the United States. While the Army and its contractors tried desperately to keep up with the rapid influx of workers and their families, services always lagged behind demand.", "The Manhattan Project | The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb | History of the Atomic Age | atomicarchive.com", "By the time President Roosevelt authorized the Manhattan Project on December 28, 1942, work on the east Tennessee site where the first production facilities were to be built was already underway. On Saturday, September 19, Groves had approved the acquisition of 59,000 acres of land along the Clinch River, 20 miles west of Knoxville, Tennessee. Also approved was the removal of the relatively few families on the marginal farmland and extensive site preparation to provide the transportation, communications, and utility needs of the town and production plants that would occupy the previously undeveloped area. At first, this location was known as \"Site X\" and later changed to the Clinton Engineer Works, named after the nearest town. After the war, the name was again changed officially to Oak Ridge.", "On May 12, 1942, President Roosevelt signed an order creating a secret project to develop the nuclear weapon. The program that developed the atomic bomb for the United States during World War II was the largest secret project ever undertaken by the U.S. government.", "The Manhattan Project also involved research facilities in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Hanford, Washington. Billboards, like this one in Oak Ridge, reminded workers of the project's top-secret nature.", "Although government support was relatively weak, important nuclear-science discoveries, unannounced for security reasons, were made in the United States in 1940 and 1941. Potential pathways for enriching 235U, the self-fissioning isotope of uranium, were developed, and Glenn Seaborg and Arthur Wahl produced plutonium, an element that had great potential for use in a nuclear weapon. In December 1941, President Roosevelt authorized the formation of the Manhattan Engineer District of the Army Corps of Engineers (\"Manhattan Project\" ) as the organization that would oversee the development of the atomic bomb. Groups of scientists, some of whom were already working on nuclear energy research, were organized to work on various aspects of the bomb project. One such project was called the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago , where Italian-born physicist Enrico Fermi and other scientists worked on the construction of the first nuclear reactor, powered by uranium enriched in 235U.", "was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics. He is often called the \"father of the atomic bomb\" in the World War II project that developed the first nuclear weapons.", "Even before the outbreak of war in 1939, a group of American scientists–many of them refugees from fascist regimes in Europe–became concerned with nuclear weapons research being conducted in Nazi Germany. In 1940, the U.S. government began funding its own atomic weapons development program, which came under the joint responsibility of the Office of Scientific Research and Development and the War Department after the U.S. entry into World War II . The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was tasked with spearheading the construction of the vast facilities necessary for the top-secret program, codenamed “The Manhattan Project ” (for the engineering corps’ Manhattan district).", "The name of the project was originally \"Installation Dog.\" It began in 1947, and its purpose was to construct Building 9214, a structure specially designed and camouflaged to look like a farm barn with a silo. The motivation for the unique design was to create a better, more hidden location for the storage of the Uranium 235, the fuel for the atomic bomb which was being enriched in Oak Ridge. Initially, the Uranium 235 was stored in Building 9213 where it was not hidden in any fashion. The importance of this material required all precautions be taken, so an alternative plan was set into motion.", "In 1939, prominent physicist, Albert Einstein signed a letter sent to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, urging him to accelerate the research of nuclear chain reactions. The letter warned that nuclear weapons research was being conducted in Nazi Germany. In 1940, the U.S. government began developing its own atomic weapons program. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was charged with constructing the vast facilities necessary for the top-secret program codenamed “The Manhattan Project,” so-called for the district where early development took place. ", "Two types of atomic bomb were developed during the war; a relatively simple gun-type fission weapon was made using uranium while a more complex plutonium implosion-type weapon was designed concurrently. For the Gun-Type weapon development uranium-235 (an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium) was required. Chemically identical to the most common isotope, uranium-238, and with almost the same mass, it proved difficult to separate the two. Three methods were employed for uranium enrichment: electromagnetic, gaseous and thermal. Most of this work was performed at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium. Reactors were constructed at Oak Ridge and Hanford, Washington, in which uranium was irradiated and transmuted into plutonium. The plutonium was then chemically separated from the uranium. The gun-type design proved impractical to use with plutonium so the implosion-type weapon was developed in a concerted design and construction effort at the project's principal research and design laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico.", "was the effort, led by the United States with participation from the United Kingdom and Canada, which resulted in the development of the first atomic bomb during World War II. From 1942 to 1946 the project was under the command of Major General Leslie R. Groves Jr. of the US Army Corps of Engineers.", "1944 JanPhilip Abelson, after learning about the problems with the Manhattan Project's gaseous diffusion plant, informs J. Robert Oppenheimer about the progress in his research on liquid thermal diffusion technology. This eventually leads to the construction of the S-50 Plant at Oak Ridge.", "With the advent of war breaking out in Europe and the Pacific, many American scientists tried to work together to they could easily and quickly create fissionable materials for a nuclear bomb. In 1942 Vannevar Bush pushed the US Army into taking a more active interest in the construction of a nuclear bomb. The Army decided to take over the project under command of General Leslie Groves with research lead by J. Robert Oppenheimer.", "Oak Ridge was instrumental in the development of the atomic bomb. Today, because of constant energy research, it is known as the Energy Capital of the World.", "1944 June 18General Leslie Groves contracts to have the S-50 Plant, intended for liquid thermal diffusion uranium enrichment, built at Oak Ridge, TN in no more than three months.", "1942 DecPlans and contracts are made for the construction of an experimental reactor, plutonium separation plant, and Electromagnetic separation facility at Oak Ridge, TN.", "An Army-OSRD council on 25 June 1942 decided to build a pilot plant for plutonium production in Red Gate Woods southwest of Chicago. In July, Nichols arranged for a lease of 1025 acre from the Cook County Forest Preserve District, and Captain James F. Grafton was appointed Chicago area engineer. It soon became apparent that the scale of operations was too great for the area, and it was decided to build the plant at Oak Ridge, and keep a research and testing facility in Chicago. ", "Oak Ridge facilities covered more than 60,000 acres (243 km²) of several former farm communities in the Tennessee Valley area. Some Tennessee families were given two weeks' notice to vacate family farms that had been their homes for generations. So secret was the site during World War II that the state governor was unaware that Oak Ridge (which was to become the fifth largest city in the state) was being built. At one point Oak Ridge plants were consuming 1/6th of the electrical power produced in the U.S., more than New York City. Oak Ridge mainly produced uranium-235.", "June 1942J. Robert Oppenheimer joins the Chicago Met Lab to lead an effort on fast neutron physics, and prepares an outline for the entire neutron physics program. Production of plutonium through marathon irradiation by cyclotron begins. Chicago Met Lab engineering council begins developing plans for large scale plutonium production reactors. President Roosevelt approves a plan for spending $85 million for a weapon development program." ]

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[ "Fish roe is the egg that is separated from the supporting connective tissue at maturity, before spawning (commonly known as fertilization). In general, fish roe is highly consumed around the world, particularly in Japan, Italy, Greece and China, and caviar is an example that is recognized as a luxury delicacy. Only salted unfertilized roe of sturgeon harvested from the Caspian Sea can be known as caviar as its nutrient profile is valuable and irreplaceable through consumption of fish roe from other species. The quality of the fish roe can be evaluated based on the lipid and fatty acids profile (Bledsoe, Bledsoe, & Rasco, 2003), the integrity of the roe structure and the appearance to be free from blood veins (Gagne & Adambounou, 1994). Normally, the fresh fish roe will be processed for the purpose of extending its shelf life and enhancing the eating quality attributes. The common food preservation methods in used are salting, fermentation and drying. After all, fish roe contains significant amount of essential proteins, lipids (waxes, triacylglycerols, phospholipids and cholesterol), fatty acids (C16:0, C18:1n-9c, C16:1n-7, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3), vitamins and other trace minerals. Nevertheless, the variability of these constituents in fish roe changes across species, breeds and between individual fish, condition and maturity of eggs, fish farming condition, feed composition, climate, processing methods and conditions, size of fish roe and other factors.", "Caviar, sometimes called black caviar, is a luxury delicacy, consisting of processed, salted, non-fertilized sturgeon roe. According to the Code Alimentaire of United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization, caviar is defined as \"the product made from fish-eggs of the Acipenseridae family by treating with food-grade salt\".", "The designation \"caviar\" is traditionally applied to the salted, unfertilized roe of wild Caspian Sea sturgeon, a rapidly diminishing resource as neither Russia nor Iran are able (or willing) to end poaching. While Russian and Iranian caviar is an expensive luxury, going for as much as $500 an ounce, lesser caviars, made from the salted roe of salmon, lump fish, whitefish, steelhead, trout and other species of sturgeon, are more affordable substitutes.", "Caviar – the processed, salted roe of certain fish species, most notably sturgeon – is commercially marketed worldwide as a delicacy.", "According to the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization, caviar is the salt-cured roe (fish eggs) of the sturgeon, the common name for the approximately 26 species of fish within the Acipenseridae family. Of those 26 species, four are most prized for their roe: Beluga, Sterlet; Ossetra; and Sevruga. Traditionally, however, despite the existence of sturgeon in many regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and despite the various species of sturgeon which produce roe suitable for high-quality caviar, the word “caviar” was used to describe only the roe harvested from the prized wild Beluga sturgeon of the Caspian and Black Seas (the Caspian Sea actually being a saltwater lake—the world’s largest).", "Caviar refers to the salted eggs (roe) of the fish species, sturgeon. Caviar comes from the Persian word Khaviar which means \"bearing eggs\". Some eggs from other species ( such as salmon, paddlefish, whitefish, and lumpfish) may be labeled caviar if the name of the fish is included. The three main types of caviar beluga, sevruga, and osetra, refer to the sturgeon species the caviar comes from.", "In Russian , all types of fish roe are called \"икра\" (ikra, caviar), and there is no linguistic distinction between the English words \"roe\" and \"caviar.\" Sturgeon roe, called \"чёрная икра\" (chyornaya ikra, \" black caviar \") is most prized. It is usually served lightly salted on buttered rye bread, or used as an ingredient in various haute cuisine sauces and dishes. It is followed in prestige by salmon roe , called \"red caviar,\" which is less expensive, but still considered a delicacy. More common roes, such as cod , pollock , and herring are everyday dishes. Salted cod or pollock roe on buttered bread is common breakfast fare and herring roe is often eaten smoked or fried. The roe of freshwater fish is also popular but the commercial availability is lower. Soft roe of various fishes is also widely consumed, mostly fried, and is a popular cantina-style dish.", "Then there's cured roe. Salting sturgeon eggs turns them into caviar, the most luxurious of roe. Bottarga (Italian) or boutargue (French) is sometimes called poor man's caviar. The roe of gray mullet is salted, pressed and dried in the sun. Once, it was sold encased in wax but now is more often vacuum packed. Like other processed roes, bottarga/boutargue is available online. It is thinly sliced and served on toast or in salads, or grated and tossed with pasta. Sicilians put slices on ripe tomatoes.", "An anadromous fish, meaning it matures in saltwater, but migrates to fresh water to spawn. It averages in weight at 55 to 60 pounds, but some specimens grow much larger. The fish roe from the sturgeon is considered the \"true caviar\" and is probably more important than its flesh. The sturgeon has a rich, high fat flesh that is very firm, similar to meat, and is delicately flavored. On a limited basis, fresh sturgeon is available whole (less than eight pounds), or cut into steaks or chunks. Most of the sturgeon caught in U.S. waters is smoked.", "Apart from lumpfish roe and roe from sturgeon, there are other 24 main species in the Caspian Sea, whose eggs are also used to prepare caviar. The difference comes depending on which country the delicacy comes from. Consuming lumpfish roe has a number of benefits due to the various minerals that are contained in this delicacy. It contains selenium, phosphorous, magnesium, calcium, and vitamins like for example A, C and D. The food does not contain fat or carbohydrates. Amino acids like histadine and arginine are also found in this type of food. The serving of caviar should however be moderate because it contains sodium and cholesterol, which when taken in huge quantities will have side effects on your body. The main advantage of eating lumpfish roe is the ability of the food to revitalize the facial skin and that is one way we can care for our skins in a natural way without using the industrial chemical products. Some cosmetics are actually developed from the components found in the lumpfish roe. In addition to this, your body will take in the components without experiencing any allergy-related side effects.", "In Japan, the most popular roe is salted herring roe, called kazunoko. Crab roe from female mud crabs is a favorite in Southeast Asia. And sturgeon roe, as caviar (the original name for roe from sturgeon), is most prized in Europe.", "is a high quality farm-raised American alternative to caviar from the Caspian Sea. Raised in commercial fisheries located in Florida, Siberian Sturgeon produces a medium sized roe that is dark gray in color. The highlight is the Siberian�s flavor, which is revered for it�s soft buttery, lightly salted taste that smoothly melts in your mouth.", "In Judaism, roe from kosher fish--fish with fins and scales--is considered kosher. Like fish in general, it is considered pareve. Roe is considered kosher only if the fish from which it's harvested is kosher as well. This means that sturgeon roe is not considered kosher from an Orthodox Jewish perspective.", "In Judaism , roe from kosher fish--fish with fins and scales--is considered kosher. Like fish in general, it is considered pareve . Roe is considered kosher only if the fish from which it's harvested is kosher as well. This means that sturgeon roe is not considered kosher from an Orthodox Jewish perspective.", "The Sevruga sturgeon produces the smallest roe of the three main caviar varieties. More plentiful than the other two, it is also the least expensive. Its roe is black to very light grey in color and, like Beluga, it has a buttery flavor, but saltier, richer, and more intense. It's unique flavor is highly valued.", "Caviar is a delicacy consisting of salt-cured fish-eggs. Traditionally the term caviar refers to only the egg of the wild sturgeon. Depending on the country, caviar may also be used to describe the eggs of other fish such as salmon, steelhead trout, trout, lumpfish, whitefish and other species of sturgeon. Sturgeon caviar served with mother of pearl spoons to avoid tainting the taste of the caviar", "The roe of the Osetra has a slightly stronger flavor than the Beluga, but it is the Sevruga roe that tastes the strongest, along with producing the smallest eggs. The smallest sturgeon, the Sterlet, has larger roe that the Sevruga, but a mild taste. Because the Sterlet was prizes as a food source, it was fished almost to extinction.", "Sea urchin roe, or toutia توتية as it is known locally, is eaten directly from the sea urchin shell fresh using a small spoon. Some people add a twist of lemon juice to the roe and eat it in Lebanese flat bread.", "Sturgeon-derived caviar is not eaten by Kosher -observant Jews because sturgeon possess ganoid scales instead of the usual ctenoid and cycloid scales (see Kosher seafood). There is a discussion of its status in Halacha , since the scales will come off if soaked in lye; however, this does not apply to every roe-yielding fish species.", "While the flesh is eaten in the Nordic countries, fresh or smoked, this fish is most famous for its eggs, which are used to make a less expensive caviar. The eggs may be dyed black to resemble sturgeon caviar, or may be dyed red. IUCN Red Listed NE (Not Evaluated).  ", "No matter the size of the egg or the species from which it came, fish roe is a globule-shaped vehicle to taste the ocean. Though tiny, roe is so full of flavor that you wonder if what you're tasting is real. That's the sense I get at least when eating a spoonful of black or red caviar—that popping release of briny yet sweet ocean liqueur.", "A few words of caution about salmon roe: handle the skeins with care. Keep them cold at all times. Never, never, never freeze salmon roe unless you’re planning to make fish bait. The same goes for the finished product: freezing wrecks the eggs, and is especially harsh on the sensual “pop-ness” of the individual eggs as you eat them. Fresh caviar has a unique texture: you can feel each separate egg on the tongue, and each egg pops with a flavorful explosion. Frozen caviar is “dead.” It’s slushy, slimy and inert.", "Cod and hake roe is commonly consumed throughout the country in many different forms: sautéed, grilled, fried, marinated, pickled, boiled and with mayonnaise, or in salad. Tuna and ling dry brined roe is traditional in Andalusia and the Mediterranean coasts since antiquity. In all the Spanish coastal regions, sea urchin roe is considered a delicacy and consumed raw.", "Lightly salted roe of the vendace is called Löjrom in Swedish. It is naturally orange in colour. The most sought after type is Kalix Löjrom from Kalix in the northern Baltic sea.", "Pescatarians do not eat land animals or birds, including chicken, beef, pork and other types of poultry. They do, however, eat seafood, including fish such as salmon, tuna, trout, whitefish, sardines and even fish roe, also known as fish eggs or caviar. This type of diet also allows for shellfish like lobster, shrimp (or prawns), crawfish and crab as well as mollusks like scallops, clams, mussels, squid, octopus and oysters. These foods can be prepared in any manner, as long as they are not prepared with ingredients that contain meat that doesn't fall into these categories.", "more than makes up in it�s intense flavor. Sevruga caviar (acipenser stellatus) is saltier and richer in taste, which is why it is often referred to as the �Strong Sturgeon�.", "Obtained form sturgeon species originally from Siberia (Acipenser baeri), and is the most farmed species in France in the Aquitaine Basin. Its small grains are dark and have a soft, nutty flavor.", "A lean saltwater fish that has a white flaky flesh and a mild taste. It is available in fresh or frozen fillets.", "Being a Brit I can say I have eaten dogfish on a number of occasions. It has always been on the menu in Fish 'n Chip shops or in wet fish shops as Rock Eel, Rock Salmon or Huss ever since I can remember. No bones just one piece of cartiledge as a backbone. I prefer it to cod, delicious battered and deep fried. Caught myself I bleed out both dogfish and skate (usually thornback rays or roker) as soon as they are caught, clean, skin 'n fillet the dogs and wing the skate. Easy to skin them with a pair of pincers. Cook or freeze straight away. If they smell of ammonia then they are probably not worth eating although I did hear once of a way of getting rid of that and the reason for it which I promptly forgot! BTW there is a small pocket of flesh behind the eye of just about any ray or skate called \"skates eyeballs\". Quite delicious. Common Skate, the big ones, are not worth eating and probably all ended up as crab bait! Cod? Don't make me laugh, just about all fished out along with everything else.", "Shark livers have been used traditionally as foods. This ranged from being eaten fresh after its harvesting and cooking, to being preserved by salting and, much later, cooked before eating.", "2. its flesh eaten as food. Do you prefer meat or fish? vis لَحْم السَّمَك месо от риба peixe ryba der Fisch fisk ψάρι pescado kala گوشت ماهی kala poisson דג मछली riba (riblje meso) hal ikan fiskur pesce 魚肉 (음식으로서의) 어육(魚肉), 생선 žuvis zivs ikan vis fisk ryba د کب غونښه peixe peşte рыба rybacina riba riba fisk เนื้อปลา balık 魚肉 риба مچھلی کا گوشت thịt của cá dùng làm thức ăn 鱼肉", "I have read of people who caught and released fish. No, I have never had deer or squirrel and I never will. I buy Gardein, a company that sells fishless fillet. If I’m at a buffet and there is salmon, I may have it as I’ve read salmon is the best fish for the heart." ]

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[ "Vermilion (sometimes spelled vermillion) is a brilliant red or scarlet pigment originally made from the powdered mineral cinnabar, and is also the name of the resulting color. It was widely used in the art and decoration of Ancient Rome, in the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, in the paintings of the Renaissance, as sindoor in India, and in the art and lacquerware of China.", "Vermilion (sometimes spelled vermillion ) is a brilliant red or scarlet pigment originally made from the powdered mineral cinnabar, and is also the name of the resulting color. It was widely used in the art and decoration of Ancient Rome, in the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, in the paintings of the Renaissance, as sindoor in India, and in the art and lacquerware of China. ", "Vermilion, also known as cinnabar and China red, is red with a bit of orange in it, much like scarlet . It can be produced naturally from the mineral cinnabar and artificially. This  warm color  is considered the color of life and eternity. Vermilion carries with it the same  symbolism as red —a power color also associated with love, marriage and religion.", "Cinnabar and cinnabarite, likely deriving from the Greek κινναβαρι (kinnabari), refer to the common bright scarlet to brick-red form of mercury(II) sulfide, formula HgS, that is the most common source ore for refining elemental mercury, and is the historic source for the brilliant red or scarlet pigment termed vermilion and associated red mercury pigments.", "Cinnabar, the principal ore of mercury came from the Almaden mines of Spain for the artists of Pompeii. Cinnabar, a soft earthy lump of bright red, was an ingredient in recipes for preparing the philosopher’s stone as well as the artists’ color, Vermillion. Since the thirteenth century CE, red artists’ color has been artificially synthesized from mercury and sulfur. Vermillion is a dense opaque color that may blacken when exposed to the air or when painted next to white lead. Red lead, which definitely blackens in air, was used as a substitute for genuine Vermillion because it was a less expensive pigment. By the 1930’s, lightfast, permanent with considerably lower toxicity, Cadmium Red had replaced Vermillion on artists’ palettes.", "This orange-red color comes from the pigment found in the mineral cinnabar. Vermilion may also be spelled vermillion. - Jacci Howard Bear's Desktop Publishing Colors and Color Meanings", "\"China red\" is another name for the pigment vermilion, which is the traditional red pigment of Chinese art. Chinese name chops are printed with a red cinnabar paste, and vermilion (or cinnabar) is the pigment used in Chinese red lacquer . Cinnabar also has significance in Taoist culture, and was regarded as the color of life and eternity.", "\"CHINESE VERMILLION\" - Original packet of early nineteenth century Chinese vermilion - a brilliant red-scarlet pigment originally made from the powdered mineral cinnabar, and is also the name of the resulting color. Indians preferred to buy commercial vermillion from the traders to use in painting themselves and various items. Museum of the Fur Trade", "♥ French Vermilion Substitute The mineral known as Cinnabar dates back to antiquity; the Romans called it minium. In 1687, Schulte used mercury to create the Vermilion pigment, named after “Vermeil” (bright red). As a result of its toxicity and its poor stability, notably in mixtures with flake white, artists since the early 20th century have increasingly replaced it with this substitute, made from nitrogenous “azo” and extenders. Bright, luminous orange-red with high tinting strength. Good lightfastness.", "Vermilion is a red crystalline form of mercuric sulfide made artificially since antiquity. The red native mineral is of secondary origin and known as cinnabar. Cinnabar has the highest refractive index of any other known mineral, its mean index for sodium light being 3.256, while the index for diamond—a substance of remarkable refraction—is only 2.42. It was mined by the Romans for its mercury content and it has been the main ore of mercury throughout the centuries. Some mines used by the Romans are still being mined today. Cinnabar is found in all localities which yield mercury notably Almaden, Spain; Idrija, Slovenia; Landsberg, near Ober-Moschel in the Palatinate; Ripa, at the foot of the Apuan Alps, Tuscany; the mountain Avala, Serbia; Huancavelica, Peru; Kweichow and Hunan Provinces, China; Doneckaia region, Ukraine; and California, Oregon, Texas, and Arkansas, USA.", "Cinnabar, a dense red mineral, is the principal ore of the metal mercury, usually described as an intense reddish orange or sometimes as a dark reddish purple (See Cinnabar, Cold ). Cinnabar varies in masstone color from strong red to vivid reddish orange in Munsell range from 5R to 7.5R. Our warm cinnabar is prepared from the mineral in ore deposits found near Nikitovka in the Doneckaia region of Ukraine. It exhibits a beautiful masstone color of strong red with a tendency toward reddish orange.", "Vermilion, a dense red mineral, is made by subliming a mixture of mercury and sulfur, and is usually described as an intense reddish orange or sometimes as a dark reddish purple. Vermilion varies in masstone color from strong red to vivid reddish orange in Munsell range from 5R to 7.5R. Our vermilion is red mercuric sulfide made from ore deposits in the Huan province of China and prepared according to an Chinese ancient process known as the \"dry process.\" It exhibits a beautiful masstone color of strong red with a tendency toward reddish orange.", "Today, vermilion is most commonly artificially produced by reacting mercury with molten sulfur. Most naturally produced vermilion comes from cinnabar mined in China, giving rise to its alternative name of China red.", "Vermilion is the standard name in English given to the red artists' pigment based on artificially made mercuric sulfide, while cinnabar is the name given to the natural mineral.", "Vermilion is the standard name in England and the United States given to the red artists' pigment based on artificially made mercuric sulfide. Artificial cinnabar was manufactured very early on. Geber (Jabir), the eighth- to ninth-century Arabic alchemist mentions a red compound formed by the union of sulfur and mercury. The pigment has been known in China since prehistoric times and an example would be the famous Chinese Cinnabar lacquer beads.", "A mineral of mercury sulphide (HgS), the chief ore of mercury. It consists of small, red, soft crystals formed in hydrothermal veins and volcanic deposits, and is used in the mineral pigment vermilion. Cinnabar, sometimes written cinnabarite, is a name applied to red mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), or native vermilion, the common ore of mercury. Cinnabar is generally found in a massi…", "Cinnabar is a toxic mercury sulfide mineral with a chemical composition of HgS. It is the only important ore of mercury. It has a bright red color that has caused people to use it as a pigment and carve it into jewelry and ornaments for thousands of years in many parts of the world. Because it is toxic, its pigment and jewelry uses have almost been discontinued.", "Making the Pigment: The synthesis of these mercury and sulphur into cinnabar is accomplished by mixing them together and heating them; if simply mixed and ground together, a black sulfide of mercury is formed, but at the proper temperature this vaporizes and recondenses in the top of the flask in which it is heated. The flask is then broken and the vermilion is removed and ground. Upon grinding the red color begins to appear, and the longer it is ground, the finer the color becomes. This process was understood before the year 800 AD. ", "*Vermilion, a toxic mercury compound favored for its deep red-orange color by old master painters such as Titian, has been replaced in painters' palettes by various modern pigments, including cadmium reds. Although genuine Vermilion paint can still be purchased for fine arts and art conservation applications, few manufacturers make it, because of legal liability issues. Few artists buy it, because it has been superseded by modern pigments that are both less expensive and less toxic, as well as less reactive with other pigments. As a result, genuine Vermilion is almost unavailable. Modern vermilion colors are properly designated as Vermilion Hue to distinguish them from genuine Vermilion.", "Ancient Chinese people used cinnabar in their famous red lacquers and in special inks. The technique for making artificial vermilion from mercury and sulfur was apparently first devised in China in the eighth century. Vermilion from China is sometimes known as China Red.", "\"Chinese vermilion\" was described in 1835 as a cinnabar so pure that it only had to be ground into powder to become a perfect vermilion. Chinese vermilion was considered of a more crimson tone than the vermilion manufactured in Europe from less pure cinnabar. European vermilion of the time was often cut with various materials because of its high cost; adulterants included brick dust, orpiment , iron oxide, Persian red, iodine scarlet, and minium (red lead), an inexpensive bright lead oxide pigment that was too reactive to be trustworthy enough for use in art.", "Until the late 20th century, scientists were not able to tell the difference between human blood and earth red (ferric) iron oxide pigments. Vermillion was an alchemical mixture from the 9th century AD. Combining sulfur and mercury may have been an attempt to produce the philosopher’s stone. The resulting bright, opaque red was a marvel short of philosophy but a delight to painters for a thousand years. The earth red and vermillion colors were prepared by Robert Gamblin for a Smithsonian Institute research project and are not available from Gamblin Artists Colors.", "Some rock and mineral collectors like to include cinnabar samples in their collection. The color of the mineral varies considerably and ranges from orange to a deep purple-red. Some people enjoy the hunt for the perfect specimen.", "File:Cinnabarit 01.jpg| The mineral cinnabar, the ore of mercury, is the source of the color vermilion. In Roman times, most cinnabar came from mines at Almadén in Spain, where the miners were usually prisoners and slaves. Mercury is highly toxic, and working in the mines was often a death sentence for the miners.", "Genuine vermilion pigment today comes mostly from China; it is a synthetic mercuric sulfide, labeled on paint tubes as PR-106 (Red Pigment 106). The synthetic pigment is of higher quality than vermilion made from ground cinnabar, which has many impurities. The pigment is very toxic, and should be used with great care. ", "Permanence and Compatibility: Some authorities today do not consider cinnabar to be a permanent pigment. However, samples have been known to withstand exposure to direct sunlight for at least ten years. It is remarkably unreactive with other pigments despite that fact it is a sulfide. In oil-medium, it was commonly used with lead white to produce flesh tints with no sign of formation of black lead sulfide. It was used on alkaline lime fresco walls. The traditional use of red glazes of madder, kermes and cochineal lakes over cinnabar underpaint not only increases the purity (chroma) of the color, but has been shown to reduce its tendency to darken. The natural mineral is said to be more stable than manufactured vermilion.", "The names \"cinnabar\" and \"vermilion\" were used interchangeably to describe either the natural or manufactured pigment until the 17th century when vermilion became the more common name. By the late 18th century the name cinnabar was applied only to the unground natural mineral.", "During the 14th century, the technique for synthesising vermilion became more widespread in Europe. Due to the repeatability and control over the process, synthetic vermilion was regarded early on as superior to the vermilion pigment derived from natural cinnabar. The Florentine artist Cennino Cennini in his book “Il libro dell’Arte” had some sound do-it-yourself advice for vermilion customers :", "The first documented use of vermilion pigment, made with ground cinnabar, dates to 7000–8000 BC, and was found at the neolithic village of Catalhoyuk, in modern-day Turkey. Cinnabar was mined in Spain beginning in about 5300 BC. In China, the first documented use of Cinnabar as a pigment was by the Yangshao culture (5000–4000 BC), where it was used to paint ceramics, to cover the walls and floors of rooms, and for ritual ceremonies. ", "The Dutch looked back across the centuries basing their techniques on those adopted in ancient China. The names cinnabar and vermilion were used freely to describe either the natural or synthesised pigment until the 17th century, at which point vermilion became the more common name. By the late 18th century the name cinnabar was generally applied only to the unground natural mineral.", "The Chinese were probably the first to make a synthetic vermilion as early as the 4th century BC. The Greek alchemist Zosimus of Panopolis (Third–Fourth century AD) wrote that such a method existed. In the early ninth century the process was accurately described by the Arab or Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (722–804) in his book of recipes of colors, and the process began to be widely used in Europe.", "The Chinese were probably the first to make a synthetic vermilion as early as the 4th century BC. The Greek alchemist Zosimus of Panopolis (Third–Fourth century AD) wrote that such a method existed. In the early ninth century the process was accurately described by the Arab or Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (722–804) in his book of recipes of colors, and the process began to be widely used in Europe. " ]

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[ "J.D. Salinger and The Catcher in the Rye was his only novel , although he wrote many short stories and novellas such as Franny and Zooey .", "J.D. Salinger and The Catcher in The Rye was his only novel , although he wrote many short stories and novellas such as Franny and Zooey .", "J.D. Salinger’s only novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is published by Little, Brown on this day in 1951. The book, about a confused teenager disillusioned by the adult world, is an instant hit and will be taught in high schools for half a century.", "A film released in 2000, Finding Forrester, was loosely based on Salinger's life. Sean Connery plays a reclusive author whose only published novel was considered a masterpiece. After publishing the novel, Connery's character had become reclusive and remained so for nearly 30 years.", "The reclusive U. S. novelist J. D. Salinger (author of Catcher in the Rye), 80, now reputed to have a cache of new novels in his safe (Sunday Times 21 iii '99), still has with him his ginger-haired companion of the last twenty years, a lissome wench who looks as if she has hardly seen 40 summers. At 35, Salinger married 19-year-old Claire Douglas (who bore him two children before the couple's divorce in 1967). Then, at 50, Salinger had a fling with the 18-year-old Joyce Maynard. A secret of Salinger's success with women is perhaps that he hangs on to his money -- dressing as a garage mechanic, eating only vegetarian foods, and never dining in restaurants (only in their kitchens). PaedoScores: 16, 32, and c. 40 -- Grand Total c. 88.", "J.D. Salinger, author of \"The Catcher in the Rye\", \"Nine Stories\", and \"Franny and Zooey\" is seen in this 1951 photo. Salinger, the legendary author, youth hero and fugitive from fame whose \"The Catcher in the Rye\" shocked and inspired a world he increasingly shunned, died on Jan. 27, 2010, at the age of 91.", "On September 15, 1961, Time magazine devoted its cover to Salinger. In an article that profiled his \"life of recluse\", the magazine reported that the Glass family series \"is nowhere near completion ... Salinger intends to write a Glass trilogy.\"[3] However, Salinger published only one other story after that: \"Hapworth 16, 1924\", an epistolary novella in the form of a long letter from seven-year-old Seymour Glass from summer camp. It took up most of the June 19, 1965, issue of The New Yorker. Around this time, Salinger had isolated Claire from friends and relatives and made her—in the words of Margaret Salinger—\"a virtual prisoner.\"[71] Claire separated from him in September 1966; their divorce was finalized on October 3, 1967.[80]", "    A lot of mystery and controversy surrounds J.D. Salinger. It seems he stopped publishing his work just when he was peaking as an author, and since then has been essentially a social recluse, granting no interviews and making no public appearances whatsoever. Some people think he's sort of a Holden Caulfield himself. The Catcher in the Rye ended up as an emblem of counterculture in the 1950s and 60s – a symbol of alienation and isolation for the disillusioned and restless post-war generation. Salinger's own isolation from society only amplifies the mystery and allure of this important book.”", "On September 15, 1961, Time magazine devoted its cover to Salinger. In an article that profiled his \"life of recluse\", the magazine reported that the Glass family series \"is nowhere near completion ... Salinger intends to write a Glass trilogy.\" [2] However, Salinger published only one other story after that: \" Hapworth 16, 1924 \", an epistolary novella in the form of a long letter from seven-year-old Seymour Glass from summer camp. It took up most of the June 19, 1965, issue of The New Yorker. Around this time, Salinger had isolated Claire from friends and relatives and made her—in the words of Margaret Salinger—\"a virtual prisoner.\" [69] Claire separated from him in September 1966; their divorce was finalized on October 3, 1967. [78]", "The success of The Catcher in the Rye led to public attention and scrutiny: Salinger became reclusive, publishing new work less frequently. He followed Catcher with a short story collection, Nine Stories (1953), a collection of a novella and a short story, Franny and Zooey (1961), and a collection of two novellas, Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction (1963). His last published work, a novella entitled \" Hapworth 16, 1924 ,\" appeared in The New Yorker on June 19, 1965.", "FILE - In this 1951 file photo, J.D. Salinger, author of \"The Catcher in the Rye\", \"Nine Stories\", and \"Franny and Zooey\" is shown. (AP Photo, file)", "On September 15, 1961, Time magazine devoted its cover to Salinger. In an article that profiled his \"life of recluse\", the magazine reported that the Glass family series \"is nowhere near completion…Salinger intends to write a Glass trilogy\". [1] However, Salinger has published only one other story since: \" Hapworth 16, 1924 ,\" an epistolary novella in the form of a long letter from seven-year-old Seymour Glass from summer camp. It took up most of the June 19, 1965 issue of The New Yorker. Around this time, Salinger had isolated Claire from friends and relatives and made her – in the words of Margaret Salinger – \"a virtual prisoner\". [65] Claire separated from him in September 1966; their divorce was finalized on October 3, 1967. [74]", "Salinger was raised in Manhattan and began writing short stories while in secondary school. Several were published in Story magazine in the early 1940s before he began serving in World War II. In 1948, his critically acclaimed story \"A Perfect Day for Bananafish\" appeared in The New Yorker magazine, which became home to much of his later work. In 1951, his novel The Catcher in the Rye was an immediate popular success. His depiction of adolescent alienation and loss of innocence in the protagonist Holden Caulfield was influential, especially among adolescent readers. The novel remains widely read and controversial, selling around 250,000 copies a year.", "In that regard, Lee is not unlike another reclusive author, J.D. Salinger, who never published again after his last novella, \"Hapworth 16, 1924,\" appeared in the New Yorker in 1965.", "J.D. Salinger, the legendary author, youth hero and fugitive from fame whose “The Catcher in the Rye” shocked and inspired a world he increasingly shunned, has died. He was 91.", "The Catcher in the Rye is a 1951 novel by J. D. Salinger. A controversial novel originally published for adults, it has since become popular with adolescent readers for its themes of teenage angst and alienation. It has been translated into almost all of the world's major languages. ", "\" J.D. Salinger,� Book of the Month Club News, (biograhy to accompany The Catcher in the Rye ) July 1951.", "Salinger was assigned to a counter-intelligence division, where he used his proficiency in French and German to interrogate prisoners of war . [18] He was also among the first soldiers to enter a liberated concentration camp . [18] Salinger's experiences in the war affected him emotionally. He was hospitalized for a few weeks for combat stress reaction after Germany was defeated, [19] [20] and he later told his daughter: \"You never really get the smell of burning flesh out of your nose entirely, no matter how long you live.\" [21] Both of his biographers speculate that Salinger drew upon his wartime experiences in several stories, [22] such as \" For Esmé with Love and Squalor ,\" which is narrated by a traumatized soldier. Salinger wrote while serving, and published several stories in slick magazines such as Collier's and the Saturday Evening Post . He continued to submit stories to The New Yorker, but with little success; it rejected all of his submissions from 1944 to 1946, and in 1945 rejected a group of 15 poems. [14]", "1951 The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger. A novel of teenage identity retold by the teenager from a mental hospital.", "In 1961, Salinger, who had already been keeping a low profile since 1953, published Franny and Zooey . On the dustjacket, he wrote: \"It is my rather subversive opinion that a writer's feelings of anonymity-obscurity are the second most valuable property on loan to him during his working years.\"  Naturally, he refused to reveal the most valuable property.", "...The Effect of J.D Salinger’s Writings Jerome David Salinger, born on January 1, 1919, was an American short story writer and novelist. Salinger is considered one of the most influential 20th century writer’s despite having a very shallow body of work. Early in his career, Salinger wrote many short stories that made it into big publications such as Story Magazine, Collier’s, and even The Saturday Evening Post. Some of these short stories, A Perfect...", "A year later, Salinger's daughter Margaret, by his second wife Claire Douglas, published Dream Catcher: A Memoir. In her book, Ms. Salinger described the harrowing control Salinger had over her mother and dispelled many of the Salinger myths established by Ian Hamilton's book. One of Hamilton's arguments was that Salinger's experience with post-traumatic stress disorder left him psychologically scarred, and that he was unable to deal with the traumatic nature of his war service. Though Ms. Salinger allowed that \"the few men who lived through ' Bloody Mortain ,' a battle in which her father fought, were left with much to sicken them, body and soul,\" [26] she also painted a picture of her father as a man immensely proud of his service record, maintaining his military haircut, service jacket, and moving about his compound (and town) in an old Jeep .", "In a July 1951 profile in Book of the Month Club News, Salinger's friend and New Yorker editor William Maxwell asked Salinger about his literary influences. Salinger responded: \"A writer, when he's asked to discuss his craft, ought to get up and call out in a loud voice just the names of the writers he loves. I love Kafka , Flaubert , Tolstoy , Chekhov , Dostoevsky , Proust , O'Casey , Rilke , Lorca , Keats , Rimbaud , Burns , E. Brontë , Jane Austen , Henry James , Blake , Coleridge . I won't name any living writers. I don't think it's right.\" [51] In letters written in the 1940s, Salinger had expressed his admiration of three living, or recently-deceased, writers: Sherwood Anderson , Ring Lardner , and F. Scott Fitzgerald ; [52] Ian Hamilton wrote that Salinger even saw himself for some time as \"Fitzgerald's successor.\" [53] Salinger's \" A Perfect Day For Bananafish \" has an ending similar to that of Fitzgerald's earlier published short story \"May Day.\"", "In 1953, Salinger published a collection of seven stories from The New Yorker (\"Bananafish\" among them), as well as two that the magazine had rejected. The collection was published as Nine Stories in the United States, and For Esmé – with Love and Squalor in the UK, after one of Salinger's best-known stories.[63] The book received grudgingly positive reviews, and was a financial success—\"remarkably so for a volume of short stories,\" according to Hamilton.[64] Nine Stories spent three months on the New York Times Bestseller list.[64] Already tightening his grip on publicity, though, Salinger refused to allow publishers of the collection to depict his characters in dust jacket illustrations, lest readers form preconceived notions of them.", "In a July 1951 profile in Book of the Month Club News, Salinger's friend and New Yorker editor William Maxwell asked Salinger about his literary influences. Salinger responded: \"A writer, when he's asked to discuss his craft, ought to get up and call out in a loud voice just the names of the writers he loves. I love Kafka, Flaubert, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Proust, O'Casey, Rilke, Lorca, Keats, Rimbaud, Burns, E. Brontë, Jane Austen, Henry James, Blake, Coleridge. I won't name any living writers. I don't think it's right.\" In letters written in the 1940s, Salinger had expressed his admiration of three living, or recently deceased, writers: Sherwood Anderson, Ring Lardner, and F. Scott Fitzgerald; Ian Hamilton wrote that Salinger even saw himself for some time as \"Fitzgerald's successor\". Salinger's \"A Perfect Day for Bananafish\" has an ending similar to that of Fitzgerald's earlier published short story \"May Day\". ", "Every obituary for J.D. Salinger, who died yesterday at the age of 91, will inevitably mention that he was a celebrated author and an enigmatic recluse who detested the spotlight. He was the Garbo of letters so too", "And yet the more he sought privacy, the more famous he became, especially after his appearance on the cover of Time in 1961. For years it was a sort of journalistic sport for newspapers and magazines to send reporters to New Hampshire in hopes of a sighting. As a young man Mr. Salinger had a long, melancholy face and deep soulful eyes, but now, in the few photographs that surfaced, he looked gaunt and gray, like someone in an El Greco painting. He spent more time and energy avoiding the world, it was sometimes said, than most people do in embracing it, and his elusiveness only added to the mythology growing up around him.", "Salinger went back to his life of seclusion in the hidden cabin, around which he now owned 450 acres. Dressed in a blue boiler suit, he wrote every day, although not for publication  -  a possible treasure trove of up to ten novels are believed to lie in his locked safe.", "A version of this article appears in print on January 29, 2010, on Page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: J. D. Salinger, Author Who Fled Fame, Dies at 91. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe", "Written by J.D.Salinger, my take on it is that it's a character-study (written in the the first person) of a dysfunctional teenager living in post-war/early 50s New York.", "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest was written in 1959 and published in 1962 in the midst of the Civil Rights Movement and deep changes to the way psychology and psychiatry were being approached in America. The 1960s began the controversial movement towards deinstitutionalization, an act that would have affected the characters in Kesey's novel. The novel is a direct product of Kesey's time working the graveyard shift as an orderly at a mental health facility in Menlo Park, California. Not only did he speak to the patients and witness the workings of the institution, but he voluntarily took psychoactive drugs, including mescaline and LSD, as part of Project MKUltra. ", "In 1962 American writer Ken Kesey (1935–2001) rose to prominence when Viking Press published his first novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Kesey served as a primary link between the Beatniks of the 1950s and the counter-culture movement of the mid-to-late 1960s, and his 1964 cross-country journey with a band of followers known as the Merry Pranksters was immortalized by Tom Wolfe in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test in 1968. In 1975 a film version of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest received five Academy Awards, spreading Kesey's vision to a new generation." ]

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[ "Cody recognized the successes of great showmen and traveling entertainers, like Barnum and Bailey's Circus and the Vaudeville circuits, and on this day in 1883 in North Platte, Nebraska, began what would become over the next 20 years, an internationally renowned \"Buffalo Bill's Wild West\" show. Beginning with a parade through town, spectators to this extravanza could see main events, feats of skill, staged races, and sideshows, including celebrities Annie Oakley and Frank Butler, Sitting Bull with a band of 20 braves, Calamity Jane, and Wild Bill Hickock, all a part in the re-enactments of the Pony Express, Indian attacks on wagon trains, and stagecoach robberies. Cody's performance typically ended with a melodramatic re-enactment of Custer's Last Stand.", "Phoebe Ann Oakley (\"Annie\") (1860-1926) signed and inscribed cabinet photograph, \"Yours Sincerely \"Annie Oakley\".  In this photo \"LITTLE SURE-SHOT\" takes aim in a  very striking three-quarter length standing portrait dressed in fringed buckskin and Stetson. Oakley, dubbed \"Little Sure-Shot\" by the famous Sioux chief Sitting Bull, was a headline performer in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show from 1885 to 1897. The feats of this pint-sized (4' 11\") marksman were truly astounding: she could split a playing card held on edge at thirty paces, shot cigarettes from her husband's mouth, and, on one occasion, from the mouth of Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany.", "As the Wild West toured North America over the next twenty years, it became a moving extravaganza, including as many as 1200 performers. In 1893 the title was changed to Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World. The show began with a parade on horseback, with participants from horse-culture groups that included US and other military, American Indians, and performers from all over the world in their best attire. There were Turks , Gauchos , Arabs , Mongols and Cossacks , among others, each showing their own distinctive horses and colorful costumes. Visitors to this spectacle could see main events, feats of skill, staged races, and sideshows. Many authentic western personalities were part of the show. For example Sitting Bull and a band of twenty braves appeared. Cody's headline performers were well known in their own right. People like Annie Oakley and her husband Frank Butler put on shooting exhibitions along with the likes of Gabriel Dumont . Buffalo Bill and his performers would re-enact the riding of the Pony Express , Indian attacks on wagon trains, and stagecoach robberies. The show typically ended with a melodramatic re-enactment of Custer's Last Stand in which Cody himself portrayed General Custer.", "A story very loosely based on the love story of Annie Oakley and Frank Butler who meet at a shooting match. Fabulous music although the lead characters have virtually nothing to do with the actual historical figures. Annie joins Frank Butler in Col. Cody's Wild West Show. They tour the world performing before Royalty as well as the public at large.", "Oakley, Annie, 1860-1926, American theatrical performer, b. Darke co., Ohio. Her original name was Phoebe Anne Oakley Mozee. From childhood on she was a \"dead shot\" with a rifle. She defeated in contest the noted marksman and vaudeville star Frank E. Butler, who subsequently married her and became her manager and assistant. As a major attraction (1885-1902) of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show she performed remarkable feats of marksmanship. In 1901 she was partially paralyzed in a railroad accident but continued to delight audiences with her brilliant shooting for 20 years. Her life was the basis for Irving Berlin's popular musical Annie Get Your Gun(1946).", "In 1885, Sitting Bull joined Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show on the recommendation of his friend, sharpshooter Annie Oakley. The Sioux leader made a lot of money traveling with the show, but didn’t enjoy the performances or the way he was treated by some audience members.", "Buffalo Bill’s rise became even more meteoric when, in 1883, Cody and several associates introduced “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West,” an innovative traveling outdoor spectacle featuring cowboys and Indians, sharpshooters, wild animals, and dramatic re-creations of scenes of frontier life. As both star and impresario, Buffalo Bill became a living, breathing icon and embodiment of America’s western experience—a larger-than-life figure whose exploits and stories about settling the West captivated millions, not only in North America but also through Europe and, from there, to the rest of the world. Buffalo Bill performed before royalty, was feted by heads of state, became an object of adulation, posed for countless portraits and gave innumerable interviews, and even sat for an audience with the pope in the Vatican. The man of the West had become a man of the world.", "Frank Butler was born Francis E. Butler in County Longford, Ireland. Records in Ireland give the date of his baptism of January 30, 1847, but his U. S. passport application had his birthday as February 25, 1852. He came to the United States at the age of 13. He worked a series of odd jobs, married, had two children, and divorced. He developed a shooting act, and then met Annie Mosey in Cincinnati in 1876 (?) and married her within a year. They developed a joint shooting act when Butler�s partner was sick. They toured with the circus, and then joined Buffalo Bill�s Wild West show in 1885. Recognizing her superior shooting, Butler became Annie�s manager. After Annie�s death in 1926, Butler became so distraught that, according to one report, he stopped eating and starved to death.", "Over time, various Wild West shows were developed. They were started by people with generally flamboyant names such as Dr. W.F. Carver, Pawnee Bill, \"Buckskin Joe\" Hoyt, and Mexican Joe. Blacks (such as Bill Pickett - the famous bulldogger from the 101 Ranch Wild West Show - his brothers, and Voter Hall - billed as a \"Feejee Indian from Africa\" ), Mexicans (such as the Esquivel Brothers from San Antonio), Native Americans (including the illustrious war leader Red Cloud), and women also tried their hand in the business, with such names headlining as Calamity Jane, Luella-Forepaugh Fish, the Kemp Sisters, May Lillie, Lucille Mulhall, Annie Oakley, and Lillian Smith. Tillie Baldwin also made a name for herself as a performer, as did Texas Rose as an announcer. Of all the shows, the first, most famous and most successful was Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World; this was the show that started it all.", "In 1893, Cody changed the title to Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World. The show began with a parade on horseback, with participants from horse-culture groups that included US and other military, cowboys, American Indians, and performers from all over the world in their best attire. Turks, gauchos, Arabs, Mongols and Georgians displayed their distinctive horses and colorful costumes. Visitors would see main events, feats of skill, staged races, and sideshows. Many historical western figures participated in the show. For example, Sitting Bull appeared with a band of 20 of his braves.", "Buffalo’s Bill’s Wild West show continued to captivate audiences and tour annually for a total of 30 years (1883–1913). After opening on May 19, 1883 in Omaha, Nebraska, the show was on what seemed to be a perpetual tour all over the east of America. The show “hopped the pond” in 1887 for the American Exhibition, and was then requested for a command performance at Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee in 1887 at Windsor Castle, in England. The whole troupe including 200 passengers plus 97 Natives, 18 buffalo, 181 horses, 10 elk, 4 donkeys, 5 longhorns (Texas steers), 2 deer, 10 mules, and the Deadwood Concord stagecoach crossed the Atlantic on several ships. They then toured England for the next six months and the following year returned to tour Europe until 1892. With his tour in Europe, Buffalo Bill established the myth of the American West overseas as well. To some Europeans, the Wild West show not only represented the west, but all of America. He also created the cowboy as an American icon. He gave the people of England, France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Germany a taste of the wild and romantic west.", "In 1883, in the area of North Platte, Nebraska, Cody founded Buffalo Bill's Wild West, a circus-like attraction that toured annually. (Contrary to the popular misconception, the word show was not a part of the title.) With his show, Cody traveled throughout the United States and Europe and made many contacts. He stayed, for instance, in Garden City, Kansas, in the presidential suite of the former Windsor Hotel. He was befriended by the mayor and state representative, a frontier scout, rancher, and hunter named Charles \"Buffalo\" Jones. ", "\"Fire-man banished\" - Garnier Winter Count. Sitting Bull tours with Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West show.", "Annie began as Butler’s assistant in the traveling act. But soon he stepped back from the limelight and let his more talented spouse be the star. They joined Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show in 1885 and stayed with it for 17 years.  Annie was the main attraction. Her most famous trick was repeatedly splitting a playing card, with the edge facing her, and putting several more holes in it before it could touch the ground. She did it from 90 feet away, using a .22 caliber rifle.", "Also in 1884, Annie and Frank met William \"Buffalo Bill\" Cody while performing with a circus in New Orleans. Frank and Cody negotiated for a three-day trial with the Buffalo Bill Wild West Show in early 1885—Annie and Frank would go on to perform with the Buffalo Bill Wild West Show for 16 seasons. Cody called Annie \"Li’l Miss,\" an apt nickname for the five-foot-tall markswoman, and had her perform early in the show to help audiences get used to the sound of gunfire. Her charisma and her skill with many firearms endeared audiences to her and to the show. At 90 feet, she could shoot a dime or a cork out of a bottle or snuff out candle flames. She could also shoot a playing card with the thin edge held facing her multiple times—the theatre business began referring to free tickets, which had holes punched in them, as \"Annie Oakleys.\"", "The word stunt was more formally adopted during the 19th century travelling vaudeville performances of the early Wild West Shows, in North America and Europe. The first and prototypical wild west show was Buffalo Bill's, formed in 1883 and lasting until 1913. The shows which involved simulated battles with the associated firing of both guns and arrows, were a romanticized version of the American Old West.", "When Annie Oakley returned to the United States in October 1892, she was a celebrity who reportedly made more money than any other of Cody’s Wild West employees. In the fall of 1894, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley and a handful of Indians performed in front of Thomas Edison’s moving-picture machine at the inventor’s laboratory near Orange Mountain in New Jersey. Edison was delighted that his machine could reproduce gun smoke and the shattering of glass balls. The public could go to kinetoscope parlors and, for a nickel, view these early Edison films in peep-show machines. Now, people didn’t have to see Annie Oakley live to know her. She had become the first ‘cowgirl’ in motion pictures.", "\"Burnt face broke his neck\" - Garnier Winter Count.  Sitting Bull is allowed to go to the Standing Rock Reservation where he lived the rest of his life across the Grand River from his birthplace. \"Buffalo Bill\" Cody stages his first Wild West Show at the Omaha fairgrounds, featuring a herd of buffalo and a troupe of cowboys, Indians and vaqueros who re-enact a cattle round-up, a stagecoach hold-up and other scenes drawn from Cody's own life on the frontier.  A group of clergymen, government officials and social reformers calling itself �The Friends of the Indian� meets in upstate New York to develop a strategy for bringing Native Americans into the mainstream of American life. Their decisions set the course for U.S. policy toward Native Americans over the next generation and result in the near destruction of Native American culture.", "Buffalo Bill (Colonel W F Cody) � Visited Liverpool to present his \"Wild West Show\" including Little Annie Oakley. The first visit was in 1891 when the performance was at Newsham Park. Later he returned to do another show at the old Exhibition Ground in Edge Lane.", "*2004: Hidalgo is a film based on the legend of Frank Hopkins, featuring the Wild West show, with J. K. Simmons as Buffalo Bill and Elizabeth Berridge as Annie Oakley.", "In 1886 at age 15, Lillian Francis Smith (1871-1930) joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West as a headliner, billed as \"The California Huntress and Champion Girl Rifle Shot.\" Smith married cowboy and fellow performer James \"Jim Kid\" Willoughby in early 1887. She performed in England in 1887-88 and in the U.S. during 1888. Smith and Willoughby’s marriage ended when Smith and another cowboy performer left the tour prior to the opening in France in 1889. Following her departure from Buffalo Bill's Wild West, Smith performed with other Wild West shows, including Pawnee Bill's. Smith performed with Miller Brothers and Arlington 101 Ranch Real Wild West, headlining as Princess Wenona until she retired in 1920. Several of her shooting records have never been surpassed.", "In 1893, Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, draws a crowd of 18,000, the largest ever, at thr Chicago World's Fair of 1893. James Bailey becomes involved in 1898, and begins employing sword swallowers starting in 1898-1899. Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show tours Europe again from 1903 to 1906, beginning with a return to England in December 1902 with a fourteen-week run in London, capped by a visit from King Edward VII and the future King George V. The Wild West Show traveled throughout Great Britain during the 1902-03 tour as well as the 1904 tour, performing in nearly every city large enough to support it. The 1905 tour began in April with a two-month run in Paris before moving into the rest of France, where it performed mostly one-night stands, concluding in December. The final tour of 1906 began in France on March 4, and quickly moved on to Italy for two months. The Wild West Show traveled east: performing in Austria, the Balkans, Hungary, Romania, the Ukraine and Russia, before returning west to tour in Poland, Bohemia (later Czech Republic), Germany, and Belgium. The sword swallower during the 1906 European tour of Germany, Poland and Russia was probably Polish or Russian sword swallower Julian Putzkewitsch .", "Francis E. \"Frank\" Butler (January 30, 1847 - November 21, 1926) was an Irish American marksman in Wild West variety shows. He was married to sharpshooter Annie Oakley. While his birth date is listed on his and Oakley's U.S. Passport application as February 25, 1852, the notice for Butler posted by the Associated Press in 1926 has his age at death as 76 years old which would have him being born in 1850. According to Irish birth and baptism records, Butler was baptized on January 30, 1847. His parents were Michael Butler and Catherine Whelan. He was the oldest of their five children. ", "25 Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show Performers at a Washington, DC, Performance, 1898, by J.D. Givens (2 of 2) 8 x 10 in. silver gelatin print on a 10 x 12 in. mount with the verso hand stamp of J.D. Givens of Washington, DC. Also credited to Givens in the negative and dated 1898. Cody is posed on horseback at left, alongside Congress of Rough Riders of the World performers and VIPs. Probably taken after his return from Cuba. Note the Rough Rider at far right, who is missing his left arm a wears a medal on his chest. $800 - $1,000", "Together, Frank Butler and Annie Oakley created a show and began to travel around the country giving shooting demonstrations, even joining the circus as “champion rifle shots.”", "Touring Europe with the Wild West Show in 1887, Annie twice gave private demonstrations for Queen Victoria, defeated Grand Duke Michael of Russia in a match arranged by the Prince of Wales, and in Berlin shot a cigarette from the lips of Kaiser Wilhelm. After a tragic train accident, Annie retired from the Wild West Show in 1901. She starred in a Broadway play, THE WESTERN GIRL, in 1902 and ’03. She also continued to perform at Charity events—Annie Oakley never refused a Charity request if the beneficiaries were either orphaned girls, deserving young women, or actors.", "Western Arts � Performing skills suitable for wild-west shows: trick rope spinning, knife throwing, whip tricks, tomahawk/hatchet throwing, sharp shooting, pistol quick draw and spinning, etc.", "James Butler Hickok (May 27, 1837 – August 2, 1876)—known as \"Wild Bill\" Hickok—was a folk character of the American Old West. Some of his exploits as reported at the time were fictionalized, but his skills as a gunfighter and gambler provided the basis for his enduring fame, along with his reputation as a lawman. He went west at age 18 as a fugitive from justice, first working as a stagecoach driver, then as a lawman in the frontier territories of Kansas and Nebraska. He fought (and spied) for the Union Army during the American Civil War, and gained publicity after the war as a scout, marksman, actor, and professional gambler.", "On November 27, 1882, approximately six months after Al’s visit to Baraboo, the Ringling Brothers Classic and Comic Concert Company made its debut performance in Mazomanie, Wisconsin, before an audience of about fifty people. In the beginning, the show consisted of Al, Alf, and Charles Ringling, and four other performers. (John Ringling first joined his brothers in December 1882, and Otto joined in the spring of 1883. [47] ) It was a hall show (i.e. a type of show performed in town halls, schoolhouses, and small-town opera houses), and it featured instrumental music, comedy, and acrobatics. [48] According to Alf’s account of the evening, the young amateurs suffered terrible stage fright and delivered a shaky performance. [49] Despite this, the show continued, travelling to a variety of small venues in Wisconsin, Iowa, South Dakota, and Minnesota. The initial tour ended in Vioqua, Wisconsin, on February 27, 1883, but the brothers gave additional performances in the spring, bringing their first season to an official close in May of that year. [50]", "The shows consisted of reenactments of history combined with displays of showmanship, sharp-shooting, hunts, racing, or rodeo style events. Each show was 3–4 hours long and attracted crowds of thousands of people daily. The show began with a parade on horseback. The parade was a major ordeal, an affair that involved huge public crowds and many performers, including the Congress of Rough Riders. The Congress of Rough Riders was composed of marksman from around the world, including the future President Theodore Roosevelt, who marched through the parade on horseback.", "A smiling William \"Hopalong Cassidy\" Boyd and Topper entertain the crowd.  A notation on the back of the photo identifies this appearance as \"Western Ways, Tucson, Az.\", but no date is included (probably early 1950s when Boyd's Hoppy TV show was popular).", "\"Fear not, fair maid! By heavens, you are safe with Wild Bill, who is ever ready to risk his life and die, if need be, in defense of weak and defenseless womanhood!\" Thus cried the notorious Kansas gunman, Wild Bill Hickok, from the boards of a New York stage. (To Hickok’s credit, only his appreciation for an attractive fellow thespian called Mademoiselle Morlacchi kept him at it.) Champion prizefighters also appeared in touring stage plays. The reason was that these plays allowed the boxers to hold sparring exhibitions in towns where prizefights were illegal. Although they paid well – a champion could make $200 a week -- the crowds could be rough. There was merriment in Seattle during the 1880s when a wit from the gallery responded to John L. Sullivan’s entrance line, \"I’ll save you, mudder,\" with \"Save her? You can’t even pronounce her!\" And there was equal merriment in Philadelphia in 1904 when a horse kicked Bob Fitzsimmons in the groin. (In addition to sparring three rounds, Fitzsimmon’s act included shoeing a horse)." ]

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[ "\"A Whole New World\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film Aladdin, with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. The song is a ballad between the primary characters Aladdin and Jasmine about the new world they are going to discover together while riding on Aladdin's magic carpet. The original version was sung by Brad Kane and Lea Salonga during the film. They also performed the song in their characters at the 65th Academy Awards, where it won Academy Award for Best Original Song as well as the first and only Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 36th Annual Grammy Awards. In 2014, Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed performed the song as Aladdin and Jasmine in the film's Broadway adaptation.", "The famous song from Disney’s hit Aladdin was sung by Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in the film. The ballad between Aladdin and Jasmine is about the beautiful new world that they will discover while riding Aladdin’s magic carpet.", "In Mickey's PhilharMagic , Jasmine appears alongside Aladdin and Iago. In the show, Donald Duck enters the world of Aladdin in search of Mickey Mouse 's sorcerer hat . When Donald enters the world of Aladdin, Jasmine and Aladdin are in the middle of singing \"A Whole New World\". After the song, Jasmine kindly gives Donald the hat back.", "Aladdin tries to gain Jasmine's interest again by telling her how rich and powerful he is but she remains steadfastly ambivalent. Aladdin decides to leave Jasmine and steps off on his magic carpet. Jasmine chooses instead to ride with him. Afterwards, the carpet takes them to China and Jasmine tricks Aladdin into admitting he's the street urchin she met in the marketplace. Aladdin naturally wishes to impress her, so he deceives her by telling her that he really is a prince and had just pretended to be a commoner in order to escape the restrictions of palace life, much like what Jasmine did, which she relates to. Aladdin brings Jasmine back to the palace and the two of them share their first kiss together.", "Aladdin also received many award nominations, mostly for its music. It won two Academy Awards, Best Music, Original Score and Best Music, Original Song for \"A Whole New World\" and receiving nominations for Best Song (\"Friend Like Me\"), Best Sound Editing (Mark A. Mangini), and Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson and Doc Kane). At the Golden Globes, Aladdin won Best Original Song (\"A Whole New World\") and Best Original Score, as well as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams, with a nomination for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. Other awards included the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature, a MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance to Robin Williams, Saturn Awards for Best Fantasy Film, Performance by a Younger Actor to Scott Weinger and Supporting Actor to Robin Williams, the Best Animated Feature by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association, and four Grammy Awards, Best Soundtrack Album, and Song of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media for \"A Whole New World\". ", "With the proven world-wide appeal of Tim Rice's lyrics, it was not surprising when in 1991 the very international market oriented Disney organisation signed Tim on as lyricist for The Lion King, the first Disney animated movie based on original source material. When lyricist Howard Ashman passed away, Tim was asked to work with Alan Menken on finishing Disney's 1992 animated film Aladdin. Tim and Alan's song \"A Whole New World\" won an Oscar in 1992. The release of The Lion King in 1994 produced two more hit songs (this time with Elton John as composer), \"Circle Of Life\" and \"Can You Feel The Love Tonight\". The latter garnered an Oscar in 1995. Tim was asked to collaborate with Alan Menken again in 1994 to provide additional songs for the theatrical production of Beauty And The Beast. In 1997, Tim and Alan brought a piece based on the life of Biblical King David to Disney. King David was staged as a limited-run concert at Disney's newly refurbished New Amsterdam Theatre on Broadway in May of 1997.", "Jasmine goes with Aladdin to rescue his father, and afterward they return for their wedding, which Cassim attends from the shadows. They go for a ride on Carpet, waving good-bye to the Merchant from the first film and Iago and Cassim as they ride off. The two then kiss passionately.", "Princess Jasmine is the love interest of Aladdin in the 1992 Disney Film, Aladdin, serving as the deuteragonist. She is also an official Disney Princess, the sixth added. Her speaking voice is provided by Linda Larkin in all of her appearances, while her singing is done by Lea Salonga (who later did the singing voice to Mulan), and then Liz Callaway did her singing in the sequels.", "Disguised as an old man, Jafar frees Aladdin and Abu, taking them to the Cave and promises to reward them if they retrieve the lamp. Inside, Aladdin befriends a magic carpet. Abu greedily tries to steal a jewel, despite the Cave’s request, and it collapses. Trapped underground, Aladdin rubs the lamp, releasing the Genie trapped inside, who explains Aladdin has become his master and will grant him three wishes. Aladdin tricks the Genie into freeing them from the Cave without wasting a wish, and then uses his first to become a prince to be near Jasmine. Jafar, on Iago’s suggestion, plots to become Sultan by marrying Jasmine, but Aladdin parades into the city as “Prince Ali of Ababwa”. However, Jasmine is unimpressed with Aladdin’s bravado.", "in 1993 - Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle went to No.1 on the US singles chart with 'A Whole New World' (Aladdin's Theme)'. The single ended Whitney Houston's 14-week run at the top of the charts.", "The following day, the Sultan announces Ali and Jasmine's engagement in front of the palace. Jasmine is delighted to have her engagement announced, as she is happy to have found someone who truly loves her. She watches from behind the curtains as her father gives his speech, and soon takes note of Ali's arrival by preparing him to make his appearance to the crowd. Just then, Jafar arrives and takes control of the kingdom, having stolen control of the lamp. Though her father cowers in fear, Jasmine refuses to obey Jafar's commands as Sultan, prompting him to use his next wish to become the most powerful sorcerer in the world. He then uses his new abilities to forcefully have the two former rulers bow to him. Once Ali rushes in to protect Jasmine, Jafar sadistically reveals the supposed Prince as a fraud. Aladdin struggles to explain the truth to a confused Jasmine, having made an attempt to do so earlier, but Jafar separates the two, sending Aladdin to freeze to death at the ends of the Earth, while Jasmine and the Sultan are left to suffer his wrath in a dystopian Agrabah.", "1993 – “ A Whole New World (Aladdin’s Theme) ” by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle topped the charts.", "and \"Count on Me\" (which was something Aladdin sung to his friends and family), which was changed to \"A Whole New World.\"", "Based on an Arabic folk tale, Disney’s 1992 animated feature Aladdin followed a street urchin who picks up a lamp containing a friendly Genie (famously voiced by Robin Williams) with the power to grant wishes. With the Genie’s help he wins the heart of Princess Jasmine, and he uses his final wish to set the Genie free.", "The final chapter, A Whole New World, is a direct retelling of how Jasmine and Aladdin first met, after the former escaped the confines of the palace for the first time.", "Princess Jasmine is a fictional character in Disney's 1992 animated feature film Aladdin. She subsequently appears in the film's two direct-to-video sequels, The Return of Jafar (1994) and Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996), and in the animated television series based on the film. In the first film, Jasmine's speaking voice is provided by American actress Linda Larkin, who also voices the character in the sequels and television series, while her singing voice is provided by Filipina-American singer and actress Lea Salonga.", "Some of the original songs before the story was rewritten and half of the characters were cut: \"Proud of Your Boy\" (suppose to be sung by Aladdin to his mother (later removed from the story) while she was sleeping) \"Call Me A Princess\" \"Omar, Babkak, Aladdin, Kassim\" \"Humiliate The Boy\" (sung by Jafar, cut as it was considered too cruel for the film) \"High Adventure\" \"Count on Me\" (which was something Aladdin sung to his friends and family, then it was changed to \"A Whole New World\")", "Some of the original songs before the story was rewritten and half of the characters were cut: \"Proud of Your Boy\" (supposed to be sung by Aladdin to his mother [who was later removed from the story] while she was sleeping), \"Call Me A Princess\", \"Why Me\", \"Babkak, Omar, Aladdin, Kassim\", \"Humiliate The Boy\" (sung by Jafar, cut as it was considered too cruel for the film), \"High Adventure\", and \"Count on Me\" (which was something Aladdin sung to his friends and family), which was changed to \"A Whole New World\". Rough versions of \"High Adventure\" and \"Proud of Your Boy\" can be found in the Special Edition Soundtrack. \"Why Me\" was recorded in the studio with Jonathan Freeman and can be found on the compilation album Aladdin: Magical Selections.", "Aladdin (an Anglicisation of the Arabic name Alāʼ ad-Dīn, Arabic : علاء الدين literally \"nobility of the faith\") is one of the tales of medieval Arabian origin in the The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), and one of the most famous, although it was actually added to the collection by Antoine Galland (see sources and setting).", "* Glee's actor Darren Criss performed the song with Lea Salonga, the singing voice of Princess Jasmine on Aladdin at Billboard/Hollywood Reporter TV & Film Music Conference to Alan Menken.", "Before discovering Larkin, Disney had been insisting on auditioning exclusively performers who were capable of singing as well as they could act. [17] However, after Williams' recruitment, the studio relented in favor of casting \"strong actors\" instead. [17] When Larkin first auditioned for the role, \" A Whole New World \", Jasmine's only surviving song, had not yet been written; [17] she admitted, \"there's no way I would have even auditioned ... if there had been a song from the beginning.\" [19] After writing Jasmine's first song, the filmmakers asked Larkin if she would be interested in recording it and providing the character's singing voice. [19] Larkin immediately declined, [19] joking, \"I do [sing] ... but not like a princess!\" [16] Thus, Disney decided to recruit a singer who could mimic Larkin's speaking voice instead, [16] despite the actress' fear that the studio would completely replace her with a professional singer altogether. [19]", "Jasmine appeared in the live, Broadway-style musical Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular , at Disney's California Adventure park with her own song, \"To Be Free\". In the show, Jasmine played out the same role as she did in the film, with some differences, such as the exclusion of Rajah .", "This undated publicity photo provided by Disney Theatrical Productions shows Aladdin with a lamp in a scene from the 1992 animated film, \"Aladdin.\" A stage musical of \"Aladdin\" is riding a magic carpet to Broadway and the president of Disney Theatrical Productions promises it will be \"a full-length, big song musical with big dance numbers.\" Thomas Schumacher said on Friday, Jan. 18, 2013, that the final two-act \"Aladdin\" will build on the 1992 film blockbuster with new songs by Alan Menken, additional characters and, appropriately, some magic tricks. (AP Photo/Disney Theatrical Productions)", "Cinderella is a 1950 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney and originally released by RKO Radio Pictures. Based on the fairy tale Cendrillon by Charles Perrault, it is the twelfth Disney animated feature film, and was released on February 15, 1950. Directing credits go to Clyde Geronimi, Hamilton Luske and Wilfred Jackson. Songs were written by Mack David, Jerry Livingston, and Al Hoffman. Songs in the film include \"Cinderella\", \"A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes\", \"Sing Sweet Nightingale\", \"The Work Song\", \"Bibbidi Bobbidi Boo\", and \"So This is Love\". It features the voices of Ilene Woods, Eleanor Audley, Verna Felton, Rhoda Williams, James MacDonald, Luis van Rooten, Don Barclay, Mike Douglas, and Lucille Bliss.", "Aladdin is based on a tale from the Arabian Nights, and included, most notably, the voice of Robin Williams as the genie.", "Directed by Pixote Hunt, et al. Fulfilling Walt Disney's original vision of fusing sight and sound in a full-length motion picture, this updated version begins where its predecessor, Fantasia, left off, with seven completely new segments and the return of the popular \"Sorcerer's apprentice.\" Breathtaking animated images coupled with classical music favorites, provide dazzling moments in one of the greatest Disney films ever. Special features include: Audio commentary by Roy E. Disney, James Levin and Don Ernst; audio commentary by segment directors and art directors; animated short \"Melody;\" animated short \"Toot, whistle, plunk and boom;\" showcase program feeaturing clips from Fantasia 2000.", "While at Disney, the Sherman Brothers wrote more  motion-picture musical  scores than any other songwriters in the history of film. They also wrote what is perhaps their best-known song, \" it's a small world (after all) \" for the  1964 New York World's Fair . Since then, some have claimed that this has become the most translated and performed song on Earth, although this is largely due to the fact that it is played continuously at Disney's theme park  \"it's a small world\" attractions  of the same name. [2 ]", "According to the first and second Disney Aladdin movies, Genie has seen the whole world after Aladdin freed him. This is a bit strange, since he never even heard of many places he and Aladdin been to in the TV series.", "Be our guest and join the beloved, independent Belle and the Beast with the soul of a prince as they cast an enchanting spell like never before. Disney's beloved modern classic, the first animated feature film in the history of the Oscars nominated for Best Picture (1991). The music you'll never forget, the characters who will fill your heart and the magical adventure about finding beauty within all come to spectacular life.", "Thomas Schumacher said in an interview that the final two-act \"Aladdin\" will build on the 1992 film blockbuster with new songs by Alan Menken, additional characters and, appropriately, some magic tricks.", "*2014 - Aladdin with music by Alan Menken and additional lyrics by Howard Ashman and Chad Beguelin. Based on the film.", "While at Disney, the Sherman Brothers wrote more motion-picture musical scores than any other songwriters in the history of film. They also wrote what is perhaps their best-known song, \"It's a Small World (After All)\", for the 1964 New York World's Fair. Since then, some have claimed that this has become the most translated and performed song on Earth, although this is largely due to the fact that it is played continuously at Disney's theme park \"It's a Small World\" attractions of the same name. " ]

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[ "St. Augustine, Florida is the oldest continuously occupied European-established city, and the oldest port, in the continental US.", "Oldest City in the United States - This is a statistic that has many interpretations. St. Augustine, Florida, founded in 1565, is the oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in the United States. However, there are older native settlements in the USA. Cahokia, a Native American settlement located in present-day Illinois and one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in the USA, was established in approximately 650. Acoma Pueblo and Taos Pueblo in New Mexico are the oldest continuously inhabited indigenous settlements in the United States, having been settled since 1000. The Oraibi Hopi Reservation in Arizona and the Zuni Pueblo Settlements were established in 1100 and 1450, respectively. San Juan, the capital of Puerto Rico (an incorporated territory of the United States) was founded by European settlers in 1521.", "St. Augustine was a Spanish controlled city located in northern Florida.  In 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon claimed the region of Florida for Spain, but the city itself was founded in 1565. St Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied European established city and port in the United States of America.  It was used as a fort by the Spanish to protect against French and English attacks, and at one time was the northern most point of Spain’s’ American empire.  This is important because it marked the beginning of permanent settlements in North America, and contributed to the Spanish culture found in Florida.", "The City of St. Augustine is the nation's oldest permanently occupied European settlement, having been founded by the Spanish in 1565.", "Discovered and claimed Florida (Land of the Flowers) for Spain while looking for the Fountain of Youth, The place where he first landed was later settled by the Spanish. In 1565, St. Augustine became the first permanent Spanish settlement in what is now the United States. It is the oldest city in our country.", "St. Augustine, Florida was founded in 1565 and is the oldest permanent city in the United States.", "August 28th, 1565- The oldest city in America, Saint Augustine, is founded by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés.  Saint Augustine became the hub of Spanish activity on the North American continent. The small town grew in population.  Saint Augustine had a Spanish military garrison, but by the year 1586, England and Spain were at war.  English Privateer, Sir Francis Drake under a letter of mark from Queen Elizabeth the 1st (the letter of mark made Drake a “legal pirate”), attacked the town, looting it and then burning it down after one of his men is shot and killed by a Spanish soldier. Today, Saint Augustine is a tourist destination for visitors to Florida with its broad white beaches and restored historical downtown that now includes the largest pirate museum in the United States and a reproduction pirate ship.  Saint Augustine is also the home of science fiction author, Chris Berman", "On April 2, 1513, Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León landed on what he called \" La Florida\"—the first documented European arrival on what would become the U.S. mainland. Of the colonies Spain established in the region, only St. Augustine, founded in 1565, remains. Later Spanish settlements in the present-day southwestern United States drew thousands through Mexico. French fur traders established outposts of New France around the Great Lakes ; France eventually claimed much of the North American interior as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. The first successful English settlements were the Virginia Colony in Jamestown in 1607 and the Pilgrims' Plymouth Colony in 1620. The 1628 chartering of the Massachusetts Bay Colony resulted in a wave of migration; by 1634, New England had been settled by some 10,000 Puritans . Between the late 1610s and the American Revolution, an estimated 50,000 convicts were shipped to England's, and later Great Britain's, American colonies. Beginning in 1614, the Dutch established settlements along the lower Hudson River, including New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island. The small settlement of New Sweden, founded along the Delaware River in 1638, was taken over by the Dutch in 1655.", "When the French went so far as to build a fort in Florida, Spain had to act.  In 1565, they sent an expedition of 800 men and women under Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles to protect and settle the Florida coast. The French were soon dispatched and with the coast secure, the Spanish laid out the first European grid-style town in the continental United States, a real city with streets and plazas and impressive government buildings – and no food.  Florida was then a hot, humid, bug and snake-infested swamp, filled with disease with little ground to grow crops.  The early years here were incredibly difficult.  And then there were the pirates.  Nine wood forts were built, and destroyed by pirates. The infamous Sir Francis Drake burned the town in 1586, 34 years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock.", "Santa Fe, New Mexico: Santa Fe is the oldest capital city in the U.S. and also the oldest European city west of the Mississippi. Santa Fe also features the oldest public building in America, the Palace of the Governors.", "St. Augustine City Commissioner George Gardner and others scoff at Jamestown's claim. They say surely St. Augustine is the oldest European city in America, and it's older than Jamestown by 42 years.", "Saint Augustine was founded on September 8, 1565, by Spanish admiral and Florida's first governor, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. He named the settlement \"San Agustín\", as his ships bearing settlers, troops, and supplies from Spain had first sighted land in Florida on August 28, 1565, the feast day of St. Augustine. The city served as the capital of Spanish Florida for over 200 years, and became the capital of British East Florida when the territory briefly changed hands between Spain and Britain. Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819, and when the treaty was ratified in 1821, St. Augustine was designated the capital of the Florida Territory until Tallahassee was made the capital in 1824. Since the late 19th century, St. Augustine's distinct historical character has made the city a major tourist attraction. It is also the headquarters for the Florida National Guard.", "This was the first European settlement in the state, settled by Dutch colonists who built Fort Nassau for fur trading in 1614 and Fort Orange in 1624. They formed successful relations with both the Mahican and the Mohawk peoples, two major Native American nations in the region. The fur trade attracted settlers who founded a village called Beverwijck near Fort Orange. In 1664 the English took over the Dutch settlements, renaming the city as Albany, in honor of the then Duke of Albany, the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland. The city was officially chartered in 1686 under English rule. It became the capital of New York State in 1797, following the United States gaining independence in the American Revolutionary War. Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies, and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. Its charter is possibly the longest-running instrument of municipal government in the Western Hemisphere.", "Philadelphia, the oldest City in North America has diverse places of interest. The Arts Museum with a bronze statue of \"Rocky\" standing outside. The fabulous 1920s/30's iron Bridges, the early18th Century houses and buildings, intermingled with magnificent sky scrapers. The renowned Statue of William Penn (Founder of Philadelphia) standing atop City Hall, the many and varied restaurants, too many to mention specifically, more museums. For the more adventurous, there is the opportunity to row on the River Schukyll - run or walk along its' banks.", "New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance, and environmental sustainability.", "He traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of Hispaniola . He founded the settlement of Santa María la Antigua del Darién in present-day Panama in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas (a settlement by Alonso de Ojeda the previous year at San Sebastián de Urabá had already been abandoned).", "In 1607, colonists sent by the Virginia Company arrived in Virginia and named the place of their habitation \"Jamestowne\" in honor of their king. Jamestown went on to become the first permanent English settlement on the American mainland making King James VI & I founding monarch of the United States. Jamestown, established over a decade before the pilgrims landed in Massachusetts, is known today as \"the place where America began\". On a trip to JAMEStown, VA one can visit the sites of \"JAMES Forte\" \"JAMES River\" \"JAMES City County\" \"JAMES Island\", etc. Jamestown Settlement in Virginia has reconstructions of the ships that brought the first colonists over, as well as other reconstructions, artifiacts etc. It is located near historic Jamestown where the colonists actually lived. See this link for pictures of modern signs in Jamestown, Virginia.", "The colony of New Sweden introduced Lutheranism to America in the form of some of the continent's oldest European churches. The colonists also introduced the log cabin to America, and numerous rivers, towns, and families in the lower Delaware River Valley region derive their names from the Swedes. The Nothnagle Log House in present-day Gibbstown, New Jersey was constructed in the late 1630s during the time of the New Sweden colony. It remains the oldest European-built house in New Jersey and is believed to be one of the oldest surviving log houses in the United States. ", "Tour Saint Augustine and see Castillo de San Marcos, The oldest masonry fort in the continental US!", "Plymouth served as the capital of Plymouth Colony (which consisted of modern-day Barnstable, Bristol, and Plymouth Counties) from its founding in 1620 until 1691, when the colony was merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony and other territories to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay. Plymouth holds the unique distinction of being the first permanent settlement in New England, and one of the oldest settlements in the United States. ", "Old Fort Niagara in Youngstown , 40 minutes north of Buffalo, is a state park and a National Historic Landmark whose history can be traced to 1678, when it was built as a French trading post and military base. Built in 1726, the fort's centerpiece, the \"French Castle\", is the oldest building in the U.S. between the East Coast and the Southwest. Today 100,000 visitors each year come to take tours, see historical reenactments and other events, and peruse a museum of archaeology and local history.", "1607  Some 100 English colonists arrive along the west bank of the James River in Virginia to found Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America. Dispatched from England by the London Company, the colonists had sailed across the Atlantic aboard the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery.", "The very first settlements on Long Island were by settlers from England and its colonies in present-day New England. Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island in 1637. The first settlement on the geographic Long Island itself was on October 21, 1640, when Southold was established by settlers from New Haven, Connecticut. Southampton was settled in the same year. Hempstead followed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648, Huntington in 1653, and Brookhaven in 1655.", "Charles I issued a charter to Cecilius Calvert (2nd Lord Baltimore) on 20 June 1632 to establish a Catholic colony just north of the predominantly protestant colony of Virginia (The Tobacco Coast) . The first settlers left from Southampton on 22 November 1633 in The Ark and The Dove, and arrived at St. Clement�s Island just off Saint Mary�s county in late February 1634. The ships actually stopped in Barbados early in January 1634. Most of the 250 settlers were (ironically) Protestants. (See internet source http://www.primenet.com/~langford/spls/634md001.htm#Ark.)", "A few days after meeting with Governor Nicolls at New York, Philip guided his ship to a landing spot in New Jersey at a point he called Elizabethtown or Elizabethport, in honor of Sir George Carteret's wife. Philip likely choose the Elizabethtown site to settle with the Long Islanders whose land purchases had been authorized by Nicolls. It has been written that there were probably no more than four Long Island families who had settled there at the time Philip arrived. It is from this location that Philip would govern New Jersey.", "Baltimore is the largest city in the state of Maryland. Founded in 1729, Baltimore is a major U.S. seaport and is situated closer to major Midwestern markets than any other major seaport on the East Coast. Baltimore's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States and a major manufacturing center. The harbor is now home to the Harborplace, a shopping, entertainment, and tourist center, and the National Aquarium in Baltimore. After a decline in manufacturing industries, Baltimore shifted to a service sector-oriented economy. Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital are now the city's largest employers.", "Found in 1607 - First permanent English settlement in North America. Success was based on exports (tobacco, wood). Located in Cheasapeak Bay, Virginia.", "Known as the landing site of the Mayflower in 1620 and as the oldest municipality in New England.", "In 1632 the Calvert family obtained a charter for land north of the Potomac River from King Charles I in what became known as Maryland. As the charter did not expressly prohibit the establishment of non-Protestant churches, the family encouraged fellow Catholics to settle there. Maryland's first town, St. Mary's, was established in 1634 near where the Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay.", "The area was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements.[9]", "the first permanent English settlement in America when English colonist arrived there early in the 1600s.", "'<mark>John Cabot</mark> discovered it in 1497. The city is quite hilly and has very quaint brightly colored Dutch style houses. It has a large harbor, the entrance of which is protected on both sides by old batteries one of which is called Cape Spear and the other'" ]

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[ "Aside from bread wheat and durum, other types of wheat include spelt, emmer, einkorn and kamut. These wheat varieties are commonly referred to as ‘ancient’ grains and are increasingly being used in the manufacture of niche wheat-based food products.", "Spelt (Triticum spelta), also known as dinkel wheat, or hulled wheat, is a species of wheat cultivated since 5000 BC.", "Einkorn wheat (from German Einkorn, literally \"single grain\") can refer either to the wild species of wheat, Triticum boeoticum, or to the domesticated form, Triticum monococcum. The wild and domesticated forms are either considered separate species, as here, or as subspecies: Triticum monococcum subsp. boeoticum (wild) and T. monococcum subsp. monococcum (domesticated). Einkorn is a diploid species (2n = 14 chromosomes) of hulled wheat, with tough glumes ('husks') that tightly enclose the grains. The cultivated form is similar to the wild, except that the ear stays intact when ripe and the seeds are larger. The domestic form is known as petit épeautre in French, Einkorn in German, einkorn or littlespelt in English, piccolo farro in Italian and espelta petita in Catalan.", "* Spelt, an ancient grain, is a hexaploid species of wheat. Spelt dough needs less kneading than common wheat or durum wheat dough. Compared to hard-wheat flours, spelt flour has a relatively low (six to nine percent) protein count, just a little higher than pastry flour. That means that plain spelt flour works well in creating dough for soft foods such as cookies or pancakes. Crackers turn out well because they are made from dough that does not need to rise when baked.", "*Durum (T. durum) – The only tetraploid form of wheat widely used today, and the second most widely cultivated wheat.", "Bread is also made from the flour of other wheat species (including durum, spelt and emmer), rye, barley, maize (corn), and oats, usually, but not always, in combination with wheat flour. Spelt bread (Dinkelbrot) continues to be widely consumed in Germany, and emmer bread was a staple food in ancient Egypt. Canadian bread is known for its heartier consistency due to high protein levels in Canadian flour.", "The origin of spelt is controversial. While general agreement exists on the origin, extent, and utilization of wild and cultivated einkorn and emmer, archaeobotanists and cereal geneticists have proposed two primary hypothesis for the origin of spelt. One hypothesis suggests a single site of origin in the geographic region of present day Iran. The second suggests two independent sites of origin, the Iranian region and a southeastern European region. Suggested dates for the Iranian origin range from the mid-late Neolithic (Stone Age) 6,000-5,000 BC (Zohary and Hopf 1993). Some authors (Dorofejev 1971; Belea 1971) discuss the possibility of a much later independent European origin, others using genetic markers (McFadden and Sears 1946; Kuckuck 1964); seed protein profiles (Johnson 1972); and genes for resistance to rust (Kema 1992); cite data for support of a common origin such as the Iranian region. While the majority of evidence indicates the single site of origin, possible evidence for both sites are reviewed by Harlan (1981), Kema (1992), and Zohary and Hopf (1994) who reviewed 19 and 21 references by Zohary and Hopf respectively, specific to the origin of cultivated crops. The majority of evidence indicates that the origin of spelt must have occurred when either wild or cultivated emmer (AABB) dispersed to regions where T. tauschii (Ae. squarrosa) (DD) was an indigenous wild grass species.", "The suggested attributes of spelt relative to wheat are ease of digestion, taste, and that individuals with certain allergies to common bread wheats can consume spelt. The success of The Berlin Natural Bakery, Berlin, OH, a major commercial bakery of spelt products is based on the attributes given to spelt (H. Graves pers. commun. 1995). In Europe spelt harvested in the hard dough stage and roasted is called \"Grunkern,\" and is considered a \"gourmet\" food to be used in breads, cereal, soups and casseroles.", "In Montana, some cattle producers in regions of low growing season precipitation, plant spelt in preference to spring oats due to the yield advantage of the winter spelt. Spelt production has however varied significantly. In 1987, 200 Montana farms grew 7300 ha, compared to 1992 when spelt production was recorded as 25 farms and 700 ha (Census of Agr. 1992). Limited spelt production occurs in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, Kansas, and North Dakota. At present, major spelt production in the U.S. centers in the Midwest, specifically Ohio, which has over 12,000 ha.", "The flavor of spelt is mild and nutty with a slight hint of hazelnut. It goes well with earthy ingredients and strong sauces, such as those made with garlic and olive oil. European countries use spelt for polenta, whole grain bread recipes, and pasta. In Italy, spelt is known as \"farro\" and in Germany, it is known as \"dinkel.\"", "Ranhotra, G.S., J.A. Gelroth, B.K. Glaser, and G.F. Stallknecht. 1996b. Nutritional profile of three spelt wheat cultivars grown at five different locations. Cereal Chem. (submitted).", "A gassy opaque straw coloured beer made with spelt and buckwheat. The beer is gassy, bright & refreshing with the rounded flavours of a typical wheat beer lingering nicely in the background. A hint of coriander in the end.", "In the Middle East and North Africa, local bread-making accounts for half the consumption of durum. Some flour is even imported. On the other hand, many countries in Europe produce durum in commercially significant quantities.", "Federmann, G.R., E.U. Goecke, and A.M. Steiner. 1992. Detection of adulteration of flour of spelt (Triticum spelta L.) with flour of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol.) by electrophoresis. Plant Var. Seeds 5:123-125.", "Oplinger, E.S., E.A. Oelke, A.R. Kaminski, J.D. Doll, B.R. Durgan, and R.T. Schuler. 1990. Spelt. In: Alternative field crops manual. Univ. Wisconsin, CES, Madison, Univ. of Minnesota CES, St. Paul.", "Spelter is an archaic term for zinc but is usually seen as an alloy, containing mainly zinc with variable proportions of other metals including tin, lead and copper.", "**Soslu dürüm or SSK (sos, soğan, kaşar; in English: sauce, onion, cheese) (specialty of Ankara, contains İskender kebap sauce, making it juicier)", "Edam Cheese - A famous Dutch cheese exported in balls covered with bright-red- or yellow-paraffin-coated rinds; a good all-purpose cheese with a mellow flavor. Edam is second only to Gouda as Holland's most exported cheese.", "Edam (,) is a semi-hard cheese that originated in the Netherlands, and is named after the town of Edam in the province of North Holland. Edam is traditionally sold in rounded cylinders with a pale yellow interior and a coat, or rind, of red paraffin wax. Edam ages and travels well, and does not spoil; it only hardens. These qualities (among others) made it the world's most popular cheese between the 14th and 18th centuries, both at sea and in remote colonies. A major producer of Edam is the FrieslandCampina company in Marum, The Netherlands. In the U.S., the May-bud brand is sold by the Churny Company, a subsidiary of Kraft Foods. ", "bum, dunk, feldspar, quartz, hex, lager, knackwurst, liverwurst, loafer, noodle, poodle, dachshund, pretzel, pinochle, pumpernickel, sauerkraut, schnitzel, zwieback, (beer)stein, lederhosen, dirndl", "A generic German name for all sausages that are very finely ground like frankfurters, wieners and knackwurst", "Edam (Dutch Edammer) is a Dutch cheese that is traditionally sold in spheres with a pale yellow interior and a coat of red paraffin wax. It is named after the town of Edam in the province of North Holland, where the cheese is coated for export sale and for the tourist high season. Edam which has aged for at least 17 weeks is coated with black wax, rather than the usual red or yellow. Edam ages and travels well, and does not spoil easily; these qualities (among others) made it the world's most popular cheese between the 14th and 18th centuries both at sea and in remote colonies. It is popular in North America, the Nordic countries, and many other countries around the world.", "Crisp filtered wheat beer whose flavour profile is somewhere between subtle and forgettable. There are pleasing faint hints of orange and spice with a dash of bitter hops in the finish. A kristall-wit?", "Here are some interesting facts I learned about the nutritional content and health benefits of einkorn :", "Nynorsk, Neo-Norwegian, New Norse or New Norwegian is an official written standard for the Norwegian language, alongside Bokmål. The language standard was originally created by Ivar Aasen during the mid-19th century, to provide a Norwegian alternative to the Danish language which was commonly written in Norway at the time. The official standard of Nynorsk has since been significantly altered while a minor purist fraction of the Nynorsk populace have stayed firm with the Aasen norm, which is known as Høgnorsk (, analogous to High German).", "In addition to the standard Latin script, many Germanic languages use a variety of accent marks and extra letters, including the ß (Eszett), IJ, Ø, Æ, Å, Ä, Ü, Ö, Ð, Ȝ, and the Latinized runes Þ and Ƿ (with its Latin counterpart W). In print, German used to be prevalently set in blackletter typefaces (e.g., fraktur or schwabacher) until the 1940s, when Kurrent and, since the early 20th century, Sütterlin were used for German handwriting.", "Nynorsk, Neo-Norwegian, New Norse or New Norwegian is an official written standard for the Norwegian language, alongside Bokmål. The language standard was originally created by Ivar Aasen during the mid-19th century, to provide a Norwegian alternative to the Danish language which was commonly written in Norway at the time. The official standard of Nynorsk has since been significantly altered while a minor purist fraction of the Nynorsk populace have stayed firm with the Aasen norm, which is known as Høgnorsk (English: High Norwegian, analogous to High German). In local communities, 26% (113 of 428) of the Norwegian municipalities have declared Nynorsk as their official language form, and these municipalities account for about 12% of the Norwegian population. Of the remaining 74% of the municipalities, half are neutral and half have adopted Bokmål as their official language form. Four of the 19 counties, Rogaland, Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane and Møre og Romsdal, have Nynorsk as their official language form. These four together comprise the region of Vestlandet, western Norway. The Norwegian Language Council recommends the name Norwegian Nynorsk when referring to this standard in English.", "Germanic languages: the first part \"quick, queck, kwik, etc.\" = lively (Indo-European \"ğīv\" = life), the second part is the native word for silver (the Dutch kwik is short for kwikzilver)", "Old English cyrin, from Proto-Germanic *kernjon (cf. Old Norse kirna, Swedish kärna, Danish kjerne, Dutch karn, Middle High German kern); probably akin to cyrnel \"kernel\" (see kernel ) and describing the \"grainy\" appearance of churned cream.", "There remains the peculiar term ‘Twibil’. This derives from the Middle English twibill, and from the Old English twibill, from twí- (“double”) + bill (“edge, blade”). This does seem to denote some sort of double-edged axe, but there is no recorded Old Norse equivalent.", "De DARK, FREE, STRONG en SPECIAL zijn duidelijk, maar wat os het verschil tussen ORIGINAL en CLASSIC?", "[Latin incūs, incūd-, anvil, from incūsus, past participle of incūdere, to forge with a hammer : in-, intensive pref.; see in-2 + cūdere, to beat, forge; see kau- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]" ]

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[ "Ecuador is a fascinating country filled with natural beauty, an intriguing history, rich cultural heritage and abundant tourist attractions. Bordered by the countries of Peru and Colombia as well as by the Pacific Ocean, the Republic of Ecuador boasts a diverse landscape with much to explore. The Pacific coastline or 'La Costa' runs along the western edge of Ecuador, whilst the highlands or 'La Sierra' are located centrally in the country, extending all the way from the north to the south. The east or 'El Oriente' consists mainly of Amazon rainforest and the 'Región Insular' contains the Galápagos Islands . Indeed there are numerous tourist destinations in Ecuador, each with their own unique appeal.", "Ecuador ( ,), officially the Republic of Ecuador (, which literally translates as \"Republic of the Equator\"), is a representative democratic republic in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1000 km west of the mainland.", "Named for its proximity to the Equator, La República de Ecuador (The Republic of Ecuador) is located in the northwest part of South America, bordering Colombia , Peru , and the Pacific Ocean . Originally part of the federation known as La República de Gran Colombia which gained independence from Spain in 1822, Ecuador became a separate country in 1830. Part of its land was lost in disputes with Peru in the early part of the twentieth century. Today Ecuador is about the size of Colorado and is the smallest country in South America.", "Ecuador is roughly the size of Colorado and is bordered by Colombia and Peru . The high Andes Mountains form the backbone of the country. Cotopaxi in the Andes is the highest active volcano in the world.", "Ecuador claims an additional 100,000 square miles of territory in the Oriente, an area which includes navigable tributaries of the Amazon River. This territory was lost to Peru under the 1942 Rio Protocol of Peace, Friendship, and Boundaries, a fact which the Ecuadorian people and Government have never fully accepted. The national motto proclaims, \"Ecuador was, is, and will be an Amazonian nation.\" Revising the treaty is one of the government's foremost foreign policy objectives. Efforts to settle the dispute have been unsuccessful because of strong nationalistic feelings in both countries. In 1995 an undeclared war took effect between Peru and Ecuador along the disputed southern border. Since 1995 the guarantors (U.S., Brazil , Chile and Argentina ) have been very active in assisting Ecuador and Peru to resolve their differences.", "What is now Ecuador formed part of the northern Inca Empire until the Spanish conquest in 1533. Quito became a seat of Spanish colonial government in 1563 and part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. The territories of the Viceroyalty - New Granada (Colombia), Venezuela, and Quito - gained their independence between 1819 and 1822 and formed a federation known as Gran Colombia. When Quito withdrew in 1830, the traditional name was changed in favor of the \"Republic of the Equator.\" Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost territories in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. A border war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999. Although Ecuador marked 25 years of civilian governance in 2004, the period has been marred by political instability. Protests in Quito have contributed to the mid-term ouster of Ecuador's last three democratically elected Presidents. In September 2008, voters approved a new constitution; Ecuador's twentieth since gaining independence. General elections, under the new constitutional framework, are expected in April 2009.", "What is now Ecuador formed part of the northern Inca Empire until the Spanish conquest in 1533. Quito became a seat of Spanish colonial government in 1563 and part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. The territories of the Viceroyalty - New Granada (Colombia), Venezuela, and Quito - gained their independence between 1819 and 1822 and formed a federation known as Gran Colombia. When Quito withdrew in 1830, the traditional name was changed in favor of the \"Republic of the Equator.\" Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost territories in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. A border war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999. Although Ecuador marked 30 years of civilian governance in 2004, the period was marred by political instability. Protests in Quito contributed to the mid-term ouster of three of Ecuador's last four democratically elected presidents. In late 2008, voters approved a new constitution, Ecuador's 20th since gaining independence. General elections were held in February 2013, and voters reelected President Rafael CORREA.", "Located between Colombia and Peru on the west coast of South America , Ecuador has an area of 283,560 square kilometers (176,204 square miles) and a coastline of 2,237 kilometers (1,390 miles). The Galapagos Islands, which rest 960 kilometers (600 miles) to the west of mainland Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean are part of the Republic of Ecuador. Ecuador is slightly smaller than the state of Nevada . Ecuador's capital city, Quito , is located in the Andes mountain range on the equator, while Guayaquil , the country's most populous city, is positioned on the southern coastline about 210 kilometers (130 miles) from Quito.", "Today Ecuador is the smallest of the Andean countries, but it has the highest average population density in South America, the highest annual rate of natural population increase (2.8 percent) over the last decade of any country in South America, and the highest percentage of Native Americans . Extending over both sides of the equator, it is bordered in the north by Colombia and in the east and south by Peru. The Galapagos Islands are a province of Ecuador. Native Americans make up 40 to 60 percent of the population. Approximately 52 percent of the population live in the coastal lowlands with an average population density of 80 persons per square kilometer. The most densely populated region is Guayas, which includes Guayaquil with 130 persons per square kilometer. The development of oilfields and agriculture over the last 25 years has resulted in a significant increase in the population of the eastern region without sufficient educational support for this new population.", "The only South American countries without a seacoast are Paraguay and Bolivia. Bordering the sea on the north and east are Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Chile, Peru, and Ecuador are on the Pacific coast. Among the island possessions in the Pacific are the Galápagos Islands, belonging to Ecuador, and the Juan Fernández Islands, belonging to Chile. In the Atlantic are the Falkland Islands. They are a dependency of Britain but are claimed by Argentina.", "Colombia usually classifies its geography into five natural regions, from the Andes mountain range, a region shared with Ecuador, Venezuela; the Pacific Ocean coastal region shared with Panama and Ecuador; the Caribbean Sea coastal region, shared with Venezuela and Panama; the Llanos (plains), shared with Venezuela; to the Amazon Rainforest region shared with Venezuela, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador. Colombia is the only South American country which borders both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.", "Colombia is connected to Central America by the Isthmus of Panama . It contains several small islands in the Atlantic, including San Andrea and Providencia, and in the Pacific, the Malpelo and Gorgona islands have been set aside as natural wildlife reserves. Colombia borders Ecuador and Peru to the south, Brazil and Venezuela to the east, and Panama to the northwest.", "Location and Geography. Ecuador, which is 109,493 square miles (283,600 square kilometers; about the size of Oregon), is located in western South America, the second smallest South American nation. Its topography is dramatic. Two cordilleras split the nation into coastal, Andean, and Amazonian regions. The Galápagos Islands lie 600 miles (965 kilometers) off the Pacific coast. The nation is flanked on the north by Colombia and on the east and south by Peru . The coastal region ranges from a tropical rain forest in the north to a mixed wet–dry monsoon region for the rest of the region. A third fairly low cordillera runs intermittently along the coastal strip. The Andes region has a number of snow–capped volcanic mountains, dominated by Chimborazo (20,596 feet; 6,278 meters) and Cotopaxi (19,613 feet; 5,978 meters). Rich, fertile valleys, or basins, lie in the inter–Andean region known as the Corridor of the Volcanoes. The Amazonian topography is highly varied, ranging from mountainous regions that tower well over 6,000 feet (1,829 meters) to Amazonian biotopes.", "Ecuador ; Republic of Ecuador (a republic in northwestern South America; became independent from Spain in 1822; the landscape is dominated by the Andes)", "It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. It includes twelve sovereign states – Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela – and two non-sovereign areas – French Guiana, an overseas department of France, and the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory (though disputed by Argentina). In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago, and Panama may also be considered part of South America.", "Tensions over borders in the Andes continued, with the Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute of 1857–1860, a long-running conflict. Ecuador had effectively ceded long-disputed territory in the Amazon Basin to British creditors. This angered the Peruvian government, who demanded the transaction to be nullified. When Ecuador refused, war broke out. The Peruvian navy moved quickly to blockade the entire Ecuadorian coast and their army moved in and occupied Guayaquil, Ecuador's largest city and port. With little other option, Ecuador signed the Treaty of Mapasingue, declaring the cession null and settling the border dispute in Peru's favour. Ecuador regarded the treaty as inequitable, and the conflict was not to be resolved until late in the 20th century.", "León Febres Cordero Rivadeneira, who replaced Hurtado in 1984, was kidnapped in 1987 by a guerrilla group but was released in exchange for a former coup leader. Rodrigo Borja Cevallos was elected president in 1988, and in 1992 he was replaced by Sixto Durán Ballén. In 1990 the indigenous peoples organized a series of boycotts and demonstrations, known as \"the Uprising,\" and in 1992 they were given title to a large area of rain forest in the eastern part of the country. That same year Ballén privatized many state-owned enterprises. In 1994 Ecuador reached agreement with creditor banks on a landmark foreign-debt rescheduling plan. Ecuador again clashed with Peru in a border war in 1995; in 1998 the countries signed an agreement finalizing their borders and giving Ecuador access to the Amazon River.", "A 165-year-old border dispute between Peru and Ecuador erupted into fighting in 1981. The war was short-lived, and, following the cease-fire, Ecuador stated that it was not interested in territorial gains, but rather in access to the Amazon River so that it could ship goods through Peru to Brazil and Atlantic ports.", "The flag of Ecuador, which consists of horizontal bands of yellow (double width), blue and red, was adopted on September 26, 1860. It is very similar to that of Colombia and Venezuela, which are also former members of Greater Colombia. It is based on a proposal by Francisco de Miranda.", "..... Click the link for more information.  that year. Boundary disputes led to frequent invasions by Peruvians in the 19th and 20th cent. The entire eastern frontier, known as Oriente, was in dispute. (In 1942, Ecuador signed a treaty ceding a large area to Peru, but in 1960 it renounced the treaty.)", "bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and has 2337 km of coastline. It has 2010 km of land boundaries, with Colombia in the north 590 km border and Peru in the east and south 1420 km border. It is the westernmost country that lies on the equator. ", "Ecuador straddles the Equator, its namesake, on the west coast of South America, almost 3,000 miles due south of Washington, DC. It is roughly the size of Colorado . Two north-south ranges of the Andes Mountains divide the country into three distinct sections: the Costa, a belt of tropical lowlands 10-100 miles wide along the Pacific coast, where Guayaquil, the major city, is located; the Sierra, where Quito is located, is a highland plateau 3,000-10,000 feet high; and the Oriente, which are the jungle lowlands east of the Andes that make up about half of the country's area. In addition, the Galapagos Islands (Archipelago de Colon) lie 640 miles off the coast. The nine main islands are inhabited by some 15,000 people and an amazing variety of wildlife that has fascinated scientists ever since Charles Darwin visited there in 1836.", "Ecuador country of northwestern South America. Ecuador is one of the most environmentally diverse countries in the world, and it has contributed notably to the environmental sciences. The first scientific expedition to measure the circumference of the Earth,...", "Rumichaca, a natural bridge over the Ancasmayo River, which now marks, more or less, the boundary between Ecuador and", "Identification. In 1830, Ecuador took its name from the Spanish word for the equator, which crosses the entire northern sector. The three mainland regions are referred to as the Coast, the Sierra, and Amazonia, or the Oriente (\"east\"). A constitutional democracy, Ecuador is a multicultural, multiethnic nation–state that many consider multinational. It has one of the highest representations of indigenous cultures in South America and two distinct Afro–Ecuadorian cultures. The dominant populace is descended primarily from Spanish colonists and settlers and to a lesser extent from German, Italian, Lebanese, and Asian immigrants. Spanish is the national language; thirteen indigenous languages are spoken, of which the principal ones are Quichua in the Sierra and the Oriente and Jivaroan in the Oriente.", "Ecuador is a charter member of the United Nations, having joined on 21 October 1945; it belongs to ECLAC and several specialized agencies. Ecuador is also a member of the Inter-American Development Bank, G-77, the Latin American Economic System (LAES), the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA), Latin American Energy Organization, the Andean Community of Nations, the OAS, and the Río Group. Ecuador received full membership in OPEC in 1973. The country holds associate status in Mercosur.", "Agreements and Treaties. Ecuador and the United States signed a customs mutual assistance agreement in 2002. Ecuador is a party to the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its protocols dealing with migrant smuggling and trafficking in persons.", "Most of Ecuador is covered by equatorial forests. The rest consists of cultivated agricultural areas, some arid scrubland near the coast, and barren mountain ranges with 22 peaks over 14,000 feet high. These peaks include Chimborazo (20,561 ft.) and Cotopaxi, which is the second highest active volcano in the world (19,347 ft.). The spectacular array of snow capped volcanoes stretching north and south of Quito has been called the \"Avenue of Volcanoes\", and on a clear day the view from an airplane is breathtaking. On the Pacific slope the principal rivers are the Esmeraldas and the Guayas. Eastern Ecuador is part of the Amazon watershed. Its principal rivers are the Napo and Pastaza Rivers. None of the Amazon tributaries in Ecuador are navigable by oceangoing vessels.", "In addition to its unique geography, Ecuador is known as being highly biodiverse and according to Conservation International it is one of the world's most biodiverse countries. This is because it owns the Galapagos Islands as well as portions of the Amazon Rainforest. According to Wikipedia, Ecuador has 15% of the world's known bird species, 16,000 species of plants, 106 endemic reptiles and 138 amphibians. The Galapagos also have a number of unique endemic species and is where Charles Darwin developed his Theory of Evolution .", "Zendegui, Guillermo de, ed. Image of Ecuador. Organization of American States: Washington, DC, September 1972. A well-written, 24-page summary of Ecuador and its people.", "This chapter was adapted from the Department of State Post Report 1999 for Ecuador. Supplemental material has been added to increase coverage of minor cities, facts have been updated, and some material has been condensed. Readers are encouraged to visit the Department of State's web site at http://travel.state.gov/ for the most recent information available on travel to this country.", "Weak public institutions, widespread corruption and a poorly regulated financial system make Ecuador vulnerable to organized crime. Border controls of persons and goods are undependable. Much of the population lives in poverty. Scanty government presence in a large portion of the country contributes to lawlessness. The National Police (ENP) and military forces are inadequately equipped and trained." ]

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[ "The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), also known as the silvertip bear, the grizzly, or the North American brown bear, is a subspecies of brown bear (Ursus arctos) that generally lives in the uplands of western North America. This subspecies is thought to descend from Ussuri brown bears which crossed to Alaska from eastern Russia 100,000 years ago, though they did not move south until 13,000 years ago. [1]", "The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos ssp.) less commonly called the silvertip bear, is any North American morphological form or subspecies of brown bear, including the mainland grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis), Kodiak bear (U. a. middendorffi), peninsular grizzly (U. a. gyas), and the recently extinct California grizzly (U. a. californicus†)Schwartz, C. C., Miller, S. D. and Haroldson, M. A. (2003). [http://www.gsseser.com/RMAteachers/Grizzly_Chapter.pdf \"Grizzly bear\"]. pp. 556–586 in G. A. Feldhamer, B. C. Thompson and J. A. Chapman, eds. Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. and Mexican grizzly bear (U. a. nelsoni†). Scientists do not use the name grizzly bear but call it the North American brown bear. (See brown bear for a discussion of brown bears outside of North America). It should not be confused with the black grizzly or Ussuri brown bear (U. a. lasiotus) which is another giant brown bear inhabiting Russia, Northern China, and Korea. ", "The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America. Adult bears generally weigh between 100 and 635 kg (220 and 1,400 lb). Its largest subspecies, the Kodiak bear, rivals the polar bear as the largest member of the bear family and as the largest land-based predator. There are several recognized subspecies within the brown bear species. In North America, two types of the subspecies Ursus arctos horribilis are generally recognized—the coastal brown bear and the inland grizzly bear; these two types broadly define the range of sizes of all brown bear subspecies. An adult grizzly living inland in Yukon may weigh as little as 80 kg (180 lb), while an adult coastal brown bear in nearby coastal Alaska living on a steady, nutritious diet of spawning salmon may weigh as much as 680 kg (1,500 lb). The exact number of overall brown subspecies remains in debate.", "In Finnish language, the asterism is sometimes called with its old Finnish name, Otava. The meaning of the name has been almost forgotten in Modern Finnish; it means a salmon weir. Ancient Finns believed the bear (Ursus arctos) was lowered to earth in a golden basket off the Ursa Major, and when a bear was killed, its head was positioned on a tree to allow the bear's spirit to return to Ursa Major.", "Asian Black Bears- The Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus), also known as the Moon bear [2]  or White-chested bear [3]  is a medium-sized  species  of bear , largely adapted for  arboreal  life, which occurs through much of southern  Asia ,  Korea , northeastern  China , the  Russian far east  and Honshū  and  Shikoku  islands of  Japan . It is classed by the  IUCN  as a  vulnerable species , mostly due to  deforestation  and active hunting for its body parts. The species is  morphologically  very similar to some prehistoric bears, and is thought by some scientists to be the ancestor of other extant bear species. [2]  Though largely  herbivorous , Asian black bears can be very aggressive toward humans, and have frequently attacked people without provocation. The species was described by  Rudyard Kipling  as \"the most bizarre of the ursine species.", "In Latin Ursa Major means greater she-bear. In Greek Arktos is the word for bear, hence the name Arctic, which means bearish and describes the far northern parts of the earth where the Great Bear constellation dominates the heavens even more than in the northern hemisphere. A very large constellation, Ursa Major is best known for its famous asterism or star grouping, the Big Dipper.", "The word 'Bootes' actually means 'cow-driver', but in connection with the two Bears ( Ursa Major and Ursa Minor ) he is often seen as a Bear Driver or Bear Herder (Arctophylax) who chases the Bears around the pole star, Polaris . The prefix Arcto- is from Greek arktos, and related to Latin Ursa, bear. The suffix -phylax is from Greek phulax, from Greek phulassein, phulasso, 'watcher, guard, sentry-keeper'. A phylax was a guard or watchman in ancient Rome, phylaxis relates to the defense of the body against infection, from Greek phulakterion ‘amulet’, prophylaxis is preventive treatment of disease.", "Ursus arctos beringianus – Kamchatka Brown Bear; A very large, dark coloured form. Light coloured forms are encountered less than in European-Siberian subspecies. Claws are dark. Occurs in the Kamchatka Peninsula and Paramushir Island. Thought to be the ancestor of U. a. middendorffi.", "McLellan, B.N., Proctor, M.F., Huber, D. & Michel, S. 2016. Ursus arctos. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T41688A45034772. . Downloaded on 03 January 2017.", "Claws on front feet seldom as long as 75 mm; face slightly arched or nearly straight in profile; no ruff or mane; last upper molar about 1.5 times as large as the one in front of it: Ursus americanus (black bear).", "The Sloth Bear (Ursus ursinus = Melursus ursinus), also known as the Labiated Bear, is an arboreal, nocturnal and insectivorous species of bear restricted to the Indian subcontinent. Originally, naturalists considered the sloth bear to be a species of sloth rather than a true bear. Because of this, the species has been renamed numerous times. After a sloth bear was taken to Europe for the first time in 1790, it was given the binomial name Bradypus pentadactylus, as well as the conventional names of \"five fingered sloth\", \"sloth bear\" and \"ursine sloth\". Meyer named the genus \"melursus\", while Fischer called it \"chondrorychus\". Shaw called it \"Bradypus ursinus\", while M. Blainville called it Ursus labiatus while Tiedemann called it Ursus longirostris.", "The name of the star derives from ancient Greek Arktouros and means \"Bear Guard\". This is a reference to it being the brightest star in the constellation Boötes. In Greek mythology, Arcturus is a star created by Zeus to protect the nearby constellations, Arcas and Callisto (Ursa major and Ursa minor).", "History and mythology of Arcturus. Arcturus’ constellation Bootes – the Herdsman – is sometimes pictured as guarding the Great Bear, or Ursa Major, which contains the Big Dipper asterism. We sometimes hear Arcturus called the Bear Guard.", "        The chupacabras (Spanish origin), from chupar \"to suck\" and cabra \"goat\", literally \"goat sucker\") is a legendary cryptid rumored to inhabit parts of the Americas. It is associated more recently with sightings of an allegedly unknown animal in Puerto Rico (where these sightings were first reported), Mexico, and the United States, especially in the latter's Latin American communities. The name comes from the animal's reported habit of attacking and drinking the blood of livestock, especially goats. Physical descriptions of the creature vary. Eyewitness sightings have been claimed as early as 1995 in Puerto Rico, and have since been reported as far north as Maine, and as far south as Chile, and even being spotted outside the Americas in countries like Russia and The Philippines. It is supposedly a heavy creature, the size of a small bear, with a row of spines reaching from the neck to the base of the tail. The sighting reports of chupacabras end up being uncorroborated eyewitness reports without evidence, or canids with mange. Biologists and wildlife management officials view the chupacabras as a contemporary legend.", "Arcturus is a red giant star in the Northern Hemisphere of Earth's sky that is the brightest star in the constellation Boötes (the Herdsman). Arcturus is also among the brightest stars that can be seen from Earth. Astronomers say Arcturus will end up as a white dwarf at the end of its life.", "Arcturus is believed to be one of the first stars named by ancient observers. It is translated as \"Guardian of the Bear\" and is a name that was once used for the entire constellation of Bootes. It is easily found by noting that the curve of the handle of the Big Dipper is part of a circle - an arc - and we can just follow the arc to Arcturus.", "An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus (; Latin \"oak tree\") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 600 extant species of oaks. The common name \"oak\" may also appear in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus. The genus is native to the Northern Hemisphere, and includes deciduous and evergreen species extending from cool temperate to tropical latitudes in the Americas, Asia, Europe, and North Africa. North America contains the largest number of oak species, with approximately 90 occurring in the United States, while Mexico has 160 species of which 109 are endemic. The second greatest center of oak diversity is China, which contains approximately 100 species. ", "Ursa Minor means \"Smaller Bear\" in Latin. It is located near Ursa Major and also has the pattern of a small ladle called the Little Dipper as part of its larger pattern.", "The Eagle Owl is a large and powerful bird, smaller than the Golden Eagle but larger than the Snowy Owl. It is sometimes titled the world's largest owl, but so is the Blakiston's Fish Owl, which is slightly bigger on average. The Eagle Owl has a wingspan of up to 138–200 cm and measures 58–73 cm long. Females weigh 1.75-4.2 kg and males weigh 1.5-3.2 kg . In comparison, the common Barn Owl weighs about 500 grams . It mainly feeds on small mammals, but can kill prey up to the size of foxes and young deer , if taken by surprise. Larger prey is consumed on the ground which leaves the bird vulnerable .", "The Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus), also known as the Rocky Mountain Goat, is a large-hoofed mammal found only in North America. Despite its name, it is not a true goat, as it belongs to a different genus. It resides at high elevations and is a sure-footed climber, often resting on rocky cliffs that predators cannot reach.", "The Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) is the largest bird native to Australia and the only extant member of the genus Dromaius. It is the second-largest extant bird in the world by height, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. There are three subspecies of Emus in Australia. The Emu is common over most of mainland Australia, although it avoids heavily populated areas, dense forest, and arid areas.", "Quercus ilex is a medium-sized tree 5 - tall with finely square-fissured blackish bark and leathery evergreen leaves. The old leaves fall 1–2 years after new leaves emerge. The leaves are dark green above and pale whitish-grey with dense short hairs below. The leaf shape is variable (depending on age and growing conditions), the adult leaves are entire, 4 - long and 1 – broad, while those on the lower branches of young trees are often larger (to 10 cm long), and are toothed or somewhat spiny – possibly as protection from grazing animals. In this, the foliage resembles that of the common European holly Ilex aquifolium, and this resemblance has led to its common and botanic names. The name ' is originally the classical Latin name for the holm oak, but was later also used as a botanical genus name for the hollies. The flowers are catkins, produced in the spring; the fruit is an acorn, which matures in about six months.", "The common merganser, or goosander (M. merganser), is of mallard size; the male lacks a noticeable crest. It usually nests in hollow trees in north temperate to subarctic regions and migrates to more southerly rivers. The somewhat smaller and ground-nesting red-breasted merganser (M. serrator) has a similar range. In the United States , common and red-breasted mergansers are often called sheldrakes (properly a name for the shelducks).", "18. Which North American aquatic salamander, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, has been given the vernacular names ‘devil dog’ and ‘Allegheny alligator’ because folklore claims that it smears fishing lines with slime, drives game fish away, and inflicts a painful, poisonous bite? Its common name also reflects this misguided fear of an entirely harmless species.", "Hellbenders are large, aquatic salamanders found on the east coast of the United States from southern New York to northern Alabama. There are two subspecies, the Eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) and the Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi). The Ozark hellbender is smaller with larger black blotches on its back and a darkly mottled chin.", "A bright orange flash scurrying under a log might be a small, slender salamander called a newt. Newts are common and have a complex life history: they hatch in water, live on land as an eft (bright orange juvenile stage), then turn dark in color before returning to the water as an aquatic adult. Red-backed salamanders, which are widespread in the park, live entirely on land as their life cycle does not include a water stage. Pick up logs and branches carefully when collecting firewood as there may be a salamander underneath.", "       The Tawny Frogmouth is an Australian species of frogmouth, a type of bird found throughout the Australian mainland, Tasmania and southern New Guinea. The Tawny Frogmouth is often mistaken for an owl. Many Australians refer to the Tawny Frogmouth by the colloquial names of “Mopoke” or “Morepork,” which usually are common alternative names for the Southern Boobook.", "The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus, from Greek hali \"sea\", aiētos \"eagle\", leuco \"white\", cephalos \"head\") is a bird of prey found in North America. A sea eagle, it has two known subspecies and forms a species pair with the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). Its range includes most of Canada and Alaska, all of the contiguous United States, and northern Mexico. It is found near large bodies of open water with an abundant food supply and old-growth trees for nesting.", "Onager (Equus onager), species of Asian wild ass that ranges from northwest Iran to Turkmenistan . The onager is pale-coloured and has a short erect mane and fairly large ears. It stands 1.5 metres (4.5 feet) at the shoulder and weighs about 250 kg (550 pounds). The onager was domesticated in ancient times but has been replaced by the domestic horse and donkey . It now is found in limited numbers and may be approaching extinction. The name onager is sometimes used for the Asian wild ass (Equus hemionus).", "16. The Tufted Deer is a small species of deer characterized by the prominent tuft of black hair on its forehead. It is a close relative of the muntjac, living somewhat further north over a wide area of central China. It is a timid animal, mainly solitary or found in pairs and prefers places with good cover, where it is well camouflaged.", "The Eurasian Coot, Fulica atra, also known as Coot, is a member of the rail and crake bird family, the Rallidae. The Coot is 36-42 cm long, and is largely black except for the white facial shield (which gave rise to the phrase \"as bald as a coot\", which the Oxford English Dictionary cites in use as early as 1430). As a swimming species, the Coot has partial webbing on its long strong toes.", "The Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus) is a long-legged bird in the cuckoo family, Cuculidae. It is one of the two roadrunner species in the genus Geococcyx; the other is the Lesser Roadrunner. This roadrunner is also known as the Chaparral Cock. More" ]

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[ "Hunter Stockton Thompson was a journalist and author. He created Gonzo journalism, a style of reporting in which the reporters involve themselves in the action to such a degree that they become the central figures of their stories.", "Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and author, famous for his novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. He is credited as the creator of Gonzo journalism, a style of reporting where reporters involve themselves in the action to such a degree that they become the central figures of their stories.", "Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and author, most famous for his roman à clef Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas . He is credited as the creator of Gonzo journalism , a style of reporting where reporters involve themselves in the action to such a degree that they become central figures of their stories. He is also known for his use of psychedelics , alcohol , firearms , and his iconoclastic contempt for authoritarianism .", "Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and author. Thompson became known for a style of journalism he termed \"Gonzo\", where reporters involve themselves in the action to such a degree that they become central figures of their stories. ", "Gonzo Journalism: Gonzo journalism is a style of journalistic writing that emphasizes on the moral or the conclusion of an event, with the use of little fiction and exaggeration. The literary term includes the actual facts and the writing is in the first person point of view. This is done to keep the reader engaged. This style was first introduced in 1970s by Hunter S. Thompson. Later, this style was used in other literature and arts as well.", "Figure 3: Hunter S. Thompson– journalist, author, and founder of the gonzo journalism movement. Became a counter cultural figure in the 1970s, with his own brand of New Journalism which he termed “Gonzo”, an experimental style of journalism where reporters involve themselves in the action to such a degree that they become central figures of their stories. Best known work is Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream which constitutes a rumination on the failure of the 1960s counterculture movement and was serialized by Rolling Stone with which he’d be long associated. Also known well known for his inveterate hatred of Richard Nixon, who he claimed represented “that dark, venal, and incurably violent side of the American character” as well as for his lifelong use of alcohol and illegal drugs, his love of firearms, and his iconoclastic contempt for authoritarianism.", "He is credited as the creator of Gonzo journalism, a style of reporting where reporters involve themselves in the action to such a degree that they become central figures of their stories. He is known also for his lifelong use of alcohol, LSD, mescaline, and cocaine (among other substances); his love of firearms; his inveterate hatred of Richard Nixon; and his iconoclastic contempt for authoritarianism. While suffering a bout of health problems, he committed suicide in 2005 at the age of 67.", "Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and author, and the founder of the gonzo journalism movement. Born in Louisville, Kentucky, to a middle-class family, Thompson had a turbulent youth after the death of his father left the family in poverty. He was unable to formally finish high school as he was incarcerated for 60 days after abetting a robbery. He subsequently joined the United States Air Force before moving into journalism. He traveled frequently, including stints in California, Puerto Rico, and Brazil, before settling in Aspen, Colorado, in the early 1960s.", "Perhaps most famous for his 1972 novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Kentucky native Hunter Thompson is remembered for his signature “Gonzo” style of journalism. Avoiding the objective nature of typical reporting, he often wrote in a highly subjective manner, incorporating his own experiences and artistic creativity into stories. The result was a form of writing that blurred the lines between truth and fiction.", "Gonzo journalism can be seen as an offshoot of the New Journalism movement in the sixties, led primarily by Tom Wolfe , and also championed by Lester Bangs and George Plimpton . It has largely been subsumed into Creative nonfiction .[ citation needed ]", "Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and author, and the founder of the gonzo journalism movement. Born in Louisville, Kentucky, to a middle-class family, Thompson had a turbulent youth after the death of his father left the family in poverty. He was unable to formally finish high school as he was incarcerated for 60 days after abetting a robbery. He subsequently joined the United States Air Force before moving into journalism. He traveled frequently, including stints in California, Puerto Rico, and Brazil, before settling in Aspen, Colorado, in the early 1960s. MORE", "Thompson is often credited as the creator of Gonzo journalism, a style of writing that blurs distinctions between fiction and nonfiction. His work and style are considered to be a major part of the New Journalism literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s, which attempted to break free from the purely objective style of mainstream reportage of the time. Thompson almost always wrote in the first person , while extensively using his own experiences and emotions to color \"the story\" he was trying to follow. His writing aimed to be humorous, colorful and bizarre, and he often exaggerated events to be more entertaining.", "In the book The Great Shark Hunt, Thompson refers to Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as \"a failed experiment in the gonzo journalism\" he practiced, which was based on William Faulkner's idea that \"the best fiction is far more true than any kind of journalism — and the best journalists have always known this\". Thompson's style blended the techniques of fictional story-telling and journalism.", "Thompson felt that objectivity in journalism was a myth. Gonzo journalism has now become a bona fide style of writing that concerns itself with \"telling it like it is\", similar to the New Journalism of the 1960s, led primarily by Tom Wolfe and also championed by Lester Bangs, George Plimpton, Terry Southern, and John Birmingham, and is considered a subgenre of New Journalism. When asked whether there was a difference between the two, Thompson answered, \"Yeah, I think so. Unlike Tom Wolfe or Gay Talese, for instance, I almost never try to reconstruct a story. They're both much better reporters than I am, but then I don't really think of myself as a reporter.\" ", "The famous \"Gonzo fist\", originally used by Hunter S. Thompson in his 1970 campaign for sheriff of Aspen , Colorado . The fist has become a symbol of Thompson and Gonzo journalism as a whole.", "Thompson is credited alongside Tom Wolfe and Gay Talese with helping pioneer New Journalism — or, as he dubbed his version, “gonzo journalism” — in which the writer made himself an essential component of the story.", "Thompson based his style on William Faulkner 's idea that \"fiction is often the best fact.\" [7] While the things that Thompson wrote about are basically true, he used satirical devices to drive his points home. He often wrote about recreational drugs and alcohol use which added additional subjective flair to his reporting. The term \"Gonzo\" has also come into (sometimes pejorative ) use to describe journalism that is in the vein of Thompson's style, characterized by a drug-fueled stream of consciousness writing technique.", "The term \"gonzo\" was first used in connection with Hunter S. Thompson by The Boston Globe magazine editor Bill Cardoso in 1970. He described Thompson's article \"The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved\", which was written for the June 1970 edition of Scanlan's Monthly, as \"pure Gonzo journalism\". Cardoso claimed that \"gonzo\" was South Boston Irish slang describing the last man standing after an all-night drinking marathon. He also claimed that it was a corruption of the French Canadian word \"gonzeaux\", which means \"shining path\", although this is disputed.", "Nevertheless, critics call Fear and Loathing Thompson's crowning achievement in gonzo journalism. For example, journalist and author Mikal Gilmore said the novel \"feels free wheeling when you read it [but] it doesn't feel accidental. The writing is right there, on the page — startling, unprecedented and brilliantly crafted\". Critics believe that Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas should be considered a work of gonzo journalism because the characteristics of gonzo journalism are all characteristics seen in the novel.", "Thompson based his style on William Faulkner 's idea that \"fiction is often the best fact.\"[ citation needed ] While the things that Thompson writes about are basically true, he uses satirical devices to drive his points home. Thompson often wrote about recreational drugs and alcohol use which added additional subjective flair to his reporting. The term \"gonzo\" has also come into (sometimes pejorative ) use to describe journalism (or generally any writing) that is broadly in the vein of Thompson's writing, characterized by a drug-fueled stream-of-consciousness technique.", "Gonzo is a style of journalism which gives the voice of people top priority. It contains news, views or thoughts of the society i.e. reader, listener or viewer, which reflects the genuine voice of people belonging to all sections of the society", "Gonzo also occurs when an author cannot remove himself from the subject he investigates. In some cases -- such as tornado chasing , wherein most documenting is done by the person driving the car and holding the camera -- the gonzo element is inherent. In most other cases, however, it is a deliberate and voluntary choice of the journalist, or the media firm for which he or she works. Thompson felt that objectivity in journalism was a myth. The term has now become a bona-fide style of writing that concerns itself with 'telling it like it is', not far from the New Journalism practiced by Tom Wolfe , Terry Southern and John Birmingham .", "Thompson would instigate events himself, often in a prankish or belligerent manner, and then document both his actions and those of others. Notoriously neglectful of deadlines, Thompson often annoyed his editors because he faxed articles late, \"too late to be edited, yet still in time for the printer.\" Thompson wanted his work to be read as he wrote it, in its \"true Gonzo\" form. Historian Douglas Brinkley said gonzo journalism requires virtually no rewriting and frequently uses transcribed interviews and verbatim telephone conversations.", "Gonzo: The Life and Work of Dr. Hunter S Thompson There have been no shortage of documentaries celebrating the good doctor’s life, but Gonzo might just be the best. Focusing on the gonzo journalist’s heyday from the mid60s to mid-70s, the film paints a thorough and true portrait of a paradoxical figure - hero, anti-hero, and villain.", "^ \"Citizen Thompson— Police report of death scene reveals gonzo journalist's \"rosebud\"\". The Smoking Gun. September 8, 2005. Retrieved October 13, 2008.", "Gonzo journalism tends to favor style over accuracy and often uses personal experiences and emotions to provide context for the topic or event being covered. It disregards the 'polished' edited product favored by newspaper media and strives for the gritty factor. Use of quotations, sarcasm , humor , exaggeration, and even profanity is common. The use of Gonzo journalism suggests that journalism can be truthful without striving for objectivity and is loosely equivalent to an editorial .", "In the late 1960s a bunch of writers leapt into the void: George Plimpton, Joan Didion, Truman Capote, Gay Talese, Norman Mailer, Hunter S. Thompson, and the rest. Wolfe shepherded them into an uneasy group and labeled them the New Journalists. The New Journalists—with Wolfe in the lead—changed the balance of power between writers of fiction and writers of nonfiction, and they did it chiefly because of their willingness to submerge themselves in their subjects, and to steal from the novelist’s bag of tricks: scene-by-scene construction, use of dramatic dialogue, vivid characterization, shifting points of view, and so on.", "A cultural change in the U.S. was reflected in the new manner in which media institutions reported on government officials. New and younger idealistic publishers took over many of the nation's most prominent newspapers; and their reporters, likewise idealistic, challenged authority within the newsroom and public officials with equal vigor. In 1968, Agnew publicly challenged the \"hard-line\" some journalists took. In the wake of the Watergate scandal, the American public was left with suspicion of motives for both the government and media.", "Mailer believed in the supremacy of fiction over fact, but he wrote some of his best work as the \"New Journalism\" movement emerged in the mid-1960s. He pioneered subjective reporting that read like a novel.", "The book for which Thompson gained most of his fame had its genesis during the research for Strange Rumblings in Aztlan, an exposé for Rolling Stone on the 1970 killing of the Mexican-American television journalist Rubén Salazar. Salazar had been shot in the head at close range with a tear gas canister fired by officers of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department during the National Chicano Moratorium March against the Vietnam War. One of Thompson's sources for the story was Oscar Zeta Acosta, a prominent Mexican-American activist and attorney. Finding it difficult to talk in the racially tense atmosphere of Los Angeles, Thompson and Acosta decided to travel to Las Vegas, and take advantage of an assignment by Sports Illustrated to write a 250-word photograph caption on the Mint 400 motorcycle race held there.", "Foreign Correspondent repeatedly glorifies newspapers and reporters. They are seen as sources of truth, and a progressive social force. Such ideas were widespread in books, films and comics of that era.", "So, one lesson of Watergate is that aggressive journalists can make a difference often in ways that can�t be predicted beforehand. If no one�s there to ask questions and challenge deceptive answers, cover-ups are far more likely to succeed." ]

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[ "Bruce Lee (Chinese: 李小龍; born Lee Jun-fan, Chinese: 李振藩; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973) was a Hong Kong American martial artist, Hong Kong action film actor, martial arts instructor, philosopher, filmmaker,[3] and the founder of Jeet Kune Do. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-Chuen. He is widely considered by commentators, critics, media and other martial artists to be one of the most influential martial artists of all time,[4] and a pop culture icon of the 20th century.[5][6] He is often credited with helping to change the way Asians were presented in American films.[7]", "Bruce Lee (Chinese: 李小龍; born Lee Jun-fan, Chinese: 李振藩; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973) was a Hong Kong American martial artist, Hong Kong action film actor, martial arts instructor, filmmaker, and the founder of Jeet Kune Do. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-Chuen. He is widely considered by commentators, critics, media and other martial artists to be one of the most influential martial artists of all time, and a pop culture icon of the 20th century. He is often credited with helping to change the way Asians were presented in American films.", "Lee Jun-fan (; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973), known professionally as Bruce Lee, was a Hong Kong American martial artist, actor, philosopher, filmmaker, and founder of the martial art Jeet Kune Do. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-Chuen. He is widely considered by commentators, critics, media, and other martial artists to be one of the most influential martial artists of all time, and a pop culture icon of the 20th century. He is often credited with helping to change the way Asians were presented in American films. ", "The later 1960s and 1970s witnessed an increased media interest in Chinese martial arts, influenced by martial artist Bruce Lee. Jeet Kune Do, the system he founded, has its roots in Wing Chun, western boxing, savate and fencing. Bruce Lee is credited as one of the first instructors to openly teach Chinese martial arts to Westerners. World Judo Championships have been held since 1956, Judo at the Summer Olympics was introduced in 1964. Karate World Championships were introduced in 1970.", "Bruce Lee was a Hong Kong American martial artist, Hong Kong action film actor, martial arts instructor, philosopher, filmmaker, and the founder of Jeet Kune Do. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-Chuen.", "Jeet Kune Do - Jeet Kune Do is the complete body of technical (physical, scientific) and philosophical (mental, social and spiritual) knowledge that was studied and taught by Bruce Lee during his lifetime. It is concerned solely and exclusively with Bruce Lee's personal evolution and process of self-discovery through the Martial Art, as supported by written record (personal papers and library) and oral recollections (by those students who spent time with and/or studied under him). Jeet Kune Do should be considered as the \"Root\" that was established by Bruce Lee, and NOT the ultimate goal of any practitioner, as students are expected to modify, add, and delete all aspects of Jeet Kune Do until they develop something that is uniquely their own (You the individual become, through this process of self-discovery, your own best teacher).", "James Yimm Lee, a close friend of Lee, certified a few students including Gary Dill who studied Jeet Kune Do under James and received permission via a personal letter from him in 1972 to pass on his learning of Jun Fan Gung Fu to others. Taky Kimura , to date, has certified only one person in Jun Fan Gung Fu: his son Andy Kimura. Dan Inosanto continued to teach and certify select students in Jeet Kune Do for over 30 years, making it possible for thousands of martial arts practitioners to trace their training lineage back to Bruce Lee. Prior to his death, Lee told his then only two living instructors Kimura and Inosanto (James Yimm Lee had died in 1972) to dismantle his schools.", "Lee began teaching martial arts in the United States in 1959. He called what he taught Jun Fan Gung Fu (literally Bruce Lee’s Kung Fu). Lee initially taught his version of Wing Chun, later moving away from classical martial arts to create his own martial art philosophy & process, which Lee dubed Jeet Kune Do.  Lee taught friends he met in Seattle, starting with Judo practitioner Jesse Glover, who continued to teach some of Lee’s early techniques. Taky Kimura became Lee’s first Assistant Instructor and continued to teach his art and philosophy after Lee’s death. Lee opened his first martial arts school, named the Lee Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute, in Seattle.", "He is noted for his roles in five feature-length films: Lo Wei's The Big Boss (1971) and Fist of Fury (1972); Golden Harvest's Way of the Dragon (1972), directed and written by Lee; Golden Harvest and Warner Brothers' Enter the Dragon (1973) and The Game of Death (1978), both directed by Robert Clouse.[10] Lee became an iconic figure known throughout the world, particularly among the Chinese, as he portrayed Chinese nationalism in his films.[11] He trained in the art of Wing Chun and later combined his other influences from various sources, in the spirit of his personal martial arts philosophy, which he dubbed Jeet Kune Do (The Way of the Intercepting Fist). Lee held dual nationality of Britain (Hong Kong was then a British enclave) and the United States.[12] He died in Kowloon Tong on July 20, 1973 at the age of 32.Bruce Lee was born on November 27, 1940, at the Chinese Hospital, in San Francisco's Chinatown. According to the Chinese zodiac, Lee was born in both the hour and the year of the Dragon, which according to tradition is a strong and fortuitous omen.[13]", "Lee began teaching martial arts in the United States in 1959. He called what he taught Jun Fan Gung Fu (literally Bruce Lee's Kung Fu). It was basically his approach to Wing Chun.[33] Lee taught friends he met in Seattle, starting with Judo practitioner Jesse Glover, who continued to teach some of Lee's early techniques. Taky Kimura became Lee's first Assistant Instructor and continued to teach his art and philosophy after Lee's death.[34] Lee opened his first martial arts school, named the Lee Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute, in Seattle.", "Bruce Lee, American actor, philosopher, founder of Jeet Kune Do, dies in Hong Kong of cerebral edema (six days later his final film Enter the Dragon is released).", "He is noted for his roles in five feature-length films: Lo Wei's The Big Boss (1971) and Fist of Fury (1972); Golden Harvest's Way of the Dragon (1972), directed and written by Lee; Golden Harvest and Warner Brothers' Enter the Dragon (1973) and The Game of Death (1978), both directed by Robert Clouse.[9] Lee became an iconic figure known throughout the world, particularly among the Chinese, as he portrayed Chinese nationalism in his films.[10] He trained in the art of Wing Chun and later combined his other influences from various sources, in the spirit of his personal martial arts philosophy, which he dubbed Jeet Kune Do (The Way of the Intercepting Fist). Lee held dual nationality of Hong Kong and the US.[11] He died in Kowloon Tong on July 20, 1973 at the age of 32.[12]", "Lee was born in Chinatown, San Francisco on November 27, 1940 to parents from Hong Kong and was raised in Kowloon , Hong Kong with his family until his late teens. He was introduced to the film industry by his father and appeared in several films as a child actor. Lee moved to the United States at the age of 18 to receive his higher education, at the University of Washington , at Seattle [7] and it was during this time that he began teaching martial arts. His Hong Kong and Hollywood -produced films elevated the traditional Hong Kong martial arts film to a new level of popularity and acclaim, sparking a surge of interest in Chinese martial arts in the West in the 1970s. The direction and tone of his films changed and influenced martial arts and martial arts films in the US, Hong Kong and the rest of the world. [8]", "Lee dropped out of college in the spring of 1964 and moved to Oakland to live with James Yimm Lee (嚴鏡海). James Lee was twenty years senior to Bruce Lee and a well known Chinese martial artist in the area. Together, they founded the second Jun Fan martial art studio in Oakland. James Lee was also responsible for introducing Bruce Lee to Ed Parker, American martial artist, and organizer of the Long Beach International Karate Championships at which Bruce Lee was later \"discovered\" by Hollywood.", "Lee was born in San Francisco , California , and raised in Hong Kong. His Hong Kong and Hollywood -produced films elevated the traditional Hong Kong martial arts film to a new level of popularity and acclaim, and sparked the first major surge of interest in Chinese martial arts in the West . The direction and tone of his films changed and influenced martial arts and martial arts films in Hong Kong and the rest of the world as well. Lee became an iconic figure particularly to the Chinese , as he portrayed Chinese national pride and Chinese nationalism in his movies. [2] He primarily practiced Chinese martial arts (Kung Fu). ( Excerpt from wikipedia )", "Lee was born in San Francisco, California, and raised in Hong Kong until his late teens. His Hong Kong and Hollywood-produced films elevated the traditional Hong Kong martial arts film to a new level of popularity and acclaim, and sparked the second major surge of interest in Chinese martial arts in the West. The direction and tone of his films changed and influenced martial arts and martial arts films in Hong Kong and the rest of the world as well. He is mainly noted for his roles in four and a half feature length films, Lo Wei's The Big Boss (1971) and Fist of Fury (1972), Way of the Dragon (1972) directed and written by Bruce Lee, and Warner Brothers' Enter the Dragon (1973) directed by Robert Clouse, and half of The Game of Death.", "Lee emphasized what he called \"the style of no style\". This consisted of getting rid of a formalized approach which Lee claimed was indicative of traditional styles. Because Lee felt the system he now called Jun Fan Gung Fu was too restrictive, it was developed into a philosophy and martial art he would come to call (after the name was suggested by Dan Inosanto) Jeet Kune Do or the Way of the Intercepting Fist. It is a term he would later regret because Jeet Kune Do implied specific parameters that styles connote whereas the idea of his martial art was to exist outside of parameters and limitations.", "Lee emphasised what he called \"the style of no style\". This consisted of getting rid of the formalised approach which Lee claimed was indicative of traditional styles. Lee felt the system he now called Jun Fan Gung Fu was even too restrictive, and eventually evolved into a philosophy and martial art he would come to call Jeet Kune Do or the Way of the Intercepting Fist. It is a term he would later regret, because Jeet Kune Do implied specific parameters that styles connote; whereas the idea of his martial art was to exist outside of parameters and limitations.[47]", "Bruce Lee began teaching martial arts after his arrival in the United States in 1959. Originally trained in Wing Chun Gung Fu, Lee called what he taught Jun Fan Gung Fu. Jun Fan Gung Fu (literally Bruce's Gung Fu), is basically a slightly modified approach to Wing Chun Gung Fu. Lee taught friends he met in Seattle, starting with Judo practitioner Jesse Glover as his first student and who later became his first assistant instructor. Before moving to California, Lee opened his first martial arts school, named the Lee Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute, in Seattle.", "Jeet Kune Do originated in 1967. After filming one season of The Green Hornet , Lee found himself out of work and opened The Jun Fan Institute of Gung Fu. The controversial match with Wong Jack Man influenced Lee's philosophy about martial arts. Lee concluded that the fight had lasted too long and that he had failed to live up to his potential using his Wing Chun techniques. He took the view that traditional martial arts techniques were too rigid and formalistic to be practical in scenarios of chaotic street fighting . Lee decided to develop a system with an emphasis on \"practicality, flexibility, speed, and efficiency\". He started to use different methods of training such as weight training for strength, running for endurance, stretching for flexibility, and many others which he constantly adapted, including fencing and basic boxing techniques.", "Lee emphasised what he called \"the style of no style\". This consisted of getting rid of the formalised approach which Lee claimed was indicative of traditional styles. Lee felt the system he now called Jun Fan Gung Fu was even too restrictive, and eventually evolved into a philosophy and martial art he would come to call Jeet Kune Do or the Way of the Intercepting Fist. It is a term he would later regret, because Jeet Kune Do implied specific parameters that styles connote; whereas the idea of his martial art was to exist outside of parameters and limitations. [47]", "Having now been in the United States for five years, Bruce had left behind any thought of acting as a career, and devoted himself completely to his choice of martial arts as a profession. Up to this time Bruce’s gung fu consisted mostly of wing chun techniques and theory he had learned from Yip Man. Gradually though, because of his burgeoning interest in the philosophy of martial arts and his desire for self improvement, he was expanding his repertoire. A particular incident accelerated his process of self-exploration. In 1964 Bruce was challenged by some gung fu men from San Francisco who objected to his teaching of non-Chinese students. Bruce accepted the challenge and the men arrived at the kwoon in Oakland on the appointed day for the face off. The terms were that if Bruce were defeated he would stop teaching the non Chinese. It was a short fight with the gung fu man from The City giving up when Bruce had him pinned to the floor after about three minutes. The significance of this fight was that Bruce was extremely disappointed in his own performance. Even though he had won, he was winded and discouraged about his inability to put the man away in under three minutes. This marked a turning point for Bruce in his exploration of his martial art and the enhancement of his physical fitness. Thus began the evolution of Jeet Kune Do.", "Bruce Lee birthplace was San Francisco, California although he was raised in Hong Kong.  Lee's Hong Kong and Hollywood-produced films elevated the traditional Hong Kong martial arts film to a new level of popularity and acclaim, and sparked the first major surge of interest in Chinese martial arts in the West.  The direction and tone of Lee's films changed and influenced martial arts and martial arts films in Hong Kong and the rest of the world as well.  Lee became an iconic figure particularly to the Chinese, as he portrayed Chinese national pride and Chinese nationalism in his movies.  Many see Lee as a model blueprint for acquiring a strong and efficient body and the highest possible level of physical fitness, as well as developing a mastery of martial arts and hand to hand combat skills.", "In the 1960s, Jay Trombley (Gōjū-ryū), Anthony Mirakian (Gōjū-ryū), Steve Armstrong, Bruce Terrill, Richard Kim (Shorinji-ryū), Teruyuki Okazaki (Shotokan), John Pachivas, Allen Steen , Sea Oh Choi (Hapkido), Gosei Yamaguchi (Gōjū-ryū), Mike Foster ( Chito-ryu / Yoshukai ) and J. Pat Burleson all began teaching martial arts around the country. [43]", "Chan Kong-sang, SBS, MBE, PMW, (; born 7 April 1954), known professionally as Jackie Chan, is a Hong Kong martial artist, actor, film director, producer, stuntman, and singer. In his movies, he is known for his acrobatic fighting style, comic timing, use of improvised weapons, and innovative stunts, which he typically performs himself. Chan has been training in Kung fu and Wing Chun. He has been acting since the 1960s and has appeared in over 150 films.", "Martial Artist and Movie Star Bruce Lee | The Most Inspiring Asian Americans of All Time | Asian American Personalities | GOLDSEA", "Taekwondo (; ) is a Korean martial art. Taekwondo was developed during the 1940s and 1950s by various martial artists, combining elements of Karate and Chinese martial arts with elements of indigenous Korean martial arts traditions such as Hopkido and Tang Soo Do, along with concepts from boxing and wrestling.", "American martial arts instructor, writer and author. He received his first judo instruction while in the Marine Corps (1944-46), then joined the Chicago JUDO Club under John  Osako in 1946. By 1960 Smith held a third-degree black belt from the KODOKAN . As a rersult of his studies in Taiwan (1959-62) he became a leading authority on Chinese fighting forms and techniques. Among his books are A Complete Guide to Judo (1958), Asian Fighting Arts (with Donn Draeger, 1969), Pa-kua: Chinese Boxing (1967), Chinese Boxing, Masters and Methods (1974), Hsing-I, Chinese Mind-Body Boxing, Secrets of Shao-lin Temple Boxing (1964), and under the pseudonym John F. Gilbey, Secret Fighting Arts of the World (1964). He is one of the faremost Western authorities of the Eastern fighting arts-.", "    Many people consider Henry Seishiro Okazaki as the “father” of jujitsu in America.  Although not as widely known as Jigoro Kano, Morihei Uyeshiba, Giichen Funakoshi or some other notable figures, Prof. Okazaki made a considerable impact on the development of jujitsu throughout the 20th century.", "Ip Man (Chinese:葉問; 1 October 1893 – 2 December 1972), also known as Yip Man, and also Yip Kai-man, was a Chinese martial artist, and a master teacher of Wing Chun. He had several students who later became martial arts masters in their own right, including Wong Shun Leung and Bruce Lee.", "Carlos Ray \"Chuck\" Norris (born March 10, 1940) is an American martial artist, actor, film producer and screenwriter. After serving in the United States Air Force, he began his rise to fame as a martial artist, and has since founded his own school, Chun Kuk Do.", "Carlos Ray \"Chuck\" Norris (born March 10, 1940) is an actor and practitioner of Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo  / Tang Soo Do . He is the originator of his own martial arts style - a variant of the above styles - called  Chun Kuk Do ." ]

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[ "Jack is a young lad living with his widowed mother and struggling in hard times. Jack is in love with the Count's Daughter and wishes to marry her. In desperation for money Jack is sent by his mother to sell their only cow at the market, but along the way he is apparently swindled by a man who offers him supposedly \"magic\" beans in exchange for the cow.", "Jack and the beanstalk is about a poor young boy and his mother in a small house. One day his mother tells jack to go and trade their only cow for some good food. He goes and meets a man on a bridge who says that he has three magic beans. Jack is very impressed and offers his cow for the three magic beans. The two exchange their goods and Jack heads home to show his mom the good news. His mom is not happy at all with the trade and throws the beans out the window.", "Once upon a time there lived a poor widow and her son Jack. One day, Jack’s mother told him to sell their only cow. Jack went to the market and on the way he met a man who wanted to buy his cow. Jack asked, “What will you give me in return for my cow?” The man answered, “I will give you five magic beans!” Jack took the magic beans and gave the man the cow. But when he reached home, Jack’s mother was very angry. She said, “You fool! He took away your cow and gave you some beans!” She threw the beans out of the window. Jack was very sad and went to sleep without dinner.", "* James Still published Jack and the Wonder Beans (1977, republished 1996) an Appalachian variation on the Jack and the Beanstalk tale. Jack trades his old cow to a gypsy for three beans that are guaranteed to feed him for his entire life. It has been adapted as a play for performance by children. ", "Jack went to the market and on the way he met a man who wanted to buy his cow. Jack asked, “What will you give me in return for my cow?” The man answered, “I will give you five magic beans!” Jack took the magic beans and gave the man the cow. But when he reached home, Jack’s mother was very angry. She said, “You fool! He took away your cow and gave you some beans!” She threw the beans out of the window. Jack was very             ", "Follow the hilarious ups and downs of hero Jack Trott, the boy who manages to sell the family’s cow for a handful of beans. Starring Nigel Havers, CBeebies’ Katy Ashworth and Jon Monie.", "     Once upon a time there lived a poor widow and her son Jack. One day, Jack’s mother told him to sell their only cow. ", "65. In fable who sold a cow for five beans? Jack ( and grew a beanstalk )", "Many modern interpretations have followed Tabart and made the giant a villain, terrorising smaller folk and stealing from them, so that Jack becomes a legitimate protagonist. For example, the 1952 film starring Abbott and Costello the giant is blamed for poverty at the foot of the beanstalk, as he has been stealing food and wealth and the hen that lays golden eggs originally belonged to Jack's family. In other versions it is implied that the giant had stolen both the hen and the harp from Jack's father. Brian Henson's 2001 TV miniseries Jack and the Beanstalk: The Real Story not only abandons Tabart's additions but vilifies Jack, reflecting Jim Henson's disgust at Jack's unscrupulous actions. ", "So the story about a man who basically gave away a product that led to another man�s fortune has a happy ending of its own.", "A comedy animal Most pantos feature a comic animal played by two actors in one costume. In Jack and the Beanstalk, Jack's cow is a Panto cow. If the plot of a story doesn't have a place for an animal, you can be sure that the panto writers will shoehorn one in.", "Then Jack crept out on tiptoe from his oven, and as he was passing the ogre he took one of the bags of gold under his arm, and off he pelters till he came to the beanstalk, and then he threw down the bag of gold which of course fell in to his mother’s garden, and then he climbed down and climbed down till at last he got home and told his mother and showed her the gold and said: “Well, mother, wasn’t I right about the beans. They are really magical, you see.”", "There are many different versions of Jack's tale.  In England,1730, Jack made his first appearance in literature in Christmas Entertainments entitled \"Enchantment demonstrated in the Story of Jack Spriggins and the Enchanted Bean.\"  In 1807 the tale appeared in two different texts, The History of Mother Twaddle, and the Marvellous Atchievements of Her Son Jack, by B. A. T. and The History of Jack and the Bean-Stalk, Printed from the Original Manuscript, Never Before Published  by Benjamin Tabart.  Joseph Jacobs, Andrew Lang,and Katherine Briggs have also written variations of Jack and the Beanstalk.  The following version of the tale is similar to Joseph Jacobs' version.", "Dickens's ignorance of basic economics would, if acted upon by Scrooge, have produced adverse consequences for Cratchit himself. Had Ebenezer paid Cratchit a higher salary for his work, he [Scrooge] would very likely have been able to attract a larger number of job applicants from which he could have selected employees whose enhanced marginal productivity might have earned Scrooge even greater profits. At such a point, terminating Cratchit's employment would have been an economically rational act by Scrooge. As matters now stand, Scrooge's employment policies have left him with the kind of groveling, ergophobic, humanoid sponge we have come to know as Bob Cratchit; a man we are expected to take into our hearts as an expression of some warped sense of the \"Christmas spirit.\" Being an astute businessmen, Ebeneezer Scrooge was well aware of the marketplace maxim that \"you get what you pay for.\"", "\"The Story of Jack Spriggins and the Enchanted Bean\" was published in the 1734 second edition of Round About Our Coal-Fire. In 1807, Benjamin Tabart published The History of Jack and the Bean Stalk, but the story is certainly older than these accounts. According to researchers at Durham University and the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, the story originated more than 5,000 years ago. ", "If a lack of imagination and ambition is not at the crux of Bob Cratchit's problem in maintaining his inert, status quo position for so many years, then perhaps we should consider the possibility that this man was simply incompetent. Cratchit appears to us as a tenured example of the \"Peter Principle,\" the recipient not so much of an earned salary as a sinecure. He was unable to obtain a more highly paid employment, I suspect, because he was incapable of performing at any higher skilled level than that of the bean counter he apparently was, and seemed satisfied in remaining. Had he been more competent and energetic, he might have sought employment from a competitor of Scrooge's, who would have seen qualities profitable to his firm. But I suspect that, had Cratchit approached any of these businessmen for employment, they would have been observant enough of his elemental dullness to have responded, \"Don't call us, we'll call you.\"", "AN ass, that belonged to a Gardener, and had httle to eat and much to do, besought Jupiter to release him from the Gardener's service, and give him another master. Jupiter, angry at his discontent, made him over to a Potter. He had now heavier burdens to carry than before, and again appealed to Jupiter to relieve him, who accordingly contrived that he should be sold to a Tanner. The Ass having now fallen into worse hands than ever, and daily observing how his master was employed, exclaimed with a groan, \"Alas, wretch that I am! it had been better for me to have remained content with my former masters, for now I see that my present owner not only works me harder while living, but will not even spare my hide when I am dead!\"", "In \"Money Talks\", Mr. Krabs gives his soul to the Flying Dutchman in exchange for being able to talk to money (it's worth noting that the Flying Dutchman himself was surprised that Mr. Krabs would sell his soul for something so ridiculous, but then again ...). When the wish backfires and the Dutchman reverts it, he tells Mr. Krabs that he now owes him his soul... only for Mr. Krabs to point out that he already sold his soul several times to many other Eldritch Abominations (and Spongebob!), who tell the Dutchman to get in line.", "Tom sells the horse a year and a half later at a fair. Mr Thwackum finds out and asks Tom what he has done with the money but the latter refuses to tell him. He is about to be beaten when Mr Allworthy enters. Tom confesses that he sold the horse and gave the money to Black George and his family, now in financial straits after being dismissed. Mr Allworthy feels ready to re-employ Black George, but he blots his copybook by poaching a hare on Squire Western's land and this is confirmed by Master Blifil. Tom resolves to have George employed by Mr Western by speaking to the seventeen-year-old Sophia and getting her to persuade her father on the matter.", "The rivalry between Travers and Bassett forms a major part of the plot of The Code of the Woosters, in which they are both seeking to purchase a rare eighteenth century cow creamer (a cream jug in the shape of a cow). Aunt Dahlia sends Bertie to inspect the creamer and attempt to lower the price by claiming that it's not a genuine antique, but rather of modern Dutch origin. Bertie contrives to bungle the assignment; Sir Watkyn arrives just as Bertie, attempting to read the hallmark on the base of the creamer in the better light outside the shop, trips over the shopkeeper's cat, and immediately concludes that Bertie is trying to steal the creamer. Bertie is obliged to flee, pursued by a policeman, leaving Sir Watkyn free to buy the creamer. Naturally, it is thanks to the schemes of Jeeves that this situation is rectified.", "In \"The Goodies and the Beanstalk\", Bill has gone to sell the beloved trandem — however, it's rated as worthless by the bike buyers, who jokingly buy it for a tin of beans. When he comes back, Tim and Graeme inspect it, surprisingly calm, before pouring all the beans over Bill's head.", "One night, while going over his bizarre inventions, many of which seem to be similar in function and form to modern appliances, such as vacuum cleaners and televisions, Caractacus discovers that one of the sweets he has invented can be played like a flute. He tries to sell the \"Toot Sweet\" to Truly's father Lord Scrumptious , a major confection manufacturer, but when the factory is overrun by dogs responding to the whistle, he is thrown out. Then he takes his automatic hair-cutting machine to a carnival to raise money, but it goes haywire. He eludes the wrath from his first (and only) customer named Cyril by joining a song-and-dance act, stealing the show and earning enough tips to pay for the car. Potts rebuilds the car, which he nicknames Chitty Chitty Bang Bang for the noises its engine makes, and he and the children, accompanied by Truly, go for a picnic on the beach, where Truly becomes very fond of the Potts family and vice versa. Caractacus tells them a story about nasty Baron Bomburst , the tyrant ruler of fictional Vulgaria, who wants to steal Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and keep it all for himself:", "Arthur was the man who sold a consignment of one-legged chickens (\"they're easier to catch\") and was never shamed being caught out fibbing. In one episode he promised something to Terry with the words: \"I swear on my sainted mother's grave.\" Terry replied deadpan: \"I happen to know your mother is alive and well and living in Frinton.\" Arthur shrugged and said: \"Well never mind that.\"", "Mister Magoo was a popular cartoon character (voiced by Jim Backus) known for his bumbling through life despite the fact that he was nearly blind but refused to accept it. First appearing in the short film Ragtime Bear (1949), Magoo \"starred\" in a number of classic story adaptations, including one 1962 TV special doing Charles Dickens' Christmas tale A Christmas Carol (1843). Magoo played the role of Ebenezer Scrooge, the cynical old man who learns to appreciate Christmas through the help of a series of spirit visits.", "Badger (n.) An itinerant licensed dealer in commodities used for food; a hawker; a huckster; -- formerly applied especially to one who bought grain in one place and sold it in another.", "First, there is a scene involving the knocking off, dropping, picking up and exchanging of hats. Later, Kennedy (a much larger man) steals bags of Harpo's peanuts, and Harpo responds by burning Kennedy's new straw boater hat; in return, Kennedy pushes over their peanut wagon. Harpo responds by stepping knee-deep into Kennedy's lemonade tank, where he imitates a stereotypical Italian grape-crushing peasant; this drives off Kennedy's waiting line of customers.", "He then went on to create Mr Bean. A walking disaster, Bean was purely physical comedy, the opposite of Edmund Blackadder's polished dialogue. This clumsy character was a huge success and became another national treasure.", "A man calling himself Slugworth is a prominent character later in the film. As each Golden Ticket is found, a sinister man approaches the finder and whispers something into his or her ear. After Charlie finds the last ticket, the same man approaches Charlie as well, and delivers what is presumably the same speech he has given the other children, wherein he introduces himself as Arthur Slugworth, president of Slugworth Chocolates Incorporated, and bribes the child to obtain one piece of the newly-invented Everlasting Gobstopper and bring it to him so he can discover and plagiarize the formula. Two of the children respond to Slugworth's bribe: Veruca Salt crosses her fingers behind her back when Willy Wonka asks the children to promise not show the Everlasting Gobstopper to anyone else. Mike Teavee asks his mother what secrets they can sell to Slugworth; his mother is also heard telling her son to keep his eyes peeled and his mouth shut. Grandpa Joe also responds near the end of the movie. After Willy Wonka snaps at him and Charlie Bucket together for sampling Fizzy Lifting Drinks, Grandpa Joe plans to give Slugworth the gobstopper as revenge. This is foiled however, as Charlie can't bring himself to betray Wonka and thus returns the gobstopper to Wonka.", "One of the great Wodehouse lines that comes to mind often is from this book. Psmith explains to the long-suffering narrator friend that the most recent creditor seeking vengeance after yet another great Psmithian disaster will be unlikely to find him, since Psmith gave him a false name. When the narrator, aghast, asks why, Psmith insouciantly explains, \"Ordinary business precaution\".", "As Uncle Remus cooks, he mentions Br'er Rabbit again and the boy, curious, asks him to tell him more. After Uncle Remus tells a tale about Br'er Rabbit's attempt to run away from home, Johnny takes the advice and changes his mind about leaving the plantation, letting Uncle Remus take him back to his mother. Johnny makes friends with Toby, a little black boy who lives on the plantation, and Ginny Favers, a poor white girl. However, Ginny's two older brothers, Joe and Jake (who resemble Br'er Fox and Br'er Bear from Uncle Remus' stories, one being slick and fast-talking, the other big and a little slow), are not friendly at all; they constantly bully Ginny and Johnny. When Ginny gives Johnny a puppy, her brothers want to drown it. A rivalry breaks out among the three boys. Heartbroken because his mother won't let him keep the puppy, Johnny takes the dog to Uncle Remus and tells him of his troubles. Uncle Remus takes the dog in and delights Johnny and his friends with the fable of Br'er Rabbit and the Tar-Baby, stressing that people shouldn't go messing around with something they have no business with in the first place.", "The scruffiest giant in town attempts to buy a whole new outfit. However, on his way home, George encounters various animals in need and ends up giving away all his fabulous new gear (his shoes make the perfect abode for a mouse and her homeless mouselings, for example). Clever and funny reading.", "Homer sells a Joe DiMaggio card for a pile of cash, then fritters it all away on himself before being roused by Charles Dickens' \"A Christmas Carol.\"" ]

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[ "A scrum (short for scrummage) is a method of restarting play in rugby that involves players packing closely together with their heads down and attempting to gain possession of the ball. Depending on whether it is in rugby union or rugby league, the scrum is utilized either after an accidental infringement or when the ball has gone out of play. Scrums occur more often, and are now of greater importance, in union than in league. Starting play from the line of scrimmage in gridiron football is derived from the scrum.", "The Scrum is arguably rugby’s most recognizable structure — sixteen of the biggest players on both teams lock together and form a human hurricane into which the ball gets rolled. Although the scrum appears to be an en masse shoving match between both sides, the play is actually governed by a detailed set of rules. This guide identifies and explains that set of rules.", "In both sports, a scrum is formed by the players who are designated forwards binding together in three rows. The scrum then 'engages' with the opposition team so that the players' heads are interlocked with those of the other side's front row. In rugby union the initiation of the process is verbally coordinated by the referee who calls 'crouch, bind, set' as of 2013 (formerly 'crouch, touch, pause, engage', 'crouch and hold, engage' before 2007). The scrum-half from the team that did not infringe then throws the ball into the tunnel created in the space between the two sets of front rowers' legs. Both teams may then try to compete for the ball by trying to hook the ball backwards with their feet. ", "A scrum in rugby is equivalent of a hockey face-off, except that it involves all playing the forward position on both teams.", "scrum , scrummage - (rugby) the method of beginning play in which the forwards of each team crouch side by side with locked arms; play starts when the ball is thrown in between them and the two sides compete for possession", "The action in Rugby is more continuous than in American football. Rugby has no scrimmage and no series of downs. Play is uninterrupted except when scores, penalties, or out-of-bounds (\"in touch\") plays occur. After a score, play is restarted with a kickoff from the center of the halfway line. The method of starting play after it has been stopped for many minor penalties is a \"scrummage.\" In a \"set\" or \"tight\" scrummage, a player from the team awarded the scrummage rolls the ball into a tunnel formed by the opposing sets of eight forwards binding together with arms round each others' waists in three rows each and bending forward so that the shoulders of the front row (three men each side) of each team meet. Each \"pack\" of forwards then pushes against their opponents and attempts to \"heel\" or kick the ball to their backs, all of whom remain behind the scrummage line until the ball emerges. (A \"loose\" scrummage is formed spontaneously when one or more players from each side close round the ball if it is held or trapped briefly after a tackle or \"line-out.\") The method of starting play after the ball goes out-of-bounds is a \"line-out.\" In a line-out both packs of forwards line up next to each other at a 90� angle or straight out from the side (touch) line at the point where the ball went out-of-bounds and jump for the ball which is thrown down the middle over their heads.", "Rugby: A Rugby team consists of 15 players, divided into forwards and backs. Forwards are often larger and stronger players of the team having their main job to win the possession of the ball. The backs are usually smaller, faster, and more agile and exploit the ball possessions. The match begins with a kickoff and the teams compete for possession. The player of the receiving team may run with the ball, or kick it, or pass it to any other player laterally or behind him. Opponent player may tackle the ball carrier at any time. Other than tackles, scrummages, rucks, mauls, and lineouts, no other contact is allowed. Even dangerous tackles are not permitted and are penalized severely. Once tackled, the player must release the ball immediately so play may continue. Once a team has crossed the opposing team’s goal line and touched the ball to the ground, a try is scored (five points). After each try, the scoring team has the opportunity to score two more points with a conversion.", "I've played football and now I play rugby, and let me tell you, there is no comparison. Rugby is so much more intense. I want to see what a football player would do in a scrum with a professional rugby team.", "One is known as a \"scrum\", where forwards from both teams bind together using their bulk, strength and ability to work together to get the ball.", "Ruck – A ruck forms when at least two players from opposing teams bind together with the ball on the ground between them. The players then push against each other and compete to push the other team away and get the ball back to their team.", "The scrum is formed by the 'front row' forwards of each side locking together, and 'packing down' to push against each other. The 'second row' forwards pack in behind the front rows, and the loose forward join the scrum at the back. The ball is \"fed\" through the legs of one of the props by the halfback, who normally then retrieves it again from the back of the scrum.", "Rugby union is a team sport that was developed from the rules used to play football at Rugby School in England . Two teams, each of 15 players have the task of outscoring the opposing team. Players clutch a prolate spheroid ball in their hands or arms, and may pass it backwards or laterally across the pitch, or kick it in any direction. The opposing players attempt to halt the ball-carrier by tackling him or her with their arms and bodies. When tackled, the ball carrier must release the ball, at which time a contest for possession of the ball commences (either a ruck or a maul ).", "DLD�o^$����<�<$If]���a$$ ���<�<$Ifa$|kd�$$If�8��0��� %�� ���0������������� ��� ���4�4� 8a�p�����No supporting or binding on a jumper until returned to groundFK or PenaltyOffside line for the backs: 7 metres back from line of touchPenaltyOPEN PLAY All offside lines (at restarts, etc.) are 7m.� PenaltyKicking from the hand only. 22m equivalent is the 15 m line on the pitch. No deliberate fly hack.PenaltyAccidental knock forward from the leg is the same as an accidental offside. If it gave an advantage to the offender's side then award a scrum, otherwise play on.ScrumKnock on or forward passScrumDeliberate knock forwardPenaltyTACKLE & RUCK High tackle is level with or above armpit.� PenaltyNO Hand off or Fend offPenaltyNO scragging (shirt swing), NO dump tacklesPenaltyTACKLE ZONE - Join a tackle from the players own side ONLY - as senior gamePenaltyBall to be played immediately from a tackle or ruckScrumMAUL Must be dynamic; if static or stops a second time = Static Maul - TurnoverScrumThe ball holder SAFELY takes the ball to the ground but it is not immediately available - TurnoverScrumIf anyone GOES TO GROUND during a MAUL (except as above) it WILL collapse the Maul, It IS dangerous,Penalty FARNHAM RUGBY UNION FOOTBALL CLUB LDMD�D�D�qd $�<�<$Ifa$$ ��<�<$Ifa$|kdv$$If�8��0��� %�� ���0������������� ��� ���4�4� 8a�p������D�D�D�D�D�D�obbb $�<�<$Ifa$$ ���<�<$Ifa$|kd3$$If�8��0��� %�� ���0������������� ��� ���4�4� 8a�p������D�D9EAE�ob $�<�<$Ifa$$ ���<�<$Ifa$|kd�$$If�8��0��� %�� ���0������������� ��� ���4�4� 8a�p�����AEBE�E�E�uu $�<�<$Ifa$|kd�$$If�8��0��� %�� ���0������������� ��� ���4�4� 8a�p������E�EF F�ob $�<�<$Ifa$$ ���<�<$Ifa$|kdj$$If�8��0��� %�� ���0������������� ��� ���4�4� 8a�p����� F F%F-F�ob $�<�<$Ifa$$ ���<�<$Ifa$|kd'$$If�8��0��� %�� ���0������������� ��� ���4�4� 8a�p�����-F.F", "A scrum may be formed if a team commits a minor infringement or play needs to be restarted.It consists of the eight forwards from both teams binding together in three rows with the two front rows bound and pushing against each other. The two props (loosehead and tighthead) either side of the hooker form the front row. The second row consists of two locks and the two flankers, while the number 8 is the third row (back row). If an infringement occurs the team that did not make the mistake is awarded the scrum. Infringements that result in a scrum are: knocking or passing the ball forward, a player being accidentally offside, a player being in front of the kicker during a kick-off or drop-out, delay (one minute) in taking a kick from a mark or taking a shot at goal from a penalty, or if a player incorrectly taps the ball at a penalty or free kick.", "A scrum takes place where the infringement or stoppage happened, or as near to it as is practicable in the field-of-play. The placement of the scrum is marked by the referee as he or she places their heel on the ground to show the �mark�. The opposing front-rows then line up on either side of the mark. The mark can be moved across the field a short distance by the referee to allow for safer play. This occurs frequently under wet conditions, as the second-row players need firmer ground to lock out and keep the scrum upright.", "Each team contributes 8 players organised into three rows – the front row containing three players, the second row containing two players and the remaining players behind them. The scrum is formed when these players interlock heads, engage with the opposition and proceed pushing against one another while one of the teams (dependent on which team caused the stoppage) puts the ball in. This is then contested by all scrumming players with their feet, as they attempt to hook the ball back on their side for the scrum-half (who delivers the ball) to retrieve and distribute.", "Scrum: type of formation used to restart play after a knock-on or a forward pass. Each of the forwards on both sides will bind together and then the scrum-half will feed the ball into the scrum. A referee may also call for a scrum.", "In a scrum, one team throws the ball in the center of the two teams and they push and hook each other to try and win the ball.", "A scrum is a way of restarting the game safely and fairly after a minor infringement. It is awarded when the ball has been knocked or passed forward, if a player takes the ball over his own try line and puts the ball down, when a player is accidentally offside or when the ball is trapped in a ruck or maul with no realistic chance of being retrieved. A team may also opt for a scrum if awarded a penalty.", "The props (1 and 3) bind on either side of the hooker (2) to form the front row of the scrum. The two locks (4 and 5) bind together and push on the props and the hooker. The flankers (6 and 7) bind to the side of the scrum and the number eight (8) pushes on the locks or a lock and a flanker. Once each team has formed its half of the scrum the two front rows are brought together under the command of the referee. The scrum-half puts the ball into the middle of the scrum and then retrieves it from under the number eight's feet if it is successfully won. The remainder of the team must be positioned at least five metres back from the scrum.", "A scrum is a way of restarting the game safely and fairly after a minor infringement. [62] It is awarded when the ball has been knocked or passed forward, if a player takes the ball over his own try line and puts the ball down, when a player is accidentally offside or when the ball is trapped in a ruck or maul with no realistic chance of being retrieved. A team may also opt for a scrum if awarded a penalty. [62]", "The game is usually played on a grass field approximately 70 m by 100 m. At each end of the field are the goal posts and an in-goal area. Games last for eighty minutes and are divided into forty-minute halves. Each team defends one end and attempts to score points through tries and goals. One team kicks the ball towards the opposition starting play. At half time they swap ends, with the other team kicking off. After a successful kick-off the ball is in general play and can be passed, kicked, caught, picked up or grounded by any player. The ball can be kicked in any direction, but must be passed backwards. Players attempt to stop the opposition running the ball by tackling them. Rucks form when at least one player from each team is on their feet and the ball is on the ground. Mauls are formed when the ball carrier is held by at least one of the opposition and a teammate is also bound to them. Players can compete for the ball at tackles, rucks and mauls in accordance with the laws.", "Though the scrum half usually picks up the ball from a scrum, the laws of the game permit the eight man to disengage from the scrum and play the ball. However, the ball must be firmly established under him to do so — he can’t reach into the scrum and grab it.", "The opposing team is stopped by tackling. The ball can be taken from the other team through an interception of a pass, rucking, mauling, or during a stoppage of play by winning a scrum or lineout.", "The eight forwards from each team bind together and push against each other. The scrum-half from the team that has been awarded possession feeds the ball into the centre of the scrum from the side most advantageous for his hooker (which is typically the side of loose head prop).", "To ensure the scrum engages properly, the referee marks the point where it must be formed. Before engaging, both teams’ scrums must be no more than an arm’s length apart. Then the front rows crouch (the referee shouting ‘crouch!’), ensuring each player’s head and shoulders are no lower than their hips (for safety reasons), and the props touch each other’s outside shoulder (the referee shouting ‘touch!’ and then ‘pause!’). When the referee is satisfied, he/she will call ‘engage!’ and the heads of each front row player must interlock, ensuring they are not pressing against a teammate. Persistent infringements in this regard will result in a free kick for the opposition.", "Your eight forwards bind together tightly in the 3-4-1 formation and crouch facing the opposition goal-line at the point where the scrum is to take place.", "When the ball goes into touch or out of bounds, play is restarted by a lineout. A player from the team who did not touch the ball last throws the ball from out of bounds between two parallel lines of forwards standing perpendicular to the point where the ball left play. The nearest player in the line must be at least five meters from the touch line. The thrower attempts to loft the ball to the apex of the leap of his team’s best jumper. The jumper does his best to secure the ball and deliver it cleanly to his scrum-half. A well timed transfer assures the players in the backfield of getting a good pass from their scrum-half. A ball that is tipped down or passed sloppily puts the scrum-half in terrible straits, vulnerable to the break-through of charging opposition forwards with malice on their minds. The forwards of a scrambling scrum-half do their best to shield their teammate by binding tightly to prevent an opposition break-through.", "Two columns of forwards (one column per team) line up 5 meters in from the touch line and perpendicular to it. A player from the team who didn’t touch it last before it went into touch gets to throw the ball down the tunnel. It can be thrown any distance as long as it flies straight between the columns. Teams use signals to let their players know where the thrower intends to throw it. Certain players in the line out are designated as Jumpers. Usually during a line out, the backs line up in much the same way as during a scrum, with one notable exception – the Backs (or anyone not directly participating) must remain 10 meters back until the line out is completely over. This is different than in a scrum where they must only remain behind the #8’s or last person’s foot.", "Have 8-10 players standing in a line with a scrum half at the end a few metres in front.", "As soon as a player is tackled, he must pass the ball or let go of it. Any player from either team, including the player just tackled, can then pick up the ball and start a new attack by either passing it, kicking it, or running with it. Players can also form a pack over a loose ball, called a ruck, in order to push it towards the try line. A maul is similar to a ruck, but is formed around a standing player after he has been tackled but not taken to ground. When the ball comes out of a ruck or a maul, a new attack can begin. If the ball is within kicking distance, a player can score a field goal, also called a drop goal, worth 3 points by kicking the ball between the goalposts and over the crossbar with a drop kick.", "The game starts when a siren sounds. An umpire then bounces the ball high into the air inthe centre of the ground. One player from each team- ‘ruck men’ then tries to tap the ball to their team mates. The ball is also bounced in the centre to start each quarter and after a goal has been scored." ]

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[ "Impetigo (pronounced: im-puh-TIE-go) is a superficial skin infection that mostly happens in young children, but it can sometimes affect teens and adults. Most impetigo infections affect the face, hands, or feet. An impetigo skin infection begins as a small blister or pimple, and then develops a honey-colored crust. Impetigo doesn't usually cause pain or fever, although the blisters may itch and can be spread to other parts of the body by scratching.", "Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection. It can appear anywhere on the body but usually attacks exposed areas. Children tend to get it on the face, especially around the nose and mouth , and sometimes on the arms or legs. The infected areas appear in plaques ranging from dime to quarter size, starting as tiny blisters that break and expose moist, red skin. After a few days, the infected area is covered with a grainy, golden crust that gradually spreads at the edges.", "Impetigo . Impetigo (pronounced: im-puh-TY-go) is a bacterial infection that results in a honey-colored, crusty rash, often on the face near the mouth and nose.", "The early signs of impetigo usually appear around the mouth and nose : an itchy reddish rash with liquid-filled blisters that burst very easily. The burst blisters form yellowish crusts, which then later fall off without leaving behind any scars .", "Bullous impetigo mainly affects babies and children under the age of 2. Medium to large-sized fluid-filled blisters appear on the trunk, legs, and arms. The skin around the blister is red and itchy, but not sore. They often spread rapidly and eventually burst, leaving a yellow crust. The crust normally heals with no scarring.", "Nonbullous impetigo: This is the more common form, caused by both staph and strep bacteria. This form initially presents as small red papules similar to insect bites. These lesions rapidly evolve to small blisters and then to pustules that finally scab over with a characteristic honey-colored crust. This entire process usually takes about one week. These lesions often start around the nose and on the face, but less frequently they may also affect the arms and legs. At times, there may be non-tender but swollen lymph nodes (glands) nearby.", "Staphylococcus aureus  produces a toxin that causes impetigo to spread to nearby skin. The toxin attacks a protein that helps keep skin cells bound together. As soon as this protein is damaged, the bacteria can spread rapidly.", "We all have bacteria living on our skin and in our nose, but most of the time they don't cause any trouble. Two types of bacteria can cause impetigo: group A streptococcus (say strep-toe-KAH-kus) and Staphylococcus aureus (say: stah-fih-lo-KAH-kus OR-ee-us). It doesn't matter which bacteria cause someone's impetigo — the treatment is almost the same.", "The gravest potential complication of impetigo is post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, a severe kidney disease that occurs following a strep infection in less than 1% of cases, mainly in children. The most common cause of impetigo is Staphylococcus aureus. However, another bacteria source is group A streptococcus . These bacteria lurk everywhere. It is easier for a child with an open wound or fresh scratch to contract impetigo. Other skin-related problems, such as eczema , body lice , insect bites , fungal infections, and various other forms of dermatitis can make a person susceptible to impetigo.", "Ecthyma (Ulcerative Impetigo). Ecthyma is an ulcerative infection of the skin, caused most commonly by group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus or S. aureus. It can affect patients of all ages and usually is seen in crowded living conditions. It is associated with poor hygiene, heat, humidity, and poor nutritional status. Occasionally Pseudomonas aeruginosa also can be the causative bacteria. Skin lesions caused by P. aeruginosa usually are metastatic seeding of a septicemia and are called ecthyma gangerenosum.", "If you have a cut or scrape or if you scratch your skin because of a bug bite , eczema , or poison ivy , germs may find a way to get inside. Once inside, the bacteria cause small blisters to develop on the skin. These blisters burst and ooze fluid that crusts over, a condition called impetigo.", "If you or your child has impetigo, scratching the sores can spread the infection to other areas of your body and to other people. Wash your or your child's hands with soap to help prevent spreading the infection.", "Initial symptoms include sudden onset of slight fever and feeling tired and weak. These are soon followed by an itchy blister-like rash. The blisters eventually dry, crust over and form scabs. The blisters tend to be more common on covered than on exposed parts of the body. They may appear on the scalp, armpits, trunk and even on the eyelids and in the mouth. Mild or asymptomatic infections occasionally occur in children. The disease is usually more serious in young infants and adults than in children.", "To prevent a recurrence of impetigo, make sure any skin condition, such as eczema , is treated properly.", "\"Indigenous children living in remote Australia are suffering from infections with sequelae that are causing devastating effects that will continue into adulthood. Impetigo, also known as school sores, is a contagious, superficial pyogenic skin infection; the causative organism is commonly Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci (GAS) also known as Streptococcus pyogenes1. GAS infections have been reported to be endemic in some Northern Territory communities, with 70% of children having impetigo as a result of infected scabies and other infestation lesions2.", "Since the dissemination of the allergen is so widespread, symptoms can affect the skin in the form of hives or eczema, the digestive system itself or the circulatory system as a whole. In the last case, the result can be anaphylaxis, a sudden drop in blood pressure than can be fatal if not treated immediately.", "They spread to other people through skin contact, or through contact with objects that an infected person has touched... Read more about Impetigo", "Whole-body or systemic reactions may occur from any type of allergen but are more common following ingestion or injection of an allergen. Skin reactions include the raised, red, and itchy patches called hives that characteristically blanch with pressure and resolve within 24 hours. A deeper and more extensive skin reaction, involving more extensive fluid collection and pain, is called angioedema. This response usually occurs on the extremities, fingers, toes, and parts of the head, neck, and face. Anaphylaxis is marked by airway constriction, blood pressure drop, widespread tissue swelling, heart rhythm abnormalities, and in some cases, loss of consciousness. Other symptoms may include dizziness , weakness, seizures, coughing, flushing, or cramping. The symptoms may begin within five minutes after exposure to the allergen up to one hour or more later. Commonly, this is associated with allergies to medications, foods, and insect venoms. In some individuals, anaphylaxis can occur with exercise , plasma exchange, hemodialysis, reaction to insulin, radiocontrast media used in certain types of medical tests, and on rare occasions during the administration of local anesthetics.", "Impetigo is fairly easy to diagnose by examining the affected area. The doctor will probably ask the patient (or parent) about any recent cuts, scrapes, or insect bites to the affected area.", "The aim of treatment is to speed up healing, improve the skin's appearance, and prevent complications and the spread of infection. Treatment will depend on the type of impetigo and the severity of symptoms.", "In older children and adults, the location of the rash changes to classically involve the skin in front of the elbows and behind the knees. Eczema can also involve the face (especially the eyelids), and may be limited to the palms of the hands and soles of the feet in certain people.", "Good hygiene is the best way to reduce the risk of developing or spreading impetigo. Cuts, scrapes, grazes, and insect bites should be washed immediately and kept clean. If somebody has impetigo, it is important to keep their belongings isolated from other people and to follow strict hygiene measures.", "Aside from these ambient allergens, allergic reactions can result from foods, insect stings, and reactions to medications like aspirin and antibiotics such as penicillin. Symptoms of food allergy include abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea, itchy skin, and swelling of the skin during hives. Food allergies rarely cause respiratory (asthmatic) reactions, or rhinitis. Insect stings, antibiotics, and certain medicines produce a systemic allergic response that is also called anaphylaxis; multiple organ systems can be affected, including the digestive system, the respiratory system, and the circulatory system. Depending on the rate of severity, it can cause a skin reactions, bronchoconstriction, swelling, low blood pressure, coma, and death. This type of reaction can be triggered suddenly, or the onset can be delayed. The nature of anaphylaxis is such that the reaction can seem to be subsiding, but may recur throughout a period of time.", "Impetigo is contagious, which means that you could spread it to other people. That's why people with impetigo should keep the sores covered when they go to school or other public places. After you take the medicine for least 24 hours, the impetigo isn't contagious anymore. After 3 days, the sores should begin to heal.", "Dermatological symptoms: facial rash (Horder's spots), resembling the manifestations of the spots observed in typhoid fever .", "Treatment. Debridement of the necrotic tissue and incision and drainage of the fluctuant vesicles and pustules must be performed. Systemic oral anti-staphylococcus antibiotic also must be administered. Choices of antibiotic agents are the same as the treatment of impetigo contagiosa.", "Impetigo is treated with antibiotics . For cases of mild impetigo, a doctor will prescribe an antibiotic ointment or cream to put on the sores. For cases of more serious impetigo, a doctor may also prescribe antibiotic pills.", "Approximately 10 days after primary vaccination, one person in 3700 will develop a toxic and/or hypersensitive rash [64] . The rash may be erythematous, vesicular/pustular, urticarial, or a typical \"bull's-eye\" lesion. All are grouped under the term \"erythema multiforme.\" The vaccinee is usually afebrile, the rash does not progress, and it resolves spontaneously within 2 to 4 days. A more serious rash, bullous erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome), occurs, but rarely. Symptomatic treatment using antihistamines and other measures to counteract itching is usually sufficient. However, patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome should be hospitalized for supportive care [63, 64] .", "These are prescribed when the impetigo is more widespread or if the patient has not responded to topical antibiotics. The type of antibiotic depends on the severity and infection, as well as other factors, including the patient's medical condition and whether they have any allergies.", "Eczema vaccinatum is a localized or systemic spread of vaccinia on individuals who have eczema or atopic dermatitis, even if the skin condition is not active at the time of the vaccination [64] . There are an estimated 27 million individuals in the United States who have atopic dermatitis, many of whom would be susceptible to eczema vaccinatum if vaccinated or in contact with a vaccinee [60] . Data from the 1960s have indicated an occurrence of 10.6 cases of eczema vaccinatum per million among primary vaccinees 1 year of age or older [60] .", "Crimi, N., Polosa, R., Maccarrone, C., Palermo, B., Palermo, F., and Mistretta, A. Effect of topical application with capsaicin on skin responses to bradykinin and histamine in man. Clin.Exp.Allergy 1992;22(10):933-939. View abstract.", "Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. With proper treatment, most people with polymyositis or dermatomyositis eventually regain at least some muscle strength. Often, muscle strength returns to normal. Typically, inclusion body myositis does not improve with treatment. However, the illness usually progresses slowly and does not affect a person’s lifespan unless complications lead to serious illness, such as pneumonia caused by swallowing or breathing problems. Eventually, some patients need a cane to help them walk. Others require a wheelchair. If a person with dermatomyositis develops cancer, the prognosis may be worse. Medications taken to treat these muscle diseases may cause complications that affect prognosis. For example, serious infections may complicate the use of immune suppressing medications." ]

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[ "Jesse James and his notorious gang of outlaws staged the world's first robbery of a moving train the evening of July 21, 1873, a mile and a half west of Adair, Iowa.", "On July 21, 1873, Jesse James and the James-Younger Gang robbed their first train in Adair, Iowa, of all places. They managed to derail the Rock Island train, turning the train on its side, killing the engineer and injuring a lot of its passengers. But that wasn't enough terror for the passengers - the James-Younger Gang, clad in Ku Klux Klan garb, went up and down the length of the overturned train confronting them and demanding their watches and valuables (although some reports say they stole only from the men). They threw it all in bags along with the money from the train's safe and ended up getting about $3,000. This was a bit unusual for Jesse James and his crew; after that they mostly stuck to robbing the express safe in the baggage car and left the passengers alone. Even though the gang killed the engineer of the train and wounded several passengers, Adair doesn't hold it against him - every July, they have \"Jesse James Days,\" where they reenact the train robbery and celebrate with a parade and other festivities. Photo from History of the James-Younger Gang", "Famous train robbers include Bill Miner, Jesse James, and Butch Cassidy. Jesse James is mistakenly thought to have completed the first successful train robbery in the American West when on July 21, 1873 the James-Younger Gang took US $3,000 from a Rock Island Railroad train after derailing it southwest of the town of Adair, Iowa. However, the first peacetime train robbery in the United States actually occurred on October 6, 1866, when robbers boarded the Ohio & Mississippi train shortly after it left Seymour, Indiana. They broke into one safe and tipped the other off the train before jumping off. The Pinkerton National Detective Agency later traced the crime to the Reno Gang. There was one earlier train robbery in May 1865, but because it was committed by armed guerrillas and occurred shortly after the end of the Civil War, it is not considered to be the first peacetime train robbery in the United States. Some sources say that the May 1865 robbery took place at a water siding while the train was stopped taking on water.", "1873 ~ Jesse James (1847 ~ 1882) and the James-Younger Gang pulled off the first successful train robbery in the American West.  The train was robbed in Adair, Iowa.", "* July 21 – At Adair, Iowa, Jesse James and the James–Younger Gang pull off the first successful train robbery in the American Old West (US$3,000 from the Rock Island Express).", "Adair, Iowa, might not have the same ring to it, but it was there on July 21,1873, more than seven years after the Liberty holdup, that another James-Younger first occurred–the gang’s first train robbery. Using their wartime guerrilla skills–riding and shooting and eluding the enemy–the boys may have robbed as many as nine banks before they got around in 1873 to tapping into this new, lucrative source of treasure, the railroad industry.", "This article was written by Richard Patterson and originally appeared in the February 2006 issue of Wild West. Richard Patterson devotes his time to legal writing and frontier history. His books Butch Cassidy: A Biography and Train Robbery: The Birth, Flowering and Decline of a Notorious Western Enterprise are recommended for further reading, along with Frederick R. Bechdolt’s Tales of the Old Timers; Lula Parker Betenson’s Butch Cassidy, My Brother; and the introduction by Dan Buck and Anne Meadows to the 1996 reprint of Charles Kelly’s The Outlaw Trail: A History of Butch Cassidy and His Wild Bunch.", "Jesse Woodson James (September 5, 1847 – April 3, 1882) was an American outlaw, gang leader, bank robber, train robber, and murderer from the state of Missouri and the most famous member of the James-Younger Gang. Already a celebrity when he was alive, he became a legendary figure of the Wild West after his death. Scholars place him in the context of regional insurgencies of ex-Confederates following the American Civil War rather than a manifestation of frontier lawlessness or alleged economic justice.", "On July 21, 1873, they turned to train robbery, derailing the Rock Island train in Adair, Iowa, and stealing approximately $3,000 ($51,000 in 2007). For this, they wore Ku Klux Klan masks, deliberately taking on a potent symbol years after the Klan had been suppressed in the South by President Grant's use of the Force Acts. Former rebels attacked the railroads as symbols of threatening centralization.", "Harry Alonzo Longabaugh better known as the Sundance Kid, was an outlaw and member of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch, in the American Old West. Longabaugh likely met Butch Cassidy (real name Robert Leroy Parker) after Parker was released from prison around 1896. Together with the other members of \"The Wild Bunch\" gang, they performed the longest string of successful train and bank robberies in American history.", "Robert Leroy Parker (April 13, 1866 – November 7, 1908), better known as Butch Cassidy, was a notorious American train robber, bank robber, and leader of the Wild Bunch gang in the American Old West.", "Henry McCarty (November 23, 1859 � July 14, 1881), better known as Billy the Kid, but also known by the aliases Henry Antrim and William H. Bonney, was a famous 19th century American frontier outlaw and gunman who was a participant in the Lincoln County War. According to legend he killed 21 men, one for each year of his life, but more likely he participated in the killing of less than half that number.", "Boarding the train, the bandits relieved the 25 passengers of their money and jewelry, preying especially on what they scornfully called the plug-hat gentlemen. Each male passenger was asked tauntingly if he was Mr. Pinkerton, whom the outlaws said they wanted. After rifling the mailbags and robbing the Adams Express safe, one of the bandits, thought to be Jesse James, handed engineer William Wetton (or somebody else, accounts differ) a whimsical press release titled A true account of this present affair. It stated: The most daring robbery on record. The southbound train on the Iron Mountain Railroad was stopped here this evening by five heavily armed men and robbed of___dollars….The robbers were all large men, none of them under six feet tall. They were masked, and started in a southerly direction after they had robbed the train, all mounted on fine-blooded horses. There is a hell of an excitement in this part of the country! (Jesse had conveniently allowed for the railroad to fill in the amount lost, but apparently that was never done.) A 25-man posse formed the next day but was unable to follow the outlaws’ trail.", "After the American Civil War, Hickok became an Army scout and a professional gambler, and served as a United States Marshal. In 1867, his fame increased from an interview by Henry Morton Stanley. Hickok's killing of Whistler the Peacemaker with a long-range rifle shot had influence in preventing the Sioux from uniting to resist the settler incursions into the Black Hills. While Sherriff/City Marshal of Hays, Kansas on July 17, 1870, he was involved in a gunfight with soldiers of the 7th US Cavalry wounding one and mortally wounding one. In 1871, Hickok became marshal of Abilene, Kansas. His encounter there with John Wesley Hardin resulted in the latter fleeing the town after Wild Bill managed to disarm him. On Oct 5, 1871 he accidentally shot and killed Abilene Special Deputy Marshall Mike Williams . In 1873-1874, Hickok joined Buffalo Bill Cody and Texas Jack Omohundro in a touring stage play titled Scouts of the Plains, the forerunner to Cody's Wild West shows. There, he befriended \"Calamity\" Jane Cannary-Burke, who was later to claim a romantic relationship which appears dubious as Hickok was newly married and greatly enamored of his wife. He was fired from the show due to drunkenness. The two were to meet again in Charlie Utter's 1876 wagon train from Colorado to Deadwood, South Dakota, where the three of them remained close friends.", " It had been at Council Bluffs, Iowa, the James-Younger gang learned that the No. 2 train of the Rock Island Lines would be carrying $100,000 or more in gold on July 21, 1873, for eastern banks. At the last moment the shipment had been changed to a later train. The United States Express Co. offered a reward of $500 each for the arrest of the railroad bandits. This made a total of $12,000 to be paid to the man who produced the arrest and conviction of the villains. A total of $5,000 was put up by the railroad company, $3,500 by the state and $3,500 by the express company.", "Jesse Woodson James was an American outlaw, gang leader, bank robber, train robber, and murderer from the state of Missouri and the most famous member of the James-Younger Gang. $375", "Clell Miller (January 9, 1850 - September 7, 1876) (also known as Cleland D. Miller or Clenand Miller or McClelland Miller) was an outlaw with the James-Younger Gang who was killed during the gang's robbery at Northfield, Minnesota. Miller was born on either January 9, 1850 (the date on his tombstone) or December 15, 1849 in Kearney, Missouri.[1] His younger brother Edward T. Miller also joined the gang and was allegedly killed by Jesse James in 1881", "Although Jesse James popularly gets credit for committing the first train robbery, the following robbery actually predates his: On November 5, 1870, just west of Reno, NV, a Central Pacific passenger train was overtaken by a gang of robbers who'd been tipped off that the train was carrying gold worth $60,000. The conductor was forced to apply the brakes and separate the engine, tender, baggage and express cars from the rest of the train. The engineer was then taken to the express car to request admittance. When the door opened, the expressman was greeted three sawed off shotguns. By prying open boxes in the express car, the gang was able to uncover $41,000 in gold coins. The spoils weighed over 150 lbs. However, the robbers inadvertently left behind $8,000 in silver, $15,000 in hidden gold bars, and piles of bank drafts. (Keep in mind that an acre of land cost about $5 at the time.) All of the robbers were apprehended or killed before being able to enjoy their bounty.", "The Sundance Kid (Henry Longabaugh) earned his nickname when he was caught and convicted of horse thievery in Sundance, Wyoming. Despite his reputation as a gunfighter, he is not certain to have actually killed anyone. After his release from jail in 1896, he and Robert LeRoy Parker aka “Butch Cassidy” formed the gang known as the Wild Bunch. They were responsible for the longest string of successful train and bank robberies in American history. Due to the pressure of the Pinkerton Detective Agency on their trail, Sundance, Butch, and Etta Place left the United States for Argentina to let things cool down. He is believed to have been killed in a shootout in Bolivia, but several family members claim he actually returned to the states, changed his name to William Henry Long, and lived in the small town of Duchesne, Utah until 1936. As of this writing, Long’s body has been exhumed and is undergoing DNA testing to determine the truth.", "William H. Bonney (born William Henry McCarty, Jr. c. November 23, 1859 – c. July 14, 1881), better known as Billy the Kid and also known as Henry Antrim, was a 19th-century American gunman who participated in the Lincoln County War and became a frontier outlaw in the American Old West. According to legend, he killed 21 men, but it is generally believed that he killed between four and nine. He killed his first man in 1877 and from his established though uncertain birth date was age 17 and could have been as young as 15.", "Jesse James may not have been the first to rob a train in the West, but he was the first to rob one in Missouri. On January 31, 1874, the James-Younger gang rode into the small town of Gads Hill, population 15. They were again dressed in KKK masks and sent shock waves through the small community. They lit a bonfire within sight of the station platform and had one member to the gang stand on the platform holding a red signal lamp. The train did not normally stop at the Gads Hill station but was scheduled to do so that day in order for State Rep. L.M. Farris to meet up with his son. As the train neared the station, the conductor jumped off the train to see what was going on, he was seized and the train was switched to a siding. The gang members boarded the train, raided the express/mail car and then systematically relieved the passengers of their jewelry and currency.", "Apparently no outlaw gang was strong enough or bold enough during the next five years to take on the railroad industry. But the railroads were routinely transporting millions of dollars in gold, silver and greenbacks, and even though the Jameses and the Youngers had made out quite well robbing small-town banks, they must have envisioned greater profits by stopping trains. In any case, by the summer of 1873, they were ready to attempt the first train holdup west of the Mississippi. Such a robbery did have a few advantages over bank jobs. They could stop a train at a point of their own choosing, and by destroying the nearest telegraph office to delay news of the robbery, they would not have to immediately contend with a posse. Also, they would have the element of surprise working for them–at least the first time.", "1902- San Antonio, Texas- cowboy turned train robber Camillo Orlando Hanks, AKA Deaf Charley, was killed by lawman Pink Taylor after a saloon brawl. Hanks was one of the most notorious train robbers in the West during the late nineteenth century, often aligning himself with Butch Cassidy's Hole-in-the-Wall Gang. Despite his loss of hearing, Hanks was particularly adroit at covering an entire railroad car full of passengers, as associates stole their possessions.", "Outlaw Billy McCarty, believed to have been killed by Pat Garrett, lives in hiding in rural Riddle, Missouri. Learning that Commissioner Garrett plans to demolish the town to build a highway, which has caused several townspeople to commit suicide, Billy confronts Garrett. Garrett recognizes Billy as the outlaw Billy the Kid and has him thrown in jail. He is broken out by his friend Homer and hops into a boxcar on a passing train, where he finds Woody's guitar. As he rides away, he remarks on the nature of freedom and identity.", "1866- Indiana- the Reno gang committed the first train robbery in North America by robbing an Ohio & Mississippi train gaining $10,000. Six months later they robbed the Daviess County treasurer's office at Gallatin, Missouri of $22,000.", "In 1894, Butch Cassidy was arrested for horse theft in Wyoming. After serving two years in the Wyoming Territorial Prison at Laramie, Cassidy was pardoned. He immediately returned to a life of crime, this time gathering around him a local band of carousing outlaws that became known as the Wild Bunch. Cassidy’s most famous partner was Harry Longbaugh, better known as the “Sundance Kid.” Other members included the quick-to-kill Harvey Logan (“Kid Curry”), Ben Kilpatrick (“Tall Texan”), Harry Tracy, Deaf Charley Hanks, and Tom Ketchum (“BlackJack”).", "A saloon called the Gem Variety Theater, opened on April 7, 1877 by Al Swearengen who also controlled the opium trade. The saloon was destroyed by a fire and rebuilt in 1879. It burned down again in 1899, causing Swearengen to leave the town. Deadwood became known for its lawlessness, during which time murder was common and punishment for murders not always fair and impartial. The town attained further notoriety for the murder of gunman Wild Bill Hickok. Mount Moriah Cemetery is the final resting place of Hickok and Calamity Jane, as well as slightly less notable figures such as Seth Bullock. Hickok's murderer, Jack McCall, was prosecuted twice, despite the U.S. Constitution's prohibition against double jeopardy, because of a ruling that Deadwood was an illegal town in Indian Territory and thus lacked the jurisdiction to prosecute or acquit McCall. This decision moved McCall's trial to a Dakota Territory court (\"Indian Court\"), where he was found guilty of murder and hanged.", "The James-Younger Gang renewed its attacks against the railroads on July 7, 1876, when it struck a Missouri Pacific train at a site known as the Rocky Cut, near Otterville, Mo. Riding out of heavy woods, the gang seized Henry Chateau, a watchman guarding a railroad bridge under construction, and his red lantern was used to signal the incoming train to halt. As the train squealed to a stop, discharging pistols and terrific yells rang out, accord-ing to the Kansas City Evening Star. John B. Bushnell, the chief messenger, fled to the other end of the train with the U.S. Express safe key. Once inside the baggage car, the outlaws held a gun to the head of baggage master Louis Pete Conklin (sometimes referred to as Conkling) and forced him to lead them in search of Bushnell. As the masked bandits proceeded through the train, women shrieked and men scrambled beneath their seats. After finding Bushnell and threatening him with death, the outlaws retrieved the key and opened the safe. They then obtained the engineer’s coal pick and broke into the Adams Express safe. From the two safes the bandits gathered more than $15,000, which they stuffed into the gang’s signature two-bushel flour sack. A small posse soon formed but had no luck–the hard-riding gang was long gone.", "On May 27, 1873, the James–Younger gang robbed the Ste. Genevieve Savings Association in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri. As they rode off they fired in the air and shouted, \"Hurrah for Hildebrand!\". Samuel S. Hildebrand was a famous Confederate bushwhacker from the area, who had recently been shot dead in Illinois. Arthur McCoy had lived in this area and knew it quite well, he was likely involved and may have been the planner and leader.", "The new James Gang struck on October 8, 1879, at Glendale, Mo., a little station on the Chicago & Alton line 15 miles east of Kansas City. The outlaws abducted at gunpoint a handful of Glendale citizens, the stationmaster and the telegraph operator. After smashing all of the station’s telegraph equipment to prevent outside knowledge of the robbery, they ordered the telegraph operator to lower the green light (a signal to the conductor to stop the train for further instructions). When the operator refused, the muzzle of a gun was shoved into his mouth and he weakened, according to a Kansas City Times reporter.", "1873- Wichita, Kansas- after rebuilding his dance hall that drunken soldiers had torched a few months before, Gunman Edward T. Beard was immediately at odds with the dreaded gunman Rowdy Joe Lowe, who had built a saloon next to Beard's (winning in a race to see who could build a dance hall first). On this day, Beard, drinking heavily, accused one of his prostitutes, Jo DeMerritt, of stealing from him. DeMerritt threw a bottle at him and fled next door to Lowe's saloon. The drunken Beard followed her, staggered into Lowe's, and in the smoke-filled place mistook another prostitute, Annie Franklin, as being DeMerritt. He fired a shot which struck the woman in the stomach. Lowe then grabbed a shotgun and exchanged shots with Beard. Lowe's shot missed but Beard's bullet grazed Lowe's neck. A stray bullet struck and wounded bystander Bill Anderson who was standing at the bar. Beard fled and Lowe, as drunk as his quarry, went after him. Both men, mounted on horses and racing out of town, had a running gunfight. Lowe caught up with Beard near the river bridge and emptied his shotgun into him, then rode back to town where he turned himself in to the sheriff. Beard was found critically wounded in the arm and thigh, loaded with buckshot. He clung to life for two weeks, but through loss of blood died on Nov. 11, 1873.", "In 1875 Billy was arrested and charged with being involved in robbing a Chinese laundry. He managed to escape through a fireplace chimney and fled to Arizona where he became involved in horse stealing. In August 1877 he killed Frank Cahill, an army blacksmith at Fort Grant. He was arrested but once again escaped and eventually found work with John Tunstall ." ]

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[ "Louis Armstrong was born on August 4, 1901, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the birthplace of jazz. He is considered the most important improviser in jazz, and he taught the world to swing. Armstrong, fondly known as \"Satchmo\" (which is short for \"Satchelmouth\" referring to the size of his mouth) or \"Pops,\" had a sense of humor, natural and unassuming manner, and positive disposition that made everyone around him feel good. With his infectious, wide grin and instantly recognizable gravelly voice, he won the hearts of people everywhere. He had an exciting and innovative style of playing that musicians imitate to this day. Throughout his career, Armstrong spread the language of jazz around the world, serving as an international ambassador of swing. His profound impact on the music of the 20th century continues into the 21st century.", "Louis Daniel Armstrong (he preferred his given name pronounced as Lewie or Louie; also known by the nicknames Satchmo, for satchel-mouth, and Pops) was an American jazz musician. Armstrong was a charismatic, innovative performer whose musical skills and bright personality transformed jazz from a rough regional dance music into a popular art form. One of the most famous jazz musicians of the 20th century, he first achieved fame as a trumpeter, but toward the end of his career he was best known as a vocalist and was one of the most influential jazz singers.", "“Satchmo,” (slang for “satchel” or large, baggy mouth) is a nickname that was lovingly applied to Louis Armstrong, one of America’s finest jazz musicians who died in 1971. His sweet smile, pleasant personality, and the crumpled, white handkerchief along with the trumpet he held on high became his trademark image. And yet, this solo entertainer, who always presented himself as being polite and mild mannered, usually played in expensive nightclubs, mostly to upper-class white audiences. This gained him wider popularity and another nickname, “Uncle Tom” -- by his own, black people.", "Louis Armstrong International (New Orleans) – New Orleans' international airport was originally named Moisant, after an aviator who died in 1910. (The airport's code, MSY, is derived from Moisant Stock Yards, from when the area was an agricultural center.) In 2001, the city decided to honor one of its most famous natives, Louis Armstrong (1901-71), the great trumpeter who rose to fame in the city's clubs and helped shape jazz and popular music.", "Louis Armstrong International (New Orleans) – New Orleans' international airport was originally named Moisant, after an aviator who died in 1910. (The airport's code, MSY, is derived from Moisant Stock Yards, from when the area was an agricultural center.) In 2001, the city decided to honor one of its most famous natives, Louis Armstrong (1901-1971), the great trumpeter who rose to fame in the city's clubs and helped shape jazz and popular music.", "Louis Daniel Armstrong (usually pronounced 'Louee' in the French pronunciation with a silent s) (also known by the nicknames Satchmo and Pops) was an American jazz musician. Armstrong was a charismatic, innovative performer whose musical skills and bright personality transformed jazz from a rough regional dance music into a popular art form. Probably the most famous jazz musician of the 20th century, he first achieved fame as a trumpeter, but towards the end of his career he was best known as a vocalist and was one of the most influential jazz singers.", "July 4, 1900 is the day that Louis Armstrong always claims as his birthday. Armstrong's nickname will be Satchmo. He will receive this nickname in England in the early 1930's when the British hear his original nickname, Satchelmouth, incorrectly. Armstrong will be recognized as the first genius of Jazz because the entire concept of swinging will be attributed to him.", "On August 4, 2001, the centennial of Armstrong's birth, New Orleans' airport was renamed Louis Armstrong International Airport in his honor.", "\"Satchmo\" – as he was affectionately called by his legions of friends – never boasted like his fellow New Orleanians, jazzmen Jelly Roll Morton and Bunk Johnson, that he invented jazz, or that he was even one of its better players. But everyone who heard him play or hears his inimitable style today can only agree that Louis Daniel \"Satchmo\" Armstrong was perhaps the best jazz musician and the greatest entertainment personality the world has ever known.", "The airport was originally named after daredevil aviator John Moisant, who died in an airplane crash on this land (which was devoted to farming at the time) in 1910. The abbreviation MSY was derived from Moisant Stock Yards. MSY airport was renamed in 2001 after Louis Armstrong, a famous jazz musician from New Orleans.", "Louis Armstrong (August 4, 1901 - July 6, 1971) nicknamed Satchmo or Pops, was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana.…", "Louis Armstrong, nicknamed Satchmo or Pops, was an American trumpeter, composer, singer and occasional actor who was one of the most influential figures in jazz. His career spanned five decades, fr...", "Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport (IATA: MSY, ICAO: KMSY, FAA LID: MSY) is an international airport in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is located 10 nautical miles (19 km) west of New Orleans.", "Louis Armstrong He was born on the 4th of August in 1901. He was nicknamed Satchmo, sort for Satchel mouth. He was an American jazz trumpeter and singer form New Orleans, Louisiana. Louis was a foundational influence in jazz. He did a lot of improvisation in solo performances. On March 19th in 1918, he married Daisy Parker from Gretna, Louisiana.", "The nicknames Satchmo and Satch are short for Satchelmouth. Like many things in Armstrong’s life, which was filled with colorful stories both real and imagined, many of his own telling, the nickname has many possible origins. [47]", "Today, there are many bands worldwide dedicated to preserving and honoring the music and style of Satchmo, including the Louis Armstrong Society located in New Orleans, Louisiana. In the 2009 movie The Princess and the Frog , he is referenced by Louis along with Sidney Bechet , in the song When we\\'re Human .", "Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport was once a major gateway for Latin American and Caribbean travel to and from the United States. That travel now mostly goes through other hubs operated by major legacy airlines such as the American Airlines hubs in Dallas/Ft. Worth (DFW) and Miami (MIA), the Delta Air Lines hub in Atlanta (ATL), and the United Airlines hub in Houston (IAH).", "The airport was remamed after jazz icon Louis Armstrong in 2001 in honour of the centennial of his birth. (Dieter Karner/Wikipedia)", "According to Louis’ own book „Satchmo, My Life In New Orleans“ reprinted by Ace Books in 1957 (originally published 1955), „Dipper…(that was my nickname – short for Dippermouth, from the piece called Dippermouth Blues)“. It would appear that the name was given to him after the tune which he evidently liked when he was very young. -Bruce Barnett", "Satchmo: jazz musician: trumpet; Grammy Award-winning singer: Hello, Dolly! [1964], Lifetime Achievement Award [1971]; It�s a Wonderful World, Mack the Knife, Blueberry Hill; appeared in films: The Five Pennies, The Glenn Miller Story, Hello Dolly!, High Society; American ambassador of good will; inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame [1990]; died July 6, 1971", "New Orleans was the musical home of some of Jazz music’s greatest composers and players. These included cornetists Buddy Bolden and King Oliver, cornetist and trumpeter Louis Armstrong, pianist Jelly Roll Morton among others.", "Jazz master Louis Armstrong remains one of the most loved and best known of all jazz musicians.", "Jazz is Born I Congo Square (now called Armstrong Park) Located off North Rampart Street, near the intersection of St. Philip Street New Orleans, Louisiana In the early 1800s, this area was known as Congo Square and was the only legal place where slaves could get together on Sunday afternoon. On those days, they would gather to play drums, gourds, banjolike instruments, marimbas, and such European instruments as the violin, tambourine, and triangleâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;creating what many consider to be the origins of American jazz music. Today, Congo Square has become a part of Armstrong Park, a Jazz Historical Park named for legendary trumpeter Louis Armstrong, who was born in New Orleans in 1900.", "Alton Glenn Miller (March 1, 1904 – missing December 15, 1944) was an American jazz musician , arranger , composer , and bandleader in the swing era. He was one of the best-selling recording artists from 1939 to 1943, leading one of the best known “ Big bands “. Miller’s signature recordings include In the Mood , American Patrol , Chattanooga Choo Choo , Tuxedo Junction , Moonlight Serenade , Little Brown Jug and Pennsylvania 6-5000 . [1] While traveling to entertain U.S. troops in France during World War II , Miller’s plane disappeared in bad weather over the English Channel. His body has never been found.", "Louis Armstrong International Airport (IATA: MSY, ICAO: KMSY) [5] is the city's largest and primary airport. It located in the suburb of Kenner. Following a dip in service after Hurricane Katrina, the airport has since continued to rebound, hosting 10 million passengers in 2012. It is currently the 6th busiest airport in the southeast. Louis Armstrong International serves 37 destinations throughout North America along with international flights. It is one of only four cities given permission to fly to and from the country of Cuba . Additional flights are continuously being added and the airport in currently preparing for one its largest expansions by building a new terminal. European vacation packages are available from the UK on several British airlines who offer charter/cruise services nonstop to the Crescent City.", "Whiteman's place in the history of early jazz is somewhat controversial. Detractors suggest that Whiteman's ornately-orchestrated music was jazz in name only (lacking the genre's improvisational and emotional depth), and co-opted the innovations of black musicians. Defenders note that Whiteman's fondness for jazz was genuine (he worked with black musicians as much as was feasible during an era of racial segregation), that his bands included many of the era's most esteemed white jazz musicians, and argue that Whiteman's groups handled jazz admirably as part of a larger repertoire. In his autobiography, Duke Ellington declared, \"Paul Whiteman was known as the King of Jazz, and no one as yet has come near carrying that title with more certainty and dignity.\"", "Musician Ritchie Valens , best known for the song \"La Bamba\", suffered from severe aviophobia after two airplanes collided over the playground of his high school, killing or injuring several of his friends. Valens was not at school that day as he was attending his grandfather's funeral. He eventually overcame his fear enough to travel by airplane. In 1959, when he had to travel a plane that could only carry a small amount of passengers Valens did a coin toss and went on board, while the other potential passenger took a bus instead. As it would turn out the plane crashed and Valens was killed, along with", "Atlanta City Council voted on October 20, 2003, to change the name from Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport to the current Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, to honor former mayor Maynard Jackson, who died June 23, 2003. The council initially planned on renaming the airport solely for Mayor Jackson, but public outcry prevented this. ", "Originally the airport was known as Atlanta Municipal Airport. In 1971, the airport name is changed to be William B. Hartsfield Atlanta Airport after William B. Hartsfield, who passed away in that year. The airport maintained the world’s busiest airport title and has kept it ever since. In October of 2003, the city of Atlanta voted to change the airport’s name to include that of the deceased mayor, Maynard Jackson. He was an integral part of the airport’s expansion and vision and so the name then was changed to Hartsfield-Jackson.", "On December 22, 2004, Jackson City Council voted 6–0 to rename Jackson International Airport in honor of slain civil rights leader and field secretary for the Mississippi chapter of the NAACP, Medgar Evers. This decision took effect on January 22, 2005.", "Armstrong enjoyed many types of music, from the most earthy blues to the syrupy sweet arrangements of Guy Lombardo, to Latin American folksongs, to classical symphonies and opera. Armstrong incorporated influences from all these sources into his performances, sometimes to the bewilderment of fans who wanted Armstrong to stay in convenient narrow categories. Armstrong was inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an early influence. Some of his solos from the 1950s, such as the hard rocking version of \"St. Louis Blues\" from the WC Handy album, show that the influence went in both directions.", "Kid Ory was born in La Place, LA in 1886 and died in 1973. He is the best known of all the old New Orleans' Tailgate trombonists. He used the instrument for the fills and glissandi that were so much a part of the original Dixieland Jazz. He was the first musician to use the Chicago Dixieland style while playing his forceful trombone solos. Kid was also proficient on the trumpet, sax, valve trombone, bass, piano clarinet, guitar and banjo." ]

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[ "In Greek mythology, Cassandra (Greek: Κασσάνδρα \"she who entangles men\"[1]) (also known as Alexandra[2]) was the daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy. Her beauty caused Apollo to grant her the gift of prophecy. However, when she did not return his love, Apollo placed a curse on her so that no one would ever believe her predictions.", "In Greek Mythology, Cassandra ( Greek : Κασσάνδρα “she who entangles men” ] ) (also known as Alexandra) was a daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy. Her beauty caused Apollo to grant her the gift of prophecy . However, when she did not return his love, Apollo placed a curse on her so that no one would ever believe her predictions.", "Apollo once fell in love with a princess Cassandra . She was the daughter of Priam, the king of Troy, and Hecuba. Because he liked her, he gifted her with the gift of prophecy. Even though Apollo gave her the gift of prophecy she still disliked him. So he made it so that nobody would believe whatever she said about the future. She foretold the downfall of Troy, but nobody believed her. She foretold the dangers of the Trojan Horse, but nobody believed her. Then finally she foretold that Clytemnestra , the wife of Agamemnon, was going to kill him, but he didn't believe her. As Agamemnon returned to his wife, she and her new husband, Aegisthus, murdered him and Cassandra.", "daughter of Priam and Hecabe; has the gift of prophecy but no one believes her (this was her punishment after she promised to sleep with Apollo for the gift, but then saying no). She is also the prize of Agamemnon after the war and is killed by Clytemnestra when she kills Agamemnon.", "Cassandra In Greek mythology, Cassandra was the daughter of Priam, King of Troy. Her prophecies were never believed, because she had rejected the love of the god Apollo. She was murdered with Agamemnon by his wife Clytemnestra, having been awarded as a prize to the Greek hero on his sacking of Troy.", "Cassandra was the daughter of Priam and Hecuba, king and Queen of Troy at the time of the Trojan War. Cassandra was one of the most beautiful women in the world at that time. She was also a priestess and a prophetess. Apollo had made her a prophetess because he admired her, but she later refused his advances. He then made it so no one believed her. It was she who recognized that Paris was Alexandros, lost son of Priam. She also recognized the true meaning of the Trojan horse, but no one believed her when she said the horse contained soldiers of the enemy.", "Like several of the Greek gods of his generation, Apollo never married, but seduced many young goddesses and mortal women. In the hopes of winning her love, Apollo gave Cassandra the gift of prophecy. She proved an able student and, like him, learned to see the future and always told the truth. Shocked when he suddenly turned amorous, ready to be repaid for his favor, Cassandra rejected him. Angered by this, Apollo gave her another gift - this one a curse that even though she always told the truth no one would ever believe her.", "a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, a prophet cursed by Apollo so that her prophecies, though true, were fated never to be believed. A WOMAN WHO IS NEVER BELIVIED", "One of the greatest prophetess of the Greek mythology. Daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy, was cursed by Apollo because she refuses of having sexual intercourse with the God, since that event no one ever believed hers prophecies despite she was always right.", "Also called Alexandra . Classical Mythology. a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, a prophet cursed by Apollo so that her prophecies, though true, were fated never to be believed.", "proper n. Daughter of King Priam of Troy and his queen Hecuba, who captured the eye of Apollo and was granted the ability to see the future. However, she was destined to never be believed.", "Queen Hecuba and her daughter Cassandra were carried captives to Greece. Cassandra had been loved by Apollo, and he gave her the gift of prophecy; but afterwards offended with her, he rendered the gift unavailing by ordaining that her predictions should never be believed. Polyxena, another daughter, who had been loved by Achilles, was demanded by the ghost of that warrior, and was sacrificed by the Greeks upon his tomb.", "Cassandra This daughter of Priam and Hecuba has an affair with the god Apollo, who grants her the gift of prophecy. Unable to revoke the gift after they quarrel, Apollo curses her by preventing anyone from believing her predictions. Among her warnings is that the Trojan horse contains Greeks. After Troy falls she is given to Agamemnon, who tactlessly brings her home to his wife Clytemnestra. Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus then kill Agamemnon and Cassandra, leaving Agamemnon's son Orestes (egged on by sister Electra) to avenge the deaths and kill Clytemnestra and Aegisthus.", "A daughter of Priam endowed with the gift of prophecy but fated never to be believed", "In revenge for this, however, Cassandra explains, Apollo cursed her. He made it so that, even though she had the power of prophecy, she was condemned to have no one believe her.", "Cassandra was one of the most beautiful women in the world at that time. She was also a priestess and a prophetess. Apollo had made her a prophetess because he admired her, but she later refused his advances. He then made it so no one believed her. It was she who recognized that Paris was Alexandros, lost son of Priam.", "Cassandra was a daughter of Priam and Hecuba. She was also called Alexandra. She was very beautiful, but her family and the people of Troy considered her a little unbalanced. This came about because of her gift of prophecy. When she was a child, she and her brother Helenus were left overnight in the temple of the Thymbraean Apollo. No reason has been advanced for this night in the temple; perhaps it was a ritual routinely performed by everyone. When their parents looked in on them the next morning, the children were entwined with serpents, which flicked their tongues into the children's ears. This enabled Cassandra and Helenus to divine the future. After Cassandra grew up, she again spent a night in the temple. This time the god appeared and tried to get her to yield to his desire, but she refused. For this affront to him he punished her by causing her prophecies, though true, to be disbelieved. This curse failed to be effective on only one occasion. When Paris appeared as an adult at the court of Priam, Cassandra declared him her brother. It had been accepted by everyone that he had died in infancy from being exposed.", "In Homer Cassandra is the fairest of the daughters of Priam and Hecuba. For the promise of her love, Apollo conferred upon her the gift of prophecy; she broke her word, and the god punished her by letting her retain the gift, but depriving her of the power of making her hearers believe her. Her utterances were therefore laughed to scorn as the ravings of a mad woman. It was in vain that, at the birth of Paris, she advised that he should be put to death, and that, when Helen came to Troy, she prophesied the destruction of the city. When the city was taken, she was dragged by Ajax the son of Oileus from the altar of Athene, at which she had taken refuge; but Agamemnon rescued her and took her as his slave to Mycenae. Here she was slain by Olytaemnestra when Agamemnon was murdered. She was worshipped with Apollo in several places under the name of Alexandra.", "Cassandra is a princess of Troy, the daughter of King Priam and sister to the princes Hector, Troilus and Paris. Cassandra, a seer, twice foretells the fall of Troy. First, she hysterically interrupts a council of war to warn, 'Troy burns, or else let Helen go' (2;2 113), only to be dismissed as the victim of 'brain-sick raptures' (2.2.123). In 5.3, in calmer tones, she joins Andormache and Priam in trying to persuade Hector not to enter battle on a day of ill omens. Rebuffed again, she bids her brother a sad farewell. Although the other characters do not believe her, Cassandra's prophecies contribute to the play's atmosphere of fateful destiny, for they are known by the audience to be ironically correct.", "Her cursed gift from Apollo became a source of endless pain and frustration to Cassandra. Cassandra was seen as a liar and a madwoman by her family and by the Trojan people. In some versions of the story, she was often locked up in a pyramidal building on the citadel on her father King Priam’s orders. She was accompanied there by the wardress who cared for her under orders to inform the King of all of his daughter's \"prophetic utterances\". She was driven truly insane by this in the versions where she was incarcerated; though in the versions where she was not, she was usually viewed as being simply misunderstood.", "in Greek mythology, the daughter of Priam, the last king of Troy, and his wife Hecuba. In Homer's Iliad, she's the most beautiful of Priam's ...", "Some of the Trojans thought that the Wooden Horse was a symbol of peace and a tribute to the goddess Athene, others thought that the Wooden Horse was a trick and should be burned where it stood. The Trojan seer Laokoon tried to warn King Priam that the Wooden Horse was a trick and not a peace offering but Poseidon [lord of the sea], who was clearly on the side of the Achaeans, sent one of his giant sea-serpents to kill Laokoon and one, or both, of his sons. Priam assumed that Laokoon was killed because he was giving false prophecy and ordered that the Wooden Horse be brought inside the walls of the city. Moved by some divine spirit, Helen walked around the Wooden Horse three times and assuming the voices of their wives, called the names of the best of the Achaean fighters trying to get them to reveal themselves. A soldier named Antiklos almost answered Helen's call but Odysseus forced him to remain silent by getting Antiklos in a strangle hold.", "A prophecy foretold that Priam's son Paris would be the downfall of Troy, so he was sent away to Mount Ida. Then he judged which of the three goddesses was most beautiful and promised the hand of Helen, and was recognized as Priam's son, who could not send away his newfound son but also had no wish to see all of Greece allied against him.", ", in Greek mythology, princess of Colchis, skilled in magic and sorcery. She fell in love with Jason and helped him, against the will of her father, Aeëtes, to obtain the Golden Fleece.", "Paris Greek “Defender” in Greek legend, son of King Priam of Troy and his wife, Hecuba. A dream regarding his birth was interpreted as an evil portent, and he was consequently expelled from his family as an infant. Left for dead, he was either nursed by a...", "n. (Greek mythology) a prophetess in Troy during the Trojan War whose predictions were true but were never believed", "It is also said that Zeus did not know of this prophecy, or rather that he ignored who the girl was that could endanger his rule. But Prometheus 1 whom the god had chained in Caucasus for having giving fire, along with blind hope, to mankinddid know, and succeeded in exchanging that information for freedom. Otherwise had not Heracles 1 appeared to shoot the eagle that devoured Prometheus 1 's liver for many years, setting the prisoner free.", "Fact 3: Other legends tell that as a result of her union with Zeus assuming the form of a swan while Nemesis was in the guise of a goose. She laid an egg from which Helen of Troy hatched", "Oenomaus – a son of Ares, who used to kill his daughter's suitors because of a prophecy.", "                                                             According to some versions,  Hera sent witches (the Thebans) to hinder Alcmene's delivery of Hercules . The witches were successful in preventing the birth until Historis, daughter of Tiresias , thought of a trick to deceive the witches. Like Galanthis, Historis announced that Alcmene had delivered her child; having been deceived, the witches went away, allowing Alcmene to give birth.", "Ate Greek mythological figure who induced rash and ruinous actions by both gods and men. She made Zeus —on the day he expected the Greek hero Heracles, his son by Alcmene, to be born—take an oath: the child born of his lineage that day would rule “over all...", "ATE The goddess of blind folly and ruin was, according to some, a daughter of Zeus (others say she was born fatherless to Eris)." ]

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[ "SOUTH AMERICA. South America is a continent composed of twelve countries and one French colony. The Spanish-speaking countries are: Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Paraguay , Peru , and Venezuela . (Portuguese-speaking Brazil is treated separately in this encyclopedia.) The former colonies of Guyana and Suriname use English and Dutch, respectively, as their official languages, although many in their populations speak indigenous languages. The same can be said for the French colony of Guiana, the home of the cayenne pepper, where French is the official language. The geography of South America is even more varied than that of North America , with long coastlines, lowlands, highlands and mountains, and tropical rain forests. The climate varies from tropical, lying as the continent does across the Equator, to alpine in the high Andes, the backbone of the continent.", "Known as the ‘Paris of South America’, the capital of Argentina is a rich melting pot of cultures, flavors, and traditions. Within a thriving cosmopolitan setting you’ll get to experience the best that Argentina has to offer, from all of the delicious foods and wine, tango clubs, historical buildings, art, language, and so much more.", "Buenos Aires (often called the \"Paris of South America\") is the capital of Argentina, and is the country's largest city with a population of close to 13 million.", "In addition to boasting beautiful landscapes, Argentina also has some incredible cities. The country’s capital, Buenos Aires, is one of the liveliest South American cities and a hotspot for people from all over the world. Here you’ll get the chance to explore humming plazas, learn how to tango, and enjoy some of the most delicious steaks you’ll ever taste in your life.", "Buenos Aires is the largest city in Argentina and is one of the most lively cities in the world. It has rightfully been called \"the Paris of the South America\" as it is reminiscent of many European cities while it still maintains its natural, latin culture and flair.", "Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.", "Argentina is a federal republic located in southeastern South America. Buenos Aires is the capital and largest city of the Argentine Republic. Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with its neighbour Chile, it is bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the northeast; Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east; Chile to the west and the Drake Passage to the south.", "Porsche's company logo was based on the coat of arms of the Free People's State of Württemberg of former Weimar Germany, which had Stuttgart as its capital (the same arms were used by Württemberg-Hohenzollern from 1945-1952, while Stuttgart during these years was the capital of adjacent Württemberg-Baden). The arms of Stuttgart was placed in the middle as an inescutcheon, since the cars were made in Stuttgart. The heraldic symbols were combined with the texts \"Porsche\" and \"Stuttgart\", which shows that it is not a coat of arms since heraldic achievements never spell out the name of the armiger nor the armigers home town in the shield.", "The motif of a prancing horse is old, it can be found on ancient coins. A similar black horse on a yellow shield is the Coat of Arms of the German city of Stuttgart, home of Mercedes-Benz and the design bureau of Porsche, both being main competitors of Alfa and Ferrari in the 1930 (87 years ago). The city's name derives from Stutengarten, an ancient form of the German word Gest�t, which translates into English as stud farm and into Italian as scuderia. Porsche also includes the Stuttgart sign in its corporate logo, centred in the emblem of the state of W�rttemberg. Stuttgart's R�ssle has both rear legs firmly planted on the soil, like Baracca's horse, but unlike Ferrari's cavallino.", "The Porsche logo features a shield with a prancing horse in the center, and red and black stripes. The horse represents the city seal of Stuttgart, Germany, where the brand was founded.", "In South America, the Sierra was produced in Argentina and Venezuela. In Argentina, it was offered in three and five-door hatchback and station wagon bodystyles. The facelifted post-1987 model was built in Venezuela, but not in Argentina until 1989, where the range continued with a Merkur XR4Ti-like grille until 1991 for XR4 and 1992 for four door models, when it was replaced by the Volkswagen Santana-based Galaxy. The 1.6 L was offered in GL model only, LX, Ghia, Ghia SX and XR4 were based in a 2.3 engine with some differences. Some Ghia models also featured automatic transmission as an optional. The station wagon was called the Sierra Rural—\"Rural\" being used for station wagons in Argentina in the same way \"Turnier\" is used in Germany.", "The Great South American Challenge rally is a six-week, 15,500km adventure for pe-1973 cars, driving through Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Chile and Argentina and taking in the Continent’s most spectacuar sights before finishing in Ushuaia, the southernmost city in the world.", "Buenos Aires ( or, ) is the capital and largest city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the continent's southeastern coast. The meaning of Buenos Aires is clean air or good air. The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the third-largest conurbation in Latin America, with a population of around seventeen million. ", "Understand It is a common mistake to think of Rio as Brazil's capital, a distinction it lost on April 21st 1960 when Brasilia became the capital. Beaches such as Copacabana and Ipanema, the Christ The Redeemer (Cristo Redentor) statue, the stadium of Maracanã and Sugarloaf Mountain (Pão de Açúcar) are all well-known sights of what the inhabitants call the \"marvelous city\" (cidade maravilhosa), and are also among the first images to pop up in travelers´ minds, along with the Carnaval celebration. The South Zone holds most of Rio's landmarks and world-famous beaches, in an area of only 43.87 square km (17 square miles). Many of them are within walking distance of each other (for instance, the Sugarloaf lies about 5 miles", "largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador", "But this is a nation on the rise, and it will be interesting to see how economic and political power meld, or compete with, the national passions - for music and culture, for football and sports, for carnival and the carnal, for having a good time, come what may. For travellers, it is unquestionably an exciting time to be visiting South America's most diverse and most seductive country.", "Tierra del Fuego (Spanish for \"Land of Fire\") is an archipelago separated from the Southernmost tip of the South American mainland by the Strait of Magellan. The Southern point of the archipelago forms Cape Horn.", "South America’s history is filled with tales of mystery and wealth, many originating from the Inca, the Maya, and the Aztec civilizations. These three great civilizations were the first empires in South America.", "Chamonix is a Brazilian automobile manufacturer which has produced replicas of 1960s Porsche sports cars based on Volkswagen parts since 1987.", "Buenos Aires (the official name 'is Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires/Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, also called Capital Federal/Federal Capital) is the capital of the Argentine Republic . The name means fair winds, or literally good airs in Spanish. It is one of the largest cities in Latin America , with a lot of cultural offerings, and is the point of departure for travelling to the rest of the country. Inhabitants of Buenos Aires are called porteños, \"people from the port\", implying that many of the inhabitants are immigrants in some ways or another. Buenos Aires is a singular, open, and integrating destination that allows the visitor not only to view the city but also to have an exceptional urban adventure.", "Expanding trade relations within the region and between South America and the rest of the world have helped make Brazil and the Southern Cone countries major venues for international contraband smuggling and economic crimes. Modern manufacturing capabilities in several South American countries have opened the door to illegal duplication of CDs, videos, and cassettes; illegal production of these products is centered in Brazil and Argentina, whose governments have toughened their IPR laws. Growing consumerism and middle class prosperity in the largest South American countries has made them an important market for drugs, pirated or counterfeit products, and other illicit contraband.", "Argentina is very urbanized – more than 90 percent of its population lives in the cities. Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area has become one of the largest urban areas in the world. Other major cities in Argentina include Cordoba, Rosario, Mendoza, and Tucuman. These cities offer cultural experience, culinary pleasures, like the world renowned beef, and dances like the Argentine Tango.", "2,600 BC - Pyramids of Caral, situated about 125 km north of Lima in Peru, South America were built to form a large city complex. The large stepped pyramids even exceed the size of the pyramids in Egypt for sheer volume of material used. The neighbouring river was used to irrigate crops of cotton, which was then woven into fishing nets to trade with the coastal fishing villages in exchange for fish. This peaceful trading city was thought to exist for the next 600 years.", "As the start of the Dakar looms, Buenos Aires has become the world capital of motor sports for the fifth time since 2009. The vehicles that made the journey from Europe added the first touches of colour to the city today.", "You can get to Buenos Aires from any of the neighboring countries by car, but it is far away from most of the borders. It is really common to travel there only from Uruguay and southern Brazil .", "The city is known as the Gastronomical Capital of the Americas, mixing Spanish, Andean and Asian culinary traditions. ", "In South America, five main cultural regions indicate the majority ethnic groups and the main economic activities:", "Nissan's minivan Moco doesn't do so well in Spanish-speaking markets. Especially green ones. Distributors in Santiago, Chile asked that the vehicle be renamed since Moco is the Spanish word for mucous.", "Motorsports also occupies an important place in the sporting preferences of Colombians; Juan Pablo Montoya is a race car driver known for winning 7 Formula One events. Colombia also has excelled in sports such as BMX, judo, shooting sport, taekwondo, wrestling, high diving and athletics, also has a long tradition in weightlifting and bowling. ", "There are small numbers of European citizens from Germany, France, Italy and Portugal, as well as from other American countries, as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, the United States, Paraguay, Peru, Mexico and Venezuela, among others. There are important Peruvian colonies in La Paz, El Alto and Santa Cruz de la Sierra.", "products that the world eats today were developed or cultivated in the Andean area. Among these are more than 20 varieties", "In Valparaíso, they created their largest and most important colony, bringing with them neighbourhoods of British character, schools, social clubs, sports clubs, business organisations and periodicals. Even today their influence is apparent in specific areas, such as the banks and the navy, as well as in certain social activities, such as football, horse racing, and the custom of drinking tea." ]

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[ "On the 18th July 1925, the first volume of Adolf Hitler’s rambling racist manifesto Mein Kampf – which translates as My Struggle or My Battle – was first published. Dictated to his assistant Rudolf Hess.... . .", "The first volume, titled Eine Abrechnung (\"A reckoning\") was published on July 18, 1925; the second volume Die nationalsozialistische Bewegung (\"The national-socialistic movement\") was published in 1926. The original title Hitler chose was “Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice.” His Nazi publisher, Max Amann, decided this title was too complicated and had it shortened to Mein Kampf (simply \"My Struggle\", or \"My Battle\").", "Mein Kampf (, \"My Struggle\") is an autobiography by the National Socialist leader Adolf Hitler, in which he outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany. Volume 1 of Mein Kampf was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926. The book was edited by Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess. ", "Mein Kampf (My Struggle) - A book written by Adolf Hitler, combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology of nazism.", " While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf (My Struggle; originally entitled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice) to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and an exposition of his ideology. Mein Kampf was influenced by The Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant, which Hitler called \"my Bible\".Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, it sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office.", "Mein Kampf   is an autobiography by the National Socialist leader Adolf Hitler, in which he outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany. Volume 1 of Mein Kampf was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926. The book was edited by Hitler's deputy. Mein Kampf is perhaps the only notable work written in two volumes by Adolf Hitler, in 1924. Hitler was arrested when he took out a mass demonstration in favour of national unity for the formation of a socialist German state. He was tried by the People’s Court in Munich and subsequently, imprisoned for thirteen months where he wrote the first part. The second part was written after he was released. This book will give you an insight into one of the greatest tyrant of this century, his political ideals, beliefs and motivation, and his struggle to consolidate Germany into one great nation.", "Download Mein Kampf , Adolf Hitler’s book about Germany, race and politics. The first part of it is written mainly during his captivity in 1924 in the Landsberg am Lech prison. The first part of Mein kampf was published in 1925, the second part in 1927. The book has been translated into various languages, (Germany, English, Française, Nederlands)  which you can download on this site.", "Commonly ranked as one of the most influential English writers of the 20th century and as one of the most important chroniclers of English culture of his generation,[4] Orwell wrote literary criticism, poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. He is best known for the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) and the allegorical novella Animal Farm (1945), which together (as of 2009) have sold more copies than any two books by any other 20th-century author.[5] His book Homage to Catalonia (1938), an account of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War, is widely acclaimed, as are his numerous essays on politics, literature, language, and culture. In 2008, The Times ranked him second on a list of \"The 50 greatest British writers since 1945\".[6]", "Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His distinctive writing style, characterized by economy and  understatement , influenced 20th-century fiction, as did his life of adventure and his public image. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s. He won the  Nobel Prize in Literature  in 1954. Hemingway's fiction was successful because the characters he presented exhibited authenticity that resonated with his audience. Many of his works are classics of  American literature . He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works during his lifetime; a further three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously.", "Winston Churchill (November 10, 1871 – March 12, 1947) was an American best selling novelist of the early 20th century.", "Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short storey writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction , while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short storey collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short storey collections, and three non-fiction works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature .", "In 1925 – the very year the High Bouncing Love appeared as the Great Gatsby – another best-selling, era-defining book was published, having been renamed by an editor with an eye for such things. The book was called Mein Kampf.", "Winston Churchill (November 10, 1871 – March 12, 1947) was an American novelist and was one of the best selling novelists of the early 20th century.", "This set the model for Adolf Hitler, an Austrian-born veteran of World War I, to seize power in Germany. He joined the Nazi Party and attempted to overthrow the democratic government, the Weimar Republic, in the Beer Hall Putsch (1923). This failed, he was arrested, and he spent over eight months in prison. While there he wrote Mein Kampf , an autobiographical book in which he blamed many of Germany's problems on its Jewish minority. He argued that the German, or Aryan race, needed to establish dominion over lesser races or it would face extinction.", "With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), Dalí fled from the fighting and refused to align himself with any group. He did the same during World War II (1939–1945), for which he was heavily criticized; George Orwell accused him of \"scuttling off like a rat as soon as France is in danger\" after Dalí had prospered in France during the pre-war years. \"When the European War approaches he has one preoccupation only: how to find a place which has good cookery and from which he can make a quick bolt if danger comes too near\", Orwell observed.Orwell, George [http://theorwellprize.co.uk/george-orwell/by-orwell/essays-and-other-works/benefit-of-clergy-some-notes-on-salvador-dali/ \"Benefit of Clergy: Some Notes on Salvador Dalí\"]. theorwellprize.co.uk. Retrieved February 24, 2012. In a notable 1944 review of Dalí's autobiography, Orwell wrote, \"One ought to be able to hold in one's head simultaneously the two facts that Dalí is a good draughtsman and a disgusting human being\".", "Orwell set out for Spain on about 23 December 1936, dining with Henry Miller in Paris on the way. The American writer told Orwell that going to fight in the Civil War there out of some sense of obligation or guilt was ‘sheer stupidity,’ and that the Englishman’s ideas ‘about combating Fascism, defending democracy, etc., etc., were all baloney.’ [53] A few days later, in Barcelona , Orwell met John McNair of the Independent Labour Party (ILP) Office who quoted him: \"I've come to fight against Fascism\". [54] Orwell stepped into a complex political situation in Catalonia . The Republican government was supported by a number of factions with conflicting aims, including the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM – Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista), the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (a wing of the Spanish Communist Party , which was backed by Soviet arms and aid). The ILP was linked to the POUM and so Orwell joined the POUM.", "Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (\"leader\") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.", "Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 ), who used the pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist, and critic. His work is marked by lucid prose, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism, and outspoken support of democratic socialism. ", "↑ \" Why I Write \" (1936) (The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945-1950 p.23 (Penguin))", "Rudyard Kipling's outspoken views on the foreign and domestic policies of his day made him some powerful enemies and sometimes rattled his friends.  He coined the phrase, \"white man's burden,\" when he urged the United States to take a more active role in civilizing backward regions of the world.  He so vehemently criticized America's \"belated\" entry into World War I that the governments of Britain and France publicly disavowed his remarks.  He opposed compulsory military service but argued that a man who had never enlisted should lose the right to vote.  When his beloved cousin Stanley Baldwin became prime minister of Great Britain, Kipling chastised him as \"a socialist at heart.\"", "During the Spanish Civil War Dalí remained apolitical , striving to comprehend the war in its minutiae. His surrealist fellows, being predominantly Marxist , eventually maintained his expulsion from this group, to which his fascination with Hitler contributed. At this, Dalí retorted, \"Le surréalisme, c'est moi.\" André Breton coined the anagram \"avida dollars\" (for Salvador Dalí), which more or less translates to \"eager for dollars,\" by which he referred to Dalí after the period of his expulsion; the surrealists henceforth spoke of Dalí in the past tense, as if he were dead. The surrealist movement and various members thereof (such as Ted Joans ) would continue to issue extremely harsh polemics against Dalí until the time of his death and beyond.", "Adolf Hitler: My Part in His Downfall, published in 1971, is the first volume of Spike Milligan's war memoirs. The book spans the period from Britain's declaration of war on Germany to when Milligan lands in Algeria as a part of the Allied liberation of Africa.", "George Orwell is the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair: essayist, novelist, literary critic, advocate and fighter for political change, and man of contradictions. Blair was born on June 25, 1903, in the Bengal region of Eastern India, which was a British territory. He was the son of Richard Walmesley Blair, a civil servant, and Ida Mabel Blair. Their only son was the middle child. He moved to England with his mother and sisters at the age of one. He displayed academic talent from a young age, so his mother took pains to ensure his attendance at a well-known boarding school called St. Cyprian’s. His family was neither poor nor wealthy, and Blair attended St. Cyprian’s on a scholarship.", "Like many socialists , George Bernard Shaw opposed Britain's involvement in the First World War. He created a great deal of controversy with his provocative pamphlet, Common Sense About the War , which appeared on 14th November 1914 as a supplement to the New Statesman . It sold more than 75,000 copies before the end of the year and as a result he became a well-known international figure. However, given the patriotic mood of the country, his pamphlet created a great deal of hostility. Some of his anti-war speeches were banned from the newspapers, and he was expelled from the Dramatists' Club.", "In 1931, after a visit to Berlin, Lewis published his book Hitler (1931), which presented Adolf Hitler as a \"man of peace\" whose party-members were threatened by communist street violence. This confirmed his unpopularity among liberals and anti-fascists, especially after Hitler came to power in 1933. Following a visit to Germany with his wife in 1937, Lewis changed his views and began to retract his previous political comments. He later wrote The Hitler Cult (1939), a book which firmly revoked his earlier willingness to entertain Hitler, but politically Lewis remained an isolated figure in the 1930s. In Letter to Lord Byron, Auden called him \"that lonely old volcano of the Right.\" Lewis thought there was what he called a \"left-wing orthodoxy\" in Britain in the 1930s. He believed it was not in Britain's interest to ally itself with the Soviet Union, \"which the newspapers most of us read tell us has slaughtered out-of-hand, only a few years ago, millions of its better fed citizens, as well as its whole imperial family\". ", "André Breton (; 19 February 1896 – 28 September 1966) was a French writer, poet, anarchist and anti-fascist. He is known best as the founder of Surrealism. His writings include the first Surrealist Manifesto (Manifeste du surréalisme) of 1924, in which he defined surrealism as \"pure psychic automatism\". ", "Auden was even known for going back and rejecting poems whose messages he no longer (or perhaps never) believed.  The fact that “Spain” was widely regarded as one of the most important pieces of Spanish Civil War literature did not stop him from rejecting the poem, which he thought dishonest, in later collections. Auden did much the same with one of his other most popular works, “September 1, 1939,” a poem about the onset of World War II. One of the poem’s stanzas ends with the line “We must love one another or die”; upon rereading this line Auden wrote that he said to himself: “That’s a damned lie! We must die anyway.” This eventually led to him scrapping the entire poem.", "1957: US playwright Arthur Miller was convicted for contempt of Congress for refusing to name other celebrities as likely communist supporters to the House of Representatives Un-American Activities Committee. His conviction was dismissed the following year.", "Sebastian Melmoth (includes epigrams and aphorisms, excerpted, and The Soul of Man under Socialism), Arthur L. Humphreys (London, England), 1904.", "[B] 1921 - Georges Darien (pseudonym for Georges Hippolyte Adrien)(b. 1862), French writer (novels, plays, literary magazines, etc.) associated with anarchism and an outspoken advocate of Georgism, dies. His novel 'Les Pharisiens' (1891) is a fictional indictment of French anti-semitism and its most prominent advocate, Édouard Drumont. Forgotten after his death, he was rediscovered after the reissue of 'Voleur' (1897) in 1955 and of 'Bas les Cœurs!' (1889) in 1957. [see: Apr. 6]", "2010 Invalid language code. Frederick Brown, For the Soul of France: Culture Wars in the Age of Dreyfus (Alfred A. Knopf)", "In 1910, Döblin became involved with the newly founded Expressionist journal 'Der Sturm', contributing numerous essays and literary pieces, including his early novel 'Der Schwarze Vorhang' (The Black Curtain; 1912). He also became part of the circle that included Erich Mühsam, who, along with Gustav Landauer's Christian anarchism, greatly influenced his political outlook. In order to avoid conscription in WWI, Döblin volunteered in December 1914 as a doctor and, despite sharing the widespread early enthusiasm for the war common among many German intellectuals, he soon became avowedly anti-war. His politicisation continued in the immediate post-war period, writing a series of satirical and polemical political essays under the pseudonym 'Linke Poot', some later published in 'Der Deutsche Maskenball' (The German Masked Ball; 1921). On March 12 1919, his sister Meta also died after being injured during skirmishes between the Spartacists and nationalist troops in Berlin." ]

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[ "Jelly Belly Candy Company, formerly known as Herman Goelitz Candy Company and Goelitz Confectionery Company, manufactures Jelly Belly jelly beans and other candy. The company is based in Fairfield, California, with a second manufacturing facility in North Chicago, Illinois and a distribution center in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin. In October 2008 the company opened a manufacturing plant in Rayong, Thailand where it produces confectionery for the international market. ", "In 1965 the Herman Goelitz Candy Company began reenergizing this traditional candy by pumping up the flavors and their product was a favorite of the Governor of California, Ronald Reagan. Today the humble jelly bean is considered as American as apple pie!", "Jelly Belly Candy Company, manufacturer of Jelly Belly jelly beans and a wide range of confections, is a family owned and operated business now in its sixth generation of candy making. The family traces its roots to Gustav Goelitz, who came to the United States in 1866. He built a successful confectionery business: Gustav Goelitz Candy, in Belleville, Illinois. Gustav Goelitz's younger brothers, Albert and George, emigrated to America a few years later joining the family business. The Goelitz name developed a reputation for quality confections as the brothers expanded operations and by 1898 were specializing in candy corn and other mellocreme candies (also called butter cream), a new type of candy. The second generation of candy makers moved to North Chicago opening the Goelitz Confectionery Company plant in 1913.", "The type most esteemed by the President is brand-named Jelly Belly, which—addicts vow—is to the ordinary jelly bean what foie gras is to liverwurst. About one-fourth the size of the Easter-basket staple and three times as expensive (up to $4 per lb.), Bellys come in an array of 36 flavors. Their manufacturer, Herman Goelitz Co. of Oakland, maintains that the flavors are so delicate that the beans should be eaten one at a time, not by the vulgar handful. How else to appreciate the richness of the coffee mocha, the tang of the piña colada, the bouquet of the strawberry daiquiri?", "1869 - Gustav (24), Albert (21) Goelitz, immigrants from the Harz Mountain region of Germany, bought an ice cream and candy store in a Belleville, IL (above); Gustave made candy, Albert sold it from a horsedrawn wagon; 1897 - forced to sell business in wake of Panic of 1893; 1898 - Adolph (Gustave's son) established Goelitz Confectionery Co., candy making company, in Cincinnati, OH; Gus Jr. and Herman Goelitz (brothers) joined company; 1900 - made Candy Corn; 1922 - Herman opened Herman Goelitz Candy Co. in Oakland, CA; 1976 - Los Angeles candy distributor had idea for jelly bean made with natural flavorings; created first eight Jelly Belly flavors; 1978 - Goelitz Confectionary merged with Herman Goelitz Candy Co.; renamed Herman Goelitz, Inc.; 1980 - sold 1.4 billion jelly beans annually; August 3, 1982 - Herman Goelitz Candy Co. registered \"Jelly Belly\" trademark first used July 15, 1976 (Candy-Namely, Jelly Beans); April 2001 - Goelitz companies merged into Jelly Belly Candy Company; two factories produce 100,000 pounds of Jelly Belly beans a day, 1.25 million beans an hour; world's #1 gourmet jelly bean; Herm Rowland (Gustave's great grandson) as president.", "A little jelly bean with great big flavor was introduced in 1976 by the California candymakers of the Herman Goelitz Candy Co. (now known as Jelly Belly Candy Company ). Hmmm, it didn’t look like the usual jelly bean, and it certainly didn’t taste like the usual jelly bean. Little did company chairman Herman G. Rowland, Sr. know this confection would make American history and change his family’s candy-making business. The Jelly Belly® jelly bean was born.", "Well, he didn't create them, but he did lead to their invention. For his January 1981 inauguration, the Goelitz company wanted to send Ronald Reagan red, white, and blue jelly beans to be enjoyed during the celebrations. While it already manufactured red (cherry) and white (coconut) candies, it made no blue beans, so it came up with blueberry. Three-and-a-half tons—or 40 million jelly beans—were consumed at the festivities. As president, Reagan had 720 bags containing 306,070 Jelly Belly beans delivered from Goelitz every month to Washington, D.C.", "After Reagan left the governorship, he continued to receive shipments of Goelitz Mini Gourmet Jelly Beans directly from the company. When Herman Goelitz introduced its Jelly Belly brand of jelly beans in 1976, it began including the new brand in Reagan�s regular shipment. Within two years, the shipment consisted entirely of the Jelly Belly brand.", "Ronald Reagan, America’s 40th president and revered conservative icon, loved several things deeply. His country, his faith, his family — particularly his cherished Nancy — and one other thing: jelly beans.", "Herman Goelitz, second generation candy maker, moved to the west coast to start his own business, Herman Goelitz Candy Company. The company eventually settled in Oakland, California in 1924. In 1960 Herman Rowland, Sr., fourth generation candy maker, joined the Oakland, California family business. The family decided to expand the company products making jelly beans, Chocolate Dutch Mints, America’s first gummi bears, and jells. “One of those new products was a small and very flavorful Mini Jelly Bean [developed in 1965].” The Mini Jelly Bean center was flavored with natural flavoring, an innovative idea, instead of just the outer shell.", "Jelly Belly beans were the first jelly beans in outer space when President Reagan sent them on the 1983 flight of the space shuttle Challenger", "Note: From 1978 to 2001 Jelly Belly jelly beans were jointly manufactured by two Goelitz-owned companies, with headquarters in California and a plant in North Chicago, Ill., respectively. In 2001 the two companies, Herman Goelitz Candy Company (California) and Goelitz Confectionery Company (Chicago area), combined into one corporation named Jelly Belly Candy Company headquartered in Fairfield, California.", "Marinus van Dam, product developer and plant manager for the company, oversaw the development of the Jelly Belly jelly beans. By the 1980s many flavors of the Jelly Belly jelly bean had been developed. In 1983 the character Mr. Jelly Belly was developed to promote the product. Prior to the development of the character David Klein called himself \"Mr. Jelly Belly\" to promote the product. \"In 1980, David Klein sold the Jelly Belly trademark to Rowland for $4.8 million, paid in monthly installments over 20 years, which Klein split with a partner.\" The trademark Jelly Belly was filed by Jelly Belly Candy Company on December 8, 1980 and was registered on August 3, 1982. ", "Candy corn was created in the 1880s by George Renninger of the Philadelphia, PA-based Wunderle Candy Company. The Goelitz Confectionery Company began production at the turn of the century and called the product \"Chicken Feed.\"[http://www.bhg.com/halloween/recipes/the-history-of-candy-corn/ Broek, Sara. \"The History of Candy Corn: A Halloween Candy Favorite,\" Better Homes and Gardens] In 2001 the company was renamed the \"Jelly Belly Candy Company.\" ", "of President Ronald Reagan, who eventually made the beans a staple in the Oval Office and on Air Force One. During his presidency, there was even a special holder designed for the plane so the jar of Jelly Belly beans would not spill during turbulence. Moreover, Jelly Belly beans became the first jellybeans in outer space when President Reagan sent them on the 1983 flight of the space shuttle Challenger \"as a presidential surprise for the astronauts,\" according to the candy maker's website", "“We believed then, and still believe now, that Jelly Belly beans are so good tasting that it’s ‘love at first bite’ for most people. We have never advertised our candy using the name of the president, because we respect the office and believe quality speaks for itself,” said Herman Rowland, Sr., a fourth generation candymaker and Jelly Belly Candy Company chairman of the board.         ", "Three and a half tons of red, white, and blue Jelly Belly jelly beans were shipped to Washington, DC for the 1981 Inaugural festivities. Blueberry, one of Jelly Belly brand�s most popular flavors, was developed in 1980. Its blue color completed the other flag colored Jelly Belly jelly beans, the red (Very Cherry) and white (Coconut).", "During the presidency of Ronald Reagan, Jelly Belly beans were served in the Oval Office and on Air Force One. A holder was designed for the plane so the jar of Jelly Belly beans would not spill during turbulence.", "Creating \"true-to-life\" flavors was, well, a natural evolution. The candymakers cooked up a recipe for a new kind of jelly bean -- intensely flavored throughout, with natural ingredients for flavoring whenever possible. In 1976 the first eight Jelly Belly flavors were born: Very Cherry, Lemon, Cream Soda, Tangerine, Green Apple, Root Beer, Grape and Licorice. Funny enough they are still some of the most popular flavors made.", "\"You can tell a lot about a fella’s character by whether he picks out all of one color or just grabs a handful.\" - President Reagan on Jelly Belly beans.", "Reagan started eating jelly beans in 1967 to help him quit a pipe-smoking habit, according to the Constitution Center. He always ate jelly beans made by the Goelitz family brand of candies, and stayed true to them his whole life.", "5. Ronald Reagan loved jelly beans so much he took them everywhere—the Oval Office, Air Force One, and even space", "The company restructured in 2001. [55] Herman Goelitz Candy and Goelitz Confectionery merged and changed the company name to Jelly Belly Candy Company . Herman Goelitz Rowland Sr. remained the Chairman of the Board of Jelly Belly Candy while Bill Kelley became Vice Chairman of the board. This marked the first time that the decedents of Gustav Goelitz created candy without the Goelitz name on its products. In 2011, the privately-owned company estimated that their gross revenue would be about 190 million dollars. [56] The fourth- and fifth-generation candy makers remain proud of their German-American ancestry and highlight their links to Gustav Goelitz on their website, as well as in their factory tours. [57]  ", "Apple Brown Betty was one of the favorite desserts of Ronald and Nancy Reagan in the White House.", "Alan: Thank you Herm. When we were talking before about how your family has a history in the candy industry we left off about the mid-70s and you began to take a substantial role as president of the family candy company, but where did the name Jelly Belly come from?", "[53] William Kelley in “Sweet Success Is At The Heart Of Every Jelly Belly Bean,” Chicago Tribune, September 1, 1991.", "Goelitz began supplying Reagan when he was governor of California, during which time he and his visitors plowed through two dozen 1-lb bags monthly, amounting to approximately 10,200 beans. As president, Reagan placed a standing order of 720 bags per month (306,070 beans), to be distributed among the White House, Capitol Hill and other federal buildings.", "* \"Ronald Reagan\". During President Reagan's term in office, Carson developed an impersonation of the president that was featured regularly in Mighty Carson Art Players segment. Carson also did a less memorable impersonation of Jimmy Carter during his term as President.", "Presidents Jimmy Carter, Richard Nixon, George H.W. Bush, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington and Franklin Roosevelt will join the original series of ToyPresidents from ToyPresidents, Houston. In addition, a second edition of ToyPresident Ronald Reagan is being added. The new second edition Reagan figure depicts the fashion-conscious 40th U.S. president. Mr. Reagan speaks in his own voice historical phrases from his years in office. For example: “We must act today in order to preserve tomorrow.”", "In 2015, Cheetos rolled out a limited edition cinnamon sugar flavored snack called \"Sweetos\" to US markets. Sweetos was the first sweet snack that Cheetos has released in the brand's 67-year history. ", "Back in the 1920s, the Curtiss Candy Company decided the perfect name for a candy bar should come from President Grover Cleveland's daughter, Ruth. At the time, the family called her \"Baby.\" Photo courtesy of Nestle .", "[on former President Ronald Reagan ] Yes, I liked him very much. When he was a former president of the Screen Actors Guild, I don't think he had the vast support that a lot of other presidents have had. So I don't know why that is, it's just the nature of things." ]

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[ "Based on the 20th Century-Fox film M*A*S*H (an acronym for Mobile Army Surgical Hospital), a big hit of 1970 which was based in turn on the book of the same name , M*A*S*H was an American television series about a team of doctors and nurses stationed at a fictional U.S. Army hospital (unit number 4077) in Korea, during the Korean War in 1950-53. The series originally aired on CBS from September 17, 1972 to February 28, 1983 but can still be seen in syndication. The series spanned 251 episodes and lasted almost four times as long as the war which served as its setting.", "4. What was the number of the mobile surgical unit in the film and TV series of M*A*S*H?", "Nominally based on the 1970 Robert Altman film, the TV series “M*A*S*H” — which premiered in 1972 — focused on doctors of the 4077th MASH (an acronym for mobile Army surgical hospital) unit. The show didn’t shy away from blood, featuring numerous scenes in the camp’s operating theater.", "M*A*S*H is an American television series which follows a team of doctors and support staff stationed at the \"4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital\" in Uijeongbu, South Korea during the Korean War.", "M*A*S*H is a satirical black comedy set during the Korean War in 1951, but its underlying subtext is about the Vietnam War. The film is based on the novel, M*A*S*H, by Richard Hooker. The story focuses on the zany antics of a group of quirky medical surgeons assigned to the 4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (M*A*S*H). The experiences at the field hospital range from treating critically injured troops from the frontlines to sheer boredom. Throughout the film, M*A*S*H personnel find hilarious if not morbid ways to deal with the stress of their jobs. M*A*S*H was a huge critical and financial success, earning five Academy Award nominations. Unfortunately it came out the same year as the epic war film, Patton, which swept the Oscars, but M*A*S*H did manage to win an Academy Award for Best Screenplay. The film was adapted into a critically acclaimed sitcom that ran from 1972 to 1983. In 1996, M*A*S*H was chosen by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being “culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant.”", "♪ I enjoy watching this program, one of my true favorites; thus my decision to make this video. I hope you enjoy it. M*A*S*H premiered on September 17, 1972, and ended February 28, 1983. It is an American television series developed by Larry Gelbart and adapted from the 1970 feature film MASH. It follows a team of doctors and support staff stationed at the \"4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital\" in Uijeongbu, South Korea, during the Korean War. Many of the stories in the early seasons are based on real-life tales told by MASH surgeons who were interviewed by the production team, though it takes a number of minor creative liberties with the facts of the Korean War. In 2002, M*A*S*H was ranked #25 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. No copy infraction intended on my videos.", "*In \"Santa Claus is Dead\", Dr. Craig mentions serving in Korea with his drinking buddy, B.J. Hunnicutt, implying that Dr. Hunnicutt was reassigned to another unit in Korea following the July 1953 deactivation of the 4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital at the end of M*A*S*H’s finale, \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\".", "\"M*A*S*H\" may be the finest health care-related series in American television history. It is arguably second only to its descendant \"The Simpsons\" among all situation comedies. \"M*A*S*H\" focused on a U.S. Army surgical unit near the front lines in the Korean War. It had compelling characters, childish pranks and timeless wit, much of it directed at the Army, interspersed with serious treatment of issues the war raised. Some fans of the unsentimental Robert Altman film \"M*A*S*H\" (1970), on which the series was based, may find the show too soft around the edges. It did wrap its anti-war views in friendlier liberal clothing, and it was not above hugging, learning or happy endings. But it still presented a harsh, bloody world of unredeemed sin and undeserved suffering. The series was also wittier, more literate, more nuanced and somewhat less misogynist than the film. And it maintained its high standards for most of an 11-year prime time run that went well beyond the Vietnam/Watergate era in which it began. Indeed, although some of its humor is now dated, the series remained so popular in early 2003 that the cable channel FX was still showing more than 50 (fifty) episodes each week.", "The M*A*S*H series frequently used recurring characters, as either supporting staff or visitors to the 4077th. While they were not given \"star\" credit, their familiarity to the viewers is an integral ingredient to the success of the show.", "In the Mash episode \"Yessir, That's Our Baby\", a baby girl fathered by an American G.I. is abandoned by her Korean mother at the 4077th M*A*S*H. After the doctors try, unsuccessfully, to send the infant to the United States, they follow Father Mulcahy's advice and deposit her at a nearby monastery via a foundling wheel.", "The series M*A*S*H, aired in the U.S. from 1972 to 1983, was honored with a Peabody Award in 1976 and was ranked number 25 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time in 2002. In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked it as the fifth-best written TV series ever and TV Guide ranked it as the eighth-greatest show of all time. The episodes \"Abyssinia, Henry\" and \"The Interview\" were ranked number 20 and number 80, respectively, on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time in 1997. And the finale, \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\", became the most-watched and highest-rated single television episode in the U.S. television history at the time, with a record-breaking of 125 million viewers (60.2 rating and 77 share), according to The New York Times. ", "It was then in 1972 that Farr was cast again with Alan Alda in the hit TV show \" M*A*S*H \" which would stay on the air for a 10 year run.  Farr played the cross-dressing Corporal Maxwell Klinger who was bucking for a section 8 discharge by making everyone think he was crazy by wearing dresses to compliment his combat helmet.  The show co-starred in addition to Alda , Loretta Swit , Harry Morgan , Gary Burghoff , David Ogden Stiers , Mike Farrell , William Christopher, Larry Linville , Wayne Rogers , McLean Stevenson, and Kellye Nakahara.  Farr would play the role of Corporal Klinger for 215 episodes of the 256 episodes that were taped.  Farr actually served in the Army in post-war Korea.  The dog tags he wore on the set of \" M*A*S*H \" were his very own actual Army issued tags he wore while he served in Korea.", "Although M*A*S*H has been classified as a \"situation comedy\", it proved to be something quite different. Some critics have referred to it as television's first \"dramedy\". From the beginning, its producers had intended that it was not to be \"Abbott and Costello goes to war\". [2] So, like the movie which spawned it, the television series recounted in 26 minute weekly segments the experiences of a group of US Army doctors, nurses and medics as they worked desperately to save the lives of wounded soldiers. It also depicted how they struggled to cope with the realities and horrors of war. It was these coping efforts--the jocularity in the operation room, the practical jokes they played on one another and their crazy, wholly unmilitary antics which provided the show's comedic elements. But it did not depict war as fun. As journalist Peggy Herz put it, \"They did not laugh at war. They laughed to keep the shadows away. War was always with them.\" [3]", "The series premiered in the U.S. on September 17, 1972, and ended on February 28, 1983, with the finale, \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\", becoming the most-watched and highest-rated single television episode in U.S. television history at the time, with a record-breaking 125 million viewers (60.2 rating and 77 share), according to the New York Times. It had struggled in its first season and was at risk of being cancelled. Season two of M*A*S*H placed it in a better time slot (airing after the popular All in the Family); the show became one of the top 10 programs of the year and stayed in the top 20 programs for the rest of its run. It is still broadcast in syndication on various television stations. The series, which depicted events occurring during a three-year military conflict, spanned 256 episodes and lasted 11 seasons. The Korean conflict lasted 1,128 days, meaning each episode of the series would have averaged almost four and a half days of real time. Many of the stories in the early seasons are based on tales told by real MASH surgeons who were interviewed by the production team. Like the movie, the series was as much an allegory about the Vietnam War (still in progress when the show began) as it was about the Korean War. ", "His most famous role was Hawkeye Pierce, a surgeon in a MASH hospital during the Korean War , in the TV series M*A*S*H, an adaptation of the film of the same name . The show ran for 11 years and Alda appeared in all 251 episodes. His role as Hawkeye Pierce earned him six Emmy Awards and six Golden Globe Awards.", "Freedman appears in 12 M*A*S*H episodes: \"Radar's Report\" (as Milton Freedman), \"Deal Me Out\", \"O.R.\", \"Quo Vadis, Captain Chandler?\", \"Dear Sigmund\", \"Hawk's Nightmare\", \"War of Nerves\" (in which he qualified for a Purple Heart by being wounded while performing therapy follow-up on one of his patients), \"The Billfold Syndrome\", \"Goodbye, Cruel World\", \"Bless You, Hawkeye\", \"Pressure Points\", and the series finale, \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\". He is also mentioned, but does not appear onscreen, in the episodes \"Mad Dogs and Servicemen,\" \"Heal Thyself\", \"A Holy Mess\", and \"Trick or Treatment\".", "The film depicts a unit of medical personnel stationed at a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) during the Korean War; the subtext is about the Vietnam War. It stars Donald Sutherland, Tom Skerritt, and Elliott Gould, with Sally Kellerman, Robert Duvall, René Auberjonois, Gary Burghoff, Roger Bowen, Michael Murphy, and in his film debut, professional football player Fred Williamson.", "Due to the popularity of the series M*A*S*H, colloquial use might refer to any mobile military field hospital.", "Series creators Larry Gelbart and Gene Reynolds wanted M*A*S*H broadcast without a laugh track (\"Just like the actual Korean War\", Gelbart remarked dryly), but CBS rejected the idea. By season two, a compromise had been reached, whereby the producers were allowed to omit the laugh track during operating room scenes if they wished. As a result, few scenes in the operating room contain laughter. Certain episodes omitted the laugh track completely (\"O.R.\", \"The Bus\", \"Quo Vadis, Captain Chandler?\", \"The Interview\", \"Dreams\", \"Point of View\", \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\") as did some international and syndicated airings of the show. The first five seasons of the series contained a noticeable laugh track, similar to other laugh-tracked sitcoms of the period, but by Season Six, newer, significantly quieter, laughs were recorded and employed. In the United Kingdom, where the show was broadcast by the BBC (and therefore also without advertising breaks), the laugh track was entirely absent from all episodes.", "Set in the waning days of the Korean War, \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen,\" the final episode of the sitcom M*A*S*H, airs after 11 seasons. Nearly 106 million American television viewers watch the finale, a record finally surpassed more than a quarter century later by the two most recent Super Bowls.", "M*A*S*H was one of the most successful shows in TV history. So as not to completely lose the franchise, CBS quickly created a new series, AfterMASH, that followed the postwar adventures of Colonel Potter, Max Klinger, and Father Mulcahy in a stateside hospital. Despite wide popularity in its premiere episodes, script problems and constant character changes led to a sharp decline in viewers, and the show was cancelled by CBS after only two seasons.", "Set in the waning days of the Korean War, “Goodbye, Farewell and Amen,” the final episode of the sitcom M*A*S*H, airs after 11 seasons. Nearly 106 million American television viewers watch the finale, a record finally surpassed more than a quarter century later by the two most recent Super Bowls.", "M*A*S*H was the first American network series to use the phrase \"son of a bitch\" (in the 8th-season episode \"Guerilla My Dreams\"), and brief partial nudity occurred in the series (notably Gary Burghoff's buttocks in \"The Sniper\" and Hawkeye in one of the \"Dear Dad\" episodes). A different innovation was the show's producers' not wanting a laugh track, as the network did. They compromised by omitting laughter entirely in the operating room. The DVD releases of the series allow viewers to select an audio version with no laugh track.", "The TV series M*A*S*H was set in the Korean War.   Because it was written at the time of the Vietnam War, the programmes had a strong anti-war message.", "But just as on TV, it was a little zany and a little sad when the U.S. military closed the Mobile Army Surgical Hospital that inspired the movie \"MASH\" and the long-running television series of the same name.", "Adapted from Robert Altman’s 1970 film MASH, the long-running TV series was a slightly softened version of the black comedy about doctors in the Korean War (an obvious allegory for the then-current war in Vietnam). Alan Alda’s Hawkeye Pierce acted as the show’s anchor, using humor to deflect the tragedy around him. The series finale was the most-watched program in American history until the 2010 Super Bowl.", "The actual fire station used on the series was Station 127 located at 2049 E. 223rd Street (just east of Wilmington Avenue) in the city of Carson, California. The station has been renamed \"The Robert A. Cinader Memorial\" station in honor of the television producer who created the TV show. \"Rampart General Hospital\" where the paramedics carried those in need of medical attention was actually    Harbor General Hospital. Now known as the Harbor UCLA Medical Center, the hospital is located on the outskirts of Carson about four miles west of Station 127 at 1000 West Carson Street in Torrance, CA. ", "Blake continued to be mentioned in passing in various episodes throughout the rest of the show's run, notably in \"Welcome to Korea\", \"Change of Command\", \"Dear Mildred\", \"Period of Adjustment\", \"Depressing News\", and \"As Time Goes By\". In the latter episode - which was the final new M*A*S*H episode produced and the next-to-last aired - the doctors decided to bury a time capsule with various artifacts from the camp; among these was a bit of fly fishing bait that had belonged to Henry to symbolize him and all the other men-—soldiers, doctors, sons, fathers, brothers, uncles, husbands—-who never returned home.", "In an episode of the TV series M*A*S*H, Col. Potter uses this movie to help boost camp morale; leading to the entire viewing party to a reenact the climactic gun fight which is then \"broken up\" when a bus carrying wounded soldiers arrives at the camp.", "Who was the only leading member of M*A*S*H to have starred on TV and in the movie?", "A hospital in Los Angeles is seen in several episodes which deal with the Banks family's medical problems. The exterior shot of the hospital is a shot of the VA Hospital in nearby Westwood", "This hospital is seen in quite a few episodes. Dr. Gill Gilliam is the most well-known doctor that works here. This hospital is known to vary from very good service ( Suds ) to extremely unprofessional service ( The Lost Mattress ). It has also been known to have had actors dressed like doctors infiltrate it for prolonged periods of time." ]

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[ "In 1938, aviator Douglas Corrigan took off from New York, saying he was headed for California; he ended up in Ireland, earning the nickname âWrong Way Corrigan.â ", "Sunday, July 17, 1938:Douglas Corrigan took off from Floyd Bennett Field, NY, on a 28-hour solo flight to Dublin, Ireland. The pilot had failed to receive clearance for a transatlantic flight, and his persistent claim that he had intended to fly to California earned him the sobriquet “Wrong Way” Corrigan.", "Well, the original �Wrong Way� was not a football player; he was Douglas Corrigan, unemployed airplane mechanic. It was on this, a foggy day in 1938, that Doug left Floyd Bennett Field in New York, supposedly headed for Los Angeles. He landed his 1929 Curtiss Robin monoplane about 28 hours later - not in California but in Ireland at Dublin�s Baldonnel Field.", "When 31-year-old Douglas Groce Corrigan took off from Brooklyn's Floyd Bennett Field on July 17, 1938, in a modified Curtiss Robin, he carried two chocolate bars, two boxes of fig bars, a quart of water and a U.S. map with the route from New York to California marked out. Corrigan, who had spent three years trying to get permission to fly from New York to Dublin, had been told that he could fly nonstop from New York to California, but an ocean crossing was out of the question. It was a foggy morning. Corrigan flew into the haze and disappeared. Twenty-eight hours later, he landed in Dublin and instantly became a national hero.", "Douglas Corrigan (January 22, 1907 – December 9, 1995) was an American aviator born in Galveston, Texas. He was nicknamed \"Wrong Way\" in 1938. After a transcontinental flight from Long Beach, California, to New York, he flew from Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, New York, to Ireland, though his flight plan was filed to return to Long Beach. He claimed his unauthorized flight was due to a navigational error, caused by heavy cloud cover that obscured landmarks and low-light conditions, causing him to misread his compass. However, he was a skilled aircraft mechanic (he was one of the builders of Charles Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis) and had made several modifications to his own plane, preparing it for his transatlantic flight. He had been denied permission to make a nonstop flight from New York to Ireland, and his \"navigational error\" was seen as deliberate. Nevertheless, he never publicly admitted to having flown to Ireland intentionally.", "Douglas Corrigan became a legendary aviator, not because of his accomplishments as a pilot but rather because of a supposed navigational error. In 1938, Corrigan \"mistakenly\" flew from New York to Ireland--when he was supposed to be flying from New York to California--because he seemingly misread his compass. For Americans, who were caught in the midst of the Great Depression, Corrigan's antic provided a great deal of humor and uplift and he became a national folk hero. To this day, Corrigan's nickname, \"'Wrong Way' Corrigan,\" remains a stock colloquial phrase in popular culture. People use it to describe anyone who blunders and goes the wrong way, particularly in sporting events. Nevertheless, as much fun as Corrigan's incident provides, many people do not understand all the complexities of his story, nor do they appreciate the fact that he was a sound and accomplished pilot.", "The American aviator Douglas Corrigan is often nicknamed \"Wrong-Way Corrigan\" because of a navigational error he made on a flight in 1938. Corrigan had just piloted a very impressive flight from Long Beach, California, to New York, New York. He was scheduled to fly back to Long Beach. Instead, with the sky covered in clouds, Wrong Way Corrigan flew to Dublin, Ireland.", "The winds were against him, too, which meant he did not have enough gas to make it nonstop to Los Angeles. He did reach California, though, landing at Adams Airport, in the San Fernando Valley. That's where the feds caught up with him. An inspector saw the plane and told the airport officials not to let Corrigan fly it. Sunshine stayed in the Adams hangar for the next six months.", "Douglas Corrigan takes off to fly the \"wrong way\" to Ireland and becomes known as \"Wrong Way\" Corrigan. (1938)", "When officials questioned Corrigan about the incident, he explained that he had left New York en route to California but had then gotten mixed up in the clouds and flown the wrong way. He also explained about the fog and his mistake with the compass, but they did not believe him. As authorities continued to press him for \"the truth,\" Corrigan finally ended the situation by replying: \"That's my story.\" After failing to sway him from his explanation, officials released Corrigan. The only punishment he received was a brief suspension of his pilot's license, which lasted only until August 4, the day he returned to New York via steamship.", "On 9 July 1938, Corrigan again left California for Floyd Bennett Field, Brooklyn, New York. He had repaired the engine, taking his total spent on the aircraft to about $900 (equal to $ today), gained an experimental license, and obtained permission for a transcontinental flight with conditional consent for a return trip. With the Robin cruising at 85 mi/h for maximum fuel efficiency, the outward journey took him 27 hours. Fuel efficiency became critical towards the end of the flight: a gasoline leak developed, filling the cockpit with fumes.", "After Corrigan looked over the plane, he decided not to do anything about the gas leak, since it would have taken him more than a week's work to remove the tank and make the repairs. He was eager to get going on his dream flight. His flight plan was filed--New York to California, just as his license said. And the only map he had was of the United States. On July 16 he flew to Floyd Bennett Field and filled his tanks with gasoline. At 4 o'clock the next morning, he was ready to go.", "He decided instead to try flying nonstop back to California. Corrigan landed at Floyd Bennett Field one afternoon, filled his gas tanks and took off again. No one stopped him, and no one said anything about the plane being unlicensed. He soon had reason to be thankful he had not tried an Atlantic crossing. Even over Mississippi, it was so cold that ice began forming on the carburetor. That caused the engine to slow down, and Corrigan had to keep moving the throttle back and forth in order to break the ice loose and keep it from forming again.", "Later he received the United States Flag Association medal in 1938. Galveston, Texas named an airport after Corrigan. He wrote a book about his famous flight. RKO Studios made a movie about his feat entitled The Flying Irishman in 1939. A Las Vegas Casino created a gambling chip honoring him.", "Later he received the United States Flag Association medal in 1938. Galveston, Texas named an airport after Corrigan. He wrote a book about his famous flight. RKO Studios made a movie about his feat entitled The Flying Irishman in 1939. A Las Vegas Casino created a gambling chip honoring him.", "Corrigan returned to San Diego and worked in an aircraft factory for a while, but that did not satisfy his zest for adventure. He decided to refurbish his Curtiss Robin and pursue his dream of flying across the Atlantic. He knew that attempting such a flight might kill him--but he was sure it certainly would not be boring. Since he was Irish American, Corrigan naturally chose Dublin as his destination.", "Corrigan and his co-workers went wild when the news reached San Diego that Lindbergh had made it to Paris. The workmen jumped into their cars and drove through the streets of the city, shouting like madmen. But Douglas Corrigan was more than ecstatic--he was inspired. He decided then and there that he wanted to fly across the ocean.", "Douglas \"Wrong Way\" Corrigan was born in Galveston, Texas on January 22, 1907 and died on December 9, 1995. He was an aviator.", "He went back to California, got the license and installed two more gas tanks for good measure. The next year, 1937, he reapplied for permission to make the flight, but Amelia Earhart had disappeared over the Pacific just a few months earlier, and nobody in Washington wanted to give the go-ahead for another solo ocean flight at that juncture. Worse yet, the government even refused to renew the license for Corrigan's plane, which meant that he would not be able to fly anywhere. \"It looked like I was stopped now for sure,\" he later wrote.", "But Corrigan refused to give up. In 1936, he flew to New York, stopping over at St. Louis on the way. Then he wrote to the Federal Bureau of Air Commerce, asking for permission to go ahead with the flight. For no apparent reason he was told to wait until the following year. Then he was told that he would need a radio operator's license to make the flight--even though his plane had no radio.", "Corrigan was born in Galveston, Texas, on January 22, 1907. His father was a construction engineer and his mother a teacher. When Douglas was 15 months old, he was already making a name for himself; he won first prize in a local baby contest. Corrigan's father moved his family around fairly often during Douglas's childhood. Eventually, Corrigan's parents divorced and Douglas bounced from one parent to another before he settled in Los Angeles with his mother. There, he began working in the construction industry. At the time, aviation did not seem to be in his future.", "He bought a new engine for his plane--a Wright J6-5 with 165 horsepower and five cylinders. He also built and installed the extra gas tanks that he would need if he were to attempt a transatlantic flight. As far as he was concerned, Douglas Corrigan was all set to be the first man to fly nonstop from New York to Dublin. But it was not to be that simple. When a federal inspector checked out the plane, he licensed it for cross-country flights only.", "He bought a new engine for his plane--a Wright J6-5 with 165 horsepower and five cylinders. He also built and installed the extra gas tanks that he would need if he were to attempt a transatlantic flight. As far as he was concerned, Douglas Corrigan was all set to be the first man to fly nonstop from New York to Dublin. But it was not to be that simple. When a federal inspector checked out the plane, he licensed it for cross-country flights only.", "In 1935, Corrigan applied to the federal government for permission to make a non-stop flight from New York to Ireland. Officials denied his application, however, because they claimed that his plane was not sound enough to make a non-stop transatlantic trip. Nevertheless, they did certify it for cross-country journeys. In an attempt to get full certification, Corrigan made several modifications to his aircraft over the next two years, but each time he reapplied for permission, officials turned him down.", "Texas-born Douglas Corrigan had flown for the first time when he was 18, taking a 10-minute sightseeing ride in a Curtiss JN-4D Jenny at a Los Angeles airfield operated by B.F. Mahoney and Claude Ryan. The ride, which cost him $2.50, changed his life, setting him on a course that would lead to disappointment, danger, excitement, fame and even a movie deal. Although he had hoped to become an architect, after that 1925 flight his dreams changed.", "Douglas \"Wrong Way\" Corrigan (aviator who needed a navigator) -- Dead. Died December 9, 1995. Born January 22, 1907.", "By then it was the end of October and getting cold. Corrigan decided not to risk an ocean flight. Offending bureaucrats was one thing, but facing the cold skies of the North Atlantic could be quite a bit more dangerous. And the trip Corrigan planned would be dangerous enough in good weather.", "Ryan and Mahoney soon closed down their operation in Los Angeles and opened Ryan Aeronautical Company in San Diego, where they offered young Corrigan a job. When he arrived, it seemed as though the factory's future was pretty shaky. The building contained half a dozen unfinished airplanes--unfinished because the orders for them had been canceled. Then a telegram arrived from Charles A. Lindbergh, who wanted to know if Ryan Aeronautical could build a plane capable of transatlantic flight. Ryan and Mahoney responded that they could have such an aircraft ready within two months, and it would cost about $10,000. Lindbergh liked the price as well as the time frame. He headed for San Diego to check out the Ryan factory.", "Ryan and Mahoney soon closed down their operation in Los Angeles and opened Ryan Aeronautical Company in San Diego, where they offered young Corrigan a job. When he arrived, it seemed as though the factory's future was pretty shaky. The building contained half a dozen unfinished airplanes--unfinished because the orders for them had been canceled. Then a telegram arrived from Charles A. Lindbergh, who wanted to know if Ryan Aeronautical could build a plane capable of transatlantic flight. Ryan and Mahoney responded that they could have such an aircraft ready within two months, and it would cost about $10,000. Lindbergh liked the price as well as the time frame. He headed for San Diego to check out the Ryan factory.", "Ryan and Mahoney soon closed down their operation in Los Angeles and opened Ryan Aeronautical Company in San Diego, where they offered young Corrigan a job. When he arrived, it seemed as though the factory's future was pretty shaky. The building contained half a dozen unfinished airplanes--unfinished because the orders for them had been canceled. Then a telegram arrived from Charles A. Lindbergh, who wanted to know if Ryan Aeronautical could build a plane capable of transatlantic flight. Ryan and Mahoney responded that they could have such an aircraft ready within two months, and it would cost about $10,000. Lindbergh liked the price as well as the time frame. He headed for San Diego to check out the Ryan factory.", "In the weeks preceding Lindbergh's take-off, the magnitude of danger for the flight became even more eminent in the public's eye. Just two days prior to Lindbergh leaving San Diego, the famed French pilots Charles Nungesser and navigator Francois Coli had left Paris for New York in a single-engine biplane on May 8, and had disappeared over the Atlantic Ocean. The odds, it would seem, were against any attempt to cross the Atlantic.", "In the weeks preceding Lindbergh's take-off, the magnitude of danger for the flight became even more eminent in the public's eye. Just two days prior to Lindbergh leaving San Diego, the famed French pilots Charles Nungesser and navigator Francois Coli had left Paris for New York in a single-engine biplane on May 8, and had disappeared over the Atlantic Ocean. The odds, it would seem, were against any attempt to cross the Atlantic." ]

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[ "Sir Edmund Percival Hillary KG ONZ KBE (20 July 1919 – 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer and philanthropist. On 29 May 1953, Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers to reach the summit of Mount Everest. They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest, led by John Hunt. Hillary was named by Time as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.", "Sir Edmund Percival Hillary (20 July 1919 – 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer and philanthropist. On 29 May 1953, Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers to reach the summit of Mount Everest. They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest, led by John Hunt. Hillary was named by Time as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.", "Sir Edmund Percival Hillary, KG, ONZ, KBE (20 July 1919 – 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer and philanthropist. On 29 May 1953, Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers confirmed as having reached the summit of Mount Everest. They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest, led by John Hunt. Hillary was named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.", "July 20, 1919 — Sir Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountain climber, one of the first two men to reach the top of Mount Everest and return, born.", "On July 20th (that’s today!), 1919, Sir Edmund Hillary, one of the first men to summit Mt. Everest, was born in Auckland, New Zealand. After his first ascent earned him international acclaim, the tall and stoic Hillary went back to his hobby of beekeeping. He also wrote numerous books, became a champion of many environmental issues, and started a foundation called the Himalayan Trust that he founded for the betterment of the Sherpa people.", "Sir Edmund Hillary, KG, ONZ, KBE, mountaineer and author, was born on July 20, 1919. He died on January 11, 2008, aged 88", "Sir Edmund Hillary was born on July 20th, 1919 in Auckland, NZ. He became interested in mountaineering at a very young age. Hillary was short in stature as a child and this lead him to being teased by his classmates. He somewhat withdrew from his peers and found solitude in his readings where he would dream of taking part in great adventures. By the age of 16, he would have a huge growth spurt and tower over his peers. His interest in adventure would not go away. Hillary visited Mount Ruapehu with his classmates and his love for mountain climbing was born.", "Ten more expeditions over a period of thirty years failed to conquer Everest, with 13 losing their lives. Then, on May 29, 1953, Edmund Hillary, a New Zealand beekeeper, and Tenzing Norgay , an acclaimed Sherpa climber, became the first to reach the roof of the world. Their climb was made from the Nepalese side, which had eased its restrictions on foreigners at about the same time that Tibet, invaded in 1950 by China, shut its borders.", "1919: Birth in New Zealand of Sir Edmund (Percival) Hillary. A mountaineer and Antarctic explorer, he teamed up with Sherpa Tenzing to be the first to reach the summit of Everest. He later became New Zealand High Commissioner to India.", "Tenzing Norgay, ( Nepalese: “Wealthy-Fortunate Follower of Religion”) Norgay also spelled Norkey or Norkay, original name Namgyal Wangdi (born May 15, 1914, Tshechu, Tibet [now Tibet Autonomous Region , China]—died May 9, 1986, Darjeeling [now Darjiling], West Bengal , India ), Tibetan mountaineer who in 1953 became, with Edmund (later Sir Edmund) Hillary of New Zealand , the first person to set foot on the summit of Mount Everest , the world’s highest peak (29,035 feet [8,850 metres]; see Researcher’s Note: Height of Mount Everest ).", "The mountaineer Edmund Hillary, born in Auckland, New Zealand to a family of British descent, together with Tenzing Norgay, a Nepalese Sherpa, in 1953 became the first person to reach the summit of Mount Everest, the world’s highest mountain. By the mid-twentieth century Europeans had, as the first civilization in all of human history, explored and mapped every single corner of the Earth: from Antarctica via Australia to the interiors of Africa, from the North Pole to the South Pole and from the highest mountain peaks to the ocean floor. European man was now ready to leave our planet and start exploring space, which he also did.", "New Zealander Edmund Hillary and fellow mountaineer Tenzing Norgay were the first known and confirmed climbers ever to make it to the peak of Mount Everest in 1953. Other notable feats that Hillary accomplished in addition to his Mount Everest adventure is that he also reached both the North and South Pole, which made him the first man to ever reach all three landmarks. During World War II, Hillary was part of the New Zealand Air Force working as a navigator.", "* July 20 – Sir Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer, conqueror of Mount Everest (d. 2008)", "A self-described \"average bloke,\" Sir Edmund Hillary made one of the century's landmark feats seem properly human and straightforward. His most famous quotation after summiting Mount Everest with Tenzing Norgay on May 29, 1953, isn't anything pretentious or enigmatic but rather a simple aside to expedition mate George Lowe: \"Well, George, we knocked the bastard off.\" He went on to knock off another half-dozen Himalayan peaks, drove a tractor to the South Pole, took jet-boats up the Ganges, and launched the Himalayan Trust, which has built 30 schools, two hospitals, and 12 medical clinics in Nepal's Khumbu region, and gave proper honors to his climbing partner, Tenzing Norgay, right up until Norgay died 13 years ago.", "These famous highlanders of Nepal are always on the move; sometimes to the greener and warmer pastures southwards; sometimes to trade and sometimes to climb the mountain as a guide, a leader or simply a porter. There are many of Sherpas who have set records in the mountaineering world. Tenzing Norgay Sherpa with Sir Edmund Hillary, was the first to climb the highest mountain of the world in 1953. Ang Rita Sherpa, nicknamed ' the snow leopard' climbed the highest mountains for the 10 th time in 1996, an astonishing feat for any human being that too without oxygen mask. Even collectively , this ethnic group has the most climbers atop the highest mountain.", "Sir Edmund Percival Hillary was a explorer and mountaineer. He, along with Nepalese Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, were the first to reach the summit of Mount Everest. Hillary was also the first person to get to both the North and South poles.", "1953 Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay are the 1st people to reach the summit of Mount Everest, on Tenzing Norgay's 39th birthday", "They became heroes for summiting the world’s highest peak, but Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay were also, by all accounts, two of the world’s most down-to-earth people.", "Many human triumphs and tragedies have been played out on Everest's slopes. George Mallory (UK) was one of the first to lead an expedition to climb the peak, in 1921. He perished not far from the summit on his 1924 expedition and his body was discovered in 1999. The challenge to climb the highest mountain has not waned since the peak was first conquered in 1953 by Sherpa Tenzing Norgay (Nepal) and Sir Edmund Hillary (New Zealand).", "Even Sir Edmund Hillary and his Sherpa guide, Tenzing Norgay, found giant footprints on the way up the top of Mt. Qomolangma, in 1953.", "Not only did Jamling Tenzing Norgay make it to the top of the world's most forbidding mountain - described by the Sherpa people as \" The Mother Goddess of the World\" - but he also helped capture it all on film. As the star of Director David Breashears Imax film Everest, Jamling helped to portray not only the physical challenges of the Mountain, but also the mental and spiritual challenges faced by the climbers.", "In 1939, Hillary completed his first major climb while studying mathematics and science at the University of Auckland. He reached the peak of Mount Ollivier with his friend Tenzing Norgay , and this convinced Hillary further to continue to pursue climbing.", "Until that year, Edmund Hillary had lived in relative obscurity as a beekeeper in Auckland, New Zealand, but the unprecedented feat of scaling the world's highest mountain brought him a fame he could hardly have imagined. In the years that followed, he led expeditions to the South Pole and other remote corners of the earth, but he returned often to the mountains of Nepal, the scene of his greatest triumph. Now that his mountain climbing days are behind him, Sir Edmund Hillary devotes his energies to environmental causes and to humanitarian efforts on behalf of the Nepalese people.", "To approach writing of Sir Edmund Hillary�s achievements, generosity and the reverential awe in which he is held is, excuse the pun, like looking upwards squinting into the sun while standing at the bottom of a very big mountain. The conjunction of �New Zealand� and �hero� will indelibly be associated with Edmund Hillary in our collective memory. His achievement in climbing Everest was one of the Twentieth Century�s defining moments. In a footstep Hillary moved on a journey to become one of its most famous and interesting people.", "On 7 June 1953, it was announced that the newly crowned Queen Elizabeth II wished to recognize Norgay's achievements, and on 1 July 10 Downing Street, announced that following consultation with the governments of India and Nepal the Queen had approved awarding him the George Medal. He also received, along with the rest of the Everest party, the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal.", "Afterwards, Norgay was met with great adulation in Nepal and India. Hillary and Hunt were knighted by Queen Elizabeth II, while Norgay received the George Medal for his efforts on the expedition. It has been suggested that Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru refused permission for Norgay to be knighted.", "On January 30th, 1948, Hillary would be one of the men who reached Aoraki/Mount Cook, New Zealand, the highest peak in the country. This gained him quite a bit of fame and he started to work with the legendary Eric Shipton on a series of expeditions to the Himalaya Mountains in Tibet.", "George Lowe was born at Napier, New Zealand, on 15 January 1924 and was educated at Hastings High School. He trained as a primary-school teacher at Wellington Teachers' College, 1944–45. His interest in climbing developed from his various trips to North Island mountains and the Southern Alps in the next five years. His skill and experience led to his joining several expeditions to Garwhal Himalaya and Nepal Himalaya. With Hillary, he was a member of the party which made the first ascent of Mount Everest. In 1954 he climbed Mahalu. From 1955 to 1958 he was a member of the Trans-Antarctic Expedition, working as a photographer, after which he joined the teaching staff at Repton School, Derby. Since then he has been to Greenland and Nepal Himalaya to make films.", "On May 20, 2011, Mingma Sherpa became the first Nepali and the first South Asian to scale all 14 of the world's highest mountains. In the process, Mingma set new world record – he became the first mountaineer to climb all 14 peaks on first attempt.", "* On May 20, a 21-man Indian expedition, led by Lieutenant Commander M.S. Kohli, succeeded in putting nine men on the summit. Nawang Gombu became the first person to reach the summit twice, firstly with an American expedition in 1963. ", "26. Which mountaineer was the first person to reach the South Pole overland in 1958 since Captain Robert Falcon Scott’s expedition of 1912 ?", "The first woman to ascend the mountain was Freda Du Faur, an Australian, on 3 December 1910. Local guide George Bannister, a nephew of another guide, Pahikore Te Koeti Turanga of Ngāi Tahu, was the first Māori to successfully scale the peak in 1912. " ]

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